This is grub.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.3 from grub.texi.
This manual is for GNU GRUB (version 2.12, 5 December 2023).
Copyright (C)
1999,2000,2001,2002,2004,2006,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013 Free
Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software
Foundation; with no Invariant Sections.
INFO-DIR-SECTION Kernel
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* GRUB: (grub). The GRand Unified Bootloader
* grub-install: (grub)Invoking grub-install. Install GRUB on your drive
* grub-mkconfig: (grub)Invoking grub-mkconfig. Generate GRUB configuration
* grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2: (grub)Invoking grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2.
* grub-mkrelpath: (grub)Invoking grub-mkrelpath.
* grub-mkrescue: (grub)Invoking grub-mkrescue. Make a GRUB rescue image
* grub-mount: (grub)Invoking grub-mount. Mount a file system using GRUB
* grub-probe: (grub)Invoking grub-probe. Probe device information
* grub-script-check: (grub)Invoking grub-script-check.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
File: grub.info, Node: Invoking grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2, Next: Invoking grub-mkrelpath, Prev: Invoking grub-mkconfig, Up: User-space utilities
24.3 Invoking grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2
==================================
The program 'grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2' generates password hashes for GRUB
(*note Security::).
grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2
'grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2' accepts the following options:
'-c NUMBER'
'--iteration-count=NUMBER'
Number of iterations of the underlying pseudo-random function.
Defaults to 10000.
'-l NUMBER'
'--buflen=NUMBER'
Length of the generated hash. Defaults to 64.
'-s NUMBER'
'--salt=NUMBER'
Length of the salt. Defaults to 64.
File: grub.info, Node: Invoking grub-mkrelpath, Next: Invoking grub-mkrescue, Prev: Invoking grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2, Up: User-space utilities
24.4 Invoking grub-mkrelpath
============================
The program 'grub-mkrelpath' makes a file system path relative to the
root of its containing file system. For instance, if '/usr' is a mount
point, then:
$ grub-mkrelpath /usr/share/grub/unicode.pf2
'/share/grub/unicode.pf2'
This is mainly used internally by other GRUB utilities such as
'grub-mkconfig' (*note Invoking grub-mkconfig::), but may occasionally
also be useful for debugging.
'grub-mkrelpath' accepts the following options:
'--help'
Print a summary of the command-line options and exit.
'--version'
Print the version number of GRUB and exit.
File: grub.info, Node: Invoking grub-mkrescue, Next: Invoking grub-mount, Prev: Invoking grub-mkrelpath, Up: User-space utilities
24.5 Invoking grub-mkrescue
===========================
The program 'grub-mkrescue' generates a bootable GRUB rescue image
(*note Making a GRUB bootable CD-ROM::).
grub-mkrescue -o grub.iso
All arguments not explicitly listed as 'grub-mkrescue' options are
passed on directly to 'xorriso' in 'mkisofs' emulation mode. Options
passed to 'xorriso' will normally be interpreted as 'mkisofs' options;
if the option '--' is used, then anything after that will be interpreted
as native 'xorriso' options.
Non-option arguments specify additional source directories. This is
commonly used to add extra files to the image:
mkdir -p disk/boot/grub
(add extra files to 'disk/boot/grub')
grub-mkrescue -o grub.iso disk
'grub-mkrescue' accepts the following options:
'--help'
Print a summary of the command-line options and exit.
'--version'
Print the version number of GRUB and exit.
'-o FILE'
'--output=FILE'
Save output in FILE. This "option" is required.
'--modules=MODULES'
Pre-load the named GRUB modules in the image. Multiple entries in
MODULES should be separated by whitespace (so you will probably
need to quote this for your shell).
'--rom-directory=DIR'
If generating images for the QEMU or Coreboot platforms, copy the
resulting 'qemu.img' or 'coreboot.elf' files respectively to the
DIR directory as well as including them in the image.
'--xorriso=FILE'
Use FILE as the 'xorriso' program, rather than the built-in
default.
'--grub-mkimage=FILE'
Use FILE as the 'grub-mkimage' program, rather than the built-in
default.
File: grub.info, Node: Invoking grub-mount, Next: Invoking grub-probe, Prev: Invoking grub-mkrescue, Up: User-space utilities
24.6 Invoking grub-mount
========================
The program 'grub-mount' performs a read-only mount of any file system
or file system image that GRUB understands, using GRUB's file system
drivers via FUSE. (It is only available if FUSE development files were
present when GRUB was built.) This has a number of uses:
* It provides a convenient way to check how GRUB will view a file
system at boot time. You can use normal command-line tools to
compare that view with that of your operating system, making it
easy to find bugs.
