Adding upstream version 5.0.upstream/5.0upstream

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

31 files changed, 129493 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/doc/INTRO b/doc/INTRO
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..29f208a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/INTRO
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+		       BASH - The Bourne-Again Shell
+
+Bash is the shell, or command language interpreter, that will appear
+in the GNU operating system.  Bash is an sh-compatible shell that
+incorporates useful features from the Korn shell (ksh) and C shell
+(csh).  It is intended to conform to the IEEE POSIX P1003.2/ISO 9945.2
+Shell and Tools standard.  It offers functional improvements over sh
+for both programming and interactive use.  In addition, most sh scripts
+can be run by Bash without modification. 
+
+Bash is quite portable.  It uses a configuration system that discovers
+characteristics of the compilation platform at build time, and may
+therefore be built on nearly every version of UNIX.  Ports to
+UNIX-like systems such as QNX and Minix and to non-UNIX systems such
+as OS/2, Windows 95, and Windows NT are available. 
+
+Bash includes the following features:
+
+Editing and Completion
+
+Bash offers a command-line editing facility which permits users to
+edit command lines using familiar emacs or vi-style editing commands.
+Editing allows corrections to be made without having to erase back
+to the point of error or start the command line anew.  The editing
+facilities include a feature that allows users to complete command and
+file names.
+
+The Bash line editing library is fully customizable.  Users may define
+their own key bindings -- the action taken when a key is pressed.  A
+number of variables to fine-tune editing behavior are also available.
+
+History and Command Re-entry
+
+The Bash history feature remembers commands entered to the shell and
+allows them to be recalled and re-executed.  The history list may be
+of unlimited size.  Bash allows users to search for previous commands
+and reuse portions of those commands when composing new ones.  The
+history list may be saved across shell sessions. 
+
+Bash allows users to control which commands are saved on the history
+list.
+
+Job Control
+
+On systems that support it, Bash provides an interface to the
+operating system's job control facilities, which allow processes
+to be suspended and restarted, and moved between the foreground
+and background.  Bash allows users to selectively `forget' about
+background jobs. 
+
+Shell Functions and Aliases
+
+These mechanisms are available to bind a user-selected identifier to a
+list of commands that will be executed when the identifier is used as
+a command name.  Functions allow local variables and recursion, and
+have access to the environment of the calling shell.  Aliases may be
+used to create a mnemonic for a command name, expand a single word to
+a complex command, or ensure that a command is called with a basic set
+of options. 
+
+Arrays
+
+Bash-2.0 supports indexed arrays of unlimited size.  The subscript for
+an array is an arithmetic expression.  Arrays may be assigned to with
+a new compound assignment syntax, and several builtins have options to
+operate on array variables.  Bash includes a number of built-in array
+variables.
+
+Arithmetic
+
+Bash allows users to perform integer arithmetic in any base from two
+to sixty-four.  Nearly all of the C language arithmetic operators are
+available with the same syntax and precedence as in C.  Arithmetic
+expansion allows an arithmetic expression to be evaluated and the
+result substituted into the command line.  Shell variables can be used
+as operands, and the value of an expression may be assigned to a
+variable. 
+
+An arithmetic expression may be used as a command; the exit status of
+the command is the value of the expression.
+
+ANSI-C Quoting
+
+There is a new quoting syntax that allows backslash-escaped characters
+in strings to be expanded according to the ANSI C standard.
+
+Tilde Expansion
+
+Users' home directories may be expanded using this feature.  Words
+beginning with a tilde may also be expanded to the current or previous
+working directory.
+
+Brace Expansion
+
+Brace expansion is a convenient way to generate a list of strings that
+share a common prefix or suffix.
+
+Substring Capabilities
+
+Bash allows new strings to be created by removing leading or trailing
+substrings from existing variable values, or by specifying a starting
+offset and length.  Portions of variable values may be matched against
+shell patterns and the matching portion removed or a new value
+substituted. 
+
+Indirect Variable Expansion
+
+Bash makes it easy to find the value of a shell variable whose name is
+the value of another variable.
+
+Expanded I/O Capabilities
+
+Bash provides several input and output features not available in sh,
+including the ability to:
+
+	o specify a file or file descriptor for both input and output
+	o read from or write to asynchronous processes using named pipes
+	o read lines ending in backslash
+	o display a prompt on the terminal before a read
+	o format menus and interpret responses to them
+	o echo lines exactly as input without escape processing
+
+Control of Builtin Commands
+
+Bash implements several builtin commands to give users more control
+over which commands are executed.  The enable builtin allows other
+builtin commands to be selectively enabled or disabled.  The command
+and builtin builtins change the order in which the shell searches for
+commands. 
+
+On systems that provide dynamic loading, new builtins may be loaded
+into a running shell from a shared object file.  These new builtins
+have access to all of the shell facilities.
+
+Help
+
+Bash includes a built-in help facility.
+
+Shell Optional Behavior
+
+There is a great deal of customizable shell behavior.  The shopt
+builtin command provides a unified interface that allows users to
+alter shell defaults. 
+
+Prompt Customization
+
+Bash allows the primary and secondary prompts to be customized by
+interpreting a number of backslash-escaped special characters. 
+Parameter and variable expansion is also performed on the values of
+the primary and secondary prompt strings before they are displayed. 
+
+Security
+
+Bash provides a restricted shell environment.  It is also possible to
+control the execution of setuid/setgid scripts. 
+
+Directory Stack
+
+Bash provides a `directory stack', to which directories may be added
+and removed.  The current directory may be changed to any directory in
+the stack.  It is easy to toggle between two directories in the stack. 
+The directory stack may be saved and restored across different shell
+invocations. 
+
+POSIX Mode
+
+Bash is nearly completely conformant to POSIX.2.  POSIX mode changes
+those few areas where the Bash default behavior differs from the
+standard to match the standard.  In POSIX mode, Bash is POSIX.2
+compliant. 
+
+Internationalization
+
+Bash provides a new quoting syntax that allows strings to be
+translated according to the current locale.  The locale in which the
+shell itself runs may also be changed, so that the shell messages
+themselves may be language-specific. 
+
+The command-line editing facilities allow the input of eight-bit
+characters, so most of the ISO-8859 family of character sets are
+supported. 
+
+Command Timing
+
+Bash allows external commands, shell builtin commands and shell functions
+to be timed.  The format used to display the timing information may be
+changed by the user.
diff --git a/doc/Makefile.in b/doc/Makefile.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5f0756c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/Makefile.in
@@ -0,0 +1,341 @@
+# This Makefile is for the Bash/documentation directory -*- text -*-.
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2003-2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+#   This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+#   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+#   the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+#   (at your option) any later version.
+
+#   This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+#   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+#   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+#   GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+#   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+#   along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+PACKAGE = @PACKAGE_NAME@
+VERSION = @PACKAGE_VERSION@
+
+PACKAGE_BUGREPORT = @PACKAGE_BUGREPORT@
+PACKAGE_NAME = @PACKAGE_NAME@
+PACKAGE_STRING = @PACKAGE_STRING@
+PACKAGE_VERSION = @PACKAGE_VERSION@
+
+PACKAGE_TARNAME = @PACKAGE_TARNAME@
+
+#
+SHELL = @MAKE_SHELL@
+RM	    = rm -f
+
+topdir = @top_srcdir@
+srcdir = @srcdir@
+VPATH = @srcdir@
+
+prefix = @prefix@
+exec_prefix = @exec_prefix@
+
+datarootdir = @datarootdir@
+
+infodir = @infodir@
+
+docdir = @docdir@
+
+# set this to a directory name to have the HTML files installed
+htmldir = @htmldir@
+
+# Support an alternate destination root directory for package building
+DESTDIR =
+
+mandir = @mandir@
+manpfx = man
+
+man1ext = .1
+man1dir = $(mandir)/$(manpfx)1
+man3ext = .3
+man3dir = $(mandir)/$(manpfx)3
+
+INSTALL = @INSTALL@
+INSTALL_DATA = @INSTALL_DATA@
+BUILD_DIR = @BUILD_DIR@
+
+SUPPORT_SRCDIR = $(topdir)/support
+
+# bad style
+RL_LIBDIR = $(topdir)/lib/readline
+
+# unused
+TEXINDEX    = texindex
+TEX	    = tex
+
+MAKEINFO    = makeinfo
+TEXI2DVI    = ${SUPPORT_SRCDIR}/texi2dvi
+TEXI2HTML   = ${SUPPORT_SRCDIR}/texi2html
+MAN2HTML    = ${BUILD_DIR}/support/man2html
+HTMLPOST    = ${srcdir}/htmlpost.sh
+INFOPOST    = ${srcdir}/infopost.sh
+QUIETPS	    = #set this to -q to shut up dvips
+PAPERSIZE   = letter	# change to a4 for A4-size paper
+PSDPI       = 600	# could be 300 if you like
+DVIPS	    = dvips -D ${PSDPI} $(QUIETPS) -t ${PAPERSIZE} -o $@	# tricky
+# experimental; uses external texi2dvi for now; this needs pdftex to be present
+TEXI2PDF    = texi2dvi --pdf
+
+TEXINPUTDIR = $(RL_LIBDIR)/doc
+SET_TEXINPUTS = TEXINPUTS=.:$(TEXINPUTDIR):$$TEXINPUTS
+
+# These tools might not be available; they're not required
+DVIPDF	    = dvipdfm -o $@ -p ${PAPERSIZE}
+PSPDF       = gs -sPAPERSIZE=${PAPERSIZE} -sDEVICE=pdfwrite -dNOPAUSE -dBATCH -sOutputFile=$@
+
+MKDIRS      = ${SUPPORT_SRCDIR}/mkdirs
+
+# This should be a program that converts troff to an ascii-readable format
+# added the -P -c for benefit of Mac OS X, which insists on adding colors if
+# it's not present
+NROFF	    = groff -Tascii -P -c
+
+# This should be a program that converts troff to postscript
+GROFF	    = groff
+
+HSUSER      = $(RL_LIBDIR)/doc/hsuser.texi
+RLUSER      = $(RL_LIBDIR)/doc/rluser.texi
+
+BASHREF_FILES = $(srcdir)/bashref.texi $(srcdir)/fdl.texi $(srcdir)/version.texi
+
+.SUFFIXES:	.0 .1 .3 .ms .ps .txt .dvi .html .pdf
+
+.1.ps:
+	$(RM) $@
+	-${GROFF} -man $< > $@
+
+.1.0:
+	$(RM) $@
+	-${NROFF} -man $< > $@
+
+.1.html:
+	$(RM) $@
+	-${MAN2HTML} $< | ${HTMLPOST} > $@
+
+.ms.ps:
+	$(RM) $@
+	-${GROFF} -ms $< > $@
+
+.ms.txt:
+	$(RM) $@
+	-${NROFF} -ms $< > $@
+
+.3.ps:
+	$(RM) $@
+	-${GROFF} -man $< > $@
+
+.3.0:
+	$(RM) $@
+	-${NROFF} -man $< > $@
+
+.3.html:
+	$(RM) $@
+	-${MAN2HTML} $< > $@
+
+.ps.pdf:
+	$(RM) $@
+	-${PSPDF} $<
+
+.dvi.pdf:
+	$(RM) $@
+	-${DVIPDF} $<
+
+.dvi.ps:
+	${RM} $@
+	-${DVIPS} $<
+
+#.texi.pdf:
+#	$(RM) $@
+#	-${TEXI2PDF} $<
+
+all: ps info dvi text html $(MAN2HTML)
+nodvi: ps info text html
+everything: all pdf
+
+PSFILES = bash.ps bashbug.ps article.ps builtins.ps rbash.ps 
+DVIFILES = bashref.dvi bashref.ps
+INFOFILES = bashref.info bash.info
+MAN0FILES = bash.0 bashbug.0 builtins.0 rbash.0
+HTMLFILES = bashref.html bash.html
+PDFFILES = bash.pdf bashref.pdf article.pdf rose94.pdf
+
+ps: ${PSFILES}
+dvi: ${DVIFILES}
+info: ${INFOFILES}
+text: ${MAN0FILES}
+html: ${HTMLFILES}
+pdf: ${PDFFILES}
+
+bashref.dvi: $(BASHREF_FILES) $(HSUSER) $(RLUSER)
+	${SET_TEXINPUTS} $(TEXI2DVI) $(srcdir)/bashref.texi || { ${RM} $@ ; exit 1; }
+
+bashref.info: $(BASHREF_FILES) $(HSUSER) $(RLUSER)
+	$(MAKEINFO) --no-split -I$(TEXINPUTDIR) $(srcdir)/bashref.texi
+
+# experimental
+bashref.pdf: $(BASHREF_FILES) $(HSUSER) $(RLUSER)
+	${SET_TEXINPUTS} $(TEXI2PDF) $(srcdir)/bashref.texi || { ${RM} $@ ; exit 1; }
+
+
+# can also use:
+#	$(TEXI2HTML) -menu -monolithic -I $(TEXINPUTDIR) $(srcdir)/bashref.texi
+bashref.html: $(BASHREF_FILES) $(HSUSER) $(RLUSER)
+	$(MAKEINFO) --html --no-split -I$(TEXINPUTDIR) $(srcdir)/bashref.texi
+
+bash.info: bashref.info
+	${SHELL} ${INFOPOST} < $(srcdir)/bashref.info > $@ ; \
+
+bash.txt: bash.1
+bash.ps: bash.1
+bash.html: bash.1
+bashbug.ps: bashbug.1
+builtins.ps: builtins.1 bash.1
+rbash.ps: rbash.1 bash.1
+bash.0: bash.1
+bashbug.0: bashbug.1
+builtins.0: builtins.1 bash.1
+rbash.0: rbash.1 bash.1
+article.ps: article.ms
+
+bashref.ps: bashref.dvi
+
+article.pdf: article.ps
+#bashref.pdf: bashref.dvi
+# experimental
+bashref.pdf: bashref.texi
+bash.pdf: bash.ps
+rose94.pdf: rose94.ps
+
+OTHER_DOCS = $(srcdir)/FAQ $(srcdir)/INTRO
+OTHER_INSTALLED_DOCS = FAQ INTRO
+
+$(MAN2HTML):	${topdir}/support/man2html.c
+	-( cd ${BUILD_DIR}/support ; ${MAKE} ${MFLAGS} man2html)
+
+clean:
+	$(RM) *.aux *.bak *.cp *.fn *.ky *.log *.pg *.toc *.tp *.vr *.cps \
+		*.pgs *.bt *.bts *.rw *.rws *.fns *.kys *.tps *.vrs *.o
+	${RM} core *.core
+
+mostlyclean: clean
+	$(RM) Makefile
+
+distclean: clean maybe-clean
+	$(RM) Makefile
+
+maintainer-clean:	clean
+	${RM} ${PSFILES} ${DVIFILES} ${INFOFILES} ${MAN0FILES} ${HTMLFILES}
+	${RM} ${CREATED_FAQ}
+	$(RM) Makefile
+
+maybe-clean:
+	-if test "X$(topdir)" != "X$(BUILD_DIR)"; then \
+		$(RM) ${PSFILES} ${DVIFILES} ${INFOFILES} ${MAN0FILES} ${HTMLFILES}; \
+	fi
+
+installdirs:
+	-$(SHELL) $(SUPPORT_SRCDIR)/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)
+	-$(SHELL) $(SUPPORT_SRCDIR)/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(infodir)
+	-$(SHELL) $(SUPPORT_SRCDIR)/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(docdir)
+	-if test -n "$(htmldir)" ; then \
+		$(SHELL) $(SUPPORT_SRCDIR)/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir) ; \
+	fi
+	
+install: info installdirs
+	-$(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/bash.1 $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bash${man1ext}
+	-$(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/bashbug.1 $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bashbug${man1ext}
+	-$(INSTALL_DATA) $(OTHER_DOCS) $(DESTDIR)$(docdir)
+# uncomment the next lines to install the builtins man page
+#	sed 's:bash\.1:man1/&:' $(srcdir)/builtins.1 > $${TMPDIR:-/var/tmp}/builtins.1
+#	-$(INSTALL_DATA) $${TMPDIR:-/var/tmp}/builtins.1 $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bash_builtins${man1ext}
+#	-$(RM) $${TMPDIR:-/var/tmp}/builtins.1
+	-if test -f bash.info; then d=.; else d=$(srcdir); fi; \
+	  $(INSTALL_DATA) $$d/bash.info $(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/bash.info
+# run install-info if it is present to update the info directory
+	if $(SHELL) -c 'install-info --version' >/dev/null 2>&1; then \
+		install-info --dir-file=$(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/dir $(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/bash.info; \
+	else true; fi
+# if htmldir is set, install the html files into that directory
+	-if test -n "${htmldir}" ; then \
+		$(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/bash.html $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir) ; \
+		$(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/bashref.html $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir) ; \
+	fi
+
+install_builtins:	installdirs
+	sed 's:bash\.1:man1/&:' $(srcdir)/builtins.1 > $${TMPDIR:-/var/tmp}/builtins.1
+	-$(INSTALL_DATA) $${TMPDIR:-/var/tmp}/builtins.1 $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bash_builtins${man1ext}
+	-$(RM) $${TMPDIR:-/var/tmp}/builtins.1
+
+install_everything:	install install_builtins
+
+install-html:	html
+	-if test -n "${htmldir}" ; then \
+		$(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/bash.html $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir) ; \
+		$(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/bashref.html $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir) ; \
+	fi
+
+uninstall:
+	-$(RM) $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bash${man1ext} $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bashbug${man1ext}
+	-$(RM) $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bash_builtins${man1ext}
+	$(RM) $(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/bash.info
+# run install-info if it is present to update the info directory
+	if $(SHELL) -c 'install-info --version' >/dev/null 2>&1; then \
+		install-info --delete --dir-file=$(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/dir $(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/bash.info; \
+	else true; fi
+	-( cd $(DESTDIR)$(docdir) && $(RM) $(OTHER_INSTALLED_DOCS) )
+	-if test -n "$(htmldir)" ; then \
+		$(RM) $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir)/bash.html ; \
+		$(RM) $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir)/bashref.html ; \
+	fi
+
+# for use by chet
+CREATED_FAQ = faq.news faq.news2 faq.mail faq.version
+
+faq:	${CREATED_FAQ}
+
+faq.version:	FAQ.version FAQ
+	sh mkfaqvers FAQ.version > $@
+
+faq.headers.mail: FAQ.headers.mail FAQ
+	sh mkfaqvers FAQ.headers.mail > $@
+
+faq.headers.news: FAQ.headers.news FAQ
+	sh mkfaqvers FAQ.headers.news > $@
+
+faq.headers.news2: FAQ.headers.news2 FAQ
+	sh mkfaqvers FAQ.headers.news2 > $@
+
+faq.news: FAQ faq.headers.news faq.version
+	$(RM) $@
+	cat faq.headers.news faq.version FAQ > $@
+
+faq.news2: FAQ faq.headers.news2 faq.version
+	$(RM) $@
+	cat faq.headers.news2 faq.version FAQ > $@
+
+faq.mail: FAQ faq.headers.mail faq.version
+	$(RM) $@
+	cat faq.headers.mail faq.version FAQ > $@
+
+inst:	bashref.texi
+	$(SHELL) ./mkinstall
+	cmp -s INSTALL ../INSTALL || mv INSTALL ../INSTALL
+	$(RM) INSTALL
+
+posix:	bashref.texi
+	$(SHELL) ./mkposix
+	cmp -s POSIX ../POSIX || mv POSIX ../POSIX
+	$(RM) POSIX
+
+rbash:	bashref.texi
+	$(SH) ./mkrbash
+	cmp -s RBASH ../RBASH || mv RBASH ../RBASH
+	$(RM) RBASH
+
+xdist: everything inst posix rbash
diff --git a/doc/README b/doc/README
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e3a1d24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/README
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+This directory contains the bash documentation.
+
+FAQ		- a set of frequently-asked questions about Bash with answers
+INTRO		- a short introduction to bash
+article.ms	- an article I wrote about bash for The Linux Journal
+bash.1		- the bash man page
+builtins.1	- a man page that documents the builtins, extracted from bash.1
+bashref.texi	- the `bash reference manual'
+bashref.info	- the `bash reference manual' processed by `makeinfo'
+readline.3	- the readline man page
+
+The `.ps' files are postscript versions of the above.  The `.html'
+files are HTML versions of the man page and reference manual.  The
+`.0' files are formatted manual pages.  The `.txt' versions are
+ascii -- the output of `groff -Tascii'.
+
+The rest of this file explains how to use the `builtins.1' man page.
+
+For each command in the list of builtins create a file in man/man1 called:
+
+${command}.1
+
+eg.
+for.1
+type.1
+alias.1
+etc.
+
+All these files are identical as follows:
+
+jaws@jaws(264)$ cat alias.1
+.so man1/builtins.1
+jaws@jaws(265)$ 
+
+Make sure you adjust the .so line in builtins.1 to reflect where you
+put it.
diff --git a/doc/aosa-bash-full.pdf b/doc/aosa-bash-full.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0181549
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/aosa-bash-full.pdf
diff --git a/doc/bash.0 b/doc/bash.0
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a062b8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/bash.0
@@ -0,0 +1,6171 @@
+BASH(1)                     General Commands Manual                    BASH(1)
+
+
+
+NNAAMMEE
+       bash - GNU Bourne-Again SHell
+
+SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS
+       bbaasshh [options] [command_string | file]
+
+CCOOPPYYRRIIGGHHTT
+       Bash is Copyright (C) 1989-2018 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN
+       BBaasshh  is  an  sshh-compatible  command language interpreter that executes
+       commands read from the standard input or from a file.  BBaasshh also incor-
+       porates useful features from the _K_o_r_n and _C shells (kksshh and ccsshh).
+
+       BBaasshh  is  intended  to  be a conformant implementation of the Shell and
+       Utilities portion  of  the  IEEE  POSIX  specification  (IEEE  Standard
+       1003.1).  BBaasshh can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default.
+
+OOPPTTIIOONNSS
+       All of the single-character shell options documented in the description
+       of the sseett builtin command, including --oo, can be used as  options  when
+       the  shell  is  invoked.   In  addition,  bbaasshh interprets the following
+       options when it is invoked:
+
+       --cc        If the --cc option is present, then commands are read from  the
+                 first non-option argument _c_o_m_m_a_n_d___s_t_r_i_n_g.  If there are argu-
+                 ments  after  the  _c_o_m_m_a_n_d___s_t_r_i_n_g,  the  first  argument   is
+                 assigned  to  $$00  and any remaining arguments are assigned to
+                 the positional parameters.  The assignment  to  $$00  sets  the
+                 name  of  the  shell, which is used in warning and error mes-
+                 sages.
+       --ii        If the --ii option is present, the shell is _i_n_t_e_r_a_c_t_i_v_e.
+       --ll        Make bbaasshh act as if it had been invoked as a login shell (see
+                 IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN below).
+       --rr        If  the  --rr  option  is present, the shell becomes _r_e_s_t_r_i_c_t_e_d
+                 (see RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL below).
+       --ss        If the --ss option is present, or if no arguments remain  after
+                 option  processing,  then commands are read from the standard
+                 input.  This option allows the positional  parameters  to  be
+                 set  when invoking an interactive shell or when reading input
+                 through a pipe.
+       --DD        A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by $$ is  printed
+                 on  the standard output.  These are the strings that are sub-
+                 ject to language translation when the current locale is not CC
+                 or  PPOOSSIIXX.   This  implies the --nn option; no commands will be
+                 executed.
+       [[--++]]OO [[_s_h_o_p_t___o_p_t_i_o_n]]
+                 _s_h_o_p_t___o_p_t_i_o_n is one of the  shell  options  accepted  by  the
+                 sshhoopptt   builtin  (see  SSHHEELLLL  BBUUIILLTTIINN  CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS  below).   If
+                 _s_h_o_p_t___o_p_t_i_o_n is present, --OO sets the value of that option; ++OO
+                 unsets  it.   If  _s_h_o_p_t___o_p_t_i_o_n is not supplied, the names and
+                 values of the shell options accepted by sshhoopptt are printed  on
+                 the  standard  output.   If  the invocation option is ++OO, the
+                 output is displayed in a format that may be reused as input.
+       ----        A ---- signals the end of options and disables  further  option
+                 processing.   Any arguments after the ---- are treated as file-
+                 names and arguments.  An argument of -- is equivalent to ----.
+
+       BBaasshh also  interprets  a  number  of  multi-character  options.   These
+       options  must  appear  on  the command line before the single-character
+       options to be recognized.
+
+       ----ddeebbuuggggeerr
+              Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell
+              starts.   Turns  on extended debugging mode (see the description
+              of the eexxttddeebbuugg option to the sshhoopptt builtin below).
+       ----dduummpp--ppoo--ssttrriinnggss
+              Equivalent to --DD, but the output is in the GNU _g_e_t_t_e_x_t ppoo  (por-
+              table object) file format.
+       ----dduummpp--ssttrriinnggss
+              Equivalent to --DD.
+       ----hheellpp Display  a  usage  message  on standard output and exit success-
+              fully.
+       ----iinniitt--ffiillee _f_i_l_e
+       ----rrccffiillee _f_i_l_e
+              Execute commands from _f_i_l_e instead of the standard personal ini-
+              tialization  file  _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c  if  the  shell is interactive (see
+              IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN below).
+
+       ----llooggiinn
+              Equivalent to --ll.
+
+       ----nnooeeddiittiinngg
+              Do not use the GNU rreeaaddlliinnee library to read command  lines  when
+              the shell is interactive.
+
+       ----nnoopprrooffiillee
+              Do  not read either the system-wide startup file _/_e_t_c_/_p_r_o_f_i_l_e or
+              any  of  the  personal  initialization  files   _~_/_._b_a_s_h___p_r_o_f_i_l_e,
+              _~_/_._b_a_s_h___l_o_g_i_n,  or  _~_/_._p_r_o_f_i_l_e.   By  default,  bbaasshh reads these
+              files when it is  invoked  as  a  login  shell  (see  IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN
+              below).
+
+       ----nnoorrcc Do  not  read  and  execute  the  personal  initialization  file
+              _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c if the shell is interactive.  This  option  is  on  by
+              default if the shell is invoked as sshh.
+
+       ----ppoossiixx
+              Change  the behavior of bbaasshh where the default operation differs
+              from the POSIX standard to match the standard (_p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e).  See
+              SSEEEE  AALLSSOO  below  for a reference to a document that details how
+              posix mode affects bash's behavior.
+
+       ----rreessttrriicctteedd
+              The shell becomes restricted (see RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL below).
+
+       ----vveerrbboossee
+              Equivalent to --vv.
+
+       ----vveerrssiioonn
+              Show version information for this instance of bbaasshh on the  stan-
+              dard output and exit successfully.
+
+AARRGGUUMMEENNTTSS
+       If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the --cc nor the
+       --ss option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed  to  be  the
+       name  of  a file containing shell commands.  If bbaasshh is invoked in this
+       fashion, $$00 is set to the name of the file, and the positional  parame-
+       ters  are set to the remaining arguments.  BBaasshh reads and executes com-
+       mands from this file, then exits.  BBaasshh's exit status is the exit  sta-
+       tus  of  the  last  command executed in the script.  If no commands are
+       executed, the exit status is 0.  An attempt is first made to  open  the
+       file in the current directory, and, if no file is found, then the shell
+       searches the directories in PPAATTHH for the script.
+
+IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN
+       A _l_o_g_i_n _s_h_e_l_l is one whose first character of argument zero is a --,  or
+       one started with the ----llooggiinn option.
+
+       An  _i_n_t_e_r_a_c_t_i_v_e  shell  is  one  started  without  non-option arguments
+       (unless --ss is specified) and without the --cc option whose standard input
+       and error are both connected to terminals (as determined by _i_s_a_t_t_y(3)),
+       or one started with the --ii option.  PPSS11 is set and  $$--  includes  ii  if
+       bbaasshh  is interactive, allowing a shell script or a startup file to test
+       this state.
+
+       The following paragraphs describe how bbaasshh executes its startup  files.
+       If  any  of  the files exist but cannot be read, bbaasshh reports an error.
+       Tildes are expanded in filenames as described below under TTiillddee  EExxppaann--
+       ssiioonn in the EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN section.
+
+       When  bbaasshh is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-inter-
+       active shell with the ----llooggiinn option, it first reads and executes  com-
+       mands  from  the file _/_e_t_c_/_p_r_o_f_i_l_e, if that file exists.  After reading
+       that file, it looks for _~_/_._b_a_s_h___p_r_o_f_i_l_e, _~_/_._b_a_s_h___l_o_g_i_n, and _~_/_._p_r_o_f_i_l_e,
+       in  that order, and reads and executes commands from the first one that
+       exists and is readable.  The ----nnoopprrooffiillee option may be  used  when  the
+       shell is started to inhibit this behavior.
+
+       When an interactive login shell exits, or a non-interactive login shell
+       executes the eexxiitt builtin command, bbaasshh  reads  and  executes  commands
+       from the file _~_/_._b_a_s_h___l_o_g_o_u_t, if it exists.
+
+       When  an  interactive  shell that is not a login shell is started, bbaasshh
+       reads and executes commands from _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c, if that file exists.   This
+       may  be inhibited by using the ----nnoorrcc option.  The ----rrccffiillee _f_i_l_e option
+       will force bbaasshh to read and  execute  commands  from  _f_i_l_e  instead  of
+       _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c.
+
+       When  bbaasshh  is  started  non-interactively,  to run a shell script, for
+       example, it looks for the variable BBAASSHH__EENNVV in the environment, expands
+       its  value if it appears there, and uses the expanded value as the name
+       of a file to read and execute.  BBaasshh behaves as if the  following  com-
+       mand were executed:
+              if [ -n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi
+       but  the value of the PPAATTHH variable is not used to search for the file-
+       name.
+
+       If bbaasshh is invoked with the name sshh, it  tries  to  mimic  the  startup
+       behavior  of  historical  versions  of sshh as closely as possible, while
+       conforming to the POSIX standard as well.  When invoked as an  interac-
+       tive  login  shell, or a non-interactive shell with the ----llooggiinn option,
+       it first attempts to read and execute commands  from  _/_e_t_c_/_p_r_o_f_i_l_e  and
+       _~_/_._p_r_o_f_i_l_e,  in  that  order.   The  ----nnoopprrooffiillee  option may be used to
+       inhibit this behavior.  When invoked as an interactive shell  with  the
+       name  sshh,  bbaasshh  looks for the variable EENNVV, expands its value if it is
+       defined, and uses the expanded value as the name of a file to read  and
+       execute.  Since a shell invoked as sshh does not attempt to read and exe-
+       cute commands from any other startup files, the ----rrccffiillee option has  no
+       effect.   A  non-interactive  shell  invoked  with the name sshh does not
+       attempt to read any other startup files.   When  invoked  as  sshh,  bbaasshh
+       enters _p_o_s_i_x mode after the startup files are read.
+
+       When  bbaasshh  is  started in _p_o_s_i_x mode, as with the ----ppoossiixx command line
+       option, it follows the POSIX standard for startup files.  In this mode,
+       interactive  shells  expand  the EENNVV variable and commands are read and
+       executed from the file whose name is  the  expanded  value.   No  other
+       startup files are read.
+
+       BBaasshh attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input
+       connected to a network connection, as when executed by the remote shell
+       daemon,  usually _r_s_h_d, or the secure shell daemon _s_s_h_d.  If bbaasshh deter-
+       mines it is being run in this fashion, it reads and  executes  commands
+       from  _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c,  if  that file exists and is readable.  It will not do
+       this if invoked as sshh.  The ----nnoorrcc option may be used to  inhibit  this
+       behavior,  and the ----rrccffiillee option may be used to force another file to
+       be read, but neither _r_s_h_d nor _s_s_h_d  generally  invoke  the  shell  with
+       those options or allow them to be specified.
+
+       If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to
+       the real user (group) id, and the --pp option is not supplied, no startup
+       files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment,
+       the SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS, BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS, CCDDPPAATTHH,  and  GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE  variables,  if  they
+       appear  in  the  environment, are ignored, and the effective user id is
+       set to the real user id.  If the --pp option is supplied  at  invocation,
+       the  startup  behavior  is  the  same, but the effective user id is not
+       reset.
+
+DDEEFFIINNIITTIIOONNSS
+       The following definitions are used throughout the rest  of  this  docu-
+       ment.
+       bbllaannkk  A space or tab.
+       wwoorrdd   A  sequence  of  characters  considered  as a single unit by the
+              shell.  Also known as a ttookkeenn.
+       nnaammee   A _w_o_r_d consisting only of  alphanumeric  characters  and  under-
+              scores,  and beginning with an alphabetic character or an under-
+              score.  Also referred to as an iiddeennttiiffiieerr.
+       mmeettaacchhaarraacctteerr
+              A character that, when unquoted, separates words.   One  of  the
+              following:
+              ||  && ;; (( )) << >> ssppaaccee ttaabb nneewwlliinnee
+       ccoonnttrrooll ooppeerraattoorr
+              A _t_o_k_e_n that performs a control function.  It is one of the fol-
+              lowing symbols:
+              |||| && &&&& ;; ;;;; ;;&& ;;;;&& (( )) || ||&& <<nneewwlliinnee>>
+
+RREESSEERRVVEEDD WWOORRDDSS
+       _R_e_s_e_r_v_e_d _w_o_r_d_s are words that have a special meaning to the shell.  The
+       following words are recognized as reserved when unquoted and either the
+       first word of a simple command (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR below) or  the  third
+       word of a ccaassee or ffoorr command:
+
+       !!  ccaassee   ccoopprroocc   ddoo  ddoonnee eelliiff eellssee eessaacc ffii ffoorr ffuunnccttiioonn iiff iinn sseelleecctt
+       tthheenn uunnttiill wwhhiillee {{ }} ttiimmee [[[[ ]]]]
+
+SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR
+   SSiimmppllee CCoommmmaannddss
+       A _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is a sequence of optional  variable  assignments  fol-
+       lowed  by  bbllaannkk-separated  words and redirections, and terminated by a
+       _c_o_n_t_r_o_l _o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r.  The first word specifies the command to be executed,
+       and  is  passed  as  argument  zero.  The remaining words are passed as
+       arguments to the invoked command.
+
+       The return value of a _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is its exit status,  or  128+_n  if
+       the command is terminated by signal _n.
+
+   PPiippeelliinneess
+       A  _p_i_p_e_l_i_n_e  is  a sequence of one or more commands separated by one of
+       the control operators || or ||&&.  The format for a pipeline is:
+
+              [ttiimmee [--pp]] [ ! ] _c_o_m_m_a_n_d [ [|||||&&] _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 ... ]
+
+       The standard output of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is connected via a pipe to the  standard
+       input  of  _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2.   This connection is performed before any redirec-
+       tions specified by the command (see RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN below).  If ||&& is used,
+       _c_o_m_m_a_n_d's  standard  error, in addition to its standard output, is con-
+       nected to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2's standard input through the pipe; it  is  shorthand
+       for  22>>&&11  ||.   This  implicit redirection of the standard error to the
+       standard output is performed after any redirections  specified  by  the
+       command.
+
+       The return status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last command,
+       unless the ppiippeeffaaiill option is enabled.  If  ppiippeeffaaiill  is  enabled,  the
+       pipeline's  return  status is the value of the last (rightmost) command
+       to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands  exit  success-
+       fully.  If the reserved word !!  precedes a pipeline, the exit status of
+       that pipeline is the logical negation of the exit status  as  described
+       above.   The  shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to terminate
+       before returning a value.
+
+       If the ttiimmee reserved word precedes a pipeline, the elapsed as  well  as
+       user  and  system  time consumed by its execution are reported when the
+       pipeline terminates.  The --pp option changes the output format  to  that
+       specified  by POSIX.  When the shell is in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, it does not rec-
+       ognize ttiimmee as a reserved word if the next token  begins  with  a  `-'.
+       The  TTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT  variable  may be set to a format string that specifies
+       how the timing information should be displayed; see the description  of
+       TTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT under SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess below.
+
+       When the shell is in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, ttiimmee may be followed by a newline.  In
+       this case, the shell displays the total user and system  time  consumed
+       by  the shell and its children.  The TTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable may be used to
+       specify the format of the time information.
+
+       Each command in a pipeline is executed as a separate process (i.e.,  in
+       a  subshell).  See CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT for a description of a
+       subshell environment.  If the llaassttppiippee  option  is  enabled  using  the
+       sshhoopptt builtin (see the description of sshhoopptt below), the last element of
+       a pipeline may be run by the shell process.
+
+   LLiissttss
+       A _l_i_s_t is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one  of  the
+       operators ;;, &&, &&&&, or ||||, and optionally terminated by one of ;;, &&, or
+       <<nneewwlliinnee>>.
+
+       Of these list operators, &&&& and |||| have equal precedence, followed by ;;
+       and &&, which have equal precedence.
+
+       A  sequence  of  one or more newlines may appear in a _l_i_s_t instead of a
+       semicolon to delimit commands.
+
+       If a command is terminated by the control operator &&,  the  shell  exe-
+       cutes  the command in the _b_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d in a subshell.  The shell does not
+       wait for the command to finish, and the return status is 0.  These  are
+       referred  to  as  _a_s_y_n_c_h_r_o_n_o_u_s commands.  Commands separated by a ;; are
+       executed sequentially; the shell waits for each command to terminate in
+       turn.   The  return  status is the exit status of the last command exe-
+       cuted.
+
+       AND and OR lists are sequences of one or more  pipelines  separated  by
+       the  &&&&  and  |||| control operators, respectively.  AND and OR lists are
+       executed with left associativity.  An AND list has the form
+
+              _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 &&&& _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2
+
+       _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 is executed if, and only if, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 returns an  exit  status
+       of zero (success).
+
+       An OR list has the form
+
+              _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 |||| _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2
+
+       _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2  is executed if, and only if, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 returns a non-zero exit
+       status.  The return status of AND and OR lists is the  exit  status  of
+       the last command executed in the list.
+
+   CCoommppoouunndd CCoommmmaannddss
+       A  _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is one of the following.  In most cases a _l_i_s_t in a
+       command's description may be separated from the rest of the command  by
+       one  or  more  newlines, and may be followed by a newline in place of a
+       semicolon.
+
+       (_l_i_s_t) _l_i_s_t is executed in a subshell environment (see  CCOOMMMMAANNDD  EEXXEECCUU--
+              TTIIOONN  EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT below).  Variable assignments and builtin com-
+              mands that affect the  shell's  environment  do  not  remain  in
+              effect  after  the  command completes.  The return status is the
+              exit status of _l_i_s_t.
+
+       { _l_i_s_t; }
+              _l_i_s_t is simply executed in the current shell environment.   _l_i_s_t
+              must  be  terminated with a newline or semicolon.  This is known
+              as a _g_r_o_u_p _c_o_m_m_a_n_d.  The return status is  the  exit  status  of
+              _l_i_s_t.   Note that unlike the metacharacters (( and )), {{ and }} are
+              _r_e_s_e_r_v_e_d _w_o_r_d_s and must occur where a reserved word is permitted
+              to  be  recognized.   Since they do not cause a word break, they
+              must be separated from  _l_i_s_t  by  whitespace  or  another  shell
+              metacharacter.
+
+       ((_e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n))
+              The  _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n  is  evaluated  according to the rules described
+              below under AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN.  If the value of the  expres-
+              sion  is  non-zero, the return status is 0; otherwise the return
+              status is 1.  This is exactly equivalent to lleett ""_e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n"".
+
+       [[[[ _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n ]]]]
+              Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on  the  evaluation  of  the
+              conditional  expression _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n.  Expressions are composed of
+              the primaries described  below  under  CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL  EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS.
+              Word  splitting  and pathname expansion are not performed on the
+              words between the [[[[ and  ]]]];  tilde  expansion,  parameter  and
+              variable  expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution,
+              process substitution, and quote removal are  performed.   Condi-
+              tional operators such as --ff must be unquoted to be recognized as
+              primaries.
+
+              When used with [[[[, the << and >> operators sort  lexicographically
+              using the current locale.
+
+              When  the  ==== and !!== operators are used, the string to the right
+              of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according to
+              the rules described below under PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg, as if the eexxtt--
+              gglloobb shell option were enabled.  The == operator is equivalent to
+              ====.   If  the  nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option is enabled, the match is
+              performed without regard to the case of  alphabetic  characters.
+              The  return  value  is  0 if the string matches (====) or does not
+              match (!!==) the pattern, and 1 otherwise.  Any part of  the  pat-
+              tern  may be quoted to force the quoted portion to be matched as
+              a string.
+
+              An additional binary operator, ==~~, is available, with  the  same
+              precedence  as  ====  and  !!==.  When it is used, the string to the
+              right of the operator is considered  a  POSIX  extended  regular
+              expression and matched accordingly (as in _r_e_g_e_x(3)).  The return
+              value is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and  1  otherwise.
+              If the regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the condi-
+              tional expression's return value is 2.  If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell
+              option  is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the
+              case of alphabetic characters.  Any part of the pattern  may  be
+              quoted  to  force  the quoted portion to be matched as a string.
+              Bracket expressions in regular expressions must be treated care-
+              fully,  since  normal  quoting  characters  lose  their meanings
+              between brackets.  If the pattern is stored in a shell variable,
+              quoting  the  variable expansion forces the entire pattern to be
+              matched as a string.  Substrings matched by parenthesized subex-
+              pressions  within  the regular expression are saved in the array
+              variable BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH.  The element of BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH with index 0
+              is the portion of the string matching the entire regular expres-
+              sion.  The element of BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH with index _n is  the  portion
+              of the string matching the _nth parenthesized subexpression.
+
+              Expressions  may  be  combined  using  the  following operators,
+              listed in decreasing order of precedence:
+
+              (( _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n ))
+                     Returns the value of _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n.  This  may  be  used  to
+                     override the normal precedence of operators.
+              !! _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n
+                     True if _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is false.
+              _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_1 &&&& _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_2
+                     True if both _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_1 and _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_2 are true.
+              _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_1 |||| _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_2
+                     True if either _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_1 or _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_2 is true.
+
+              The &&&& and |||| operators do not evaluate _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_2 if the value
+              of _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_1 is sufficient to determine the  return  value  of
+              the entire conditional expression.
+
+       ffoorr _n_a_m_e [ [ iinn [ _w_o_r_d _._._. ] ] ; ] ddoo _l_i_s_t ; ddoonnee
+              The list of words following iinn is expanded, generating a list of
+              items.  The variable _n_a_m_e is set to each element of this list in
+              turn,  and  _l_i_s_t is executed each time.  If the iinn _w_o_r_d is omit-
+              ted, the ffoorr command executes  _l_i_s_t  once  for  each  positional
+              parameter that is set (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS below).  The return status
+              is the exit status of the last command that  executes.   If  the
+              expansion of the items following iinn results in an empty list, no
+              commands are executed, and the return status is 0.
+
+       ffoorr (( _e_x_p_r_1 ; _e_x_p_r_2 ; _e_x_p_r_3 )) ; ddoo _l_i_s_t ; ddoonnee
+              First, the arithmetic expression _e_x_p_r_1 is evaluated according to
+              the  rules  described  below  under  AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN.  The
+              arithmetic expression _e_x_p_r_2 is then evaluated  repeatedly  until
+              it  evaluates  to zero.  Each time _e_x_p_r_2 evaluates to a non-zero
+              value, _l_i_s_t is executed and the arithmetic expression  _e_x_p_r_3  is
+              evaluated.   If  any  expression is omitted, it behaves as if it
+              evaluates to 1.  The return value is the exit status of the last
+              command in _l_i_s_t that is executed, or false if any of the expres-
+              sions is invalid.
+
+       sseelleecctt _n_a_m_e [ iinn _w_o_r_d ] ; ddoo _l_i_s_t ; ddoonnee
+              The list of words following iinn is expanded, generating a list of
+              items.   The  set  of  expanded words is printed on the standard
+              error, each preceded by a number.  If the iinn  _w_o_r_d  is  omitted,
+              the  positional  parameters  are printed (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS below).
+              The PPSS33 prompt is then displayed and a line read from the  stan-
+              dard  input.   If the line consists of a number corresponding to
+              one of the displayed words, then the value of  _n_a_m_e  is  set  to
+              that  word.  If the line is empty, the words and prompt are dis-
+              played again.  If EOF is read, the command completes.  Any other
+              value  read  causes  _n_a_m_e  to  be set to null.  The line read is
+              saved in the variable RREEPPLLYY.  The _l_i_s_t is  executed  after  each
+              selection until a bbrreeaakk command is executed.  The exit status of
+              sseelleecctt is the exit status of the last command executed in  _l_i_s_t,
+              or zero if no commands were executed.
+
+       ccaassee _w_o_r_d iinn [ [(] _p_a_t_t_e_r_n [ || _p_a_t_t_e_r_n ] ... ) _l_i_s_t ;; ] ... eessaacc
+              A ccaassee command first expands _w_o_r_d, and tries to match it against
+              each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n in turn, using the matching rules  described  under
+              PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below.  The _w_o_r_d is expanded using tilde expan-
+              sion, parameter and variable  expansion,  arithmetic  expansion,
+              command  substitution,  process  substitution and quote removal.
+              Each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n examined is expanded using tilde expansion, parame-
+              ter  and  variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command sub-
+              stitution, and process substitution.  If the  nnooccaasseemmaattcchh  shell
+              option  is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the
+              case of alphabetic characters.  When a match is found, the  cor-
+              responding  _l_i_s_t  is  executed.   If the ;;;; operator is used, no
+              subsequent matches are attempted after the first pattern  match.
+              Using  ;;&&  in  place of ;;;; causes execution to continue with the
+              _l_i_s_t associated with the next set of  patterns.   Using  ;;;;&&  in
+              place  of  ;;;;  causes the shell to test the next pattern list in
+              the statement, if any, and execute any associated _l_i_s_t on a suc-
+              cessful  match.   The exit status is zero if no pattern matches.
+              Otherwise, it is the exit status of the last command executed in
+              _l_i_s_t.
+
+       iiff _l_i_s_t; tthheenn _l_i_s_t; [ eelliiff _l_i_s_t; tthheenn _l_i_s_t; ] ... [ eellssee _l_i_s_t; ] ffii
+              The  iiff  _l_i_s_t is executed.  If its exit status is zero, the tthheenn
+              _l_i_s_t is executed.  Otherwise, each  eelliiff  _l_i_s_t  is  executed  in
+              turn,  and  if  its  exit status is zero, the corresponding tthheenn
+              _l_i_s_t is executed and the command completes.  Otherwise, the eellssee
+              _l_i_s_t  is executed, if present.  The exit status is the exit sta-
+              tus of the last command executed, or zero if no condition tested
+              true.
+
+       wwhhiillee _l_i_s_t_-_1; ddoo _l_i_s_t_-_2; ddoonnee
+       uunnttiill _l_i_s_t_-_1; ddoo _l_i_s_t_-_2; ddoonnee
+              The  wwhhiillee command continuously executes the list _l_i_s_t_-_2 as long
+              as the last command in the list _l_i_s_t_-_1 returns an exit status of
+              zero.   The  uunnttiill  command  is  identical to the wwhhiillee command,
+              except that the test is negated: _l_i_s_t_-_2 is executed as  long  as
+              the  last command in _l_i_s_t_-_1 returns a non-zero exit status.  The
+              exit status of the wwhhiillee and uunnttiill commands is the  exit  status
+              of the last command executed in _l_i_s_t_-_2, or zero if none was exe-
+              cuted.
+
+   CCoopprroocceesssseess
+       A _c_o_p_r_o_c_e_s_s is a shell command preceded by the ccoopprroocc reserved word.  A
+       coprocess  is  executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command
+       had been terminated with the && control operator, with  a  two-way  pipe
+       established between the executing shell and the coprocess.
+
+       The format for a coprocess is:
+
+              ccoopprroocc [_N_A_M_E] _c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_i_o_n_s]
+
+       This  creates  a  coprocess  named  _N_A_M_E.  If _N_A_M_E is not supplied, the
+       default name is CCOOPPRROOCC.  _N_A_M_E must not be supplied if _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is a _s_i_m_-
+       _p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d (see above); otherwise, it is interpreted as the first word
+       of the simple command.  When the coprocess is executed, the shell  cre-
+       ates  an array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) named _N_A_M_E in the context of
+       the executing shell.  The standard output of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is connected via a
+       pipe  to  a  file  descriptor  in  the  executing  shell, and that file
+       descriptor is assigned to _N_A_M_E[0].  The standard input  of  _c_o_m_m_a_n_d  is
+       connected  via  a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell, and
+       that file descriptor is assigned to _N_A_M_E[1].  This pipe is  established
+       before  any  redirections  specified  by  the  command (see RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN
+       below).  The file descriptors can be utilized  as  arguments  to  shell
+       commands  and  redirections using standard word expansions.  Other than
+       those created to execute command and process  substitutions,  the  file
+       descriptors  are  not  available  in  subshells.  The process ID of the
+       shell spawned to execute the coprocess is available as the value of the
+       variable  _N_A_M_E_PID.   The  wwaaiitt builtin command may be used to wait for
+       the coprocess to terminate.
+
+       Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command,  the  ccoopprroocc
+       command  always  returns  success.  The return status of a coprocess is
+       the exit status of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d.
+
+   SShheellll FFuunnccttiioonn DDeeffiinniittiioonnss
+       A shell function is an object that is called like a simple command  and
+       executes  a  compound  command with a new set of positional parameters.
+       Shell functions are declared as follows:
+
+       _n_a_m_e () _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_i_o_n]
+       ffuunnccttiioonn _n_a_m_e [()] _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_i_o_n]
+              This defines a function named _n_a_m_e.  The reserved word  ffuunnccttiioonn
+              is  optional.   If  the  ffuunnccttiioonn reserved word is supplied, the
+              parentheses are optional.  The _b_o_d_y of the function is the  com-
+              pound  command  _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d  (see CCoommppoouunndd CCoommmmaannddss above).
+              That command is usually a _l_i_s_t of commands between { and },  but
+              may  be  any  command listed under CCoommppoouunndd CCoommmmaannddss above, with
+              one exception: If the ffuunnccttiioonn reserved word is  used,  but  the
+              parentheses  are  not  supplied,  the braces are required.  _c_o_m_-
+              _p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed whenever _n_a_m_e is specified as the name
+              of  a  simple  command.  When in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, _n_a_m_e may not be the
+              name of one of the POSIX  _s_p_e_c_i_a_l  _b_u_i_l_t_i_n_s.   Any  redirections
+              (see RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN below) specified when a function is defined are
+              performed when the function is executed.  The exit status  of  a
+              function  definition  is  zero unless a syntax error occurs or a
+              readonly function with the same name already exists.  When  exe-
+              cuted,  the  exit status of a function is the exit status of the
+              last command executed in the body.  (See FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS below.)
+
+CCOOMMMMEENNTTSS
+       In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the iinntteerr--
+       aaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss  option  to  the  sshhoopptt  builtin  is enabled (see SSHHEELLLL
+       BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), a word beginning with ## causes that  word  and
+       all  remaining  characters  on that line to be ignored.  An interactive
+       shell without the iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss option enabled  does  not  allow
+       comments.  The iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss option is on by default in interac-
+       tive shells.
+
+QQUUOOTTIINNGG
+       _Q_u_o_t_i_n_g is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters  or
+       words  to  the shell.  Quoting can be used to disable special treatment
+       for special characters, to prevent reserved words from being recognized
+       as such, and to prevent parameter expansion.
+
+       Each  of  the _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s listed above under DDEEFFIINNIITTIIOONNSS has special
+       meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to represent itself.
+
+       When the command history expansion facilities are being used (see  HHIISS--
+       TTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below), the _h_i_s_t_o_r_y _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n character, usually !!, must
+       be quoted to prevent history expansion.
+
+       There are  three  quoting  mechanisms:  the  _e_s_c_a_p_e  _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r,  single
+       quotes, and double quotes.
+
+       A  non-quoted  backslash (\\) is the _e_s_c_a_p_e _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r.  It preserves the
+       literal value of the next character that follows, with the exception of
+       <newline>.   If  a  \\<newline>  pair  appears, and the backslash is not
+       itself quoted, the \\<newline> is treated as a line  continuation  (that
+       is, it is removed from the input stream and effectively ignored).
+
+       Enclosing  characters  in  single quotes preserves the literal value of
+       each character within the quotes.  A single quote may not occur between
+       single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash.
+
+       Enclosing  characters  in  double quotes preserves the literal value of
+       all characters within the quotes, with the exception of $$, ``,  \\,  and,
+       when history expansion is enabled, !!.  When the shell is in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e,
+       the !! has no special meaning within double quotes,  even  when  history
+       expansion  is  enabled.   The  characters  $$ and `` retain their special
+       meaning within double quotes.  The backslash retains its special  mean-
+       ing  only when followed by one of the following characters: $$, ``, "", \\,
+       or <<nneewwlliinnee>>.  A double quote may be quoted  within  double  quotes  by
+       preceding  it  with a backslash.  If enabled, history expansion will be
+       performed unless an !!  appearing in double quotes is  escaped  using  a
+       backslash.  The backslash preceding the !!  is not removed.
+
+       The  special  parameters  **  and  @@ have special meaning when in double
+       quotes (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS below).
+
+       Words of the form $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' are treated specially.  The word expands to
+       _s_t_r_i_n_g,  with backslash-escaped characters replaced as specified by the
+       ANSI C standard.  Backslash escape sequences, if present,  are  decoded
+       as follows:
+              \\aa     alert (bell)
+              \\bb     backspace
+              \\ee
+              \\EE     an escape character
+              \\ff     form feed
+              \\nn     new line
+              \\rr     carriage return
+              \\tt     horizontal tab
+              \\vv     vertical tab
+              \\\\     backslash
+              \\''     single quote
+              \\""     double quote
+              \\??     question mark
+              \\_n_n_n   the  eight-bit  character  whose value is the octal value
+                     _n_n_n (one to three octal digits)
+              \\xx_H_H   the eight-bit character whose value  is  the  hexadecimal
+                     value _H_H (one or two hex digits)
+              \\uu_H_H_H_H the  Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+                     hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H (one to four hex digits)
+              \\UU_H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H
+                     the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is  the
+                     hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H (one to eight hex digits)
+              \\cc_x    a control-_x character
+
+       The  expanded  result  is  single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not
+       been present.
+
+       A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign ($$"_s_t_r_i_n_g") will cause
+       the  string  to  be translated according to the current locale.  If the
+       current locale is CC or PPOOSSIIXX, the  dollar  sign  is  ignored.   If  the
+       string is translated and replaced, the replacement is double-quoted.
+
+PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS
+       A  _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an entity that stores values.  It can be a _n_a_m_e, a num-
+       ber, or one of the special characters listed below under SSppeecciiaall PPaarraamm--
+       eetteerrss.   A _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e is a parameter denoted by a _n_a_m_e.  A variable has a
+       _v_a_l_u_e and zero or more _a_t_t_r_i_b_u_t_e_s.  Attributes are assigned  using  the
+       ddeeccllaarree builtin command (see ddeeccllaarree below in SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS).
+
+       A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value.  The null string is
+       a valid value.  Once a variable is set, it may be unset only  by  using
+       the uunnsseett builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below).
+
+       A _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e may be assigned to by a statement of the form
+
+              _n_a_m_e=[_v_a_l_u_e]
+
+       If  _v_a_l_u_e  is not given, the variable is assigned the null string.  All
+       _v_a_l_u_e_s undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,  com-
+       mand  substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (see EEXXPPAANN--
+       SSIIOONN below).  If the variable has its iinntteeggeerr attribute set, then _v_a_l_u_e
+       is evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the $((...)) expansion
+       is not used (see AArriitthhmmeettiicc EExxppaannssiioonn below).  Word  splitting  is  not
+       performed,  with the exception of ""$$@@"" as explained below under SSppeecciiaall
+       PPaarraammeetteerrss.  Pathname expansion is not  performed.   Assignment  state-
+       ments  may  also  appear  as  arguments to the aalliiaass, ddeeccllaarree, ttyyppeesseett,
+       eexxppoorrtt, rreeaaddoonnllyy, and llooccaall builtin  commands  (_d_e_c_l_a_r_a_t_i_o_n  commands).
+       When in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, these builtins may appear in a command after one or
+       more instances of the  ccoommmmaanndd  builtin  and  retain  these  assignment
+       statement properties.
+
+       In  the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to a
+       shell variable or array index, the += operator can be used to append to
+       or  add  to  the variable's previous value.  This includes arguments to
+       builtin commands such as  ddeeccllaarree  that  accept  assignment  statements
+       (_d_e_c_l_a_r_a_t_i_o_n commands).  When += is applied to a variable for which the
+       _i_n_t_e_g_e_r attribute has been set, _v_a_l_u_e is  evaluated  as  an  arithmetic
+       expression  and  added  to  the variable's current value, which is also
+       evaluated.  When += is applied to  an  array  variable  using  compound
+       assignment (see AArrrraayyss below), the variable's value is not unset (as it
+       is when using =), and new values are appended to the array beginning at
+       one  greater  than  the  array's  maximum index (for indexed arrays) or
+       added as additional key-value pairs  in  an  associative  array.   When
+       applied  to a string-valued variable, _v_a_l_u_e is expanded and appended to
+       the variable's value.
+
+       A variable can be assigned the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute using the --nn option to
+       the  ddeeccllaarree or llooccaall builtin commands (see the descriptions of ddeeccllaarree
+       and llooccaall below) to create a _n_a_m_e_r_e_f, or a reference to  another  vari-
+       able.   This  allows  variables to be manipulated indirectly.  Whenever
+       the nameref variable is referenced, assigned  to,  unset,  or  has  its
+       attributes modified (other than using or changing the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute
+       itself), the operation is actually performed on the variable  specified
+       by  the  nameref  variable's  value.  A nameref is commonly used within
+       shell functions to refer to a variable whose name is passed as an argu-
+       ment  to the function.  For instance, if a variable name is passed to a
+       shell function as its first argument, running
+              declare -n ref=$1
+       inside the function creates a nameref variable rreeff whose value  is  the
+       variable name passed as the first argument.  References and assignments
+       to rreeff, and changes to  its  attributes,  are  treated  as  references,
+       assignments, and attribute modifications to the variable whose name was
+       passed as $$11.  If the control variable in a ffoorr loop  has  the  nameref
+       attribute,  the  list  of words can be a list of shell variables, and a
+       name reference will be established for each word in the list, in  turn,
+       when the loop is executed.  Array variables cannot be given the nnaammeerreeff
+       attribute.  However, nameref variables can  reference  array  variables
+       and  subscripted  array  variables.  Namerefs can be unset using the --nn
+       option to the uunnsseett builtin.  Otherwise, if uunnsseett is executed with  the
+       name  of  a nameref variable as an argument, the variable referenced by
+       the nameref variable will be unset.
+
+   PPoossiittiioonnaall PPaarraammeetteerrss
+       A _p_o_s_i_t_i_o_n_a_l _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a parameter denoted by one  or  more  digits,
+       other than the single digit 0.  Positional parameters are assigned from
+       the shell's arguments when it is invoked, and may be  reassigned  using
+       the  sseett builtin command.  Positional parameters may not be assigned to
+       with assignment statements.  The positional parameters are  temporarily
+       replaced when a shell function is executed (see FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS below).
+
+       When  a  positional parameter consisting of more than a single digit is
+       expanded, it must be enclosed in braces (see EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below).
+
+   SSppeecciiaall PPaarraammeetteerrss
+       The shell treats several parameters specially.   These  parameters  may
+       only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed.
+       **      Expands  to  the positional parameters, starting from one.  When
+              the expansion is  not  within  double  quotes,  each  positional
+              parameter  expands  to a separate word.  In contexts where it is
+              performed, those words are subject to further word splitting and
+              pathname  expansion.   When  the  expansion occurs within double
+              quotes, it expands to a single  word  with  the  value  of  each
+              parameter  separated  by  the first character of the IIFFSS special
+              variable.  That is, "$$**" is equivalent to "$$11_c$$22_c......",  where  _c
+              is the first character of the value of the IIFFSS variable.  If IIFFSS
+              is unset, the parameters are separated by  spaces.   If  IIFFSS  is
+              null, the parameters are joined without intervening separators.
+       @@      Expands  to  the  positional  parameters, starting from one.  In
+              contexts where word splitting is performed,  this  expands  each
+              positional  parameter  to  a separate word; if not within double
+              quotes, these words are subject to word splitting.  In  contexts
+              where  word splitting is not performed, this expands to a single
+              word with each positional parameter separated by a space.   When
+              the  expansion  occurs  within  double  quotes,  each  parameter
+              expands to a separate word.  That is, "$$@@" is equivalent to "$$11"
+              "$$22"  ...   If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word,
+              the expansion of the first parameter is joined with  the  begin-
+              ning  part  of  the original word, and the expansion of the last
+              parameter is joined with the last part  of  the  original  word.
+              When  there  are no positional parameters, "$$@@" and $$@@ expand to
+              nothing (i.e., they are removed).
+       ##      Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal.
+       ??      Expands to the exit status of the most recently  executed  fore-
+              ground pipeline.
