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|
import inspect
import os
import platform
import shutil
import sys
import threading
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
from collections import abc
from dataclasses import dataclass, field, replace
from datetime import datetime
from functools import wraps
from getpass import getpass
from itertools import islice
from time import monotonic
from typing import (
IO,
TYPE_CHECKING,
Any,
Callable,
Dict,
Iterable,
List,
NamedTuple,
Optional,
TextIO,
Tuple,
Union,
cast,
)
from typing_extensions import Literal, Protocol, runtime_checkable
from . import errors, themes
from ._emoji_replace import _emoji_replace
from ._log_render import LogRender, FormatTimeCallable
from .align import Align, AlignMethod
from .color import ColorSystem
from .control import Control
from .highlighter import NullHighlighter, ReprHighlighter
from .markup import render as render_markup
from .measure import Measurement, measure_renderables
from .pager import Pager, SystemPager
from .pretty import Pretty
from .scope import render_scope
from .screen import Screen
from .segment import Segment
from .style import Style, StyleType
from .styled import Styled
from .terminal_theme import DEFAULT_TERMINAL_THEME, TerminalTheme
from .text import Text, TextType
from .theme import Theme, ThemeStack
if TYPE_CHECKING:
from ._windows import WindowsConsoleFeatures
from .live import Live
from .status import Status
WINDOWS = platform.system() == "Windows"
HighlighterType = Callable[[Union[str, "Text"]], "Text"]
JustifyMethod = Literal["default", "left", "center", "right", "full"]
OverflowMethod = Literal["fold", "crop", "ellipsis", "ignore"]
class NoChange:
pass
NO_CHANGE = NoChange()
CONSOLE_HTML_FORMAT = """\
<!DOCTYPE html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<style>
{stylesheet}
body {{
color: {foreground};
background-color: {background};
}}
</style>
</head>
<html>
<body>
<code>
<pre style="font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace">{code}</pre>
</code>
</body>
</html>
"""
_TERM_COLORS = {"256color": ColorSystem.EIGHT_BIT, "16color": ColorSystem.STANDARD}
class ConsoleDimensions(NamedTuple):
"""Size of the terminal."""
width: int
"""The width of the console in 'cells'."""
height: int
"""The height of the console in lines."""
@dataclass
class ConsoleOptions:
"""Options for __rich_console__ method."""
size: ConsoleDimensions
"""Size of console."""
legacy_windows: bool
"""legacy_windows: flag for legacy windows."""
min_width: int
"""Minimum width of renderable."""
max_width: int
"""Maximum width of renderable."""
is_terminal: bool
"""True if the target is a terminal, otherwise False."""
encoding: str
"""Encoding of terminal."""
justify: Optional[JustifyMethod] = None
"""Justify value override for renderable."""
overflow: Optional[OverflowMethod] = None
"""Overflow value override for renderable."""
no_wrap: Optional[bool] = False
"""Disable wrapping for text."""
highlight: Optional[bool] = None
"""Highlight override for render_str."""
height: Optional[int] = None
"""Height available, or None for no height limit."""
@property
def ascii_only(self) -> bool:
"""Check if renderables should use ascii only."""
return not self.encoding.startswith("utf")
def update(
self,
width: Union[int, NoChange] = NO_CHANGE,
min_width: Union[int, NoChange] = NO_CHANGE,
max_width: Union[int, NoChange] = NO_CHANGE,
justify: Union[Optional[JustifyMethod], NoChange] = NO_CHANGE,
overflow: Union[Optional[OverflowMethod], NoChange] = NO_CHANGE,
no_wrap: Union[Optional[bool], NoChange] = NO_CHANGE,
highlight: Union[Optional[bool], NoChange] = NO_CHANGE,
height: Union[Optional[int], NoChange] = NO_CHANGE,
) -> "ConsoleOptions":
"""Update values, return a copy."""
options = replace(self)
if not isinstance(width, NoChange):
options.min_width = options.max_width = width
if not isinstance(min_width, NoChange):
options.min_width = min_width
if not isinstance(max_width, NoChange):
options.max_width = max_width
if not isinstance(justify, NoChange):
options.justify = justify
if not isinstance(overflow, NoChange):
options.overflow = overflow
if not isinstance(no_wrap, NoChange):
options.no_wrap = no_wrap
if not isinstance(highlight, NoChange):
options.highlight = highlight
if not isinstance(height, NoChange):
options.height = height
return options
def update_width(self, width: int) -> "ConsoleOptions":
"""Update just the width, return a copy.
Args:
width (int): New width (sets both min_width and max_width)
Returns:
~ConsoleOptions: New console options instance
"""
options = replace(self, min_width=width, max_width=width)
return options
@runtime_checkable
class RichCast(Protocol):
"""An object that may be 'cast' to a console renderable."""
def __rich__(self) -> Union["ConsoleRenderable", str]: # pragma: no cover
...
@runtime_checkable
class ConsoleRenderable(Protocol):
"""An object that supports the console protocol."""
def __rich_console__(
self, console: "Console", options: "ConsoleOptions"
) -> "RenderResult": # pragma: no cover
...
RenderableType = Union[ConsoleRenderable, RichCast, str]
"""A type that may be rendered by Console."""
RenderResult = Iterable[Union[RenderableType, Segment]]
"""The result of calling a __rich_console__ method."""
_null_highlighter = NullHighlighter()
class CaptureError(Exception):
"""An error in the Capture context manager."""
class Capture:
"""Context manager to capture the result of printing to the console.
See :meth:`~rich.console.Console.capture` for how to use.
Args:
console (Console): A console instance to capture output.
"""
def __init__(self, console: "Console") -> None:
self._console = console
self._result: Optional[str] = None
def __enter__(self) -> "Capture":
self._console.begin_capture()
return self
def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb) -> None:
self._result = self._console.end_capture()
def get(self) -> str:
"""Get the result of the capture."""
if self._result is None:
raise CaptureError(
"Capture result is not available until context manager exits."
