513 lines
19 KiB
Groff
513 lines
19 KiB
Groff
.TH SENDMAIL 1
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.ad
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.fi
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.SH NAME
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sendmail
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\-
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Postfix to Sendmail compatibility interface
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.SH "SYNOPSIS"
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.na
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.nf
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\fBsendmail\fR [\fIoption ...\fR] [\fIrecipient ...\fR]
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\fBmailq\fR
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\fBsendmail \-bp\fR
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\fBnewaliases\fR
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\fBsendmail \-I\fR
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.SH DESCRIPTION
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.ad
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.fi
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The Postfix \fBsendmail\fR(1) command implements the Postfix
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to Sendmail compatibility interface.
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For the sake of compatibility with existing applications, some
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Sendmail command\-line options are recognized but silently ignored.
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By default, Postfix \fBsendmail\fR(1) reads a message from
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standard input
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until EOF or until it reads a line with only a \fB.\fR character,
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and arranges for delivery. Postfix \fBsendmail\fR(1) relies on the
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\fBpostdrop\fR(1) command to create a queue file in the \fBmaildrop\fR
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directory.
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Specific command aliases are provided for other common modes of
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operation:
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.IP \fBmailq\fR
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List the mail queue. Each entry shows the queue file ID, message
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size, arrival time, sender, and the recipients that still need to
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be delivered. If mail could not be delivered upon the last attempt,
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the reason for failure is shown. The queue ID string is
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followed by an optional status character:
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.RS
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.IP \fB*\fR
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The message is in the \fBactive\fR queue, i.e. the message is
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selected for delivery.
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.IP \fB!\fR
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The message is in the \fBhold\fR queue, i.e. no further delivery
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attempt will be made until the mail is taken off hold.
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.IP \fB#\fR
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The message is forced to expire. See the \fBpostsuper\fR(1)
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options \fB\-e\fR or \fB\-f\fR.
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.RE
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.IP
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This mode of operation is implemented by executing the
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\fBpostqueue\fR(1) command.
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.IP \fBnewaliases\fR
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Initialize the alias database. If no input file is specified (with
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the \fB\-oA\fR option, see below), the program processes the file(s)
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specified with the \fBalias_database\fR configuration parameter.
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If no alias database type is specified, the program uses the type
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specified with the \fBdefault_database_type\fR configuration parameter.
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This mode of operation is implemented by running the \fBpostalias\fR(1)
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command.
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.sp
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Note: it may take a minute or so before an alias database update
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becomes visible. Use the "\fBpostfix reload\fR" command to eliminate
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this delay.
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.PP
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These and other features can be selected by specifying the
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appropriate combination of command\-line options. Some features are
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controlled by parameters in the \fBmain.cf\fR configuration file.
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The following options are recognized:
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.IP "\fB\-Am\fR (ignored)"
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.IP "\fB\-Ac\fR (ignored)"
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Postfix sendmail uses the same configuration file regardless of
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whether or not a message is an initial submission.
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.IP "\fB\-B \fIbody_type\fR"
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The message body MIME type: \fB7BIT\fR or \fB8BITMIME\fR.
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.IP \fB\-bd\fR
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Go into daemon mode. This mode of operation is implemented by
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executing the "\fBpostfix start\fR" command.
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.IP "\fB\-bh\fR (ignored)"
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.IP "\fB\-bH\fR (ignored)"
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Postfix has no persistent host status database.
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.IP \fB\-bi\fR
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Initialize alias database. See the \fBnewaliases\fR
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command above.
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.IP \fB\-bl\fR
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Go into daemon mode. To accept only local connections as
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with Sendmail's \fB\-bl\fR option, specify "\fBinet_interfaces
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= loopback\fR" in the Postfix \fBmain.cf\fR configuration
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file.
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.IP \fB\-bm\fR
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Read mail from standard input and arrange for delivery.
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This is the default mode of operation.
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.IP \fB\-bp\fR
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List the mail queue. See the \fBmailq\fR command above.
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.IP \fB\-bs\fR
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Stand\-alone SMTP server mode. Read SMTP commands from
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standard input, and write responses to standard output.
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In stand\-alone SMTP server mode, mail relaying and other
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access controls are disabled by default. To enable them,
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run the process as the \fBmail_owner\fR user.
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.sp
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This mode of operation is implemented by running the
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\fBsmtpd\fR(8) daemon.
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.IP \fB\-bv\fR
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Do not collect or deliver a message. Instead, send an email
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report after verifying each recipient address. This is useful
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for testing address rewriting and routing configurations.