+       --      Expands  to  the  current option flags as specified upon invoca-
+              tion, by the sseett builtin command, or  those  set  by  the  shell
+              itself (such as the --ii option).
+       $$      Expands  to  the  process ID of the shell.  In a () subshell, it
+              expands to the process ID of the current  shell,  not  the  sub-
+              shell.
+       !!      Expands  to  the process ID of the job most recently placed into
+              the background, whether executed as an asynchronous  command  or
+              using the bbgg builtin (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL below).
+       00      Expands  to  the name of the shell or shell script.  This is set
+              at shell initialization.  If bbaasshh is invoked with a file of com-
+              mands,  $$00  is set to the name of that file.  If bbaasshh is started
+              with the --cc option, then $$00 is set to the first  argument  after
+              the  string to be executed, if one is present.  Otherwise, it is
+              set to the filename used to invoke bbaasshh, as  given  by  argument
+              zero.
+       __      At  shell  startup,  set to the absolute pathname used to invoke
+              the shell or shell script being executed as passed in the  envi-
+              ronment  or  argument  list.   Subsequently, expands to the last
+              argument to the previous simple command executed  in  the  fore-
+              ground,  after expansion.  Also set to the full pathname used to
+              invoke each command  executed  and  placed  in  the  environment
+              exported  to  that  command.  When checking mail, this parameter
+              holds the name of the mail file currently being checked.
+
+   SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess
+       The following variables are set by the shell:
+
+       BBAASSHH   Expands to the full filename used to  invoke  this  instance  of
+              bbaasshh.
+       BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS
+              A  colon-separated  list of enabled shell options.  Each word in
+              the list is a valid argument for the  --ss  option  to  the  sshhoopptt
+              builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below).  The options
+              appearing in BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS are those reported as  _o_n  by  sshhoopptt.   If
+              this  variable  is  in the environment when bbaasshh starts up, each
+              shell option in the list will  be  enabled  before  reading  any
+              startup files.  This variable is read-only.
+       BBAASSHHPPIIDD
+              Expands  to  the  process  ID of the current bbaasshh process.  This
+              differs from $$$$ under certain circumstances, such  as  subshells
+              that  do  not require bbaasshh to be re-initialized.  Assignments to
+              BBAASSHHPPIIDD have no effect.  If BBAASSHHPPIIDD is unset, it loses its  spe-
+              cial properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
+       BBAASSHH__AALLIIAASSEESS
+              An  associative  array  variable whose members correspond to the
+              internal list of aliases as maintained  by  the  aalliiaass  builtin.
+              Elements  added to this array appear in the alias list; however,
+              unsetting array elements currently does not cause aliases to  be
+              removed from the alias list.  If BBAASSHH__AALLIIAASSEESS is unset, it loses
+              its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
+       BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC
+              An array variable whose values are the number of  parameters  in
+              each frame of the current bbaasshh execution call stack.  The number
+              of parameters to  the  current  subroutine  (shell  function  or
+              script  executed  with  .. or ssoouurrccee) is at the top of the stack.
+              When a subroutine is executed, the number of  parameters  passed
+              is pushed onto BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC.  The shell sets BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC only when in
+              extended debugging mode (see the  description  of  the  eexxttddeebbuugg
+              option  to the sshhoopptt builtin below).  Setting eexxttddeebbuugg after the
+              shell has started to execute a script, or referencing this vari-
+              able  when  eexxttddeebbuugg is not set, may result in inconsistent val-
+              ues.
+       BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV
+              An array variable containing all of the parameters in  the  cur-
+              rent bbaasshh execution call stack.  The final parameter of the last
+              subroutine call is at the top of the stack; the first  parameter
+              of the initial call is at the bottom.  When a subroutine is exe-
+              cuted, the parameters supplied are pushed onto  BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV.   The
+              shell  sets  BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV only when in extended debugging mode (see
+              the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg  option  to  the  sshhoopptt  builtin
+              below).  Setting eexxttddeebbuugg after the shell has started to execute
+              a script, or referencing this variable when eexxttddeebbuugg is not set,
+              may result in inconsistent values.
+       BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV00
+              When  referenced, this variable expands to the name of the shell
+              or shell script (identical to $$00; see the description of special
+              parameter  0  above).  Assignment to BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV00 causes the value
+              assigned to also be assigned to $$00.  If BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV00 is unset,  it
+              loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
+       BBAASSHH__CCMMDDSS
+              An  associative  array  variable whose members correspond to the
+              internal hash table  of  commands  as  maintained  by  the  hhaasshh
+              builtin.  Elements added to this array appear in the hash table;
+              however, unsetting array elements currently does not cause  com-
+              mand  names  to be removed from the hash table.  If BBAASSHH__CCMMDDSS is
+              unset, it loses its special properties, even  if  it  is  subse-
+              quently reset.
+       BBAASSHH__CCOOMMMMAANNDD
+              The  command  currently  being executed or about to be executed,
+              unless the shell is executing a command as the result of a trap,
+              in  which  case  it  is the command executing at the time of the
+              trap.
+       BBAASSHH__EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN__SSTTRRIINNGG
+              The command argument to the --cc invocation option.
+       BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO
+              An array variable whose members are the line numbers  in  source
+              files  where  each corresponding member of FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE was invoked.
+              $${{BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO[[_$_i]]}}  is  the  line  number  in  the  source  file
+              ($${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i_+_1]]}})  where  $${{FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE[[_$_i]]}}  was  called  (or
+              $${{BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO[[_$_i_-_1]]}} if referenced within  another  shell  func-
+              tion).  Use LLIINNEENNOO to obtain the current line number.
+       BBAASSHH__LLOOAADDAABBLLEESS__PPAATTHH
+              A  colon-separated  list of directories in which the shell looks
+              for dynamically loadable builtins specified by the  eennaabbllee  com-
+              mand.
+       BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH
+              An  array  variable  whose members are assigned by the ==~~ binary
+              operator to the [[[[ conditional command.  The element with  index
+              0  is  the  portion  of  the  string matching the entire regular
+              expression.  The element with index _n  is  the  portion  of  the
+              string matching the _nth parenthesized subexpression.  This vari-
+              able is read-only.
+       BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE
+              An array variable whose members are the source  filenames  where
+              the  corresponding  shell  function  names in the FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE array
+              variable are defined.  The  shell  function  $${{FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE[[_$_i]]}}  is
+              defined   in   the   file  $${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i]]}}  and  called  from
+              $${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i_+_1]]}}.
+       BBAASSHH__SSUUBBSSHHEELLLL
+              Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell  environment
+              when  the  shell begins executing in that environment.  The ini-
+              tial value is 0.
+       BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO
+              A readonly array variable whose members hold version information
+              for  this  instance  of  bbaasshh.  The values assigned to the array
+              members are as follows:
+              BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[0]]        The major version number (the _r_e_l_e_a_s_e).
+              BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[1]]        The minor version number (the _v_e_r_s_i_o_n).
+              BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[2]]        The patch level.
+              BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[3]]        The build version.
+              BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[4]]        The release status (e.g., _b_e_t_a_1).
+              BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[5]]        The value of MMAACCHHTTYYPPEE.
+       BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIIOONN
+              Expands to a string describing the version of this  instance  of
+              bbaasshh.
+       CCOOMMPP__CCWWOORRDD
+              An  index  into $${{CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS}} of the word containing the current
+              cursor position.  This variable is available only in shell func-
+              tions  invoked  by  the  programmable completion facilities (see
+              PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below).
+       CCOOMMPP__KKEEYY
+              The key (or final key of a key sequence) used to invoke the cur-
+              rent completion function.
+       CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE
+              The  current  command  line.  This variable is available only in
+              shell functions and external commands invoked  by  the  program-
+              mable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below).
+       CCOOMMPP__PPOOIINNTT
+              The  index of the current cursor position relative to the begin-
+              ning of the current command.  If the current cursor position  is
+              at the end of the current command, the value of this variable is
+              equal to $${{##CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE}}.  This  variable  is  available  only  in
+              shell  functions  and  external commands invoked by the program-
+              mable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below).
+       CCOOMMPP__TTYYPPEE
+              Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of  completion
+              attempted  that  caused a completion function to be called: _T_A_B,
+              for normal completion, _?, for listing completions after  succes-
+              sive  tabs,  _!, for listing alternatives on partial word comple-
+              tion, _@, to list completions if the word is not  unmodified,  or
+              _%,  for  menu  completion.   This  variable is available only in
+              shell functions and external commands invoked  by  the  program-
+              mable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below).
+       CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS
+              The  set  of characters that the rreeaaddlliinnee library treats as word
+              separators when performing word completion.  If  CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS
+              is  unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse-
+              quently reset.
+       CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS
+              An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) consisting of the  individ-
+              ual  words  in the current command line.  The line is split into
+              words as rreeaaddlliinnee  would  split  it,  using  CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS  as
+              described above.  This variable is available only in shell func-
+              tions invoked by the  programmable  completion  facilities  (see
+              PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below).
+       CCOOPPRROOCC An  array  variable  (see AArrrraayyss below) created to hold the file
+              descriptors for output from and input to  an  unnamed  coprocess
+              (see CCoopprroocceesssseess above).
+       DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK
+              An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) containing the current con-
+              tents of the directory stack.  Directories appear in  the  stack
+              in  the order they are displayed by the ddiirrss builtin.  Assigning
+              to members of this array variable may be used to modify directo-
+              ries  already in the stack, but the ppuusshhdd and ppooppdd builtins must
+              be used to add and remove directories.  Assignment to this vari-
+              able  will  not  change  the  current directory.  If DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK is
+              unset, it loses its special properties, even  if  it  is  subse-
+              quently reset.
+       EEPPOOCCHHRREEAALLTTIIMMEE
+              Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number
+              of seconds since the Unix Epoch  (see  _t_i_m_e(3))  as  a  floating
+              point  value  with  micro-second  granularity.   Assignments  to
+              EEPPOOCCHHRREEAALLTTIIMMEE are ignored.  If EEPPOOCCHHRREEAALLTTIIMMEE is unset, it  loses
+              its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
+       EEPPOOCCHHSSEECCOONNDDSS
+              Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number
+              of seconds since the Unix Epoch (see _t_i_m_e(3)).   Assignments  to
+              EEPPOOCCHHSSEECCOONNDDSS  are  ignored.   If EEPPOOCCHHSSEECCOONNDDSS is unset, it loses
+              its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
+       EEUUIIDD   Expands to the effective user ID of the current  user,  initial-
+              ized at shell startup.  This variable is readonly.
+       FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE
+              An  array  variable  containing the names of all shell functions
+              currently in the execution call stack.  The element with index 0
+              is the name of any currently-executing shell function.  The bot-
+              tom-most element (the one with the  highest  index)  is  "main".
+              This  variable  exists  only when a shell function is executing.
+              Assignments to FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE have no effect.  If FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE  is  unset,
+              it  loses  its  special  properties,  even if it is subsequently
+              reset.
+
+              This variable can be  used  with  BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO  and  BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE.
+              Each   element   of   FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE  has  corresponding  elements  in
+              BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO and BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE to describe  the  call  stack.   For
+              instance,    $${{FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE[[_$_i]]}}    was   called   from   the   file
+              $${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i_+_1]]}} at  line  number  $${{BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO[[_$_i]]}}.   The
+              ccaalllleerr builtin displays the current call stack using this infor-
+              mation.
+       GGRROOUUPPSS An array variable containing the list of  groups  of  which  the
+              current user is a member.  Assignments to GGRROOUUPPSS have no effect.
+              If GGRROOUUPPSS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if  it
+              is subsequently reset.
+       HHIISSTTCCMMDD
+              The history number, or index in the history list, of the current
+              command.  If HHIISSTTCCMMDD is unset, it loses its special  properties,
+              even if it is subsequently reset.
+       HHOOSSTTNNAAMMEE
+              Automatically set to the name of the current host.
+       HHOOSSTTTTYYPPEE
+              Automatically  set  to a string that uniquely describes the type
+              of machine on which bbaasshh is executing.  The default  is  system-
+              dependent.
+       LLIINNEENNOO Each  time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a
+              decimal number representing the current sequential  line  number
+              (starting  with  1)  within a script or function.  When not in a
+              script or function, the value substituted is not  guaranteed  to
+              be meaningful.  If LLIINNEENNOO is unset, it loses its special proper-
+              ties, even if it is subsequently reset.
+       MMAACCHHTTYYPPEE
+              Automatically set to a string that fully  describes  the  system
+              type  on  which  bbaasshh is executing, in the standard GNU _c_p_u_-_c_o_m_-
+              _p_a_n_y_-_s_y_s_t_e_m format.  The default is system-dependent.
+       MMAAPPFFIILLEE
+              An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) created to  hold  the  text
+              read by the mmaappffiillee builtin when no variable name is supplied.
+       OOLLDDPPWWDD The previous working directory as set by the ccdd command.
+       OOPPTTAARRGG The  value  of the last option argument processed by the ggeettooppttss
+              builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below).
+       OOPPTTIINNDD The index of the next argument to be processed  by  the  ggeettooppttss
+              builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below).
+       OOSSTTYYPPEE Automatically  set to a string that describes the operating sys-
+              tem on which bbaasshh is executing.  The  default  is  system-depen-
+              dent.
+       PPIIPPEESSTTAATTUUSS
+              An  array  variable (see AArrrraayyss below) containing a list of exit
+              status values from the processes in  the  most-recently-executed
+              foreground pipeline (which may contain only a single command).
+       PPPPIIDD   The  process  ID  of the shell's parent.  This variable is read-
+              only.
+       PPWWDD    The current working directory as set by the ccdd command.
+       RRAANNDDOOMM Each time this parameter is referenced, a random integer between
+              0 and 32767 is generated.  The sequence of random numbers may be
+              initialized by assigning a value to RRAANNDDOOMM.  If RRAANNDDOOMM is unset,
+              it  loses  its  special  properties,  even if it is subsequently
+              reset.
+       RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE
+              The contents of the rreeaaddlliinnee line buffer, for use with "bind -x"
+              (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below).
+       RREEAADDLLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT
+              The position of the insertion point in the rreeaaddlliinnee line buffer,
+              for use with "bind -x" (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below).
+       RREEPPLLYY  Set to the line of input read by the rreeaadd builtin  command  when
+              no arguments are supplied.
+       SSEECCOONNDDSS
+              Each  time  this  parameter is referenced, the number of seconds
+              since shell invocation is returned.  If a value is  assigned  to
+              SSEECCOONNDDSS,  the  value  returned upon subsequent references is the
+              number of seconds since the assignment plus the value  assigned.
+              If SSEECCOONNDDSS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it
+              is subsequently reset.
+       SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS
+              A colon-separated list of enabled shell options.  Each  word  in
+              the  list  is  a  valid  argument  for  the --oo option to the sseett
+              builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below).  The options
+              appearing  in  SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS are those reported as _o_n by sseett --oo.  If
+              this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh  starts  up,  each
+              shell  option  in  the  list  will be enabled before reading any
+              startup files.  This variable is read-only.
+       SSHHLLVVLL  Incremented by one each time an instance of bbaasshh is started.
+       UUIIDD    Expands to the user ID of the current user, initialized at shell
+              startup.  This variable is readonly.
+
+       The  following  variables  are  used by the shell.  In some cases, bbaasshh
+       assigns a default value to a variable; these cases are noted below.
+
+       BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT
+              The value is used to set the shell's compatibility  level.   See
+              the  description  of the sshhoopptt builtin below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN
+              CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS for a description of the various  compatibility  levels
+              and  their  effects.   The  value may be a decimal number (e.g.,
+              4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42) corresponding to the desired  com-
+              patibility  level.   If BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT is unset or set to the empty
+              string, the compatibility level is set to the  default  for  the
+              current  version.   If BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT is set to a value that is not
+              one of the valid compatibility levels, the shell prints an error
+              message  and sets the compatibility level to the default for the
+              current version.  The valid compatibility levels  correspond  to
+              the   compatibility   options  accepted  by  the  sshhoopptt  builtin
+              described below (for example, ccoommppaatt4422 means that 4.2 and 42 are
+              valid values).  The current version is also a valid value.
+       BBAASSHH__EENNVV
+              If  this parameter is set when bbaasshh is executing a shell script,
+              its value is interpreted as a filename  containing  commands  to
+              initialize the shell, as in _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c.  The value of BBAASSHH__EENNVV is
+              subjected to  parameter  expansion,  command  substitution,  and
+              arithmetic  expansion  before  being  interpreted as a filename.
+              PPAATTHH is not used to search for the resultant filename.
+       BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD
+              If set to an integer corresponding to a valid  file  descriptor,
+              bbaasshh  will  write  the  trace  output  generated  when _s_e_t _-_x is
+              enabled to that file descriptor.  The file descriptor is  closed
+              when  BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD is unset or assigned a new value.  Unsetting
+              BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD or assigning it the empty string causes the  trace
+              output  to  be  sent  to  the standard error.  Note that setting
+              BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD to 2 (the standard error file descriptor) and then
+              unsetting it will result in the standard error being closed.
+       CCDDPPAATTHH The  search  path for the ccdd command.  This is a colon-separated
+              list of directories in which the  shell  looks  for  destination
+              directories  specified  by  the  ccdd  command.  A sample value is
+              ".:~:/usr".
+       CCHHIILLDD__MMAAXX
+              Set the number of exited child status values for  the  shell  to
+              remember.   Bash will not allow this value to be decreased below
+              a POSIX-mandated minimum, and there is  a  maximum  value  (cur-
+              rently  8192)  that  this  may not exceed.  The minimum value is
+              system-dependent.
+       CCOOLLUUMMNNSS
+              Used by the sseelleecctt compound command to  determine  the  terminal
+              width  when  printing selection lists.  Automatically set if the
+              cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee option is enabled or in an interactive  shell  upon
+              receipt of a SSIIGGWWIINNCCHH.
+       CCOOMMPPRREEPPLLYY
+              An array variable from which bbaasshh reads the possible completions
+              generated by a shell function invoked by the  programmable  com-
+              pletion  facility  (see  PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee  CCoommpplleettiioonn  below).  Each
+              array element contains one possible completion.
+       EEMMAACCSS  If bbaasshh finds this variable in the environment  when  the  shell
+              starts  with  value "t", it assumes that the shell is running in
+              an Emacs shell buffer and disables line editing.
+       EENNVV    Similar to BBAASSHH__EENNVV; used when the shell  is  invoked  in  _p_o_s_i_x
+              _m_o_d_e.
+       EEXXEECCIIGGNNOORREE
+              A  colon-separated list of shell patterns (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg)
+              defining the list of filenames to be ignored by  command  search
+              using  PPAATTHH.  Files whose full pathnames match one of these pat-
+              terns are not considered executable files for  the  purposes  of
+              completion and command execution via PPAATTHH lookup.  This does not
+              affect the behavior of the [[, tteesstt, and [[[[ commands.  Full path-
+              names  in  the command hash table are not subject to EEXXEECCIIGGNNOORREE.
+              Use this variable to ignore shared library files that  have  the
+              executable  bit  set, but are not executable files.  The pattern
+              matching honors the setting of the eexxttgglloobb shell option.
+       FFCCEEDDIITT The default editor for the ffcc builtin command.
+       FFIIGGNNOORREE
+              A colon-separated list of suffixes  to  ignore  when  performing
+              filename completion (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE below).  A filename whose suf-
+              fix matches one of the entries in FFIIGGNNOORREE is excluded  from  the
+              list of matched filenames.  A sample value is ".o:~".
+       FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT
+              If  set  to  a  numeric  value greater than 0, defines a maximum
+              function nesting level.  Function invocations that  exceed  this
+              nesting level will cause the current command to abort.
+       GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE
+              A  colon-separated  list  of  patterns  defining the set of file
+              names to be ignored by  pathname  expansion.   If  a  file  name
+              matched  by a pathname expansion pattern also matches one of the
+              patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE, it is removed from the list of matches.
+       HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL
+              A colon-separated list of values controlling  how  commands  are
+              saved  on  the  history  list.   If  the list of values includes
+              _i_g_n_o_r_e_s_p_a_c_e, lines which begin with a ssppaaccee  character  are  not
+              saved  in  the history list.  A value of _i_g_n_o_r_e_d_u_p_s causes lines
+              matching the previous history entry to not be saved.  A value of
+              _i_g_n_o_r_e_b_o_t_h is shorthand for _i_g_n_o_r_e_s_p_a_c_e and _i_g_n_o_r_e_d_u_p_s.  A value
+              of _e_r_a_s_e_d_u_p_s causes all previous lines matching the current line
+              to  be  removed from the history list before that line is saved.
+              Any value not in the above list is ignored.  If  HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL  is
+              unset,  or does not include a valid value, all lines read by the
+              shell parser are saved on the history list, subject to the value
+              of  HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE.  The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line
+              compound command are not tested, and are added  to  the  history
+              regardless of the value of HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL.
+       HHIISSTTFFIILLEE
+              The name of the file in which command history is saved (see HHIISS--
+              TTOORRYY below).  The default value is _~_/_._b_a_s_h___h_i_s_t_o_r_y.   If  unset,
+              the command history is not saved when a shell exits.
+       HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE
+              The maximum number of lines contained in the history file.  When
+              this variable is assigned a value, the  history  file  is  trun-
+              cated,  if  necessary,  to  contain  no more than that number of
+              lines by removing the oldest entries.  The history file is  also
+              truncated  to this size after writing it when a shell exits.  If
+              the value is 0, the history file  is  truncated  to  zero  size.
+              Non-numeric  values  and  numeric  values less than zero inhibit
+              truncation.  The shell sets the default value to  the  value  of
+              HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE after reading any startup files.
+       HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE
+              A  colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command
+              lines should be saved on the  history  list.   Each  pattern  is
+              anchored  at  the  beginning of the line and must match the com-
+              plete line (no implicit  `**'  is  appended).   Each  pattern  is
+              tested  against  the line after the checks specified by HHIISSTTCCOONN--
+              TTRROOLL are applied.  In  addition  to  the  normal  shell  pattern
+              matching characters, `&&' matches the previous history line.  `&&'
+              may be escaped using  a  backslash;  the  backslash  is  removed
+              before attempting a match.  The second and subsequent lines of a
+              multi-line compound command are not tested, and are added to the
+              history  regardless  of  the  value  of HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE.  The pattern
+              matching honors the setting of the eexxttgglloobb shell option.
+       HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE
+              The number of commands to remember in the command  history  (see
+              HHIISSTTOORRYY  below).   If  the value is 0, commands are not saved in
+              the history list.  Numeric values less than zero result in every
+              command  being  saved  on  the history list (there is no limit).
+              The shell sets the  default  value  to  500  after  reading  any
+              startup files.
+       HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT
+              If  this  variable  is  set and not null, its value is used as a
+              format string for _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) to print the time stamp associated
+              with  each  history  entry displayed by the hhiissttoorryy builtin.  If
+              this variable is set, time stamps are  written  to  the  history
+              file  so they may be preserved across shell sessions.  This uses
+              the history comment character  to  distinguish  timestamps  from
+              other history lines.
+       HHOOMMEE   The home directory of the current user; the default argument for
+              the ccdd builtin command.  The value of this variable is also used
+              when performing tilde expansion.
+       HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE
+              Contains  the  name  of  a file in the same format as _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s
+              that should be read when the shell needs to complete a hostname.
+              The  list  of possible hostname completions may be changed while
+              the shell is running;  the  next  time  hostname  completion  is
+              attempted  after the value is changed, bbaasshh adds the contents of
+              the new file to the existing list.  If HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE is set, but  has
+              no  value,  or  does  not name a readable file, bbaasshh attempts to
+              read _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s to obtain the list of possible hostname  comple-
+              tions.  When HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE is unset, the hostname list is cleared.
+       IIFFSS    The  _I_n_t_e_r_n_a_l  _F_i_e_l_d  _S_e_p_a_r_a_t_o_r  that is used for word splitting
+              after expansion and to split lines  into  words  with  the  rreeaadd
+              builtin  command.   The  default  value  is  ``<space><tab><new-
+              line>''.
+       IIGGNNOORREEEEOOFF
+              Controls the action of an interactive shell on receipt of an EEOOFF
+              character as the sole input.  If set, the value is the number of
+              consecutive EEOOFF characters which must  be  typed  as  the  first
+              characters  on an input line before bbaasshh exits.  If the variable
+              exists but does not have a numeric value, or has no  value,  the
+              default  value  is  10.  If it does not exist, EEOOFF signifies the
+              end of input to the shell.
+       IINNPPUUTTRRCC
+              The filename for  the  rreeaaddlliinnee  startup  file,  overriding  the
+              default of _~_/_._i_n_p_u_t_r_c (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE below).
+       IINNSSIIDDEE__EEMMAACCSS
+              If  this  variable  appears  in  the  environment when the shell
+              starts, bbaasshh assumes that it is running inside  an  Emacs  shell
+              buffer  and  may disable line editing, depending on the value of
+              TTEERRMM.
+       LLAANNGG   Used to determine the  locale  category  for  any  category  not
+              specifically selected with a variable starting with LLCC__.
+       LLCC__AALLLL This  variable  overrides  the  value  of LLAANNGG and any other LLCC__
+              variable specifying a locale category.
+       LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE
+              This variable determines the collation order used  when  sorting
+              the  results  of pathname expansion, and determines the behavior
+              of  range  expressions,  equivalence  classes,   and   collating
+              sequences within pathname expansion and pattern matching.
+       LLCC__CCTTYYPPEE
+              This  variable  determines  the interpretation of characters and
+              the behavior of character classes within pathname expansion  and
+              pattern matching.
+       LLCC__MMEESSSSAAGGEESS
+              This  variable  determines  the locale used to translate double-
+              quoted strings preceded by a $$.
+       LLCC__NNUUMMEERRIICC
+              This variable determines the locale  category  used  for  number
+              formatting.
+       LLCC__TTIIMMEE
+              This  variable  determines the locale category used for data and
+              time formatting.
+       LLIINNEESS  Used by the sseelleecctt compound  command  to  determine  the  column
+              length  for  printing selection lists.  Automatically set if the
+              cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee option is enabled or in an interactive  shell  upon
+              receipt of a SSIIGGWWIINNCCHH.
+       MMAAIILL   If  this  parameter  is  set to a file or directory name and the
+              MMAAIILLPPAATTHH variable is not set,  bbaasshh  informs  the  user  of  the
+              arrival  of  mail in the specified file or Maildir-format direc-
+              tory.
+       MMAAIILLCCHHEECCKK
+              Specifies how often (in seconds)  bbaasshh  checks  for  mail.   The
+              default  is  60 seconds.  When it is time to check for mail, the
+              shell does so before displaying the  primary  prompt.   If  this
+              variable  is  unset,  or  set  to  a  value that is not a number
+              greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking.
+       MMAAIILLPPAATTHH
+              A colon-separated list of filenames to be checked for mail.  The
+              message to be printed when mail arrives in a particular file may
+              be specified by separating the filename from the message with  a
+              `?'.   When  used  in the text of the message, $$__ expands to the
+              name of the current mailfile.  Example:
+              MMAAIILLPPAATTHH='/var/mail/bfox?"You  have  mail":~/shell-mail?"$_  has
+              mail!"'
+              BBaasshh  can be configured to supply a default value for this vari-
+              able (there is no value by default), but  the  location  of  the
+              user  mail  files  that  it  uses  is  system  dependent  (e.g.,
+              /var/mail/$$UUSSEERR).
+       OOPPTTEERRRR If set to the value 1, bbaasshh displays error messages generated by
+              the  ggeettooppttss builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below).
+              OOPPTTEERRRR is initialized to 1 each time the shell is invoked  or  a
+              shell script is executed.
+       PPAATTHH   The  search  path for commands.  It is a colon-separated list of
+              directories in which the shell looks for commands  (see  CCOOMMMMAANNDD
+              EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN  below).   A  zero-length (null) directory name in the
+              value of PPAATTHH indicates the current directory.  A null directory
+              name  may  appear  as  two  adjacent colons, or as an initial or
+              trailing colon.  The default path is  system-dependent,  and  is
+              set by the administrator who installs bbaasshh.  A common value is
+              ``/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin''.
+       PPOOSSIIXXLLYY__CCOORRRREECCTT
+              If  this  variable  is  in the environment when bbaasshh starts, the
+              shell enters _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e before reading the startup files, as  if
+              the  ----ppoossiixx  invocation option had been supplied.  If it is set
+              while the shell is running, bbaasshh enables _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, as  if  the
+              command  _s_e_t  _-_o _p_o_s_i_x had been executed.  When the shell enters
+              _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, it sets this variable if it was not already set.
+       PPRROOMMPPTT__CCOOMMMMAANNDD
+              If set, the value is executed as a command prior to issuing each
+              primary prompt.
+       PPRROOMMPPTT__DDIIRRTTRRIIMM
+              If  set  to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the
+              number of trailing directory components to retain when expanding
+              the  \\ww  and  \\WW  prompt  string  escapes (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below).
+              Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis.
+       PPSS00    The value of this parameter is expanded  (see  PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG  below)
+              and  displayed by interactive shells after reading a command and
+              before the command is executed.
+       PPSS11    The value of this parameter is expanded  (see  PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG  below)
+              and  used  as  the  primary prompt string.  The default value is
+              ``\\ss--\\vv\\$$ ''.
+       PPSS22    The value of this parameter is expanded as with PPSS11 and used  as
+              the secondary prompt string.  The default is ``>> ''.
+       PPSS33    The value of this parameter is used as the prompt for the sseelleecctt
+              command (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR above).
+       PPSS44    The value of this parameter is expanded  as  with  PPSS11  and  the
+              value  is  printed  before  each command bbaasshh displays during an
+              execution trace.  The first character of the expanded  value  of
+              PPSS44 is replicated multiple times, as necessary, to indicate mul-
+              tiple levels of indirection.  The default is ``++ ''.
+       SSHHEELLLL  The full pathname to the shell is kept in this environment vari-
+              able.   If  it is not set when the shell starts, bbaasshh assigns to
+              it the full pathname of the current user's login shell.
+       TTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT
+              The value of this parameter is used as a format string  specify-
+              ing  how  the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the
+              ttiimmee reserved word should be displayed.  The %% character  intro-
+              duces  an  escape  sequence  that is expanded to a time value or
+              other information.  The escape sequences and their meanings  are
+              as follows; the braces denote optional portions.
+              %%%%        A literal %%.
+              %%[[_p]][[ll]]RR  The elapsed time in seconds.
+              %%[[_p]][[ll]]UU  The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.
+              %%[[_p]][[ll]]SS  The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.
+              %%PP        The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R.
+
+              The  optional  _p is a digit specifying the _p_r_e_c_i_s_i_o_n, the number
+              of fractional digits after a decimal point.  A value of 0 causes
+              no decimal point or fraction to be output.  At most three places
+              after the decimal point may be specified; values  of  _p  greater
+              than  3 are changed to 3.  If _p is not specified, the value 3 is
+              used.
+
+              The optional ll specifies a longer format, including minutes,  of
+              the  form  _M_Mm_S_S._F_Fs.   The value of _p determines whether or not
+              the fraction is included.
+
+              If this variable is not set, bbaasshh acts as if it  had  the  value
+              $$''\\nnrreeaall\\tt%%33llRR\\nnuusseerr\\tt%%33llUU\\nnssyyss\\tt%%33llSS''.   If  the value is null,
+              no timing information is displayed.  A trailing newline is added
+              when the format string is displayed.
+       TTMMOOUUTT  If  set  to  a  value greater than zero, TTMMOOUUTT is treated as the
+              default timeout for the rreeaadd builtin.  The sseelleecctt command termi-
+              nates if input does not arrive after TTMMOOUUTT seconds when input is
+              coming from a terminal.  In an interactive shell, the  value  is
+              interpreted as the number of seconds to wait for a line of input
+              after issuing the primary prompt.  BBaasshh terminates after waiting
+              for  that number of seconds if a complete line of input does not
+              arrive.
+       TTMMPPDDIIRR If set, bbaasshh uses its value as the name of a directory in  which
+              bbaasshh creates temporary files for the shell's use.
+       aauuttoo__rreessuummee
+              This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and
+              job control.  If this variable is set, single word  simple  com-
+              mands without redirections are treated as candidates for resump-
+              tion of an existing stopped job.  There is no ambiguity allowed;
+              if  there  is more than one job beginning with the string typed,
+              the job most recently accessed  is  selected.   The  _n_a_m_e  of  a
+              stopped  job, in this context, is the command line used to start
+              it.  If set to the value _e_x_a_c_t, the string supplied  must  match
+              the  name  of  a  stopped  job exactly; if set to _s_u_b_s_t_r_i_n_g, the
+              string supplied needs to match a substring  of  the  name  of  a
+              stopped  job.  The _s_u_b_s_t_r_i_n_g value provides functionality analo-
+              gous to the %%??  job identifier (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL below).  If  set
+              to  any  other  value, the supplied string must be a prefix of a
+              stopped job's name; this provides functionality analogous to the
+              %%_s_t_r_i_n_g job identifier.
+       hhiissttcchhaarrss
+              The  two or three characters which control history expansion and
+              tokenization (see HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below).  The first character
+              is  the _h_i_s_t_o_r_y _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n character, the character which signals
+              the start of a history  expansion,  normally  `!!'.   The  second
+              character  is the _q_u_i_c_k _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n character, which is used as
+              shorthand for re-running the previous command  entered,  substi-
+              tuting  one  string  for another in the command.  The default is
+              `^^'.  The optional third character is the character which  indi-
+              cates  that the remainder of the line is a comment when found as
+              the first character of a word, normally `##'.  The  history  com-
+              ment character causes history substitution to be skipped for the
+              remaining words on the line.  It does not necessarily cause  the
+              shell parser to treat the rest of the line as a comment.
+
+   AArrrraayyss
+       BBaasshh  provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables.
+       Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the ddeeccllaarree builtin  will
+       explicitly  declare an array.  There is no maximum limit on the size of
+       an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned  con-
+       tiguously.   Indexed  arrays  are  referenced using integers (including
+       arithmetic expressions) and are zero-based; associative arrays are ref-
+       erenced using arbitrary strings.  Unless otherwise noted, indexed array
+       indices must be non-negative integers.
+
+       An indexed array is created automatically if any variable  is  assigned
+       to using the syntax _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]=_v_a_l_u_e.  The _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is treated as
+       an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number.  To explicitly
+       declare  an  indexed array, use ddeeccllaarree --aa _n_a_m_e (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMM--
+       MMAANNDDSS below).  ddeeccllaarree --aa _n_a_m_e[[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]] is also  accepted;  the  _s_u_b_-
+       _s_c_r_i_p_t is ignored.
+
+       Associative arrays are created using ddeeccllaarree --AA _n_a_m_e.
+
+       Attributes may be specified for an array variable using the ddeeccllaarree and
+       rreeaaddoonnllyy builtins.  Each attribute applies to all members of an array.
+
+       Arrays  are  assigned  to  using  compound  assignments  of  the   form
+       _n_a_m_e=((value_1  ...  value_n)),  where  each  _v_a_l_u_e  is  of  the form [_s_u_b_-
+       _s_c_r_i_p_t]=_s_t_r_i_n_g.  Indexed array assignments do not require anything  but
+       _s_t_r_i_n_g.  When assigning to indexed arrays, if the optional brackets and
+       subscript are supplied, that index is assigned to; otherwise the  index
+       of  the element assigned is the last index assigned to by the statement
+       plus one.  Indexing starts at zero.
+
+       When assigning to an associative array, the subscript is required.
+
+       This syntax is also accepted by the ddeeccllaarree builtin.  Individual  array
+       elements  may  be  assigned  to  using the _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]=_v_a_l_u_e syntax
+       introduced above.  When assigning to an indexed array, if _n_a_m_e is  sub-
+       scripted  by  a negative number, that number is interpreted as relative
+       to one greater than the maximum index  of  _n_a_m_e,  so  negative  indices
+       count back from the end of the array, and an index of -1 references the
+       last element.
+
+       Any element of an array may  be  referenced  using  ${_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]}.
+       The braces are required to avoid conflicts with pathname expansion.  If
+       _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is @@ or **, the word expands to all members  of  _n_a_m_e.   These
+       subscripts  differ only when the word appears within double quotes.  If
+       the word is double-quoted, ${_n_a_m_e[*]} expands to a single word with the
+       value  of each array member separated by the first character of the IIFFSS
+       special variable, and ${_n_a_m_e[@]} expands each element of _n_a_m_e to a sep-
+       arate  word.   When  there  are no array members, ${_n_a_m_e[@]} expands to
+       nothing.  If the double-quoted expansion  occurs  within  a  word,  the
+       expansion  of  the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of
+       the original word, and the expansion of the last  parameter  is  joined
+       with  the  last  part  of  the original word.  This is analogous to the
+       expansion of the special parameters ** and  @@  (see  SSppeecciiaall  PPaarraammeetteerrss
+       above).   ${#_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]}  expands  to  the  length  of ${_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_-
+       _s_c_r_i_p_t]}.  If _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is ** or @@, the expansion is the number of  ele-
+       ments  in  the array.  If the _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t used to reference an element of
+       an indexed array evaluates to a number less than  zero,  it  is  inter-
+       preted  as relative to one greater than the maximum index of the array,
+       so negative indices count back from the end of the array, and an  index
+       of -1 references the last element.
+
+       Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to ref-
+       erencing the array with a subscript of 0.  Any reference to a  variable
+       using a valid subscript is legal, and bbaasshh will create an array if nec-
+       essary.
+
+       An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned  a
+       value.  The null string is a valid value.
+
+       It  is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as the
+       values.  ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} and ${!!_n_a_m_e[_*]} expand to the indices assigned  in
+       array variable _n_a_m_e.  The treatment when in double quotes is similar to
+       the expansion of the special parameters _@ and _* within double quotes.
+
+       The uunnsseett builtin is used to  destroy  arrays.   uunnsseett  _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]
+       destroys  the  array  element  at index _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t, for both indexed and
+       associative arrays.  Negative subscripts to indexed arrays  are  inter-
+       preted  as  described  above.   Unsetting  the last element of an array
+       variable does not unset the variable.  uunnsseett _n_a_m_e,  where  _n_a_m_e  is  an
+       array, or uunnsseett _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t], where _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is ** or @@, removes the
+       entire array.
+
+       When using a variable name with a subscript as an argument  to  a  com-
+       mand,  such  as  with  uunnsseett,  without  using the word expansion syntax
+       described above, the argument is subject  to  pathname  expansion.   If
+       pathname expansion is not desired, the argument should be quoted.
+
+       The  ddeeccllaarree,  llooccaall,  and rreeaaddoonnllyy builtins each accept a --aa option to
+       specify an indexed array and a --AA  option  to  specify  an  associative
+       array.   If  both  options are supplied, --AA takes precedence.  The rreeaadd
+       builtin accepts a --aa option to assign a list of  words  read  from  the
+       standard input to an array.  The sseett and ddeeccllaarree builtins display array
+       values in a way that allows them to be reused as assignments.
+
+EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN
+       Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into
+       words.   There are seven kinds of expansion performed: _b_r_a_c_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n,
+       _t_i_l_d_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r _a_n_d _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e  _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n,  _c_o_m_m_a_n_d  _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_-
+       _t_i_o_n, _a_r_i_t_h_m_e_t_i_c _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, _w_o_r_d _s_p_l_i_t_t_i_n_g, and _p_a_t_h_n_a_m_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n.
+
+       The order of expansions is: brace expansion; tilde expansion, parameter
+       and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, and command  substitution
+       (done  in a left-to-right fashion); word splitting; and pathname expan-
+       sion.
+
+       On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion avail-
+       able:  _p_r_o_c_e_s_s  _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n.   This  is  performed at the same time as
+       tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and  command  sub-
+       stitution.
+
+       After  these  expansions are performed, quote characters present in the
+       original word are removed  unless  they  have  been  quoted  themselves
+       (_q_u_o_t_e _r_e_m_o_v_a_l).
+
+       Only  brace  expansion,  word  splitting,  and  pathname  expansion can
+       increase the number of words of the expansion; other expansions  expand
+       a  single  word  to a single word.  The only exceptions to this are the
+       expansions of "$$@@"  and  "$${{_n_a_m_e[[@@]]}}",  and,  in  most  cases,  $$**  and
+       $${{_n_a_m_e[[**]]}} as explained above (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS).
+
+   BBrraaccee EExxppaannssiioonn
+       _B_r_a_c_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be gener-
+       ated.  This mechanism is similar to _p_a_t_h_n_a_m_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, but  the  file-
+       names generated need not exist.  Patterns to be brace expanded take the
+       form of an optional _p_r_e_a_m_b_l_e, followed by either a series of comma-sep-
+       arated  strings or a sequence expression between a pair of braces, fol-
+       lowed by an optional _p_o_s_t_s_c_r_i_p_t.  The  preamble  is  prefixed  to  each
+       string contained within the braces, and the postscript is then appended
+       to each resulting string, expanding left to right.
+
+       Brace expansions may be nested.  The results of  each  expanded  string
+       are  not  sorted;  left  to  right  order  is  preserved.  For example,
+       a{{d,c,b}}e expands into `ade ace abe'.
+
+       A sequence expression takes the form {{_x...._y[[...._i_n_c_r]]}}, where _x and _y  are
+       either  integers or single characters, and _i_n_c_r, an optional increment,
+       is an integer.  When integers are supplied, the expression  expands  to
+       each  number between _x and _y, inclusive.  Supplied integers may be pre-
+       fixed with _0 to force each term to have the same width.  When either  _x
+       or  _y  begins  with  a  zero, the shell attempts to force all generated
+       terms to contain the same number of digits, zero-padding  where  neces-
+       sary.   When  characters  are  supplied, the expression expands to each
+       character lexicographically between  _x  and  _y,  inclusive,  using  the
+       default  C  locale.   Note  that both _x and _y must be of the same type.
+       When the increment is supplied, it is used as  the  difference  between
+       each term.  The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate.
+
+       Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, and any char-
+       acters special to other expansions are preserved in the result.  It  is
+       strictly  textual.  BBaasshh does not apply any syntactic interpretation to
+       the context of the expansion or the text between the braces.
+
+       A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain  unquoted  opening  and
+       closing  braces,  and  at  least one unquoted comma or a valid sequence
+       expression.  Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left  unchanged.
+       A {{ or ,, may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being considered
+       part of a brace expression.  To avoid conflicts with  parameter  expan-
+       sion, the string $${{ is not considered eligible for brace expansion, and
+       inhibits brace expansion until the closing }}.
+
+       This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common prefix of
+       the strings to be generated is longer than in the above example:
+
+              mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,new,dist,bugs}
+       or
+              chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}}
+
+       Brace  expansion  introduces  a  slight incompatibility with historical
+       versions of sshh.  sshh does not treat opening or closing braces  specially
+       when  they  appear as part of a word, and preserves them in the output.
+       BBaasshh removes braces from words as a  consequence  of  brace  expansion.
+       For  example,  a word entered to sshh as _f_i_l_e_{_1_,_2_} appears identically in
+       the output.  The same word is output as _f_i_l_e_1 _f_i_l_e_2 after expansion  by
+       bbaasshh.   If strict compatibility with sshh is desired, start bbaasshh with the
+       ++BB option or disable brace expansion with the ++BB option to the sseett com-
+       mand (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below).
+
+   TTiillddee EExxppaannssiioonn
+       If  a  word  begins  with an unquoted tilde character (`~~'), all of the
+       characters preceding the first unquoted slash (or  all  characters,  if
+       there  is no unquoted slash) are considered a _t_i_l_d_e_-_p_r_e_f_i_x.  If none of
+       the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the  characters  in  the
+       tilde-prefix  following the tilde are treated as a possible _l_o_g_i_n _n_a_m_e.
+       If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced  with  the
+       value  of  the shell parameter HHOOMMEE.  If HHOOMMEE is unset, the home direc-
+       tory of the user executing the shell is  substituted  instead.   Other-
+       wise,  the  tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory associated
+       with the specified login name.
+
+       If the tilde-prefix is a `~+', the value  of  the  shell  variable  PPWWDD
+       replaces the tilde-prefix.  If the tilde-prefix is a `~-', the value of
+       the shell variable OOLLDDPPWWDD, if it is set, is substituted.  If the  char-
+       acters  following  the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a number _N,
+       optionally prefixed by a `+' or a `-',  the  tilde-prefix  is  replaced
+       with the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it would be
+       displayed by the ddiirrss builtin invoked with the tilde-prefix as an argu-
+       ment.   If  the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix con-
+       sist of a number without a leading `+' or `-', `+' is assumed.
+
+       If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the word is
+       unchanged.
+
+       Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes immedi-
+       ately following a :: or the first ==.  In these cases, tilde expansion is
+       also  performed.   Consequently,  one  may use filenames with tildes in
+       assignments to PPAATTHH, MMAAIILLPPAATTHH, and CCDDPPAATTHH, and the  shell  assigns  the
+       expanded value.
+
+       Bash  also  performs tilde expansion on words satisfying the conditions
+       of variable assignments (as described above under PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS) when they
+       appear  as arguments to simple commands.  Bash does not do this, except
+       for the _d_e_c_l_a_r_a_t_i_o_n commands listed above, when in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e.
+
+   PPaarraammeetteerr EExxppaannssiioonn
+       The `$$' character introduces parameter expansion, command substitution,
+       or  arithmetic  expansion.  The parameter name or symbol to be expanded
+       may be enclosed in braces, which are optional but serve to protect  the
+       variable  to be expanded from characters immediately following it which
+       could be interpreted as part of the name.
+
+       When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the  first  `}}'  not
+       escaped  by  a  backslash  or within a quoted string, and not within an
+       embedded  arithmetic  expansion,  command  substitution,  or  parameter
+       expansion.
+
+       ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r}
+              The  value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is substituted.  The braces are required
+              when _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a positional  parameter  with  more  than  one
+              digit, or when _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is followed by a character which is not
+              to be interpreted as part of its name.  The _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a shell
+              parameter  as  described above PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS) or an array reference
+              (AArrrraayyss).
+
+       If the first character of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an exclamation  point  (!!),  and
+       _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is not a _n_a_m_e_r_e_f, it introduces a level of indirection.  BBaasshh
+       uses the value formed by expanding the rest of  _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r  as  the  new
+       _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r;  this is then expanded and that value is used in the rest of
+       the expansion, rather than the expansion  of  the  original  _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r.
+       This  is  known  as  _i_n_d_i_r_e_c_t _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n.  The value is subject to tilde
+       expansion, parameter expansion, command  substitution,  and  arithmetic
+       expansion.   If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a nameref, this expands to the name of the
+       parameter referenced by _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r instead of  performing  the  complete
+       indirect  expansion.   The  exceptions  to  this  are the expansions of
+       ${!!_p_r_e_f_i_x**} and ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} described  below.   The  exclamation  point
+       must  immediately  follow the left brace in order to introduce indirec-
+       tion.
+
+       In each of the cases below, _w_o_r_d is subject to tilde expansion, parame-
+       ter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.
+
+       When  not  performing  substring  expansion, using the forms documented
+       below (e.g., ::--), bbaasshh tests for a parameter that  is  unset  or  null.
+       Omitting  the  colon  results  in  a  test only for a parameter that is
+       unset.
+
+       ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::--_w_o_r_d}
+              UUssee DDeeffaauulltt VVaalluueess.  If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is unset or null,  the  expan-
+              sion  of _w_o_r_d is substituted.  Otherwise, the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r
+              is substituted.
+       ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::==_w_o_r_d}
+              AAssssiiggnn DDeeffaauulltt VVaalluueess.  If  _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r  is  unset  or  null,  the
+              expansion of _w_o_r_d is assigned to _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r.  The value of _p_a_r_a_m_-
+              _e_t_e_r is then substituted.   Positional  parameters  and  special
+              parameters may not be assigned to in this way.
+       ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::??_w_o_r_d}
+              DDiissppllaayy  EErrrroorr iiff NNuullll oorr UUnnsseett.  If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is null or unset,
+              the expansion of _w_o_r_d (or a message to that effect  if  _w_o_r_d  is
+              not  present) is written to the standard error and the shell, if
+              it is not interactive, exits.  Otherwise, the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r
+              is substituted.
+       ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::++_w_o_r_d}
+              UUssee  AAlltteerrnnaattee VVaalluuee.  If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is null or unset, nothing is
+              substituted, otherwise the expansion of _w_o_r_d is substituted.
+       ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::_o_f_f_s_e_t}
+       ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::_o_f_f_s_e_t::_l_e_n_g_t_h}
+              SSuubbssttrriinngg EExxppaannssiioonn.  Expands to up to _l_e_n_g_t_h characters of  the
+              value  of  _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r starting at the character specified by _o_f_f_-
+              _s_e_t.  If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@, an indexed array subscripted by @@ or **,
+              or  an  associative  array name, the results differ as described
+              below.  If _l_e_n_g_t_h is omitted, expands to the  substring  of  the
+              value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r starting at the character specified by _o_f_f_s_e_t
+              and extending to the end of the value.  _l_e_n_g_t_h  and  _o_f_f_s_e_t  are
+              arithmetic expressions (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN below).
+
+              If  _o_f_f_s_e_t  evaluates  to  a number less than zero, the value is
+              used as an offset in characters from the end  of  the  value  of
+              _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r.   If  _l_e_n_g_t_h evaluates to a number less than zero, it
+              is interpreted as an offset in characters from the  end  of  the
+              value  of  _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r rather than a number of characters, and the
+              expansion is the characters  between  _o_f_f_s_e_t  and  that  result.
+              Note  that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by
+              at least one space to avoid being confused with  the  ::--  expan-
+              sion.
+
+              If  _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r  is  @@, the result is _l_e_n_g_t_h positional parameters
+              beginning at _o_f_f_s_e_t.  A negative _o_f_f_s_e_t is taken relative to one
+              greater  than the greatest positional parameter, so an offset of
+              -1 evaluates to the last positional parameter.  It is an  expan-
+              sion error if _l_e_n_g_t_h evaluates to a number less than zero.
+
+              If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an indexed array name subscripted by @ or *, the
+              result is  the  _l_e_n_g_t_h  members  of  the  array  beginning  with
+              ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r[_o_f_f_s_e_t]}.   A  negative  _o_f_f_s_e_t is taken relative to
+              one greater than the maximum index of the specified  array.   It
+              is  an expansion error if _l_e_n_g_t_h evaluates to a number less than
+              zero.
+
+              Substring expansion applied to  an  associative  array  produces
+              undefined results.
+
+              Substring  indexing  is zero-based unless the positional parame-
+              ters are used, in  which  case  the  indexing  starts  at  1  by
+              default.   If  _o_f_f_s_e_t  is  0,  and the positional parameters are
+              used, $$00 is prefixed to the list.
+
+       ${!!_p_r_e_f_i_x**}
+       ${!!_p_r_e_f_i_x@@}
+              NNaammeess mmaattcchhiinngg pprreeffiixx.  Expands to the names of variables  whose
+              names begin with _p_r_e_f_i_x, separated by the first character of the
+              IIFFSS special variable.  When _@ is used and the expansion  appears
+              within  double  quotes, each variable name expands to a separate
+              word.
+
+       ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]}
+       ${!!_n_a_m_e[_*]}
+              LLiisstt ooff aarrrraayy kkeeyyss.  If _n_a_m_e is an array  variable,  expands  to
+              the  list  of array indices (keys) assigned in _n_a_m_e.  If _n_a_m_e is
+              not an array, expands to 0 if _n_a_m_e is set  and  null  otherwise.
+              When  _@  is used and the expansion appears within double quotes,
+              each key expands to a separate word.
+
+       ${##_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r}
+              PPaarraammeetteerr lleennggtthh.  The length in  characters  of  the  value  of
+              _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r  is  substituted.   If  _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is ** or @@, the value
+              substituted is the number of positional parameters.  If  _p_a_r_a_m_e_-
+              _t_e_r  is  an  array name subscripted by ** or @@, the value substi-
+              tuted is the number of elements in the array.  If  _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r  is
+              an  indexed  array  name  subscripted by a negative number, that
+              number is interpreted as relative to one greater than the  maxi-
+              mum  index of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, so negative indices count back from the
+              end of the array, and an index of -1 references  the  last  ele-
+              ment.
+
+       ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r##_w_o_r_d}
+       ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r####_w_o_r_d}
+              RReemmoovvee mmaattcchhiinngg pprreeffiixx ppaatttteerrnn.  The _w_o_r_d is expanded to produce
+              a pattern just as in pathname expansion, and matched against the
+              expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r using the rules described under PPaatt--
+              tteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below.  If the pattern matches  the  beginning  of
+              the  value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the result of the expansion is the
+              expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with the shortest  matching  pattern
+              (the  ``##''  case)  or  the longest matching pattern (the ``####''
+              case) deleted.  If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@  or  **,  the  pattern  removal
+              operation  is  applied to each positional parameter in turn, and
+              the expansion is the resultant list.  If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is  an  array
+              variable  subscripted with @@ or **, the pattern removal operation
+              is applied to each member of the array in turn, and  the  expan-
+              sion is the resultant list.
+
+       ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r%%_w_o_r_d}
+       ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r%%%%_w_o_r_d}
+              RReemmoovvee mmaattcchhiinngg ssuuffffiixx ppaatttteerrnn.  The _w_o_r_d is expanded to produce
+              a pattern just as in pathname expansion, and matched against the
+              expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r using the rules described under PPaatt--
+              tteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below.  If the pattern matches a trailing  portion
+              of  the  expanded  value  of  _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r,  then the result of the
+              expansion is the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with  the  shortest
+              matching  pattern  (the ``%%'' case) or the longest matching pat-
+              tern (the ``%%%%'' case) deleted.  If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is  @@  or  **,  the
+              pattern  removal operation is applied to each positional parame-
+              ter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.  If _p_a_r_a_m_-
+              _e_t_e_r  is  an array variable subscripted with @@ or **, the pattern
+              removal operation is applied to each  member  of  the  array  in
+              turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+
+       ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r//_p_a_t_t_e_r_n//_s_t_r_i_n_g}
+              PPaatttteerrnn ssuubbssttiittuuttiioonn.  The _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is expanded to produce a pat-
+              tern just as in pathname expansion, _P_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r  is  expanded  and
+              the  longest match of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n against its value is replaced with
+              _s_t_r_i_n_g.  The match is performed using the rules described  under
+              PPaatttteerrnn  MMaattcchhiinngg  below.  If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n begins with //, all matches
+              of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n are replaced with _s_t_r_i_n_g.  Normally  only  the  first
+              match  is  replaced.  If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n begins with ##, it must match at
+              the beginning of the expanded value of  _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r.   If  _p_a_t_t_e_r_n
+              begins with %%, it must match at the end of the expanded value of
+              _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r.  If _s_t_r_i_n_g is null, matches of  _p_a_t_t_e_r_n  are  deleted
+              and  the // following _p_a_t_t_e_r_n may be omitted.  If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh
+              shell option is enabled, the match is performed  without  regard
+              to  the  case of alphabetic characters.  If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **,
+              the substitution operation is applied to each positional parame-
+              ter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.  If _p_a_r_a_m_-
+              _e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted with @@ or **, the substitu-
+              tion  operation  is applied to each member of the array in turn,
+              and the expansion is the resultant list.
+
+       ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r^^_p_a_t_t_e_r_n}
+       ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r^^^^_p_a_t_t_e_r_n}
+       ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r,,_p_a_t_t_e_r_n}
+       ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r,,,,_p_a_t_t_e_r_n}
+              CCaassee mmooddiiffiiccaattiioonn.  This expansion modifies the case  of  alpha-
+              betic  characters in _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r.  The _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is expanded to pro-
+              duce a pattern just as in pathname expansion.  Each character in
+              the  expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is tested against _p_a_t_t_e_r_n, and,
+              if it matches the pattern, its case is converted.   The  pattern
+              should  not  attempt  to  match  more than one character.  The ^^
+              operator converts lowercase letters matching _p_a_t_t_e_r_n  to  upper-
+              case; the ,, operator converts matching uppercase letters to low-
+              ercase.  The ^^^^ and ,,,, expansions convert each matched character
+              in  the expanded value; the ^^ and ,, expansions match and convert
+              only the first character in the expanded value.  If  _p_a_t_t_e_r_n  is
+              omitted,  it is treated like a ??, which matches every character.
+              If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or  **,  the  case  modification  operation  is
+              applied  to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion
+              is the resultant list.  If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array  variable  sub-
+              scripted with @@ or **, the case modification operation is applied
+              to each member of the array in turn, and the  expansion  is  the
+              resultant list.
+
+       ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r@@_o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r}
+              PPaarraammeetteerr ttrraannssffoorrmmaattiioonn.  The expansion is either a transforma-
+              tion of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r or  information  about  _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r
+              itself,  depending on the value of _o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r.  Each _o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r is a
+              single letter:
+
+              QQ      The expansion is a string that is the value of  _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r
+                     quoted in a format that can be reused as input.
+              EE      The  expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r
+                     with backslash escape  sequences  expanded  as  with  the
+                     $$''......'' quoting mechanism.
+              PP      The expansion is a string that is the result of expanding
+                     the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r as if it were a prompt string (see
+                     PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below).
+              AA      The  expansion  is  a string in the form of an assignment
+                     statement or ddeeccllaarree command  that,  if  evaluated,  will
+                     recreate _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with its attributes and value.
+              aa      The  expansion is a string consisting of flag values rep-
+                     resenting _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r's attributes.
+
+              If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the operation is applied to  each  posi-
+              tional  parameter  in  turn,  and the expansion is the resultant
+              list.  If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted with  @@  or
+              **, the operation is applied to each member of the array in turn,
+              and the expansion is the resultant list.
+
+              The result of the expansion is subject  to  word  splitting  and
+              pathname expansion as described below.
+
+   CCoommmmaanndd SSuubbssttiittuuttiioonn
+       _C_o_m_m_a_n_d _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n allows the output of a command to replace the com-
+       mand name.  There are two forms:
+
+              $$((_c_o_m_m_a_n_d))
+       or
+              ``_c_o_m_m_a_n_d``
+
+       BBaasshh performs the expansion by executing _c_o_m_m_a_n_d in a subshell environ-
+       ment and replacing the command substitution with the standard output of
+       the command, with any trailing newlines deleted.  Embedded newlines are
+       not  deleted,  but they may be removed during word splitting.  The com-
+       mand substitution $$((ccaatt _f_i_l_e)) can be replaced  by  the  equivalent  but
+       faster $$((<< _f_i_l_e)).
+
+       When  the  old-style  backquote form of substitution is used, backslash
+       retains its literal meaning except when followed by $$, ``,  or  \\.   The
+       first backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command sub-
+       stitution.  When using the $(_c_o_m_m_a_n_d) form, all characters between  the
+       parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially.
+
+       Command substitutions may be nested.  To nest when using the backquoted
+       form, escape the inner backquotes with backslashes.
+
+       If the substitution appears within double quotes,  word  splitting  and
+       pathname expansion are not performed on the results.
+
+   AArriitthhmmeettiicc EExxppaannssiioonn
+       Arithmetic  expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression
+       and the substitution of the result.  The format for  arithmetic  expan-
+       sion is:
+
+              $$((((_e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n))))
+
+       The  _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n  is  treated  as if it were within double quotes, but a
+       double quote inside the parentheses  is  not  treated  specially.   All
+       tokens in the expression undergo parameter and variable expansion, com-
+       mand substitution, and quote removal.  The result  is  treated  as  the
+       arithmetic  expression  to  be evaluated.  Arithmetic expansions may be
+       nested.
+
+       The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed  below  under
+       AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN.  If _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is invalid, bbaasshh prints a message
+       indicating failure and no substitution occurs.
+
+   PPrroocceessss SSuubbssttiittuuttiioonn
+       _P_r_o_c_e_s_s _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n allows a process's input or output to be  referred
+       to  using  a  filename.   It takes the form of <<((_l_i_s_t)) or >>((_l_i_s_t)).  The
+       process _l_i_s_t is run asynchronously, and its input or output appears  as
+       a filename.  This filename is passed as an argument to the current com-
+       mand as the result of the expansion.  If  the  >>((_l_i_s_t))  form  is  used,
+       writing  to  the file will provide input for _l_i_s_t.  If the <<((_l_i_s_t)) form
+       is used, the file passed as an argument should be read  to  obtain  the
+       output of _l_i_s_t.  Process substitution is supported on systems that sup-
+       port named pipes (_F_I_F_O_s) or the //ddeevv//ffdd method of naming open files.
+
+       When available, process substitution is performed  simultaneously  with
+       parameter  and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
+       expansion.
+
+   WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg
+       The shell scans the results of parameter expansion,  command  substitu-
+       tion,  and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double quotes
+       for _w_o_r_d _s_p_l_i_t_t_i_n_g.