)
return self._result
class ThemeContext:
"""A context manager to use a temporary theme. See :meth:`~rich.console.Console.use_theme` for usage."""
def __init__(self, console: "Console", theme: Theme, inherit: bool = True) -> None:
self.console = console
self.theme = theme
self.inherit = inherit
def __enter__(self) -> "ThemeContext":
self.console.push_theme(self.theme)
return self
def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb) -> None:
self.console.pop_theme()
class PagerContext:
"""A context manager that 'pages' content. See :meth:`~rich.console.Console.pager` for usage."""
def __init__(
self,
console: "Console",
pager: Pager = None,
styles: bool = False,
links: bool = False,
) -> None:
self._console = console
self.pager = SystemPager() if pager is None else pager
self.styles = styles
self.links = links
def __enter__(self) -> "PagerContext":
self._console._enter_buffer()
return self
def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb) -> None:
if exc_type is None:
with self._console._lock:
buffer: List[Segment] = self._console._buffer[:]
del self._console._buffer[:]
segments: Iterable[Segment] = buffer
if not self.styles:
segments = Segment.strip_styles(segments)
elif not self.links:
segments = Segment.strip_links(segments)
content = self._console._render_buffer(segments)
self.pager.show(content)
self._console._exit_buffer()
class ScreenContext:
"""A context manager that enables an alternative screen. See :meth:`~rich.console.Console.screen` for usage."""
def __init__(
self, console: "Console", hide_cursor: bool, style: StyleType = ""
) -> None:
self.console = console
self.hide_cursor = hide_cursor
self.screen = Screen(style=style)
self._changed = False
def update(
self, renderable: RenderableType = None, style: StyleType = None
) -> None:
"""Update the screen.
Args:
renderable (RenderableType, optional): Optional renderable to replace current renderable,
or None for no change. Defaults to None.
style: (Style, optional): Replacement style, or None for no change. Defaults to None.
"""
if renderable is not None:
self.screen.renderable = renderable
if style is not None:
self.screen.style = style
self.console.print(self.screen, end="")
def __enter__(self) -> "ScreenContext":
self._changed = self.console.set_alt_screen(True)
if self._changed and self.hide_cursor:
self.console.show_cursor(False)
return self
def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb) -> None:
if self._changed:
self.console.set_alt_screen(False)
if self.hide_cursor:
self.console.show_cursor(True)
class RenderGroup:
"""Takes a group of renderables and returns a renderable object that renders the group.
Args:
renderables (Iterable[RenderableType]): An iterable of renderable objects.
fit (bool, optional): Fit dimension of group to contents, or fill available space. Defaults to True.
"""
def __init__(self, *renderables: "RenderableType", fit: bool = True) -> None:
self._renderables = renderables
self.fit = fit
self._render: Optional[List[RenderableType]] = None
@property
def renderables(self) -> List["RenderableType"]:
if self._render is None:
self._render = list(self._renderables)
return self._render
def __rich_measure__(self, console: "Console", max_width: int) -> "Measurement":
if self.fit:
return measure_renderables(console, self.renderables, max_width)
else:
return Measurement(max_width, max_width)
def __rich_console__(
self, console: "Console", options: "ConsoleOptions"
) -> RenderResult:
yield from self.renderables
def render_group(fit: bool = True) -> Callable:
"""A decorator that turns an iterable of renderables in to a group.
Args:
fit (bool, optional): Fit dimension of group to contents, or fill available space. Defaults to True.
"""
def decorator(method):
"""Convert a method that returns an iterable of renderables in to a RenderGroup."""
@wraps(method)
def _replace(*args, **kwargs):
renderables = method(*args, **kwargs)
return RenderGroup(*renderables, fit=fit)
return _replace
return decorator
def _is_jupyter() -> bool: # pragma: no cover
"""Check if we're running in a Jupyter notebook."""
try:
get_ipython # type: ignore
except NameError:
return False
shell = get_ipython().__class__.__name__ # type: ignore
if shell == "ZMQInteractiveShell":
return True # Jupyter notebook or qtconsole
elif shell == "TerminalInteractiveShell":
return False # Terminal running IPython
else:
return False # Other type (?)
COLOR_SYSTEMS = {
"standard": ColorSystem.STANDARD,
"256": ColorSystem.EIGHT_BIT,
"truecolor": ColorSystem.TRUECOLOR,
"windows": ColorSystem.WINDOWS,
}
_COLOR_SYSTEMS_NAMES = {system: name for name, system in COLOR_SYSTEMS.items()}
@dataclass
class ConsoleThreadLocals(threading.local):
"""Thread local values for Console context."""
theme_stack: ThemeStack
buffer: List[Segment] = field(default_factory=list)
buffer_index: int = 0
class RenderHook(ABC):
"""Provides hooks in to the render process."""
@abstractmethod
def process_renderables(
self, renderables: List[ConsoleRenderable]
) -> List[ConsoleRenderable]:
"""Called with a list of objects to render.
This method can return a new list of renderables, or modify and return the same list.
Args:
renderables (List[ConsoleRenderable]): A number of renderable objects.
Returns:
List[ConsoleRenderable]: A replacement list of renderables.
"""
_windows_console_features: Optional["WindowsConsoleFeatures"] = None
def get_windows_console_features() -> "WindowsConsoleFeatures": # pragma: no cover
global _windows_console_features
if _windows_console_features is not None:
return _windows_console_features
from ._windows import get_windows_console_features
_windows_console_features = get_windows_console_features()
return _windows_console_features
def detect_legacy_windows() -> bool:
"""Detect legacy Windows."""
return WINDOWS and not get_windows_console_features().vt
if detect_legacy_windows(): # pragma: no cover
from colorama import init
init()
class Console:
"""A high level console interface.
Args:
color_system (str, optional): The color system supported by your terminal,
either ``"standard"``, ``"256"`` or ``"truecolor"``. Leave as ``"auto"`` to autodetect.
force_terminal (Optional[bool], optional): Enable/disable terminal control codes, or None to auto-detect terminal. Defaults to None.
force_jupyter (Optional[bool], optional): Enable/disable Jupyter rendering, or None to auto-detect Jupyter. Defaults to None.
force_interactive (Optional[bool], optional): Enable/disable interactive mode, or None to auto detect. Defaults to None.
soft_wrap (Optional[bool], optional): Set soft wrap default on print method. Defaults to False.
theme (Theme, optional): An optional style theme object, or ``None`` for default theme.
stderr (bool, optional): Use stderr rather than stdout if ``file`` is not specified. Defaults to False.
file (IO, optional): A file object where the console should write to. Defaults to stdout.
quiet (bool, Optional): Boolean to suppress all output. Defaults to False.
width (int, optional): The width of the terminal. Leave as default to auto-detect width.
height (int, optional): The height of the terminal. Leave as default to auto-detect height.
style (StyleType, optional): Style to apply to all output, or None for no style. Defaults to None.