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.sp
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This feature is available in Postfix version 2.1 and later.
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.IP "\fB\-C \fIconfig_file\fR"
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.IP "\fB\-C \fIconfig_dir\fR"
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The path name of the Postfix \fBmain.cf\fR file, or of its
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parent directory. This information is ignored with Postfix
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versions before 2.3.
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With Postfix version 3.2 and later, a non\-default directory
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must be authorized in the default \fBmain.cf\fR file, through
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the alternate_config_directories or multi_instance_directories
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parameters.
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With all Postfix versions, you can specify a directory pathname
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with the MAIL_CONFIG environment variable to override the
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location of configuration files.
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.IP "\fB\-F \fIfull_name\fR"
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Set the sender full name. This overrides the NAME environment
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variable, and is used only with messages that
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have no \fBFrom:\fR message header.
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.IP "\fB\-f \fIsender\fR"
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Set the envelope sender address. This is the address where
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delivery problems are sent to. With Postfix versions before 2.1, the
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\fBErrors\-To:\fR message header overrides the error return address.
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.IP \fB\-G\fR
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Gateway (relay) submission, as opposed to initial user
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submission. Either do not rewrite addresses at all, or
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update incomplete addresses with the domain information
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specified with \fBremote_header_rewrite_domain\fR.
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This option is ignored before Postfix version 2.3.
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.IP "\fB\-h \fIhop_count\fR (ignored)"
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Hop count limit. Use the \fBhopcount_limit\fR configuration
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parameter instead.
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.IP \fB\-I\fR
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Initialize alias database. See the \fBnewaliases\fR
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command above.
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.IP "\fB\-i\fR"
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When reading a message from standard input, don't treat a line
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with only a \fB.\fR character as the end of input.
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.IP "\fB\-L \fIlabel\fR (ignored)"
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The logging label. Use the \fBsyslog_name\fR configuration
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parameter instead.
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.IP "\fB\-m\fR (ignored)"
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Backwards compatibility.
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.IP "\fB\-N \fIdsn\fR (default: 'delay, failure')"
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Delivery status notification control. Specify either a
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comma\-separated list with one or more of \fBfailure\fR (send
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notification when delivery fails), \fBdelay\fR (send
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notification when delivery is delayed), or \fBsuccess\fR
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(send notification when the message is delivered); or specify
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\fBnever\fR (don't send any notifications at all).
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This feature is available in Postfix 2.3 and later.
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.IP "\fB\-n\fR (ignored)"
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Backwards compatibility.
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.IP "\fB\-oA\fIalias_database\fR"
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Non\-default alias database. Specify \fIpathname\fR or
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\fItype\fR:\fIpathname\fR. See \fBpostalias\fR(1) for
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details.
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.IP "\fB\-O \fIoption=value\fR (ignored)"
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Set the named \fIoption\fR to \fIvalue\fR. Use the equivalent
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configuration parameter in \fBmain.cf\fR instead.
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.IP "\fB\-o7\fR (ignored)"
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.IP "\fB\-o8\fR (ignored)"
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To send 8\-bit or binary content, use an appropriate MIME encapsulation
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and specify the appropriate \fB\-B\fR command\-line option.
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.IP "\fB\-oi\fR"
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When reading a message from standard input, don't treat a line
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with only a \fB.\fR character as the end of input.
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.IP "\fB\-om\fR (ignored)"
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The sender is never eliminated from alias etc. expansions.
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.IP "\fB\-o \fIx value\fR (ignored)"
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Set option \fIx\fR to \fIvalue\fR. Use the equivalent
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configuration parameter in \fBmain.cf\fR instead.
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.IP "\fB\-r \fIsender\fR"
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Set the envelope sender address. This is the address where
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delivery problems are sent to. With Postfix versions before 2.1, the
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\fBErrors\-To:\fR message header overrides the error return address.
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.IP "\fB\-R \fIreturn\fR"
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Delivery status notification control. Specify "hdrs" to
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return only the header when a message bounces, "full" to
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return a full copy (the default behavior).
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The \fB\-R\fR option specifies an upper bound; Postfix will
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return only the header, when a full copy would exceed the
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bounce_size_limit setting.
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This option is ignored before Postfix version 2.10.
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.IP \fB\-q\fR
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Attempt to deliver all queued mail. This is implemented by
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executing the \fBpostqueue\fR(1) command.
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Warning: flushing undeliverable mail frequently will result in
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poor delivery performance of all other mail.