+
+       The shell treats each character of IIFFSS as a delimiter, and  splits  the
+       results  of  the  other expansions into words using these characters as
+       field  terminators.   If  IIFFSS  is  unset,  or  its  value  is   exactly
+       <<ssppaaccee>><<ttaabb>><<nneewwlliinnee>>,  the  default, then sequences of <<ssppaaccee>>, <<ttaabb>>,
+       and <<nneewwlliinnee>> at the beginning and end of the results of  the  previous
+       expansions  are  ignored, and any sequence of IIFFSS characters not at the
+       beginning or end serves to delimit words.  If IIFFSS  has  a  value  other
+       than  the  default,  then sequences of the whitespace characters ssppaaccee,
+       ttaabb, and nneewwlliinnee are ignored at the beginning and end of the  word,  as
+       long  as the whitespace character is in the value of IIFFSS (an IIFFSS white-
+       space character).  Any character in IIFFSS that  is  not  IIFFSS  whitespace,
+       along with any adjacent IIFFSS whitespace characters, delimits a field.  A
+       sequence of IIFFSS whitespace characters is also treated as  a  delimiter.
+       If the value of IIFFSS is null, no word splitting occurs.
+
+       Explicit  null arguments ("""" or '''') are retained and passed to commands
+       as empty strings.  Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the
+       expansion of parameters that have no values, are removed.  If a parame-
+       ter with no value is expanded within double  quotes,  a  null  argument
+       results  and  is  retained  and passed to a command as an empty string.
+       When a quoted null argument appears as part of a word  whose  expansion
+       is  non-null,  the  null  argument  is removed.  That is, the word -d''
+       becomes -d after word splitting and null argument removal.
+
+       Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting is performed.
+
+   PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn
+       After word splitting, unless the --ff option has  been  set,  bbaasshh  scans
+       each  word  for the characters **, ??, and [[.  If one of these characters
+       appears, then the word is regarded as a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n, and replaced  with  an
+       alphabetically  sorted list of filenames matching the pattern (see PPaatt--
+       tteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below).  If no matching  filenames  are  found,  and  the
+       shell  option  nnuullllgglloobb is not enabled, the word is left unchanged.  If
+       the nnuullllgglloobb option is set, and no  matches  are  found,  the  word  is
+       removed.   If  the  ffaaiillgglloobb  shell  option  is set, and no matches are
+       found, an error message is printed and the command is not executed.  If
+       the  shell option nnooccaasseegglloobb is enabled, the match is performed without
+       regard to the case of alphabetic characters.  When a  pattern  is  used
+       for  pathname expansion, the character ````..''''  at the start of a name or
+       immediately following a slash must be matched  explicitly,  unless  the
+       shell  option  ddoottgglloobb  is  set.  The filenames ````..''''  and ````....''''  must
+       always be matched explicitly, even if ddoottgglloobb is set.  In other  cases,
+       the  ````..''''   character is not treated specially.  When matching a path-
+       name, the slash character must always be matched explicitly by a  slash
+       in  the  pattern, but in other matching contexts it can be matched by a
+       special pattern character as described below  under  PPaatttteerrnn  MMaattcchhiinngg.
+       See  the  description of sshhoopptt below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS for a
+       description of the nnooccaasseegglloobb, nnuullllgglloobb, ffaaiillgglloobb,  and  ddoottgglloobb  shell
+       options.
+
+       The  GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE  shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file
+       names matching a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n.  If GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is  set,  each  matching  file
+       name  that  also  matches  one of the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is removed
+       from the list of matches.  If the nnooccaasseegglloobb option is set, the  match-
+       ing  against  the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is performed without regard to
+       case.  The filenames ````..''''  and ````....''''  are always ignored when GGLLOOBBIIGG--
+       NNOORREE  is  set  and not null.  However, setting GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE to a non-null
+       value has the effect of enabling the ddoottgglloobb shell option, so all other
+       filenames  beginning with a ````..''''  will match.  To get the old behavior
+       of ignoring filenames beginning with a ````..'''', make ````..**''''  one  of  the
+       patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE.  The ddoottgglloobb option is disabled when GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE
+       is unset.  The pattern matching honors the setting of the eexxttgglloobb shell
+       option.
+
+       PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg
+
+       Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern
+       characters described below, matches itself.  The NUL character may  not
+       occur  in  a pattern.  A backslash escapes the following character; the
+       escaping backslash is discarded when  matching.   The  special  pattern
+       characters must be quoted if they are to be matched literally.
+
+       The special pattern characters have the following meanings:
+
+              **      Matches  any string, including the null string.  When the
+                     gglloobbssttaarr shell option is enabled, and  **  is  used  in  a
+                     pathname  expansion  context,  two  adjacent **s used as a
+                     single pattern will match all  files  and  zero  or  more
+                     directories  and subdirectories.  If followed by a //, two
+                     adjacent **s will match only directories  and  subdirecto-
+                     ries.
+              ??      Matches any single character.
+              [[......]]  Matches  any  one  of the enclosed characters.  A pair of
+                     characters separated by a hyphen denotes a _r_a_n_g_e  _e_x_p_r_e_s_-
+                     _s_i_o_n;  any character that falls between those two charac-
+                     ters, inclusive, using  the  current  locale's  collating
+                     sequence  and  character  set,  is matched.  If the first
+                     character following the [[ is a !!  or a ^^ then any charac-
+                     ter  not enclosed is matched.  The sorting order of char-
+                     acters in range expressions is determined by the  current
+                     locale  and  the values of the LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE or LLCC__AALLLL shell
+                     variables, if set.  To obtain the traditional interpreta-
+                     tion  of  range expressions, where [[aa--dd]] is equivalent to
+                     [[aabbccdd]], set value of the LLCC__AALLLL shell variable to  CC,  or
+                     enable  the  gglloobbaasscciiiirraannggeess  shell  option.   A -- may be
+                     matched by including it as the first or last character in
+                     the set.  A ]] may be matched by including it as the first
+                     character in the set.
+
+                     Within [[ and ]], _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r _c_l_a_s_s_e_s can be specified  using
+                     the syntax [[::_c_l_a_s_s::]], where _c_l_a_s_s is one of the following
+                     classes defined in the POSIX standard:
+                     aallnnuumm aallpphhaa aasscciiii bbllaannkk ccnnttrrll  ddiiggiitt  ggrraapphh  lloowweerr  pprriinntt
+                     ppuunncctt ssppaaccee uuppppeerr wwoorrdd xxddiiggiitt
+                     A character class matches any character belonging to that
+                     class.  The wwoorrdd character class matches letters, digits,
+                     and the character _.
+
+                     Within  [[  and  ]],  an _e_q_u_i_v_a_l_e_n_c_e _c_l_a_s_s can be specified
+                     using the syntax [[==_c==]], which matches all characters with
+                     the  same  collation  weight  (as  defined by the current
+                     locale) as the character _c.
+
+                     Within [[ and ]], the syntax [[.._s_y_m_b_o_l..]] matches the collat-
+                     ing symbol _s_y_m_b_o_l.
+
+       If the eexxttgglloobb shell option is enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin, several
+       extended pattern matching operators are recognized.  In  the  following
+       description, a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n_-_l_i_s_t is a list of one or more patterns separated
+       by a ||.  Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the fol-
+       lowing sub-patterns:
+
+              ??((_p_a_t_t_e_r_n_-_l_i_s_t))
+                     Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns
+              **((_p_a_t_t_e_r_n_-_l_i_s_t))
+                     Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns
+              ++((_p_a_t_t_e_r_n_-_l_i_s_t))
+                     Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns
+              @@((_p_a_t_t_e_r_n_-_l_i_s_t))
+                     Matches one of the given patterns
+              !!((_p_a_t_t_e_r_n_-_l_i_s_t))
+                     Matches anything except one of the given patterns
+
+       Complicated  extended  pattern  matching  against long strings is slow,
+       especially when the patterns contain alternations and the strings  con-
+       tain multiple matches.  Using separate matches against shorter strings,
+       or using arrays of strings instead of a  single  long  string,  may  be
+       faster.
+
+   QQuuoottee RReemmoovvaall
+       After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the charac-
+       ters \\, '', and "" that did not result from one of the  above  expansions
+       are removed.
+
+RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN
+       Before  a  command  is executed, its input and output may be _r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_e_d
+       using a special notation interpreted by the shell.  Redirection  allows
+       commands'  file handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer
+       to different files, and can change the files the command reads from and
+       writes  to.  Redirection may also be used to modify file handles in the
+       current shell execution environment.  The following redirection  opera-
+       tors may precede or appear anywhere within a _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or may fol-
+       low a _c_o_m_m_a_n_d.  Redirections are processed in the  order  they  appear,
+       from left to right.
+
+       Each  redirection  that may be preceded by a file descriptor number may
+       instead be preceded by a word of the form {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e}.  In this case, for
+       each redirection operator except >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a
+       file descriptor greater than or equal to 10 and assign it  to  _v_a_r_n_a_m_e.
+       If  >&-  or  <&- is preceded by {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e}, the value of _v_a_r_n_a_m_e defines
+       the file descriptor to close.  If {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e} is supplied, the  redirect-
+       ion  persists  beyond the scope of the command, allowing the shell pro-
+       grammer to manage the file descriptor himself.
+
+       In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number  is  omit-
+       ted,  and the first character of the redirection operator is <<, the re-
+       direction refers to the standard input (file  descriptor  0).   If  the
+       first  character  of  the  redirection  operator  is >>, the redirection
+       refers to the standard output (file descriptor 1).
+
+       The word following the redirection operator in the  following  descrip-
+       tions,  unless  otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, tilde
+       expansion, parameter  and  variable  expansion,  command  substitution,
+       arithmetic  expansion,  quote  removal,  pathname  expansion,  and word
+       splitting.  If it expands to more than one word, bbaasshh reports an error.
+
+       Note that the order of redirections is significant.  For  example,  the
+       command
+
+              ls >> dirlist 2>>&&1
+
+       directs  both  standard  output and standard error to the file _d_i_r_l_i_s_t,
+       while the command
+
+              ls 2>>&&1 >> dirlist
+
+       directs only the standard output to file _d_i_r_l_i_s_t, because the  standard
+       error  was duplicated from the standard output before the standard out-
+       put was redirected to _d_i_r_l_i_s_t.
+
+       BBaasshh handles several filenames specially when they are used in redirec-
+       tions, as described in the following table.  If the operating system on
+       which bbaasshh is running provides these special files, bash will use them;
+       otherwise  it  will emulate them internally with the behavior described
+       below.
+
+              //ddeevv//ffdd//_f_d
+                     If _f_d is a valid integer, file descriptor  _f_d  is  dupli-
+                     cated.
+              //ddeevv//ssttddiinn
+                     File descriptor 0 is duplicated.
+              //ddeevv//ssttddoouutt
+                     File descriptor 1 is duplicated.
+              //ddeevv//ssttddeerrrr
+                     File descriptor 2 is duplicated.
+              //ddeevv//ttccpp//_h_o_s_t//_p_o_r_t
+                     If _h_o_s_t is a valid hostname or Internet address, and _p_o_r_t
+                     is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh  attempts
+                     to open the corresponding TCP socket.
+              //ddeevv//uuddpp//_h_o_s_t//_p_o_r_t
+                     If _h_o_s_t is a valid hostname or Internet address, and _p_o_r_t
+                     is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh  attempts
+                     to open the corresponding UDP socket.
+
+       A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail.
+
+       Redirections  using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with
+       care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses  inter-
+       nally.
+
+   RReeddiirreeccttiinngg IInnppuutt
+       Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from the expan-
+       sion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for reading on  file  descriptor  _n,  or  the
+       standard input (file descriptor 0) if _n is not specified.
+
+       The general format for redirecting input is:
+
+              [_n]<<_w_o_r_d
+
+   RReeddiirreeccttiinngg OOuuttppuutt
+       Redirection  of  output  causes  the  file  whose name results from the
+       expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for writing on file descriptor _n, or the
+       standard output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not specified.  If the file
+       does not exist it is created; if it does exist it is truncated to  zero
+       size.
+
+       The general format for redirecting output is:
+
+              [_n]>>_w_o_r_d
+
+       If  the  redirection operator is >>, and the nnoocclloobbbbeerr option to the sseett
+       builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the  file  whose
+       name  results  from the expansion of _w_o_r_d exists and is a regular file.
+       If the redirection operator is >>||, or the redirection operator is >> and
+       the nnoocclloobbbbeerr option to the sseett builtin command is not enabled, the re-
+       direction is attempted even if the file named by _w_o_r_d exists.
+
+   AAppppeennddiinngg RReeddiirreecctteedd OOuuttppuutt
+       Redirection of output in  this  fashion  causes  the  file  whose  name
+       results  from  the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for appending on file
+       descriptor _n, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if  _n  is  not
+       specified.  If the file does not exist it is created.
+
+       The general format for appending output is:
+
+              [_n]>>>>_w_o_r_d
+
+   RReeddiirreeccttiinngg SSttaannddaarrdd OOuuttppuutt aanndd SSttaannddaarrdd EErrrroorr
+       This  construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and
+       the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be redirected  to  the
+       file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d.
+
+       There  are  two  formats  for  redirecting standard output and standard
+       error:
+
+              &&>>_w_o_r_d
+       and
+              >>&&_w_o_r_d
+
+       Of the two forms, the first is preferred.  This is semantically equiva-
+       lent to
+
+              >>_w_o_r_d 2>>&&1
+
+       When  using  the second form, _w_o_r_d may not expand to a number or --.  If
+       it does,  other  redirection  operators  apply  (see  DDuupplliiccaattiinngg  FFiillee
+       DDeessccrriippttoorrss below) for compatibility reasons.
+
+   AAppppeennddiinngg SSttaannddaarrdd OOuuttppuutt aanndd SSttaannddaarrdd EErrrroorr
+       This  construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and
+       the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to  be  appended  to  the
+       file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d.
+
+       The format for appending standard output and standard error is:
+
+              &&>>>>_w_o_r_d
+
+       This is semantically equivalent to
+
+              >>>>_w_o_r_d 2>>&&1
+
+       (see DDuupplliiccaattiinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss below).
+
+   HHeerree DDooccuummeennttss
+       This  type  of  redirection  instructs the shell to read input from the
+       current source until a line containing only _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r (with no trailing
+       blanks)  is seen.  All of the lines read up to that point are then used
+       as the standard input (or file descriptor _n if _n is  specified)  for  a
+       command.
+
+       The format of here-documents is:
+
+              [_n]<<<<[--]_w_o_r_d
+                      _h_e_r_e_-_d_o_c_u_m_e_n_t
+              _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r
+
+       No  parameter  and variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
+       expansion, or pathname expansion is performed on _w_o_r_d.  If any part  of
+       _w_o_r_d  is  quoted, the _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r is the result of quote removal on _w_o_r_d,
+       and the lines in the  here-document  are  not  expanded.   If  _w_o_r_d  is
+       unquoted,  all  lines  of  the here-document are subjected to parameter
+       expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, the  charac-
+       ter  sequence  \\<<nneewwlliinnee>>  is  ignored, and \\ must be used to quote the
+       characters \\, $$, and ``.
+
+       If the redirection operator is <<<<--, then all leading tab characters are
+       stripped  from  input  lines  and  the line containing _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r.  This
+       allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a  natural
+       fashion.
+
+   HHeerree SSttrriinnggss
+       A variant of here documents, the format is:
+
+              [_n]<<<<<<_w_o_r_d
+
+       The  _w_o_r_d  undergoes tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
+       command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote  removal.   Path-
+       name  expansion  and  word  splitting are not performed.  The result is
+       supplied as a single string, with a newline appended, to the command on
+       its standard input (or file descriptor _n if _n is specified).
+
+   DDuupplliiccaattiinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss
+       The redirection operator
+
+              [_n]<<&&_w_o_r_d
+
+       is used to duplicate input file descriptors.  If _w_o_r_d expands to one or
+       more digits, the file descriptor denoted by _n is made to be a  copy  of
+       that  file  descriptor.   If  the  digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file
+       descriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs.  If _w_o_r_d  evalu-
+       ates  to  --,  file  descriptor _n is closed.  If _n is not specified, the
+       standard input (file descriptor 0) is used.
+
+       The operator
+
+              [_n]>>&&_w_o_r_d
+
+       is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors.  If  _n  is  not
+       specified,  the  standard  output  (file descriptor 1) is used.  If the
+       digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a  re-
+       direction  error  occurs.  If _w_o_r_d evaluates to --, file descriptor _n is
+       closed.  As a special case, if _n is omitted, and _w_o_r_d does  not  expand
+       to  one or more digits or --, the standard output and standard error are
+       redirected as described previously.
+
+   MMoovviinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss
+       The redirection operator
+
+              [_n]<<&&_d_i_g_i_t--
+
+       moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or  the  standard
+       input (file descriptor 0) if _n is not specified.  _d_i_g_i_t is closed after
+       being duplicated to _n.
+
+       Similarly, the redirection operator
+
+              [_n]>>&&_d_i_g_i_t--
+
+       moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or  the  standard
+       output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not specified.
+
+   OOppeenniinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss ffoorr RReeaaddiinngg aanndd WWrriittiinngg
+       The redirection operator
+
+              [_n]<<>>_w_o_r_d
+
+       causes  the  file  whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for
+       both reading and writing on file descriptor _n, or on file descriptor  0
+       if _n is not specified.  If the file does not exist, it is created.
+
+AALLIIAASSEESS
+       _A_l_i_a_s_e_s  allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used as
+       the first word of a simple command.  The  shell  maintains  a  list  of
+       aliases  that  may  be set and unset with the aalliiaass and uunnaalliiaass builtin
+       commands (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below).  The first  word  of  each
+       simple  command, if unquoted, is checked to see if it has an alias.  If
+       so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias.  The characters  //,
+       $$,  ``,  and == and any of the shell _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s or quoting characters
+       listed above may not appear in an alias name.  The replacement text may
+       contain  any  valid  shell  input, including shell metacharacters.  The
+       first word of the replacement text is tested for aliases,  but  a  word
+       that  is  identical to an alias being expanded is not expanded a second
+       time.  This means that one may alias llss to llss  --FF,  for  instance,  and
+       bbaasshh  does  not try to recursively expand the replacement text.  If the
+       last character of the alias value is a _b_l_a_n_k,  then  the  next  command
+       word following the alias is also checked for alias expansion.
+
+       Aliases are created and listed with the aalliiaass command, and removed with
+       the uunnaalliiaass command.
+
+       There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text.   If
+       arguments  are  needed,  a shell function should be used (see FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS
+       below).
+
+       Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless  the
+       eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess  shell option is set using sshhoopptt (see the description of
+       sshhoopptt under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below).
+
+       The rules concerning the definition and use  of  aliases  are  somewhat
+       confusing.   BBaasshh always reads at least one complete line of input, and
+       all lines that make up a compound command, before executing any of  the
+       commands  on  that  line or the compound command.  Aliases are expanded
+       when a command is read, not when it is executed.  Therefore,  an  alias
+       definition  appearing on the same line as another command does not take
+       effect until the next line of input is read.   The  commands  following
+       the  alias  definition  on that line are not affected by the new alias.
+       This behavior is also an issue when functions  are  executed.   Aliases
+       are  expanded when a function definition is read, not when the function
+       is executed, because a function definition is itself a command.   As  a
+       consequence,  aliases  defined  in  a  function are not available until
+       after that function is executed.  To be safe, always put alias  defini-
+       tions on a separate line, and do not use aalliiaass in compound commands.
+
+       For almost every purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions.
+
+FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS
+       A  shell  function,  defined  as  described  above under SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR,
+       stores a series of commands for later execution.  When the  name  of  a
+       shell  function  is used as a simple command name, the list of commands
+       associated with that function name is executed.  Functions are executed
+       in  the  context  of  the  current  shell; no new process is created to
+       interpret them (contrast this with the execution of  a  shell  script).
+       When  a  function is executed, the arguments to the function become the
+       positional parameters during its execution.  The special parameter ## is
+       updated  to reflect the change.  Special parameter 00 is unchanged.  The
+       first element of the FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE variable is set to the name of the  func-
+       tion while the function is executing.
+
+       All  other  aspects  of  the  shell execution environment are identical
+       between a function and its caller with these exceptions: the DDEEBBUUGG  and
+       RREETTUURRNN  traps  (see  the  description  of  the ttrraapp builtin under SSHHEELLLL
+       BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) are not inherited unless the function has  been
+       given  the  ttrraaccee attribute (see the description of the ddeeccllaarree builtin
+       below) or the --oo ffuunnccttrraaccee shell option has been enabled with  the  sseett
+       builtin  (in  which  case  all  functions  inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN
+       traps), and the EERRRR trap is not inherited unless the --oo eerrrrttrraaccee  shell
+       option has been enabled.
+
+       Variables  local to the function may be declared with the llooccaall builtin
+       command.  Ordinarily, variables and their values are shared between the
+       function  and  its  caller.  If a variable is declared llooccaall, the vari-
+       able's visible scope is restricted to that function  and  its  children
+       (including the functions it calls).  Local variables "shadow" variables
+       with the same name declared at previous scopes.  For instance, a  local
+       variable  declared  in  a  function hides a global variable of the same
+       name: references and assignments refer to the local  variable,  leaving
+       the  global variable unmodified.  When the function returns, the global
+       variable is once again visible.
+
+       The shell uses _d_y_n_a_m_i_c  _s_c_o_p_i_n_g  to  control  a  variable's  visibility
+       within  functions.   With  dynamic scoping, visible variables and their
+       values are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused  exe-
+       cution  to  reach the current function.  The value of a variable that a
+       function sees depends on its value within its caller, if  any,  whether
+       that  caller  is the "global" scope or another shell function.  This is
+       also the value that a local variable  declaration  "shadows",  and  the
+       value that is restored when the function returns.
+
+       For  example, if a variable _v_a_r is declared as local in function _f_u_n_c_1,
+       and _f_u_n_c_1 calls another function _f_u_n_c_2, references  to  _v_a_r  made  from
+       within _f_u_n_c_2 will resolve to the local variable _v_a_r from _f_u_n_c_1, shadow-
+       ing any global variable named _v_a_r.
+
+       The uunnsseett builtin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a variable
+       is local to the current scope, uunnsseett will unset it; otherwise the unset
+       will refer to the variable found in  any  calling  scope  as  described
+       above.   If  a  variable  at  the current local scope is unset, it will
+       remain so until it is  reset  in  that  scope  or  until  the  function
+       returns.   Once the function returns, any instance of the variable at a
+       previous scope will become visible.  If the unset acts on a variable at
+       a  previous  scope,  any instance of a variable with that name that had
+       been shadowed will become visible.
+
+       The FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT variable, if set  to  a  numeric  value  greater  than  0,
+       defines  a  maximum  function nesting level.  Function invocations that
+       exceed the limit cause the entire command to abort.
+
+       If the builtin command rreettuurrnn is executed in a function,  the  function
+       completes  and  execution resumes with the next command after the func-
+       tion call.  Any command associated with the  RREETTUURRNN  trap  is  executed
+       before execution resumes.  When a function completes, the values of the
+       positional parameters and the special parameter ## are restored  to  the
+       values they had prior to the function's execution.
+
+       Function  names and definitions may be listed with the --ff option to the
+       ddeeccllaarree or ttyyppeesseett builtin commands.  The --FF option to ddeeccllaarree or ttyyppee--
+       sseett  will  list the function names only (and optionally the source file
+       and line number, if the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option is  enabled).   Functions
+       may  be exported so that subshells automatically have them defined with
+       the --ff option to the eexxppoorrtt builtin.   A  function  definition  may  be
+       deleted using the --ff option to the uunnsseett builtin.
+
+       Functions may be recursive.  The FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT variable may be used to limit
+       the depth of the function call stack and restrict the number  of  func-
+       tion  invocations.   By  default,  no limit is imposed on the number of
+       recursive calls.
+
+AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN
+       The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under  certain
+       circumstances  (see  the  lleett and ddeeccllaarree builtin commands, the (((( com-
+       pound command, and AArriitthhmmeettiicc EExxppaannssiioonn).  Evaluation is done in fixed-
+       width  integers  with  no  check  for overflow, though division by 0 is
+       trapped and flagged as an error.  The operators and  their  precedence,
+       associativity,  and values are the same as in the C language.  The fol-
+       lowing list of operators is grouped  into  levels  of  equal-precedence
+       operators.  The levels are listed in order of decreasing precedence.
+
+       _i_d++++ _i_d----
+              variable post-increment and post-decrement
+       -- ++    unary minus and plus
+       ++++_i_d ----_i_d
+              variable pre-increment and pre-decrement
+       !! ~~    logical and bitwise negation
+       ****     exponentiation
+       ** // %%  multiplication, division, remainder
+       ++ --    addition, subtraction
+       <<<< >>>>  left and right bitwise shifts
+       <<== >>== << >>
+              comparison
+       ==== !!==  equality and inequality
+       &&      bitwise AND
+       ^^      bitwise exclusive OR
+       ||      bitwise OR
+       &&&&     logical AND
+       ||||     logical OR
+       _e_x_p_r??_e_x_p_r::_e_x_p_r
+              conditional operator
+       == **== //== %%== ++== --== <<<<== >>>>== &&== ^^== ||==
+              assignment
+       _e_x_p_r_1 ,, _e_x_p_r_2
+              comma
+
+       Shell  variables  are  allowed as operands; parameter expansion is per-
+       formed before the expression is evaluated.  Within an expression, shell
+       variables  may  also  be referenced by name without using the parameter
+       expansion syntax.  A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates  to
+       0 when referenced by name without using the parameter expansion syntax.
+       The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic  expression  when
+       it  is  referenced, or when a variable which has been given the _i_n_t_e_g_e_r
+       attribute using ddeeccllaarree --ii is assigned a value.  A null value evaluates
+       to  0.   A shell variable need not have its _i_n_t_e_g_e_r attribute turned on
+       to be used in an expression.
+
+       Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.  A leading
+       0x  or  0X  denotes  hexadecimal.   Otherwise,  numbers  take  the form
+       [_b_a_s_e_#]n, where the optional _b_a_s_e is a decimal number between 2 and  64
+       representing  the  arithmetic base, and _n is a number in that base.  If
+       _b_a_s_e_# is omitted, then base 10 is used.  When specifying _n, the  digits
+       greater  than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase
+       letters, @, and _, in that order.  If _b_a_s_e is less than or equal to 36,
+       lowercase  and  uppercase letters may be used interchangeably to repre-
+       sent numbers between 10 and 35.
+
+       Operators are evaluated in order  of  precedence.   Sub-expressions  in
+       parentheses  are  evaluated first and may override the precedence rules
+       above.
+
+CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS
+       Conditional expressions are used by the [[[[  compound  command  and  the
+       tteesstt  and [[ builtin commands to test file attributes and perform string
+       and arithmetic comparisons.  The tteesstt abd [[  commands  determine  their
+       behavior  based  on  the  number  of arguments; see the descriptions of
+       those commands for any other command-specific actions.
+
+       Expressions are formed from the following unary  or  binary  primaries.
+       BBaasshh  handles several filenames specially when they are used in expres-
+       sions.  If the operating system on which bbaasshh is running provides these
+       special  files,  bash  will  use  them;  otherwise it will emulate them
+       internally with this behavior: If any _f_i_l_e argument to one of the  pri-
+       maries is of the form _/_d_e_v_/_f_d_/_n, then file descriptor _n is checked.  If
+       the _f_i_l_e argument to  one  of  the  primaries  is  one  of  _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_i_n,
+       _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_o_u_t,  or _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_e_r_r, file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively,
+       is checked.
+
+       Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow sym-
+       bolic links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link
+       itself.
+
+       When used with [[[[, the << and >> operators sort  lexicographically  using
+       the current locale.  The tteesstt command sorts using ASCII ordering.
+
+       --aa _f_i_l_e
+              True if _f_i_l_e exists.
+       --bb _f_i_l_e
+              True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a block special file.
+       --cc _f_i_l_e
+              True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a character special file.
+       --dd _f_i_l_e
+              True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a directory.
+       --ee _f_i_l_e
+              True if _f_i_l_e exists.
+       --ff _f_i_l_e
+              True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a regular file.
+       --gg _f_i_l_e
+              True if _f_i_l_e exists and is set-group-id.
+       --hh _f_i_l_e
+              True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a symbolic link.
+       --kk _f_i_l_e
+              True if _f_i_l_e exists and its ``sticky'' bit is set.
+       --pp _f_i_l_e
+              True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a named pipe (FIFO).
+       --rr _f_i_l_e
+              True if _f_i_l_e exists and is readable.
+       --ss _f_i_l_e
+              True if _f_i_l_e exists and has a size greater than zero.
+       --tt _f_d  True if file descriptor _f_d is open and refers to a terminal.
+       --uu _f_i_l_e
+              True if _f_i_l_e exists and its set-user-id bit is set.
+       --ww _f_i_l_e
+              True if _f_i_l_e exists and is writable.
+       --xx _f_i_l_e
+              True if _f_i_l_e exists and is executable.
+       --GG _f_i_l_e
+              True if _f_i_l_e exists and is owned by the effective group id.
+       --LL _f_i_l_e
+              True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a symbolic link.
+       --NN _f_i_l_e
+              True  if  _f_i_l_e  exists  and  has been modified since it was last
+              read.
+       --OO _f_i_l_e
+              True if _f_i_l_e exists and is owned by the effective user id.
+       --SS _f_i_l_e
+              True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a socket.
+       _f_i_l_e_1 --eeff _f_i_l_e_2
+              True if _f_i_l_e_1 and _f_i_l_e_2 refer to the same device and inode  num-
+              bers.
+       _f_i_l_e_1 -nntt _f_i_l_e_2
+              True  if  _f_i_l_e_1  is  newer (according to modification date) than
+              _f_i_l_e_2, or if _f_i_l_e_1 exists and _f_i_l_e_2 does not.
+       _f_i_l_e_1 -oott _f_i_l_e_2
+              True if _f_i_l_e_1 is older than _f_i_l_e_2, or if _f_i_l_e_2 exists and  _f_i_l_e_1
+              does not.
+       --oo _o_p_t_n_a_m_e
+              True  if  the  shell option _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is enabled.  See the list of
+              options under the description  of  the  --oo  option  to  the  sseett
+              builtin below.
+       --vv _v_a_r_n_a_m_e
+              True  if  the shell variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is set (has been assigned a
+              value).
+       --RR _v_a_r_n_a_m_e
+              True if the shell variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is set and is a  name  refer-
+              ence.
+       --zz _s_t_r_i_n_g
+              True if the length of _s_t_r_i_n_g is zero.
+       _s_t_r_i_n_g
+       --nn _s_t_r_i_n_g
+              True if the length of _s_t_r_i_n_g is non-zero.
+
+       _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 ==== _s_t_r_i_n_g_2
+       _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 == _s_t_r_i_n_g_2
+              True  if  the strings are equal.  == should be used with the tteesstt
+              command for POSIX conformance.  When used with the  [[[[  command,
+              this performs pattern matching as described above (CCoommppoouunndd CCoomm--
+              mmaannddss).
+
+       _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 !!== _s_t_r_i_n_g_2
+              True if the strings are not equal.
+
+       _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 << _s_t_r_i_n_g_2
+              True if _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 sorts before _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 lexicographically.
+
+       _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 >> _s_t_r_i_n_g_2
+              True if _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 sorts after _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 lexicographically.
+
+       _a_r_g_1 OOPP _a_r_g_2
+              OOPP is one of --eeqq, --nnee, --lltt, --llee, --ggtt, or --ggee.  These  arithmetic
+              binary  operators return true if _a_r_g_1 is equal to, not equal to,
+              less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater  than
+              or  equal  to _a_r_g_2, respectively.  _A_r_g_1 and _a_r_g_2 may be positive
+              or negative integers.  When used with the [[[[ command,  _A_r_g_1  and
+              _A_r_g_2  are  evaluated  as arithmetic expressions  (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC
+              EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above).
+
+SSIIMMPPLLEE CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN
+       When a simple command is executed, the  shell  performs  the  following
+       expansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right.
+
+       1.     The  words  that  the  parser has marked as variable assignments
+              (those preceding the command name) and  redirections  are  saved
+              for later processing.
+
+       2.     The  words that are not variable assignments or redirections are
+              expanded.  If any words remain after expansion, the  first  word
+              is  taken  to be the name of the command and the remaining words
+              are the arguments.
+
+       3.     Redirections are performed as described above under RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN.
+
+       4.     The text after the == in each variable assignment undergoes tilde
+              expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
+              expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the  vari-
+              able.
+
+       If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current
+       shell environment.  Otherwise, the variables are added to the  environ-
+       ment  of the executed command and do not affect the current shell envi-
+       ronment.  If any of the assignments attempts to assign  a  value  to  a
+       readonly  variable,  an error occurs, and the command exits with a non-
+       zero status.
+
+       If no command name results, redirections  are  performed,  but  do  not
+       affect  the  current shell environment.  A redirection error causes the
+       command to exit with a non-zero status.
+
+       If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds  as
+       described  below.   Otherwise, the command exits.  If one of the expan-
+       sions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the  command
+       is  the  exit  status  of  the last command substitution performed.  If
+       there were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status of
+       zero.
+
+CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN
+       After  a  command  has been split into words, if it results in a simple
+       command and an optional list of arguments, the  following  actions  are
+       taken.
+
+       If  the  command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate
+       it.  If there exists a shell function by that name,  that  function  is
+       invoked  as described above in FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS.  If the name does not match a
+       function, the shell searches for it in the list of shell builtins.   If
+       a match is found, that builtin is invoked.
+
+       If  the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains no
+       slashes, bbaasshh searches each element of the PPAATTHH for  a  directory  con-
+       taining  an  executable  file  by that name.  BBaasshh uses a hash table to
+       remember the full pathnames of executable files (see hhaasshh  under  SSHHEELLLL
+       BBUUIILLTTIINN  CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS  below).  A full search of the directories in PPAATTHH is
+       performed only if the command is not found in the hash table.   If  the
+       search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell function
+       named ccoommmmaanndd__nnoott__ffoouunndd__hhaannddllee.  If that function exists, it is invoked
+       in  a  separate execution environment with the original command and the
+       original command's arguments as its arguments, and the function's  exit
+       status  becomes  the exit status of that subshell.  If that function is
+       not defined, the shell prints an error message and returns an exit sta-
+       tus of 127.
+
+       If  the  search  is  successful, or if the command name contains one or
+       more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a separate execu-
+       tion environment.  Argument 0 is set to the name given, and the remain-
+       ing arguments to the command are set to the arguments given, if any.
+
+       If this execution fails because the file is not in  executable  format,
+       and  the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a _s_h_e_l_l _s_c_r_i_p_t, a
+       file containing shell commands.  A subshell is spawned to  execute  it.
+       This  subshell  reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as if a new
+       shell had been invoked to handle the script, with  the  exception  that
+       the  locations  of  commands  remembered  by the parent (see hhaasshh below
+       under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS) are retained by the child.
+
+       If the program is a file beginning with ##!!, the remainder of the  first
+       line  specifies an interpreter for the program.  The shell executes the
+       specified interpreter on operating systems that do not handle this exe-
+       cutable format themselves.  The arguments to the interpreter consist of
+       a single optional argument following the interpreter name on the  first
+       line  of  the program, followed by the name of the program, followed by
+       the command arguments, if any.
+
+CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT
+       The shell has an _e_x_e_c_u_t_i_o_n _e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t, which consists of  the  follow-
+       ing:
+
+       +o      open  files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
+              redirections supplied to the eexxeecc builtin
+
+       +o      the current working directory as set by ccdd, ppuusshhdd, or  ppooppdd,  or
+              inherited by the shell at invocation
+
+       +o      the  file  creation  mode mask as set by uummaasskk or inherited from
+              the shell's parent
+
+       +o      current traps set by ttrraapp
+
+       +o      shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with sseett
+              or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment
+
+       +o      shell  functions  defined during execution or inherited from the
+              shell's parent in the environment
+
+       +o      options enabled at invocation (either by default  or  with  com-
+              mand-line arguments) or by sseett
+
+       +o      options enabled by sshhoopptt
+
+       +o      shell aliases defined with aalliiaass
+
+       +o      various  process  IDs,  including  those of background jobs, the
+              value of $$$$, and the value of PPPPIIDD
+
+       When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is  to  be
+       executed,  it  is invoked in a separate execution environment that con-
+       sists of the following.  Unless otherwise noted, the values are  inher-
+       ited from the shell.
+
+
+       +o      the  shell's  open  files,  plus any modifications and additions
+              specified by redirections to the command
+
+       +o      the current working directory
+
+       +o      the file creation mode mask
+
+       +o      shell variables and functions  marked  for  export,  along  with
+              variables exported for the command, passed in the environment
+
+       +o      traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from
+              the shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored
+
+       A command invoked  in  this  separate  environment  cannot  affect  the
+       shell's execution environment.
+
+       Command  substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and asynchro-
+       nous commands are invoked in a subshell environment that is a duplicate
+       of  the  shell  environment,  except that traps caught by the shell are
+       reset to the values that the shell inherited from its parent at invoca-
+       tion.  Builtin commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline are also
+       executed in a subshell environment.  Changes made to the subshell envi-
+       ronment cannot affect the shell's execution environment.
+
+       Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of
+       the --ee option from the parent shell.  When  not  in  _p_o_s_i_x  _m_o_d_e,  bbaasshh
+       clears the --ee option in such subshells.
+
+       If  a  command  is  followed  by a && and job control is not active, the
+       default standard input for the command is  the  empty  file  _/_d_e_v_/_n_u_l_l.
+       Otherwise,  the  invoked  command  inherits the file descriptors of the
+       calling shell as modified by redirections.
+
+EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT
+       When a program is invoked it is given an array of  strings  called  the
+       _e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t.   This  is  a  list  of  _n_a_m_e-_v_a_l_u_e  pairs,  of  the  form
+       _n_a_m_e=_v_a_l_u_e.
+
+       The shell provides several ways  to  manipulate  the  environment.   On
+       invocation, the shell scans its own environment and creates a parameter
+       for each name found, automatically marking it for _e_x_p_o_r_t to child  pro-
+       cesses.   Executed  commands  inherit  the environment.  The eexxppoorrtt and
+       ddeeccllaarree --xx commands allow parameters and functions to be added  to  and
+       deleted from the environment.  If the value of a parameter in the envi-
+       ronment is modified, the new value becomes  part  of  the  environment,
+       replacing  the  old.  The environment inherited by any executed command
+       consists of the shell's initial environment, whose values may be  modi-
+       fied  in  the  shell, less any pairs removed by the uunnsseett command, plus
+       any additions via the eexxppoorrtt and ddeeccllaarree --xx commands.
+
+       The environment for any _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or  function  may  be  augmented
+       temporarily  by  prefixing  it with parameter assignments, as described
+       above in PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS.  These assignment statements affect only the envi-
+       ronment seen by that command.
+
+       If  the  --kk option is set (see the sseett builtin command below), then _a_l_l
+       parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command,  not
+       just those that precede the command name.
+
+       When  bbaasshh  invokes  an  external command, the variable __ is set to the
+       full filename of the command and passed to that command in its environ-
+       ment.
+
+EEXXIITT SSTTAATTUUSS
+       The  exit  status  of  an executed command is the value returned by the
+       _w_a_i_t_p_i_d system call or equivalent function.  Exit statuses fall between
+       0  and  255, though, as explained below, the shell may use values above
+       125 specially.  Exit statuses from shell builtins and compound commands
+       are also limited to this range.  Under certain circumstances, the shell
+       will use special values to indicate specific failure modes.
+
+       For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a zero exit status
+       has  succeeded.   An exit status of zero indicates success.  A non-zero
+       exit status indicates failure.  When a command terminates  on  a  fatal
+       signal _N, bbaasshh uses the value of 128+_N as the exit status.
+
+       If  a  command  is  not  found, the child process created to execute it
+       returns a status of 127.  If a command is found but is not  executable,
+       the return status is 126.
+
+       If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection,
+       the exit status is greater than zero.
+
+       Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (_t_r_u_e) if  successful,  and
+       non-zero  (_f_a_l_s_e)  if an error occurs while they execute.  All builtins
+       return an exit status of  2  to  indicate  incorrect  usage,  generally
+       invalid options or missing arguments.
+
+       BBaasshh  itself  returns  the  exit  status  of the last command executed,
+       unless a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits  with  a  non-zero
+       value.  See also the eexxiitt builtin command below.
+
+SSIIGGNNAALLSS
+       When  bbaasshh  is  interactive,  in  the  absence of any traps, it ignores
+       SSIIGGTTEERRMM (so that kkiillll 00 does not kill an interactive shell), and SSIIGGIINNTT
+       is  caught and handled (so that the wwaaiitt builtin is interruptible).  In
+       all cases, bbaasshh ignores SSIIGGQQUUIITT.  If job control  is  in  effect,  bbaasshh
+       ignores SSIIGGTTTTIINN, SSIIGGTTTTOOUU, and SSIIGGTTSSTTPP.
+
+       Non-builtin commands run by bbaasshh have signal handlers set to the values
+       inherited by the shell from its parent.  When job  control  is  not  in
+       effect,  asynchronous commands ignore SSIIGGIINNTT and SSIIGGQQUUIITT in addition to
+       these inherited handlers.  Commands run as a result of command  substi-
+       tution ignore the keyboard-generated job control signals SSIIGGTTTTIINN, SSIIGGTT--
+       TTOOUU, and SSIIGGTTSSTTPP.
+
+       The shell exits by default upon receipt of a SSIIGGHHUUPP.   Before  exiting,
+       an  interactive  shell  resends  the  SSIIGGHHUUPP  to  all  jobs, running or
+       stopped.  Stopped jobs are sent SSIIGGCCOONNTT to ensure that they receive the
+       SSIIGGHHUUPP.   To  prevent the shell from sending the signal to a particular
+       job, it should be removed from the jobs table with the  ddiissoowwnn  builtin
+       (see  SSHHEELLLL  BBUUIILLTTIINN  CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS  below)  or marked to not receive SSIIGGHHUUPP
+       using ddiissoowwnn --hh.
+
+       If the hhuuppoonneexxiitt shell option has been set with  sshhoopptt,  bbaasshh  sends  a
+       SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits.
+
+       If  bbaasshh is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal for
+       which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until the com-
+       mand  completes.   When bbaasshh is waiting for an asynchronous command via
+       the wwaaiitt builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap  has  been
+       set will cause the wwaaiitt builtin to return immediately with an exit sta-
+       tus greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is executed.
+
+JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL
+       _J_o_b _c_o_n_t_r_o_l refers to the ability to  selectively  stop  (_s_u_s_p_e_n_d)  the
+       execution of processes and continue (_r_e_s_u_m_e) their execution at a later
+       point.  A user typically  employs  this  facility  via  an  interactive
+       interface  supplied  jointly  by the operating system kernel's terminal
+       driver and bbaasshh.
+
+       The shell associates a _j_o_b with each pipeline.  It  keeps  a  table  of
+       currently  executing  jobs,  which may be listed with the jjoobbss command.
+       When bbaasshh starts a job asynchronously (in the _b_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d), it prints  a
+       line that looks like:
+
+              [1] 25647
+
+       indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID of the
+       last process in the pipeline associated with this job is 25647.  All of
+       the  processes  in a single pipeline are members of the same job.  BBaasshh
+       uses the _j_o_b abstraction as the basis for job control.
+
+       To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job  control,
+       the operating system maintains the notion of a _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _t_e_r_m_i_n_a_l _p_r_o_c_e_s_s
+       _g_r_o_u_p _I_D.  Members of this process group (processes whose process group
+       ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID) receive keyboard-
+       generated signals such as SSIIGGIINNTT.  These processes are said  to  be  in
+       the  _f_o_r_e_g_r_o_u_n_d.  _B_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d processes are those whose process group ID
+       differs from the terminal's; such processes are immune to keyboard-gen-
+       erated signals.  Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or,
+       if the user so specifies with  stty  tostop,  write  to  the  terminal.
+       Background  processes  which  attempt  to read from (write to when stty
+       tostop is in effect) the terminal are sent a SSIIGGTTTTIINN  ((SSIIGGTTTTOOUU))  signal
+       by  the  kernel's  terminal  driver, which, unless caught, suspends the
+       process.
+
+       If the operating system on which bbaasshh is running supports job  control,
+       bbaasshh contains facilities to use it.  Typing the _s_u_s_p_e_n_d character (typ-
+       ically ^^ZZ, Control-Z) while a process is running causes that process to
+       be  stopped  and  returns  control to bbaasshh.  Typing the _d_e_l_a_y_e_d _s_u_s_p_e_n_d
+       character (typically ^^YY, Control-Y) causes the process  to  be  stopped
+       when  it  attempts  to  read input from the terminal, and control to be
+       returned to bbaasshh.  The user may then manipulate the state of this  job,
+       using  the  bbgg command to continue it in the background, the ffgg command
+       to continue it in the foreground, or the kkiillll command to kill it.  A ^^ZZ
+       takes effect immediately, and has the additional side effect of causing
+       pending output and typeahead to be discarded.
+
+       There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell.  The charac-
+       ter  %%  introduces  a job specification (_j_o_b_s_p_e_c).  Job number _n may be
+       referred to as %%nn.  A job may also be referred to using a prefix of the
+       name used to start it, or using a substring that appears in its command
+       line.  For example, %%ccee refers to  a  stopped  ccee  job.   If  a  prefix
+       matches  more  than one job, bbaasshh reports an error.  Using %%??ccee, on the
+       other hand, refers to any job containing the string ccee in  its  command
+       line.   If  the  substring  matches  more than one job, bbaasshh reports an
+       error.  The symbols %%%% and %%++ refer to the shell's notion of  the  _c_u_r_-
+       _r_e_n_t  _j_o_b, which is the last job stopped while it was in the foreground
+       or started in the background.  The _p_r_e_v_i_o_u_s _j_o_b may be referenced using
+       %%--.  If there is only a single job, %%++ and %%-- can both be used to refer
+       to that job.  In output pertaining to jobs (e.g.,  the  output  of  the
+       jjoobbss command), the current job is always flagged with a ++, and the pre-
+       vious job with a --.  A single % (with no  accompanying  job  specifica-
+       tion) also refers to the current job.
+
+       Simply  naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: %%11 is
+       a synonym for ````ffgg %%11'''', bringing job 1 from the  background  into  the
+       foreground.   Similarly,  ````%%11  &&''''  resumes  job  1 in the background,
+       equivalent to ````bbgg %%11''''.
+
+       The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes  state.   Normally,
+       bbaasshh waits until it is about to print a prompt before reporting changes
+       in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other output.  If  the  --bb
+       option to the sseett builtin command is enabled, bbaasshh reports such changes
+       immediately.  Any trap on SSIIGGCCHHLLDD  is  executed  for  each  child  that
+       exits.
+
+       If  an  attempt to exit bbaasshh is made while jobs are stopped (or, if the
+       cchheecckkjjoobbss shell option has been enabled using the sshhoopptt  builtin,  run-
+       ning), the shell prints a warning message, and, if the cchheecckkjjoobbss option
+       is enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses.  The  jjoobbss  command  may
+       then  be  used to inspect their status.  If a second attempt to exit is
+       made without an intervening command, the shell does not  print  another
+       warning, and any stopped jobs are terminated.
+
+       When  the shell is waiting for a job or process using the wwaaiitt builtin,
+       and job control is enabled, wwaaiitt  will  return  when  the  job  changes
+       state.  The  --ff option will force wwaaiitt to wait until the job or process
+       terminates before returning.
+
+PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG
+       When executing interactively, bbaasshh displays the primary prompt PPSS11 when
+       it  is  ready  to  read a command, and the secondary prompt PPSS22 when it
+       needs more input to complete a command.  BBaasshh  displays  PPSS00  after  it
+       reads  a  command  but  before  executing  it.   BBaasshh  displays  PPSS44 as
+       described above before tracing each  command  when  the  --xx  option  is
+       enabled.   BBaasshh allows these prompt strings to be customized by insert-
+       ing a number of backslash-escaped special characters that  are  decoded
+       as follows:
+              \\aa     an ASCII bell character (07)
+              \\dd     the  date  in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May
+                     26")
+              \\DD{{_f_o_r_m_a_t}}
+                     the _f_o_r_m_a_t is passed to _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3)  and  the  result  is
+                     inserted  into the prompt string; an empty _f_o_r_m_a_t results
+                     in a locale-specific time representation.  The braces are
+                     required
+              \\ee     an ASCII escape character (033)
+              \\hh     the hostname up to the first `.'
+              \\HH     the hostname
+              \\jj     the number of jobs currently managed by the shell
+              \\ll     the basename of the shell's terminal device name
+              \\nn     newline
+              \\rr     carriage return
+              \\ss     the  name  of  the shell, the basename of $$00 (the portion
+                     following the final slash)
+              \\tt     the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format
+              \\TT     the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format
+              \\@@     the current time in 12-hour am/pm format
+              \\AA     the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format
+              \\uu     the username of the current user
+              \\vv     the version of bbaasshh (e.g., 2.00)
+              \\VV     the release of bbaasshh, version + patch level (e.g., 2.00.0)
+              \\ww     the current working  directory,  with  $$HHOOMMEE  abbreviated
+                     with  a tilde (uses the value of the PPRROOMMPPTT__DDIIRRTTRRIIMM vari-
+                     able)
+              \\WW     the basename of the current working directory, with $$HHOOMMEE
+                     abbreviated with a tilde
+              \\!!     the history number of this command
+              \\##     the command number of this command
+              \\$$     if the effective UID is 0, a ##, otherwise a $$
+              \\_n_n_n   the character corresponding to the octal number _n_n_n
+              \\\\     a backslash
+              \\[[     begin  a sequence of non-printing characters, which could
+                     be used to embed a terminal  control  sequence  into  the
+                     prompt
+              \\]]     end a sequence of non-printing characters
+
+       The  command  number  and the history number are usually different: the
+       history number of a command is its position in the history list,  which
+       may  include  commands  restored  from  the  history  file (see HHIISSTTOORRYY
+       below), while the command number is the position  in  the  sequence  of
+       commands  executed  during the current shell session.  After the string
+       is decoded, it is expanded via parameter expansion,  command  substitu-
+       tion,  arithmetic expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of
+       the pprroommppttvvaarrss shell option (see the description of the  sshhoopptt  command
+       under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below).
+
+RREEAADDLLIINNEE
+       This  is  the library that handles reading input when using an interac-
+       tive shell, unless the ----nnooeeddiittiinngg option is given at shell invocation.
+       Line editing is also used when using the --ee option to the rreeaadd builtin.
+       By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs.  A
+       vi-style line editing interface is also available.  Line editing can be
+       enabled at any time using the --oo eemmaaccss or --oo  vvii  options  to  the  sseett
+       builtin  (see  SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below).  To turn off line editing
+       after the shell is running, use the ++oo eemmaaccss or ++oo vvii  options  to  the
+       sseett builtin.
+
+   RReeaaddlliinnee NNoottaattiioonn
+       In this section, the Emacs-style notation is used to denote keystrokes.
+       Control keys are denoted by C-_k_e_y, e.g., C-n  means  Control-N.   Simi-
+       larly,  _m_e_t_a  keys are denoted by M-_k_e_y, so M-x means Meta-X.  (On key-
+       boards without a _m_e_t_a key, M-_x means ESC _x, i.e., press the Escape  key
+       then the _x key.  This makes ESC the _m_e_t_a _p_r_e_f_i_x.  The combination M-C-_x
+       means ESC-Control-_x, or press the Escape key then hold the Control  key
+       while pressing the _x key.)
+
+       Readline commands may be given numeric _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s, which normally act as
+       a repeat count.  Sometimes, however, it is the  sign  of  the  argument
+       that  is  significant.   Passing  a negative argument to a command that
+       acts in the forward direction (e.g., kkiillll--lliinnee) causes that command  to
+       act  in  a  backward direction.  Commands whose behavior with arguments
+       deviates from this are noted below.
+
+       When a command is described as _k_i_l_l_i_n_g text, the text deleted is  saved
+       for possible future retrieval (_y_a_n_k_i_n_g).  The killed text is saved in a
+       _k_i_l_l _r_i_n_g.  Consecutive kills cause the text to be accumulated into one
+       unit, which can be yanked all at once.  Commands which do not kill text
+       separate the chunks of text on the kill ring.
+
+   RReeaaddlliinnee IInniittiiaalliizzaattiioonn
+       Readline is customized by putting commands in  an  initialization  file
+       (the  _i_n_p_u_t_r_c  file).  The name of this file is taken from the value of
+       the IINNPPUUTTRRCC variable.  If  that  variable  is  unset,  the  default  is
+       _~_/_._i_n_p_u_t_r_c.   When a program which uses the readline library starts up,
+       the initialization file is read, and the key bindings and variables are
+       set.   There  are  only  a few basic constructs allowed in the readline
+       initialization file.  Blank lines are ignored.  Lines beginning with  a
+       ##  are  comments.   Lines  beginning with a $$ indicate conditional con-
+       structs.  Other lines denote key bindings and variable settings.
+
+       The default key-bindings may be changed with an  _i_n_p_u_t_r_c  file.   Other
+       programs that use this library may add their own commands and bindings.
+
+       For example, placing
+
+              M-Control-u: universal-argument
+       or
+              C-Meta-u: universal-argument
+       into  the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c would make M-C-u execute the readline command _u_n_i_v_e_r_-
+       _s_a_l_-_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t.
+
+       The following symbolic character names  are  recognized:  _R_U_B_O_U_T,  _D_E_L,
+       _E_S_C, _L_F_D, _N_E_W_L_I_N_E, _R_E_T, _R_E_T_U_R_N, _S_P_C, _S_P_A_C_E, and _T_A_B.
+
+       In  addition  to  command  names, readline allows keys to be bound to a
+       string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a _m_a_c_r_o).
+
+   RReeaaddlliinnee KKeeyy BBiinnddiinnggss
+       The syntax for controlling key bindings in the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file is  simple.
+       All  that is required is the name of the command or the text of a macro
+       and a key sequence to which it should be bound.  The name may be speci-
+       fied in one of two ways: as a symbolic key name, possibly with _M_e_t_a_- or
+       _C_o_n_t_r_o_l_- prefixes, or as a key sequence.
+
+       When using the form kkeeyynnaammee:_f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e or _m_a_c_r_o, _k_e_y_n_a_m_e is the name
+       of a key spelled out in English.  For example:
+
+              Control-u: universal-argument
+              Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word
+              Control-o: "> output"
+
+       In  the above example, _C_-_u is bound to the function uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt,
+       _M_-_D_E_L is bound to the function bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd, and _C_-_o is bound  to
+       run  the macro expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the
+       text ``> output'' into the line).
+
+       In the second form, ""kkeeyysseeqq"":_f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e  or  _m_a_c_r_o,  kkeeyysseeqq  differs
+       from  kkeeyynnaammee above in that strings denoting an entire key sequence may
+       be specified by placing the sequence within double  quotes.   Some  GNU
+       Emacs  style  key escapes can be used, as in the following example, but
+       the symbolic character names are not recognized.
+
+              "\C-u": universal-argument
+              "\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file
+              "\e[11~": "Function Key 1"
+
+       In this example, _C_-_u is again bound to the function uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt.
+       _C_-_x  _C_-_r is bound to the function rree--rreeaadd--iinniitt--ffiillee, and _E_S_C _[ _1 _1 _~ is
+       bound to insert the text ``Function Key 1''.
+
+       The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is
+              \\CC--    control prefix
+              \\MM--    meta prefix
+              \\ee     an escape character
+              \\\\     backslash
+              \\""     literal "
+              \\''     literal '
+
+       In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a  second  set  of
+       backslash escapes is available:
+              \\aa     alert (bell)
+              \\bb     backspace
+              \\dd     delete
+              \\ff     form feed
+              \\nn     newline
+              \\rr     carriage return
+              \\tt     horizontal tab
+              \\vv     vertical tab
+              \\_n_n_n   the  eight-bit  character  whose value is the octal value
+                     _n_n_n (one to three digits)
+              \\xx_H_H   the eight-bit character whose value  is  the  hexadecimal
+                     value _H_H (one or two hex digits)
+
+       When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must be used
+       to indicate a macro definition.  Unquoted text is assumed to be a func-
+       tion  name.   In  the macro body, the backslash escapes described above
+       are expanded.  Backslash will quote any other character  in  the  macro
+       text, including " and '.
+
+       BBaasshh  allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modi-
+       fied with the bbiinndd builtin command.  The editing mode may  be  switched
+       during  interactive  use by using the --oo option to the sseett builtin com-
+       mand (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below).
+
+   RReeaaddlliinnee VVaarriiaabblleess
+       Readline has variables that can be used to further customize its behav-
+       ior.  A variable may be set in the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file with a statement of the
+       form
+
+              sseett _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e_-_n_a_m_e _v_a_l_u_e
+
+       Except where noted, readline variables can take the values  OOnn  or  OOffff
+       (without  regard  to  case).   Unrecognized variable names are ignored.
+       When a variable value is read, empty or null values, "on"  (case-insen-
+       sitive), and "1" are equivalent to OOnn.  All other values are equivalent
+       to OOffff.  The variables and their default values are:
+
+       bbeellll--ssttyyllee ((aauuddiibbllee))
+              Controls what happens when readline wants to ring  the  terminal
+              bell.  If set to nnoonnee, readline never rings the bell.  If set to
+              vviissiibbllee, readline uses a visible bell if one is  available.   If
+              set to aauuddiibbllee, readline attempts to ring the terminal's bell.
+       bbiinndd--ttttyy--ssppeecciiaall--cchhaarrss ((OOnn))
+              If  set  to OOnn, readline attempts to bind the control characters
+              treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver to their read-
+              line equivalents.
+       bblliinnkk--mmaattcchhiinngg--ppaarreenn ((OOffff))
+              If set to OOnn, readline attempts to briefly move the cursor to an
+              opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is inserted.
+       ccoolloorreedd--ccoommpplleettiioonn--pprreeffiixx ((OOffff))
+              If set to OOnn, when listing completions,  readline  displays  the
+              common prefix of the set of possible completions using a differ-
+              ent color.  The color definitions are taken from  the  value  of
+              the LLSS__CCOOLLOORRSS environment variable.
+       ccoolloorreedd--ssttaattss ((OOffff))
+              If  set to OOnn, readline displays possible completions using dif-
+              ferent colors to indicate their file type.   The  color  defini-
+              tions  are  taken  from  the  value of the LLSS__CCOOLLOORRSS environment
+              variable.
+       ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn ((````##''''))
+              The string that is inserted  when  the  readline  iinnsseerrtt--ccoommmmeenntt
+              command is executed.  This command is bound to MM--## in emacs mode
+              and to ## in vi command mode.
+       ccoommpplleettiioonn--ddiissppllaayy--wwiiddtthh ((--11))
+              The number of screen columns used to  display  possible  matches
+              when  performing completion.  The value is ignored if it is less
+              than 0 or greater than the terminal screen width.  A value of  0
+              will  cause  matches  to be displayed one per line.  The default
+              value is -1.
+       ccoommpplleettiioonn--iiggnnoorree--ccaassee ((OOffff))
+              If set to OOnn, readline performs filename matching and completion
+              in a case-insensitive fashion.
+       ccoommpplleettiioonn--mmaapp--ccaassee ((OOffff))
+              If  set  to  OOnn, and ccoommpplleettiioonn--iiggnnoorree--ccaassee is enabled, readline
+              treats hyphens (_-) and underscores (__) as equivalent  when  per-
+              forming case-insensitive filename matching and completion.
+       ccoommpplleettiioonn--pprreeffiixx--ddiissppllaayy--lleennggtthh ((00))
+              The  length in characters of the common prefix of a list of pos-
+              sible completions that is displayed without modification.   When
+              set  to  a  value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than
+              this value are replaced with an ellipsis when displaying  possi-
+              ble completions.
+       ccoommpplleettiioonn--qquueerryy--iitteemmss ((110000))
+              This  determines when the user is queried about viewing the num-
+              ber of possible completions generated  by  the  ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommppllee--
+              ttiioonnss  command.  It may be set to any integer value greater than
+              or equal to zero.  If the  number  of  possible  completions  is
+              greater than or equal to the value of this variable, the user is
+              asked whether or not he wishes to view them; otherwise they  are
+              simply listed on the terminal.
+       ccoonnvveerrtt--mmeettaa ((OOnn))
+              If  set  to OOnn, readline will convert characters with the eighth
+              bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the eighth bit and
+              prefixing  an  escape  character (in effect, using escape as the
+              _m_e_t_a _p_r_e_f_i_x).  The default is _O_n, but readline will  set  it  to
+              _O_f_f if the locale contains eight-bit characters.
+       ddiissaabbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonn ((OOffff))
+              If set to OOnn, readline will inhibit word completion.  Completion
+              characters will be inserted into the line as if  they  had  been
+              mapped to sseellff--iinnsseerrtt.
+       eecchhoo--ccoonnttrrooll--cchhaarraacctteerrss ((OOnn))
+              When  set to OOnn, on operating systems that indicate they support
+              it, readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal gener-
+              ated from the keyboard.
+       eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee ((eemmaaccss))
+              Controls whether readline begins with a set of key bindings sim-
+              ilar to _E_m_a_c_s or _v_i.  eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee can be set to either eemmaaccss or
+              vvii.