no_color (Optional[bool], optional): Enabled no color mode, or None to auto detect. Defaults to None.
tab_size (int, optional): Number of spaces used to replace a tab character. Defaults to 8.
record (bool, optional): Boolean to enable recording of terminal output,
required to call :meth:`export_html` and :meth:`export_text`. Defaults to False.
markup (bool, optional): Boolean to enable :ref:`console_markup`. Defaults to True.
emoji (bool, optional): Enable emoji code. Defaults to True.
highlight (bool, optional): Enable automatic highlighting. Defaults to True.
log_time (bool, optional): Boolean to enable logging of time by :meth:`log` methods. Defaults to True.
log_path (bool, optional): Boolean to enable the logging of the caller by :meth:`log`. Defaults to True.
log_time_format (Union[str, TimeFormatterCallable], optional): If ``log_time`` is enabled, either string for strftime or callable that formats the time. Defaults to "[%X] ".
highlighter (HighlighterType, optional): Default highlighter.
legacy_windows (bool, optional): Enable legacy Windows mode, or ``None`` to auto detect. Defaults to ``None``.
safe_box (bool, optional): Restrict box options that don't render on legacy Windows.
get_datetime (Callable[[], datetime], optional): Callable that gets the current time as a datetime.datetime object (used by Console.log),
or None for datetime.now.
get_time (Callable[[], time], optional): Callable that gets the current time in seconds, default uses time.monotonic.
"""
def __init__(
self,
*,
color_system: Optional[
Literal["auto", "standard", "256", "truecolor", "windows"]
] = "auto",
force_terminal: bool = None,
force_jupyter: bool = None,
force_interactive: bool = None,
soft_wrap: bool = False,
theme: Theme = None,
stderr: bool = False,
file: IO[str] = None,
quiet: bool = False,
width: int = None,
height: int = None,
style: StyleType = None,
no_color: bool = None,
tab_size: int = 8,
record: bool = False,
markup: bool = True,
emoji: bool = True,
highlight: bool = True,
log_time: bool = True,
log_path: bool = True,
log_time_format: Union[str, FormatTimeCallable] = "[%X]",
highlighter: Optional["HighlighterType"] = ReprHighlighter(),
legacy_windows: bool = None,
safe_box: bool = True,
get_datetime: Callable[[], datetime] = None,
get_time: Callable[[], float] = None,
_environ: Dict[str, str] = None,
):
# Copy of os.environ allows us to replace it for testing
self._environ = os.environ if _environ is None else _environ
self.is_jupyter = _is_jupyter() if force_jupyter is None else force_jupyter
if self.is_jupyter:
width = width or 93
height = height or 100
self.soft_wrap = soft_wrap
self._width = width
self._height = height
self.tab_size = tab_size
self.record = record
self._markup = markup
self._emoji = emoji
self._highlight = highlight
self.legacy_windows: bool = (
(detect_legacy_windows() and not self.is_jupyter)
if legacy_windows is None
else legacy_windows
)
self._color_system: Optional[ColorSystem]
self._force_terminal = force_terminal
self._file = file
self.quiet = quiet
self.stderr = stderr
if color_system is None:
self._color_system = None
elif color_system == "auto":
self._color_system = self._detect_color_system()
else:
self._color_system = COLOR_SYSTEMS[color_system]
self._lock = threading.RLock()
self._log_render = LogRender(
show_time=log_time,
show_path=log_path,
time_format=log_time_format,
)
self.highlighter: HighlighterType = highlighter or _null_highlighter
self.safe_box = safe_box
self.get_datetime = get_datetime or datetime.now
self.get_time = get_time or monotonic
self.style = style
self.no_color = (
no_color if no_color is not None else "NO_COLOR" in self._environ
)
self.is_interactive = (
(self.is_terminal and not self.is_dumb_terminal)
if force_interactive is None
else force_interactive
)
self._record_buffer_lock = threading.RLock()
self._thread_locals = ConsoleThreadLocals(
theme_stack=ThemeStack(themes.DEFAULT if theme is None else theme)
)
self._record_buffer: List[Segment] = []
self._render_hooks: List[RenderHook] = []
self._live: Optional["Live"] = None
def __repr__(self) -> str:
return f"<console width={self.width} {str(self._color_system)}>"
@property
def file(self) -> IO[str]:
"""Get the file object to write to."""
file = self._file or (sys.stderr if self.stderr else sys.stdout)
file = getattr(file, "rich_proxied_file", file)
return file
@file.setter
def file(self, new_file: IO[str]) -> None:
"""Set a new file object."""
self._file = new_file
@property
def _buffer(self) -> List[Segment]:
"""Get a thread local buffer."""
return self._thread_locals.buffer
@property
def _buffer_index(self) -> int:
"""Get a thread local buffer."""
return self._thread_locals.buffer_index
@_buffer_index.setter
def _buffer_index(self, value: int) -> None:
self._thread_locals.buffer_index = value
@property
def _theme_stack(self) -> ThemeStack:
"""Get the thread local theme stack."""
return self._thread_locals.theme_stack
def _detect_color_system(self) -> Optional[ColorSystem]:
"""Detect color system from env vars."""
if self.is_jupyter:
return ColorSystem.TRUECOLOR
if not self.is_terminal or self.is_dumb_terminal:
return None
if WINDOWS: # pragma: no cover
if self.legacy_windows: # pragma: no cover
return ColorSystem.WINDOWS
windows_console_features = get_windows_console_features()
return (
ColorSystem.TRUECOLOR
if windows_console_features.truecolor
else ColorSystem.EIGHT_BIT
)
else:
color_term = self._environ.get("COLORTERM", "").strip().lower()
if color_term in ("truecolor", "24bit"):
return ColorSystem.TRUECOLOR
term = self._environ.get("TERM", "").strip().lower()
_term_name, _hyphen, colors = term.partition("-")
color_system = _TERM_COLORS.get(colors, ColorSystem.STANDARD)
return color_system
def _enter_buffer(self) -> None:
"""Enter in to a buffer context, and buffer all output."""
self._buffer_index += 1
def _exit_buffer(self) -> None:
"""Leave buffer context, and render content if required."""
self._buffer_index -= 1
self._check_buffer()
def set_live(self, live: "Live") -> None:
"""Set Live instance. Used by Live context manager.
Args:
live (Live): Live instance using this Console.
Raises:
errors.LiveError: If this Console has a Live context currently active.