* It offers true read-only mounts. Linux does not have these for
journalling file systems, because it will always attempt to replay
the journal at mount time; while you can temporarily mark the block
device read-only to avoid this, that causes the mount to fail.
Since GRUB intentionally contains no code for writing to file
systems, it can easily provide a guaranteed read-only mount
mechanism.
* It allows you to examine any file system that GRUB understands
without needing to load additional modules into your running
kernel, which may be useful in constrained environments such as
installers.
* Since it can examine file system images (contained in regular
files) just as easily as file systems on block devices, you can use
it to inspect any file system image that GRUB understands with only
enough privileges to use FUSE, even if nobody has yet written a
FUSE module specifically for that file system type.
Using 'grub-mount' is normally as simple as:
grub-mount /dev/sda1 /mnt
'grub-mount' must be given one or more images and a mount point as
non-option arguments (if it is given more than one image, it will treat
them as a RAID set), and also accepts the following options:
'--help'
Print a summary of the command-line options and exit.
'--version'
Print the version number of GRUB and exit.
'-C'
'--crypto'
Mount encrypted devices, prompting for a passphrase if necessary.
'-d STRING'
'--debug=STRING'
Show debugging output for conditions matching STRING.
'-K prompt|FILE'
'--zfs-key=prompt|FILE'
Load a ZFS encryption key. If you use 'prompt' as the argument,
'grub-mount' will read a passphrase from the terminal; otherwise,
it will read key material from the specified file.
'-r DEVICE'
'--root=DEVICE'
Set the GRUB root device to DEVICE. You do not normally need to
set this; 'grub-mount' will automatically set the root device to
the root of the supplied file system.
If DEVICE is just a number, then it will be treated as a partition
number within the supplied image. This means that, if you have an
image of an entire disk in 'disk.img', then you can use this
command to mount its second partition:
grub-mount -r 2 disk.img mount-point
'-v'
'--verbose'
Print verbose messages.
File: grub.info, Node: Invoking grub-probe, Next: Invoking grub-script-check, Prev: Invoking grub-mount, Up: User-space utilities
24.7 Invoking grub-probe
========================
The program 'grub-probe' probes device information for a given path or
device.
grub-probe --target=fs /boot/grub
grub-probe --target=drive --device /dev/sda1
'grub-probe' must be given a path or device as a non-option argument,
and also accepts the following options:
'--help'
Print a summary of the command-line options and exit.
'--version'
Print the version number of GRUB and exit.
'-d'
'--device'
If this option is given, then the non-option argument is a system
device name (such as '/dev/sda1'), and 'grub-probe' will print
information about that device. If it is not given, then the
non-option argument is a filesystem path (such as '/boot/grub'),
and 'grub-probe' will print information about the device containing
that part of the filesystem.
'-m FILE'
'--device-map=FILE'
Use FILE as the device map (*note Device map::) rather than the
default, usually '/boot/grub/device.map'.
'-t TARGET'
'--target=TARGET'
Print information about the given path or device as defined by
TARGET. The available targets and their meanings are:
'fs'
GRUB filesystem module.
'fs_uuid'
Filesystem Universally Unique Identifier (UUID).
'fs_label'
Filesystem label.
'drive'
GRUB device name.
'device'
System device name.
'partmap'
GRUB partition map module.
'abstraction'
GRUB abstraction module (e.g. 'lvm').
'cryptodisk_uuid'
Crypto device UUID.
'msdos_parttype'
MBR partition type code (two hexadecimal digits).
'hints_string'
A string of platform search hints suitable for passing to the
'search' command (*note search::).
'bios_hints'
Search hints for the PC BIOS platform.
'ieee1275_hints'
Search hints for the IEEE1275 platform.
'baremetal_hints'
Search hints for platforms where disks are addressed directly
rather than via firmware.
'efi_hints'
Search hints for the EFI platform.
'arc_hints'
Search hints for the ARC platform.
'compatibility_hint'
A guess at a reasonable GRUB drive name for this device, which
may be used as a fallback if the 'search' command fails.
'disk'
System device name for the whole disk.
'-v'
'--verbose'
Print verbose messages.
File: grub.info, Node: Invoking grub-script-check, Prev: Invoking grub-probe, Up: User-space utilities
24.8 Invoking grub-script-check
===============================
The program 'grub-script-check' takes a GRUB script file (*note
Shell-like scripting::) and checks it for syntax errors, similar to
commands such as 'sh -n'. It may take a PATH as a non-option argument;
if none is supplied, it will read from standard input.
grub-script-check /boot/grub/grub.cfg
'grub-script-check' accepts the following options:
'--help'
Print a summary of the command-line options and exit.