+       eemmaaccss--mmooddee--ssttrriinngg ((@@))
+              If  the  _s_h_o_w_-_m_o_d_e_-_i_n_-_p_r_o_m_p_t variable is enabled, this string is
+              displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt
+              when emacs editing mode is active.  The value is expanded like a
+              key binding, so the standard set of meta- and  control  prefixes
+              and  backslash escape sequences is available.  Use the \1 and \2
+              escapes to begin and end sequences of  non-printing  characters,
+              which  can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the
+              mode string.
+       eennaabbllee--bbrraacckkeetteedd--ppaassttee ((OOffff))
+              When set to OOnn, readline will configure the terminal  in  a  way
+              that will enable it to insert each paste into the editing buffer
+              as a single string of characters, instead of treating each char-
+              acter  as  if it had been read from the keyboard.  This can pre-
+              vent pasted characters from being interpreted  as  editing  com-
+              mands.
+       eennaabbllee--kkeeyyppaadd ((OOffff))
+              When set to OOnn, readline will try to enable the application key-
+              pad when it is called.  Some systems need  this  to  enable  the
+              arrow keys.
+       eennaabbllee--mmeettaa--kkeeyy ((OOnn))
+              When  set  to  OOnn, readline will try to enable any meta modifier
+              key the terminal claims to support when it is called.   On  many
+              terminals, the meta key is used to send eight-bit characters.
+       eexxppaanndd--ttiillddee ((OOffff))
+              If  set  to  OOnn,  tilde  expansion  is  performed  when readline
+              attempts word completion.
+       hhiissttoorryy--pprreesseerrvvee--ppooiinntt ((OOffff))
+              If set to OOnn, the history code attempts to place  point  at  the
+              same  location on each history line retrieved with pprreevviioouuss--hhiiss--
+              ttoorryy or nneexxtt--hhiissttoorryy.
+       hhiissttoorryy--ssiizzee ((uunnsseett))
+              Set the maximum number of history entries saved in  the  history
+              list.   If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted
+              and no new entries are saved.  If set to a value less than zero,
+              the  number  of history entries is not limited.  By default, the
+              number of history entries is set to the value  of  the  HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE
+              shell  variable.  If an attempt is made to set _h_i_s_t_o_r_y_-_s_i_z_e to a
+              non-numeric value, the maximum number of history entries will be
+              set to 500.
+       hhoorriizzoonnttaall--ssccrroollll--mmooddee ((OOffff))
+              When  set  to  OOnn, makes readline use a single line for display,
+              scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen line when it
+              becomes  longer  than the screen width rather than wrapping to a
+              new line.
+       iinnppuutt--mmeettaa ((OOffff))
+              If set to OOnn, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is,  it
+              will  not  strip  the  eighth bit from the characters it reads),
+              regardless of what the terminal claims it can support.  The name
+              mmeettaa--ffllaagg  is  a synonym for this variable.  The default is _O_f_f,
+              but readline will set it to _O_n if the locale contains  eight-bit
+              characters.
+       iisseeaarrcchh--tteerrmmiinnaattoorrss ((````CC--[[CC--JJ''''))
+              The  string  of  characters that should terminate an incremental
+              search without subsequently executing the character  as  a  com-
+              mand.   If this variable has not been given a value, the charac-
+              ters _E_S_C and _C_-_J will terminate an incremental search.
+       kkeeyymmaapp ((eemmaaccss))
+              Set the current readline keymap.  The set of valid keymap  names
+              is  _e_m_a_c_s_,  _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d_,  _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_e_t_a_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x_, _v_i_, _v_i_-_c_o_m_-
+              _m_a_n_d, and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t.  _v_i is equivalent to _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d;  _e_m_a_c_s  is
+              equivalent  to  _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d.  The default value is _e_m_a_c_s; the
+              value of eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee also affects the default keymap.
+       kkeeyysseeqq--ttiimmeeoouutt ((550000))
+              Specifies the duration _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will wait for a  character  when
+              reading  an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete
+              key sequence using the input read so far, or can take additional
+              input  to  complete  a  longer  key  sequence).   If no input is
+              received within the timeout, _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will use the  shorter  but
+              complete  key sequence.  The value is specified in milliseconds,
+              so a value of 1000 means that _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will wait one second  for
+              additional  input.  If this variable is set to a value less than
+              or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric value, _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will  wait
+              until  another  key  is  pressed to decide which key sequence to
+              complete.
+       mmaarrkk--ddiirreeccttoorriieess ((OOnn))
+              If set to OOnn, completed directory names have a slash appended.
+       mmaarrkk--mmooddiiffiieedd--lliinneess ((OOffff))
+              If set to OOnn, history lines that have  been  modified  are  dis-
+              played with a preceding asterisk (**).
+       mmaarrkk--ssyymmlliinnkkeedd--ddiirreeccttoorriieess ((OOffff))
+              If set to OOnn, completed names which are symbolic links to direc-
+              tories  have  a  slash  appended  (subject  to  the   value   of
+              mmaarrkk--ddiirreeccttoorriieess).
+       mmaattcchh--hhiiddddeenn--ffiilleess ((OOnn))
+              This  variable,  when  set to OOnn, causes readline to match files
+              whose names begin with a  `.'  (hidden  files)  when  performing
+              filename  completion.   If  set  to OOffff, the leading `.' must be
+              supplied by the user in the filename to be completed.
+       mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee--ddiissppllaayy--pprreeffiixx ((OOffff))
+              If set to OOnn, menu completion displays the common prefix of  the
+              list of possible completions (which may be empty) before cycling
+              through the list.
+       oouuttppuutt--mmeettaa ((OOffff))
+              If set to OOnn, readline will display characters with  the  eighth
+              bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape sequence.
+              The default is _O_f_f, but readline will set it to _O_n if the locale
+              contains eight-bit characters.
+       ppaaggee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((OOnn))
+              If  set to OOnn, readline uses an internal _m_o_r_e-like pager to dis-
+              play a screenful of possible completions at a time.
+       pprriinntt--ccoommpplleettiioonnss--hhoorriizzoonnttaallllyy ((OOffff))
+              If set to OOnn, readline will  display  completions  with  matches
+              sorted  horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the
+              screen.
+       rreevveerrtt--aallll--aatt--nneewwlliinnee ((OOffff))
+              If set to OOnn, readline will undo all changes  to  history  lines
+              before returning when aacccceepptt--lliinnee is executed.  By default, his-
+              tory lines may be modified  and  retain  individual  undo  lists
+              across calls to rreeaaddlliinnee.
+       sshhooww--aallll--iiff--aammbbiigguuoouuss ((OOffff))
+              This  alters  the  default behavior of the completion functions.
+              If set to OOnn, words which have more than one possible completion
+              cause  the  matches  to be listed immediately instead of ringing
+              the bell.
+       sshhooww--aallll--iiff--uunnmmooddiiffiieedd ((OOffff))
+              This alters the default behavior of the completion functions  in
+              a fashion similar to sshhooww--aallll--iiff--aammbbiigguuoouuss.  If set to OOnn, words
+              which have more than one possible completion without any  possi-
+              ble  partial  completion (the possible completions don't share a
+              common prefix)  cause  the  matches  to  be  listed  immediately
+              instead of ringing the bell.
+       sshhooww--mmooddee--iinn--pprroommpptt ((OOffff))
+              If  set to OOnn, add a string to the beginning of the prompt indi-
+              cating the editing mode: emacs, vi  command,  or  vi  insertion.
+              The mode strings are user-settable (e.g., _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_o_d_e_-_s_t_r_i_n_g).
+       sskkiipp--ccoommpplleetteedd--tteexxtt ((OOffff))
+              If  set  to OOnn, this alters the default completion behavior when
+              inserting a single match into the line.  It's only  active  when
+              performing  completion  in  the  middle  of a word.  If enabled,
+              readline does not insert characters  from  the  completion  that
+              match  characters  after  point  in the word being completed, so
+              portions of the word following the cursor are not duplicated.
+       vvii--ccmmdd--mmooddee--ssttrriinngg ((((ccmmdd))))
+              If the _s_h_o_w_-_m_o_d_e_-_i_n_-_p_r_o_m_p_t variable is enabled, this  string  is
+              displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt
+              when vi editing mode is active and in command mode.   The  value
+              is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and
+              control prefixes and backslash escape  sequences  is  available.
+              Use  the  \1  and  \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of non-
+              printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal  con-
+              trol sequence into the mode string.
+       vvii--iinnss--mmooddee--ssttrriinngg ((((iinnss))))
+              If  the  _s_h_o_w_-_m_o_d_e_-_i_n_-_p_r_o_m_p_t variable is enabled, this string is
+              displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt
+              when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode.  The value
+              is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and
+              control  prefixes  and  backslash escape sequences is available.
+              Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and  end  sequences  of  non-
+              printing  characters, which can be used to embed a terminal con-
+              trol sequence into the mode string.
+       vviissiibbllee--ssttaattss ((OOffff))
+              If set to OOnn, a character denoting a file's type as reported  by
+              _s_t_a_t(2)  is  appended to the filename when listing possible com-
+              pletions.
+
+   RReeaaddlliinnee CCoonnddiittiioonnaall CCoonnssttrruuccttss
+       Readline implements a facility similar in  spirit  to  the  conditional
+       compilation  features  of  the C preprocessor which allows key bindings
+       and variable settings to be performed as the result  of  tests.   There
+       are four parser directives used.
+
+       $$iiff    The  $$iiff construct allows bindings to be made based on the edit-
+              ing mode, the terminal being  used,  or  the  application  using
+              readline.  The text of the test, after any comparison operator,
+               extends  to  the  end  of  the line; unless otherwise noted, no
+              characters are required to isolate it.
+
+              mmooddee   The mmooddee== form of the  $$iiff  directive  is  used  to  test
+                     whether  readline  is  in  emacs or vi mode.  This may be
+                     used in conjunction with  the  sseett  kkeeyymmaapp  command,  for
+                     instance,  to  set  bindings  in  the  _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d and
+                     _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x keymaps only if readline is  starting  out  in
+                     emacs mode.
+
+              tteerrmm   The  tteerrmm==  form may be used to include terminal-specific
+                     key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by
+                     the terminal's function keys.  The word on the right side
+                     of the == is tested against both the full name of the ter-
+                     minal  and  the  portion  of the terminal name before the
+                     first --.  This allows _s_u_n to match both _s_u_n and  _s_u_n_-_c_m_d,
+                     for instance.
+
+              vveerrssiioonn
+                     The  vveerrssiioonn  test  may  be  used  to perform comparisons
+                     against specific readline versions.  The vveerrssiioonn  expands
+                     to  the  current readline version.  The set of comparison
+                     operators includes ==, (and ====), !!==, <<==,  >>==,  <<,  and  >>.
+                     The  version  number  supplied  on  the right side of the
+                     operator consists of a major version number, an  optional
+                     decimal point, and an optional minor version (e.g., 77..11).
+                     If the minor version is omitted, it is assumed to  be  00.
+                     The operator may be separated from the string vveerrssiioonn and
+                     from the version number argument by whitespace.
+
+              aapppplliiccaattiioonn
+                     The aapppplliiccaattiioonn construct is used to include application-
+                     specific  settings.   Each  program  using  the  readline
+                     library sets the _a_p_p_l_i_c_a_t_i_o_n _n_a_m_e, and an  initialization
+                     file can test for a particular value.  This could be used
+                     to bind key sequences to functions useful for a  specific
+                     program.   For instance, the following command adds a key
+                     sequence that quotes the  current  or  previous  word  in
+                     bbaasshh:
+
+                     $$iiff Bash
+                     # Quote the current or previous word
+                     "\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\""
+                     $$eennddiiff
+
+              _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e
+                     The _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e construct provides simple equality tests for
+                     readline variables and values.  The permitted  comparison
+                     operators  are  _=, _=_=, and _!_=.  The variable name must be
+                     separated from the comparison operator by whitespace; the
+                     operator  may  be  separated  from the value on the right
+                     hand side by whitespace.  Both string and  boolean  vari-
+                     ables  may  be  tested.  Boolean variables must be tested
+                     against the values _o_n and _o_f_f.
+
+       $$eennddiiff This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an $$iiff
+              command.
+
+       $$eellssee  Commands in this branch of the $$iiff directive are executed if the
+              test fails.
+
+       $$iinncclluuddee
+              This directive takes a single filename as an argument and  reads
+              commands  and bindings from that file.  For example, the follow-
+              ing directive would read _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_p_u_t_r_c:
+
+              $$iinncclluuddee  _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_p_u_t_r_c
+
+   SSeeaarrcchhiinngg
+       Readline provides commands for searching through  the  command  history
+       (see HHIISSTTOORRYY below) for lines containing a specified string.  There are
+       two search modes: _i_n_c_r_e_m_e_n_t_a_l and _n_o_n_-_i_n_c_r_e_m_e_n_t_a_l.
+
+       Incremental searches begin before the  user  has  finished  typing  the
+       search  string.  As each character of the search string is typed, read-
+       line displays the next entry from the history matching the string typed
+       so  far.   An  incremental  search  requires only as many characters as
+       needed to find the desired history entry.  The  characters  present  in
+       the  value of the iisseeaarrcchh--tteerrmmiinnaattoorrss variable are used to terminate an
+       incremental search.  If that variable has not been assigned a value the
+       Escape  and  Control-J characters will terminate an incremental search.
+       Control-G will abort an incremental search  and  restore  the  original
+       line.   When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the
+       search string becomes the current line.
+
+       To find other matching entries in the history list, type  Control-S  or
+       Control-R  as appropriate.  This will search backward or forward in the
+       history for the next entry matching the search  string  typed  so  far.
+       Any  other  key sequence bound to a readline command will terminate the
+       search and execute that command.  For instance, a _n_e_w_l_i_n_e  will  termi-
+       nate the search and accept the line, thereby executing the command from
+       the history list.
+
+       Readline remembers the last incremental search string.  If two Control-
+       Rs  are  typed without any intervening characters defining a new search
+       string, any remembered search string is used.
+
+       Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before  starting
+       to  search  for matching history lines.  The search string may be typed
+       by the user or be part of the contents of the current line.
+
+   RReeaaddlliinnee CCoommmmaanndd NNaammeess
+       The following is a list of the names of the commands  and  the  default
+       key sequences to which they are bound.  Command names without an accom-
+       panying key sequence are unbound by default.  In the following descrip-
+       tions,  _p_o_i_n_t refers to the current cursor position, and _m_a_r_k refers to
+       a cursor position saved by the sseett--mmaarrkk command.  The text between  the
+       point and mark is referred to as the _r_e_g_i_o_n.
+
+   CCoommmmaannddss ffoorr MMoovviinngg
+       bbeeggiinnnniinngg--ooff--lliinnee ((CC--aa))
+              Move to the start of the current line.
+       eenndd--ooff--lliinnee ((CC--ee))
+              Move to the end of the line.
+       ffoorrwwaarrdd--cchhaarr ((CC--ff))
+              Move forward a character.
+       bbaacckkwwaarrdd--cchhaarr ((CC--bb))
+              Move back a character.
+       ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd ((MM--ff))
+              Move forward to the end of the next word.  Words are composed of
+              alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).
+       bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd ((MM--bb))
+              Move back to the start of the current or previous  word.   Words
+              are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).
+       sshheellll--ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd
+              Move  forward  to the end of the next word.  Words are delimited
+              by non-quoted shell metacharacters.
+       sshheellll--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd
+              Move back to the start of the current or previous  word.   Words
+              are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters.
+       pprreevviioouuss--ssccrreeeenn--lliinnee
+              Attempt  to move point to the same physical screen column on the
+              previous physical screen line. This will not  have  the  desired
+              effect  if  the current Readline line does not take up more than
+              one physical line or if point is not greater than the length  of
+              the prompt plus the screen width.
+       nneexxtt--ssccrreeeenn--lliinnee
+              Attempt  to move point to the same physical screen column on the
+              next physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect
+              if  the  current  Readline  line  does not take up more than one
+              physical line or if the length of the current Readline  line  is
+              not greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width.
+       cclleeaarr--ssccrreeeenn ((CC--ll))
+              Clear  the  screen  leaving  the  current line at the top of the
+              screen.  With an argument,  refresh  the  current  line  without
+              clearing the screen.
+       rreeddrraaww--ccuurrrreenntt--lliinnee
+              Refresh the current line.
+
+   CCoommmmaannddss ffoorr MMaanniippuullaattiinngg tthhee HHiissttoorryy
+       aacccceepptt--lliinnee ((NNeewwlliinnee,, RReettuurrnn))
+              Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is.  If this line
+              is non-empty, add it to the history list according to the  state
+              of  the HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL variable.  If the line is a modified history
+              line, then restore the history line to its original state.
+       pprreevviioouuss--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--pp))
+              Fetch the previous command from the history list, moving back in
+              the list.
+       nneexxtt--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--nn))
+              Fetch  the next command from the history list, moving forward in
+              the list.
+       bbeeggiinnnniinngg--ooff--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--<<))
+              Move to the first line in the history.
+       eenndd--ooff--hhiissttoorryy ((MM-->>))
+              Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the  line  currently
+              being entered.
+       rreevveerrssee--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--rr))
+              Search  backward  starting  at  the current line and moving `up'
+              through the  history  as  necessary.   This  is  an  incremental
+              search.
+       ffoorrwwaarrdd--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--ss))
+              Search  forward  starting  at the current line and moving `down'
+              through the  history  as  necessary.   This  is  an  incremental
+              search.
+       nnoonn--iinnccrreemmeennttaall--rreevveerrssee--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--pp))
+              Search backward through the history starting at the current line
+              using a non-incremental search for  a  string  supplied  by  the
+              user.
+       nnoonn--iinnccrreemmeennttaall--ffoorrwwaarrdd--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--nn))
+              Search  forward  through  the  history  using  a non-incremental
+              search for a string supplied by the user.
+       hhiissttoorryy--sseeaarrcchh--ffoorrwwaarrdd
+              Search forward through the history for the string of  characters
+              between  the start of the current line and the point.  This is a
+              non-incremental search.
+       hhiissttoorryy--sseeaarrcchh--bbaacckkwwaarrdd
+              Search backward through the history for the string of characters
+              between  the start of the current line and the point.  This is a
+              non-incremental search.
+       hhiissttoorryy--ssuubbssttrriinngg--sseeaarrcchh--bbaacckkwwaarrdd
+              Search backward through the history for the string of characters
+              between  the  start  of  the current line and the current cursor
+              position (the _p_o_i_n_t).  The search string may match anywhere in a
+              history line.  This is a non-incremental search.
+       hhiissttoorryy--ssuubbssttrriinngg--sseeaarrcchh--ffoorrwwaarrdd
+              Search  forward through the history for the string of characters
+              between the start of the current line and the point.  The search
+              string  may  match  anywhere  in a history line.  This is a non-
+              incremental search.
+       yyaannkk--nntthh--aarrgg ((MM--CC--yy))
+              Insert the first argument to the previous command  (usually  the
+              second word on the previous line) at point.  With an argument _n,
+              insert the _nth word from the previous command (the words in  the
+              previous  command  begin  with  word  0).   A  negative argument
+              inserts the _nth word from the end of the previous command.  Once
+              the  argument _n is computed, the argument is extracted as if the
+              "!_n" history expansion had been specified.
+       yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg ((MM--..,, MM--__))
+              Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last  word
+              of the previous history entry).  With a numeric argument, behave
+              exactly like yyaannkk--nntthh--aarrgg.  Successive  calls  to  yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg
+              move  back through the history list, inserting the last word (or
+              the word specified by the argument to the first  call)  of  each
+              line in turn.  Any numeric argument supplied to these successive
+              calls determines the direction to move through the  history.   A
+              negative  argument  switches  the  direction through the history
+              (back or forward).  The history expansion facilities are used to
+              extract the last word, as if the "!$" history expansion had been
+              specified.
+       sshheellll--eexxppaanndd--lliinnee ((MM--CC--ee))
+              Expand the line as the shell does.  This performs alias and his-
+              tory expansion as well as all of the shell word expansions.  See
+              HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below for a description of history expansion.
+       hhiissttoorryy--eexxppaanndd--lliinnee ((MM--^^))
+              Perform history expansion on  the  current  line.   See  HHIISSTTOORRYY
+              EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below for a description of history expansion.
+       mmaaggiicc--ssppaaccee
+              Perform  history  expansion  on  the  current  line and insert a
+              space.  See HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below for a description of history
+              expansion.
+       aalliiaass--eexxppaanndd--lliinnee
+              Perform  alias expansion on the current line.  See AALLIIAASSEESS above
+              for a description of alias expansion.
+       hhiissttoorryy--aanndd--aalliiaass--eexxppaanndd--lliinnee
+              Perform history and alias expansion on the current line.
+       iinnsseerrtt--llaasstt--aarrgguummeenntt ((MM--..,, MM--__))
+              A synonym for yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg.
+       ooppeerraattee--aanndd--ggeett--nneexxtt ((CC--oo))
+              Accept the current line for execution and fetch  the  next  line
+              relative  to  the  current line from the history for editing.  A
+              numeric argument, if supplied, specifies the  history  entry  to
+              use instead of the current line.
+       eeddiitt--aanndd--eexxeeccuuttee--ccoommmmaanndd ((CC--xx CC--ee))
+              Invoke  an  editor  on the current command line, and execute the
+              result as shell commands.   BBaasshh  attempts  to  invoke  $$VVIISSUUAALL,
+              $$EEDDIITTOORR, and _e_m_a_c_s as the editor, in that order.
+
+   CCoommmmaannddss ffoorr CChhaannggiinngg TTeexxtt
+       _e_n_d_-_o_f_-_f_i_l_e ((uussuuaallllyy CC--dd))
+              The  character  indicating  end-of-file  as set, for example, by
+              ``stty''.  If this character is read when there are  no  charac-
+              ters  on  the  line,  and point is at the beginning of the line,
+              Readline interprets it as the end of input and returns EEOOFF.
+       ddeelleettee--cchhaarr ((CC--dd))
+              Delete the character at point.  If this function is bound to the
+              same character as the tty EEOOFF character, as CC--dd commonly is, see
+              above for the effects.
+       bbaacckkwwaarrdd--ddeelleettee--cchhaarr ((RRuubboouutt))
+              Delete the character behind the cursor.  When  given  a  numeric
+              argument, save the deleted text on the kill ring.
+       ffoorrwwaarrdd--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--ddeelleettee--cchhaarr
+              Delete  the  character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at
+              the end of the line, in which case the character behind the cur-
+              sor is deleted.
+       qquuootteedd--iinnsseerrtt ((CC--qq,, CC--vv))
+              Add  the next character typed to the line verbatim.  This is how
+              to insert characters like CC--qq, for example.
+       ttaabb--iinnsseerrtt ((CC--vv TTAABB))
+              Insert a tab character.
+       sseellff--iinnsseerrtt ((aa,, bb,, AA,, 11,, !!,, ......))
+              Insert the character typed.
+       ttrraannssppoossee--cchhaarrss ((CC--tt))
+              Drag the character before point forward over  the  character  at
+              point,  moving point forward as well.  If point is at the end of
+              the line, then this transposes the two characters before  point.
+              Negative arguments have no effect.
+       ttrraannssppoossee--wwoorrddss ((MM--tt))
+              Drag  the  word  before  point past the word after point, moving
+              point over that word as well.  If point is at  the  end  of  the
+              line, this transposes the last two words on the line.
+       uuppccaassee--wwoorrdd ((MM--uu))
+              Uppercase  the  current  (or  following)  word.  With a negative
+              argument, uppercase the previous word, but do not move point.
+       ddoowwnnccaassee--wwoorrdd ((MM--ll))
+              Lowercase the current (or  following)  word.   With  a  negative
+              argument, lowercase the previous word, but do not move point.
+       ccaappiittaalliizzee--wwoorrdd ((MM--cc))
+              Capitalize  the  current  (or  following) word.  With a negative
+              argument, capitalize the previous word, but do not move point.
+       oovveerrwwrriittee--mmooddee
+              Toggle overwrite mode.  With an explicit positive numeric  argu-
+              ment, switches to overwrite mode.  With an explicit non-positive
+              numeric argument, switches to insert mode.  This command affects
+              only  eemmaaccss mode; vvii mode does overwrite differently.  Each call
+              to _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e_(_) starts in insert mode.  In overwrite mode, charac-
+              ters  bound to sseellff--iinnsseerrtt replace the text at point rather than
+              pushing the text  to  the  right.   Characters  bound  to  bbaacckk--
+              wwaarrdd--ddeelleettee--cchhaarr  replace  the  character  before  point  with a
+              space.  By default, this command is unbound.
+
+   KKiilllliinngg aanndd YYaannkkiinngg
+       kkiillll--lliinnee ((CC--kk))
+              Kill the text from point to the end of the line.
+       bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--lliinnee ((CC--xx RRuubboouutt))
+              Kill backward to the beginning of the line.
+       uunniixx--lliinnee--ddiissccaarrdd ((CC--uu))
+              Kill backward from point to the  beginning  of  the  line.   The
+              killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
+       kkiillll--wwhhoollee--lliinnee
+              Kill  all  characters on the current line, no matter where point
+              is.
+       kkiillll--wwoorrdd ((MM--dd))
+              Kill from point to the end of the current word,  or  if  between
+              words,  to  the  end  of the next word.  Word boundaries are the
+              same as those used by ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd.
+       bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd ((MM--RRuubboouutt))
+              Kill the word behind point.  Word boundaries  are  the  same  as
+              those used by bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd.
+       sshheellll--kkiillll--wwoorrdd
+              Kill  from  point  to the end of the current word, or if between
+              words, to the end of the next word.   Word  boundaries  are  the
+              same as those used by sshheellll--ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd.
+       sshheellll--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd
+              Kill  the  word  behind  point.  Word boundaries are the same as
+              those used by sshheellll--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd.
+       uunniixx--wwoorrdd--rruubboouutt ((CC--ww))
+              Kill the word behind point, using white space as a  word  bound-
+              ary.  The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
+       uunniixx--ffiilleennaammee--rruubboouutt
+              Kill  the  word  behind  point,  using white space and the slash
+              character as the word boundaries.  The killed text is  saved  on
+              the kill-ring.
+       ddeelleettee--hhoorriizzoonnttaall--ssppaaccee ((MM--\\))
+              Delete all spaces and tabs around point.
+       kkiillll--rreeggiioonn
+              Kill the text in the current region.
+       ccooppyy--rreeggiioonn--aass--kkiillll
+              Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer.
+       ccooppyy--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd
+              Copy  the word before point to the kill buffer.  The word bound-
+              aries are the same as bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd.
+       ccooppyy--ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd
+              Copy the word following point to  the  kill  buffer.   The  word
+              boundaries are the same as ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd.
+       yyaannkk ((CC--yy))
+              Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point.
+       yyaannkk--ppoopp ((MM--yy))
+              Rotate  the kill ring, and yank the new top.  Only works follow-
+              ing yyaannkk or yyaannkk--ppoopp.
+
+   NNuummeerriicc AArrgguummeennttss
+       ddiiggiitt--aarrgguummeenntt ((MM--00,, MM--11,, ......,, MM----))
+              Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start  a
+              new argument.  M-- starts a negative argument.
+       uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt
+              This  is another way to specify an argument.  If this command is
+              followed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading  minus
+              sign,  those digits define the argument.  If the command is fol-
+              lowed by digits, executing  uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt  again  ends  the
+              numeric  argument, but is otherwise ignored.  As a special case,
+              if this command is immediately followed by a character  that  is
+              neither  a digit nor minus sign, the argument count for the next
+              command is multiplied by four.  The argument count is  initially
+              one,  so  executing this function the first time makes the argu-
+              ment count four, a second time makes the argument count sixteen,
+              and so on.
+
+   CCoommpplleettiinngg
+       ccoommpplleettee ((TTAABB))
+              Attempt  to  perform  completion on the text before point.  BBaasshh
+              attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the text
+              begins  with  $$), username (if the text begins with ~~), hostname
+              (if the text begins with @@), or command (including  aliases  and
+              functions) in turn.  If none of these produces a match, filename
+              completion is attempted.
+       ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((MM--??))
+              List the possible completions of the text before point.
+       iinnsseerrtt--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((MM--**))
+              Insert all completions of the text before point that would  have
+              been generated by ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss.
+       mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee
+              Similar  to ccoommpplleettee, but replaces the word to be completed with
+              a single match from the list of possible completions.   Repeated
+              execution  of  mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee  steps through the list of possible
+              completions, inserting each match in turn.  At the  end  of  the
+              list of completions, the bell is rung (subject to the setting of
+              bbeellll--ssttyyllee) and the original text is restored.  An argument of _n
+              moves  _n  positions  forward  in the list of matches; a negative
+              argument may be used to move backward through  the  list.   This
+              command  is  intended  to  be  bound  to  TTAABB, but is unbound by
+              default.
+       mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee--bbaacckkwwaarrdd
+              Identical to mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee, but moves backward through the  list
+              of  possible  completions,  as if mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee had been given a
+              negative argument.  This command is unbound by default.
+       ddeelleettee--cchhaarr--oorr--lliisstt
+              Deletes the character under the cursor if not at  the  beginning
+              or  end  of  the  line (like ddeelleettee--cchhaarr).  If at the end of the
+              line, behaves identically to ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss.  This command
+              is unbound by default.
+       ccoommpplleettee--ffiilleennaammee ((MM--//))
+              Attempt filename completion on the text before point.
+       ppoossssiibbllee--ffiilleennaammee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx //))
+              List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
+              it as a filename.
+       ccoommpplleettee--uusseerrnnaammee ((MM--~~))
+              Attempt completion on the text before point, treating  it  as  a
+              username.
+       ppoossssiibbllee--uusseerrnnaammee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx ~~))
+              List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
+              it as a username.
+       ccoommpplleettee--vvaarriiaabbllee ((MM--$$))
+              Attempt completion on the text before point, treating  it  as  a
+              shell variable.
+       ppoossssiibbllee--vvaarriiaabbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx $$))
+              List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
+              it as a shell variable.
+       ccoommpplleettee--hhoossttnnaammee ((MM--@@))
+              Attempt completion on the text before point, treating  it  as  a
+              hostname.
+       ppoossssiibbllee--hhoossttnnaammee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx @@))
+              List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
+              it as a hostname.
+       ccoommpplleettee--ccoommmmaanndd ((MM--!!))
+              Attempt completion on the text before point, treating  it  as  a
+              command  name.   Command  completion  attempts to match the text
+              against  aliases,  reserved  words,   shell   functions,   shell
+              builtins, and finally executable filenames, in that order.
+       ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommmmaanndd--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx !!))
+              List the possible completions of the text before point, treating
+              it as a command name.
+       ddyynnaammiicc--ccoommpplleettee--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--TTAABB))
+              Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the  text
+              against  lines  from  the  history  list for possible completion
+              matches.
+       ddaabbbbrreevv--eexxppaanndd
+              Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing  the
+              text against lines from the history list for possible completion
+              matches.
+       ccoommpplleettee--iinnttoo--bbrraacceess ((MM--{{))
+              Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible com-
+              pletions  enclosed within braces so the list is available to the
+              shell (see BBrraaccee EExxppaannssiioonn above).
+
+   KKeeyybbooaarrdd MMaaccrrooss
+       ssttaarrtt--kkbbdd--mmaaccrroo ((CC--xx (())
+              Begin saving the characters  typed  into  the  current  keyboard
+              macro.
+       eenndd--kkbbdd--mmaaccrroo ((CC--xx ))))
+              Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro
+              and store the definition.
+       ccaallll--llaasstt--kkbbdd--mmaaccrroo ((CC--xx ee))
+              Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the  char-
+              acters in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard.
+       pprriinntt--llaasstt--kkbbdd--mmaaccrroo (())
+              Print  the  last keyboard macro defined in a format suitable for
+              the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file.
+
+   MMiisscceellllaanneeoouuss
+       rree--rreeaadd--iinniitt--ffiillee ((CC--xx CC--rr))
+              Read in the contents of the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file,  and  incorporate  any
+              bindings or variable assignments found there.
+       aabboorrtt ((CC--gg))
+              Abort  the  current editing command and ring the terminal's bell
+              (subject to the setting of bbeellll--ssttyyllee).
+       ddoo--lloowweerrccaassee--vveerrssiioonn ((MM--AA,, MM--BB,, MM--_x,, ......))
+              If the metafied character _x is uppercase, run the  command  that
+              is bound to the corresponding metafied lowercase character.  The
+              behavior is undefined if _x is already lowercase.
+       pprreeffiixx--mmeettaa ((EESSCC))
+              Metafy the next character typed.  EESSCC ff is equivalent to MMeettaa--ff.
+       uunnddoo ((CC--__,, CC--xx CC--uu))
+              Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.
+       rreevveerrtt--lliinnee ((MM--rr))
+              Undo all changes made to this line.  This is like executing  the
+              uunnddoo  command  enough  times  to  return the line to its initial
+              state.
+       ttiillddee--eexxppaanndd ((MM--&&))
+              Perform tilde expansion on the current word.
+       sseett--mmaarrkk ((CC--@@,, MM--<<ssppaaccee>>))
+              Set the mark to the point.  If a numeric argument  is  supplied,
+              the mark is set to that position.
+       eexxcchhaannggee--ppooiinntt--aanndd--mmaarrkk ((CC--xx CC--xx))
+              Swap  the  point  with the mark.  The current cursor position is
+              set to the saved position, and the old cursor position is  saved
+              as the mark.
+       cchhaarraacctteerr--sseeaarrcchh ((CC--]]))
+              A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of
+              that character.  A negative count searches for  previous  occur-
+              rences.
+       cchhaarraacctteerr--sseeaarrcchh--bbaacckkwwaarrdd ((MM--CC--]]))
+              A  character  is  read and point is moved to the previous occur-
+              rence of that character.  A negative count searches  for  subse-
+              quent occurrences.
+       sskkiipp--ccssii--sseeqquueennccee
+              Read  enough  characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as
+              those defined for keys like Home and End.  Such sequences  begin
+              with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[.  If this
+              sequence is bound to "\[", keys producing  such  sequences  will
+              have  no  effect  unless explicitly bound to a readline command,
+              instead of inserting stray characters into the  editing  buffer.
+              This is unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[.
+       iinnsseerrtt--ccoommmmeenntt ((MM--##))
+              Without  a  numeric  argument,  the  value  of the readline ccoomm--
+              mmeenntt--bbeeggiinn variable is inserted at the beginning of the  current
+              line.  If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a
+              toggle: if the characters at the beginning of the  line  do  not
+              match  the value of ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn, the value is inserted, other-
+              wise the characters in ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn are deleted from the begin-
+              ning  of the line.  In either case, the line is accepted as if a
+              newline had been typed.   The  default  value  of  ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn
+              causes  this  command  to make the current line a shell comment.
+              If a  numeric  argument  causes  the  comment  character  to  be
+              removed, the line will be executed by the shell.
+       gglloobb--ccoommpplleettee--wwoorrdd ((MM--gg))
+              The  word  before  point  is  treated  as a pattern for pathname
+              expansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended.   This  pattern
+              is  used  to  generate a list of matching filenames for possible
+              completions.
+       gglloobb--eexxppaanndd--wwoorrdd ((CC--xx **))
+              The word before point is  treated  as  a  pattern  for  pathname
+              expansion,  and  the  list  of  matching  filenames is inserted,
+              replacing the word.  If  a  numeric  argument  is  supplied,  an
+              asterisk is appended before pathname expansion.
+       gglloobb--lliisstt--eexxppaannssiioonnss ((CC--xx gg))
+              The  list  of  expansions  that  would  have  been  generated by
+              gglloobb--eexxppaanndd--wwoorrdd is displayed, and the line is  redrawn.   If  a
+              numeric  argument  is  supplied,  an asterisk is appended before
+              pathname expansion.
+       dduummpp--ffuunnccttiioonnss
+              Print all of the functions and their key bindings to  the  read-
+              line output stream.  If a numeric argument is supplied, the out-
+              put is formatted in such a way that it can be made  part  of  an
+              _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file.
+       dduummpp--vvaarriiaabblleess
+              Print all of the settable readline variables and their values to
+              the readline output stream.  If a numeric argument is  supplied,
+              the  output  is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
+              of an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file.
+       dduummpp--mmaaccrrooss
+              Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and  the
+              strings  they  output.   If  a numeric argument is supplied, the
+              output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an
+              _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file.
+       ddiissppllaayy--sshheellll--vveerrssiioonn ((CC--xx CC--vv))
+              Display version information about the current instance of bbaasshh.
+
+   PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn
+       When  word  completion  is  attempted  for an argument to a command for
+       which a completion specification (a _c_o_m_p_s_p_e_c) has  been  defined  using
+       the  ccoommpplleettee  builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), the program-
+       mable completion facilities are invoked.
+
+       First, the command name is identified.  If  the  command  word  is  the
+       empty  string (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty line),
+       any compspec defined with the --EE option to  ccoommpplleettee  is  used.   If  a
+       compspec  has  been  defined  for that command, the compspec is used to
+       generate the list of possible completions for the word.  If the command
+       word  is  a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is searched
+       for first.  If no compspec is found for the full pathname,  an  attempt
+       is  made  to find a compspec for the portion following the final slash.
+       If those searches do not result in a  compspec,  any  compspec  defined
+       with  the --DD option to ccoommpplleettee is used as the default.  If there is no
+       default compspec, bbaasshh attempts alias expansion on the command word  as
+       a  final  resort,  and attempts to find a compspec for the command word
+       from any successful expansion.
+
+       Once a compspec has been found, it is used  to  generate  the  list  of
+       matching  words.   If a compspec is not found, the default bbaasshh comple-
+       tion as described above under CCoommpplleettiinngg is performed.
+
+       First, the actions specified by the compspec are  used.   Only  matches
+       which  are prefixed by the word being completed are returned.  When the
+       --ff or --dd option is used for filename or directory name completion,  the
+       shell variable FFIIGGNNOORREE is used to filter the matches.
+
+       Any  completions  specified  by  a pathname expansion pattern to the --GG
+       option are generated next.  The words generated by the pattern need not
+       match  the  word being completed.  The GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE shell variable is not
+       used to filter the matches, but the FFIIGGNNOORREE variable is used.
+
+       Next, the string specified as the argument to the --WW option is  consid-
+       ered.   The  string is first split using the characters in the IIFFSS spe-
+       cial variable as delimiters.  Shell quoting is honored.  Each  word  is
+       then  expanded  using  brace  expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and
+       variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion,  as
+       described above under EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN.  The results are split using the rules
+       described above under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg.  The results of the expansion are
+       prefix-matched against the word being completed, and the matching words
+       become the possible completions.
+
+       After these matches have been generated, any shell function or  command
+       specified  with  the --FF and --CC options is invoked.  When the command or
+       function is invoked, the CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE, CCOOMMPP__PPOOIINNTT, CCOOMMPP__KKEEYY, and CCOOMMPP__TTYYPPEE
+       variables are assigned values as described above under SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess.
+       If a shell function is being invoked,  the  CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS  and  CCOOMMPP__CCWWOORRDD
+       variables  are  also set.  When the function or command is invoked, the
+       first argument ($$11) is the name of  the  command  whose  arguments  are
+       being  completed, the second argument ($$22) is the word being completed,
+       and the third argument ($$33) is the word preceding the word  being  com-
+       pleted on the current command line.  No filtering of the generated com-
+       pletions against the word being completed is performed; the function or
+       command has complete freedom in generating the matches.
+
+       Any  function specified with --FF is invoked first.  The function may use
+       any of the shell facilities, including the  ccoommppggeenn  builtin  described
+       below,  to  generate the matches.  It must put the possible completions
+       in the CCOOMMPPRREEPPLLYY array variable, one per array element.
+
+       Next, any command specified with the --CC option is invoked in  an  envi-
+       ronment  equivalent to command substitution.  It should print a list of
+       completions, one per line, to the standard output.   Backslash  may  be
+       used to escape a newline, if necessary.
+
+       After  all of the possible completions are generated, any filter speci-
+       fied with the --XX option is applied to the list.  The filter is  a  pat-
+       tern  as  used  for  pathname expansion; a && in the pattern is replaced
+       with the text of the word being completed.  A literal && may be  escaped
+       with  a  backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match.
+       Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the  list.
+       A leading !! negates the pattern; in this case any completion not match-
+       ing the pattern will be removed.  If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh  shell  option  is
+       enabled,  the  match  is performed without regard to the case of alpha-
+       betic characters.
+
+       Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the --PP and --SS options are
+       added to each member of the completion list, and the result is returned
+       to the readline completion code as the list of possible completions.
+
+       If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and  the
+       --oo  ddiirrnnaammeess  option  was  supplied  to  ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was
+       defined, directory name completion is attempted.
+
+       If the --oo pplluussddiirrss option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee  when  the  compspec
+       was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any matches are
+       added to the results of the other actions.
+
+       By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates  is  returned
+       to  the  completion  code as the full set of possible completions.  The
+       default bbaasshh completions are not attempted, and the readline default of
+       filename completion is disabled.  If the --oo bbaasshhddeeffaauulltt option was sup-
+       plied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was defined, the bbaasshh default  com-
+       pletions are attempted if the compspec generates no matches.  If the --oo
+       ddeeffaauulltt option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was  defined,
+       readline's  default  completion will be performed if the compspec (and,
+       if attempted, the default bbaasshh completions) generate no matches.
+
+       When a compspec indicates that directory name  completion  is  desired,
+       the  programmable completion functions force readline to append a slash
+       to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject  to
+       the  value of the mmaarrkk--ddiirreeccttoorriieess readline variable, regardless of the
+       setting of the mmaarrkk--ssyymmlliinnkkeedd--ddiirreeccttoorriieess readline variable.
+
+       There is some support for dynamically modifying completions.   This  is
+       most  useful  when used in combination with a default completion speci-
+       fied with ccoommpplleettee --DD.  It's possible for shell functions  executed  as
+       completion  handlers  to  indicate that completion should be retried by
+       returning an exit status of 124.  If a shell function returns 124,  and
+       changes the compspec associated with the command on which completion is
+       being attempted (supplied as the first argument when  the  function  is
+       executed), programmable completion restarts from the beginning, with an
+       attempt to find a new compspec for that command.  This allows a set  of
+       completions  to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather
+       than being loaded all at once.
+
+       For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each  kept
+       in  a  file  corresponding  to  the  name of the command, the following
+       default completion function would load completions dynamically:
+
+       _completion_loader()
+       {
+            . "/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124
+       }
+       complete -D -F _completion_loader -o bashdefault -o default
+
+
+HHIISSTTOORRYY
+       When the --oo hhiissttoorryy option to the sseett builtin  is  enabled,  the  shell
+       provides access to the _c_o_m_m_a_n_d _h_i_s_t_o_r_y, the list of commands previously
+       typed.  The value of the HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE variable is used  as  the  number  of
+       commands to save in a history list.  The text of the last HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE com-
+       mands (default 500) is saved.  The shell stores  each  command  in  the
+       history  list  prior to parameter and variable expansion (see EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN
+       above) but after history expansion is performed, subject to the  values
+       of the shell variables HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE and HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL.
+
+       On startup, the history is initialized from the file named by the vari-
+       able HHIISSTTFFIILLEE (default _~_/_._b_a_s_h___h_i_s_t_o_r_y).  The file named by  the  value
+       of  HHIISSTTFFIILLEE  is  truncated,  if necessary, to contain no more than the
+       number of lines specified by the value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE.   If  HHIISSTTFFIILLEE--
+       SSIIZZEE  is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, or a numeric value
+       less than zero, the history file is not truncated.   When  the  history
+       file  is  read, lines beginning with the history comment character fol-
+       lowed immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for the fol-
+       lowing history line.  These timestamps are optionally displayed depend-
+       ing on the value of the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable.   When  a  shell  with
+       history  enabled  exits,  the  last $$HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE lines are copied from the
+       history list to $$HHIISSTTFFIILLEE.  If the hhiissttaappppeenndd shell option  is  enabled
+       (see  the description of sshhoopptt under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), the
+       lines are appended to the history file, otherwise the history  file  is
+       overwritten.   If  HHIISSTTFFIILLEE  is  unset,  or  if  the  history  file  is
+       unwritable, the history is not saved.  If the  HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT  variable
+       is  set,  time  stamps are written to the history file, marked with the
+       history comment character, so they may be preserved across  shell  ses-
+       sions.   This  uses  the history comment character to distinguish time-
+       stamps from other history lines.  After saving the history, the history
+       file is truncated to contain no more than HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE lines.  If HHIISSTT--
+       FFIILLEESSIIZZEE is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value,  or  a  numeric
+       value less than zero, the history file is not truncated.
+
+       The  builtin  command ffcc (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) may be used
+       to list or edit and re-execute a portion of the history list.  The hhiiss--
+       ttoorryy  builtin  may  be  used  to display or modify the history list and
+       manipulate the history file.  When using command-line  editing,  search
+       commands  are available in each editing mode that provide access to the
+       history list.
+
+       The shell allows control over which commands are saved on  the  history
+       list.  The HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL and HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE variables may be set to cause the
+       shell to save only a subset of the commands entered.  The ccmmddhhiisstt shell
+       option,  if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each line of a
+       multi-line command in the same history entry, adding  semicolons  where
+       necessary  to preserve syntactic correctness.  The lliitthhiisstt shell option
+       causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines instead  of
+       semicolons.  See the description of the sshhoopptt builtin below under SSHHEELLLL
+       BBUUIILLTTIINN  CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS  for  information  on  setting  and  unsetting  shell
+       options.
+
+HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN
+       The  shell  supports a history expansion feature that is similar to the
+       history expansion in ccsshh.  This section describes what syntax  features
+       are  available.   This  feature  is  enabled by default for interactive
+       shells, and can be disabled using the ++HH option to the sseett builtin com-
+       mand (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below).  Non-interactive shells do not
+       perform history expansion by default.
+
+       History expansions introduce words from the history list into the input
+       stream,  making  it  easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments to a
+       previous command into the current input line, or fix errors in previous
+       commands quickly.
+
+       History  expansion  is  performed  immediately after a complete line is
+       read, before the shell breaks it into words, and is performed  on  each
+       line  individually  without  taking  quoting  on  previous  lines  into
+       account.  It takes place in two parts.  The first is to determine which
+       line  from  the history list to use during substitution.  The second is
+       to select portions of that line for inclusion  into  the  current  one.
+       The  line  selected  from the history is the _e_v_e_n_t, and the portions of
+       that line that are acted upon are _w_o_r_d_s.  Various _m_o_d_i_f_i_e_r_s are  avail-
+       able  to  manipulate the selected words.  The line is broken into words
+       in the same fashion as when reading input, so that several  _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_-
+       _t_e_r-separated words surrounded by quotes are considered one word.  His-
+       tory expansions are introduced by the appearance of the history  expan-
+       sion  character,  which is !! by default.  Only backslash (\\) and single
+       quotes can quote the  history  expansion  character,  but  the  history
+       expansion  character  is  also treated as quoted if it immediately pre-
+       cedes the closing double quote in a double-quoted string.
+
+       Several characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately  fol-
+       lowing  the history expansion character, even if it is unquoted: space,
+       tab, newline, carriage return, and ==.  If the eexxttgglloobb shell  option  is
+       enabled, (( will also inhibit expansion.
+
+       Several  shell  options  settable with the sshhoopptt builtin may be used to
+       tailor the behavior of history  expansion.   If  the  hhiissttvveerriiffyy  shell
+       option is enabled (see the description of the sshhoopptt builtin below), and
+       rreeaaddlliinnee is being  used,  history  substitutions  are  not  immediately
+       passed  to  the  shell  parser.  Instead, the expanded line is reloaded
+       into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer for further modification.  If rreeaaddlliinnee
+       is  being  used,  and  the hhiissttrreeeeddiitt shell option is enabled, a failed
+       history substitution will be reloaded into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing  buffer
+       for  correction.   The  --pp option to the hhiissttoorryy builtin command may be
+       used to see what a history expansion will do before using it.   The  --ss
+       option to the hhiissttoorryy builtin may be used to add commands to the end of
+       the history list without actually executing  them,  so  that  they  are
+       available for subsequent recall.
+
+       The  shell allows control of the various characters used by the history
+       expansion mechanism (see the description of hhiissttcchhaarrss above under SShheellll
+       VVaarriiaabblleess).   The shell uses the history comment character to mark his-
+       tory timestamps when writing the history file.
+
+   EEvveenntt DDeessiiggnnaattoorrss
+       An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the  his-
+       tory  list.   Unless  the reference is absolute, events are relative to
+       the current position in the history list.
+
+       !!      Start a history substitution, except when followed by  a  bbllaannkk,
+              newline,  carriage return, = or ( (when the eexxttgglloobb shell option
+              is enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin).
+       !!_n     Refer to command line _n.
+       !!--_n    Refer to the current command minus _n.
+       !!!!     Refer to the previous command.  This is a synonym for `!-1'.
+       !!_s_t_r_i_n_g
+              Refer to the most recent command preceding the current  position
+              in the history list starting with _s_t_r_i_n_g.
+       !!??_s_t_r_i_n_g[[??]]
+              Refer  to the most recent command preceding the current position
+              in the history list containing _s_t_r_i_n_g.  The trailing  ??  may  be
+              omitted if _s_t_r_i_n_g is followed immediately by a newline.
+       ^^_s_t_r_i_n_g_1^^_s_t_r_i_n_g_2^^
+              Quick  substitution.   Repeat  the  previous  command, replacing
+              _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 with _s_t_r_i_n_g_2.  Equivalent  to  ``!!:s/_s_t_r_i_n_g_1/_s_t_r_i_n_g_2/''
+              (see MMooddiiffiieerrss below).
+       !!##     The entire command line typed so far.
+
+   WWoorrdd DDeessiiggnnaattoorrss
+       Word  designators are used to select desired words from the event.  A ::
+       separates the event specification from the word designator.  It may  be
+       omitted  if  the word designator begins with a ^^, $$, **, --, or %%.  Words
+       are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first word  being
+       denoted  by  0  (zero).  Words are inserted into the current line sepa-
+       rated by single spaces.
+
+       00 ((zzeerroo))
+              The zeroth word.  For the shell, this is the command word.
+       _n      The _nth word.
+       ^^      The first argument.  That is, word 1.
+       $$      The last word.  This is usually  the  last  argument,  but  will
+              expand to the zeroth word if there is only one word in the line.
+       %%      The word matched by the most recent `?_s_t_r_i_n_g?' search.
+       _x--_y    A range of words; `-_y' abbreviates `0-_y'.
+       **      All  of  the words but the zeroth.  This is a synonym for `_1_-_$'.
+              It is not an error to use ** if there is just  one  word  in  the
+              event; the empty string is returned in that case.
+       xx**     Abbreviates _x_-_$.
+       xx--     Abbreviates _x_-_$ like xx**, but omits the last word.
+
+       If  a  word  designator is supplied without an event specification, the
+       previous command is used as the event.
+
+   MMooddiiffiieerrss
+       After the optional word designator, there may appear a sequence of  one
+       or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a `:'.
+
+       hh      Remove a trailing filename component, leaving only the head.
+       tt      Remove all leading filename components, leaving the tail.
+       rr      Remove a trailing suffix of the form _._x_x_x, leaving the basename.
+       ee      Remove all but the trailing suffix.
+       pp      Print the new command but do not execute it.
+       qq      Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions.
+       xx      Quote  the  substituted words as with qq, but break into words at
+              bbllaannkkss and newlines.
+       ss//_o_l_d//_n_e_w//
+              Substitute _n_e_w for the first occurrence  of  _o_l_d  in  the  event
+              line.   Any  delimiter  can  be  used  in place of /.  The final
+              delimiter is optional if it is the last character of  the  event
+              line.   The delimiter may be quoted in _o_l_d and _n_e_w with a single
+              backslash.  If & appears in _n_e_w, it is replaced by _o_l_d.  A  sin-
+              gle  backslash  will  quote the &.  If _o_l_d is null, it is set to
+              the last _o_l_d substituted, or, if no previous  history  substitu-
+              tions took place, the last _s_t_r_i_n_g in a !!??_s_t_r_i_n_g[[??]]  search.
+       &&      Repeat the previous substitution.
+       gg      Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line.  This is
+              used in conjunction with `::ss' (e.g.,  `::ggss//_o_l_d//_n_e_w//')  or  `::&&'.
+              If  used with `::ss', any delimiter can be used in place of /, and
+              the final delimiter is optional if it is the last  character  of
+              the event line.  An aa may be used as a synonym for gg.
+       GG      Apply  the following `ss' modifier once to each word in the event
+              line.
+
+SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
+       Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented in this section
+       as accepting options preceded by -- accepts ---- to signify the end of the
+       options.  The ::, ttrruuee, ffaallssee, and tteesstt/[[ builtins do not accept options
+       and  do  not treat ---- specially.  The eexxiitt, llooggoouutt, rreettuurrnn, bbrreeaakk, ccoonn--
+       ttiinnuuee, lleett, and sshhiifftt builtins accept and process  arguments  beginning
+       with  -- without requiring ----.  Other builtins that accept arguments but
+       are not specified as accepting options  interpret  arguments  beginning
+       with  --  as  invalid options and require ---- to prevent this interpreta-
+       tion.
+       :: [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s]
+              No effect; the command does nothing beyond  expanding  _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s
+              and performing any specified redirections.  The return status is
+              zero.
+
+        ..  _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s]
+       ssoouurrccee _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s]
+              Read and execute commands from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e  in  the  current  shell
+              environment  and return the exit status of the last command exe-
+              cuted from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e.  If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e  does  not  contain  a  slash,
+              filenames  in  PPAATTHH  are  used  to find the directory containing
+              _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e.  The file searched for in PPAATTHH need not be executable.
+              When  bbaasshh  is  not  in  _p_o_s_i_x  _m_o_d_e,  the  current directory is
+              searched if no file is found in PPAATTHH.  If the ssoouurrcceeppaatthh  option
+              to  the  sshhoopptt  builtin  command  is turned off, the PPAATTHH is not
+              searched.  If any _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s are supplied, they become the  posi-
+              tional  parameters  when  _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e  is  executed.  Otherwise the
+              positional parameters  are  unchanged.   If  the  --TT  option  is
+              enabled,  ssoouurrccee  inherits  any trap on DDEEBBUUGG; if it is not, any
+              DDEEBBUUGG trap string is saved  and  restored  around  the  call  to
+              ssoouurrccee,  and ssoouurrccee unsets the DDEEBBUUGG trap while it executes.  If
+              --TT is not set, and the sourced file changes the DDEEBBUUGG trap,  the
+              new  value is retained when ssoouurrccee completes.  The return status
+              is the status of the last command exited within the script (0 if
+              no commands are executed), and false if _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is not found or
+              cannot be read.
+
+       aalliiaass [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...]
+              AAlliiaass with no arguments or with the --pp option prints the list of
+              aliases  in  the form aalliiaass _n_a_m_e=_v_a_l_u_e on standard output.  When
+              arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each _n_a_m_e  whose
+              _v_a_l_u_e  is given.  A trailing space in _v_a_l_u_e causes the next word
+              to be checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded.
+              For  each  _n_a_m_e  in the argument list for which no _v_a_l_u_e is sup-
+              plied, the name and  value  of  the  alias  is  printed.   AAlliiaass
+              returns  true unless a _n_a_m_e is given for which no alias has been
+              defined.
+
+       bbgg [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c ...]
+              Resume each suspended job _j_o_b_s_p_e_c in the background,  as  if  it
+              had been started with &&.  If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, the shell's
+              notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used.  bbgg _j_o_b_s_p_e_c returns 0  unless
+              run  when  job control is disabled or, when run with job control
+              enabled, any specified _j_o_b_s_p_e_c was  not  found  or  was  started
+              without job control.
+
+       bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] [--llppssvvPPSSVVXX]
+       bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] [--qq _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n] [--uu _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n] [--rr _k_e_y_s_e_q]
+       bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] --ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e
+       bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] --xx _k_e_y_s_e_q:_s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d
+       bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] _k_e_y_s_e_q:_f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e
+       bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] _k_e_y_s_e_q:_r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d
+              Display  current  rreeaaddlliinnee key and function bindings, bind a key
+              sequence to a rreeaaddlliinnee function or  macro,  or  set  a  rreeaaddlliinnee
+              variable.   Each  non-option  argument  is a command as it would
+              appear in _._i_n_p_u_t_r_c, but each binding or command must  be  passed
+              as  a  separate argument; e.g., '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'.
+              Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+              --mm _k_e_y_m_a_p
+                     Use _k_e_y_m_a_p as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent
+                     bindings.  Acceptable _k_e_y_m_a_p names are _e_m_a_c_s_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_-
+                     _d_a_r_d_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_e_t_a_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x_,  _v_i_,  _v_i_-_m_o_v_e_,  _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d,
+                     and  _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t.   _v_i is equivalent to _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d (_v_i_-_m_o_v_e
+                     is also a synonym); _e_m_a_c_s is  equivalent  to  _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_-
+                     _d_a_r_d.
+              --ll     List the names of all rreeaaddlliinnee functions.
+              --pp     Display  rreeaaddlliinnee  function  names and bindings in such a
+                     way that they can be re-read.
+              --PP     List current rreeaaddlliinnee function names and bindings.
+              --ss     Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to  macros  and  the
+                     strings  they  output  in such a way that they can be re-
+                     read.
+              --SS     Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to  macros  and  the
+                     strings they output.
+              --vv     Display  rreeaaddlliinnee variable names and values in such a way
+                     that they can be re-read.
+              --VV     List current rreeaaddlliinnee variable names and values.
+              --ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e
+                     Read key bindings from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e.
+              --qq _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n
+                     Query about which keys invoke the named _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n.
+              --uu _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n
+                     Unbind all keys bound to the named _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n.
+              --rr _k_e_y_s_e_q
+                     Remove any current binding for _k_e_y_s_e_q.
+              --xx _k_e_y_s_e_q::_s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d
+                     Cause _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be  executed  whenever  _k_e_y_s_e_q  is
+                     entered.   When _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed, the shell sets
+                     the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE variable to the contents of  the  rreeaadd--
+                     lliinnee  line  buffer and the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT variable to the
+                     current location of the insertion point.  If the executed
+                     command  changes  the  value  of  RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE  or RREEAADD--
+                     LLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT, those new values will  be  reflected  in  the
+                     editing state.
+              --XX     List  all  key  sequences bound to shell commands and the
+                     associated commands in a format that  can  be  reused  as
+                     input.
+
+              The  return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or
+              an error occurred.
+
+       bbrreeaakk [_n]
+              Exit from within a ffoorr, wwhhiillee, uunnttiill, or sseelleecctt loop.  If  _n  is
+              specified,  break  _n  levels.   _n must be >= 1.  If _n is greater
+              than the number of enclosing  loops,  all  enclosing  loops  are
+              exited.   The  return value is 0 unless _n is not greater than or
+              equal to 1.
+
+       bbuuiillttiinn _s_h_e_l_l_-_b_u_i_l_t_i_n [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s]
+              Execute the specified shell builtin, passing it  _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s,  and
+              return its exit status.  This is useful when defining a function
+              whose name is the same as a shell builtin, retaining  the  func-
+              tionality of the builtin within the function.  The ccdd builtin is
+              commonly redefined this way.  The  return  status  is  false  if
+              _s_h_e_l_l_-_b_u_i_l_t_i_n is not a shell builtin command.
+
+       ccaalllleerr [_e_x_p_r]
+              Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell func-
+              tion or a script executed with the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins).  With-
+              out _e_x_p_r, ccaalllleerr displays the line number and source filename of
+              the current subroutine call.  If a non-negative integer is  sup-
+              plied as _e_x_p_r, ccaalllleerr displays the line number, subroutine name,
+              and source file corresponding to that position  in  the  current
+              execution  call  stack.  This extra information may be used, for
+              example, to print a stack trace.  The current frame is frame  0.
+              The  return  value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a sub-
+              routine call or _e_x_p_r does not correspond to a valid position  in
+              the call stack.
+
+       ccdd [--LL|[--PP [--ee]] [-@]] [_d_i_r]
+              Change  the  current  directory to _d_i_r.  if _d_i_r is not supplied,
+              the value of the HHOOMMEE shell variable is the default.  Any  addi-
+              tional arguments following _d_i_r are ignored.  The variable CCDDPPAATTHH
+              defines the search path for the directory containing  _d_i_r:  each
+              directory  name  in  CCDDPPAATTHH  is  searched  for _d_i_r.  Alternative
+              directory names in CCDDPPAATTHH are separated by a colon (:).  A  null
+              directory  name  in CCDDPPAATTHH is the same as the current directory,
+              i.e., ``..''.  If _d_i_r begins with a slash (/), then CCDDPPAATTHH is not
+              used.   The  --PP  option  causes ccdd to use the physical directory
+              structure by resolving symbolic links while traversing  _d_i_r  and
+              before processing instances of _._. in _d_i_r (see also the --PP option
+              to the sseett builtin command); the --LL option forces symbolic links
+              to  be followed by resolving the link after processing instances
+              of _._. in _d_i_r.  If _._. appears in _d_i_r, it is processed by removing
+              the  immediately previous pathname component from _d_i_r, back to a
+              slash or the beginning of _d_i_r.  If the  --ee  option  is  supplied
+              with  --PP,  and  the current working directory cannot be success-
+              fully determined after a successful directory  change,  ccdd  will
+              return  an unsuccessful status.  On systems that support it, the
+              --@@ option presents the extended  attributes  associated  with  a
+              file  as  a directory.  An argument of -- is converted to $$OOLLDDPPWWDD
+              before the directory change is attempted.  If a non-empty direc-
+              tory  name  from  CCDDPPAATTHH is used, or if -- is the first argument,
+              and the directory change is successful, the absolute pathname of
+              the  new  working  directory  is written to the standard output.