"""
with self._lock:
if self._live is not None:
raise errors.LiveError("Only one live display may be active at once")
self._live = live
def clear_live(self) -> None:
"""Clear the Live instance."""
with self._lock:
self._live = None
def push_render_hook(self, hook: RenderHook) -> None:
"""Add a new render hook to the stack.
Args:
hook (RenderHook): Render hook instance.
"""
self._render_hooks.append(hook)
def pop_render_hook(self) -> None:
"""Pop the last renderhook from the stack."""
self._render_hooks.pop()
def __enter__(self) -> "Console":
"""Own context manager to enter buffer context."""
self._enter_buffer()
return self
def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback) -> None:
"""Exit buffer context."""
self._exit_buffer()
def begin_capture(self) -> None:
"""Begin capturing console output. Call :meth:`end_capture` to exit capture mode and return output."""
self._enter_buffer()
def end_capture(self) -> str:
"""End capture mode and return captured string.
Returns:
str: Console output.
"""
render_result = self._render_buffer(self._buffer)
del self._buffer[:]
self._exit_buffer()
return render_result
def push_theme(self, theme: Theme, *, inherit: bool = True) -> None:
"""Push a new theme on to the top of the stack, replacing the styles from the previous theme.
Generally speaking, you should call :meth:`~rich.console.Console.use_theme` to get a context manager, rather
than calling this method directly.
Args:
theme (Theme): A theme instance.
inherit (bool, optional): Inherit existing styles. Defaults to True.
"""
self._theme_stack.push_theme(theme, inherit=inherit)
def pop_theme(self) -> None:
"""Remove theme from top of stack, restoring previous theme."""
self._theme_stack.pop_theme()
def use_theme(self, theme: Theme, *, inherit: bool = True) -> ThemeContext:
"""Use a different theme for the duration of the context manager.
Args:
theme (Theme): Theme instance to user.
inherit (bool, optional): Inherit existing console styles. Defaults to True.
Returns:
ThemeContext: [description]
"""
return ThemeContext(self, theme, inherit)
@property
def color_system(self) -> Optional[str]:
"""Get color system string.
Returns:
Optional[str]: "standard", "256" or "truecolor".
"""
if self._color_system is not None:
return _COLOR_SYSTEMS_NAMES[self._color_system]
else:
return None
@property
def encoding(self) -> str:
"""Get the encoding of the console file, e.g. ``"utf-8"``.
Returns:
str: A standard encoding string.
"""
return (getattr(self.file, "encoding", "utf-8") or "utf-8").lower()
@property
def is_terminal(self) -> bool:
"""Check if the console is writing to a terminal.
Returns:
bool: True if the console writing to a device capable of
understanding terminal codes, otherwise False.
"""
if self._force_terminal is not None:
return self._force_terminal
isatty = getattr(self.file, "isatty", None)
return False if isatty is None else isatty()
@property
def is_dumb_terminal(self) -> bool:
"""Detect dumb terminal.
Returns:
bool: True if writing to a dumb terminal, otherwise False.
"""
_term = self._environ.get("TERM", "")
is_dumb = _term.lower() in ("dumb", "unknown")
return self.is_terminal and is_dumb
@property
def options(self) -> ConsoleOptions:
"""Get default console options."""
return ConsoleOptions(
size=self.size,
legacy_windows=self.legacy_windows,
min_width=1,
max_width=self.width,
encoding=self.encoding,
is_terminal=self.is_terminal,
)
@property
def size(self) -> ConsoleDimensions:
"""Get the size of the console.
Returns:
ConsoleDimensions: A named tuple containing the dimensions.
"""
if self._width is not None and self._height is not None:
return ConsoleDimensions(self._width, self._height)
if self.is_dumb_terminal:
return ConsoleDimensions(80, 25)
width: Optional[int] = None
height: Optional[int] = None
if WINDOWS: # pragma: no cover
width, height = shutil.get_terminal_size()
else:
try:
width, height = os.get_terminal_size(sys.stdin.fileno())
except (AttributeError, ValueError, OSError):
try:
width, height = os.get_terminal_size(sys.stdout.fileno())
except (AttributeError, ValueError, OSError):
pass
# get_terminal_size can report 0, 0 if run from pseudo-terminal
width = width or 80
height = height or 25
return ConsoleDimensions(
(width - self.legacy_windows) if self._width is None else self._width,
height if self._height is None else self._height,
)
@property
def width(self) -> int:
"""Get the width of the console.
Returns:
int: The width (in characters) of the console.
"""
width, _ = self.size
return width
@property
def height(self) -> int:
"""Get the height of the console.
Returns:
int: The height (in lines) of the console.
"""
_, height = self.size
return height
def bell(self) -> None:
"""Play a 'bell' sound (if supported by the terminal)."""
self.control("\x07")
def capture(self) -> Capture:
"""A context manager to *capture* the result of print() or log() in a string,
rather than writing it to the console.
Example:
>>> from rich.console import Console
>>> console = Console()
>>> with console.capture() as capture:
... console.print("[bold magenta]Hello World[/]")
>>> print(capture.get())
Returns:
Capture: Context manager with disables writing to the terminal.
"""
capture = Capture(self)
return capture
def pager(
self, pager: Pager = None, styles: bool = False, links: bool = False
) -> PagerContext:
"""A context manager to display anything printed within a "pager". The pager application
is defined by the system and will typically support at least pressing a key to scroll.
Args:
pager (Pager, optional): A pager object, or None to use :class:~rich.pager.SystemPager`. Defaults to None.
styles (bool, optional): Show styles in pager. Defaults to False.
links (bool, optional): Show links in pager. Defaults to False.
Example:
>>> from rich.console import Console
>>> from rich.__main__ import make_test_card
>>> console = Console()
>>> with console.pager():
console.print(make_test_card())
Returns:
PagerContext: A context manager.
"""
return PagerContext(self, pager=pager, styles=styles, links=links)
def line(self, count: int = 1) -> None:
"""Write new line(s).
Args:
count (int, optional): Number of new lines. Defaults to 1.
"""
assert count >= 0, "count must be >= 0"
if count:
self._buffer.append(Segment("\n" * count))
self._check_buffer()
def clear(self, home: bool = True) -> None:
"""Clear the screen.
Args:
home (bool, optional): Also move the cursor to 'home' position. Defaults to True.
"""
self.control("\033[2J\033[H" if home else "\033[2J")
def status(
self,
status: RenderableType,
*,
spinner: str = "dots",
spinner_style: str = "status.spinner",
speed: float = 1.0,
refresh_per_second: float = 12.5,
) -> "Status":
"""Display a status and spinner.