'--version'
Print the version number of GRUB and exit.
'-v'
'--verbose'
Print each line of input after reading it.
File: grub.info, Node: Obtaining and Building GRUB, Next: Reporting bugs, Prev: User-space utilities, Up: Top
Appendix A How to obtain and build GRUB
***************************************
*Caution:* GRUB requires binutils-2.9.1.0.23 or later because the
GNU assembler has been changed so that it can produce real 16bits
machine code between 2.9.1 and 2.9.1.0.x. See
, to obtain information on how
to get the latest version.
GRUB is available from the GNU alpha archive site
or any of its mirrors. The file will be
named grub-version.tar.gz. The current version is 2.12, so the file you
should grab is:
To unbundle GRUB use the instruction:
zcat grub-2.12.tar.gz | tar xvf -
which will create a directory called 'grub-2.12' with all the
sources. You can look at the file 'INSTALL' for detailed instructions
on how to build and install GRUB, but you should be able to just do:
cd grub-2.12
./configure
make install
Also, the latest version is available using Git. See
for more
information.
File: grub.info, Node: Reporting bugs, Next: Future, Prev: Obtaining and Building GRUB, Up: Top
Appendix B Reporting bugs
*************************
These are the guideline for how to report bugs. Take a look at this
list below before you submit bugs:
1. Before getting unsettled, read this manual through and through.
Also, see the GNU GRUB FAQ
(http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/grub-faq.html).
2. Always mention the information on your GRUB. The version number and
the configuration are quite important. If you build it yourself,
write the options specified to the configure script and your
operating system, including the versions of gcc and binutils.
3. If you have trouble with the installation, inform us of how you
installed GRUB. Don't omit error messages, if any. Just 'GRUB
hangs up when it boots' is not enough.
The information on your hardware is also essential. These are
especially important: the geometries and the partition tables of
your hard disk drives and your BIOS.
4. If GRUB cannot boot your operating system, write down _everything_
you see on the screen. Don't paraphrase them, like 'The foo OS
crashes with GRUB, even though it can boot with the bar boot loader
just fine'. Mention the commands you executed, the messages
printed by them, and information on your operating system including
the version number.
5. Explain what you wanted to do. It is very useful to know your
purpose and your wish, and how GRUB didn't satisfy you.
6. If you can investigate the problem yourself, please do. That will
give you and us much more information on the problem. Attaching a
patch is even better.
When you attach a patch, make the patch in unified diff format, and
write ChangeLog entries. But, even when you make a patch, don't
forget to explain the problem, so that we can understand what your
patch is for.
7. Write down anything that you think might be related. Please
understand that we often need to reproduce the same problem you
encountered in our environment. So your information should be
sufficient for us to do the same thing--Don't forget that we cannot
see your computer directly. If you are not sure whether to state a
fact or leave it out, state it! Reporting too many things is much
better than omitting something important.
If you follow the guideline above, submit a report to the Bug
Tracking System (http://savannah.gnu.org/bugs/?group=grub).
Alternatively, you can submit a report via electronic mail to
, but we strongly recommend that you use the Bug
Tracking System, because e-mail can be passed over easily.
Once we get your report, we will try to fix the bugs.
File: grub.info, Node: Future, Next: Copying This Manual, Prev: Reporting bugs, Up: Top
Appendix C Where GRUB will go
*****************************
GRUB 2 is now quite stable and used in many production systems. We are
currently working towards a 2.0 release.
If you are interested in the development of GRUB 2, take a look at
the homepage (http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/grub.html).
File: grub.info, Node: Copying This Manual, Next: Index, Prev: Future, Up: Top
Appendix D Copying This Manual
******************************
* Menu:
* GNU Free Documentation License:: License for copying this manual.
File: grub.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Copying This Manual
D.1 GNU Free Documentation License
==================================
Version 1.2, November 2002
Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA
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copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half
of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed
on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic
form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket
the whole aggregate.
8. TRANSLATION
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also
include the original English version of this License and the
original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a
disagreement between the translation and the original version of
this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will
prevail.
If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
"Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to
Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the
actual title.
9. TERMINATION
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other
attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is
void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this
License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights,
from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated
so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you
have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
that specified version or of any later version that has been
published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the
Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may
choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free
Software Foundation.
D.1.1 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
----------------------------------------------------------
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
notices just after the title page:
Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
Free Documentation License''.
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover
Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with
the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts
being LIST.
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free
software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit
their use in free software.