+              The return value is  true  if  the  directory  was  successfully
+              changed; false otherwise.
+
+       ccoommmmaanndd [--ppVVvv] _c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_a_r_g ...]
+              Run  _c_o_m_m_a_n_d  with  _a_r_g_s  suppressing  the normal shell function
+              lookup.  Only builtin commands or commands found in the PPAATTHH are
+              executed.   If the --pp option is given, the search for _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is
+              performed using a default value for PPAATTHH that is  guaranteed  to
+              find  all  of  the  standard  utilities.  If either the --VV or --vv
+              option is supplied, a description of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is printed.  The --vv
+              option  causes  a single word indicating the command or filename
+              used to invoke _c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be displayed; the --VV option produces a
+              more  verbose  description.  If the --VV or --vv option is supplied,
+              the exit status is 0 if _c_o_m_m_a_n_d was found, and  1  if  not.   If
+              neither option is supplied and an error occurred or _c_o_m_m_a_n_d can-
+              not be found, the exit status is 127.  Otherwise, the exit  sta-
+              tus of the ccoommmmaanndd builtin is the exit status of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d.
+
+       ccoommppggeenn [_o_p_t_i_o_n] [_w_o_r_d]
+              Generate  possible  completion matches for _w_o_r_d according to the
+              _o_p_t_i_o_ns, which may  be  any  option  accepted  by  the  ccoommpplleettee
+              builtin  with  the exception of --pp and --rr, and write the matches
+              to the standard output.  When using the --FF or  --CC  options,  the
+              various  shell  variables  set  by  the  programmable completion
+              facilities, while available, will not have useful values.
+
+              The matches will be generated in the same way as if the program-
+              mable completion code had generated them directly from a comple-
+              tion specification with the same flags.  If _w_o_r_d  is  specified,
+              only those completions matching _w_o_r_d will be displayed.
+
+              The  return  value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
+              or no matches were generated.
+
+       ccoommpplleettee [--aabbccddeeffggjjkkssuuvv] [--oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n] [--DDEEII] [--AA _a_c_t_i_o_n] [--GG  _g_l_o_b_-
+       _p_a_t] [--WW _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t] [--FF _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n] [--CC _c_o_m_m_a_n_d]
+              [--XX _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t] [--PP _p_r_e_f_i_x] [--SS _s_u_f_f_i_x] _n_a_m_e [_n_a_m_e _._._.]
+       ccoommpplleettee --pprr [--DDEEII] [_n_a_m_e ...]
+              Specify  how arguments to each _n_a_m_e should be completed.  If the
+              --pp option is supplied, or if no options are  supplied,  existing
+              completion  specifications are printed in a way that allows them
+              to be reused as input.  The --rr option removes a completion spec-
+              ification  for each _n_a_m_e, or, if no _n_a_m_es are supplied, all com-
+              pletion specifications.  The --DD option indicates that other sup-
+              plied  options  and actions should apply to the ``default'' com-
+              mand completion; that is, completion attempted on a command  for
+              which  no completion has previously been defined.  The --EE option
+              indicates that other supplied options and actions  should  apply
+              to  ``empty''  command completion; that is, completion attempted
+              on a blank line.  The --II option indicates  that  other  supplied
+              options  and  actions  should  apply to completion on the inital
+              non-assignment word on the line, or after  a  command  delimiter
+              such  as  ;;  or ||, which is usually command name completion.  If
+              multiple options are supplied, the --DD  option  takes  precedence
+              over --EE, and both take precedence over --II.  If any of --DD, --EE, or
+              --II are supplied, any other _n_a_m_e  arguments  are  ignored;  these
+              completions only apply to the case specified by the option.
+
+              The  process  of  applying  these completion specifications when
+              word completion is attempted is described above  under  PPrrooggrraamm--
+              mmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn.
+
+              Other  options,  if specified, have the following meanings.  The
+              arguments to the --GG, --WW, and --XX options (and, if necessary,  the
+              --PP  and --SS options) should be quoted to protect them from expan-
+              sion before the ccoommpplleettee builtin is invoked.
+              --oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n
+                      The _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n controls several aspects  of  the  comp-
+                      spec's  behavior beyond the simple generation of comple-
+                      tions.  _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n may be one of:
+                      bbaasshhddeeffaauulltt
+                              Perform the rest of the default bbaasshh completions
+                              if the compspec generates no matches.
+                      ddeeffaauulltt Use  readline's  default  filename completion if
+                              the compspec generates no matches.
+                      ddiirrnnaammeess
+                              Perform directory name completion if  the  comp-
+                              spec generates no matches.
+                      ffiilleennaammeess
+                              Tell  readline that the compspec generates file-
+                              names, so it can perform  any  filename-specific
+                              processing  (like  adding  a  slash to directory
+                              names, quoting special characters, or  suppress-
+                              ing  trailing spaces).  Intended to be used with
+                              shell functions.
+                      nnooqquuoottee Tell readline not to quote the  completed  words
+                              if  they are filenames (quoting filenames is the
+                              default).
+                      nnoossoorrtt  Tell readline not to sort the list  of  possible
+                              completions alphabetically.
+                      nnoossppaaccee Tell   readline  not  to  append  a  space  (the
+                              default) to words completed at the  end  of  the
+                              line.
+                      pplluussddiirrss
+                              After  any  matches  defined by the compspec are
+                              generated,   directory   name   completion    is
+                              attempted  and  any  matches  are  added  to the
+                              results of the other actions.
+              --AA _a_c_t_i_o_n
+                      The _a_c_t_i_o_n may be one of the  following  to  generate  a
+                      list of possible completions:
+                      aalliiaass   Alias names.  May also be specified as --aa.
+                      aarrrraayyvvaarr
+                              Array variable names.
+                      bbiinnddiinngg RReeaaddlliinnee key binding names.
+                      bbuuiillttiinn Names  of  shell  builtin commands.  May also be
+                              specified as --bb.
+                      ccoommmmaanndd Command names.  May also be specified as --cc.
+                      ddiirreeccttoorryy
+                              Directory names.  May also be specified as --dd.
+                      ddiissaabblleedd
+                              Names of disabled shell builtins.
+                      eennaabblleedd Names of enabled shell builtins.
+                      eexxppoorrtt  Names of exported shell variables.  May also  be
+                              specified as --ee.
+                      ffiillee    File names.  May also be specified as --ff.
+                      ffuunnccttiioonn
+                              Names of shell functions.
+                      ggrroouupp   Group names.  May also be specified as --gg.
+                      hheellppttooppiicc
+                              Help topics as accepted by the hheellpp builtin.
+                      hhoossttnnaammee
+                              Hostnames,  as  taken from the file specified by
+                              the HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE shell variable.
+                      jjoobb     Job names, if job control is active.   May  also
+                              be specified as --jj.
+                      kkeeyywwoorrdd Shell  reserved words.  May also be specified as
+                              --kk.
+                      rruunnnniinngg Names of running jobs, if job control is active.
+                      sseerrvviiccee Service names.  May also be specified as --ss.
+                      sseettoopptt  Valid arguments for the --oo  option  to  the  sseett
+                              builtin.
+                      sshhoopptt   Shell  option  names  as  accepted  by the sshhoopptt
+                              builtin.
+                      ssiiggnnaall  Signal names.
+                      ssttooppppeedd Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active.
+                      uusseerr    User names.  May also be specified as --uu.
+                      vvaarriiaabbllee
+                              Names of all shell variables.  May also be spec-
+                              ified as --vv.
+              --CC _c_o_m_m_a_n_d
+                      _c_o_m_m_a_n_d  is  executed in a subshell environment, and its
+                      output is used as the possible completions.
+              --FF _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n
+                      The shell function _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n is executed in  the  current
+                      shell  environment.   When the function is executed, the
+                      first argument ($$11) is the name  of  the  command  whose
+                      arguments  are being completed, the second argument ($$22)
+                      is the word being completed, and the third argument ($$33)
+                      is  the  word  preceding the word being completed on the
+                      current command line.  When it  finishes,  the  possible
+                      completions  are retrieved from the value of the CCOOMMPPRREE--
+                      PPLLYY array variable.
+              --GG _g_l_o_b_p_a_t
+                      The pathname expansion pattern _g_l_o_b_p_a_t  is  expanded  to
+                      generate the possible completions.
+              --PP _p_r_e_f_i_x
+                      _p_r_e_f_i_x  is  added at the beginning of each possible com-
+                      pletion after all other options have been applied.
+              --SS _s_u_f_f_i_x
+                      _s_u_f_f_i_x is appended to each possible completion after all
+                      other options have been applied.
+              --WW _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t
+                      The  _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t  is  split using the characters in the IIFFSS
+                      special variable as delimiters, and each resultant  word
+                      is  expanded.  Shell quoting is honored within _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t,
+                      in order to provide a mechanism for the words to contain
+                      shell  metacharacters or characters in the value of IIFFSS.
+                      The possible completions are the members of  the  resul-
+                      tant list which match the word being completed.
+              --XX _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t
+                      _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t  is  a pattern as used for pathname expansion.
+                      It is applied to the list of possible completions gener-
+                      ated  by  the  preceding options and arguments, and each
+                      completion matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed from the  list.
+                      A  leading  !!  in _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t negates the pattern; in this
+                      case, any completion not matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed.
+
+              The return value is true unless an invalid option  is  supplied,
+              an  option  other than --pp or --rr is supplied without a _n_a_m_e argu-
+              ment, an attempt is made to remove  a  completion  specification
+              for a _n_a_m_e for which no specification exists, or an error occurs
+              adding a completion specification.
+
+       ccoommppoopptt [--oo _o_p_t_i_o_n] [--DDEEII] [++oo _o_p_t_i_o_n] [_n_a_m_e]
+              Modify  completion  options  for  each  _n_a_m_e  according  to  the
+              _o_p_t_i_o_ns,  or  for the currently-executing completion if no _n_a_m_es
+              are supplied.  If no _o_p_t_i_o_ns are given, display  the  completion
+              options  for  each _n_a_m_e or the current completion.  The possible
+              values of _o_p_t_i_o_n  are  those  valid  for  the  ccoommpplleettee  builtin
+              described  above.   The  --DD option indicates that other supplied
+              options should apply to the ``default'' command completion; that
+              is,  completion  attempted  on a command for which no completion
+              has previously been defined.  The --EE option indicates that other
+              supplied  options  should apply to ``empty'' command completion;
+              that is, completion attempted on a blank line.   The  --II  option
+              indicates that other supplied options should apply to completion
+              on the inital non-assignment word on the line, or after  a  com-
+              mand  delimiter  such  as  ;; or ||, which is usually command name
+              completion.
+
+              The return value is true unless an invalid option  is  supplied,
+              an attempt is made to modify the options for a _n_a_m_e for which no
+              completion specification exists, or an output error occurs.
+
+       ccoonnttiinnuuee [_n]
+              Resume the next iteration of the enclosing ffoorr, wwhhiillee, uunnttiill, or
+              sseelleecctt  loop.   If  _n  is specified, resume at the _nth enclosing
+              loop.  _n must be >= 1.  If _n  is  greater  than  the  number  of
+              enclosing  loops,  the  last  enclosing  loop (the ``top-level''
+              loop) is resumed.  The return value is 0 unless _n is not greater
+              than or equal to 1.
+
+       ddeeccllaarree [--aaAAffFFggiillnnrrttuuxx] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...]
+       ttyyppeesseett [--aaAAffFFggiillnnrrttuuxx] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...]
+              Declare  variables and/or give them attributes.  If no _n_a_m_es are
+              given then display the values of variables.  The --pp option  will
+              display the attributes and values of each _n_a_m_e.  When --pp is used
+              with _n_a_m_e arguments, additional options, other than --ff  and  --FF,
+              are  ignored.   When  --pp  is supplied without _n_a_m_e arguments, it
+              will display the attributes and values of all  variables  having
+              the attributes specified by the additional options.  If no other
+              options  are  supplied  with  --pp,  ddeeccllaarree  will   display   the
+              attributes  and  values  of  all shell variables.  The --ff option
+              will restrict the display to shell  functions.   The  --FF  option
+              inhibits  the display of function definitions; only the function
+              name and attributes are printed.  If the eexxttddeebbuugg  shell  option
+              is  enabled  using  sshhoopptt,  the source file name and line number
+              where each _n_a_m_e is defined are displayed as well.  The --FF option
+              implies  --ff.   The  --gg  option forces variables to be created or
+              modified at the global scope, even when ddeeccllaarree is executed in a
+              shell  function.  It is ignored in all other cases.  The follow-
+              ing options can be used to restrict output to variables with the
+              specified attribute or to give variables attributes:
+              --aa     Each  _n_a_m_e  is  an  indexed  array  variable  (see AArrrraayyss
+                     above).
+              --AA     Each _n_a_m_e is an associative array  variable  (see  AArrrraayyss
+                     above).
+              --ff     Use function names only.
+              --ii     The variable is treated as an integer; arithmetic evalua-
+                     tion (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above) is performed  when
+                     the variable is assigned a value.
+              --ll     When  the  variable  is  assigned a value, all upper-case
+                     characters are converted to lower-case.   The  upper-case
+                     attribute is disabled.
+              --nn     Give  each  _n_a_m_e  the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute, making it a name
+                     reference to another variable.  That  other  variable  is
+                     defined  by  the  value of _n_a_m_e.  All references, assign-
+                     ments, and attribute modifications to _n_a_m_e, except  those
+                     using  or changing the --nn attribute itself, are performed
+                     on the variable referenced by _n_a_m_e's value.  The  nameref
+                     attribute cannot be applied to array variables.
+              --rr     Make _n_a_m_es readonly.  These names cannot then be assigned
+                     values by subsequent assignment statements or unset.
+              --tt     Give each _n_a_m_e the  _t_r_a_c_e  attribute.   Traced  functions
+                     inherit  the  DDEEBBUUGG  and  RREETTUURRNN  traps  from the calling
+                     shell.  The trace attribute has no  special  meaning  for
+                     variables.
+              --uu     When  the  variable  is  assigned a value, all lower-case
+                     characters are converted to upper-case.   The  lower-case
+                     attribute is disabled.
+              --xx     Mark  _n_a_m_es  for  export  to  subsequent commands via the
+                     environment.
+
+              Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the attribute  instead,  with
+              the  exceptions  that ++aa and ++AA may not be used to destroy array
+              variables and ++rr will not remove the readonly  attribute.   When
+              used in a function, ddeeccllaarree and ttyyppeesseett make each _n_a_m_e local, as
+              with the llooccaall command, unless the --gg option is supplied.  If  a
+              variable  name  is followed by =_v_a_l_u_e, the value of the variable
+              is set to _v_a_l_u_e.  When using --aa or --AA and the  compound  assign-
+              ment  syntax to create array variables, additional attributes do
+              not take effect until subsequent assignments.  The return  value
+              is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an attempt is made
+              to define a function using ``-f foo=bar'', an attempt is made to
+              assign  a  value  to  a readonly variable, an attempt is made to
+              assign a value to an array variable without using  the  compound
+              assignment  syntax (see AArrrraayyss above), one of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a
+              valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to turn off  read-
+              only  status for a readonly variable, an attempt is made to turn
+              off array status for an array variable, or an attempt is made to
+              display a non-existent function with --ff.
+
+       ddiirrss [[--ccllppvv]] [[++_n]] [[--_n]]
+              Without  options,  displays  the  list  of  currently remembered
+              directories.  The default display  is  on  a  single  line  with
+              directory  names  separated by spaces.  Directories are added to
+              the list with  the  ppuusshhdd  command;  the  ppooppdd  command  removes
+              entries  from  the  list.   The  current directory is always the
+              first directory in the stack.
+              --cc     Clears  the  directory  stack  by  deleting  all  of  the
+                     entries.
+              --ll     Produces  a  listing  using  full  pathnames; the default
+                     listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory.
+              --pp     Print the directory stack with one entry per line.
+              --vv     Print the directory stack with one entry per  line,  pre-
+                     fixing each entry with its index in the stack.
+              ++_n     Displays the _nth entry counting from the left of the list
+                     shown by ddiirrss when invoked without options, starting with
+                     zero.
+              --_n     Displays  the  _nth  entry  counting from the right of the
+                     list shown by ddiirrss when invoked without options, starting
+                     with zero.
+
+              The  return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or _n
+              indexes beyond the end of the directory stack.
+
+       ddiissoowwnn [--aarr] [--hh] [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c ... | _p_i_d ... ]
+              Without options, remove each _j_o_b_s_p_e_c from the  table  of  active
+              jobs.   If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, and neither the --aa nor the --rr
+              option is supplied, the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used.  If the  --hh  option
+              is  given,  each  _j_o_b_s_p_e_c  is not removed from the table, but is
+              marked so that SSIIGGHHUUPP is not  sent  to  the  job  if  the  shell
+              receives  a  SSIIGGHHUUPP.   If  no _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is supplied, the --aa option
+              means to remove or mark all jobs; the --rr option without  a  _j_o_b_-
+              _s_p_e_c  argument  restricts operation to running jobs.  The return
+              value is 0 unless a _j_o_b_s_p_e_c does not specify a valid job.
+
+       eecchhoo [--nneeEE] [_a_r_g ...]
+              Output the _a_r_gs, separated by spaces,  followed  by  a  newline.
+              The  return  status  is 0 unless a write error occurs.  If --nn is
+              specified, the trailing newline is suppressed.  If the --ee option
+              is  given,  interpretation  of  the  following backslash-escaped
+              characters is enabled.  The --EE option disables  the  interpreta-
+              tion  of these escape characters, even on systems where they are
+              interpreted by default.  The xxppgg__eecchhoo shell option may  be  used
+              to  dynamically  determine  whether  or  not  eecchhoo expands these
+              escape characters by default.  eecchhoo does  not  interpret  ----  to
+              mean  the  end of options.  eecchhoo interprets the following escape
+              sequences:
+              \\aa     alert (bell)
+              \\bb     backspace
+              \\cc     suppress further output
+              \\ee
+              \\EE     an escape character
+              \\ff     form feed
+              \\nn     new line
+              \\rr     carriage return
+              \\tt     horizontal tab
+              \\vv     vertical tab
+              \\\\     backslash
+              \\00_n_n_n  the eight-bit character whose value is  the  octal  value
+                     _n_n_n (zero to three octal digits)
+              \\xx_H_H   the  eight-bit  character  whose value is the hexadecimal
+                     value _H_H (one or two hex digits)
+              \\uu_H_H_H_H the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is  the
+                     hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H (one to four hex digits)
+              \\UU_H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H
+                     the  Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+                     hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H (one to eight hex digits)
+
+       eennaabbllee [--aa] [--ddnnppss] [--ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e] [_n_a_m_e ...]
+              Enable and disable builtin shell commands.  Disabling a  builtin
+              allows a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin
+              to be executed without specifying a full pathname,  even  though
+              the  shell  normally searches for builtins before disk commands.
+              If --nn is used, each  _n_a_m_e  is  disabled;  otherwise,  _n_a_m_e_s  are
+              enabled.  For example, to use the tteesstt binary found via the PPAATTHH
+              instead of the shell builtin version, run  ``enable  -n  test''.
+              The  --ff  option  means to load the new builtin command _n_a_m_e from
+              shared object _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e, on systems that support dynamic loading.
+              The  --dd  option will delete a builtin previously loaded with --ff.
+              If no _n_a_m_e arguments are given, or if the --pp option is supplied,
+              a list of shell builtins is printed.  With no other option argu-
+              ments, the list consists of all enabled shell builtins.   If  --nn
+              is  supplied, only disabled builtins are printed.  If --aa is sup-
+              plied, the list printed includes all builtins, with  an  indica-
+              tion  of whether or not each is enabled.  If --ss is supplied, the
+              output is restricted to the POSIX _s_p_e_c_i_a_l builtins.  The  return
+              value  is  0 unless a _n_a_m_e is not a shell builtin or there is an
+              error loading a new builtin from a shared object.
+
+       eevvaall [_a_r_g ...]
+              The _a_r_gs are read and concatenated together into a  single  com-
+              mand.   This command is then read and executed by the shell, and
+              its exit status is returned as the value of eevvaall.  If there  are
+              no _a_r_g_s, or only null arguments, eevvaall returns 0.
+
+       eexxeecc [--ccll] [--aa _n_a_m_e] [_c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s]]
+              If  _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is specified, it replaces the shell.  No new process
+              is created.  The _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s become the arguments to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d.   If
+              the --ll option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the begin-
+              ning of the zeroth argument passed to  _c_o_m_m_a_n_d.   This  is  what
+              _l_o_g_i_n(1) does.  The --cc option causes _c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be executed with
+              an empty environment.  If --aa is supplied, the shell passes  _n_a_m_e
+              as the zeroth argument to the executed command.  If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d can-
+              not be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell  exits,
+              unless  the  eexxeeccffaaiill shell option is enabled.  In that case, it
+              returns failure.  An interactive shell returns  failure  if  the
+              file  cannot  be  executed.  A subshell exits unconditionally if
+              eexxeecc fails.  If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is not specified, any redirections  take
+              effect  in  the  current  shell, and the return status is 0.  If
+              there is a redirection error, the return status is 1.
+
+       eexxiitt [_n]
+              Cause the shell to exit with a status of _n.  If  _n  is  omitted,
+              the exit status is that of the last command executed.  A trap on
+              EEXXIITT is executed before the shell terminates.
+
+       eexxppoorrtt [--ffnn] [_n_a_m_e[=_w_o_r_d]] ...
+       eexxppoorrtt --pp
+              The supplied _n_a_m_e_s are marked for automatic export to the  envi-
+              ronment  of subsequently executed commands.  If the --ff option is
+              given, the _n_a_m_e_s refer to functions.  If no _n_a_m_e_s are given,  or
+              if  the  --pp  option is supplied, a list of names of all exported
+              variables is printed.  The --nn option causes the export  property
+              to be removed from each _n_a_m_e.  If a variable name is followed by
+              =_w_o_r_d, the value of the variable is set to _w_o_r_d.  eexxppoorrtt returns
+              an exit status of 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one
+              of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable name, or --ff  is  sup-
+              plied with a _n_a_m_e that is not a function.
+
+       ffcc [--ee _e_n_a_m_e] [--llnnrr] [_f_i_r_s_t] [_l_a_s_t]
+       ffcc --ss [_p_a_t=_r_e_p] [_c_m_d]
+              The  first  form  selects a range of commands from _f_i_r_s_t to _l_a_s_t
+              from the history list and  displays  or  edits  and  re-executes
+              them.   _F_i_r_s_t  and  _l_a_s_t may be specified as a string (to locate
+              the last command beginning with that string) or as a number  (an
+              index  into the history list, where a negative number is used as
+              an offset from the current command  number).   If  _l_a_s_t  is  not
+              specified, it is set to the current command for listing (so that
+              ``fc -l -10'' prints the last 10 commands) and to  _f_i_r_s_t  other-
+              wise.  If _f_i_r_s_t is not specified, it is set to the previous com-
+              mand for editing and -16 for listing.
+
+              The --nn option suppresses the command numbers when listing.   The
+              --rr  option reverses the order of the commands.  If the --ll option
+              is given, the commands are listed on  standard  output.   Other-
+              wise,  the editor given by _e_n_a_m_e is invoked on a file containing
+              those commands.  If _e_n_a_m_e is not given, the value of the  FFCCEEDDIITT
+              variable  is used, and the value of EEDDIITTOORR if FFCCEEDDIITT is not set.
+              If neither variable is set, _v_i is used.  When  editing  is  com-
+              plete, the edited commands are echoed and executed.
+
+              In  the  second form, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is re-executed after each instance
+              of _p_a_t is replaced by _r_e_p.  _C_o_m_m_a_n_d is interpreted the  same  as
+              _f_i_r_s_t  above.  A useful alias to use with this is ``r="fc -s"'',
+              so that typing ``r cc'' runs the  last  command  beginning  with
+              ``cc'' and typing ``r'' re-executes the last command.
+
+              If  the  first  form  is  used,  the return value is 0 unless an
+              invalid option is encountered or _f_i_r_s_t or _l_a_s_t  specify  history
+              lines  out  of  range.  If the --ee option is supplied, the return
+              value is the value of the last command executed or failure if an
+              error occurs with the temporary file of commands.  If the second
+              form is used, the return status is that of the  command  re-exe-
+              cuted,  unless  _c_m_d  does  not  specify a valid history line, in
+              which case ffcc returns failure.
+
+       ffgg [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c]
+              Resume _j_o_b_s_p_e_c in the foreground, and make it the  current  job.
+              If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, the shell's notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b
+              is used.  The return value is that of the  command  placed  into
+              the  foreground,  or failure if run when job control is disabled
+              or, when run with job control enabled, if _j_o_b_s_p_e_c does not spec-
+              ify  a  valid  job  or  _j_o_b_s_p_e_c specifies a job that was started
+              without job control.
+
+       ggeettooppttss _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g _n_a_m_e [_a_r_g_s]
+              ggeettooppttss is used by shell procedures to parse positional  parame-
+              ters.   _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g  contains  the  option characters to be recog-
+              nized; if a character is followed by  a  colon,  the  option  is
+              expected  to have an argument, which should be separated from it
+              by white space.  The colon and question mark characters may  not
+              be  used as option characters.  Each time it is invoked, ggeettooppttss
+              places the next option in the shell variable _n_a_m_e,  initializing
+              _n_a_m_e if it does not exist, and the index of the next argument to
+              be processed into the variable OOPPTTIINNDD.  OOPPTTIINNDD is initialized to
+              1  each  time  the  shell or a shell script is invoked.  When an
+              option requires an argument, ggeettooppttss places that  argument  into
+              the  variable OOPPTTAARRGG.  The shell does not reset OOPPTTIINNDD automati-
+              cally; it must be  manually  reset  between  multiple  calls  to
+              ggeettooppttss within the same shell invocation if a new set of parame-
+              ters is to be used.
+
+              When the end of options is encountered,  ggeettooppttss  exits  with  a
+              return  value  greater than zero.  OOPPTTIINNDD is set to the index of
+              the first non-option argument, and _n_a_m_e is set to ?.
+
+              ggeettooppttss normally parses the positional parameters, but  if  more
+              arguments are given in _a_r_g_s, ggeettooppttss parses those instead.
+
+              ggeettooppttss  can  report errors in two ways.  If the first character
+              of _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g is a colon, _s_i_l_e_n_t error  reporting  is  used.   In
+              normal  operation,  diagnostic messages are printed when invalid
+              options or missing option arguments  are  encountered.   If  the
+              variable  OOPPTTEERRRR  is  set  to  0, no error messages will be dis-
+              played, even if the first character of _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g is not a colon.
+
+              If an invalid option is seen, ggeettooppttss places ? into _n_a_m_e and, if
+              not  silent,  prints  an  error  message  and unsets OOPPTTAARRGG.  If
+              ggeettooppttss is silent, the  option  character  found  is  placed  in
+              OOPPTTAARRGG and no diagnostic message is printed.
+
+              If  a required argument is not found, and ggeettooppttss is not silent,
+              a question mark (??) is placed in _n_a_m_e, OOPPTTAARRGG is  unset,  and  a
+              diagnostic  message  is  printed.   If ggeettooppttss is silent, then a
+              colon (::) is placed in _n_a_m_e and OOPPTTAARRGG  is  set  to  the  option
+              character found.
+
+              ggeettooppttss  returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is
+              found.  It returns false if the end of options is encountered or
+              an error occurs.
+
+       hhaasshh [--llrr] [--pp _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e] [--ddtt] [_n_a_m_e]
+              Each time hhaasshh is invoked, the full pathname of the command _n_a_m_e
+              is determined by searching the directories in $$PPAATTHH  and  remem-
+              bered.  Any previously-remembered pathname is discarded.  If the
+              --pp option is supplied, no path search is performed, and _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e
+              is  used  as  the  full  filename of the command.  The --rr option
+              causes the shell to forget all  remembered  locations.   The  --dd
+              option  causes  the  shell  to forget the remembered location of
+              each _n_a_m_e.  If the --tt option is supplied, the full  pathname  to
+              which  each _n_a_m_e corresponds is printed.  If multiple _n_a_m_e argu-
+              ments are supplied with --tt,  the  _n_a_m_e  is  printed  before  the
+              hashed  full  pathname.   The --ll option causes output to be dis-
+              played in a format that may be reused as input.  If no arguments
+              are  given,  or if only --ll is supplied, information about remem-
+              bered commands is printed.  The return status is true  unless  a
+              _n_a_m_e is not found or an invalid option is supplied.
+
+       hheellpp [--ddmmss] [_p_a_t_t_e_r_n]
+              Display  helpful information about builtin commands.  If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n
+              is specified, hheellpp gives detailed help on all commands  matching
+              _p_a_t_t_e_r_n;  otherwise  help for all the builtins and shell control
+              structures is printed.
+              --dd     Display a short description of each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n
+              --mm     Display the description of each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n in a manpage-like
+                     format
+              --ss     Display only a short usage synopsis for each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n
+
+              The return status is 0 unless no command matches _p_a_t_t_e_r_n.
+
+       hhiissttoorryy [[_n]]
+       hhiissttoorryy --cc
+       hhiissttoorryy --dd _o_f_f_s_e_t
+       hhiissttoorryy --dd _s_t_a_r_t-_e_n_d
+       hhiissttoorryy --aannrrww [_f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e]
+       hhiissttoorryy --pp _a_r_g [_a_r_g _._._.]
+       hhiissttoorryy --ss _a_r_g [_a_r_g _._._.]
+              With no options, display the command history list with line num-
+              bers.  Lines listed with a ** have been modified.  An argument of
+              _n  lists only the last _n lines.  If the shell variable HHIISSTTTTIIMMEE--
+              FFOORRMMAATT is set and not null, it is used as a  format  string  for
+              _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3)  to display the time stamp associated with each dis-
+              played history entry.  No intervening blank is  printed  between
+              the  formatted  time stamp and the history line.  If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is
+              supplied, it is used as the name of the history  file;  if  not,
+              the  value  of HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is used.  Options, if supplied, have the
+              following meanings:
+              --cc     Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.
+              --dd _o_f_f_s_e_t
+                     Delete the history entry at position _o_f_f_s_e_t.   If  _o_f_f_s_e_t
+                     is negative, it is interpreted as relative to one greater
+                     than the last history position, so negative indices count
+                     back  from  the  end  of  the history, and an index of -1
+                     refers to the current hhiissttoorryy --dd command.
+              --dd _s_t_a_r_t-_e_n_d
+                     Delete the history entries between  positions  _s_t_a_r_t  and
+                     _e_n_d,  inclusive.   Positive and negative values for _s_t_a_r_t
+                     and _e_n_d are interpreted as described above.
+              --aa     Append the ``new'' history lines  to  the  history  file.
+                     These  are  history  lines entered since the beginning of
+                     the current bbaasshh session, but not already appended to the
+                     history file.
+              --nn     Read  the history lines not already read from the history
+                     file into the current  history  list.   These  are  lines
+                     appended  to  the history file since the beginning of the
+                     current bbaasshh session.
+              --rr     Read the contents of the history file and append them  to
+                     the current history list.
+              --ww     Write the current history list to the history file, over-
+                     writing the history file's contents.
+              --pp     Perform history substitution on the  following  _a_r_g_s  and
+                     display  the  result  on  the  standard output.  Does not
+                     store the results in the history list.  Each _a_r_g must  be
+                     quoted to disable normal history expansion.
+              --ss     Store  the  _a_r_g_s  in  the history list as a single entry.
+                     The last command in the history list  is  removed  before
+                     the _a_r_g_s are added.
+
+              If  the  HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is set, the time stamp informa-
+              tion associated with each history entry is written to  the  his-
+              tory  file, marked with the history comment character.  When the
+              history file is read, lines beginning with the  history  comment
+              character  followed  immediately  by  a digit are interpreted as
+              timestamps for the following history entry.  The return value is
+              0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an error occurs while
+              reading or writing the history file, an invalid _o_f_f_s_e_t  is  sup-
+              plied as an argument to --dd, or the history expansion supplied as
+              an argument to --pp fails.
+
+       jjoobbss [--llnnpprrss] [ _j_o_b_s_p_e_c ... ]
+       jjoobbss --xx _c_o_m_m_a_n_d [ _a_r_g_s ... ]
+              The first form lists the active jobs.  The options have the fol-
+              lowing meanings:
+              --ll     List process IDs in addition to the normal information.
+              --nn     Display  information  only  about  jobs that have changed
+                     status since the user was last notified of their status.
+              --pp     List only the process  ID  of  the  job's  process  group
+                     leader.
+              --rr     Display only running jobs.
+              --ss     Display only stopped jobs.
+
+              If  _j_o_b_s_p_e_c  is given, output is restricted to information about
+              that job.  The return status is 0 unless an  invalid  option  is
+              encountered or an invalid _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is supplied.
+
+              If the --xx option is supplied, jjoobbss replaces any _j_o_b_s_p_e_c found in
+              _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or _a_r_g_s with the corresponding  process  group  ID,  and
+              executes _c_o_m_m_a_n_d passing it _a_r_g_s, returning its exit status.
+
+       kkiillll [--ss _s_i_g_s_p_e_c | --nn _s_i_g_n_u_m | --_s_i_g_s_p_e_c] [_p_i_d | _j_o_b_s_p_e_c] ...
+       kkiillll --ll|--LL [_s_i_g_s_p_e_c | _e_x_i_t___s_t_a_t_u_s]
+              Send  the  signal  named  by  _s_i_g_s_p_e_c or _s_i_g_n_u_m to the processes
+              named by _p_i_d or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c.  _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either  a  case-insensitive
+              signal  name such as SSIIGGKKIILLLL (with or without the SSIIGG prefix) or
+              a signal number; _s_i_g_n_u_m is a signal number.  If _s_i_g_s_p_e_c  is  not
+              present,  then  SSIIGGTTEERRMM is assumed.  An argument of --ll lists the
+              signal names.  If any arguments are supplied when --ll  is  given,
+              the  names  of  the  signals  corresponding to the arguments are
+              listed, and the return status is 0.  The _e_x_i_t___s_t_a_t_u_s argument to
+              --ll  is  a  number  specifying either a signal number or the exit
+              status of a process terminated by a signal.  The  --LL  option  is
+              equivalent  to --ll.  kkiillll returns true if at least one signal was
+              successfully sent, or false if an error  occurs  or  an  invalid
+              option is encountered.
+
+       lleett _a_r_g [_a_r_g ...]
+              Each _a_r_g is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated (see AARRIITTHH--
+              MMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above).  If the last _a_r_g evaluates  to  0,  lleett
+              returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.
+
+       llooccaall [_o_p_t_i_o_n] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ... | - ]
+              For  each  argument, a local variable named _n_a_m_e is created, and
+              assigned _v_a_l_u_e.  The _o_p_t_i_o_n can be any of the  options  accepted
+              by ddeeccllaarree.  When llooccaall is used within a function, it causes the
+              variable _n_a_m_e to have a visible scope restricted to  that  func-
+              tion  and  its children.  If _n_a_m_e is -, the set of shell options
+              is made local to the function in which llooccaall is  invoked:  shell
+              options  changed  using  the sseett builtin inside the function are
+              restored to their original values  when  the  function  returns.
+              With  no operands, llooccaall writes a list of local variables to the
+              standard output.  It is an error to use llooccaall when not within  a
+              function.  The return status is 0 unless llooccaall is used outside a
+              function, an invalid _n_a_m_e is supplied, or  _n_a_m_e  is  a  readonly
+              variable.
+
+       llooggoouutt Exit a login shell.
+
+       mmaappffiillee  [--dd  _d_e_l_i_m] [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC
+       _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k] [--cc _q_u_a_n_t_u_m] [_a_r_r_a_y]
+       rreeaaddaarrrraayy [--dd _d_e_l_i_m] [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC
+       _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k] [--cc _q_u_a_n_t_u_m] [_a_r_r_a_y]
+              Read  lines from the standard input into the indexed array vari-
+              able _a_r_r_a_y, or from file descriptor _f_d if the --uu option is  sup-
+              plied.   The variable MMAAPPFFIILLEE is the default _a_r_r_a_y.  Options, if
+              supplied, have the following meanings:
+              --dd     The first character of _d_e_l_i_m is used  to  terminate  each
+                     input  line,  rather than newline.  If _d_e_l_i_m is the empty
+                     string, mmaappffiillee will terminate a line when it reads a NUL
+                     character.
+              --nn     Copy  at  most _c_o_u_n_t lines.  If _c_o_u_n_t is 0, all lines are
+                     copied.
+              --OO     Begin assigning to _a_r_r_a_y at index  _o_r_i_g_i_n.   The  default
+                     index is 0.
+              --ss     Discard the first _c_o_u_n_t lines read.
+              --tt     Remove  a trailing _d_e_l_i_m (default newline) from each line
+                     read.
+              --uu     Read lines from file descriptor _f_d instead of  the  stan-
+                     dard input.
+              --CC     Evaluate  _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k each time _q_u_a_n_t_u_m lines are read.  The
+                     --cc option specifies _q_u_a_n_t_u_m.
+              --cc     Specify the number of lines read  between  each  call  to
+                     _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k.
+
+              If  --CC  is  specified  without  --cc, the default quantum is 5000.
+              When _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next
+              array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that
+              element as additional arguments.  _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k  is  evaluated  after
+              the line is read but before the array element is assigned.
+
+              If  not  supplied  with  an  explicit origin, mmaappffiillee will clear
+              _a_r_r_a_y before assigning to it.
+
+              mmaappffiillee returns successfully unless an invalid option or  option
+              argument  is  supplied,  _a_r_r_a_y is invalid or unassignable, or if
+              _a_r_r_a_y is not an indexed array.
+
+       ppooppdd [-nn] [+_n] [-_n]
+              Removes entries from the directory stack.   With  no  arguments,
+              removes  the  top directory from the stack, and performs a ccdd to
+              the new top directory.  Arguments, if supplied, have the follow-
+              ing meanings:
+              --nn     Suppresses  the  normal change of directory when removing
+                     directories from the stack, so that  only  the  stack  is
+                     manipulated.
+              ++_n     Removes  the _nth entry counting from the left of the list
+                     shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero.  For  example:  ``popd
+                     +0'' removes the first directory, ``popd +1'' the second.
+              --_n     Removes the _nth entry counting from the right of the list
+                     shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero.  For  example:  ``popd
+                     -0''  removes the last directory, ``popd -1'' the next to
+                     last.
+
+              If the ppooppdd command is successful, a ddiirrss is performed as  well,
+              and  the  return  status is 0.  ppooppdd returns false if an invalid
+              option is encountered, the directory stack is empty, a non-exis-
+              tent directory stack entry is specified, or the directory change
+              fails.
+
+       pprriinnttff [--vv _v_a_r] _f_o_r_m_a_t [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s]
+              Write the formatted _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s to the standard output  under  the
+              control  of  the  _f_o_r_m_a_t.  The --vv option causes the output to be
+              assigned to the variable _v_a_r rather than being  printed  to  the
+              standard output.
+
+              The  _f_o_r_m_a_t  is a character string which contains three types of
+              objects: plain characters, which are simply copied  to  standard
+              output,  character  escape  sequences,  which  are converted and
+              copied to the standard output, and format  specifications,  each
+              of  which  causes  printing of the next successive _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t.  In
+              addition to the standard _p_r_i_n_t_f(1) format specifications, pprriinnttff
+              interprets the following extensions:
+              %%bb     causes pprriinnttff to expand backslash escape sequences in the
+                     corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t in the same way as eecchhoo --ee.
+              %%qq     causes pprriinnttff to output the corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t  in  a
+                     format that can be reused as shell input.
+              %%((_d_a_t_e_f_m_t))TT
+                     causes  pprriinnttff  to  output the date-time string resulting
+                     from using _d_a_t_e_f_m_t as a format  string  for  _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3).
+                     The corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t is an integer representing the
+                     number of seconds since the epoch.  Two special  argument
+                     values  may  be used: -1 represents the current time, and
+                     -2 represents the time the  shell  was  invoked.   If  no
+                     argument  is  specified,  conversion behaves as if -1 had
+                     been given.  This is an exception  to  the  usual  pprriinnttff
+                     behavior.
+
+              Arguments  to non-string format specifiers are treated as C con-
+              stants, except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and
+              if  the leading character is a single or double quote, the value
+              is the ASCII value of the following character.
+
+              The _f_o_r_m_a_t is reused as necessary to consume all  of  the  _a_r_g_u_-
+              _m_e_n_t_s.  If the _f_o_r_m_a_t requires more _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s than are supplied,
+              the extra format specifications behave as if  a  zero  value  or
+              null  string,  as  appropriate,  had  been supplied.  The return
+              value is zero on success, non-zero on failure.
+
+       ppuusshhdd [--nn] [+_n] [-_n]
+       ppuusshhdd [--nn] [_d_i_r]
+              Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack,  or  rotates
+              the  stack,  making the new top of the stack the current working
+              directory.  With no  arguments,  ppuusshhdd  exchanges  the  top  two
+              directories  and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty.
+              Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+              --nn     Suppresses the normal change of directory  when  rotating
+                     or  adding  directories  to  the  stack, so that only the
+                     stack is manipulated.
+              ++_n     Rotates the stack so that  the  _nth  directory  (counting
+                     from  the  left  of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with
+                     zero) is at the top.
+              --_n     Rotates the stack so that  the  _nth  directory  (counting
+                     from  the  right of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with
+                     zero) is at the top.
+              _d_i_r    Adds _d_i_r to the directory stack at the top, making it the
+                     new  current working directory as if it had been supplied
+                     as the argument to the ccdd builtin.
+
+              If the ppuusshhdd command is successful, a ddiirrss is performed as well.
+              If  the first form is used, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless the cd to _d_i_r
+              fails.  With the second form, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless the  direc-
+              tory  stack  is empty, a non-existent directory stack element is
+              specified, or the directory change to the specified new  current
+              directory fails.
+
+       ppwwdd [--LLPP]
+              Print  the  absolute  pathname of the current working directory.
+              The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the --PP option
+              is supplied or the --oo pphhyyssiiccaall option to the sseett builtin command
+              is enabled.  If the --LL option is used, the pathname printed  may
+              contain  symbolic links.  The return status is 0 unless an error
+              occurs while reading the name of the  current  directory  or  an
+              invalid option is supplied.
+
+       rreeaadd [--eerrss] [--aa _a_n_a_m_e] [--dd _d_e_l_i_m] [--ii _t_e_x_t] [--nn _n_c_h_a_r_s] [--NN _n_c_h_a_r_s] [--pp
+       _p_r_o_m_p_t] [--tt _t_i_m_e_o_u_t] [--uu _f_d] [_n_a_m_e ...]
+              One line is read from the  standard  input,  or  from  the  file
+              descriptor  _f_d  supplied  as an argument to the --uu option, split
+              into words as described above  under  WWoorrdd  SSpplliittttiinngg,  and  the
+              first word is assigned to the first _n_a_m_e, the second word to the
+              second _n_a_m_e, and so on.  If there are more words than names, the
+              remaining words and their intervening delimiters are assigned to
+              the last _n_a_m_e.  If there are fewer words  read  from  the  input
+              stream  than  names, the remaining names are assigned empty val-
+              ues.  The characters in IIFFSS are used  to  split  the  line  into
+              words  using  the  same  rules  the  shell  uses  for  expansion
+              (described above under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg).  The backslash character
+              (\\) may be used to remove any special meaning for the next char-
+              acter read and for line  continuation.   Options,  if  supplied,
+              have the following meanings:
+              --aa _a_n_a_m_e
+                     The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array
+                     variable _a_n_a_m_e, starting at 0.  _a_n_a_m_e is unset before any
+                     new  values  are  assigned.   Other  _n_a_m_e  arguments  are
+                     ignored.
+              --dd _d_e_l_i_m
+                     The first character of _d_e_l_i_m is  used  to  terminate  the
+                     input  line,  rather than newline.  If _d_e_l_i_m is the empty
+                     string, rreeaadd will terminate a line when it  reads  a  NUL
+                     character.
+              --ee     If the standard input is coming from a terminal, rreeaaddlliinnee
+                     (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE above) is used to obtain the  line.   Read-
+                     line  uses  the  current (or default, if line editing was
+                     not previously active) editing settings, but  uses  Read-
+                     line's default filename completion.
+              --ii _t_e_x_t
+                     If  rreeaaddlliinnee  is  being  used  to  read the line, _t_e_x_t is
+                     placed into the editing buffer before editing begins.
+              --nn _n_c_h_a_r_s
+                     rreeaadd returns after reading _n_c_h_a_r_s characters rather  than
+                     waiting for a complete line of input, but honors a delim-
+                     iter if fewer than _n_c_h_a_r_s characters are read before  the
+                     delimiter.
+              --NN _n_c_h_a_r_s
+                     rreeaadd  returns  after  reading  exactly  _n_c_h_a_r_s characters
+                     rather than waiting for a complete line of input,  unless
+                     EOF  is encountered or rreeaadd times out.  Delimiter charac-
+                     ters encountered in the input are not  treated  specially
+                     and  do  not cause rreeaadd to return until _n_c_h_a_r_s characters
+                     are read.  The result is not split on the  characters  in
+                     IIFFSS;  the intent is that the variable is assigned exactly
+                     the characters read (with the exception of backslash; see
+                     the --rr option below).
+              --pp _p_r_o_m_p_t
+                     Display _p_r_o_m_p_t on standard error, without a trailing new-
+                     line, before attempting to read any input.  The prompt is
+                     displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.
+              --rr     Backslash does not act as an escape character.  The back-
+                     slash is considered to be part of the line.  In  particu-
+                     lar,  a  backslash-newline pair may not then be used as a
+                     line continuation.
+              --ss     Silent mode.  If input is coming from a terminal, charac-
+                     ters are not echoed.
+              --tt _t_i_m_e_o_u_t
+                     Cause  rreeaadd  to time out and return failure if a complete
+                     line of input (or a specified number  of  characters)  is
+                     not  read within _t_i_m_e_o_u_t seconds.  _t_i_m_e_o_u_t may be a deci-
+                     mal number with a fractional portion following the  deci-
+                     mal  point.   This  option  is  only effective if rreeaadd is
+                     reading input from a terminal,  pipe,  or  other  special
+                     file;  it  has no effect when reading from regular files.
+                     If rreeaadd times out, rreeaadd saves any partial input read into
+                     the  specified  variable  _n_a_m_e.   If  _t_i_m_e_o_u_t  is 0, rreeaadd
+                     returns immediately, without trying  to  read  any  data.
+                     The  exit status is 0 if input is available on the speci-
+                     fied file descriptor, non-zero otherwise.  The exit  sta-
+                     tus is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded.
+              --uu _f_d  Read input from file descriptor _f_d.
+
+              If no _n_a_m_e_s are supplied, the line read is assigned to the vari-
+              able RREEPPLLYY.  The exit status  is  zero,  unless  end-of-file  is
+              encountered, rreeaadd times out (in which case the status is greater
+              than 128), a variable assignment error (such as assigning  to  a
+              readonly variable) occurs, or an invalid file descriptor is sup-
+              plied as the argument to --uu.
+
+       rreeaaddoonnllyy [--aaAAff] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_w_o_r_d] ...]
+              The given _n_a_m_e_s are marked readonly; the values of  these  _n_a_m_e_s
+              may  not  be changed by subsequent assignment.  If the --ff option
+              is supplied, the functions corresponding to  the  _n_a_m_e_s  are  so
+              marked.   The  --aa  option  restricts  the  variables  to indexed
+              arrays; the --AA option restricts  the  variables  to  associative
+              arrays.   If both options are supplied, --AA takes precedence.  If
+              no _n_a_m_e arguments are given, or if the --pp option is supplied,  a
+              list of all readonly names is printed.  The other options may be
+              used to restrict the output to a subset of the set  of  readonly
+              names.   The --pp option causes output to be displayed in a format
+              that may be reused as input.  If a variable name is followed  by
+              =_w_o_r_d,  the  value  of  the variable is set to _w_o_r_d.  The return
+              status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one of  the
+              _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable name, or --ff is supplied with
+              a _n_a_m_e that is not a function.
+
+       rreettuurrnn [_n]
+              Causes a function to stop executing and return the value  speci-
+              fied  by _n to its caller.  If _n is omitted, the return status is
+              that of the last command executed  in  the  function  body.   If
+              rreettuurrnn  is  executed by a trap handler, the last command used to
+              determine the status is the last  command  executed  before  the
+              trap  handler.   If  rreettuurrnn is executed during a DDEEBBUUGG trap, the
+              last command used to determine the status is  the  last  command
+              executed  by  the  trap  handler  before rreettuurrnn was invoked.  If
+              rreettuurrnn is used outside a function, but  during  execution  of  a
+              script  by  the ..  (ssoouurrccee) command, it causes the shell to stop
+              executing that script and return either _n or the exit status  of
+              the  last  command executed within the script as the exit status
+              of the script.  If _n is supplied, the return value is its  least
+              significant  8 bits.  The return status is non-zero if rreettuurrnn is
+              supplied a non-numeric argument, or is used outside  a  function
+              and  not  during execution of a script by .. or ssoouurrccee.  Any com-
+              mand associated with the RREETTUURRNN trap is executed  before  execu-
+              tion resumes after the function or script.
+
+       sseett [----aabbeeffhhkkmmnnppttuuvvxxBBCCEEHHPPTT] [--oo _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e] [_a_r_g ...]
+       sseett [++aabbeeffhhkkmmnnppttuuvvxxBBCCEEHHPPTT] [++oo _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e] [_a_r_g ...]
+              Without  options,  the name and value of each shell variable are
+              displayed in a format that can be reused as input for setting or
+              resetting the currently-set variables.  Read-only variables can-
+              not be reset.  In _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, only shell variables  are  listed.
+              The  output  is  sorted  according  to the current locale.  When
+              options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes.   Any
+              arguments  remaining after option processing are treated as val-
+              ues for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to
+              $$11,  $$22,  ......   $$_n.   Options,  if specified, have the following
+              meanings:
+              --aa      Each variable or function that is created or modified is
+                      given  the export attribute and marked for export to the
+                      environment of subsequent commands.
+              --bb      Report the status of terminated background jobs  immedi-
+                      ately, rather than before the next primary prompt.  This
+                      is effective only when job control is enabled.
+              --ee      Exit immediately if a _p_i_p_e_l_i_n_e (which may consist  of  a
+                      single  _s_i_m_p_l_e  _c_o_m_m_a_n_d),  a _l_i_s_t, or a _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d _c_o_m_m_a_n_d
+                      (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR above), exits with a non-zero status.
+                      The  shell  does  not  exit if the command that fails is
+                      part of the command list immediately following  a  wwhhiillee
+                      or  uunnttiill  keyword, part of the test following the iiff or
+                      eelliiff reserved words, part of any command executed  in  a
+                      &&&&  or |||| list except the command following the final &&&&
+                      or ||||, any command in a pipeline but the last, or if the
+                      command's  return  value is being inverted with !!.  If a
+                      compound command other than a subshell  returns  a  non-
+                      zero  status because a command failed while --ee was being
+                      ignored, the shell does not exit.  A  trap  on  EERRRR,  if
+                      set,  is  executed  before the shell exits.  This option
+                      applies to the shell environment and each subshell envi-
+                      ronment  separately  (see  CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT
+                      above), and may cause subshells to exit before executing
+                      all the commands in the subshell.
+
+                      If  a  compound  command or shell function executes in a
+                      context where --ee is being ignored, none of the  commands
+                      executed  within  the  compound command or function body
+                      will be affected by the --ee setting, even if  --ee  is  set
+                      and  a  command returns a failure status.  If a compound
+                      command or shell function sets --ee while executing  in  a
+                      context  where --ee is ignored, that setting will not have
+                      any effect until the compound  command  or  the  command
+                      containing the function call completes.
+              --ff      Disable pathname expansion.
+              --hh      Remember  the location of commands as they are looked up
+                      for execution.  This is enabled by default.
+              --kk      All arguments in the form of assignment  statements  are
+                      placed  in the environment for a command, not just those
+                      that precede the command name.
+              --mm      Monitor mode.  Job control is enabled.  This  option  is
+                      on  by  default  for  interactive shells on systems that
+                      support it (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL above).  All  processes  run
+                      in a separate process group.  When a background job com-
+                      pletes, the shell prints a line containing its exit sta-
+                      tus.
+              --nn      Read commands but do not execute them.  This may be used
+                      to check a shell script  for  syntax  errors.   This  is
+                      ignored by interactive shells.
+              --oo _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e
+                      The _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e can be one of the following:
+                      aalllleexxppoorrtt
+                              Same as --aa.
+                      bbrraacceeeexxppaanndd
+                              Same as --BB.
+                      eemmaaccss   Use  an  emacs-style command line editing inter-
+                              face.  This is enabled by default when the shell
+                              is interactive, unless the shell is started with
+                              the ----nnooeeddiittiinngg option.  This also  affects  the
+                              editing interface used for rreeaadd --ee.
+                      eerrrreexxiitt Same as --ee.
+                      eerrrrttrraaccee
+                              Same as --EE.
+                      ffuunnccttrraaccee
+                              Same as --TT.
+                      hhaasshhaallll Same as --hh.
+                      hhiisstteexxppaanndd
+                              Same as --HH.
+                      hhiissttoorryy Enable command history, as described above under
+                              HHIISSTTOORRYY.  This option is on by default in inter-
+                              active shells.
+                      iiggnnoorreeeeooff
+                              The   effect   is   as   if  the  shell  command
+                              ``IGNOREEOF=10'' had been  executed  (see  SShheellll
+                              VVaarriiaabblleess above).
+                      kkeeyywwoorrdd Same as --kk.
+                      mmoonniittoorr Same as --mm.
+                      nnoocclloobbbbeerr
+                              Same as --CC.
+                      nnooeexxeecc  Same as --nn.
+                      nnoogglloobb  Same as --ff.
+                      nnoolloogg   Currently ignored.
+                      nnoottiiffyy  Same as --bb.
+                      nnoouunnsseett Same as --uu.
+                      oonneeccmmdd  Same as --tt.
+                      pphhyyssiiccaall
+                              Same as --PP.
+                      ppiippeeffaaiill
+                              If  set,  the  return value of a pipeline is the
+                              value of the last (rightmost)  command  to  exit
+                              with  a non-zero status, or zero if all commands
+                              in the pipeline exit successfully.  This  option
+                              is disabled by default.
+                      ppoossiixx   Change  the  behavior  of bbaasshh where the default
+                              operation differs from  the  POSIX  standard  to
+                              match  the  standard (_p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e).  See SSEEEE AALLSSOO
+                              below for a reference to a document that details
+                              how posix mode affects bash's behavior.
+                      pprriivviilleeggeedd
+                              Same as --pp.
+                      vveerrbboossee Same as --vv.
+                      vvii      Use  a  vi-style command line editing interface.
+                              This also affects the editing interface used for
+                              rreeaadd --ee.
+                      xxttrraaccee  Same as --xx.
+                      If --oo is supplied with no _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e, the values of the
+                      current options are printed.  If ++oo is supplied with  no
+                      _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e,  a  series  of sseett commands to recreate the
+                      current option settings is  displayed  on  the  standard
+                      output.
+              --pp      Turn  on  _p_r_i_v_i_l_e_g_e_d  mode.   In this mode, the $$EENNVV and
+                      $$BBAASSHH__EENNVV files are not processed, shell  functions  are
+                      not  inherited  from the environment, and the SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS,
+                      BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS, CCDDPPAATTHH,  and  GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE  variables,  if  they
+                      appear in the environment, are ignored.  If the shell is
+                      started with the effective user (group) id not equal  to
+                      the  real user (group) id, and the --pp option is not sup-
+                      plied, these actions are taken and the effective user id
+                      is  set  to  the real user id.  If the --pp option is sup-
+                      plied at startup, the effective user id  is  not  reset.
+                      Turning  this  option  off causes the effective user and
+                      group ids to be set to the real user and group ids.
+              --tt      Exit after reading and executing one command.
+              --uu      Treat unset variables and parameters other than the spe-
+                      cial  parameters "@" and "*" as an error when performing
+                      parameter expansion.  If expansion is  attempted  on  an
+                      unset  variable  or parameter, the shell prints an error
+                      message, and, if not interactive, exits with a  non-zero
+                      status.
+              --vv      Print shell input lines as they are read.
+              --xx      After  expanding  each _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, ffoorr command, ccaassee
+                      command, sseelleecctt command, or arithmetic ffoorr command, dis-
+                      play  the expanded value of PPSS44, followed by the command
+                      and its expanded arguments or associated word list.
+              --BB      The shell performs brace expansion (see BBrraaccee  EExxppaannssiioonn
+                      above).  This is on by default.
+              --CC      If  set,  bbaasshh  does not overwrite an existing file with
+                      the >>, >>&&, and <<>> redirection operators.   This  may  be
+                      overridden when creating output files by using the redi-
+                      rection operator >>|| instead of >>.
+              --EE      If set, any trap on EERRRR is inherited by shell functions,
+                      command  substitutions,  and commands executed in a sub-
+                      shell environment.  The EERRRR trap is normally not  inher-
+                      ited in such cases.
+              --HH      Enable !!  style history substitution.  This option is on
+                      by default when the shell is interactive.
+              --PP      If set, the shell does not resolve symbolic  links  when
+                      executing  commands  such  as ccdd that change the current
+                      working  directory.   It  uses  the  physical  directory
+                      structure instead.  By default, bbaasshh follows the logical
+                      chain of  directories  when  performing  commands  which
+                      change the current directory.
+              --TT      If  set,  any traps on DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN are inherited by
+                      shell functions,  command  substitutions,  and  commands
+                      executed  in  a  subshell  environment.   The  DDEEBBUUGG and
+                      RREETTUURRNN traps are normally not inherited in such cases.
+              ----      If no arguments follow this option, then the  positional
+                      parameters are unset.  Otherwise, the positional parame-
+                      ters are set to the _a_r_gs, even if  some  of  them  begin
+                      with a --.
+              --       Signal  the  end of options, cause all remaining _a_r_gs to
+                      be assigned to the positional parameters.  The --xx and --vv
+                      options are turned off.  If there are no _a_r_gs, the posi-
+                      tional parameters remain unchanged.
+
+              The options are off by default unless otherwise noted.  Using  +
+              rather  than  -  causes  these  options  to  be turned off.  The
+              options can also be specified as arguments to an  invocation  of
+              the  shell.  The current set of options may be found in $$--.  The
+              return status is always true unless an invalid option is encoun-
+              tered.
+
+       sshhiifftt [_n]
+              The  positional  parameters  from _n+1 ... are renamed to $$11 ........
+              Parameters represented by the numbers  $$##  down  to  $$##-_n+1  are
+              unset.   _n  must  be a non-negative number less than or equal to
+              $$##.  If _n is 0, no parameters are changed.  If _n is  not  given,
+              it  is assumed to be 1.  If _n is greater than $$##, the positional
+              parameters are not changed.  The return status is  greater  than
+              zero if _n is greater than $$## or less than zero; otherwise 0.
+
+       sshhoopptt [--ppqqssuu] [--oo] [_o_p_t_n_a_m_e ...]
+              Toggle  the values of settings controlling optional shell behav-
+              ior.  The settings can be either those listed below, or, if  the
+              --oo option is used, those available with the --oo option to the sseett
+              builtin command.  With no options, or with the --pp option, a list
+              of  all  settable  options  is  displayed, with an indication of
+              whether or not each is set; if _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s are supplied, the output
+              is  restricted to those options.  The --pp option causes output to
+              be displayed in a form that  may  be  reused  as  input.   Other
+              options have the following meanings:
+              --ss     Enable (set) each _o_p_t_n_a_m_e.
+              --uu     Disable (unset) each _o_p_t_n_a_m_e.
+              --qq     Suppresses  normal output (quiet mode); the return status
+                     indicates whether the _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is set or unset.  If multi-
+                     ple  _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments are given with --qq, the return sta-
+                     tus is zero if all _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s are enabled; non-zero  other-
+                     wise.
+              --oo     Restricts  the  values of _o_p_t_n_a_m_e to be those defined for
+                     the --oo option to the sseett builtin.
+
+              If either --ss or --uu is used  with  no  _o_p_t_n_a_m_e  arguments,  sshhoopptt
+              shows  only  those options which are set or unset, respectively.
+              Unless otherwise noted, the sshhoopptt options are  disabled  (unset)
+              by default.
+
+              The  return  status when listing options is zero if all _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s
+              are enabled, non-zero  otherwise.   When  setting  or  unsetting
+              options,  the  return  status is zero unless an _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is not a
+              valid shell option.