Args:
status (RenderableType): A status renderable (str or Text typically).
console (Console, optional): Console instance to use, or None for global console. Defaults to None.
spinner (str, optional): Name of spinner animation (see python -m rich.spinner). Defaults to "dots".
spinner_style (StyleType, optional): Style of spinner. Defaults to "status.spinner".
speed (float, optional): Speed factor for spinner animation. Defaults to 1.0.
refresh_per_second (float, optional): Number of refreshes per second. Defaults to 12.5.
Returns:
Status: A Status object that may be used as a context manager.
"""
from .status import Status
status_renderable = Status(
status,
console=self,
spinner=spinner,
spinner_style=spinner_style,
speed=speed,
refresh_per_second=refresh_per_second,
)
return status_renderable
def show_cursor(self, show: bool = True) -> bool:
"""Show or hide the cursor.
Args:
show (bool, optional): Set visibility of the cursor.
"""
if self.is_terminal and not self.legacy_windows:
self.control("\033[?25h" if show else "\033[?25l")
return True
return False
def set_alt_screen(self, enable: bool = True) -> bool:
"""Enables alternative screen mode.
Note, if you enable this mode, you should ensure that is disabled before
the application exits. See :meth:`~rich.Console.screen` for a context manager
that handles this for you.
Args:
enable (bool, optional): Enable (True) or disable (False) alternate screen. Defaults to True.
Returns:
bool: True if the control codes were written.
"""
changed = False
if self.is_terminal and not self.legacy_windows:
self.control("\033[?1049h\033[H" if enable else "\033[?1049l")
changed = True
return changed
def screen(
self, hide_cursor: bool = True, style: StyleType = None
) -> "ScreenContext":
"""Context manager to enable and disable 'alternative screen' mode.
Args:
hide_cursor (bool, optional): Also hide the cursor. Defaults to False.
style (Style, optional): Optional style for screen. Defaults to None.
Returns:
~ScreenContext: Context which enables alternate screen on enter, and disables it on exit.
"""
return ScreenContext(self, hide_cursor=hide_cursor, style=style or "")
def render(
self, renderable: RenderableType, options: ConsoleOptions = None
) -> Iterable[Segment]:
"""Render an object in to an iterable of `Segment` instances.
This method contains the logic for rendering objects with the console protocol.
You are unlikely to need to use it directly, unless you are extending the library.
Args:
renderable (RenderableType): An object supporting the console protocol, or
an object that may be converted to a string.
options (ConsoleOptions, optional): An options object, or None to use self.options. Defaults to None.
Returns:
Iterable[Segment]: An iterable of segments that may be rendered.
"""
_options = options or self.options
if _options.max_width < 1:
# No space to render anything. This prevents potential recursion errors.
return
render_iterable: RenderResult
if isinstance(renderable, RichCast):
renderable = renderable.__rich__()
if isinstance(renderable, ConsoleRenderable):
render_iterable = renderable.__rich_console__(self, _options)
elif isinstance(renderable, str):
yield from self.render(
self.render_str(renderable, highlight=_options.highlight), _options
)
return
else:
raise errors.NotRenderableError(
f"Unable to render {renderable!r}; "
"A str, Segment or object with __rich_console__ method is required"
)
try:
iter_render = iter(render_iterable)
except TypeError:
raise errors.NotRenderableError(
f"object {render_iterable!r} is not renderable"
)
for render_output in iter_render:
if isinstance(render_output, Segment):
yield render_output
else:
yield from self.render(render_output, _options)
def render_lines(
self,
renderable: RenderableType,
options: Optional[ConsoleOptions] = None,
*,
style: Optional[Style] = None,
pad: bool = True,
) -> List[List[Segment]]:
"""Render objects in to a list of lines.
The output of render_lines is useful when further formatting of rendered console text
is required, such as the Panel class which draws a border around any renderable object.
Args:
renderable (RenderableType): Any object renderable in the console.
options (Optional[ConsoleOptions], optional): Console options, or None to use self.options. Default to ``None``.
style (Style, optional): Optional style to apply to renderables. Defaults to ``None``.
pad (bool, optional): Pad lines shorter than render width. Defaults to ``True``.
range (Optional[Tuple[int, int]], optional): Range of lines to render, or ``None`` for all line. Defaults to ``None``
Returns:
List[List[Segment]]: A list of lines, where a line is a list of Segment objects.
"""
render_options = options or self.options
_rendered = self.render(renderable, render_options)
if style is not None:
_rendered = Segment.apply_style(_rendered, style)
lines = list(
Segment.split_and_crop_lines(
_rendered, render_options.max_width, include_new_lines=False, pad=pad
)
)
if render_options.height is not None:
lines = Segment.set_shape(
lines, render_options.max_width, render_options.height, style=style
)
return lines
def render_str(
self,
text: str,
*,
style: Union[str, Style] = "",
justify: JustifyMethod = None,
overflow: OverflowMethod = None,
emoji: bool = None,
markup: bool = None,
highlight: bool = None,
highlighter: HighlighterType = None,
) -> "Text":
"""Convert a string to a Text instance. This is is called automatically if
you print or log a string.
Args:
text (str): Text to render.
style (Union[str, Style], optional): Style to apply to rendered text.
justify (str, optional): Justify method: "default", "left", "center", "full", or "right". Defaults to ``None``.
overflow (str, optional): Overflow method: "crop", "fold", or "ellipsis". Defaults to ``None``.
emoji (Optional[bool], optional): Enable emoji, or ``None`` to use Console default.
markup (Optional[bool], optional): Enable markup, or ``None`` to use Console default.
highlight (Optional[bool], optional): Enable highlighting, or ``None`` to use Console default.
highlighter (HighlighterType, optional): Optional highlighter to apply.
Returns:
ConsoleRenderable: Renderable object.
"""
emoji_enabled = emoji or (emoji is None and self._emoji)
markup_enabled = markup or (markup is None and self._markup)
highlight_enabled = highlight or (highlight is None and self._highlight)
if markup_enabled:
rich_text = render_markup(text, style=style, emoji=emoji_enabled)
rich_text.justify = justify
rich_text.overflow = overflow
else:
rich_text = Text(
_emoji_replace(text) if emoji_enabled else text,
justify=justify,
overflow=overflow,
style=style,
)
_highlighter = (highlighter or self.highlighter) if highlight_enabled else None
if _highlighter is not None:
highlight_text = _highlighter(str(rich_text))
highlight_text.copy_styles(rich_text)
return highlight_text
return rich_text
def get_style(
self, name: Union[str, Style], *, default: Union[Style, str] = None
) -> Style:
"""Get a Style instance by it's theme name or parse a definition.
