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diff --git a/runtime/doc/usr_24.txt b/runtime/doc/usr_24.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..625e9cb --- /dev/null +++ b/runtime/doc/usr_24.txt @@ -0,0 +1,606 @@ +*usr_24.txt* For Vim version 8.1. Last change: 2018 Mar 18 + + VIM USER MANUAL - by Bram Moolenaar + + Inserting quickly + + +When entering text, Vim offers various ways to reduce the number of keystrokes +and avoid typing mistakes. Use Insert mode completion to repeat previously +typed words. Abbreviate long words to short ones. Type characters that +aren't on your keyboard. + +|24.1| Making corrections +|24.2| Showing matches +|24.3| Completion +|24.4| Repeating an insert +|24.5| Copying from another line +|24.6| Inserting a register +|24.7| Abbreviations +|24.8| Entering special characters +|24.9| Digraphs +|24.10| Normal mode commands + + Next chapter: |usr_25.txt| Editing formatted text + Previous chapter: |usr_23.txt| Editing other files +Table of contents: |usr_toc.txt| + +============================================================================== +*24.1* Making corrections + +The <BS> key was already mentioned. It deletes the character just before the +cursor. The <Del> key does the same for the character under (after) the +cursor. + When you typed a whole word wrong, use CTRL-W: + + The horse had fallen to the sky ~ + CTRL-W + The horse had fallen to the ~ + +If you really messed up a line and want to start over, use CTRL-U to delete +it. This keeps the text after the cursor and the indent. Only the text from +the first non-blank to the cursor is deleted. With the cursor on the "f" of +"fallen" in the next line pressing CTRL-U does this: + + The horse had fallen to the ~ + CTRL-U + fallen to the ~ + +When you spot a mistake a few words back, you need to move the cursor there to +correct it. For example, you typed this: + + The horse had follen to the ground ~ + +You need to change "follen" to "fallen". With the cursor at the end, you +would type this to correct it: > + + <Esc>4blraA + +< get out of Insert mode <Esc> + four words back 4b + move on top of the "o" l + replace with "a" ra + restart Insert mode A + +Another way to do this: > + + <C-Left><C-Left><C-Left><C-Left><Right><Del>a<End> + +< four words back <C-Left><C-Left><C-Left><C-Left> + move on top of the "o" <Right> + delete the "o" <Del> + insert an "a" a + go to end of the line <End> + +This uses special keys to move around, while remaining in Insert mode. This +resembles what you would do in a modeless editor. It's easier to remember, +but takes more time (you have to move your hand from the letters to the cursor +keys, and the <End> key is hard to press without looking at the keyboard). + These special keys are most useful when writing a mapping that doesn't +leave Insert mode. The extra typing doesn't matter then. + An overview of the keys you can use in Insert mode: + + <C-Home> to start of the file + <PageUp> a whole screenful up + <Home> to start of line + <S-Left> one word left + <C-Left> one word left + <S-Right> one word right + <C-Right> one word right + <End> to end of the line + <PageDown> a whole screenful down + <C-End> to end of the file + +There are a few more, see |ins-special-special|. + +============================================================================== +*24.2* Showing matches + +When you type a ) it would be nice to see with which ( it matches. To make +Vim do that use this command: > + + :set showmatch + +When you now type a text like "(example)", as soon as you type the ) Vim will +briefly move the cursor to the matching (, keep it there for half a second, +and move back to where you were typing. + In case there is no matching (, Vim will beep. Then you know that you +might have forgotten the ( somewhere, or typed a ) too many. + The match will also be shown for [] and {} pairs. You don't have to wait +with typing the next character, as soon as Vim sees it the cursor will move +back and inserting continues as before. + You can change the time Vim waits with the 'matchtime' option. For +example, to make Vim wait one and a half second: > + + :set matchtime=15 + +The time is specified in tenths of a second. + +============================================================================== +*24.3* Completion + +Vim can automatically complete words on insertion. You type the first part of +a word, press CTRL-P, and Vim guesses the rest. + Suppose, for example, that you are creating a C program and want to type in +the following: + + total = ch_array[0] + ch_array[1] + ch_array[2]; ~ + +You start by entering the following: + + total = ch_array[0] + ch_ ~ + +At this point, you tell Vim to complete the word using the command CTRL-P. +Vim searches for a word that starts with what's in front of the cursor. In +this case, it is "ch_", which matches with the word ch_array. So typing +CTRL-P gives you the following: + + total = ch_array[0] + ch_array ~ + +After a little more typing, you get this (ending in a space): + + total = ch_array[0] + ch_array[1] + ~ + +If you now type CTRL-P Vim will search again for a word that completes the +word before the cursor. Since there is nothing in front of the cursor, it +finds the first word backwards, which is "ch_array". Typing CTRL-P again +gives you the next word that matches, in this case "total". A third CTRL-P +searches further back. If there is nothing else, it causes the editor to run +out of words, so it returns to the original text, which is nothing. A fourth +CTRL-P causes the editor to start over again with "ch_array". + +To search forward, use CTRL-N. Since the search wraps around the end of the +file, CTRL-N and CTRL-P will find the same matches, but in a different +sequence. Hint: CTRL-N is Next-match and CTRL-P is Previous-match. + +The Vim editor goes through a lot of effort to find words to complete. By +default, it searches the following places: + + 1. Current file + 2. Files in other windows + 3. Other loaded files (hidden buffers) + 4. Files which are not loaded (inactive buffers) + 5. Tag files + 6. All files #included by the current file + + +OPTIONS + +You can customize the search order with the 'complete' option. + +The 'ignorecase' option is used. When it is set, case differences are ignored +when searching for matches. + +A special option for completion is 'infercase'. This is useful to find +matches while ignoring case ('ignorecase' must be set) but still using the +case of the word typed so far. Thus if you type "For" and Vim finds a match +"fortunately", it will result in "Fortunately". + + +COMPLETING SPECIFIC ITEMS + +If you know what you are looking for, you can use these commands to complete +with a certain type of item: + + CTRL-X CTRL-F file names + CTRL-X CTRL-L whole lines + CTRL-X CTRL-D macro definitions (also in included files) + CTRL-X CTRL-I current and included files + CTRL-X CTRL-K words from a dictionary + CTRL-X CTRL-T words from a thesaurus + CTRL-X CTRL-] tags + CTRL-X CTRL-V Vim command line + +After each of them CTRL-N can be used to find the next match, CTRL-P to find +the previous match. + More information for each of these commands here: |ins-completion|. + + +COMPLETING FILE NAMES + +Let's take CTRL-X CTRL-F as an example. This will find file names. It scans +the current directory for files and displays each one that matches the word in +front of the cursor. + Suppose, for example, that you have the following files in the current +directory: + + main.c sub_count.c sub_done.c sub_exit.c + +Now enter Insert mode and start typing: + + The exit code is in the file sub ~ + +At this point, you enter the command CTRL-X CTRL-F. Vim now completes the +current word "sub" by looking at the files in the current directory. The +first match is sub_count.c. This is not the one you want, so you match the +next file by typing CTRL-N. This match is sub_done.c. Typing CTRL-N again +takes you to sub_exit.c. The results: + + The exit code is in the file sub_exit.c ~ + +If the file name starts with / (Unix) or C:\ (MS-Windows) you can find all +files in the file system. For example, type "/u" and CTRL-X CTRL-F. This +will match "/usr" (this is on Unix): + + the file is found in /usr/ ~ + +If you now press CTRL-N you go back to "/u". Instead, to accept the "/usr/" +and go one directory level deeper, use CTRL-X CTRL-F again: + + the file is found in /usr/X11R6/ ~ + +The results depend on what is found in your file system, of course. The +matches are sorted alphabetically. + + +COMPLETING