+
+              The list of sshhoopptt options is:
+
+              aassssoocc__eexxppaanndd__oonnccee
+                      If set, the  shell  suppresses  multiple  evaluation  of
+                      associative  array  subscripts during arithmetic expres-
+                      sion evaluation, while executing builtins that can  per-
+                      form  variable assignments, and while executing builtins
+                      that perform array dereferencing.
+              aauuttooccdd  If set, a command name that is the name of  a  directory
+                      is  executed  as  if it were the argument to the ccdd com-
+                      mand.  This option is only used by interactive shells.
+              ccddaabbllee__vvaarrss
+                      If set, an argument to the ccdd builtin  command  that  is
+                      not  a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable
+                      whose value is the directory to change to.
+              ccddssppeellll If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory com-
+                      ponent  in  a  ccdd command will be corrected.  The errors
+                      checked for are transposed characters, a missing charac-
+                      ter,  and  one  character  too many.  If a correction is
+                      found, the corrected filename is printed, and  the  com-
+                      mand  proceeds.  This option is only used by interactive
+                      shells.
+              cchheecckkhhaasshh
+                      If set, bbaasshh checks that a command found in the hash ta-
+                      ble  exists  before  trying  to execute it.  If a hashed
+                      command no longer exists, a normal path search  is  per-
+                      formed.
+              cchheecckkjjoobbss
+                      If set, bbaasshh lists the status of any stopped and running
+                      jobs before exiting an interactive shell.  If  any  jobs
+                      are running, this causes the exit to be deferred until a
+                      second exit is attempted without an intervening  command
+                      (see  JJOOBB  CCOONNTTRROOLL  above).   The shell always postpones
+                      exiting if any jobs are stopped.
+              cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee
+                      If set, bbaasshh checks the window size after each  external
+                      (non-builtin)  command  and,  if  necessary, updates the
+                      values of LLIINNEESS and CCOOLLUUMMNNSS.  This option is enabled  by
+                      default.
+              ccmmddhhiisstt If  set,  bbaasshh attempts to save all lines of a multiple-
+                      line command in the same  history  entry.   This  allows
+                      easy  re-editing of multi-line commands.  This option is
+                      enabled by default, but only has an  effect  if  command
+                      history is enabled, as described above under HHIISSTTOORRYY.
+              ccoommppaatt3311
+                      If set, bbaasshh changes its behavior to that of version 3.1
+                      with respect to quoted arguments to the  [[[[  conditional
+                      command's ==~~ operator and locale-specific string compar-
+                      ison when using the [[[[ conditional  command's  <<  and  >>
+                      operators.   Bash  versions  prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII
+                      collation and _s_t_r_c_m_p(3); bash-4.1 and later use the cur-
+                      rent locale's collation sequence and _s_t_r_c_o_l_l(3).
+              ccoommppaatt3322
+                      If set, bbaasshh changes its behavior to that of version 3.2
+                      with respect to locale-specific string  comparison  when
+                      using  the  [[[[  conditional  command's << and >> operators
+                      (see previous item) and the  effect  of  interrupting  a
+                      command  list.   Bash  versions 3.2 and earlier continue
+                      with the next command in the list after  one  terminates
+                      due to an interrupt.
+              ccoommppaatt4400
+                      If set, bbaasshh changes its behavior to that of version 4.0
+                      with respect to locale-specific string  comparison  when
+                      using  the  [[[[  conditional  command's << and >> operators
+                      (see description of ccoommppaatt3311) and the effect  of  inter-
+                      rupting  a  command  list.   Bash versions 4.0 and later
+                      interrupt the list as if the shell received  the  inter-
+                      rupt;  previous  versions continue with the next command
+                      in the list.
+              ccoommppaatt4411
+                      If set, bbaasshh, when in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, treats a single  quote
+                      in  a  double-quoted  parameter  expansion  as a special
+                      character.  The single quotes must match (an  even  num-
+                      ber)  and  the  characters between the single quotes are
+                      considered quoted.  This is the behavior of  posix  mode
+                      through  version 4.1.  The default bash behavior remains
+                      as in previous versions.
+              ccoommppaatt4422
+                      If set, bbaasshh does not process the replacement string  in
+                      the  pattern  substitution  word  expansion  using quote
+                      removal.
+              ccoommppaatt4433
+                      If set, bbaasshh does not print  a  warning  message  if  an
+                      attempt  is  made to use a quoted compound array assign-
+                      ment as an argument to  ddeeccllaarree,  makes  word  expansion
+                      errors  non-fatal  errors that cause the current command
+                      to fail (the default behavior  is  to  make  them  fatal
+                      errors that cause the shell to exit), and does not reset
+                      the loop state when a shell function is  executed  (this
+                      allows  bbrreeaakk  or ccoonnttiinnuuee in a shell function to affect
+                      loops in the caller's context).
+              ccoommppaatt4444
+                      If  set,  bbaasshh  saves  the  positional   parameters   to
+                      BASH_ARGV and BASH_ARGC before they are used, regardless
+                      of whether or not extended debugging mode is enabled.
+              ccoommpplleettee__ffuullllqquuoottee
+                      If set, bbaasshh quotes all shell  metacharacters  in  file-
+                      names  and  directory  names when performing completion.
+                      If not set, bbaasshh removes metacharacters such as the dol-
+                      lar  sign from the set of characters that will be quoted
+                      in completed filenames when these metacharacters  appear
+                      in  shell  variable references in words to be completed.
+                      This means that dollar  signs  in  variable  names  that
+                      expand  to  directories will not be quoted; however, any
+                      dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be  quoted,
+                      either.   This  is  active only when bash is using back-
+                      slashes to quote completed filenames.  This variable  is
+                      set  by  default,  which is the default bash behavior in
+                      versions through 4.2.
+              ddiirreexxppaanndd
+                      If set, bbaasshh replaces directory names with  the  results
+                      of  word  expansion when performing filename completion.
+                      This changes the contents of the readline  editing  buf-
+                      fer.   If  not  set,  bbaasshh attempts to preserve what the
+                      user typed.
+              ddiirrssppeellll
+                      If set, bbaasshh attempts spelling correction  on  directory
+                      names  during word completion if the directory name ini-
+                      tially supplied does not exist.
+              ddoottgglloobb If set, bbaasshh includes filenames beginning with a `.'  in
+                      the  results of pathname expansion.  The filenames ````..''''
+                      and ````....''''  must always be matched explicitly,  even  if
+                      ddoottgglloobb is set.
+              eexxeeccffaaiill
+                      If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it can-
+                      not execute the file specified as  an  argument  to  the
+                      eexxeecc  builtin  command.   An  interactive shell does not
+                      exit if eexxeecc fails.
+              eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess
+                      If set, aliases are expanded as  described  above  under
+                      AALLIIAASSEESS.  This option is enabled by default for interac-
+                      tive shells.
+              eexxttddeebbuugg
+                      If set at  shell  invocation,  arrange  to  execute  the
+                      debugger  profile  before the shell starts, identical to
+                      the ----ddeebbuuggggeerr option.  If set after invocation,  behav-
+                      ior intended for use by debuggers is enabled:
+                      11..     The --FF option to the ddeeccllaarree builtin displays the
+                             source file name and line number corresponding to
+                             each function name supplied as an argument.
+                      22..     If  the  command  run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a
+                             non-zero value, the next command is  skipped  and
+                             not executed.
+                      33..     If  the  command  run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a
+                             value of 2, and the shell is executing in a  sub-
+                             routine  (a shell function or a shell script exe-
+                             cuted by the .. or  ssoouurrccee  builtins),  the  shell
+                             simulates a call to rreettuurrnn.
+                      44..     BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC  and BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV are updated as described
+                             in their descriptions above.
+                      55..     Function tracing is  enabled:  command  substitu-
+                             tion, shell functions, and subshells invoked with
+                             (( _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps.
+                      66..     Error tracing is enabled:  command  substitution,
+                             shell  functions,  and  subshells  invoked with ((
+                             _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the EERRRR trap.
+              eexxttgglloobb If set, the extended pattern matching features described
+                      above under PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn are enabled.
+              eexxttqquuoottee
+                      If  set,  $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g'  and  $$"_s_t_r_i_n_g" quoting is performed
+                      within  $${{_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r}}  expansions  enclosed   in   double
+                      quotes.  This option is enabled by default.
+              ffaaiillgglloobb
+                      If  set,  patterns  which fail to match filenames during
+                      pathname expansion result in an expansion error.
+              ffoorrccee__ffiiggnnoorree
+                      If set, the suffixes  specified  by  the  FFIIGGNNOORREE  shell
+                      variable  cause words to be ignored when performing word
+                      completion even if the ignored words are the only possi-
+                      ble  completions.   See  SSHHEELLLL  VVAARRIIAABBLLEESS  above  for  a
+                      description of  FFIIGGNNOORREE.   This  option  is  enabled  by
+                      default.
+              gglloobbaasscciiiirraannggeess
+                      If  set,  range  expressions  used  in  pattern matching
+                      bracket expressions (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg above)  behave
+                      as  if  in the traditional C locale when performing com-
+                      parisons.   That  is,  the  current  locale's  collating
+                      sequence  is  not taken into account, so bb will not col-
+                      late between AA and  BB,  and  upper-case  and  lower-case
+                      ASCII characters will collate together.
+              gglloobbssttaarr
+                      If set, the pattern **** used in a pathname expansion con-
+                      text will match all files and zero or  more  directories
+                      and  subdirectories.  If the pattern is followed by a //,
+                      only directories and subdirectories match.
+              ggnnuu__eerrrrffmmtt
+                      If set, shell error messages are written in the standard
+                      GNU error message format.
+              hhiissttaappppeenndd
+                      If  set,  the history list is appended to the file named
+                      by the value of the HHIISSTTFFIILLEE  variable  when  the  shell
+                      exits, rather than overwriting the file.
+              hhiissttrreeeeddiitt
+                      If  set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, a user is given the
+                      opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitution.
+              hhiissttvveerriiffyy
+                      If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, the results of  his-
+                      tory  substitution  are  not  immediately  passed to the
+                      shell parser.  Instead, the  resulting  line  is  loaded
+                      into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer, allowing further modi-
+                      fication.
+              hhoossttccoommpplleettee
+                      If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh will attempt to
+                      perform  hostname  completion when a word containing a @@
+                      is  being  completed  (see  CCoommpplleettiinngg  under   RREEAADDLLIINNEE
+                      above).  This is enabled by default.
+              hhuuppoonneexxiitt
+                      If set, bbaasshh will send SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs when an inter-
+                      active login shell exits.
+              iinnhheerriitt__eerrrreexxiitt
+                      If set, command substitution inherits the value  of  the
+                      eerrrreexxiitt  option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell
+                      environment.  This option is enabled when _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e  is
+                      enabled.
+              iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss
+                      If set, allow a word beginning with ## to cause that word
+                      and all remaining characters on that line to be  ignored
+                      in  an  interactive  shell  (see  CCOOMMMMEENNTTSS above).  This
+                      option is enabled by default.
+              llaassttppiippee
+                      If set, and job control is not active,  the  shell  runs
+                      the last command of a pipeline not executed in the back-
+                      ground in the current shell environment.
+              lliitthhiisstt If set, and the ccmmddhhiisstt option  is  enabled,  multi-line
+                      commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines
+                      rather than using semicolon separators where possible.
+              llooccaallvvaarr__iinnhheerriitt
+                      If set, local variables inherit the value and attributes
+                      of a variable of the same name that exists at a previous
+                      scope before any new value  is  assigned.   The  nameref
+                      attribute is not inherited.
+              llooccaallvvaarr__uunnsseett
+                      If  set,  calling  uunnsseett  on local variables in previous
+                      function scopes marks them so  subsequent  lookups  find
+                      them  unset until that function returns. This is identi-
+                      cal to the behavior of unsetting local variables at  the
+                      current function scope.
+              llooggiinn__sshheellll
+                      The  shell  sets this option if it is started as a login
+                      shell (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN above).   The  value  may  not  be
+                      changed.
+              mmaaiillwwaarrnn
+                      If  set,  and  a file that bbaasshh is checking for mail has
+                      been accessed since the last time it  was  checked,  the
+                      message  ``The  mail in _m_a_i_l_f_i_l_e has been read'' is dis-
+                      played.
+              nnoo__eemmppttyy__ccmmdd__ccoommpplleettiioonn
+                      If set, and  rreeaaddlliinnee  is  being  used,  bbaasshh  will  not
+                      attempt to search the PPAATTHH for possible completions when
+                      completion is attempted on an empty line.
+              nnooccaasseegglloobb
+                      If set, bbaasshh matches  filenames  in  a  case-insensitive
+                      fashion when performing pathname expansion (see PPaatthhnnaammee
+                      EExxppaannssiioonn above).
+              nnooccaasseemmaattcchh
+                      If set, bbaasshh  matches  patterns  in  a  case-insensitive
+                      fashion when performing matching while executing ccaassee or
+                      [[[[ conditional commands, when performing pattern substi-
+                      tution  word expansions, or when filtering possible com-
+                      pletions as part of programmable completion.
+              nnuullllgglloobb
+                      If set, bbaasshh allows patterns which match no  files  (see
+                      PPaatthhnnaammee  EExxppaannssiioonn  above)  to expand to a null string,
+                      rather than themselves.
+              pprrooggccoommpp
+                      If set, the programmable completion facilities (see PPrroo--
+                      ggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn above) are enabled.  This option is
+                      enabled by default.
+              pprrooggccoommpp__aalliiaass
+                      If set, and programmable  completion  is  enabled,  bbaasshh
+                      treats  a command name that doesn't have any completions
+                      as a possible alias and attempts alias expansion. If  it
+                      has  an  alias,  bbaasshh  attempts  programmable completion
+                      using the  command  word  resulting  from  the  expanded
+                      alias.
+              pprroommppttvvaarrss
+                      If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, com-
+                      mand  substitution,  arithmetic  expansion,  and   quote
+                      removal  after  being expanded as described in PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG
+                      above.  This option is enabled by default.
+              rreessttrriicctteedd__sshheellll
+                      The  shell  sets  this  option  if  it  is  started   in
+                      restricted mode (see RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL below).  The value
+                      may not be changed.  This is not reset when the  startup
+                      files  are  executed, allowing the startup files to dis-
+                      cover whether or not a shell is restricted.
+              sshhiifftt__vveerrbboossee
+                      If set, the sshhiifftt builtin prints an error  message  when
+                      the shift count exceeds the number of positional parame-
+                      ters.
+              ssoouurrcceeppaatthh
+                      If set, the ssoouurrccee (..) builtin uses the value of PPAATTHH to
+                      find  the  directory  containing the file supplied as an
+                      argument.  This option is enabled by default.
+              xxppgg__eecchhoo
+                      If  set,  the  eecchhoo  builtin  expands   backslash-escape
+                      sequences by default.
+
+       ssuussppeenndd [--ff]
+              Suspend  the execution of this shell until it receives a SSIIGGCCOONNTT
+              signal.  A login shell cannot be suspended; the --ff option can be
+              used to override this and force the suspension.  The return sta-
+              tus is 0 unless the shell is a login shell and --ff  is  not  sup-
+              plied, or if job control is not enabled.
+
+       tteesstt _e_x_p_r
+       [[ _e_x_p_r ]]
+              Return a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false) depending on the evalu-
+              ation of the conditional expression _e_x_p_r.  Each operator and op-
+              erand  must be a separate argument.  Expressions are composed of
+              the primaries described  above  under  CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL  EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS.
+              tteesstt  does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore
+              an argument of ---- as signifying the end of options.
+
+              Expressions may  be  combined  using  the  following  operators,
+              listed  in  decreasing  order  of  precedence.   The  evaluation
+              depends on the number of arguments; see below.  Operator  prece-
+              dence is used when there are five or more arguments.
+              !! _e_x_p_r True if _e_x_p_r is false.
+              (( _e_x_p_r ))
+                     Returns  the value of _e_x_p_r.  This may be used to override
+                     the normal precedence of operators.
+              _e_x_p_r_1 -aa _e_x_p_r_2
+                     True if both _e_x_p_r_1 and _e_x_p_r_2 are true.
+              _e_x_p_r_1 -oo _e_x_p_r_2
+                     True if either _e_x_p_r_1 or _e_x_p_r_2 is true.
+
+              tteesstt and [[ evaluate conditional expressions using a set of rules
+              based on the number of arguments.
+
+              0 arguments
+                     The expression is false.
+              1 argument
+                     The expression is true if and only if the argument is not
+                     null.
+              2 arguments
+                     If the first argument is !!, the expression is true if and
+                     only  if the second argument is null.  If the first argu-
+                     ment is one of the  unary  conditional  operators  listed
+                     above  under  CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL  EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the expression is
+                     true if the unary test is true.  If the first argument is
+                     not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression is
+                     false.
+              3 arguments
+                     The following conditions are applied in the order listed.
+                     If  the  second argument is one of the binary conditional
+                     operators listed above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the
+                     result of the expression is the result of the binary test
+                     using the first and third arguments as operands.  The  --aa
+                     and  --oo  operators  are  considered binary operators when
+                     there are three arguments.  If the first argument  is  !!,
+                     the  value is the negation of the two-argument test using
+                     the second and third arguments.  If the first argument is
+                     exactly (( and the third argument is exactly )), the result
+                     is the one-argument test of the second argument.   Other-
+                     wise, the expression is false.
+              4 arguments
+                     If the first argument is !!, the result is the negation of
+                     the three-argument expression composed of  the  remaining
+                     arguments.  Otherwise, the expression is parsed and eval-
+                     uated according to  precedence  using  the  rules  listed
+                     above.
+              5 or more arguments
+                     The  expression  is  parsed  and  evaluated  according to
+                     precedence using the rules listed above.
+
+              When used with tteesstt or [[, the << and  >>  operators  sort  lexico-
+              graphically using ASCII ordering.
+
+       ttiimmeess  Print  the  accumulated  user and system times for the shell and
+              for processes run from the shell.  The return status is 0.
+
+       ttrraapp [--llpp] [[_a_r_g] _s_i_g_s_p_e_c ...]
+              The command _a_r_g is to  be  read  and  executed  when  the  shell
+              receives  signal(s)  _s_i_g_s_p_e_c.   If _a_r_g is absent (and there is a
+              single _s_i_g_s_p_e_c) or --, each specified  signal  is  reset  to  its
+              original  disposition  (the  value  it  had upon entrance to the
+              shell).  If _a_r_g is the null string the signal specified by  each
+              _s_i_g_s_p_e_c  is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes.
+              If _a_r_g is not present and --pp has been supplied,  then  the  trap
+              commands  associated  with  each  _s_i_g_s_p_e_c  are displayed.  If no
+              arguments are supplied or if only --pp is given, ttrraapp  prints  the
+              list  of  commands  associated  with each signal.  The --ll option
+              causes the shell to print a list of signal names and their  cor-
+              responding  numbers.   Each  _s_i_g_s_p_e_c  is  either  a  signal name
+              defined in <_s_i_g_n_a_l_._h>, or a signal  number.   Signal  names  are
+              case insensitive and the SSIIGG prefix is optional.
+
+              If  a  _s_i_g_s_p_e_c  is  EEXXIITT (0) the command _a_r_g is executed on exit
+              from the shell.  If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is DDEEBBUUGG, the command _a_r_g is  exe-
+              cuted  before  every  _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, _f_o_r command, _c_a_s_e command,
+              _s_e_l_e_c_t command, every arithmetic _f_o_r  command,  and  before  the
+              first  command  executes  in a shell function (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR
+              above).  Refer to the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg option to  the
+              sshhoopptt builtin for details of its effect on the DDEEBBUUGG trap.  If a
+              _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is RREETTUURRNN, the command _a_r_g is executed each time a shell
+              function or a script executed with the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins fin-
+              ishes executing.
+
+              If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EERRRR, the command  _a_r_g  is  executed  whenever  a
+              pipeline (which may consist of a single simple command), a list,
+              or a compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to
+              the  following  conditions.  The EERRRR trap is not executed if the
+              failed command is part of the command list immediately following
+              a  wwhhiillee  or uunnttiill keyword, part of the test in an _i_f statement,
+              part of a command executed in a &&&& or |||| list except the command
+              following  the final &&&& or ||||, any command in a pipeline but the
+              last, or if the command's return value is being  inverted  using
+              !!.   These  are  the  same conditions obeyed by the eerrrreexxiitt (--ee)
+              option.
+
+              Signals ignored upon entry to the shell  cannot  be  trapped  or
+              reset.   Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to
+              their original values in a subshell or subshell environment when
+              one  is  created.   The return status is false if any _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is
+              invalid; otherwise ttrraapp returns true.
+
+       ttyyppee [--aaffttppPP] _n_a_m_e [_n_a_m_e ...]
+              With no options, indicate how each _n_a_m_e would be interpreted  if
+              used as a command name.  If the --tt option is used, ttyyppee prints a
+              string which is one of _a_l_i_a_s,  _k_e_y_w_o_r_d,  _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n,  _b_u_i_l_t_i_n,  or
+              _f_i_l_e  if  _n_a_m_e  is  an  alias,  shell  reserved  word, function,
+              builtin, or disk file, respectively.  If the _n_a_m_e is not  found,
+              then  nothing  is  printed,  and  an  exit  status  of  false is
+              returned.  If the --pp option is used,  ttyyppee  either  returns  the
+              name of the disk file that would be executed if _n_a_m_e were speci-
+              fied as a command name, or nothing if ``type -t name'' would not
+              return  _f_i_l_e.  The --PP option forces a PPAATTHH search for each _n_a_m_e,
+              even if ``type -t name'' would not return _f_i_l_e.  If a command is
+              hashed, --pp and --PP print the hashed value, which is not necessar-
+              ily the file that appears first in PPAATTHH.  If the  --aa  option  is
+              used,  ttyyppee  prints all of the places that contain an executable
+              named _n_a_m_e.  This includes aliases and functions, if and only if
+              the --pp option is not also used.  The table of hashed commands is
+              not consulted when using --aa.  The  --ff  option  suppresses  shell
+              function lookup, as with the ccoommmmaanndd builtin.  ttyyppee returns true
+              if all of the arguments are found, false if any are not found.
+
+       uulliimmiitt [--HHSSaabbccddeeffiikkllmmnnppqqrrssttuuvvxxPPTT [_l_i_m_i_t]]
+              Provides control over the resources available to the  shell  and
+              to  processes started by it, on systems that allow such control.
+              The --HH and --SS options specify that the hard or soft limit is set
+              for  the  given resource.  A hard limit cannot be increased by a
+              non-root user once it is set; a soft limit may be  increased  up
+              to  the value of the hard limit.  If neither --HH nor --SS is speci-
+              fied, both the soft and hard limits are set.  The value of _l_i_m_i_t
+              can be a number in the unit specified for the resource or one of
+              the special values hhaarrdd, ssoofftt, or uunnlliimmiitteedd, which stand for the
+              current  hard  limit,  the  current  soft  limit,  and no limit,
+              respectively.  If _l_i_m_i_t is omitted, the  current  value  of  the
+              soft  limit  of the resource is printed, unless the --HH option is
+              given.  When more than one resource is specified, the limit name
+              and unit are printed before the value.  Other options are inter-
+              preted as follows:
+              --aa     All current limits are reported
+              --bb     The maximum socket buffer size
+              --cc     The maximum size of core files created
+              --dd     The maximum size of a process's data segment
+              --ee     The maximum scheduling priority ("nice")
+              --ff     The maximum size of files written by the  shell  and  its
+                     children
+              --ii     The maximum number of pending signals
+              --kk     The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated
+              --ll     The maximum size that may be locked into memory
+              --mm     The  maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor
+                     this limit)
+              --nn     The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems
+                     do not allow this value to be set)
+              --pp     The pipe size in 512-byte blocks (this may not be set)
+              --qq     The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues
+              --rr     The maximum real-time scheduling priority
+              --ss     The maximum stack size
+              --tt     The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds
+              --uu     The  maximum  number  of  processes available to a single
+                     user
+              --vv     The maximum amount of virtual  memory  available  to  the
+                     shell and, on some systems, to its children
+              --xx     The maximum number of file locks
+              --PP     The maximum number of pseudoterminals
+              --TT     The maximum number of threads
+
+              If  _l_i_m_i_t  is given, and the --aa option is not used, _l_i_m_i_t is the
+              new value of the specified resource.  If  no  option  is  given,
+              then  --ff is assumed.  Values are in 1024-byte increments, except
+              for --tt, which is in seconds; --pp, which is in units  of  512-byte
+              blocks;  --PP,  --TT, --bb, --kk, --nn, and --uu, which are unscaled values;
+              and, when in posix mode, --cc and --ff, which are in 512-byte incre-
+              ments.  The return status is 0 unless an invalid option or argu-
+              ment is supplied, or an error occurs while setting a new limit.
+
+       uummaasskk [--pp] [--SS] [_m_o_d_e]
+              The user file-creation mask is set to _m_o_d_e.  If _m_o_d_e begins with
+              a  digit,  it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is
+              interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted  by
+              _c_h_m_o_d(1).   If _m_o_d_e is omitted, the current value of the mask is
+              printed.  The --SS option causes the mask to be  printed  in  sym-
+              bolic  form;  the  default output is an octal number.  If the --pp
+              option is supplied, and _m_o_d_e is omitted, the output is in a form
+              that may be reused as input.  The return status is 0 if the mode
+              was successfully changed or if no _m_o_d_e  argument  was  supplied,
+              and false otherwise.
+
+       uunnaalliiaass [-aa] [_n_a_m_e ...]
+              Remove  each  _n_a_m_e  from  the list of defined aliases.  If --aa is
+              supplied, all alias definitions are removed.  The  return  value
+              is true unless a supplied _n_a_m_e is not a defined alias.
+
+       uunnsseett [-ffvv] [-nn] [_n_a_m_e ...]
+              For  each  _n_a_m_e,  remove the corresponding variable or function.
+              If the --vv option is given, each _n_a_m_e refers to a shell variable,
+              and  that  variable  is removed.  Read-only variables may not be
+              unset.  If --ff is specified, each _n_a_m_e refers to  a  shell  func-
+              tion,  and the function definition is removed.  If the --nn option
+              is supplied, and _n_a_m_e is a variable with the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f  attribute,
+              _n_a_m_e  will  be unset rather than the variable it references.  --nn
+              has no effect if the --ff option is supplied.  If no  options  are
+              supplied,  each  _n_a_m_e refers to a variable; if there is no vari-
+              able by that name, any function with that name is  unset.   Each
+              unset  variable  or  function  is  removed  from the environment
+              passed to subsequent commands.  If any of CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS,  RRAANN--
+              DDOOMM, SSEECCOONNDDSS, LLIINNEENNOO, HHIISSTTCCMMDD, FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE, GGRROOUUPPSS, or DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK are
+              unset, they lose their special properties, even if they are sub-
+              sequently reset.  The exit status is true unless a _n_a_m_e is read-
+              only.
+
+       wwaaiitt [--ffnn] [_i_d _._._.]
+              Wait for each specified child process and return its termination
+              status.   Each _i_d may be a process ID or a job specification; if
+              a job spec is given, all processes in that  job's  pipeline  are
+              waited for.  If _i_d is not given, all currently active child pro-
+              cesses are waited for, and the return status is zero.  If the --nn
+              option  is  supplied,  wwaaiitt  waits  for any job to terminate and
+              returns its exit status.  If the --ff option is supplied, and  job
+              control is enabled, wwaaiitt forces _i_d to terminate before returning
+              its status, instead of returning when it changes status.  If  _i_d
+              specifies  a  non-existent  process or job, the return status is
+              127.  Otherwise, the return status is the  exit  status  of  the
+              last process or job waited for.
+
+RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL
+       If bbaasshh is started with the name rrbbaasshh, or the --rr option is supplied at
+       invocation, the shell becomes restricted.  A restricted shell  is  used
+       to  set  up an environment more controlled than the standard shell.  It
+       behaves identically to bbaasshh with the exception that the  following  are
+       disallowed or not performed:
+
+       +o      changing directories with ccdd
+
+       +o      setting or unsetting the values of SSHHEELLLL, PPAATTHH, EENNVV, or BBAASSHH__EENNVV
+
+       +o      specifying command names containing //
+
+       +o      specifying  a  filename  containing  a // as an argument to the ..
+              builtin command
+
+       +o      specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument  to  the
+              --pp option to the hhaasshh builtin command
+
+       +o      importing  function  definitions  from  the shell environment at
+              startup
+
+       +o      parsing the value of SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS from  the  shell  environment  at
+              startup
+
+       +o      redirecting output using the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirect-
+              ion operators
+
+       +o      using the eexxeecc builtin command to replace the shell with another
+              command
+
+       +o      adding  or  deleting builtin commands with the --ff and --dd options
+              to the eennaabbllee builtin command
+
+       +o      using the  eennaabbllee  builtin  command  to  enable  disabled  shell
+              builtins
+
+       +o      specifying the --pp option to the ccoommmmaanndd builtin command
+
+       +o      turning off restricted mode with sseett ++rr or sseett ++oo rreessttrriicctteedd.
+
+       These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read.
+
+       When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed (see CCOOMM--
+       MMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN above), rrbbaasshh turns off any restrictions  in  the  shell
+       spawned to execute the script.
+
+SSEEEE AALLSSOO
+       _B_a_s_h _R_e_f_e_r_e_n_c_e _M_a_n_u_a_l, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
+       _T_h_e _G_n_u _R_e_a_d_l_i_n_e _L_i_b_r_a_r_y, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
+       _T_h_e _G_n_u _H_i_s_t_o_r_y _L_i_b_r_a_r_y, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
+       _P_o_r_t_a_b_l_e  _O_p_e_r_a_t_i_n_g  _S_y_s_t_e_m  _I_n_t_e_r_f_a_c_e _(_P_O_S_I_X_) _P_a_r_t _2_: _S_h_e_l_l _a_n_d _U_t_i_l_i_-
+       _t_i_e_s, IEEE --
+              http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/
+       http://tiswww.case.edu/~chet/bash/POSIX -- a description of posix mode
+       _s_h(1), _k_s_h(1), _c_s_h(1)
+       _e_m_a_c_s(1), _v_i(1)
+       _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e(3)
+
+FFIILLEESS
+       _/_b_i_n_/_b_a_s_h
+              The bbaasshh executable
+       _/_e_t_c_/_p_r_o_f_i_l_e
+              The systemwide initialization file, executed for login shells
+       _~_/_._b_a_s_h___p_r_o_f_i_l_e
+              The personal initialization file, executed for login shells
+       _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c
+              The individual per-interactive-shell startup file
+       _~_/_._b_a_s_h___l_o_g_o_u_t
+              The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when  a  login
+              shell exits
+       _~_/_._i_n_p_u_t_r_c
+              Individual _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e initialization file
+
+AAUUTTHHOORRSS
+       Brian Fox, Free Software Foundation
+       bfox@gnu.org
+
+       Chet Ramey, Case Western Reserve University
+       chet.ramey@case.edu
+
+BBUUGG RREEPPOORRTTSS
+       If you find a bug in bbaasshh,, you should report it.  But first, you should
+       make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears  in  the  latest
+       version   of  bbaasshh.   The  latest  version  is  always  available  from
+       _f_t_p_:_/_/_f_t_p_._g_n_u_._o_r_g_/_p_u_b_/_g_n_u_/_b_a_s_h_/.
+
+       Once you have determined that a bug actually exists,  use  the  _b_a_s_h_b_u_g
+       command  to submit a bug report.  If you have a fix, you are encouraged
+       to mail that as well!  Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports  may
+       be  mailed  to  _b_u_g_-_b_a_s_h_@_g_n_u_._o_r_g  or  posted  to  the  Usenet newsgroup
+       ggnnuu..bbaasshh..bbuugg.
+
+       ALL bug reports should include:
+
+       The version number of bbaasshh
+       The hardware and operating system
+       The compiler used to compile
+       A description of the bug behaviour
+       A short script or `recipe' which exercises the bug
+
+       _b_a_s_h_b_u_g inserts the first three items automatically into  the  template
+       it provides for filing a bug report.
+
+       Comments and bug reports concerning this manual page should be directed
+       to _c_h_e_t_._r_a_m_e_y_@_c_a_s_e_._e_d_u.
+
+BBUUGGSS
+       It's too big and too slow.
+
+       There are some subtle differences between bbaasshh and traditional versions
+       of sshh, mostly because of the PPOOSSIIXX specification.
+
+       Aliases are confusing in some uses.
+
+       Shell builtin commands and functions are not stoppable/restartable.
+
+       Compound commands and command sequences of the form `a ; b ; c' are not
+       handled gracefully  when  process  suspension  is  attempted.   When  a
+       process  is stopped, the shell immediately executes the next command in
+       the sequence.  It suffices to place the sequence  of  commands  between
+       parentheses  to  force  it  into  a subshell, which may be stopped as a
+       unit.
+
+       Array variables may not (yet) be exported.
+
+       There may be only one active coprocess at a time.
+
+
+
+GNU Bash 5.0                    2018 December 7                        BASH(1)
diff --git a/doc/bash.1 b/doc/bash.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e6cd08d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/bash.1
@@ -0,0 +1,10979 @@
+.\"
+.\" MAN PAGE COMMENTS to
+.\"
+.\"	Chet Ramey
+.\"	Case Western Reserve University
+.\"	chet.ramey@case.edu
+.\"
+.\"	Last Change: Fri Dec  7 09:48:47 EST 2018
+.\"
+.\" bash_builtins, strip all but Built-Ins section
+.if \n(zZ=1 .ig zZ
+.if \n(zY=1 .ig zY
+.TH BASH 1 "2018 December 7" "GNU Bash 5.0"
+.\"
+.\" There's some problem with having a `@'
+.\" in a tagged paragraph with the BSD man macros.
+.\" It has to do with `@' appearing in the }1 macro.
+.\" This is a problem on 4.3 BSD and Ultrix, but Sun
+.\" appears to have fixed it.
+.\" If you're seeing the characters
+.\" `@u-3p' appearing before the lines reading
+.\" `possible-hostname-completions
+.\" and `complete-hostname' down in READLINE,
+.\" then uncomment this redefinition.
+.\"
+.\" .de }1
+.\" .ds ]X \&\\*(]B\\
+.\" .nr )E 0
+.\" .if !"\\$1"" .nr )I \\$1n
+.\" .}f
+.\" .ll \\n(LLu
+.\" .in \\n()Ru+\\n(INu+\\n()Iu
+.\" .ti \\n(INu
+.\" .ie !\\n()Iu+\\n()Ru-\w\\*(]Xu-3p \{\\*(]X
+.\" .br\}
+.\" .el \\*(]X\h|\\n()Iu+\\n()Ru\c
+.\" .}f
+.\" ..
+.\"
+.\" File Name macro.  This used to be `.PN', for Path Name,
+.\" but Sun doesn't seem to like that very much.
+.\"
+.de FN
+\fI\|\\$1\|\fP
+..
+.SH NAME
+bash \- GNU Bourne-Again SHell
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B bash
+[options]
+[command_string | file]
+.SH COPYRIGHT
+.if n Bash is Copyright (C) 1989-2018 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+.if t Bash is Copyright \(co 1989-2018 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.B Bash
+is an \fBsh\fR-compatible command language interpreter that
+executes commands read from the standard input or from a file.
+.B Bash
+also incorporates useful features from the \fIKorn\fP and \fIC\fP
+shells (\fBksh\fP and \fBcsh\fP).
+.PP
+.B Bash
+is intended to be a conformant implementation of the
+Shell and Utilities portion of the IEEE POSIX specification
+(IEEE Standard 1003.1).
+.B Bash
+can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default.
+.SH OPTIONS
+All of the single-character shell options documented in the
+description of the \fBset\fR builtin command, including \fB\-o\fP,
+can be used as options when the shell is invoked.
+In addition, \fBbash\fR
+interprets the following options when it is invoked:
+.PP
+.PD 0
+.TP 10
+.B \-c
+If the
+.B \-c
+option is present, then commands are read from the first non-option argument
+.IR command_string .
+If there are arguments after the
+.IR command_string ,
+the first argument is assigned to
+.B $0
+and any remaining arguments are assigned to the positional parameters.
+The assignment to
+.B $0
+sets the name of the shell, which is used in warning and error messages.
+.TP
+.B \-i
+If the
+.B \-i
+option is present, the shell is
+.IR interactive .
+.TP
+.B \-l
+Make
+.B bash
+act as if it had been invoked as a login shell (see
+.SM
+.B INVOCATION
+below).
+.TP
+.B \-r
+If the
+.B \-r
+option is present, the shell becomes
+.I restricted
+(see
+.SM
+.B "RESTRICTED SHELL"
+below).
+.TP
+.B \-s
+If the
+.B \-s
+option is present, or if no arguments remain after option
+processing, then commands are read from the standard input.
+This option allows the positional parameters to be set
+when invoking an interactive shell or when reading input
+through a pipe.
+.TP
+.B \-D
+A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by \fB$\fP
+is printed on the standard output.
+These are the strings that
+are subject to language translation when the current locale
+is not \fBC\fP or \fBPOSIX\fP.
+This implies the \fB\-n\fP option; no commands will be executed.
+.TP
+.B [\-+]O [\fIshopt_option\fP]
+\fIshopt_option\fP is one of the shell options accepted by the
+\fBshopt\fP builtin (see
+.SM
+.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
+below).
+If \fIshopt_option\fP is present, \fB\-O\fP sets the value of that option;
+\fB+O\fP unsets it.
+If \fIshopt_option\fP is not supplied, the names and values of the shell
+options accepted by \fBshopt\fP are printed on the standard output.
+If the invocation option is \fB+O\fP, the output is displayed in a format
+that may be reused as input.
+.TP
+.B \-\-
+A
+.B \-\-
+signals the end of options and disables further option processing.
+Any arguments after the
+.B \-\-
+are treated as filenames and arguments.  An argument of
+.B \-
+is equivalent to \fB\-\-\fP.
+.PD
+.PP
+.B Bash
+also interprets a number of multi-character options.
+These options must appear on the command line before the
+single-character options to be recognized.
+.PP
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B \-\-debugger
+Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell
+starts.
+Turns on extended debugging mode (see the description of the
+.B extdebug
+option to the
+.B shopt
+builtin below).
+.TP
+.B \-\-dump\-po\-strings
+Equivalent to \fB\-D\fP, but the output is in the GNU \fIgettext\fP
+\fBpo\fP (portable object) file format.
+.TP
+.B \-\-dump\-strings
+Equivalent to \fB\-D\fP.
+.TP
+.B \-\-help
+Display a usage message on standard output and exit successfully.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-init\-file\fP \fIfile\fP
+.PD 0
+.TP
+\fB\-\-rcfile\fP \fIfile\fP
+.PD
+Execute commands from
+.I file
+instead of the standard personal initialization file
+.I ~/.bashrc
+if the shell is interactive (see
+.SM
+.B INVOCATION
+below).
+.TP
+.B \-\-login
+Equivalent to \fB\-l\fP.
+.TP
+.B \-\-noediting
+Do not use the GNU
+.B readline
+library to read command lines when the shell is interactive.
+.TP
+.B \-\-noprofile
+Do not read either the system-wide startup file
+.FN /etc/profile
+or any of the personal initialization files
+.IR ~/.bash_profile ,
+.IR ~/.bash_login ,
+or
+.IR ~/.profile .
+By default,
+.B bash
+reads these files when it is invoked as a login shell (see
+.SM
+.B INVOCATION
+below).
+.TP
+.B \-\-norc
+Do not read and execute the personal initialization file
+.I ~/.bashrc
+if the shell is interactive.
+This option is on by default if the shell is invoked as
+.BR sh .
+.TP
+.B \-\-posix
+Change the behavior of \fBbash\fP where the default operation differs
+from the POSIX standard to match the standard (\fIposix mode\fP).
+See
+.SM
+.B "SEE ALSO"
+below for a reference to a document that details how posix mode affects
+bash's behavior.
+.TP
+.B \-\-restricted
+The shell becomes restricted (see
+.SM
+.B "RESTRICTED SHELL"
+below).
+.TP
+.B \-\-verbose
+Equivalent to \fB\-v\fP.
+.TP
+.B \-\-version
+Show version information for this instance of
+.B bash
+on the standard output and exit successfully.
+.PD
+.SH ARGUMENTS
+If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the
+.B \-c
+nor the
+.B \-s
+option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed to
+be the name of a file containing shell commands.
+If
+.B bash
+is invoked in this fashion,
+.B $0
+is set to the name of the file, and the positional parameters
+are set to the remaining arguments.
+.B Bash
+reads and executes commands from this file, then exits.
+\fBBash\fP's exit status is the exit status of the last command
+executed in the script.
+If no commands are executed, the exit status is 0.
+An attempt is first made to open the file in the current directory, and,
+if no file is found, then the shell searches the directories in
+.SM
+.B PATH
+for the script.
+.SH INVOCATION
+A \fIlogin shell\fP is one whose first character of argument zero is a
+.BR \- ,
+or one started with the
+.B \-\-login
+option.
+.PP
+An \fIinteractive\fP shell is one started without non-option arguments
+(unless \fB\-s\fP is specified)
+and without the
+.B \-c
+option
+whose standard input and error are
+both connected to terminals (as determined by
+.IR isatty (3)),
+or one started with the
+.B \-i
+option.
+.SM
+.B PS1
+is set and
+.B $\-
+includes
+.B i
+if
+.B bash
+is interactive,
+allowing a shell script or a startup file to test this state.
+.PP
+The following paragraphs describe how
+.B bash
+executes its startup files.
+If any of the files exist but cannot be read,
+.B bash
+reports an error.
+Tildes are expanded in filenames as described below under
+.B "Tilde Expansion"
+in the
+.SM
+.B EXPANSION
+section.
+.PP
+When
+.B bash
+is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-interactive shell
+with the \fB\-\-login\fP option, it first reads and
+executes commands from the file \fI/etc/profile\fP, if that
+file exists.
+After reading that file, it looks for \fI~/.bash_profile\fP,
+\fI~/.bash_login\fP, and \fI~/.profile\fP, in that order, and reads
+and executes commands from the first one that exists and is readable.
+The
+.B \-\-noprofile
+option may be used when the shell is started to inhibit this behavior.
+.PP
+When an interactive login shell exits,
+or a non-interactive login shell executes the \fBexit\fP builtin command,
+.B bash
+reads and executes commands from the file \fI~/.bash_logout\fP, if it
+exists.
+.PP
+When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started,
+.B bash
+reads and executes commands from \fI~/.bashrc\fP, if that file exists.
+This may be inhibited by using the
+.B \-\-norc
+option.
+The \fB\-\-rcfile\fP \fIfile\fP option will force
+.B bash
+to read and execute commands from \fIfile\fP instead of \fI~/.bashrc\fP.
+.PP
+When
+.B bash
+is started non-interactively, to run a shell script, for example, it
+looks for the variable
+.SM
+.B BASH_ENV
+in the environment, expands its value if it appears there, and uses the
+expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute.
+.B Bash
+behaves as if the following command were executed:
+.sp .5
+.RS
+.if t \f(CWif [ \-n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi\fP
+.if n if [ \-n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi
+.RE
+.sp .5
+but the value of the
+.SM
+.B PATH
+variable is not used to search for the filename.
+.PP
+If
+.B bash
+is invoked with the name
+.BR sh ,
+it tries to mimic the startup behavior of historical versions of
+.B sh
+as closely as possible,
+while conforming to the POSIX standard as well.
+When invoked as an interactive login shell, or a non-interactive
+shell with the \fB\-\-login\fP option, it first attempts to
+read and execute commands from
+.I /etc/profile
+and
+.IR ~/.profile ,
+in that order.
+The
+.B \-\-noprofile
+option may be used to inhibit this behavior.
+When invoked as an interactive shell with the name
+.BR sh ,
+.B bash
+looks for the variable
+.SM
+.BR ENV ,
+expands its value if it is defined, and uses the
+expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute.
+Since a shell invoked as
+.B sh
+does not attempt to read and execute commands from any other startup
+files, the
+.B \-\-rcfile
+option has no effect.
+A non-interactive shell invoked with the name
+.B sh
+does not attempt to read any other startup files. 
+When invoked as
+.BR sh ,
+.B bash
+enters
+.I posix
+mode after the startup files are read.
+.PP
+When
+.B bash
+is started in
+.I posix
+mode, as with the
+.B \-\-posix
+command line option, it follows the POSIX standard for startup files.
+In this mode, interactive shells expand the
+.SM
+.B ENV
+variable and commands are read and executed from the file
+whose name is the expanded value.
+No other startup files are read.
+.PP
+.B Bash
+attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input
+connected to a network connection, as when executed by the remote shell
+daemon, usually \fIrshd\fP, or the secure shell daemon \fIsshd\fP.
+If
+.B bash
+determines it is being run in this fashion, it reads and executes
+commands from \fI~/.bashrc\fP, if that file exists and is readable.
+It will not do this if invoked as \fBsh\fP.
+The
+.B \-\-norc
+option may be used to inhibit this behavior, and the
+.B \-\-rcfile
+option may be used to force another file to be read, but neither
+\fIrshd\fP nor \fIsshd\fP generally invoke the shell with those options
+or allow them to be specified.
+.PP
+If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the
+real user (group) id, and the \fB\-p\fP option is not supplied, no startup
+files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment, the
+.SM
+.BR SHELLOPTS ,
+.SM
+.BR BASHOPTS ,
+.SM
+.BR CDPATH ,
+and
+.SM
+.B GLOBIGNORE
+variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored,
+and the effective user id is set to the real user id.
+If the \fB\-p\fP option is supplied at invocation, the startup behavior is
+the same, but the effective user id is not reset.
+.SH DEFINITIONS
+.PP
+The following definitions are used throughout the rest of this
+document.
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B blank
+A space or tab.
+.TP
+.B word
+A sequence of characters considered as a single unit by the shell.
+Also known as a
+.BR token .
+.TP
+.B name
+A
+.I word
+consisting only of alphanumeric characters and underscores, and
+beginning with an alphabetic character or an underscore.  Also
+referred to as an
+.BR identifier .
+.TP
+.B metacharacter
+A character that, when unquoted, separates words.  One of the following:
+.br
+.RS
+.PP
+.if t \fB|  &  ;  (  )  <  >  space  tab  newline\fP
+.if n \fB|  & ; ( ) < > space tab newline\fP
+.RE
+.PP
+.TP
+.B control operator
+A \fItoken\fP that performs a control function.  It is one of the following
+symbols:
+.RS
+.PP
+.if t \fB||  &  &&  ;  ;;  ;&  ;;&  (  )  |  |&    <newline>\fP
+.if n \fB|| & && ; ;; ;& ;;& ( ) | |& <newline>\fP
+.RE
+.PD
+.SH "RESERVED WORDS"
+\fIReserved words\fP are words that have a special meaning to the shell.
+The following words are recognized as reserved when unquoted and either
+the first word of a simple command (see
+.SM
+.B SHELL GRAMMAR
+below) or the third word of a
+.B case
+or
+.B for
+command:
+.if t .RS
+.PP
+.B
+.if n ! case  coproc  do done elif else esac fi for function if in select then until while { } time [[ ]]
+.if t !    case    coproc    do    done    elif    else    esac    fi    for    function    if    in    select    then    until    while    {    }    time    [[    ]]
+.if t .RE
+.SH "SHELL GRAMMAR"
+.SS Simple Commands
+.PP
+A \fIsimple command\fP is a sequence of optional variable assignments
+followed by \fBblank\fP-separated words and redirections, and
+terminated by a \fIcontrol operator\fP.  The first word
+specifies the command to be executed, and is passed as argument zero.
+The remaining words are passed as arguments to the invoked command.
+.PP
+The return value of a \fIsimple command\fP is its exit status, or
+128+\fIn\^\fP if the command is terminated by signal
+.IR n .
+.SS Pipelines
+.PP
+A \fIpipeline\fP is a sequence of one or more commands separated by
+one of the control operators
+.B |
+or \fB|&\fP.
+The format for a pipeline is:
+.RS
+.PP
+[\fBtime\fP [\fB\-p\fP]] [ ! ] \fIcommand\fP [ [\fB|\fP\(bv\fB|&\fP] \fIcommand2\fP ... ]
+.RE
+.PP
+The standard output of
+.I command
+is connected via a pipe to the standard input of
+.IR command2 .
+This connection is performed before any redirections specified by the
+command (see
+.SM
+.B REDIRECTION
+below).
+If \fB|&\fP is used, \fIcommand\fP's standard error, in addition to its
+standard output, is connected to
+\fIcommand2\fP's standard input through the pipe;
+it is shorthand for \fB2>&1 |\fP.
+This implicit redirection of the standard error to the standard output is
+performed after any redirections specified by the command.
+.PP
+The return status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last
+command, unless the \fBpipefail\fP option is enabled.
+If \fBpipefail\fP is enabled, the pipeline's return status is the
+value of the last (rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero status,
+or zero if all commands exit successfully.
+If the reserved word
+.B !
+precedes a pipeline, the exit status of that pipeline is the logical
+negation of the exit status as described above.
+The shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to
+terminate before returning a value.
+.PP
+If the
+.B time
+reserved word precedes a pipeline, the elapsed as well as user and
+system time consumed by its execution are reported when the pipeline
+terminates.
+The \fB\-p\fP option changes the output format to that specified by POSIX.
+When the shell is in \fIposix mode\fP, it does not recognize
+\fBtime\fP as a reserved word if the next token begins with a `-'.
+The
+.SM
+.B TIMEFORMAT
+variable may be set to a format string that specifies how the timing
+information should be displayed; see the description of
+.SM
+.B TIMEFORMAT
+under
+.B "Shell Variables"
+below.
+.PP
+When the shell is in \fIposix mode\fP, \fBtime\fP
+may be followed by a newline.  In this case, the shell displays the
+total user and system time consumed by the shell and its children.
+The
+.SM
+.B TIMEFORMAT
+variable may be used to specify the format of
+the time information.
+.PP
+Each command in a pipeline is executed as a separate process (i.e., in a
+subshell).
+See
+.SM
+\fBCOMMAND EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT\fP
+for a description of a subshell environment.
+If the \fBlastpipe\fP option is enabled using the \fBshopt\fP builtin
+(see the description of \fBshopt\fP below),
+the last element of a pipeline may be run by the shell process.
+.SS Lists
+.PP
+A \fIlist\fP is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one
+of the operators
+.BR ; ,
+.BR & ,
+.BR && ,
+or
+.BR || ,
+and optionally terminated by one of
+.BR ; ,
+.BR & ,
+or
+.BR <newline> .
+.PP
+Of these list operators,
+.B &&
+and
+.B ||
+have equal precedence, followed by
+.B ;
+and
+.BR & ,
+which have equal precedence.
+.PP
+A sequence of one or more newlines may appear in a \fIlist\fP instead
+of a semicolon to delimit commands.
+.PP
+If a command is terminated by the control operator
+.BR & ,
+the shell executes the command in the \fIbackground\fP
+in a subshell.
+The shell does not wait for the command to
+finish, and the return status is 0.
+These are referred to as \fIasynchronous\fP commands.
+Commands separated by a
+.B ;
+are executed sequentially; the shell waits for each
+command to terminate in turn.  The return status is the
+exit status of the last command executed.
+.PP
+AND and OR lists are sequences of one or more pipelines separated by the
+\fB&&\fP and \fB||\fP control operators, respectively.
+AND and OR lists are executed with left associativity.
+An AND list has the form
+.RS
+.PP
+\fIcommand1\fP \fB&&\fP \fIcommand2\fP
+.RE
+.PP
+.I command2
+is executed if, and only if,
+.I command1
+returns an exit status of zero (success).
+.PP
+An OR list has the form
+.RS
+.PP
+\fIcommand1\fP \fB||\fP \fIcommand2\fP
+.PP
+.RE
+.PP
+.I command2
+is executed if, and only if,
+.I command1
+returns a non-zero exit status.
+The return status of
+AND and OR lists is the exit status of the last command
+executed in the list.
+.SS Compound Commands
+.PP
+A \fIcompound command\fP is one of the following.
+In most cases a \fIlist\fP in a command's description may be separated from
+the rest of the command by one or more newlines, and may be followed by a
+newline in place of a semicolon.
+.TP
+(\fIlist\fP)
+\fIlist\fP is executed in a subshell environment (see
+.SM
+\fBCOMMAND EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT\fP
+below).
+Variable assignments and builtin
+commands that affect the shell's environment do not remain in effect
+after the command completes.  The return status is the exit status of
+\fIlist\fP.
+.TP
+{ \fIlist\fP; }
+\fIlist\fP is simply executed in the current shell environment.
+\fIlist\fP must be terminated with a newline or semicolon.
+This is known as a \fIgroup command\fP.
+The return status is the exit status of
+\fIlist\fP.
+Note that unlike the metacharacters \fB(\fP and \fB)\fP, \fB{\fP and
+\fB}\fP are \fIreserved words\fP and must occur where a reserved
+word is permitted to be recognized.  Since they do not cause a word
+break, they must be separated from \fIlist\fP by whitespace or another
+shell metacharacter.
+.TP
+((\fIexpression\fP))
+The \fIexpression\fP is evaluated according to the rules described
+below under
+.SM
+.BR "ARITHMETIC EVALUATION" .
+If the value of the expression is non-zero, the return status is 0;
+otherwise the return status is 1.  This is exactly equivalent to
+\fBlet "\fIexpression\fP"\fR.
+.TP
+\fB[[\fP \fIexpression\fP \fB]]\fP
+Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of
+the conditional expression \fIexpression\fP.
+Expressions are composed of the primaries described below under
+.SM
+.BR "CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS" .
+Word splitting and pathname expansion are not performed on the words
+between the \fB[[\fP and \fB]]\fP; tilde expansion,
+parameter and variable expansion,
+arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process
+substitution, and quote removal are performed.
+Conditional operators such as \fB\-f\fP must be unquoted to be recognized
+as primaries.
+.if t .sp 0.5
+.if n .sp 1
+When used with \fB[[\fP, the \fB<\fP and \fB>\fP operators sort
+lexicographically using the current locale.
+.if t .sp 0.5
+.if n .sp 1
+When the \fB==\fP and \fB!=\fP operators are used, the string to the
+right of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according
+to the rules described below under \fBPattern Matching\fP,
+as if the \fBextglob\fP shell option were enabled.
+The \fB=\fP operator is equivalent to \fB==\fP.
+If the
+.B nocasematch
+shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+of alphabetic characters.
+The return value is 0 if the string matches (\fB==\fP) or does not match
+(\fB!=\fP) the pattern, and 1 otherwise.
+Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted portion
+to be matched as a string.
+.if t .sp 0.5
+.if n .sp 1
+An additional binary operator, \fB=~\fP, is available, with the same
+precedence as \fB==\fP and \fB!=\fP.
+When it is used, the string to the right of the operator is considered
+a POSIX extended regular expression and matched accordingly (as in \fIregex\fP(3)).
+The return value is 0 if the string matches
+the pattern, and 1 otherwise.
+If the regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional
+expression's return value is 2.
+If the
+.B nocasematch
+shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+of alphabetic characters.
+Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted portion
+to be matched as a string.
+Bracket expressions in regular expressions must be treated carefully,
+since normal quoting characters lose their meanings between brackets.
+If the pattern is stored in a shell variable, quoting the variable
+expansion forces the entire pattern to be matched as a string.
+Substrings matched by parenthesized subexpressions within the regular
+expression are saved in the array variable
+.SM
+.BR BASH_REMATCH .
+The element of
+.SM
+.B BASH_REMATCH
+with index 0 is the portion of the string
+matching the entire regular expression.
+The element of
+.SM
+.B BASH_REMATCH
+with index \fIn\fP is the portion of the
+string matching the \fIn\fPth parenthesized subexpression.
+.if t .sp 0.5
+.if n .sp 1
+Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed
+in decreasing order of precedence:
+.if t .sp 0.5
+.if n .sp 1
+.RS
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B ( \fIexpression\fP )
+Returns the value of \fIexpression\fP.
+This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators.
+.TP
+.B ! \fIexpression\fP
+True if
+.I expression
+is false.
+.TP
+\fIexpression1\fP \fB&&\fP \fIexpression2\fP
+True if both
+.I expression1
+and
+.I expression2
+are true.
+.TP
+\fIexpression1\fP \fB||\fP \fIexpression2\fP
+True if either
+.I expression1
+or
+.I expression2
+is true.
+.PD
+.LP
+The \fB&&\fP and \fB||\fP
+operators do not evaluate \fIexpression2\fP if the value of
+\fIexpression1\fP is sufficient to determine the return value of
+the entire conditional expression.
+.RE
+.TP
+\fBfor\fP \fIname\fP [ [ \fBin\fP [ \fIword ...\fP ] ] ; ] \fBdo\fP \fIlist\fP ; \fBdone\fP
+The list of words following \fBin\fP is expanded, generating a list
+of items.
+The variable \fIname\fP is set to each element of this list
+in turn, and \fIlist\fP is executed each time.
+If the \fBin\fP \fIword\fP is omitted, the \fBfor\fP command executes
+\fIlist\fP once for each positional parameter that is set (see
+.SM
+.B PARAMETERS
+below).
+The return status is the exit status of the last command that executes.
+If the expansion of the items following \fBin\fP results in an empty
+list, no commands are executed, and the return status is 0.
+.TP
+\fBfor\fP (( \fIexpr1\fP ; \fIexpr2\fP ; \fIexpr3\fP )) ; \fBdo\fP \fIlist\fP ; \fBdone\fP
+First, the arithmetic expression \fIexpr1\fP is evaluated according
+to the rules described below under
+.SM
+.BR "ARITHMETIC EVALUATION" .
+The arithmetic expression \fIexpr2\fP is then evaluated repeatedly
+until it evaluates to zero.
+Each time \fIexpr2\fP evaluates to a non-zero value, \fIlist\fP is
+executed and the arithmetic expression \fIexpr3\fP is evaluated.
+If any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1.
+The return value is the exit status of the last command in \fIlist\fP
+that is executed, or false if any of the expressions is invalid.
+.TP
+\fBselect\fP \fIname\fP [ \fBin\fP \fIword\fP ] ; \fBdo\fP \fIlist\fP ; \fBdone\fP
+The list of words following \fBin\fP is expanded, generating a list
+of items.  The set of expanded words is printed on the standard
+error, each preceded by a number.  If the \fBin\fP
+\fIword\fP is omitted, the positional parameters are printed (see
+.SM
+.B PARAMETERS
+below).  The
+.SM
+.B PS3
+prompt is then displayed and a line read from the standard input.
+If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of
+the displayed words, then the value of
+.I name
+is set to that word.  If the line is empty, the words and prompt
+are displayed again.  If EOF is read, the command completes.  Any
+other value read causes
+.I name
+to be set to null.  The line read is saved in the variable
+.SM
+.BR REPLY .
+The
+.I list
+is executed after each selection until a
+.B break
+command is executed.
+The exit status of
+.B select
+is the exit status of the last command executed in
+.IR list ,
+or zero if no commands were executed.
+.TP
+\fBcase\fP \fIword\fP \fBin\fP [ [(] \fIpattern\fP [ \fB|\fP \fIpattern\fP ] \
+... ) \fIlist\fP ;; ] ... \fBesac\fP
+A \fBcase\fP command first expands \fIword\fP, and tries to match
+it against each \fIpattern\fP in turn, using the matching rules
+described under
+.B Pattern Matching
+below.
+The \fIword\fP is expanded using tilde
+expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion,
+command substitution, process substitution and quote removal.
+Each \fIpattern\fP examined is expanded using tilde
+expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion,
+command substitution, and process substitution.
+If the
+.B nocasematch
+shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+of alphabetic characters.
+When a match is found, the corresponding \fIlist\fP is executed.
+If the \fB;;\fP operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempted after
+the first pattern match.
+Using \fB;&\fP in place of \fB;;\fP causes execution to continue with
+the \fIlist\fP associated with the next set of patterns.
+Using \fB;;&\fP in place of \fB;;\fP causes the shell to test the next
+pattern list in the statement, if any, and execute any associated \fIlist\fP
+on a successful match.
+The exit status is zero if no
+pattern matches.  Otherwise, it is the exit status of the
+last command executed in \fIlist\fP.
+.TP
+\fBif\fP \fIlist\fP; \fBthen\fP \fIlist\fP; \
+[ \fBelif\fP \fIlist\fP; \fBthen\fP \fIlist\fP; ] ... \
+[ \fBelse\fP \fIlist\fP; ] \fBfi\fP
+The
+.B if
+.I list
+is executed.  If its exit status is zero, the
+\fBthen\fP \fIlist\fP is executed.  Otherwise, each \fBelif\fP
+\fIlist\fP is executed in turn, and if its exit status is zero,
+the corresponding \fBthen\fP \fIlist\fP is executed and the
+command completes.  Otherwise, the \fBelse\fP \fIlist\fP is
+executed, if present.  The exit status is the exit status of the
+last command executed, or zero if no condition tested true.