Args:
name (str): The name of a style or a style definition.
Returns:
Style: A Style object.
Raises:
MissingStyle: If no style could be parsed from name.
"""
if isinstance(name, Style):
return name
try:
style = self._theme_stack.get(name)
if style is None:
style = Style.parse(name)
return style.copy() if style.link else style
except errors.StyleSyntaxError as error:
if default is not None:
return self.get_style(default)
raise errors.MissingStyle(
f"Failed to get style {name!r}; {error}"
) from None
def _collect_renderables(
self,
objects: Iterable[Any],
sep: str,
end: str,
*,
justify: JustifyMethod = None,
emoji: bool = None,
markup: bool = None,
highlight: bool = None,
) -> List[ConsoleRenderable]:
"""Combine a number of renderables and text into one renderable.
Args:
objects (Iterable[Any]): Anything that Rich can render.
sep (str): String to write between print data.
end (str): String to write at end of print data.
justify (str, optional): One of "left", "right", "center", or "full". Defaults to ``None``.
emoji (Optional[bool], optional): Enable emoji code, or ``None`` to use console default.
markup (Optional[bool], optional): Enable markup, or ``None`` to use console default.
highlight (Optional[bool], optional): Enable automatic highlighting, or ``None`` to use console default.
Returns:
List[ConsoleRenderable]: A list of things to render.
"""
renderables: List[ConsoleRenderable] = []
_append = renderables.append
text: List[Text] = []
append_text = text.append
append = _append
if justify in ("left", "center", "right"):
def align_append(renderable: RenderableType) -> None:
_append(Align(renderable, cast(AlignMethod, justify)))
append = align_append
_highlighter: HighlighterType = _null_highlighter
if highlight or (highlight is None and self._highlight):
_highlighter = self.highlighter
def check_text() -> None:
if text:
sep_text = Text(sep, justify=justify, end=end)
append(sep_text.join(text))
del text[:]
for renderable in objects:
# I promise this is sane
# This detects an object which claims to have all attributes, such as MagicMock.mock_calls
if hasattr(
renderable, "jwevpw_eors4dfo6mwo345ermk7kdnfnwerwer"
): # pragma: no cover
renderable = repr(renderable)
rich_cast = getattr(renderable, "__rich__", None)
if rich_cast:
renderable = rich_cast()
if isinstance(renderable, str):
append_text(
self.render_str(
renderable, emoji=emoji, markup=markup, highlighter=_highlighter
)
)
elif isinstance(renderable, ConsoleRenderable):
check_text()
append(renderable)
elif isinstance(renderable, (abc.Mapping, abc.Sequence, abc.Set)):
check_text()
append(Pretty(renderable, highlighter=_highlighter))
else:
append_text(_highlighter(str(renderable)))
check_text()
if self.style is not None:
style = self.get_style(self.style)
renderables = [Styled(renderable, style) for renderable in renderables]
return renderables
def rule(
self,
title: TextType = "",
*,
characters: str = "─",
style: Union[str, Style] = "rule.line",
align: AlignMethod = "center",
) -> None:
"""Draw a line with optional centered title.
Args:
title (str, optional): Text to render over the rule. Defaults to "".
characters (str, optional): Character(s) to form the line. Defaults to "─".
style (str, optional): Style of line. Defaults to "rule.line".
align (str, optional): How to align the title, one of "left", "center", or "right". Defaults to "center".
"""
from .rule import Rule
rule = Rule(title=title, characters=characters, style=style, align=align)
self.print(rule)
def control(self, control_codes: Union["Control", str]) -> None:
"""Insert non-printing control codes.
Args:
control_codes (str): Control codes, such as those that may move the cursor.
"""
if not self.is_dumb_terminal:
self._buffer.append(Segment.control(str(control_codes)))
self._check_buffer()
def out(
self,
*objects: Any,
sep=" ",
end="\n",
style: Union[str, Style] = None,
highlight: bool = None,
) -> None:
"""Output to the terminal. This is a low-level way of writing to the terminal which unlike
:meth:`~rich.console.Console.print` won't pretty print, wrap text, or apply markup, but will
optionally apply highlighting and a basic style.
Args:
sep (str, optional): String to write between print data. Defaults to " ".
end (str, optional): String to write at end of print data. Defaults to "\\\\n".
style (Union[str, Style], optional): A style to apply to output. Defaults to None.
highlight (Optional[bool], optional): Enable automatic highlighting, or ``None`` to use
console default. Defaults to ``None``.
"""
raw_output: str = sep.join(str(_object) for _object in objects)
self.print(
raw_output,
style=style,
highlight=highlight,
emoji=False,
markup=False,
no_wrap=True,
overflow="ignore",
crop=False,
end=end,
)
def print(
self,
*objects: Any,
sep=" ",
end="\n",
style: Union[str, Style] = None,
justify: JustifyMethod = None,
overflow: OverflowMethod = None,
no_wrap: bool = None,
emoji: bool = None,
markup: bool = None,
highlight: bool = None,
width: int = None,
height: int = None,
crop: bool = True,
soft_wrap: bool = None,
) -> None:
"""Print to the console.
Args:
objects (positional args): Objects to log to the terminal.
sep (str, optional): String to write between print data. Defaults to " ".
end (str, optional): String to write at end of print data. Defaults to "\\\\n".
style (Union[str, Style], optional): A style to apply to output. Defaults to None.
justify (str, optional): Justify method: "default", "left", "right", "center", or "full". Defaults to ``None``.
overflow (str, optional): Overflow method: "ignore", "crop", "fold", or "ellipsis". Defaults to None.
no_wrap (Optional[bool], optional): Disable word wrapping. Defaults to None.
emoji (Optional[bool], optional): Enable emoji code, or ``None`` to use console default. Defaults to ``None``.
markup (Optional[bool], optional): Enable markup, or ``None`` to use console default. Defaults to ``None``.
highlight (Optional[bool], optional): Enable automatic highlighting, or ``None`` to use console default. Defaults to ``None``.
width (Optional[int], optional): Width of output, or ``None`` to auto-detect. Defaults to ``None``.
crop (Optional[bool], optional): Crop output to width of terminal. Defaults to True.
soft_wrap (bool, optional): Enable soft wrap mode which disables word wrapping and cropping of text or None for
Console default. Defaults to ``None``.