IN SOURCE CODE + +Source code files are well structured. That makes it possible to do +completion in an intelligent way. In Vim this is called Omni completion. In +some other editors it's called intellisense, but that is a trademark. + +The key to Omni completion is CTRL-X CTRL-O. Obviously the O stands for Omni +here, so that you can remember it easier. Let's use an example for editing C +source: + + { ~ + struct foo *p; ~ + p-> ~ + +The cursor is after "p->". Now type CTRL-X CTRL-O. Vim will offer you a list +of alternatives, which are the items that "struct foo" contains. That is +quite different from using CTRL-P, which would complete any word, while only +members of "struct foo" are valid here. + +For Omni completion to work you may need to do some setup. At least make sure +filetype plugins are enabled. Your vimrc file should contain a line like +this: > + filetype plugin on +Or: > + filetype plugin indent on + +For C code you need to create a tags file and set the 'tags' option. That is +explained |ft-c-omni|. For other filetypes you may need to do something +similar, look below |compl-omni-filetypes|. It only works for specific +filetypes. Check the value of the 'omnifunc' option to find out if it would +work. + +============================================================================== +*24.4* Repeating an insert + +If you press CTRL-A, the editor inserts the text you typed the last time you +were in Insert mode. + Assume, for example, that you have a file that begins with the following: + + "file.h" ~ + /* Main program begins */ ~ + +You edit this file by inserting "#include " at the beginning of the first +line: + + #include "file.h" ~ + /* Main program begins */ ~ + +You go down to the beginning of the next line using the commands "j^". You +now start to insert a new "#include" line. So you type: > + + i CTRL-A + +The result is as follows: + + #include "file.h" ~ + #include /* Main program begins */ ~ + +The "#include " was inserted because CTRL-A inserts the text of the previous +insert. Now you type "main.h"<Enter> to finish the line: + + + #include "file.h" ~ + #include "main.h" ~ + /* Main program begins */ ~ + +The CTRL-@ command does a CTRL-A and then exits Insert mode. That's a quick +way of doing exactly the same insertion again. + +============================================================================== +*24.5* Copying from another line + +The CTRL-Y command inserts the character above the cursor. This is useful +when you are duplicating a previous line. For example, you have this line of +C code: + + b_array[i]->s_next = a_array[i]->s_next; ~ + +Now you need to type the same line, but with "s_prev" instead of "s_next". +Start the new line, and press CTRL-Y 14 times, until you are at the "n" of +"next": + + b_array[i]->s_next = a_array[i]->s_next; ~ + b_array[i]->s_ ~ + +Now you type "prev": + + b_array[i]->s_next = a_array[i]->s_next; ~ + b_array[i]->s_prev ~ + +Continue pressing CTRL-Y until the following "next": + + b_array[i]->s_next = a_array[i]->s_next; ~ + b_array[i]->s_prev = a_array[i]->s_ ~ + +Now type "prev;" to finish it off. + +The CTRL-E command acts like CTRL-Y except it inserts the character below the +cursor. + +============================================================================== +*24.6* Inserting a register + +The command CTRL-R {register} inserts the contents of the register. This is +useful to avoid having to type a long word. For example, you need to type +this: + + r = VeryLongFunction(a) + VeryLongFunction(b) + VeryLongFunction(c) ~ + +The function name is defined in a different file. Edit that file and move the +cursor on top of the function name there, and yank it into register v: > + + "vyiw + +"v is the register specification, "yiw" is yank-inner-word. Now edit the file +where the new line is to be inserted, and type the first letters: + + r = ~ + +Now use CTRL-R v to insert the function name: + + r = VeryLongFunction ~ + +You continue to type the characters in between the function name, and use +CTRL-R v two times more. + You could have done the same with completion. Using a register is useful +when there are many words that start with the same characters. + +If the register contains characters such as <BS> or other