+.TP
+\fBwhile\fP \fIlist-1\fP; \fBdo\fP \fIlist-2\fP; \fBdone\fP
+.PD 0
+.TP
+\fBuntil\fP \fIlist-1\fP; \fBdo\fP \fIlist-2\fP; \fBdone\fP
+.PD
+The \fBwhile\fP command continuously executes the list
+\fIlist-2\fP as long as the last command in the list \fIlist-1\fP returns
+an exit status of zero.  The \fBuntil\fP command is identical
+to the \fBwhile\fP command, except that the test is negated:
+.I list-2
+is executed as long as the last command in
+.I list-1
+returns a non-zero exit status.
+The exit status of the \fBwhile\fP and \fBuntil\fP commands
+is the exit status
+of the last command executed in \fIlist-2\fP, or zero if
+none was executed.
+.SS Coprocesses
+.PP
+A \fIcoprocess\fP is a shell command preceded by the \fBcoproc\fP reserved
+word.
+A coprocess is executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command
+had been terminated with the \fB&\fP control operator, with a two-way pipe
+established between the executing shell and the coprocess.
+.PP
+The format for a coprocess is:
+.RS
+.PP
+\fBcoproc\fP [\fINAME\fP] \fIcommand\fP [\fIredirections\fP]
+.RE
+.PP
+This creates a coprocess named \fINAME\fP.
+If \fINAME\fP is not supplied, the default name is \fBCOPROC\fP.
+\fINAME\fP must not be supplied if \fIcommand\fP is a \fIsimple
+command\fP (see above); otherwise, it is interpreted as the first word
+of the simple command.
+When the coprocess is executed, the shell creates an array variable (see
+.B Arrays
+below) named \fINAME\fP in the context of the executing shell.
+The standard output of
+.I command
+is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell,
+and that file descriptor is assigned to \fINAME\fP[0].
+The standard input of
+.I command
+is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell,
+and that file descriptor is assigned to \fINAME\fP[1].
+This pipe is established before any redirections specified by the
+command (see
+.SM
+.B REDIRECTION
+below).
+The file descriptors can be utilized as arguments to shell commands
+and redirections using standard word expansions.
+Other than those created to execute command and process substitutions,
+the file descriptors are not available in subshells.
+The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is
+available as the value of the variable \fINAME\fP_PID.
+The \fBwait\fP
+builtin command may be used to wait for the coprocess to terminate.
+.PP
+Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command,
+the \fBcoproc\fP command always returns success.
+The return status of a coprocess is the exit status of \fIcommand\fP.
+.SS Shell Function Definitions
+.PP
+A shell function is an object that is called like a simple command and
+executes a compound command with a new set of positional parameters.
+Shell functions are declared as follows:
+.TP
+\fIname\fP () \fIcompound\-command\fP [\fIredirection\fP]
+.PD 0
+.TP
+\fBfunction\fP \fIname\fP [()] \fIcompound\-command\fP [\fIredirection\fP]
+.PD
+This defines a function named \fIname\fP.
+The reserved word \fBfunction\fP is optional.
+If the \fBfunction\fP reserved word is supplied, the parentheses are optional.
+The \fIbody\fP of the function is the compound command
+.I compound\-command
+(see \fBCompound Commands\fP above).
+That command is usually a \fIlist\fP of commands between { and }, but
+may be any command listed under \fBCompound Commands\fP above,
+with one exception: If the \fBfunction\fP reserved word is used, but the
+parentheses are not supplied, the braces are required.
+\fIcompound\-command\fP is executed whenever \fIname\fP is specified as the
+name of a simple command.
+When in \fIposix mode\fP, \fIname\fP may not be the name of one of the
+POSIX \fIspecial builtins\fP.
+Any redirections (see
+.SM
+.B REDIRECTION
+below) specified when a function is defined are performed
+when the function is executed.
+The exit status of a function definition is zero unless a syntax error
+occurs or a readonly function with the same name already exists.
+When executed, the exit status of a function is the exit status of the
+last command executed in the body.  (See
+.SM
+.B FUNCTIONS
+below.)
+.SH COMMENTS
+In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the
+.B interactive_comments
+option to the
+.B shopt
+builtin is enabled (see
+.SM
+.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS"
+below), a word beginning with
+.B #
+causes that word and all remaining characters on that line to
+be ignored.  An interactive shell without the
+.B interactive_comments
+option enabled does not allow comments.  The
+.B interactive_comments
+option is on by default in interactive shells.
+.SH QUOTING
+\fIQuoting\fP is used to remove the special meaning of certain
+characters or words to the shell.  Quoting can be used to
+disable special treatment for special characters, to prevent
+reserved words from being recognized as such, and to prevent
+parameter expansion.
+.PP
+Each of the \fImetacharacters\fP listed above under
+.SM
+.B DEFINITIONS
+has special meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to
+represent itself.
+.PP
+When the command history expansion facilities are being used
+(see
+.SM
+.B HISTORY EXPANSION
+below), the
+\fIhistory expansion\fP character, usually \fB!\fP, must be quoted
+to prevent history expansion.
+.PP
+There are three quoting mechanisms: the
+.IR "escape character" ,
+single quotes, and double quotes.
+.PP
+A non-quoted backslash (\fB\e\fP) is the
+.IR "escape character" .
+It preserves the literal value of the next character that follows,
+with the exception of <newline>.  If a \fB\e\fP<newline> pair
+appears, and the backslash is not itself quoted, the \fB\e\fP<newline>
+is treated as a line continuation (that is, it is removed from the
+input stream and effectively ignored).
+.PP
+Enclosing characters in single quotes preserves the literal value
+of each character within the quotes.  A single quote may not occur
+between single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash.
+.PP
+Enclosing characters in double quotes preserves the literal value
+of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of
+.BR $ ,
+.BR \` ,
+.BR \e ,
+and, when history expansion is enabled,
+.BR ! .
+When the shell is in \fIposix mode\fP, the \fB!\fP has no special meaning
+within double quotes, even when history expansion is enabled.
+The characters
+.B $
+and
+.B \`
+retain their special meaning within double quotes.  The backslash
+retains its special meaning only when followed by one of the following
+characters:
+.BR $ ,
+.BR \` ,
+\^\fB"\fP\^,
+.BR \e ,
+or
+.BR <newline> .
+A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with
+a backslash.
+If enabled, history expansion will be performed unless an
+.B !
+appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash.
+The backslash preceding the
+.B !
+is not removed.
+.PP
+The special parameters
+.B *
+and
+.B @
+have special meaning when in double
+quotes (see
+.SM
+.B PARAMETERS
+below).
+.PP
+Words of the form \fB$\fP\(aq\fIstring\fP\(aq are treated specially.  The
+word expands to \fIstring\fP, with backslash-escaped characters replaced
+as specified by the ANSI C standard.  Backslash escape sequences, if
+present, are decoded as follows:
+.RS
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B \ea
+alert (bell)
+.TP
+.B \eb
+backspace
+.TP
+.B \ee
+.TP
+.B \eE
+an escape character
+.TP
+.B \ef
+form feed
+.TP
+.B \en
+new line
+.TP
+.B \er
+carriage return
+.TP
+.B \et
+horizontal tab
+.TP
+.B \ev
+vertical tab
+.TP
+.B \e\e
+backslash
+.TP
+.B \e\(aq
+single quote
+.TP
+.B \e\(dq
+double quote
+.TP
+.B \e?
+question mark
+.TP
+.B \e\fInnn\fP
+the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value \fInnn\fP
+(one to three octal digits)
+.TP
+.B \ex\fIHH\fP
+the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value \fIHH\fP
+(one or two hex digits)
+.TP
+.B \eu\fIHHHH\fP
+the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+\fIHHHH\fP (one to four hex digits)
+.TP
+.B \eU\fIHHHHHHHH\fP
+the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+\fIHHHHHHHH\fP (one to eight hex digits)
+.TP
+.B \ec\fIx\fP
+a control-\fIx\fP character
+.PD
+.RE
+.LP
+The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had
+not been present.
+.PP
+A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign (\fB$\fP\(dq\fIstring\fP\(dq)
+will cause the string to be translated according to the current locale.
+If the current locale is \fBC\fP or \fBPOSIX\fP, the dollar sign
+is ignored.
+If the string is translated and replaced, the replacement is
+double-quoted.
+.SH PARAMETERS
+A
+.I parameter
+is an entity that stores values.
+It can be a
+.IR name ,
+a number, or one of the special characters listed below under
+.BR "Special Parameters" .
+A
+.I variable
+is a parameter denoted by a
+.IR name .
+A variable has a \fIvalue\fP and zero or more \fIattributes\fP.
+Attributes are assigned using the
+.B declare
+builtin command (see
+.B declare
+below in
+.SM
+.BR "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" ).
+.PP
+A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value.  The null string is
+a valid value.  Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using
+the
+.B unset
+builtin command (see
+.SM
+.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
+below).
+.PP
+A
+.I variable
+may be assigned to by a statement of the form
+.RS
+.PP
+\fIname\fP=[\fIvalue\fP]
+.RE
+.PP
+If
+.I value
+is not given, the variable is assigned the null string.  All
+.I values
+undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
+command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote
+removal (see
+.SM
+.B EXPANSION
+below).  If the variable has its
+.B integer
+attribute set, then
+.I value
+is evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the $((...)) expansion is
+not used (see
+.B "Arithmetic Expansion"
+below).
+Word splitting is not performed, with the exception
+of \fB"$@"\fP as explained below under
+.BR "Special Parameters" .
+Pathname expansion is not performed.
+Assignment statements may also appear as arguments to the
+.BR alias ,
+.BR declare ,
+.BR typeset ,
+.BR export ,
+.BR readonly ,
+and
+.B local
+builtin commands (\fIdeclaration\fP commands).
+When in \fIposix mode\fP, these builtins may appear in a command after
+one or more instances of the \fBcommand\fP builtin and retain these
+assignment statement properties.
+.PP
+In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value
+to a shell variable or array index, the += operator can be used to
+append to or add to the variable's previous value.
+This includes arguments to builtin commands such as \fBdeclare\fP that
+accept assignment statements (\fIdeclaration\fP commands).
+When += is applied to a variable for which the \fIinteger\fP attribute has been
+set, \fIvalue\fP is evaluated as an arithmetic expression and added to the
+variable's current value, which is also evaluated.
+When += is applied to an array variable using compound assignment (see
+.B Arrays
+below), the
+variable's value is not unset (as it is when using =), and new values are
+appended to the array beginning at one greater than the array's maximum index
+(for indexed arrays) or added as additional key\-value pairs in an
+associative array.
+When applied to a string-valued variable, \fIvalue\fP is expanded and
+appended to the variable's value.
+.PP
+A variable can be assigned the \fInameref\fP attribute using the
+\fB\-n\fP option to the \fBdeclare\fP or \fBlocal\fP builtin commands
+(see the descriptions of \fBdeclare\fP and \fBlocal\fP below)
+to create a \fInameref\fP, or a reference to another variable.
+This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly.
+Whenever the nameref variable is referenced, assigned to, unset, or has
+its attributes modified (other than using or changing the \fInameref\fP
+attribute itself), the
+operation is actually performed on the variable specified by the nameref
+variable's value.
+A nameref is commonly used within shell functions to refer to a variable
+whose name is passed as an argument to the function.
+For instance, if a variable name is passed to a shell function as its first
+argument, running
+.sp .5
+.RS
+.if t \f(CWdeclare -n ref=$1\fP
+.if n declare -n ref=$1
+.RE
+.sp .5
+inside the function creates a nameref variable \fBref\fP whose value is
+the variable name passed as the first argument.
+References and assignments to \fBref\fP, and changes to its attributes,
+are treated as references, assignments, and attribute modifications
+to the variable whose name was passed as \fB$1\fP.
+If the control variable in a \fBfor\fP loop has the nameref attribute,
+the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a name reference
+will be established for each word in the list, in turn, when the loop is
+executed.
+Array variables cannot be given the \fBnameref\fP attribute.
+However, nameref variables can reference array variables and subscripted
+array variables.
+Namerefs can be unset using the \fB\-n\fP option to the \fBunset\fP builtin.
+Otherwise, if \fBunset\fP is executed with the name of a nameref variable
+as an argument, the variable referenced by the nameref variable will be unset.
+.SS Positional Parameters
+.PP
+A
+.I positional parameter
+is a parameter denoted by one or more
+digits, other than the single digit 0.  Positional parameters are
+assigned from the shell's arguments when it is invoked,
+and may be reassigned using the
+.B set
+builtin command.  Positional parameters may not be assigned to
+with assignment statements.  The positional parameters are
+temporarily replaced when a shell function is executed (see
+.SM
+.B FUNCTIONS
+below).
+.PP
+When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single
+digit is expanded, it must be enclosed in braces (see
+.SM
+.B EXPANSION
+below).
+.SS Special Parameters
+.PP
+The shell treats several parameters specially.  These parameters may
+only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed.
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B *
+Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.
+When the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional parameter
+expands to a separate word.
+In contexts where it is performed, those words
+are subject to further word splitting and pathname expansion.
+When the expansion occurs within double quotes, it expands to a single word
+with the value of each parameter separated by the first character of the
+.SM
+.B IFS
+special variable.  That is, "\fB$*\fP" is equivalent
+to "\fB$1\fP\fIc\fP\fB$2\fP\fIc\fP\fB...\fP", where
+.I c
+is the first character of the value of the
+.SM
+.B IFS
+variable.  If
+.SM
+.B IFS
+is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces.
+If
+.SM
+.B IFS
+is null, the parameters are joined without intervening separators.
+.TP
+.B @
+Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.
+In contexts where word splitting is performed, this expands each
+positional parameter to a separate word; if not within double
+quotes, these words are subject to word splitting.
+In contexts where word splitting is not performed,
+this expands to a single word
+with each positional parameter separated by a space.
+When the
+expansion occurs within double quotes, each parameter expands to a
+separate word.  That is, "\fB$@\fP" is equivalent to
+"\fB$1\fP" "\fB$2\fP" ...
+If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of
+the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original
+word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last
+part of the original word.
+When there are no positional parameters, "\fB$@\fP" and
+.B $@
+expand to nothing (i.e., they are removed).
+.TP
+.B #
+Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal.
+.TP
+.B ?
+Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed foreground
+pipeline.
+.TP
+.B \-
+Expands to the current option flags as specified upon invocation, 
+by the
+.B set
+builtin command, or those set by the shell itself
+(such as the
+.B \-i
+option).
+.TP
+.B $
+Expands to the process ID of the shell.  In a () subshell, it
+expands to the process ID of the current shell, not the
+subshell.
+.TP
+.B !
+Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed into the
+background, whether executed as an asynchronous command or using
+the \fBbg\fP builtin (see
+.SM
+.B "JOB CONTROL"
+below).
+.TP
+.B 0
+Expands to the name of the shell or shell script.  This is set at
+shell initialization.  If
+.B bash
+is invoked with a file of commands,
+.B $0
+is set to the name of that file.  If
+.B bash
+is started with the
+.B \-c
+option, then
+.B $0
+is set to the first argument after the string to be
+executed, if one is present.  Otherwise, it is set
+to the filename used to invoke
+.BR bash ,
+as given by argument zero.
+.TP
+.B _
+At shell startup, set to the absolute pathname used to invoke the
+shell or shell script being executed as passed in the environment
+or argument list.
+Subsequently, expands to the last argument to the previous simple
+command executed in the foreground, after expansion.
+Also set to the full pathname used to invoke each command executed
+and placed in the environment exported to that command.
+When checking mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail file
+currently being checked.
+.PD
+.SS Shell Variables
+.PP
+The following variables are set by the shell:
+.PP
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B BASH
+Expands to the full filename used to invoke this instance of
+.BR bash .
+.TP
+.B BASHOPTS
+A colon-separated list of enabled shell options.  Each word in
+the list is a valid argument for the
+.B \-s
+option to the
+.B shopt
+builtin command (see
+.SM
+.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS"
+below).  The options appearing in
+.SM
+.B BASHOPTS
+are those reported as
+.I on
+by \fBshopt\fP.
+If this variable is in the environment when
+.B bash
+starts up, each shell option in the list will be enabled before
+reading any startup files.
+This variable is read-only.
+.TP
+.B BASHPID
+Expands to the process ID of the current \fBbash\fP process.
+This differs from \fB$$\fP under certain circumstances, such as subshells
+that do not require \fBbash\fP to be re-initialized.
+Assignments to
+.SM
+.B BASHPID
+have no effect.
+If
+.B BASHPID
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+.TP
+.B BASH_ALIASES
+An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal
+list of aliases as maintained by the \fBalias\fP builtin.
+Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; however,
+unsetting array elements currently does not cause aliases to be removed
+from the alias list.
+If
+.B BASH_ALIASES
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+.TP
+.B BASH_ARGC
+An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in each
+frame of the current \fBbash\fP execution call stack.
+The number of
+parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or script executed
+with \fB.\fP or \fBsource\fP) is at the top of the stack.
+When a subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed is pushed onto
+.SM
+.BR BASH_ARGC .
+The shell sets
+.SM
+.B BASH_ARGC
+only when in extended debugging mode (see the description of the
+.B extdebug
+option to the
+.B shopt
+builtin below).
+Setting \fBextdebug\fP after the shell has started to execute a script,
+or referencing this variable when \fBextdebug\fP is not set,
+may result in inconsistent values.
+.TP
+.B BASH_ARGV
+An array variable containing all of the parameters in the current \fBbash\fP
+execution call stack.  The final parameter of the last subroutine call
+is at the top of the stack; the first parameter of the initial call is
+at the bottom.  When a subroutine is executed, the parameters supplied
+are pushed onto
+.SM
+.BR BASH_ARGV .
+The shell sets
+.SM
+.B BASH_ARGV
+only when in extended debugging mode
+(see the description of the
+.B extdebug
+option to the
+.B shopt
+builtin below).
+Setting \fBextdebug\fP after the shell has started to execute a script,
+or referencing this variable when \fBextdebug\fP is not set,
+may result in inconsistent values.
+.TP
+.B BASH_ARGV0
+When referenced, this variable expands to the name of the shell or shell
+script (identical to
+.BR $0 ;
+see the description of special parameter 0 above).
+Assignment to
+.B BASH_ARGV0
+causes the value assigned to also be assigned to \fB$0\fP.
+If
+.B BASH_ARGV0
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+.TP
+.B BASH_CMDS
+An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal
+hash table of commands as maintained by the \fBhash\fP builtin.
+Elements added to this array appear in the hash table; however,
+unsetting array elements currently does not cause command names to be removed
+from the hash table.
+If
+.B BASH_CMDS
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+.TP
+.B BASH_COMMAND
+The command currently being executed or about to be executed, unless the
+shell is executing a command as the result of a trap,
+in which case it is the command executing at the time of the trap.
+.TP
+.B BASH_EXECUTION_STRING
+The command argument to the \fB\-c\fP invocation option.
+.TP
+.B BASH_LINENO
+An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source files
+where each corresponding member of
+.SM
+.B FUNCNAME
+was invoked.
+\fB${BASH_LINENO[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP is the line number in the source
+file (\fB${BASH_SOURCE[\fP\fI$i+1\fP\fB]}\fP) where
+\fB${FUNCNAME[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP was called
+(or \fB${BASH_LINENO[\fP\fI$i-1\fP\fB]}\fP if referenced within another
+shell function).
+Use
+.SM
+.B LINENO
+to obtain the current line number.
+.TP
+.B BASH_LOADABLES_PATH
+A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for
+dynamically loadable builtins specified by the
+.B enable
+command.
+.TP
+.B BASH_REMATCH
+An array variable whose members are assigned by the \fB=~\fP binary
+operator to the \fB[[\fP conditional command.
+The element with index 0 is the portion of the string
+matching the entire regular expression.
+The element with index \fIn\fP is the portion of the
+string matching the \fIn\fPth parenthesized subexpression.
+This variable is read-only.
+.TP
+.B BASH_SOURCE
+An array variable whose members are the source filenames
+where the corresponding shell function names in the
+.SM
+.B FUNCNAME
+array variable are defined.
+The shell function
+\fB${FUNCNAME[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP is defined in the file
+\fB${BASH_SOURCE[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP and called from
+\fB${BASH_SOURCE[\fP\fI$i+1\fP\fB]}\fP.
+.TP
+.B BASH_SUBSHELL
+Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell environment when
+the shell begins executing in that environment.
+The initial value is 0.
+.TP
+.B BASH_VERSINFO
+A readonly array variable whose members hold version information for
+this instance of
+.BR bash .
+The values assigned to the array members are as follows:
+.sp .5
+.RS
+.TP 24
+.B BASH_VERSINFO[\fR0\fP]
+The major version number (the \fIrelease\fP).
+.TP
+.B BASH_VERSINFO[\fR1\fP]
+The minor version number (the \fIversion\fP).
+.TP
+.B BASH_VERSINFO[\fR2\fP]
+The patch level.
+.TP
+.B BASH_VERSINFO[\fR3\fP]
+The build version.
+.TP
+.B BASH_VERSINFO[\fR4\fP]
+The release status (e.g., \fIbeta1\fP).
+.TP
+.B BASH_VERSINFO[\fR5\fP]
+The value of
+.SM
+.BR MACHTYPE .
+.RE
+.TP
+.B BASH_VERSION
+Expands to a string describing the version of this instance of
+.BR bash .
+.TP
+.B COMP_CWORD
+An index into \fB${COMP_WORDS}\fP of the word containing the current
+cursor position.
+This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the
+programmable completion facilities (see \fBProgrammable Completion\fP
+below).
+.TP
+.B COMP_KEY
+The key (or final key of a key sequence) used to invoke the current
+completion function.
+.TP
+.B COMP_LINE
+The current command line.
+This variable is available only in shell functions and external
+commands invoked by the
+programmable completion facilities (see \fBProgrammable Completion\fP
+below).
+.TP
+.B COMP_POINT
+The index of the current cursor position relative to the beginning of
+the current command.
+If the current cursor position is at the end of the current command,
+the value of this variable is equal to \fB${#COMP_LINE}\fP.
+This variable is available only in shell functions and external
+commands invoked by the
+programmable completion facilities (see \fBProgrammable Completion\fP
+below).
+.TP
+.B COMP_TYPE
+Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of completion attempted
+that caused a completion function to be called:
+\fITAB\fP, for normal completion,
+\fI?\fP, for listing completions after successive tabs,
+\fI!\fP, for listing alternatives on partial word completion,
+\fI@\fP, to list completions if the word is not unmodified,
+or
+\fI%\fP, for menu completion.
+This variable is available only in shell functions and external
+commands invoked by the
+programmable completion facilities (see \fBProgrammable Completion\fP
+below).
+.TP
+.B COMP_WORDBREAKS
+The set of characters that the \fBreadline\fP library treats as word
+separators when performing word completion.
+If
+.SM
+.B COMP_WORDBREAKS
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+.TP
+.B COMP_WORDS
+An array variable (see \fBArrays\fP below) consisting of the individual
+words in the current command line.
+The line is split into words as \fBreadline\fP would split it, using
+.SM
+.B COMP_WORDBREAKS
+as described above.
+This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the
+programmable completion facilities (see \fBProgrammable Completion\fP
+below).
+.TP
+.B COPROC
+An array variable (see \fBArrays\fP below) created to hold the file descriptors
+for output from and input to an unnamed coprocess (see \fBCoprocesses\fP
+above).
+.TP
+.B DIRSTACK
+An array variable (see
+.B Arrays
+below) containing the current contents of the directory stack.
+Directories appear in the stack in the order they are displayed by the
+.B dirs
+builtin.
+Assigning to members of this array variable may be used to modify
+directories already in the stack, but the
+.B pushd
+and
+.B popd
+builtins must be used to add and remove directories.
+Assignment to this variable will not change the current directory.
+If
+.SM
+.B DIRSTACK
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+.TP
+.B EPOCHREALTIME
+Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of seconds
+since the Unix Epoch (see \fItime\fP\fR(3)\fP) as a floating point value
+with micro-second granularity.
+Assignments to
+.SM
+.B EPOCHREALTIME
+are ignored.
+If
+.SM
+.B EPOCHREALTIME
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+.TP
+.B EPOCHSECONDS
+Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of seconds
+since the Unix Epoch (see \fItime\fP\fR(3)\fP).
+Assignments to
+.SM
+.B EPOCHSECONDS
+are ignored.
+If
+.SM
+.B EPOCHSECONDS
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+.TP
+.B EUID
+Expands to the effective user ID of the current user, initialized at
+shell startup.  This variable is readonly.
+.TP
+.B FUNCNAME
+An array variable containing the names of all shell functions
+currently in the execution call stack.
+The element with index 0 is the name of any currently-executing
+shell function.
+The bottom-most element (the one with the highest index) is
+.if t \f(CW"main"\fP.
+.if n "main".
+This variable exists only when a shell function is executing.
+Assignments to
+.SM
+.B FUNCNAME
+have no effect.
+If
+.SM
+.B FUNCNAME
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+.if t .sp 0.5
+.if n .sp 1
+This variable can be used with \fBBASH_LINENO\fP and \fBBASH_SOURCE\fP.
+Each element of \fBFUNCNAME\fP has corresponding elements in
+\fBBASH_LINENO\fP and \fBBASH_SOURCE\fP to describe the call stack.
+For instance, \fB${FUNCNAME[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP was called from the file
+\fB${BASH_SOURCE[\fP\fI$i+1\fP\fB]}\fP at line number
+\fB${BASH_LINENO[\fP\fI$i\fP\fB]}\fP.
+The \fBcaller\fP builtin displays the current call stack using this
+information.
+.TP
+.B GROUPS
+An array variable containing the list of groups of which the current
+user is a member.
+Assignments to
+.SM
+.B GROUPS
+have no effect.
+If
+.SM
+.B GROUPS
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+.TP
+.B HISTCMD
+The history number, or index in the history list, of the current
+command.
+If
+.SM
+.B HISTCMD
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+.TP
+.B HOSTNAME
+Automatically set to the name of the current host.
+.TP
+.B HOSTTYPE
+Automatically set to a string that uniquely
+describes the type of machine on which
+.B bash
+is executing.
+The default is system-dependent.
+.TP
+.B LINENO
+Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes
+a decimal number representing the current sequential line number
+(starting with 1) within a script or function.  When not in a
+script or function, the value substituted is not guaranteed to
+be meaningful.
+If
+.SM
+.B LINENO
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+.TP
+.B MACHTYPE
+Automatically set to a string that fully describes the system
+type on which
+.B bash
+is executing, in the standard GNU \fIcpu-company-system\fP format.
+The default is system-dependent.
+.TP
+.B MAPFILE
+An array variable (see \fBArrays\fP below) created to hold the text
+read by the \fBmapfile\fP builtin when no variable name is supplied.
+.TP
+.B OLDPWD
+The previous working directory as set by the
+.B cd
+command.
+.TP
+.B OPTARG
+The value of the last option argument processed by the
+.B getopts
+builtin command (see
+.SM
+.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
+below).
+.TP
+.B OPTIND
+The index of the next argument to be processed by the
+.B getopts
+builtin command (see
+.SM
+.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
+below).
+.TP
+.B OSTYPE
+Automatically set to a string that
+describes the operating system on which
+.B bash
+is executing.
+The default is system-dependent.
+.TP
+.B PIPESTATUS
+An array variable (see
+.B Arrays
+below) containing a list of exit status values from the processes
+in the most-recently-executed foreground pipeline (which may
+contain only a single command).
+.TP
+.B PPID
+The process ID of the shell's parent.  This variable is readonly.
+.TP
+.B PWD
+The current working directory as set by the
+.B cd
+command.
+.TP
+.B RANDOM
+Each time this parameter is referenced, a random integer between
+0 and 32767 is
+generated.  The sequence of random numbers may be initialized by assigning
+a value to
+.SM
+.BR RANDOM .
+If
+.SM
+.B RANDOM
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+.TP
+.B READLINE_LINE
+The contents of the
+.B readline
+line buffer, for use with
+.if t \f(CWbind -x\fP
+.if n "bind -x"
+(see
+.SM
+.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS"
+below).
+.TP
+.B READLINE_POINT
+The position of the insertion point in the
+.B readline
+line buffer, for use with
+.if t \f(CWbind -x\fP
+.if n "bind -x"
+(see
+.SM
+.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS"
+below).
+.TP
+.B REPLY
+Set to the line of input read by the
+.B read
+builtin command when no arguments are supplied.
+.TP
+.B SECONDS
+Each time this parameter is
+referenced, the number of seconds since shell invocation is returned.  If a
+value is assigned to
+.SM
+.BR SECONDS ,
+the value returned upon subsequent
+references is
+the number of seconds since the assignment plus the value assigned.
+If
+.SM
+.B SECONDS
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+.TP
+.B SHELLOPTS
+A colon-separated list of enabled shell options.  Each word in
+the list is a valid argument for the
+.B \-o
+option to the
+.B set
+builtin command (see
+.SM
+.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS"
+below).  The options appearing in
+.SM
+.B SHELLOPTS
+are those reported as
+.I on
+by \fBset \-o\fP.
+If this variable is in the environment when
+.B bash
+starts up, each shell option in the list will be enabled before
+reading any startup files.
+This variable is read-only.
+.TP
+.B SHLVL
+Incremented by one each time an instance of
+.B bash
+is started.
+.TP
+.B UID
+Expands to the user ID of the current user, initialized at shell startup.
+This variable is readonly.
+.PD
+.PP
+The following variables are used by the shell.  In some cases,
+.B bash
+assigns a default value to a variable; these cases are noted
+below.
+.PP
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B BASH_COMPAT
+The value is used to set the shell's compatibility level.
+See the description of the \fBshopt\fP builtin below under
+\fBSHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS\fP
+for a description of the various compatibility
+levels and their effects.
+The value may be a decimal number (e.g., 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42)
+corresponding to the desired compatibility level.
+If \fBBASH_COMPAT\fP is unset or set to the empty string, the compatibility
+level is set to the default for the current version.
+If \fBBASH_COMPAT\fP is set to a value that is not one of the valid
+compatibility levels, the shell prints an error message and sets the
+compatibility level to the default for the current version.
+The valid compatibility levels correspond to the compatibility options
+accepted by the \fBshopt\fP builtin described below (for example,
+\fBcompat42\fP means that 4.2 and 42 are valid values).
+The current version is also a valid value.
+.TP
+.B BASH_ENV
+If this parameter is set when \fBbash\fP is executing a shell script,
+its value is interpreted as a filename containing commands to
+initialize the shell, as in
+.IR ~/.bashrc .
+The value of
+.SM
+.B BASH_ENV
+is subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
+expansion before being interpreted as a filename.
+.SM
+.B PATH
+is not used to search for the resultant filename.
+.TP
+.B BASH_XTRACEFD
+If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, \fBbash\fP
+will write the trace output generated when
+.if t \f(CWset -x\fP
+.if n \fIset -x\fP
+is enabled to that file descriptor.
+The file descriptor is closed when
+.SM
+.B BASH_XTRACEFD
+is unset or assigned a new value.
+Unsetting
+.SM
+.B BASH_XTRACEFD
+or assigning it the empty string causes the
+trace output to be sent to the standard error.
+Note that setting
+.SM
+.B BASH_XTRACEFD
+to 2 (the standard error file
+descriptor) and then unsetting it will result in the standard error
+being closed.
+.TP
+.B CDPATH
+The search path for the
+.B cd
+command.
+This is a colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks
+for destination directories specified by the
+.B cd
+command.
+A sample value is
+.if t \f(CW".:~:/usr"\fP.
+.if n ".:~:/usr".
+.TP
+.B CHILD_MAX
+Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to remember.
+Bash will not allow this value to be decreased below a POSIX-mandated
+minimum, and there is a maximum value (currently 8192) that this may
+not exceed.
+The minimum value is system-dependent.
+.TP
+.B COLUMNS
+Used by the \fBselect\fP compound command to determine the terminal width
+when printing selection lists.
+Automatically set if the
+.B checkwinsize
+option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a
+.SM
+.BR SIGWINCH .
+.TP
+.B COMPREPLY
+An array variable from which \fBbash\fP reads the possible completions
+generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable completion
+facility (see \fBProgrammable Completion\fP below).
+Each array element contains one possible completion.
+.TP
+.B EMACS
+If \fBbash\fP finds this variable in the environment when the shell starts
+with value
+.if t \f(CWt\fP,
+.if n "t",
+it assumes that the shell is running in an Emacs shell buffer and disables
+line editing.
+.TP
+.B ENV
+Similar to
+.SM
+.BR BASH_ENV ;
+used when the shell is invoked in \fIposix mode\fP.
+.TP
+.B EXECIGNORE
+A colon-separated list of shell patterns (see \fBPattern Matching\fP)
+defining the list of filenames to be ignored by command search using
+\fBPATH\fP.
+Files whose full pathnames match one of these patterns are not considered
+executable files for the purposes of completion and command execution
+via \fBPATH\fP lookup.
+This does not affect the behavior of the \fB[\fP, \fBtest\fP, and \fB[[\fP
+commands.
+Full pathnames in the command hash table are not subject to \fBEXECIGNORE\fP.
+Use this variable to ignore shared library files that have the executable
+bit set, but are not executable files.
+The pattern matching honors the setting of the \fBextglob\fP shell
+option.
+.TP
+.B FCEDIT
+The default editor for the
+.B fc
+builtin command.
+.TP
+.B FIGNORE
+A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing
+filename completion (see
+.SM
+.B READLINE
+below).
+A filename whose suffix matches one of the entries in 
+.SM
+.B FIGNORE
+is excluded from the list of matched filenames.
+A sample value is
+.if t \f(CW".o:~"\fP.
+.if n ".o:~".
+.TP
+.B FUNCNEST
+If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum function
+nesting level.  Function invocations that exceed this nesting level
+will cause the current command to abort.
+.TP
+.B GLOBIGNORE
+A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of file names to
+be ignored by pathname expansion.
+If a file name matched by a pathname expansion pattern also matches one
+of the patterns in
+.SM
+.BR GLOBIGNORE ,
+it is removed from the list of matches.
+.TP
+.B HISTCONTROL
+A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are saved on
+the history list.
+If the list of values includes
+.IR ignorespace ,
+lines which begin with a
+.B space
+character are not saved in the history list.
+A value of
+.I ignoredups
+causes lines matching the previous history entry to not be saved.
+A value of
+.I ignoreboth
+is shorthand for \fIignorespace\fP and \fIignoredups\fP.
+A value of
+.I erasedups
+causes all previous lines matching the current line to be removed from
+the history list before that line is saved.
+Any value not in the above list is ignored.
+If
+.SM
+.B HISTCONTROL
+is unset, or does not include a valid value,
+all lines read by the shell parser are saved on the history list,
+subject to the value of
+.SM
+.BR HISTIGNORE .
+The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are
+not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
+.SM
+.BR HISTCONTROL .
+.TP
+.B HISTFILE
+The name of the file in which command history is saved (see
+.SM
+.B HISTORY
+below).  The default value is \fI~/.bash_history\fP.  If unset, the
+command history is not saved when a shell exits.
+.TP
+.B HISTFILESIZE
+The maximum number of lines contained in the history file.  When this
+variable is assigned a value, the history file is truncated, if
+necessary,
+to contain no more than that number of lines by removing the oldest entries.
+The history file is also truncated to this size after
+writing it when a shell exits.
+If the value is 0, the history file is truncated to zero size.
+Non-numeric values and numeric values less than zero inhibit truncation.
+The shell sets the default value to the value of \fBHISTSIZE\fP
+after reading any startup files.
+.TP
+.B HISTIGNORE
+A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command lines
+should be saved on the history list.  Each pattern is anchored at the
+beginning of the line and must match the complete line (no implicit
+`\fB*\fP' is appended).  Each pattern is tested against the line
+after the checks specified by
+.SM
+.B HISTCONTROL
+are applied.
+In addition to the normal shell pattern matching characters, `\fB&\fP'
+matches the previous history line.  `\fB&\fP' may be escaped using a
+backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match.
+The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are
+not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
+.SM
+.BR HISTIGNORE .
+The pattern matching honors the setting of the \fBextglob\fP shell
+option.
+.TP
+.B HISTSIZE
+The number of commands to remember in the command history (see
+.SM
+.B HISTORY
+below).
+If the value is 0, commands are not saved in the history list.
+Numeric values less than zero result in every command being saved
+on the history list (there is no limit).
+The shell sets the default value to 500 after reading any startup files.
+.TP
+.B HISTTIMEFORMAT
+If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format string
+for \fIstrftime\fP(3) to print the time stamp associated with each history
+entry displayed by the \fBhistory\fP builtin.
+If this variable is set, time stamps are written to the history file so
+they may be preserved across shell sessions.
+This uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from
+other history lines.
+.TP
+.B HOME
+The home directory of the current user; the default argument for the
+\fBcd\fP builtin command.
+The value of this variable is also used when performing tilde expansion.
+.TP
+.B HOSTFILE
+Contains the name of a file in the same format as
+.FN /etc/hosts
+that should be read when the shell needs to complete a
+hostname.
+The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while the
+shell is running;
+the next time hostname completion is attempted after the
+value is changed,
+.B bash
+adds the contents of the new file to the existing list.
+If
+.SM
+.B HOSTFILE
+is set, but has no value, or does not name a readable file,
+\fBbash\fP attempts to read
+.FN /etc/hosts
+to obtain the list of possible hostname completions.
+When
+.SM
+.B HOSTFILE
+is unset, the hostname list is cleared.
+.TP
+.B IFS
+The
+.I Internal Field Separator
+that is used
+for word splitting after expansion and to
+split lines into words with the
+.B read
+builtin command.  The default value is
+``<space><tab><newline>''.
+.TP
+.B IGNOREEOF
+Controls the
+action of an interactive shell on receipt of an
+.SM
+.B EOF
+character as the sole input.  If set, the value is the number of
+consecutive
+.SM
+.B EOF
+characters which must be
+typed as the first characters on an input line before
+.B bash
+exits.  If the variable exists but does not have a numeric value, or
+has no value, the default value is 10.  If it does not exist,
+.SM
+.B EOF
+signifies the end of input to the shell.
+.TP
+.B INPUTRC
+The filename for the
+.B readline
+startup file, overriding the default of
+.FN ~/.inputrc
+(see
+.SM
+.B READLINE
+below).
+.TP
+.B INSIDE_EMACS
+If this variable appears in the environment when the shell starts,
+\fBbash\fP assumes that it is running inside an Emacs shell buffer
+and may disable line editing, depending on the value of \fBTERM\fP.
+.TP
+.B LANG
+Used to determine the locale category for any category not specifically
+selected with a variable starting with \fBLC_\fP.
+.TP
+.B LC_ALL
+This variable overrides the value of
+.SM
+.B LANG
+and any other
+\fBLC_\fP variable specifying a locale category.
+.TP
+.B LC_COLLATE
+This variable determines the collation order used when sorting the
+results of pathname expansion, and determines the behavior of range
+expressions, equivalence classes, and collating sequences within
+pathname expansion and pattern matching.
+.TP
+.B LC_CTYPE
+This variable determines the interpretation of characters and the
+behavior of character classes within pathname expansion and pattern
+matching.
+.TP
+.B LC_MESSAGES
+This variable determines the locale used to translate double-quoted
+strings preceded by a \fB$\fP.
+.TP
+.B LC_NUMERIC
+This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting.
+.TP
+.B LC_TIME
+This variable determines the locale category used for data and time
+formatting.
+.TP
+.B LINES
+Used by the \fBselect\fP compound command to determine the column length
+for printing selection lists.
+Automatically set if the
+.B checkwinsize
+option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a
+.SM
+.BR SIGWINCH .
+.TP
+.B MAIL
+If this parameter is set to a file or directory name and the
+.SM
+.B MAILPATH
+variable is not set,
+.B bash
+informs the user of the arrival of mail in the specified file or
+Maildir-format directory.
+.TP
+.B MAILCHECK
+Specifies how
+often (in seconds)
+.B bash
+checks for mail.  The default is 60 seconds.  When it is time to check
+for mail, the shell does so before displaying the primary prompt.
+If this variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number
+greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking.
+.TP
+.B MAILPATH
+A colon-separated list of filenames to be checked for mail.
+The message to be printed when mail arrives in a particular file
+may be specified by separating the filename from the message with a `?'.
+When used in the text of the message, \fB$_\fP expands to the name of
+the current mailfile.
+Example:
+.RS
+.PP
+\fBMAILPATH\fP=\(aq/var/mail/bfox?"You have mail":~/shell\-mail?"$_ has mail!"\(aq
+.PP
+.B Bash
+can be configured to supply
+a default value for this variable (there is no value by default),
+but the location of the user
+mail files that it uses is system dependent (e.g., /var/mail/\fB$USER\fP).
+.RE
+.TP
+.B OPTERR
+If set to the value 1,
+.B bash
+displays error messages generated by the
+.B getopts
+builtin command (see
+.SM
+.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
+below).
+.SM
+.B OPTERR
+is initialized to 1 each time the shell is invoked or a shell
+script is executed.
+.TP
+.B PATH
+The search path for commands.  It
+is a colon-separated list of directories in which
+the shell looks for commands (see
+.SM
+.B COMMAND EXECUTION
+below).
+A zero-length (null) directory name in the value of
+.SM
+.B PATH
+indicates the current directory.
+A null directory name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial
+or trailing colon.
+The default path is system-dependent,
+and is set by the administrator who installs
+.BR bash .
+A common value is
+.na
+.if t \f(CW/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin\fP.
+.if n ``/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin''.
+.ad
+.TP
+.B POSIXLY_CORRECT
+If this variable is in the environment when \fBbash\fP starts, the shell
+enters \fIposix mode\fP before reading the startup files, as if the
+.B \-\-posix
+invocation option had been supplied.  If it is set while the shell is
+running, \fBbash\fP enables \fIposix mode\fP, as if the command
+.if t \f(CWset -o posix\fP
+.if n \fIset -o posix\fP
+had been executed.
+When the shell enters \fIposix mode\fP, it sets this variable if it was
+not already set.
+.TP
+.B PROMPT_COMMAND
+If set, the value is executed as a command prior to issuing each primary
+prompt.
+.TP
+.B PROMPT_DIRTRIM
+If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the number of
+trailing directory components to retain when expanding the \fB\ew\fP and
+\fB\eW\fP prompt string escapes (see
+.SM
+.B PROMPTING
+below).  Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis.
+.TP
+.B PS0
+The value of this parameter is expanded (see
+.SM
+.B PROMPTING
+below) and displayed by interactive shells after reading a command
+and before the command is executed.
+.TP
+.B PS1
+The value of this parameter is expanded (see
+.SM
+.B PROMPTING
+below) and used as the primary prompt string.  The default value is
+``\fB\es\-\ev\e$ \fP''.
+.TP
+.B PS2
+The value of this parameter is expanded as with
+.SM
+.B PS1
+and used as the secondary prompt string.  The default is
+``\fB> \fP''.
+.TP
+.B PS3
+The value of this parameter is used as the prompt for the
+.B select
+command (see
+.SM
+.B SHELL GRAMMAR
+above).
+.TP
+.B PS4
+The value of this parameter is expanded as with
+.SM
+.B PS1
+and the value is printed before each command
+.B bash
+displays during an execution trace.  The first character of
+the expanded value of
+.SM
+.B PS4
+is replicated multiple times, as necessary, to indicate multiple
+levels of indirection.  The default is ``\fB+ \fP''.
+.TP
+.B SHELL
+The full pathname to the shell is kept in this environment variable.
+If it is not set when the shell starts,
+.B bash
+assigns to it the full pathname of the current user's login shell.
+.TP
+.B TIMEFORMAT
+The value of this parameter is used as a format string specifying
+how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the
+.B time
+reserved word should be displayed.
+The \fB%\fP character introduces an escape sequence that is
+expanded to a time value or other information.
+The escape sequences and their meanings are as follows; the
+braces denote optional portions.
+.sp .5
+.RS
+.PD 0
+.TP 10
+.B %%
+A literal \fB%\fP.
+.TP
+.B %[\fIp\fP][l]R
+The elapsed time in seconds.
+.TP
+.B %[\fIp\fP][l]U
+The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.
+.TP
+.B %[\fIp\fP][l]S
+The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.
+.TP
+.B %P
+The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R.
+.PD
+.RE
+.IP
+The optional \fIp\fP is a digit specifying the \fIprecision\fP,
+the number of fractional digits after a decimal point.
+A value of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.
+At most three places after the decimal point may be specified;
+values of \fIp\fP greater than 3 are changed to 3.
+If \fIp\fP is not specified, the value 3 is used.
+.IP
+The optional \fBl\fP specifies a longer format, including
+minutes, of the form \fIMM\fPm\fISS\fP.\fIFF\fPs.
+The value of \fIp\fP determines whether or not the fraction is
+included.
+.IP
+If this variable is not set, \fBbash\fP acts as if it had the
+value \fB$\(aq\enreal\et%3lR\enuser\et%3lU\ensys\et%3lS\(aq\fP.
+If the value is null, no timing information is displayed.
+A trailing newline is added when the format string is displayed.
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B TMOUT
+If set to a value greater than zero,
+.SM
+.B TMOUT
+is treated as the
+default timeout for the \fBread\fP builtin.
+The \fBselect\fP command terminates if input does not arrive
+after
+.SM
+.B TMOUT
+seconds when input is coming from a terminal.
+In an interactive shell, the value is interpreted as the
+number of seconds to wait for a line of input after issuing the
+primary prompt.
+.B Bash
+terminates after waiting for that number of seconds if a complete
+line of input does not arrive.
+.TP
+.B TMPDIR
+If set, \fBbash\fP uses its value as the name of a directory in which
+\fBbash\fP creates temporary files for the shell's use.
+.TP
+.B auto_resume
+This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and
+job control.  If this variable is set, single word simple
+commands without redirections are treated as candidates for resumption
+of an existing stopped job.  There is no ambiguity allowed; if there is
+more than one job beginning with the string typed, the job most recently
+accessed is selected.  The
+.I name
+of a stopped job, in this context, is the command line used to
+start it.
+If set to the value
+.IR exact ,
+the string supplied must match the name of a stopped job exactly;
+if set to
+.IR substring ,
+the string supplied needs to match a substring of the name of a
+stopped job.  The
+.I substring
+value provides functionality analogous to the
+.B %?
+job identifier (see
+.SM
+.B JOB CONTROL
+below).  If set to any other value, the supplied string must
+be a prefix of a stopped job's name; this provides functionality
+analogous to the \fB%\fP\fIstring\fP job identifier.
+.TP
+.B histchars
+The two or three characters which control history expansion
+and tokenization (see
+.SM
+.B HISTORY EXPANSION
+below).  The first character is the \fIhistory expansion\fP character,
+the character which signals the start of a history
+expansion, normally `\fB!\fP'.
+The second character is the \fIquick substitution\fP
+character, which is used as shorthand for re-running the previous
+command entered, substituting one string for another in the command.
+The default is `\fB^\fP'.
+The optional third character is the character
+which indicates that the remainder of the line is a comment when found
+as the first character of a word, normally `\fB#\fP'.  The history
+comment character causes history substitution to be skipped for the
+remaining words on the line.  It does not necessarily cause the shell
+parser to treat the rest of the line as a comment.
+.PD
+.SS Arrays
+.B Bash
+provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables.
+Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the
+.B declare
+builtin will explicitly declare an array.
+There is no maximum
+limit on the size of an array, nor any requirement that members
+be indexed or assigned contiguously.
+Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including arithmetic
+expressions) and are zero-based; associative arrays are referenced
+using arbitrary strings.
+Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non-negative integers.
+.PP
+An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to
+using the syntax \fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]=\fIvalue\fP.  The
+.I subscript
+is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number.
+To explicitly declare an indexed array, use
+.B declare \-a \fIname\fP
+(see
+.SM
+.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
+below).
+.B declare \-a \fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]
+is also accepted; the \fIsubscript\fP is ignored.
+.PP
+Associative arrays are created using
+.BR "declare \-A \fIname\fP" .
+.PP
+Attributes may be
+specified for an array variable using the
+.B declare
+and
+.B readonly
+builtins.  Each attribute applies to all members of an array.
+.PP
+Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form
+\fIname\fP=\fB(\fPvalue\fI1\fP ... value\fIn\fP\fB)\fP, where each
+\fIvalue\fP is of the form [\fIsubscript\fP]=\fIstring\fP.
+Indexed array assignments do not require anything but \fIstring\fP.
+When assigning to indexed arrays, if the optional brackets and subscript
+are supplied, that index is assigned to;
+otherwise the index of the element assigned is the last index assigned
+to by the statement plus one.  Indexing starts at zero.
+.PP
+When assigning to an associative array, the subscript is required.
+.PP
+This syntax is also accepted by the
+.B declare
+builtin.  Individual array elements may be assigned to using the
+\fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]=\fIvalue\fP syntax introduced above.
+When assigning to an indexed array, if
+.I name
+is subscripted by a negative number, that number is
+interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of
+\fIname\fP, so negative indices count back from the end of the
+array, and an index of \-1 references the last element.
+.PP
+Any element of an array may be referenced using
+${\fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]}.  The braces are required to avoid
+conflicts with pathname expansion.  If
+\fIsubscript\fP is \fB@\fP or \fB*\fP, the word expands to
+all members of \fIname\fP.  These subscripts differ only when the
+word appears within double quotes.  If the word is double-quoted,
+${\fIname\fP[*]} expands to a single
+word with the value of each array member separated by the first
+character of the
+.SM
+.B IFS
+special variable, and ${\fIname\fP[@]} expands each element of
+\fIname\fP to a separate word.  When there are no array members,
+${\fIname\fP[@]} expands to nothing.
+If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of
+the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original
+word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last
+part of the original word.
+This is analogous to the expansion
+of the special parameters \fB*\fP and \fB@\fP (see
+.B Special Parameters
+above).  ${#\fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]} expands to the length of
+${\fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]}.  If \fIsubscript\fP is \fB*\fP or
+\fB@\fP, the expansion is the number of elements in the array.
+If the
+.I subscript
+used to reference an element of an indexed array
+evaluates to a number less than zero, it is
+interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of the array,
+so negative indices count back from the end of the
+array, and an index of \-1 references the last element.
+.PP
+Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to
+referencing the array with a subscript of 0.
+Any reference to a variable using a valid subscript is legal, and
+.B bash
+will create an array if necessary.
+.PP
+An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a
+value.  The null string is a valid value.
+.PP
+It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as the values.
+${\fB!\fP\fIname\fP[\fI@\fP]} and ${\fB!\fP\fIname\fP[\fI*\fP]}
+expand to the indices assigned in array variable \fIname\fP.
+The treatment when in double quotes is similar to the expansion of the
+special parameters \fI@\fP and \fI*\fP within double quotes.
+.PP
+The
+.B unset
+builtin is used to destroy arrays.  \fBunset\fP \fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP]
+destroys the array element at index \fIsubscript\fP,
+for both indexed and associative arrays.
+Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted as described above.
+Unsetting the last element of an array variable does not unset the variable.
+\fBunset\fP \fIname\fP, where \fIname\fP is an array, or
+\fBunset\fP \fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP], where
+\fIsubscript\fP is \fB*\fP or \fB@\fP, removes the entire array.
+.PP
+When using a variable name with a subscript as an argument to a command,
+such as with \fBunset\fP, without using the word expansion syntax
+described above, the argument is subject to pathname expansion.
+If pathname expansion is not desired, the argument should be quoted.
+.PP
+The
+.BR declare ,
+.BR local ,
+and
+.B readonly
+builtins each accept a
+.B \-a
+option to specify an indexed array and a
+.B \-A
+option to specify an associative array.
+If both options are supplied,
+.B \-A
+takes precedence.
+The
+.B read
+builtin accepts a
+.B \-a
+option to assign a list of words read from the standard input
+to an array.  The
+.B set
+and
+.B declare
+builtins display array values in a way that allows them to be
+reused as assignments.
+.SH EXPANSION
+Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into
+words.  There are seven kinds of expansion performed:
+.IR "brace expansion" ,
+.IR "tilde expansion" ,
+.IR "parameter and variable expansion" ,
+.IR "command substitution" ,
+.IR "arithmetic expansion" ,
+.IR "word splitting" ,
+and
+.IR "pathname expansion" .
+.PP
+The order of expansions is:
+brace expansion;
+tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion,
+and command substitution (done in a left-to-right fashion);
+word splitting;
+and pathname expansion.
+.PP
+On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion
+available: \fIprocess substitution\fP.
+This is performed at the
+same time as tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and
+command substitution.
+.PP
+After these expansions are performed, quote characters present in the
+original word are removed unless they have been quoted themselves
+(\fIquote removal\fP).
+.PP
+Only brace expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion
+can increase the number of words of the expansion; other expansions
+expand a single word to a single word.
+The only exceptions to this are the expansions of
+"\fB$@\fP" and "\fB${\fP\fIname\fP\fB[@]}\fP",
+and, in most cases, \fB$*\fP and \fB${\fP\fIname\fP\fB[*]}\fP
+as explained above (see
+.SM
+.BR PARAMETERS ).
+.SS Brace Expansion
+.PP
+.I "Brace expansion"
+is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings
+may be generated.  This mechanism is similar to
+\fIpathname expansion\fP, but the filenames generated
+need not exist.  Patterns to be brace expanded take
+the form of an optional
+.IR preamble ,
+followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or
+a sequence expression between a pair of braces, followed by
+an optional
+.IR postscript .
+The preamble is prefixed to each string contained
+within the braces, and the postscript is then appended
+to each resulting string, expanding left to right.
+.PP
+Brace expansions may be nested.  The results of each expanded
+string are not sorted; left to right order is preserved.
+For example, a\fB{\fPd,c,b\fB}\fPe expands into `ade ace abe'.
+.PP
+A sequence expression takes the form
+\fB{\fP\fIx\fP\fB..\fP\fIy\fP\fB[..\fP\fIincr\fP\fB]}\fP,
+where \fIx\fP and \fIy\fP are either integers or single characters,
+and \fIincr\fP, an optional increment, is an integer.
+When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each number between
+\fIx\fP and \fIy\fP, inclusive.
+Supplied integers may be prefixed with \fI0\fP to force each term to have the
+same width.
+When either \fIx\fP or \fPy\fP begins with a zero, the shell
+attempts to force all generated terms to contain the same number of digits,
+zero-padding where necessary.
+When characters are supplied, the expression expands to each character
+lexicographically between \fIx\fP and \fIy\fP, inclusive,
+using the default C locale.
+Note that both \fIx\fP and \fIy\fP must be of the same type.
+When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference between
+each term.  The default increment is 1 or \-1 as appropriate.
+.PP
+Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions,
+and any characters special to other expansions are preserved
+in the result.  It is strictly textual.
+.B Bash
+does not apply any syntactic interpretation to the context of the
+expansion or the text between the braces.
+.PP
+A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening
+and closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid
+sequence expression.
+Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged.
+A \fB{\fP or \fB,\fP may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its
+being considered part of a brace expression.
+To avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string \fB${\fP
+is not considered eligible for brace expansion, and inhibits brace
+expansion until the closing \fB}\fP.
+.PP
+This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common
+prefix of the strings to be generated is longer than in the
+above example:
+.RS
+.PP
+mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,new,dist,bugs}
+.RE
+or
+.RS
+chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}}
+.RE
+.PP
+Brace expansion introduces a slight incompatibility with
+historical versions of
+.BR sh .
+.B sh
+does not treat opening or closing braces specially when they
+appear as part of a word, and preserves them in the output.
+.B Bash
+removes braces from words as a consequence of brace
+expansion.  For example, a word entered to
+.B sh
+as \fIfile{1,2}\fP
+appears identically in the output.  The same word is
+output as
+.I file1 file2
+after expansion by
+.BR bash .
+If strict compatibility with
+.B sh
+is desired, start
+.B bash
+with the
+.B +B
+option or disable brace expansion with the
+.B +B
+option to the
+.B set
+command (see
+.SM
+.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
+below).
+.SS Tilde Expansion
+.PP
+If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character (`\fB~\fP'), all of
+the characters preceding the first unquoted slash (or all characters,
+if there is no unquoted slash) are considered a \fItilde-prefix\fP.
+If none of the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the
+characters in the tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a
+possible \fIlogin name\fP.
+If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the
+value of the shell parameter
+.SM
+.BR HOME .
+If
+.SM
+.B HOME
+is unset, the home directory of the user executing the shell is
+substituted instead.
+Otherwise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory
+associated with the specified login name.
+.PP
+If the tilde-prefix is a `~+', the value of the shell variable
+.SM
+.B PWD
+replaces the tilde-prefix.
+If the tilde-prefix is a `~\-', the value of the shell variable
+.SM
+.BR OLDPWD ,
+if it is set, is substituted.
+If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist
+of a number \fIN\fP, optionally prefixed
+by a `+' or a `\-', the tilde-prefix is replaced with the corresponding
+element from the directory stack, as it would be displayed by the
+.B dirs
+builtin invoked with the tilde-prefix as an argument.
+If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a
+number without a leading `+' or `\-', `+' is assumed.
+.PP
+If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the word
+is unchanged.
+.PP
+Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes immediately
+following a
+.B :
+or the first
+.BR = .
+In these cases, tilde expansion is also performed.
+Consequently, one may use filenames with tildes in assignments to
+.SM
+.BR PATH ,
+.SM
+.BR MAILPATH ,
+and
+.SM
+.BR CDPATH ,
+and the shell assigns the expanded value.
+.PP
+Bash also performs tilde expansion on words satisfying the conditions of
+variable assignments (as described above under
+.SM
+.BR PARAMETERS )
+when they appear as arguments to simple commands.
+Bash does not do this, except for the \fIdeclaration\fP commands listed
+above, when in \fIposix mode\fP.
+.SS Parameter Expansion
+.PP
+The `\fB$\fP' character introduces parameter expansion,
+command substitution, or arithmetic expansion.  The parameter name
+or symbol to be expanded may be enclosed in braces, which
+are optional but serve to protect the variable to be expanded from
+characters immediately following it which could be
+interpreted as part of the name.
+.PP
+When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first `\fB}\fP'
+not escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an
+embedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter
+expansion.
+.PP
+.PD 0
+.TP
+${\fIparameter\fP}
+The value of \fIparameter\fP is substituted.  The braces are required
+when
+.I parameter
+is a positional parameter with more than one digit,
+or when
+.I parameter
+is followed by a character which is not to be
+interpreted as part of its name.
+The \fIparameter\fP is a shell parameter as described above
+\fBPARAMETERS\fP) or an array reference (\fBArrays\fP).
+.PD
+.PP
+If the first character of \fIparameter\fP is an exclamation point (\fB!\fP),
+and \fIparameter\fP is not a \fInameref\fP,
+it introduces a level of indirection.
+\fBBash\fP uses the value formed by expanding the rest of
+\fIparameter\fP as the new \fIparameter\fP; this is then
+expanded and that value is used in the rest of the expansion, rather
+than the expansion of the original \fIparameter\fP.
+This is known as \fIindirect expansion\fP.
+The value is subject to tilde expansion,
+parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.
+If \fIparameter\fP is a nameref, this expands to the name of the
+parameter referenced by \fIparameter\fP instead of performing the
+complete indirect expansion.
+The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${\fB!\fP\fIprefix\fP\fB*\fP} and
+${\fB!\fP\fIname\fP[\fI@\fP]} described below.
+The exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to
+introduce indirection.
+.PP
+In each of the cases below, \fIword\fP is subject to tilde expansion,
+parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.
+.PP
+When not performing substring expansion, using the forms documented below
+(e.g., \fB:-\fP),
+\fBbash\fP tests for a parameter that is unset or null.  Omitting the colon
+results in a test only for a parameter that is unset.
+.PP
+.PD 0
+.TP
+${\fIparameter\fP\fB:\-\fP\fIword\fP}
+\fBUse Default Values\fP.  If
+.I parameter
+is unset or null, the expansion of
+.I word
+is substituted.  Otherwise, the value of
+.I parameter
+is substituted.
+.TP
+${\fIparameter\fP\fB:=\fP\fIword\fP}
+\fBAssign Default Values\fP.
+If
+.I parameter
+is unset or null, the expansion of
+.I word
+is assigned to
+.IR parameter .
+The value of
+.I parameter
+is then substituted.  Positional parameters and special parameters may
+not be assigned to in this way.
+.TP
+${\fIparameter\fP\fB:?\fP\fIword\fP}
+\fBDisplay Error if Null or Unset\fP.
+If
+.I parameter
+is null or unset, the expansion of \fIword\fP (or a message to that effect
+if
+.I word
+is not present) is written to the standard error and the shell, if it
+is not interactive, exits.  Otherwise, the value of \fIparameter\fP is
+substituted.
+.TP
+${\fIparameter\fP\fB:+\fP\fIword\fP}
+\fBUse Alternate Value\fP.
+If
+.I parameter
+is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the expansion of
+.I word
+is substituted.
+.TP
+${\fIparameter\fP\fB:\fP\fIoffset\fP}
+.PD 0
+.TP
+${\fIparameter\fP\fB:\fP\fIoffset\fP\fB:\fP\fIlength\fP}
+.PD
+\fBSubstring Expansion\fP.
+Expands to up to \fIlength\fP characters of the value of \fIparameter\fP
+starting at the character specified by \fIoffset\fP.