"""
if not objects:
self.line()
return
if soft_wrap is None:
soft_wrap = self.soft_wrap
if soft_wrap:
if no_wrap is None:
no_wrap = True
if overflow is None:
overflow = "ignore"
crop = False
with self:
renderables = self._collect_renderables(
objects,
sep,
end,
justify=justify,
emoji=emoji,
markup=markup,
highlight=highlight,
)
for hook in self._render_hooks:
renderables = hook.process_renderables(renderables)
render_options = self.options.update(
justify="default",
overflow=overflow,
width=min(width, self.width) if width else NO_CHANGE,
height=height,
no_wrap=no_wrap,
)
new_segments: List[Segment] = []
extend = new_segments.extend
render = self.render
if style is None:
for renderable in renderables:
extend(render(renderable, render_options))
else:
for renderable in renderables:
extend(
Segment.apply_style(
render(renderable, render_options), self.get_style(style)
)
)
if crop:
buffer_extend = self._buffer.extend
for line in Segment.split_and_crop_lines(
new_segments, self.width, pad=False
):
buffer_extend(line)
else:
self._buffer.extend(new_segments)
def print_exception(
self,
*,
width: Optional[int] = 100,
extra_lines: int = 3,
theme: Optional[str] = None,
word_wrap: bool = False,
show_locals: bool = False,
) -> None:
"""Prints a rich render of the last exception and traceback.
Args:
width (Optional[int], optional): Number of characters used to render code. Defaults to 88.
extra_lines (int, optional): Additional lines of code to render. Defaults to 3.
theme (str, optional): Override pygments theme used in traceback
word_wrap (bool, optional): Enable word wrapping of long lines. Defaults to False.
show_locals (bool, optional): Enable display of local variables. Defaults to False.
"""
from .traceback import Traceback
traceback = Traceback(
width=width,
extra_lines=extra_lines,
theme=theme,
word_wrap=word_wrap,
show_locals=show_locals,
)
self.print(traceback)
def log(
self,
*objects: Any,
sep=" ",
end="\n",
style: Union[str, Style] = None,
justify: JustifyMethod = None,
emoji: bool = None,
markup: bool = None,
highlight: bool = None,
log_locals: bool = False,
_stack_offset=1,
) -> None:
"""Log rich content to the terminal.
Args:
objects (positional args): Objects to log to the terminal.
sep (str, optional): String to write between print data. Defaults to " ".
end (str, optional): String to write at end of print data. Defaults to "\\\\n".
style (Union[str, Style], optional): A style to apply to output. Defaults to None.
justify (str, optional): One of "left", "right", "center", or "full". Defaults to ``None``.
overflow (str, optional): Overflow method: "crop", "fold", or "ellipsis". Defaults to None.
emoji (Optional[bool], optional): Enable emoji code, or ``None`` to use console default. Defaults to None.
markup (Optional[bool], optional): Enable markup, or ``None`` to use console default. Defaults to None.
highlight (Optional[bool], optional): Enable automatic highlighting, or ``None`` to use console default. Defaults to None.
log_locals (bool, optional): Boolean to enable logging of locals where ``log()``
was called. Defaults to False.
_stack_offset (int, optional): Offset of caller from end of call stack. Defaults to 1.
"""
if not objects:
self.line()
return
with self:
renderables = self._collect_renderables(
objects,
sep,
end,
justify=justify,
emoji=emoji,
markup=markup,
highlight=highlight,
)
if style is not None:
renderables = [Styled(renderable, style) for renderable in renderables]
caller = inspect.stack()[_stack_offset]
link_path = (
None
if caller.filename.startswith("<")
else os.path.abspath(caller.filename)
)
path = caller.filename.rpartition(os.sep)[-1]
line_no = caller.lineno
if log_locals:
locals_map = {
key: value
for key, value in caller.frame.f_locals.items()
if not key.startswith("__")
}
renderables.append(render_scope(locals_map, title="[i]locals"))
renderables = [
self._log_render(
self,
renderables,
log_time=self.get_datetime(),
path=path,
line_no=line_no,
link_path=link_path,
)
]
for hook in self._render_hooks:
renderables = hook.process_renderables(renderables)
new_segments: List[Segment] = []
extend = new_segments.extend
render = self.render
render_options = self.options
for renderable in renderables:
extend(render(renderable, render_options))
buffer_extend = self._buffer.extend
for line in Segment.split_and_crop_lines(
new_segments, self.width, pad=False
):
buffer_extend(line)
def _check_buffer(self) -> None:
"""Check if the buffer may be rendered."""
if self.quiet:
del self._buffer[:]
return
with self._lock:
if self._buffer_index == 0:
if self.is_jupyter: # pragma: no cover
from .jupyter import display
display(self._buffer)
del self._buffer[:]
else:
text = self._render_buffer(self._buffer[:])
del self._buffer[:]
if text:
try:
if WINDOWS: # pragma: no cover
# https://bugs.python.org/issue37871
write = self.file.write
for line in text.splitlines(True):
write(line)
else:
self.file.write(text)
self.file.flush()
except UnicodeEncodeError as error:
error.reason = f"{error.reason}\n*** You may need to add PYTHONIOENCODING=utf-8 to your environment ***"
raise
def _render_buffer(self, buffer: Iterable[Segment]) -> str:
"""Render buffered output, and clear buffer."""
output: List[str] = []
append = output.append
color_system = self._color_system
legacy_windows = self.legacy_windows
if self.record:
with self._record_buffer_lock:
self._record_buffer.extend(buffer)
not_terminal = not self.is_terminal
if self.no_color and color_system:
buffer = Segment.remove_color(buffer)
for text, style, is_control in buffer:
if style:
append(
style.render(
text,
color_system=color_system,
legacy_windows=legacy_windows,
)
)
elif not (not_terminal and is_control):
append(text)
rendered = "".join(output)
return rendered
def input(
self,
prompt: TextType = "",
*,
markup: bool = True,
emoji: bool = True,
password: bool = False,
stream: TextIO = None,
) -> str:
"""Displays a prompt and waits for input from the user. The prompt may contain color / style.