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.IP "\fB\-q\fIinterval\fR (ignored)"
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The interval between queue runs. Use the \fBqueue_run_delay\fR
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configuration parameter instead.
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.IP \fB\-qI\fIqueueid\fR
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Schedule immediate delivery of mail with the specified queue
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ID. This option is implemented by executing the
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\fBpostqueue\fR(1) command, and is available with Postfix
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version 2.4 and later.
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.IP \fB\-qR\fIsite\fR
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Schedule immediate delivery of all mail that is queued for the named
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\fIsite\fR. This option accepts only \fIsite\fR names that are
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eligible for the "fast flush" service, and is implemented by
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executing the \fBpostqueue\fR(1) command.
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See \fBflush\fR(8) for more information about the "fast flush"
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service.
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.IP \fB\-qS\fIsite\fR
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This command is not implemented. Use the slower "\fBsendmail \-q\fR"
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command instead.
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.IP \fB\-t\fR
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Extract recipients from message headers. These are added to any
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recipients specified on the command line.
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With Postfix versions prior to 2.1, this option requires that
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no recipient addresses are specified on the command line.
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.IP "\fB\-U\fR (ignored)"
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Initial user submission.
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.IP "\fB\-V \fIenvid\fR"
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Specify the envelope ID for notification by servers that
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support DSN.
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This feature is available in Postfix 2.3 and later.
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.IP "\fB\-XV\fR (Postfix 2.2 and earlier: \fB\-V\fR)"
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Variable Envelope Return Path. Given an envelope sender address
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of the form \fIowner\-listname\fR@\fIorigin\fR, each recipient
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\fIuser\fR@\fIdomain\fR receives mail with a personalized envelope
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sender address.
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.sp
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By default, the personalized envelope sender address is
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\fIowner\-listname\fB+\fIuser\fB=\fIdomain\fR@\fIorigin\fR. The default
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\fB+\fR and \fB=\fR characters are configurable with the
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\fBdefault_verp_delimiters\fR configuration parameter.
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.IP "\fB\-XV\fIxy\fR (Postfix 2.2 and earlier: \fB\-V\fIxy\fR)"
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As \fB\-XV\fR, but uses \fIx\fR and \fIy\fR as the VERP delimiter
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characters, instead of the characters specified with the
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\fBdefault_verp_delimiters\fR configuration parameter.
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.IP \fB\-v\fR
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Send an email report of the first delivery attempt (Postfix
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versions 2.1 and later). Mail delivery
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always happens in the background. When multiple \fB\-v\fR
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options are given, enable verbose logging for debugging purposes.
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.IP "\fB\-X \fIlog_file\fR (ignored)"
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Log mailer traffic. Use the \fBdebug_peer_list\fR and
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\fBdebug_peer_level\fR configuration parameters instead.
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.SH "SECURITY"
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.na
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.nf
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.ad
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.fi
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By design, this program is not set\-user (or group) id.
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It is prepared to handle message content from untrusted,
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possibly remote, users.
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However, like most Postfix programs, this program does not
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enforce a security policy on its command\-line arguments.
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Instead, it relies on the UNIX system to enforce access
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policies based on the effective user and group IDs of the
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process. Concretely, this means that running Postfix commands
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as root (from sudo or equivalent) on behalf of a non\-root
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user is likely to create privilege escalation opportunities.
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If an application runs any Postfix programs on behalf of
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users that do not have normal shell access to Postfix
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commands, then that application MUST restrict user\-specified
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command\-line arguments to avoid privilege escalation.
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.IP \(bu
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Filter all command\-line arguments, for example arguments
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that contain a pathname or that specify a database access
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method. These pathname checks must reject user\-controlled
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symlinks or hardlinks to sensitive files, and must not be
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vulnerable to TOCTOU race attacks.
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.IP \(bu
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Disable command options processing for all command arguments
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that contain user\-specified data. For example, the Postfix
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\fBsendmail\fR(1) command line MUST be structured as follows:
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.nf
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\fB/path/to/sendmail\fR \fIsystem\-arguments\fR \fB\-\-\fR \fIuser\-arguments\fR
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.fi
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Here, the "\fB\-\-\fR" disables command option processing for
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all \fIuser\-arguments\fR that follow.
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.IP
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Without the "\fB\-\-\fR", a malicious user could enable Postfix
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\fBsendmail\fR(1) command options, by specifying an email
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address that starts with "\fB\-\fR".