special characters, +they are interpreted as if they had been typed from the keyboard. If you do +not want this to happen (you really want the <BS> to be inserted in the text), +use the command CTRL-R CTRL-R {register}. + +============================================================================== +*24.7* Abbreviations + +An abbreviation is a short word that takes the place of a long one. For +example, "ad" stands for "advertisement". Vim enables you to type an +abbreviation and then will automatically expand it for you. + To tell Vim to expand "ad" into "advertisement" every time you insert it, +use the following command: > + + :iabbrev ad advertisement + +Now, when you type "ad", the whole word "advertisement" will be inserted into +the text. This is triggered by typing a character that can't be part of a +word, for example a space: + + What Is Entered What You See + I saw the a I saw the a ~ + I saw the ad I saw the ad ~ + I saw the ad<Space> I saw the advertisement<Space> ~ + +The expansion doesn't happen when typing just "ad". That allows you to type a +word like "add", which will not get expanded. Only whole words are checked +for abbreviations. + + +ABBREVIATING SEVERAL WORDS + +It is possible to define an abbreviation that results in multiple words. For +example, to define "JB" as "Jack Benny", use the following command: > + + :iabbrev JB Jack Benny + +As a programmer, I use two rather unusual abbreviations: > + + :iabbrev #b /**************************************** + :iabbrev #e <Space>****************************************/ + +These are used for creating boxed comments. The comment starts with #b, which +draws the top line. I then type the comment text and use #e to draw the +bottom line. + Notice that the #e abbreviation begins with a space. In other words, the +first two characters are space-star. Usually Vim ignores spaces between the +abbreviation and the expansion. To avoid that problem, I spell space as seven +characters: <, S, p, a, c, e, >. + + Note: + ":iabbrev" is a long word to type. ":iab" works just as well. + That's abbreviating the abbreviate command! + + +FIXING TYPING MISTAKES + +It's very common to make the same typing mistake every time. For example, +typing "teh" instead of "the". You can fix this with an abbreviation: > + + :abbreviate teh the + +You can add a whole list of these. Add one each time you discover a common +mistake. + + +LISTING ABBREVIATIONS + +The ":abbreviate" command lists the abbreviations: + + :abbreviate + i #e ****************************************/ + i #b /**************************************** + i JB Jack Benny + i ad advertisement + ! teh the + +The "i" in the first column indicates Insert mode. These abbreviations are +only active in Insert mode. Other possible characters are: + + c Command-line mode :cabbrev + ! both Insert and Command-line mode :abbreviate + +Since abbreviations are not often useful in Command-line mode, you will mostly +use the ":iabbrev" command. That avoids, for example, that "ad" gets expanded +when typing a command like: > + + :edit ad + + +DELETING ABBREVIATIONS + +To get rid of an abbreviation, use the ":unabbreviate" command. Suppose you +have the following abbreviation: > + + :abbreviate @f fresh + +You can remove it with this command: > + + :unabbreviate @f + +While you type this, you will notice that @f is expanded to "fresh". Don't +worry about this, Vim understands it anyway (except when you have an +abbreviation for "fresh", but that's very unlikely). + To remove all the abbreviations: > + + :abclear + +":unabbreviate" and ":abclear" also come in the variants for Insert mode +(":iunabbreviate and ":iabclear") and Command-line mode (":cunabbreviate" and +":cabclear"). + + +REMAPPING ABBREVIATIONS + +There is one thing to watch out for when defining an abbreviation: The +resulting string should not be mapped. For example: > + + :abbreviate @a adder + :imap dd disk-door + +When you now type @a, you will get "adisk-doorer". That's not what you want. +To avoid this, use the ":noreabbrev" command. It does the same as +":abbreviate", but avoids that the resulting string is used for mappings: > + + :noreabbrev @a adder + +Fortunately, it's unlikely that the result of an abbreviation is