File: grub.info, Node: Index, Prev: Copying This Manual, Up: Top
Index
*****
[index ]
* Menu:
* [: [. (line 6)
* acpi: acpi. (line 6)
* authenticate: authenticate. (line 6)
* background_color: background_color. (line 6)
* background_image: background_image. (line 6)
* badram: badram. (line 6)
* blocklist: blocklist. (line 6)
* boot: boot. (line 6)
* cat: cat. (line 6)
* chainloader: chainloader. (line 6)
* clear: clear. (line 6)
* CMOS: cmosdump. (line 6)
* cmosclean: cmosclean. (line 6)
* cmostest: cmostest. (line 6)
* cmp: cmp. (line 6)
* configfile: configfile. (line 6)
* cpuid: cpuid. (line 6)
* crc: crc. (line 6)
* cryptomount: cryptomount. (line 6)
* cutmem: cutmem. (line 6)
* date: date. (line 6)
* devicetree: devicetree. (line 6)
* distrust: distrust. (line 6)
* drivemap: drivemap. (line 6)
* echo: echo. (line 6)
* efitextmode: efitextmode. (line 6)
* eval: eval. (line 6)
* export: export. (line 6)
* false: false. (line 6)
* FDL, GNU Free Documentation License: GNU Free Documentation License.
(line 6)
* fwsetup: fwsetup. (line 6)
* gdbinfo: gdbinfo. (line 6)
* gettext: gettext. (line 6)
* gptsync: gptsync. (line 6)
* halt: halt. (line 6)
* hashsum: hashsum. (line 6)
* help: help. (line 6)
* hexdump: hexdump. (line 6)
* initrd: initrd. (line 6)
* initrd16: initrd16. (line 6)
* insmod: insmod. (line 6)
* keystatus: keystatus. (line 6)
* linux: linux. (line 6)
* linux16: linux16. (line 6)
* list_env: list_env. (line 6)
* list_trusted: list_trusted. (line 6)
* loadfont: loadfont. (line 6)
* load_env: load_env. (line 6)
* loopback: loopback. (line 6)
* ls: ls. (line 6)
* lsfonts: lsfonts. (line 6)
* lsmod: lsmod. (line 6)
* md5sum: md5sum. (line 6)
* menuentry: menuentry. (line 6)
* module: module. (line 6)
* multiboot: multiboot. (line 6)
* nativedisk: nativedisk. (line 6)
* net_add_addr: net_add_addr. (line 6)
* net_add_dns: net_add_dns. (line 6)
* net_add_route: net_add_route. (line 6)
* net_bootp: net_bootp. (line 6)
* net_del_addr: net_del_addr. (line 6)
* net_del_dns: net_del_dns. (line 6)
* net_del_route: net_del_route. (line 6)
* net_dhcp: net_dhcp. (line 6)
* net_get_dhcp_option: net_get_dhcp_option. (line 6)
* net_ipv6_autoconf: net_ipv6_autoconf. (line 6)
* net_ls_addr: net_ls_addr. (line 6)
* net_ls_cards: net_ls_cards. (line 6)
* net_ls_dns: net_ls_dns. (line 6)
* net_ls_routes: net_ls_routes. (line 6)
* net_nslookup: net_nslookup. (line 6)
* net_set_vlan: net_set_vlan. (line 6)
* normal: normal. (line 6)
* normal_exit: normal_exit. (line 6)
* parttool: parttool. (line 6)
* password: password. (line 6)
* password_pbkdf2: password_pbkdf2. (line 6)
* plainmount: plainmount. (line 6)
* play: play. (line 6)
* probe: probe. (line 6)
* rdmsr: rdmsr. (line 6)
* read: read. (line 6)
* reboot: reboot. (line 6)
* regexp: regexp. (line 6)
* rmmod: rmmod. (line 6)
* save_env: save_env. (line 6)
* search: search. (line 6)
* sendkey: sendkey. (line 6)
* serial: serial. (line 6)
* set: set. (line 6)
* sha1sum: sha1sum. (line 6)
* sha256sum: sha256sum. (line 6)
* sha512sum: sha512sum. (line 6)
* sleep: sleep. (line 6)
* smbios: smbios. (line 6)
* source: source. (line 6)
* submenu: submenu. (line 6)
* terminal_input: terminal_input. (line 6)
* terminal_output: terminal_output. (line 6)
* terminfo: terminfo. (line 6)
* test: test. (line 6)
* true: true. (line 6)
* trust: trust. (line 6)
* unset: unset. (line 6)
* verify_detached: verify_detached. (line 6)
* videoinfo: videoinfo. (line 6)
* wrmsr: wrmsr. (line 6)
* xen_hypervisor: xen_hypervisor. (line 6)
* xen_module: xen_module. (line 6)