Args:
prompt (Union[str, Text]): Text to render in the prompt.
markup (bool, optional): Enable console markup (requires a str prompt). Defaults to True.
emoji (bool, optional): Enable emoji (requires a str prompt). Defaults to True.
password: (bool, optional): Hide typed text. Defaults to False.
stream: (TextIO, optional): Optional file to read input from (rather than stdin). Defaults to None.
Returns:
str: Text read from stdin.
"""
prompt_str = ""
if prompt:
with self.capture() as capture:
self.print(prompt, markup=markup, emoji=emoji, end="")
prompt_str = capture.get()
if self.legacy_windows:
# Legacy windows doesn't like ANSI codes in getpass or input (colorama bug)?
self.file.write(prompt_str)
prompt_str = ""
if password:
result = getpass(prompt_str, stream=stream)
else:
if stream:
self.file.write(prompt_str)
result = stream.readline()
else:
result = input(prompt_str)
return result
def export_text(self, *, clear: bool = True, styles: bool = False) -> str:
"""Generate text from console contents (requires record=True argument in constructor).
Args:
clear (bool, optional): Clear record buffer after exporting. Defaults to ``True``.
styles (bool, optional): If ``True``, ansi escape codes will be included. ``False`` for plain text.
Defaults to ``False``.
Returns:
str: String containing console contents.
"""
assert (
self.record
), "To export console contents set record=True in the constructor or instance"
with self._record_buffer_lock:
if styles:
text = "".join(
(style.render(text) if style else text)
for text, style, _ in self._record_buffer
)
else:
text = "".join(
segment.text
for segment in self._record_buffer
if not segment.is_control
)
if clear:
del self._record_buffer[:]
return text
def save_text(self, path: str, *, clear: bool = True, styles: bool = False) -> None:
"""Generate text from console and save to a given location (requires record=True argument in constructor).
Args:
path (str): Path to write text files.
clear (bool, optional): Clear record buffer after exporting. Defaults to ``True``.
styles (bool, optional): If ``True``, ansi style codes will be included. ``False`` for plain text.
Defaults to ``False``.
"""
text = self.export_text(clear=clear, styles=styles)
with open(path, "wt", encoding="utf-8") as write_file:
write_file.write(text)
def export_html(
self,
*,
theme: TerminalTheme = None,
clear: bool = True,
code_format: str = None,
inline_styles: bool = False,
) -> str:
"""Generate HTML from console contents (requires record=True argument in constructor).
Args:
theme (TerminalTheme, optional): TerminalTheme object containing console colors.
clear (bool, optional): Clear record buffer after exporting. Defaults to ``True``.
code_format (str, optional): Format string to render HTML, should contain {foreground}
{background} and {code}.
inline_styles (bool, optional): If ``True`` styles will be inlined in to spans, which makes files
larger but easier to cut and paste markup. If ``False``, styles will be embedded in a style tag.
Defaults to False.
Returns:
str: String containing console contents as HTML.
"""
assert (
self.record
), "To export console contents set record=True in the constructor or instance"
fragments: List[str] = []
append = fragments.append
_theme = theme or DEFAULT_TERMINAL_THEME
stylesheet = ""
def escape(text: str) -> str:
"""Escape html."""
return text.replace("&", "&").replace("<", "<").replace(">", ">")
render_code_format = CONSOLE_HTML_FORMAT if code_format is None else code_format
with self._record_buffer_lock:
if inline_styles:
for text, style, _ in Segment.filter_control(
Segment.simplify(self._record_buffer)
):
text = escape(text)
if style:
rule = style.get_html_style(_theme)
text = f'<span style="{rule}">{text}</span>' if rule else text
if style.link:
text = f'<a href="{style.link}">{text}</a>'
append(text)
else:
styles: Dict[str, int] = {}
for text, style, _ in Segment.filter_control(
Segment.simplify(self._record_buffer)
):
text = escape(text)
if style:
rule = style.get_html_style(_theme)
if rule:
style_number = styles.setdefault(rule, len(styles) + 1)
text = f'<span class="r{style_number}">{text}</span>'
if style.link:
text = f'<a href="{style.link}">{text}</a>'
append(text)
stylesheet_rules: List[str] = []
stylesheet_append = stylesheet_rules.append
for style_rule, style_number in styles.items():
if style_rule:
stylesheet_append(f".r{style_number} {{{style_rule}}}")
stylesheet = "\n".join(stylesheet_rules)
rendered_code = render_code_format.format(
code="".join(fragments),
stylesheet=stylesheet,
foreground=_theme.foreground_color.hex,
background=_theme.background_color.hex,
)
if clear:
del self._record_buffer[:]
return rendered_code
def save_html(
self,
path: str,
*,
theme: TerminalTheme = None,
clear: bool = True,
code_format=CONSOLE_HTML_FORMAT,
inline_styles: bool = False,
) -> None:
"""Generate HTML from console contents and write to a file (requires record=True argument in constructor).
Args:
path (str): Path to write html file.
theme (TerminalTheme, optional): TerminalTheme object containing console colors.
clear (bool, optional): Clear record buffer after exporting. Defaults to ``True``.
code_format (str, optional): Format string to render HTML, should contain {foreground}
{background} and {code}.
inline_styles (bool, optional): If ``True`` styles will be inlined in to spans, which makes files
larger but easier to cut and paste markup. If ``False``, styles will be embedded in a style tag.
Defaults to False.
"""
html = self.export_html(
theme=theme,
clear=clear,
code_format=code_format,
inline_styles=inline_styles,
)
with open(path, "wt", encoding="utf-8") as write_file:
write_file.write(html)
if __name__ == "__main__": # pragma: no cover
console = Console()
console.log(
"JSONRPC [i]request[/i]",
5,
1.3,
True,
False,
None,
{
"jsonrpc": "2.0",
"method": "subtract",
"params": {"minuend": 42, "subtrahend": 23},
"id": 3,
},
)
console.log("Hello, World!", "{'a': 1}", repr(console))
console.print(
{
"name": None,
"empty": [],
"quiz": {
"sport": {
"answered": True,
"q1": {
"question": "Which one is correct team name in NBA?",
"options": [
"New York Bulls",
"Los Angeles Kings",
"Golden State Warriors",
"Huston Rocket",
],
"answer": "Huston Rocket",
},
},
"maths": {
"answered": False,
"q1": {
"question": "5 + 7 = ?",
"options": [10, 11, 12, 13],
"answer": 12,
},
"q2": {
"question": "12 - 8 = ?",
"options": [1, 2, 3, 4],
"answer": 4,
},
},
},
}
)
console.log("foo")
|