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.SH DIAGNOSTICS
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.ad
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.fi
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Problems are logged to \fBsyslogd\fR(8) or \fBpostlogd\fR(8),
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and to the standard error stream.
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.SH "ENVIRONMENT"
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.na
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.nf
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.ad
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.fi
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.IP \fBMAIL_CONFIG\fR
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Directory with Postfix configuration files.
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.IP "\fBMAIL_VERBOSE\fR (value does not matter)"
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Enable verbose logging for debugging purposes.
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.IP "\fBMAIL_DEBUG\fR (value does not matter)"
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Enable debugging with an external command, as specified with the
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\fBdebugger_command\fR configuration parameter.
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.IP \fBNAME\fR
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The sender full name. This is used only with messages that
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have no \fBFrom:\fR message header. See also the \fB\-F\fR
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option above.
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.SH "CONFIGURATION PARAMETERS"
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.na
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.nf
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.ad
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.fi
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The following \fBmain.cf\fR parameters are especially relevant to
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this program.
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The text below provides only a parameter summary. See
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\fBpostconf\fR(5) for more details including examples.
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.SH "COMPATIBILITY CONTROLS"
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.na
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.nf
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.ad
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.fi
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Available with Postfix 2.9 and later:
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.IP "\fBsendmail_fix_line_endings (always)\fR"
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Controls how the Postfix sendmail command converts email message
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line endings from <CR><LF> into UNIX format (<LF>).
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.SH "TROUBLE SHOOTING CONTROLS"
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.na
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.nf
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.ad
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.fi
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The DEBUG_README file gives examples of how to troubleshoot a
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Postfix system.
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.IP "\fBdebugger_command (empty)\fR"
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The external command to execute when a Postfix daemon program is
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invoked with the \-D option.
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.IP "\fBdebug_peer_level (2)\fR"
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The increment in verbose logging level when a nexthop destination,
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remote client or server name or network address matches a pattern
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given with the debug_peer_list parameter.
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.IP "\fBdebug_peer_list (empty)\fR"
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Optional list of nexthop destination, remote client or server
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name or network address patterns that, if matched, cause the verbose
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logging level to increase by the amount specified in $debug_peer_level.
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.SH "ACCESS CONTROLS"
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.na
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.nf
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.ad
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.fi
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Available in Postfix version 2.2 and later:
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.IP "\fBauthorized_flush_users (static:anyone)\fR"
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List of users who are authorized to flush the queue.
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.IP "\fBauthorized_mailq_users (static:anyone)\fR"
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List of users who are authorized to view the queue.
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.IP "\fBauthorized_submit_users (static:anyone)\fR"
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List of users who are authorized to submit mail with the \fBsendmail\fR(1)
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command (and with the privileged \fBpostdrop\fR(1) helper command).
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.SH "RESOURCE AND RATE CONTROLS"
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.na
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.nf
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.ad
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.fi
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.IP "\fBbounce_size_limit (50000)\fR"
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The maximal amount of original message text that is sent in a
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non\-delivery notification.
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.IP "\fBfork_attempts (5)\fR"
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The maximal number of attempts to fork() a child process.
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.IP "\fBfork_delay (1s)\fR"
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The delay between attempts to fork() a child process.
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.IP "\fBhopcount_limit (50)\fR"
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The maximal number of Received: message headers that is allowed
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in the primary message headers.
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.IP "\fBqueue_run_delay (300s)\fR"
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The time between deferred queue scans by the queue manager;
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prior to Postfix 2.4 the default value was 1000s.
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.SH "FAST FLUSH CONTROLS"
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.na
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.nf
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.ad
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.fi
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The ETRN_README file describes configuration and operation
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details for the Postfix "fast flush" service.
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.IP "\fBfast_flush_domains ($relay_domains)\fR"
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Optional list of destinations that are eligible for per\-destination
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logfiles with mail that is queued to those destinations.
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.SH "VERP CONTROLS"
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.na
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.nf
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.ad
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.fi
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The VERP_README file describes configuration and operation
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details of Postfix support for variable envelope return
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path addresses.
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.IP "\fBdefault_verp_delimiters (+=)\fR"
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The two default VERP delimiter characters.
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.IP "\fBverp_delimiter_filter (\-=+)\fR"
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The characters Postfix accepts as VERP delimiter characters on the
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Postfix \fBsendmail\fR(1) command line and in SMTP commands.