mapped. + +============================================================================== +*24.8* Entering special characters + +The CTRL-V command is used to insert the next character literally. In other +words, any special meaning the character has, it will be ignored. For +example: > + + CTRL-V <Esc> + +Inserts an escape character. Thus you don't leave Insert mode. (Don't type +the space after CTRL-V, it's only to make this easier to read). + + Note: + On MS-Windows CTRL-V is used to paste text. Use CTRL-Q instead of + CTRL-V. On Unix, on the other hand, CTRL-Q does not work on some + terminals, because it has a special meaning. + +You can also use the command CTRL-V {digits} to insert a character with the +decimal number {digits}. For example, the character number 127 is the <Del> +character (but not necessarily the <Del> key!). To insert <Del> type: > + + CTRL-V 127 + +You can enter characters up to 255 this way. When you type fewer than two +digits, a non-digit will terminate the command. To avoid the need of typing a +non-digit, prepend one or two zeros to make three digits. + All the next commands insert a <Tab> and then a dot: + + CTRL-V 9. + CTRL-V 09. + CTRL-V 009. + +To enter a character in hexadecimal, use an "x" after the CTRL-V: > + + CTRL-V x7f + +This also goes up to character 255 (CTRL-V xff). You can use "o" to type a +character as an octal number and two more methods allow you to type up to +a 16 bit and a 32 bit number (e.g., for a Unicode character): > + + CTRL-V o123 + CTRL-V u1234 + CTRL-V U12345678 + +============================================================================== +*24.9* Digraphs + +Some characters are not on the keyboard. For example, the copyright character +(©). To type these characters in Vim, you use digraphs, where two characters +represent one. To enter a ©, for example, you press three keys: > + + CTRL-K Co + +To find out what digraphs are available, use the following command: > + + :digraphs + +Vim will display the digraph table. Here are three lines of it: + + AC ~_ 159 NS | 160 !I ¡ 161 Ct ¢ 162 Pd £ 163 Cu ¤ 164 Ye ¥ 165 ~ + BB ¦ 166 SE § 167 ': ¨ 168 Co © 169 -a ª 170 << « 171 NO ¬ 172 ~ + -- 173 Rg ® 174 'm ¯ 175 DG ° 176 +- ± 177 2S ² 178 3S ³ 179 ~ + +This shows, for example, that the digraph you get by typing CTRL-K Pd is the +character (£). This is character number 163 (decimal). + Pd is short for Pound. Most digraphs are selected to give you a hint about +the character they will produce. If you look through the list you will +understand the logic. + You can exchange the first and second character, if there is no digraph for +that combination. Thus CTRL-K dP also works. Since there is no digraph for +"dP" Vim will also search for a "Pd" digraph. + + Note: + The digraphs depend on the character set that Vim assumes you are + using. On MS-DOS they are different from MS-Windows. Always use + ":digraphs" to find out which digraphs are currently available. + +You can define your own digraphs. Example: > + + :digraph a" ä + +This defines that CTRL-K a" inserts an ä character. You can also specify the +character with a decimal number. This defines the same digraph: > + + :digraph a" 228 + +More information about digraphs here: |digraphs| + Another way to insert special characters is with a keymap. More about that +here: |45.5| + +============================================================================== +*24.10* Normal mode commands + +Insert mode offers a limited number of commands. In Normal mode you have many +more. When you want to use one, you usually leave Insert mode with <Esc>, +execute the Normal mode command, and re-enter Insert mode with "i" or "a". + There is a quicker way. With CTRL-O {command} you can execute any Normal +mode command from Insert mode. For example, to delete from the cursor to the +end of the line: > + + CTRL-O D + +You can execute only one Normal mode command this way. But you can specify a +register or a count. A more complicated example: > + + CTRL-O "g3dw + +This deletes up to the third word into register g. + +============================================================================== + +Next chapter: |usr_25.txt| Editing formatted text + +Copyright: see |manual-copyright| vim:tw=78:ts=8:noet:ft=help:norl: |