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.SH "MISCELLANEOUS CONTROLS"
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.na
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.nf
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.ad
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.fi
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.IP "\fBalias_database (see 'postconf -d' output)\fR"
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The alias databases for \fBlocal\fR(8) delivery that are updated with
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"\fBnewaliases\fR" or with "\fBsendmail \-bi\fR".
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.IP "\fBcommand_directory (see 'postconf -d' output)\fR"
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The location of all postfix administrative commands.
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.IP "\fBconfig_directory (see 'postconf -d' output)\fR"
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The default location of the Postfix main.cf and master.cf
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configuration files.
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.IP "\fBdaemon_directory (see 'postconf -d' output)\fR"
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The directory with Postfix support programs and daemon programs.
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.IP "\fBdefault_database_type (see 'postconf -d' output)\fR"
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The default database type for use in \fBnewaliases\fR(1), \fBpostalias\fR(1)
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and \fBpostmap\fR(1) commands.
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.IP "\fBdelay_warning_time (0h)\fR"
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The time after which the sender receives a copy of the message
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headers of mail that is still queued.
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.IP "\fBimport_environment (see 'postconf -d' output)\fR"
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The list of environment variables that a privileged Postfix
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process will import from a non\-Postfix parent process, or name=value
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environment overrides.
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.IP "\fBmail_owner (postfix)\fR"
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The UNIX system account that owns the Postfix queue and most Postfix
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|
daemon processes.
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|
.IP "\fBqueue_directory (see 'postconf -d' output)\fR"
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|
The location of the Postfix top\-level queue directory.
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|
.IP "\fBremote_header_rewrite_domain (empty)\fR"
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|
Rewrite or add message headers in mail from remote clients if
|
|
the remote_header_rewrite_domain parameter value is non\-empty,
|
|
updating incomplete addresses with the domain specified in the
|
|
remote_header_rewrite_domain parameter, and adding missing headers.
|
|
.IP "\fBsyslog_facility (mail)\fR"
|
|
The syslog facility of Postfix logging.
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|
.IP "\fBsyslog_name (see 'postconf -d' output)\fR"
|
|
A prefix that is prepended to the process name in syslog
|
|
records, so that, for example, "smtpd" becomes "prefix/smtpd".
|
|
.PP
|
|
Postfix 3.2 and later:
|
|
.IP "\fBalternate_config_directories (empty)\fR"
|
|
A list of non\-default Postfix configuration directories that may
|
|
be specified with "\-c config_directory" on the command line (in the
|
|
case of \fBsendmail\fR(1), with the "\-C" option), or via the MAIL_CONFIG
|
|
environment parameter.
|
|
.IP "\fBmulti_instance_directories (empty)\fR"
|
|
An optional list of non\-default Postfix configuration directories;
|
|
these directories belong to additional Postfix instances that share
|
|
the Postfix executable files and documentation with the default
|
|
Postfix instance, and that are started, stopped, etc., together
|
|
with the default Postfix instance.
|
|
.SH "FILES"
|
|
.na
|
|
.nf
|
|
/var/spool/postfix, mail queue
|
|
/etc/postfix, configuration files
|
|
.SH "SEE ALSO"
|
|
.na
|
|
.nf
|
|
pickup(8), mail pickup daemon
|
|
qmgr(8), queue manager
|
|
smtpd(8), SMTP server
|
|
flush(8), fast flush service
|
|
postsuper(1), queue maintenance
|
|
postalias(1), create/update/query alias database
|
|
postdrop(1), mail posting utility
|
|
postfix(1), mail system control
|
|
postqueue(1), mail queue control
|
|
postlogd(8), Postfix logging
|
|
syslogd(8), system logging
|
|
.SH "README_FILES"
|
|
.na
|
|
.nf
|
|
.ad
|
|
.fi
|
|
Use "\fBpostconf readme_directory\fR" or
|
|
"\fBpostconf html_directory\fR" to locate this information.
|
|
.na
|
|
.nf
|
|
DEBUG_README, Postfix debugging howto
|
|
ETRN_README, Postfix ETRN howto
|
|
VERP_README, Postfix VERP howto
|
|
.SH "LICENSE"
|
|
.na
|
|
.nf
|
|
.ad
|
|
.fi
|
|
The Secure Mailer license must be distributed with this software.
|
|
.SH "AUTHOR(S)"
|
|
.na
|
|
.nf
|
|
Wietse Venema
|
|
IBM T.J. Watson Research
|
|
P.O. Box 704
|
|
Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA
|
|
|
|
Wietse Venema
|
|
Google, Inc.
|
|
111 8th Avenue
|
|
New York, NY 10011, USA
|