+If \fIparameter\fP is \fB@\fP, an indexed array subscripted by
+\fB@\fP or \fB*\fP, or an associative array name, the results differ as
+described below.
+If \fIlength\fP is omitted, expands to the substring of the value of
+\fIparameter\fP starting at the character specified by \fIoffset\fP
+and extending to the end of the value.
+\fIlength\fP and \fIoffset\fP are arithmetic expressions (see
+.SM
+.B
+ARITHMETIC EVALUATION
+below).
+.sp 1
+If \fIoffset\fP evaluates to a number less than zero, the value
+is used as an offset in characters
+from the end of the value of \fIparameter\fP.
+If \fIlength\fP evaluates to a number less than zero,
+it is interpreted as an offset in characters
+from the end of the value of \fIparameter\fP rather than
+a number of characters, and the expansion is the characters between
+\fIoffset\fP and that result.
+Note that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by at least
+one space to avoid being confused with the \fB:-\fP expansion.
+.sp 1
+If \fIparameter\fP is \fB@\fP, the result is \fIlength\fP positional
+parameters beginning at \fIoffset\fP.
+A negative \fIoffset\fP is taken relative to one greater than the greatest
+positional parameter, so an offset of \-1 evaluates to the last positional
+parameter.
+It is an expansion error if \fIlength\fP evaluates to a number less than
+zero.
+.sp 1
+If \fIparameter\fP is an indexed array name subscripted by @ or *,
+the result is the \fIlength\fP
+members of the array beginning with ${\fIparameter\fP[\fIoffset\fP]}.
+A negative \fIoffset\fP is taken relative to one greater than the maximum
+index of the specified array.
+It is an expansion error if \fIlength\fP evaluates to a number less than
+zero.
+.sp 1
+Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces undefined
+results.
+.sp 1
+Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters
+are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by default.
+If \fIoffset\fP is 0, and the positional parameters are used, \fB$0\fP is
+prefixed to the list.
+.TP
+${\fB!\fP\fIprefix\fP\fB*\fP}
+.PD 0
+.TP
+${\fB!\fP\fIprefix\fP\fB@\fP}
+.PD
+\fBNames matching prefix\fP.
+Expands to the names of variables whose names begin with \fIprefix\fP,
+separated by the first character of the
+.SM
+.B IFS
+special variable.
+When \fI@\fP is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each
+variable name expands to a separate word.
+.TP
+${\fB!\fP\fIname\fP[\fI@\fP]}
+.PD 0
+.TP
+${\fB!\fP\fIname\fP[\fI*\fP]}
+.PD
+\fBList of array keys\fP.
+If \fIname\fP is an array variable, expands to the list of array indices
+(keys) assigned in \fIname\fP.
+If \fIname\fP is not an array, expands to 0 if \fIname\fP is set and null
+otherwise.
+When \fI@\fP is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each
+key expands to a separate word.
+.TP
+${\fB#\fP\fIparameter\fP}
+\fBParameter length\fP.
+The length in characters of the value of \fIparameter\fP is substituted.
+If
+.I parameter
+is
+.B *
+or
+.BR @ ,
+the value substituted is the number of positional parameters.
+If
+.I parameter
+is an array name subscripted by
+.B *
+or
+.BR @ ,
+the value substituted is the number of elements in the array.
+If
+.I parameter
+is an indexed array name subscripted by a negative number, that number is
+interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of
+\fIparameter\fP, so negative indices count back from the end of the
+array, and an index of \-1 references the last element.
+.TP
+${\fIparameter\fP\fB#\fP\fIword\fP}
+.PD 0
+.TP
+${\fIparameter\fP\fB##\fP\fIword\fP}
+.PD
+\fBRemove matching prefix pattern\fP.
+The
+.I word
+is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname
+expansion, and matched against the expanded value of
+.I parameter
+using the rules described under
+.B Pattern Matching
+below.
+If the pattern matches the beginning of
+the value of
+.IR parameter ,
+then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of
+.I parameter
+with the shortest matching pattern (the ``\fB#\fP'' case) or the
+longest matching pattern (the ``\fB##\fP'' case) deleted.
+If
+.I parameter
+is
+.B @
+or
+.BR * ,
+the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional
+parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+If
+.I parameter
+is an array variable subscripted with
+.B @
+or
+.BR * ,
+the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the
+array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+.TP
+${\fIparameter\fP\fB%\fP\fIword\fP}
+.PD 0
+.TP
+${\fIparameter\fP\fB%%\fP\fIword\fP}
+.PD
+\fBRemove matching suffix pattern\fP.
+The \fIword\fP is expanded to produce a pattern just as in
+pathname expansion, and matched against the expanded value of
+.I parameter
+using the rules described under
+.B Pattern Matching
+below.
+If the pattern matches a trailing portion of the expanded value of
+.IR parameter ,
+then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of
+.I parameter
+with the shortest matching pattern (the ``\fB%\fP'' case) or the
+longest matching pattern (the ``\fB%%\fP'' case) deleted.
+If
+.I parameter
+is
+.B @
+or
+.BR * ,
+the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional
+parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+If
+.I parameter
+is an array variable subscripted with
+.B @
+or
+.BR * ,
+the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the
+array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+.TP
+${\fIparameter\fP\fB/\fP\fIpattern\fP\fB/\fP\fIstring\fP}
+\fBPattern substitution\fP.
+The \fIpattern\fP is expanded to produce a pattern just as in
+pathname expansion,
+\fIParameter\fP is expanded and the longest match of \fIpattern\fP
+against its value is replaced with \fIstring\fP.
+The match is performed using the rules described under
+.B Pattern Matching
+below.
+If \fIpattern\fP begins with \fB/\fP, all matches of \fIpattern\fP are
+replaced with \fIstring\fP.  Normally only the first match is replaced.
+If \fIpattern\fP begins with \fB#\fP, it must match at the beginning
+of the expanded value of \fIparameter\fP.
+If \fIpattern\fP begins with \fB%\fP, it must match at the end
+of the expanded value of \fIparameter\fP.
+If \fIstring\fP is null, matches of \fIpattern\fP are deleted
+and the \fB/\fP following \fIpattern\fP may be omitted.
+If the
+.B nocasematch
+shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+of alphabetic characters.
+If
+.I parameter
+is
+.B @
+or
+.BR * ,
+the substitution operation is applied to each positional
+parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+If
+.I parameter
+is an array variable subscripted with
+.B @
+or
+.BR * ,
+the substitution operation is applied to each member of the
+array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+.TP
+${\fIparameter\fP\fB^\fP\fIpattern\fP}
+.PD 0
+.TP
+${\fIparameter\fP\fB^^\fP\fIpattern\fP}
+.TP
+${\fIparameter\fP\fB,\fP\fIpattern\fP}
+.TP
+${\fIparameter\fP\fB,,\fP\fIpattern\fP}
+.PD
+\fBCase modification\fP.
+This expansion modifies the case of alphabetic characters in \fIparameter\fP.
+The \fIpattern\fP is expanded to produce a pattern just as in
+pathname expansion.
+Each character in the expanded value of \fIparameter\fP is tested against
+\fIpattern\fP, and, if it matches the pattern, its case is converted.
+The pattern should not attempt to match more than one character.
+The \fB^\fP operator converts lowercase letters matching \fIpattern\fP
+to uppercase; the \fB,\fP operator converts matching uppercase letters
+to lowercase.
+The \fB^^\fP and \fB,,\fP expansions convert each matched character in the
+expanded value; the \fB^\fP and \fB,\fP expansions match and convert only
+the first character in the expanded value.
+If \fIpattern\fP is omitted, it is treated like a \fB?\fP, which matches
+every character.
+If
+.I parameter
+is
+.B @
+or
+.BR * ,
+the case modification operation is applied to each positional
+parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+If
+.I parameter
+is an array variable subscripted with
+.B @
+or
+.BR * ,
+the case modification operation is applied to each member of the
+array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+.TP
+${\fIparameter\fP\fB@\fP\fIoperator\fP}
+\fBParameter transformation\fP.
+The expansion is either a transformation of the value of \fIparameter\fP
+or information about \fIparameter\fP itself, depending on the value of
+\fIoperator\fP.  Each \fIoperator\fP is a single letter:
+.sp 1
+.RS
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B Q
+The expansion is a string that is the value of \fIparameter\fP quoted in a
+format that can be reused as input.
+.TP
+.B E
+The expansion is a string that is the value of \fIparameter\fP with backslash
+escape sequences expanded as with the \fB$'...'\fP quoting mechanism.
+.TP
+.B P
+The expansion is a string that is the result of expanding the value of
+\fIparameter\fP as if it were a prompt string (see \fBPROMPTING\fP below).
+.TP
+.B A
+The expansion is a string in the form of
+an assignment statement or \fBdeclare\fP command that, if
+evaluated, will recreate \fIparameter\fP with its attributes and value.
+.TP
+.B a
+The expansion is a string consisting of flag values representing
+\fIparameter\fP's attributes.
+.PD
+.PP
+If
+.I parameter
+is
+.B @
+or
+.BR * ,
+the operation is applied to each positional
+parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+If
+.I parameter
+is an array variable subscripted with
+.B @
+or
+.BR * ,
+the operation is applied to each member of the
+array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+.sp 1
+The result of the expansion is subject to word splitting and pathname
+expansion as described below.
+.RE
+.SS Command Substitution
+.PP
+\fICommand substitution\fP allows the output of a command to replace
+the command name.  There are two forms:
+.RS
+.PP
+\fB$(\fP\fIcommand\fP\|\fB)\fP
+.RE
+or
+.RS
+\fB\`\fP\fIcommand\fP\fB\`\fP
+.RE
+.PP
+.B Bash
+performs the expansion by executing \fIcommand\fP in a subshell environment
+and replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the
+command, with any trailing newlines deleted.
+Embedded newlines are not deleted, but they may be removed during
+word splitting.
+The command substitution \fB$(cat \fIfile\fP)\fR can be replaced by
+the equivalent but faster \fB$(< \fIfile\fP)\fR.
+.PP
+When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used,
+backslash retains its literal meaning except when followed by
+.BR $ ,
+.BR \` ,
+or
+.BR \e .
+The first backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the
+command substitution.
+When using the $(\^\fIcommand\fP\|) form, all characters between the
+parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially.
+.PP
+Command substitutions may be nested.  To nest when using the backquoted form,
+escape the inner backquotes with backslashes.
+.PP
+If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and
+pathname expansion are not performed on the results.
+.SS Arithmetic Expansion
+.PP
+Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression
+and the substitution of the result.  The format for arithmetic expansion is:
+.RS
+.PP
+\fB$((\fP\fIexpression\fP\fB))\fP
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+.I expression
+is treated as if it were within double quotes, but a double quote
+inside the parentheses is not treated specially.
+All tokens in the expression undergo parameter and variable expansion,
+command substitution, and quote removal.
+The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be evaluated.
+Arithmetic expansions may be nested.
+.PP
+The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under
+.SM
+.BR "ARITHMETIC EVALUATION" .
+If
+.I expression
+is invalid,
+.B bash
+prints a message indicating failure and no substitution occurs.
+.SS Process Substitution
+.PP
+\fIProcess substitution\fP allows a process's input or output to be
+referred to using a filename.
+It takes the form of
+\fB<(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP
+or
+\fB>(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP.
+The process \fIlist\fP is run asynchronously, and its input or output
+appears as a filename.
+This filename is
+passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the
+expansion.
+If the \fB>(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP form is used, writing to
+the file will provide input for \fIlist\fP.  If the
+\fB<(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP form is used, the file passed as an
+argument should be read to obtain the output of \fIlist\fP.
+Process substitution is supported on systems that support named
+pipes (\fIFIFOs\fP) or the \fB/dev/fd\fP method of naming open files.
+.PP
+When available, process substitution is performed
+simultaneously with parameter and variable expansion,
+command substitution,
+and arithmetic expansion.
+.SS Word Splitting
+.PP
+The shell scans the results of
+parameter expansion,
+command substitution,
+and
+arithmetic expansion
+that did not occur within double quotes for
+.IR "word splitting" .
+.PP
+The shell treats each character of
+.SM
+.B IFS
+as a delimiter, and splits the results of the other
+expansions into words using these characters as field terminators.
+If
+.SM
+.B IFS
+is unset, or its
+value is exactly
+.BR <space><tab><newline> ,
+the default, then
+sequences of
+.BR <space> ,
+.BR <tab> ,
+and
+.B <newline>
+at the beginning and end of the results of the previous
+expansions are ignored, and
+any sequence of
+.SM
+.B IFS
+characters not at the beginning or end serves to delimit words.
+If
+.SM
+.B IFS
+has a value other than the default, then sequences of
+the whitespace characters
+.BR space ,
+.BR tab ,
+and
+.B newline
+are ignored at the beginning and end of the
+word, as long as the whitespace character is in the
+value of
+.SM
+.B IFS
+(an
+.SM
+.B IFS
+whitespace character).
+Any character in
+.SM
+.B IFS
+that is not
+.SM
+.B IFS
+whitespace, along with any adjacent
+.SM
+.B IFS
+whitespace characters, delimits a field.
+A sequence of
+.SM
+.B IFS
+whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter.
+If the value of
+.SM
+.B IFS
+is null, no word splitting occurs.
+.PP
+Explicit null arguments (\^\f3"\^"\fP or \^\f3\(aq\^\(aq\fP\^) are retained
+and passed to commands as empty strings.
+Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the expansion of
+parameters that have no values, are removed.
+If a parameter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a
+null argument results and is retained
+and passed to a command as an empty string.
+When a quoted null argument appears as part of a word whose expansion is
+non-null, the null argument is removed.
+That is, the word
+\f(CW\-d\(aq\^\(aq\fP becomes \f(CW\-d\fP after word splitting and
+null argument removal.
+.PP
+Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting
+is performed.
+.SS Pathname Expansion
+.PP
+After word splitting,
+unless the
+.B \-f
+option has been set,
+.B bash
+scans each word for the characters
+.BR * ,
+.BR ? ,
+and
+.BR [ .
+If one of these characters appears, then the word is
+regarded as a
+.IR pattern ,
+and replaced with an alphabetically sorted list of
+filenames matching the pattern
+(see
+.SM
+.B "Pattern Matching"
+below).
+If no matching filenames are found,
+and the shell option
+.B nullglob
+is not enabled, the word is left unchanged.
+If the
+.B nullglob
+option is set, and no matches are found,
+the word is removed.
+If the
+.B failglob
+shell option is set, and no matches are found, an error message
+is printed and the command is not executed.
+If the shell option
+.B nocaseglob
+is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+of alphabetic characters.
+When a pattern is used for pathname expansion,
+the character
+.B ``.''
+at the start of a name or immediately following a slash
+must be matched explicitly, unless the shell option
+.B dotglob
+is set.
+The filenames
+.B ``.''
+and
+.B ``..''
+must always be matched explicitly, even if
+.B dotglob
+is set.
+In other cases, the
+.B ``.''
+character is not treated specially.
+When matching a pathname, the slash character must always be
+matched explicitly by a slash in the pattern, but in other matching
+contexts it can be matched by a special pattern character as described
+below under
+.SM
+.BR "Pattern Matching" .
+See the description of
+.B shopt
+below under
+.SM
+.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
+for a description of the
+.BR nocaseglob ,
+.BR nullglob ,
+.BR failglob ,
+and
+.B dotglob
+shell options.
+.PP
+The
+.SM
+.B GLOBIGNORE
+shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file names matching a
+.IR pattern .
+If
+.SM
+.B GLOBIGNORE
+is set, each matching file name that also matches one of the patterns in
+.SM
+.B GLOBIGNORE
+is removed from the list of matches.
+If the \fBnocaseglob\fP option is set, the matching against the patterns in
+.SM
+.B GLOBIGNORE
+is performed without regard to case.
+The filenames
+.B ``.''
+and
+.B ``..''
+are always ignored when
+.SM
+.B GLOBIGNORE
+is set and not null.  However, setting
+.SM
+.B GLOBIGNORE
+to a non-null value has the effect of enabling the
+.B dotglob
+shell option, so all other filenames beginning with a
+.B ``.''
+will match.
+To get the old behavior of ignoring filenames beginning with a
+.BR ``.'' ,
+make
+.B ``.*''
+one of the patterns in
+.SM
+.BR GLOBIGNORE .
+The
+.B dotglob
+option is disabled when
+.SM
+.B GLOBIGNORE
+is unset.
+The pattern matching honors the setting of the \fBextglob\fP shell
+option.
+.PP
+\fBPattern Matching\fP
+.PP
+Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern
+characters described below, matches itself.  The NUL character may not
+occur in a pattern.  A backslash escapes the following character; the
+escaping backslash is discarded when matching.
+The special pattern characters must be quoted if
+they are to be matched literally.
+.PP
+The special pattern characters have the following meanings:
+.PP
+.PD 0
+.RS
+.TP
+.B *
+Matches any string, including the null string.
+When the \fBglobstar\fP shell option is enabled, and \fB*\fP is used in
+a pathname expansion context, two adjacent \fB*\fPs used as a single
+pattern will match all files and zero or more directories and
+subdirectories.
+If followed by a \fB/\fP, two adjacent \fB*\fPs will match only directories
+and subdirectories.
+.TP
+.B ?
+Matches any single character.
+.TP
+.B [...]
+Matches any one of the enclosed characters.  A pair of characters
+separated by a hyphen denotes a
+\fIrange expression\fP;
+any character that falls between those two characters, inclusive,
+using the current locale's collating sequence and character set,
+is matched.  If the first character following the
+.B [
+is a
+.B !
+or a
+.B ^
+then any character not enclosed is matched.
+The sorting order of characters in range expressions is determined by
+the current locale and the values of the
+.SM
+.B LC_COLLATE
+or
+.SM
+.B LC_ALL
+shell variables, if set.
+To obtain the traditional interpretation of range expressions, where
+.B [a\-d]
+is equivalent to
+.BR [abcd] ,
+set value of the
+.B LC_ALL
+shell variable to
+.BR C ,
+or enable the
+.B globasciiranges
+shell option.
+A
+.B \-
+may be matched by including it as the first or last character
+in the set.
+A
+.B ]
+may be matched by including it as the first character
+in the set.
+.br
+.if t .sp 0.5
+.if n .sp 1
+Within
+.B [
+and
+.BR ] ,
+\fIcharacter classes\fP can be specified using the syntax
+\fB[:\fP\fIclass\fP\fB:]\fP, where \fIclass\fP is one of the
+following classes defined in the POSIX standard:
+.PP
+.RS
+.B
+.if n alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lower print punct space upper word xdigit
+.if t alnum   alpha   ascii   blank   cntrl   digit   graph   lower   print   punct   space   upper   word   xdigit
+.br
+A character class matches any character belonging to that class.
+The \fBword\fP character class matches letters, digits, and the character _.
+.br
+.if t .sp 0.5
+.if n .sp 1
+Within
+.B [
+and
+.BR ] ,
+an \fIequivalence class\fP can be specified using the syntax
+\fB[=\fP\fIc\fP\fB=]\fP, which matches all characters with the
+same collation weight (as defined by the current locale) as
+the character \fIc\fP.
+.br
+.if t .sp 0.5
+.if n .sp 1
+Within
+.B [
+and
+.BR ] ,
+the syntax \fB[.\fP\fIsymbol\fP\fB.]\fP matches the collating symbol
+\fIsymbol\fP.
+.RE
+.RE
+.PD
+.PP
+If the \fBextglob\fP shell option is enabled using the \fBshopt\fP
+builtin, several extended pattern matching operators are recognized.
+In the following description, a \fIpattern-list\fP is a list of one
+or more patterns separated by a \fB|\fP.
+Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the following
+sub-patterns:
+.sp 1
+.PD 0
+.RS
+.TP
+\fB?(\fP\^\fIpattern-list\^\fP\fB)\fP
+Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns
+.TP
+\fB*(\fP\^\fIpattern-list\^\fP\fB)\fP
+Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns
+.TP
+\fB+(\fP\^\fIpattern-list\^\fP\fB)\fP
+Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns
+.TP
+\fB@(\fP\^\fIpattern-list\^\fP\fB)\fP
+Matches one of the given patterns
+.TP
+\fB!(\fP\^\fIpattern-list\^\fP\fB)\fP
+Matches anything except one of the given patterns
+.RE
+.PD
+.PP
+Complicated extended pattern matching against long strings is slow,
+especially when the patterns contain alternations and the strings
+contain multiple matches.
+Using separate matches against shorter strings, or using arrays of
+strings instead of a single long string, may be faster.
+.SS Quote Removal
+.PP
+After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the
+characters
+.BR \e ,
+.BR \(aq ,
+and \^\f3"\fP\^ that did not result from one of the above
+expansions are removed.
+.SH REDIRECTION
+Before a command is executed, its input and output
+may be
+.I redirected
+using a special notation interpreted by the shell.
+Redirection allows commands' file handles to be
+duplicated, opened, closed,
+made to refer to different files,
+and can change the files the command reads from and writes to.
+Redirection may also be used to modify file handles in the
+current shell execution environment.
+The following redirection
+operators may precede or appear anywhere within a
+.I simple command
+or may follow a
+.IR command .
+Redirections are processed in the order they appear, from
+left to right.
+.PP
+Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number
+may instead be preceded by a word of the form {\fIvarname\fP}.
+In this case, for each redirection operator except
+>&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a file descriptor greater
+than or equal to 10 and assign it to \fIvarname\fP.
+If >&- or <&- is preceded
+by {\fIvarname\fP}, the value of \fIvarname\fP defines the file
+descriptor to close.
+If {\fIvarname\fP} is supplied, the redirection persists beyond
+the scope of the command, allowing the shell programmer to manage
+the file descriptor himself.
+.PP
+In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is
+omitted, and the first character of the redirection operator is
+.BR < ,
+the redirection refers to the standard input (file descriptor
+0).  If the first character of the redirection operator is
+.BR > ,
+the redirection refers to the standard output (file descriptor
+1).
+.PP
+The word following the redirection operator in the following
+descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to
+brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
+command substitution, arithmetic expansion, quote removal,
+pathname expansion, and word splitting.
+If it expands to more than one word,
+.B bash
+reports an error.
+.PP
+Note that the order of redirections is significant.  For example,
+the command
+.RS
+.PP
+ls \fB>\fP dirlist 2\fB>&\fP1
+.RE
+.PP
+directs both standard output and standard error to the file
+.IR dirlist ,
+while the command
+.RS
+.PP
+ls 2\fB>&\fP1 \fB>\fP dirlist
+.RE
+.PP
+directs only the standard output to file
+.IR dirlist ,
+because the standard error was duplicated from the standard output
+before the standard output was redirected to
+.IR dirlist .
+.PP
+\fBBash\fP handles several filenames specially when they are used in
+redirections, as described in the following table.
+If the operating system on which \fBbash\fP is running provides these
+special files, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them
+internally with the behavior described below.
+.RS
+.PP
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B /dev/fd/\fIfd\fP
+If \fIfd\fP is a valid integer, file descriptor \fIfd\fP is duplicated.
+.TP
+.B /dev/stdin
+File descriptor 0 is duplicated.
+.TP
+.B /dev/stdout
+File descriptor 1 is duplicated.
+.TP
+.B /dev/stderr
+File descriptor 2 is duplicated.
+.TP
+.B /dev/tcp/\fIhost\fP/\fIport\fP
+If \fIhost\fP is a valid hostname or Internet address, and \fIport\fP
+is an integer port number or service name, \fBbash\fP attempts to open
+the corresponding TCP socket.
+.TP
+.B /dev/udp/\fIhost\fP/\fIport\fP
+If \fIhost\fP is a valid hostname or Internet address, and \fIport\fP
+is an integer port number or service name, \fBbash\fP attempts to open
+the corresponding UDP socket.
+.PD
+.RE
+.PP
+A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail.
+.PP
+Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with
+care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses
+internally.
+.SS Redirecting Input
+.PP
+Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from
+the expansion of
+.I word
+to be opened for reading on file descriptor
+.IR n ,
+or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if
+.I n
+is not specified.
+.PP
+The general format for redirecting input is:
+.RS
+.PP
+[\fIn\fP]\fB<\fP\fIword\fP
+.RE
+.SS Redirecting Output
+.PP
+Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from
+the expansion of
+.I word
+to be opened for writing on file descriptor
+.IR n ,
+or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if
+.I n
+is not specified.  If the file does not exist it is created;
+if it does exist it is truncated to zero size.
+.PP
+The general format for redirecting output is:
+.RS
+.PP
+[\fIn\fP]\fB>\fP\fIword\fP
+.RE
+.PP
+If the redirection operator is
+.BR > ,
+and the
+.B noclobber
+option to the
+.B set
+builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file
+whose name results from the expansion of \fIword\fP exists and is
+a regular file.
+If the redirection operator is
+.BR >| ,
+or the redirection operator is
+.B >
+and the
+.B noclobber
+option to the
+.B set
+builtin command is not enabled, the redirection is attempted even
+if the file named by \fIword\fP exists.
+.SS Appending Redirected Output
+.PP
+Redirection of output in this fashion
+causes the file whose name results from
+the expansion of
+.I word
+to be opened for appending on file descriptor
+.IR n ,
+or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if
+.I n
+is not specified.  If the file does not exist it is created.
+.PP
+The general format for appending output is:
+.RS
+.PP
+[\fIn\fP]\fB>>\fP\fIword\fP
+.RE
+.PP
+.SS Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error
+.PP
+This construct allows both the
+standard output (file descriptor 1) and
+the standard error output (file descriptor 2)
+to be redirected to the file whose name is the
+expansion of
+.IR word .
+.PP
+There are two formats for redirecting standard output and
+standard error:
+.RS
+.PP
+\fB&>\fP\fIword\fP
+.RE
+and
+.RS
+\fB>&\fP\fIword\fP
+.RE
+.PP
+Of the two forms, the first is preferred.
+This is semantically equivalent to
+.RS
+.PP
+\fB>\fP\fIword\fP 2\fB>&\fP1
+.RE
+.PP
+When using the second form, \fIword\fP may not expand to a number or
+\fB\-\fP.  If it does, other redirection operators apply
+(see \fBDuplicating File Descriptors\fP below) for compatibility
+reasons.
+.SS Appending Standard Output and Standard Error
+.PP
+This construct allows both the
+standard output (file descriptor 1) and
+the standard error output (file descriptor 2)
+to be appended to the file whose name is the
+expansion of
+.IR word .
+.PP
+The format for appending standard output and standard error is:
+.RS
+.PP
+\fB&>>\fP\fIword\fP
+.RE
+.PP
+This is semantically equivalent to
+.RS
+.PP
+\fB>>\fP\fIword\fP 2\fB>&\fP1
+.RE
+.PP
+(see \fBDuplicating File Descriptors\fP below).
+.SS Here Documents
+.PP
+This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the
+current source until a line containing only
+.I delimiter
+(with no trailing blanks)
+is seen.  All of
+the lines read up to that point are then used as the standard
+input (or file descriptor \fIn\fP if \fIn\fP is specified) for a command.
+.PP
+The format of here-documents is:
+.RS
+.PP
+.nf
+[\fIn\fP]\fB<<\fP[\fB\-\fP]\fIword\fP
+        \fIhere-document\fP
+\fIdelimiter\fP
+.fi
+.RE
+.PP
+No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution,
+arithmetic expansion, or pathname expansion is performed on
+.IR word .
+If any part of
+.I word
+is quoted, the
+.I delimiter
+is the result of quote removal on
+.IR word ,
+and the lines in the here-document are not expanded.
+If \fIword\fP is unquoted,
+all lines of the here-document are subjected to
+parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion,
+the character sequence
+.B \e<newline>
+is ignored, and
+.B \e
+must be used to quote the characters
+.BR \e ,
+.BR $ ,
+and
+.BR \` .
+.PP
+If the redirection operator is
+.BR <<\- ,
+then all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines and the
+line containing
+.IR delimiter .
+This allows
+here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a
+natural fashion.
+.SS "Here Strings"
+A variant of here documents, the format is:
+.RS
+.PP
+.nf
+[\fIn\fP]\fB<<<\fP\fIword\fP
+.fi
+.RE
+.PP
+The \fIword\fP undergoes
+tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
+command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal.
+Pathname expansion and word splitting are not performed.
+The result is supplied as a single string, with a newline appended,
+to the command on its
+standard input (or file descriptor \fIn\fP if \fIn\fP is specified).
+.SS "Duplicating File Descriptors"
+.PP
+The redirection operator
+.RS
+.PP
+[\fIn\fP]\fB<&\fP\fIword\fP
+.RE
+.PP
+is used to duplicate input file descriptors.
+If
+.I word
+expands to one or more digits, the file descriptor denoted by
+.I n
+is made to be a copy of that file descriptor.
+If the digits in
+.I word
+do not specify a file descriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs.
+If
+.I word
+evaluates to
+.BR \- ,
+file descriptor
+.I n
+is closed.  If
+.I n
+is not specified, the standard input (file descriptor 0) is used.
+.PP
+The operator
+.RS
+.PP
+[\fIn\fP]\fB>&\fP\fIword\fP
+.RE
+.PP
+is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors.  If
+.I n
+is not specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used.
+If the digits in
+.I word
+do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a redirection error occurs.
+If
+.I word
+evaluates to
+.BR \- ,
+file descriptor
+.I n
+is closed.
+As a special case, if \fIn\fP is omitted, and \fIword\fP does not
+expand to one or more digits or \fB\-\fP, the standard output and standard
+error are redirected as described previously.
+.SS "Moving File Descriptors"
+.PP
+The redirection operator
+.RS
+.PP
+[\fIn\fP]\fB<&\fP\fIdigit\fP\fB\-\fP
+.RE
+.PP
+moves the file descriptor \fIdigit\fP to file descriptor
+.IR n ,
+or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if \fIn\fP is not specified.
+\fIdigit\fP is closed after being duplicated to \fIn\fP.
+.PP
+Similarly, the redirection operator
+.RS
+.PP
+[\fIn\fP]\fB>&\fP\fIdigit\fP\fB\-\fP
+.RE
+.PP
+moves the file descriptor \fIdigit\fP to file descriptor
+.IR n ,
+or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if \fIn\fP is not specified.
+.SS "Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing"
+.PP
+The redirection operator
+.RS
+.PP
+[\fIn\fP]\fB<>\fP\fIword\fP
+.RE
+.PP
+causes the file whose name is the expansion of
+.I word
+to be opened for both reading and writing on file descriptor
+.IR n ,
+or on file descriptor 0 if
+.I n
+is not specified.  If the file does not exist, it is created.
+.SH ALIASES
+\fIAliases\fP allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used
+as the first word of a simple command.
+The shell maintains a list of aliases that may be set and unset with the
+.B alias
+and
+.B unalias
+builtin commands (see
+.SM
+.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
+below).
+The first word of each simple command, if unquoted,
+is checked to see if it has an
+alias.  If so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias.
+The characters \fB/\fP, \fB$\fP, \fB\`\fP, and \fB=\fP and
+any of the shell \fImetacharacters\fP or quoting characters
+listed above may not appear in an alias name.
+The replacement text may contain any valid shell input,
+including shell metacharacters.
+The first word of the replacement text is tested
+for aliases, but a word that is identical to an alias being expanded
+is not expanded a second time.
+This means that one may alias
+.B ls
+to
+.BR "ls \-F" ,
+for instance, and
+.B bash
+does not try to recursively expand the replacement text.
+If the last character of the alias value is a
+.IR blank ,
+then the next command
+word following the alias is also checked for alias expansion.
+.PP
+Aliases are created and listed with the
+.B alias
+command, and removed with the
+.B unalias
+command.
+.PP
+There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text.
+If arguments are needed, a shell function should be used (see
+.SM
+.B FUNCTIONS
+below).
+.PP
+Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless
+the
+.B expand_aliases
+shell option is set using
+.B shopt
+(see the description of
+.B shopt
+under
+.SM
+\fBSHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS\fP
+below).
+.PP
+The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are
+somewhat confusing.
+.B Bash
+always reads at least one complete line of input,
+and all lines that make up a compound command,
+before executing any of the commands on that line or the compound command.
+Aliases are expanded when a
+command is read, not when it is executed.  Therefore, an
+alias definition appearing on the same line as another
+command does not take effect until the next line of input is read.
+The commands following the alias definition
+on that line are not affected by the new alias.
+This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed.
+Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read,
+not when the function is executed, because a function definition
+is itself a command.  As a consequence, aliases
+defined in a function are not available until after that
+function is executed.  To be safe, always put
+alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use
+.B alias
+in compound commands.
+.PP
+For almost every purpose, aliases are superseded by
+shell functions.
+.SH FUNCTIONS
+A shell function, defined as described above under
+.SM
+.BR "SHELL GRAMMAR" ,
+stores a series of commands for later execution.
+When the name of a shell function is used as a simple command name,
+the list of commands associated with that function name is executed.
+Functions are executed in the context of the
+current shell; no new process is created to interpret
+them (contrast this with the execution of a shell script).
+When a function is executed, the arguments to the
+function become the positional parameters
+during its execution.
+The special parameter
+.B #
+is updated to reflect the change.  Special parameter \fB0\fP
+is unchanged.
+The first element of the
+.SM
+.B FUNCNAME
+variable is set to the name of the function while the function
+is executing.
+.PP
+All other aspects of the shell execution
+environment are identical between a function and its caller
+with these exceptions: the
+.SM
+.B DEBUG
+and
+.B RETURN
+traps (see the description of the
+.B trap
+builtin under
+.SM
+.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
+below) are not inherited unless the function has been given the
+\fBtrace\fP attribute (see the description of the
+.SM
+.B declare
+builtin below) or the
+\fB\-o functrace\fP shell option has been enabled with
+the \fBset\fP builtin
+(in which case all functions inherit the \fBDEBUG\fP and \fBRETURN\fP traps),
+and the
+.SM
+.B ERR
+trap is not inherited unless the \fB\-o errtrace\fP shell option has
+been enabled.
+.PP
+Variables local to the function may be declared with the
+.B local
+builtin command.  Ordinarily, variables and their values
+are shared between the function and its caller.
+If a variable is declared \fBlocal\fP, the variable's visible scope
+is restricted to that function and its children (including the functions
+it calls).
+Local variables "shadow" variables with the same name declared at
+previous scopes.
+For instance, a local variable declared in a function
+hides a global variable of the same name: references and assignments
+refer to the local variable, leaving the global variable unmodified.
+When the function returns, the global variable is once again visible.
+.PP
+The shell uses \fIdynamic scoping\fP to control a variable's visibility
+within functions.
+With dynamic scoping, visible variables and their values
+are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused execution
+to reach the current function.
+The value of a variable that a function sees depends
+on its value within its caller, if any, whether that caller is
+the "global" scope or another shell function.
+This is also the value that a local variable
+declaration "shadows", and the value that is restored when the function
+returns.
+.PP
+For example, if a variable \fIvar\fP is declared as local in function
+\fIfunc1\fP, and \fIfunc1\fP calls another function \fIfunc2\fP,
+references to \fIvar\fP made from within \fIfunc2\fP will resolve to the
+local variable \fIvar\fP from \fIfunc1\fP, shadowing any global variable
+named \fIvar\fP.
+.PP
+The \fBunset\fP builtin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a
+variable is local to the current scope, \fBunset\fP will unset it;
+otherwise the unset will refer to the variable found in any calling scope
+as described above.
+If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it will remain so
+until it is reset in that scope or until the function returns.
+Once the function returns, any instance of the variable at a previous
+scope will become visible.
+If the unset acts on a variable at a previous scope, any instance of a
+variable with that name that had been shadowed will become visible.
+.PP
+The \fBFUNCNEST\fP variable, if set to a numeric value greater
+than 0, defines a maximum function nesting level.  Function
+invocations that exceed the limit cause the entire command to
+abort.
+.PP
+If the builtin command
+.B return
+is executed in a function, the function completes and
+execution resumes with the next command after the function
+call.
+Any command associated with the \fBRETURN\fP trap is executed
+before execution resumes.
+When a function completes, the values of the
+positional parameters and the special parameter
+.B #
+are restored to the values they had prior to the function's
+execution.
+.PP
+Function names and definitions may be listed with the
+.B \-f
+option to the
+.B declare
+or
+.B typeset
+builtin commands.  The
+.B \-F
+option to
+.B declare
+or
+.B typeset
+will list the function names only
+(and optionally the source file and line number, if the \fBextdebug\fP
+shell option is enabled).
+Functions may be exported so that subshells
+automatically have them defined with the
+.B \-f
+option to the 
+.B export
+builtin.
+A function definition may be deleted using the \fB\-f\fP option to
+the
+.B unset
+builtin.
+.PP
+Functions may be recursive.
+The \fBFUNCNEST\fP variable may be used to limit the depth of the
+function call stack and restrict the number of function invocations.
+By default, no limit is imposed on the number of recursive calls.
+.SH "ARITHMETIC EVALUATION"
+The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under
+certain circumstances (see the \fBlet\fP and \fBdeclare\fP builtin
+commands, the \fB((\fP compound command, and \fBArithmetic Expansion\fP).
+Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check for overflow,
+though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error.
+The operators and their precedence, associativity, and values
+are the same as in the C language.
+The following list of operators is grouped into levels of
+equal-precedence operators.
+The levels are listed in order of decreasing precedence.
+.PP
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B \fIid\fP++ \fIid\fP\-\-
+variable post-increment and post-decrement
+.TP
+.B \- +
+unary minus and plus
+.TP
+.B ++\fIid\fP \-\-\fIid\fP
+variable pre-increment and pre-decrement
+.TP
+.B ! ~
+logical and bitwise negation
+.TP
+.B **
+exponentiation
+.TP
+.B * / %
+multiplication, division, remainder
+.TP
+.B + \-
+addition, subtraction
+.TP
+.B << >>
+left and right bitwise shifts
+.TP
+.B <= >= < >
+comparison
+.TP
+.B == !=
+equality and inequality
+.TP
+.B &
+bitwise AND
+.TP
+.B ^
+bitwise exclusive OR
+.TP
+.B |
+bitwise OR
+.TP
+.B &&
+logical AND
+.TP
+.B ||
+logical OR
+.TP
+.B \fIexpr\fP?\fIexpr\fP:\fIexpr\fP
+conditional operator
+.TP
+.B = *= /= %= += \-= <<= >>= &= ^= |=
+assignment
+.TP
+.B \fIexpr1\fP , \fIexpr2\fP
+comma
+.PD
+.PP
+Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is
+performed before the expression is evaluated.
+Within an expression, shell variables may also be referenced by name
+without using the parameter expansion syntax.
+A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to 0 when referenced
+by name without using the parameter expansion syntax.
+The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression
+when it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the
+\fIinteger\fP attribute using \fBdeclare \-i\fP is assigned a value.
+A null value evaluates to 0.
+A shell variable need not have its \fIinteger\fP attribute
+turned on to be used in an expression.
+.PP
+Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.
+A leading 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal.
+Otherwise, numbers take the form [\fIbase#\fP]n, where the optional \fIbase\fP
+is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic
+base, and \fIn\fP is a number in that base.
+If \fIbase#\fP is omitted, then base 10 is used.
+When specifying \fIn\fP,
+the digits greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters,
+the uppercase letters, @, and _, in that order.
+If \fIbase\fP is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase
+letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers between 10
+and 35.
+.PP
+Operators are evaluated in order of precedence.  Sub-expressions in
+parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence
+rules above.
+.SH "CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS"
+Conditional expressions are used by the \fB[[\fP compound command and
+the \fBtest\fP and \fB[\fP builtin commands to test file attributes
+and perform string and arithmetic comparisons.
+The \fBtest\fP abd \fB[\fP commands determine their behavior based on
+the number of arguments; see the descriptions of those commands for any
+other command-specific actions.
+.PP
+Expressions are formed from the following unary or binary primaries.
+\fBBash\fP handles several filenames specially when they are used in
+expressions.
+If the operating system on which \fBbash\fP is running provides these
+special files, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them
+internally with this behavior:
+If any \fIfile\fP argument to one of the primaries is of the form
+\fI/dev/fd/n\fP, then file descriptor \fIn\fP is checked.
+If the \fIfile\fP argument to one of the primaries is one of
+\fI/dev/stdin\fP, \fI/dev/stdout\fP, or \fI/dev/stderr\fP, file
+descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, is checked.
+.PP
+Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow symbolic
+links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link itself.
+.if t .sp 0.5
+.if n .sp 1
+When used with \fB[[\fP, the \fB<\fP and \fB>\fP operators sort
+lexicographically using the current locale.
+The \fBtest\fP command sorts using ASCII ordering.
+.sp 1
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B \-a \fIfile\fP
+True if \fIfile\fP exists.
+.TP
+.B \-b \fIfile\fP
+True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a block special file.
+.TP
+.B \-c \fIfile\fP
+True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a character special file.
+.TP
+.B \-d \fIfile\fP
+True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a directory.
+.TP
+.B \-e \fIfile\fP
+True if \fIfile\fP exists.
+.TP
+.B \-f \fIfile\fP
+True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a regular file.
+.TP
+.B \-g \fIfile\fP
+True if \fIfile\fP exists and is set-group-id.
+.TP
+.B \-h \fIfile\fP
+True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a symbolic link.
+.TP
+.B \-k \fIfile\fP
+True if \fIfile\fP exists and its ``sticky'' bit is set.
+.TP
+.B \-p \fIfile\fP
+True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a named pipe (FIFO).
+.TP
+.B \-r \fIfile\fP
+True if \fIfile\fP exists and is readable.
+.TP
+.B \-s \fIfile\fP
+True if \fIfile\fP exists and has a size greater than zero.
+.TP
+.B \-t \fIfd\fP
+True if file descriptor
+.I fd
+is open and refers to a terminal.
+.TP
+.B \-u \fIfile\fP
+True if \fIfile\fP exists and its set-user-id bit is set.
+.TP
+.B \-w \fIfile\fP
+True if \fIfile\fP exists and is writable.
+.TP
+.B \-x \fIfile\fP
+True if \fIfile\fP exists and is executable.
+.TP
+.B \-G \fIfile\fP
+True if \fIfile\fP exists and is owned by the effective group id.
+.TP
+.B \-L \fIfile\fP
+True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a symbolic link.
+.TP
+.B \-N \fIfile\fP
+True if \fIfile\fP exists and has been modified since it was last read.
+.TP
+.B \-O \fIfile\fP
+True if \fIfile\fP exists and is owned by the effective user id.
+.TP
+.B \-S \fIfile\fP
+True if \fIfile\fP exists and is a socket.
+.TP
+\fIfile1\fP \fB\-ef\fP \fIfile2\fP
+True if \fIfile1\fP and \fIfile2\fP refer to the same device and
+inode numbers.
+.TP
+\fIfile1\fP \-\fBnt\fP \fIfile2\fP
+True if \fIfile1\fP is newer (according to modification date) than \fIfile2\fP,
+or if \fIfile1\fP exists and \fPfile2\fP does not.
+.TP
+\fIfile1\fP \-\fBot\fP \fIfile2\fP
+True if \fIfile1\fP is older than \fIfile2\fP, or if \fIfile2\fP exists
+and \fIfile1\fP does not.
+.TP
+.B \-o \fIoptname\fP
+True if the shell option
+.I optname
+is enabled.
+See the list of options under the description of the
+.B \-o
+option to the
+.B set
+builtin below.
+.TP
+.B \-v \fIvarname\fP
+True if the shell variable
+.I varname
+is set (has been assigned a value).
+.TP
+.B \-R \fIvarname\fP
+True if the shell variable
+.I varname
+is set and is a name reference.
+.TP
+.B \-z \fIstring\fP
+True if the length of \fIstring\fP is zero.
+.TP
+\fIstring\fP
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B \-n \fIstring\fP
+.PD
+True if the length of
+.I string
+is non-zero.
+.TP
+\fIstring1\fP \fB==\fP \fIstring2\fP
+.PD 0
+.TP
+\fIstring1\fP \fB=\fP \fIstring2\fP
+.PD
+True if the strings are equal.  \fB=\fP should be used
+with the \fBtest\fP command for POSIX conformance.
+When used with the \fB[[\fP command, this performs pattern matching as
+described above (\fBCompound Commands\fP).
+.TP
+\fIstring1\fP \fB!=\fP \fIstring2\fP
+True if the strings are not equal.
+.TP
+\fIstring1\fP \fB<\fP \fIstring2\fP
+True if \fIstring1\fP sorts before \fIstring2\fP lexicographically.
+.TP
+\fIstring1\fP \fB>\fP \fIstring2\fP
+True if \fIstring1\fP sorts after \fIstring2\fP lexicographically.
+.TP
+.I \fIarg1\fP \fBOP\fP \fIarg2\fP
+.SM
+.B OP
+is one of
+.BR \-eq ,
+.BR \-ne ,
+.BR \-lt ,
+.BR \-le ,
+.BR \-gt ,
+or
+.BR \-ge .
+These arithmetic binary operators return true if \fIarg1\fP
+is equal to, not equal to, less than, less than or equal to,
+greater than, or greater than or equal to \fIarg2\fP, respectively.
+.I Arg1
+and
+.I arg2
+may be positive or negative integers.
+When used with the \fB[[\fP command,
+.I Arg1
+and
+.I Arg2
+are evaluated as arithmetic expressions  (see
+.SM
+.B "ARITHMETIC EVALUATION"
+above).
+.PD
+.SH "SIMPLE COMMAND EXPANSION"
+When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following
+expansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right.
+.IP 1.
+The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments (those
+preceding the command name) and redirections are saved for later
+processing.
+.IP 2.
+The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are
+expanded.  If any words remain after expansion, the first word
+is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words are
+the arguments.
+.IP 3.
+Redirections are performed as described above under
+.SM
+.BR REDIRECTION .
+.IP 4.
+The text after the \fB=\fP in each variable assignment undergoes tilde
+expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion,
+and quote removal before being assigned to the variable.
+.PP
+If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current
+shell environment.  Otherwise, the variables are added to the environment
+of the executed command and do not affect the current shell environment.
+If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a readonly variable,
+an error occurs, and the command exits with a non-zero status.
+.PP
+If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not
+affect the current shell environment.  A redirection error causes the
+command to exit with a non-zero status.
+.PP
+If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as
+described below.  Otherwise, the command exits.  If one of the expansions
+contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command is
+the exit status of the last command substitution performed.  If there
+were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status of zero.
+.SH "COMMAND EXECUTION"
+After a command has been split into words, if it results in a
+simple command and an optional list of arguments, the following
+actions are taken.
+.PP
+If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to
+locate it.  If there exists a shell function by that name, that
+function is invoked as described above in
+.SM
+.BR FUNCTIONS .
+If the name does not match a function, the shell searches for
+it in the list of shell builtins.  If a match is found, that
+builtin is invoked.
+.PP
+If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin,
+and contains no slashes,
+.B bash
+searches each element of the
+.SM
+.B PATH
+for a directory containing an executable file by that name.
+.B Bash
+uses a hash table to remember the full pathnames of executable
+files (see
+.B hash
+under
+.SM
+.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS"
+below).
+A full search of the directories in
+.SM
+.B PATH
+is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table.
+If the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell
+function named \fBcommand_not_found_handle\fP.
+If that function exists, it is invoked in a separate execution environment
+with the original command and
+the original command's arguments as its arguments, and the function's
+exit status becomes the exit status of that subshell.
+If that function is not defined, the shell prints an error
+message and returns an exit status of 127.
+.PP
+If the search is successful, or if the command name contains
+one or more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a
+separate execution environment.
+Argument 0 is set to the name given, and the remaining arguments
+to the command are set to the arguments given, if any.
+.PP
+If this execution fails because the file is not in executable
+format, and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be
+a \fIshell script\fP, a file
+containing shell commands.  A subshell is spawned to execute
+it.  This subshell reinitializes itself, so
+that the effect is as if a new shell had been invoked
+to handle the script, with the exception that the locations of
+commands remembered by the parent (see
+.B hash
+below under
+.SM
+\fBSHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS\fP)
+are retained by the child.
+.PP
+If the program is a file beginning with
+.BR #! ,
+the remainder of the first line specifies an interpreter
+for the program.  The shell executes the
+specified interpreter on operating systems that do not
+handle this executable format themselves.  The arguments to the
+interpreter consist of a single optional argument following the
+interpreter name on the first line of the program, followed
+by the name of the program, followed by the command
+arguments, if any.
+.SH COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT
+The shell has an \fIexecution environment\fP, which consists of the
+following:
+.IP \(bu
+open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
+redirections supplied to the \fBexec\fP builtin
+.IP \(bu
+the current working directory as set by \fBcd\fP, \fBpushd\fP, or
+\fBpopd\fP, or inherited by the shell at invocation
+.IP \(bu
+the file creation mode mask as set by \fBumask\fP or inherited from
+the shell's parent
+.IP \(bu
+current traps set by \fBtrap\fP
+.IP \(bu
+shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with \fBset\fP
+or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment
+.IP \(bu
+shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the shell's
+parent in the environment
+.IP \(bu
+options enabled at invocation (either by default or with command-line
+arguments) or by \fBset\fP
+.IP \(bu
+options enabled by \fBshopt\fP
+.IP \(bu
+shell aliases defined with \fBalias\fP
+.IP \(bu
+various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the value
+of \fB$$\fP, and the value of
+.SM
+.B PPID
+.PP
+When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function
+is to be executed, it
+is invoked in a separate execution environment that consists of
+the following.  Unless otherwise noted, the values are inherited
+from the shell.
+.if n .sp 1
+.IP \(bu
+the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions specified
+by redirections to the command
+.IP \(bu
+the current working directory
+.IP \(bu
+the file creation mode mask
+.IP \(bu
+shell variables and functions marked for export, along with variables
+exported for the command, passed in the environment
+.IP \(bu
+traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from the
+shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored
+.PP
+A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the
+shell's execution environment.
+.PP
+Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses,
+and asynchronous commands are invoked in a
+subshell environment that is a duplicate of the shell environment,
+except that traps caught by the shell are reset to the values
+that the shell inherited from its parent at invocation.  Builtin
+commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline are also executed in a
+subshell environment.  Changes made to the subshell environment
+cannot affect the shell's execution environment.
+.PP
+Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of
+the \fB\-e\fP option from the parent shell.  When not in \fIposix mode\fP,
+\fBbash\fP clears the \fB\-e\fP option in such subshells.
+.PP
+If a command is followed by a \fB&\fP and job control is not active, the
+default standard input for the command is the empty file \fI/dev/null\fP.
+Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the calling
+shell as modified by redirections.
+.SH ENVIRONMENT
+When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings
+called the
+.IR environment .
+This is a list of
+\fIname\fP\-\fIvalue\fP pairs, of the form
+.IR "name\fR=\fPvalue" .
+.PP
+The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment.
+On invocation, the shell scans its own environment and
+creates a parameter for each name found, automatically marking
+it for
+.I export
+to child processes.  Executed commands inherit the environment.
+The
+.B export
+and
+.B declare \-x
+commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and
+deleted from the environment.  If the value of a parameter
+in the environment is modified, the new value becomes part
+of the environment, replacing the old.  The environment
+inherited by any executed command consists of the shell's
+initial environment, whose values may be modified in the shell,
+less any pairs removed by the
+.B unset
+command, plus any additions via the
+.B export
+and
+.B declare \-x
+commands.
+.PP
+The environment for any
+.I simple command
+or function may be augmented temporarily by prefixing it with
+parameter assignments, as described above in
+.SM
+.BR PARAMETERS .
+These assignment statements affect only the environment seen
+by that command.
+.PP
+If the
+.B \-k
+option is set (see the
+.B set
+builtin command below), then
+.I all
+parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command,
+not just those that precede the command name.
+.PP
+When
+.B bash
+invokes an external command, the variable
+.B _
+is set to the full filename of the command and passed to that
+command in its environment.
+.SH "EXIT STATUS"
+.PP
+The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the
+\fIwaitpid\fP system call or equivalent function.  Exit statuses
+fall between 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may
+use values above 125 specially.  Exit statuses from shell builtins and
+compound commands are also limited to this range.  Under certain
+circumstances, the shell will use special values to indicate specific
+failure modes.
+.PP
+For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a
+zero exit status has succeeded.  An exit status of zero
+indicates success.  A non-zero exit status indicates failure.
+When a command terminates on a fatal signal \fIN\fP, \fBbash\fP uses
+the value of 128+\fIN\fP as the exit status.
+.PP
+If a command is not found, the child process created to
+execute it returns a status of 127.  If a command is found
+but is not executable, the return status is 126.
+.PP
+If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection,
+the exit status is greater than zero.
+.PP
+Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (\fItrue\fP) if
+successful, and non-zero (\fIfalse\fP) if an error occurs
+while they execute.
+All builtins return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage,
+generally invalid options or missing arguments.
+.PP
+\fBBash\fP itself returns the exit status of the last command
+executed, unless a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits
+with a non-zero value.  See also the \fBexit\fP builtin
+command below.
+.SH SIGNALS
+When \fBbash\fP is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores
+.SM
+.B SIGTERM
+(so that \fBkill 0\fP does not kill an interactive shell),
+and
+.SM
+.B SIGINT
+is caught and handled (so that the \fBwait\fP builtin is interruptible).
+In all cases, \fBbash\fP ignores
+.SM
+.BR SIGQUIT .
+If job control is in effect,
+.B bash
+ignores
+.SM
+.BR SIGTTIN ,
+.SM
+.BR SIGTTOU ,
+and
+.SM
+.BR SIGTSTP .
+.PP
+Non-builtin commands run by \fBbash\fP have signal handlers
+set to the values inherited by the shell from its parent.
+When job control is not in effect, asynchronous commands
+ignore
+.SM
+.B SIGINT
+and
+.SM
+.B SIGQUIT
+in addition to these inherited handlers.
+Commands run as a result of command substitution ignore the
+keyboard-generated job control signals
+.SM
+.BR SIGTTIN ,
+.SM
+.BR SIGTTOU ,
+and
+.SM
+.BR SIGTSTP .
+.PP
+The shell exits by default upon receipt of a
+.SM
+.BR SIGHUP .
+Before exiting, an interactive shell resends the
+.SM
+.B SIGHUP
+to all jobs, running or stopped.
+Stopped jobs are sent
+.SM
+.B SIGCONT
+to ensure that they receive the
+.SM
+.BR SIGHUP .
+To prevent the shell from
+sending the signal to a particular job, it should be removed from the
+jobs table with the
+.B disown
+builtin (see
+.SM
+.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS"
+below) or marked
+to not receive
+.SM
+.B SIGHUP
+using
+.BR "disown \-h" .
+.PP
+If the
+.B huponexit
+shell option has been set with
+.BR shopt ,
+.B bash
+sends a
+.SM
+.B SIGHUP
+to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits.
+.PP
+If \fBbash\fP is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal
+for which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until
+the command completes.
+When \fBbash\fP is waiting for an asynchronous command via the \fBwait\fP
+builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap has been set will
+cause the \fBwait\fP builtin to return immediately with an exit status
+greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is executed.
+.SH "JOB CONTROL"
+.I Job control
+refers to the ability to selectively stop (\fIsuspend\fP)
+the execution of processes and continue (\fIresume\fP)
+their execution at a later point.  A user typically employs
+this facility via an interactive interface supplied jointly
+by the operating system kernel's terminal driver and
+.BR bash .
+.PP
+The shell associates a
+.I job
+with each pipeline.  It keeps a table of currently executing
+jobs, which may be listed with the
+.B jobs
+command.  When
+.B bash
+starts a job asynchronously (in the
+.IR background ),
+it prints a line that looks like:
+.RS
+.PP
+[1] 25647
+.RE
+.PP
+indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID
+of the last process in the pipeline associated with this job is 25647.
+All of the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job.
+.B Bash
+uses the
+.I job
+abstraction as the basis for job control.
+.PP
+To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job
+control, the operating system maintains the notion of a \fIcurrent terminal
+process group ID\fP.  Members of this process group (processes whose
+process group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID)
+receive keyboard-generated signals such as
+.SM
+.BR SIGINT .
+These processes are said to be in the
+.IR foreground .
+.I Background
+processes are those whose process group ID differs from the terminal's;
+such processes are immune to keyboard-generated signals.
+Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or, if the
+user so specifies with \f(CWstty tostop\fP, write to the
+terminal.
+Background processes which attempt to read from (write to when
+\f(CWstty tostop\fP is in effect) the
+terminal are sent a
+.SM
+.B SIGTTIN (SIGTTOU)
+signal by the kernel's terminal driver, 
+which, unless caught, suspends the process.
+.PP
+If the operating system on which
+.B bash
+is running supports
+job control,
+.B bash
+contains facilities to use it.
+Typing the
+.I suspend
+character (typically
+.BR ^Z ,
+Control-Z) while a process is running
+causes that process to be stopped and returns control to
+.BR bash .
+Typing the
+.I "delayed suspend"
+character (typically
+.BR ^Y ,
+Control-Y) causes the process to be stopped when it
+attempts to read input from the terminal, and control to
+be returned to
+.BR bash .
+The user may then manipulate the state of this job, using the
+.B bg
+command to continue it in the background, the
+.B fg
+command to continue it in the foreground, or
+the
+.B kill
+command to kill it.  A \fB^Z\fP takes effect immediately,
+and has the additional side effect of causing pending output
+and typeahead to be discarded.
+.PP
+There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell.
+The character
+.B %
+introduces a job specification (\fIjobspec\fP).  Job number
+.I n
+may be referred to as
+.BR %n .
+A job may also be referred to using a prefix of the name used to
+start it, or using a substring that appears in its command line.
+For example,
+.B %ce
+refers to a stopped
+.B ce
+job.  If a prefix matches more than one job,
+.B bash
+reports an error.  Using
+.BR %?ce ,
+on the other hand, refers to any job containing the string
+.B ce
+in its command line.  If the substring matches more than one job,
+.B bash
+reports an error.  The symbols
+.B %%
+and
+.B %+
+refer to the shell's notion of the
+.IR "current job" ,
+which is the last job stopped while it was in
+the foreground or started in the background.
+The
+.I "previous job"
+may be referenced using
+.BR %\- .
+If there is only a single job, \fB%+\fP and \fB%\-\fP can both be used
+to refer to that job.
+In output pertaining to jobs (e.g., the output of the
+.B jobs
+command), the current job is always flagged with a
+.BR + ,
+and the previous job with a
+.BR \- .
+A single % (with no accompanying job specification) also refers to the
+current job.
+.PP
+Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the
+foreground:
+.B %1
+is a synonym for
+\fB``fg %1''\fP,
+bringing job 1 from the background into the foreground.
+Similarly,
+.B ``%1 &''
+resumes job 1 in the background, equivalent to
+\fB``bg %1''\fP.
+.PP
+The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state.
+Normally,
+.B bash
+waits until it is about to print a prompt before reporting
+changes in a job's status so as to not interrupt
+any other output.  If the
+.B \-b
+option to the
+.B set
+builtin command
+is enabled,
+.B bash
+reports such changes immediately.
+Any trap on
+.SM
+.B SIGCHLD
+is executed for each child that exits.
+.PP
+If an attempt to exit
+.B bash
+is made while jobs are stopped (or, if the \fBcheckjobs\fP shell option has
+been enabled using the \fBshopt\fP builtin, running), the shell prints a
+warning message, and, if the \fBcheckjobs\fP option is enabled, lists the
+jobs and their statuses.
+The
+.B jobs
+command may then be used to inspect their status.
+If a second attempt to exit is made without an intervening command,
+the shell does not print another warning, and any stopped
+jobs are terminated.
+.PP
+When the shell is waiting for a job or process using the \fBwait\fP
+builtin, and job control is enabled, \fBwait\fP will return when the
+job changes state. The \fB\-f\fP option will force \fBwait\fP to wait
+until the job or process terminates before returning.
+.SH PROMPTING
+When executing interactively,
+.B bash
+displays the primary prompt
+.SM
+.B PS1
+when it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt
+.SM
+.B PS2
+when it needs more input to complete a command.
+.B Bash
+displays
+.SM
+.B PS0
+after it reads a command but before executing it.
+.B Bash
+displays
+.SM
+.B PS4
+as described above
+before tracing each command when the \fB\-x\fP option is enabled.
+.B Bash
+allows these prompt strings to be customized by inserting a number of
+backslash-escaped special characters that are decoded as follows:
+.RS
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B \ea
+an ASCII bell character (07)
+.TP
+.B \ed
+the date in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May 26")
+.TP
+.B \eD{\fIformat\fP}
+the \fIformat\fP is passed to \fIstrftime\fP(3) and the result is inserted
+into the prompt string; an empty \fIformat\fP results in a locale-specific
+time representation.  The braces are required
+.TP
+.B \ee
+an ASCII escape character (033)
+.TP
+.B \eh
+the hostname up to the first `.'
+.TP
+.B \eH
+the hostname
+.TP
+.B \ej
+the number of jobs currently managed by the shell
+.TP
+.B \el
+the basename of the shell's terminal device name
+.TP
+.B \en
+newline
+.TP
+.B \er
+carriage return
+.TP
+.B \es
+the name of the shell, the basename of
+.B $0
+(the portion following the final slash)
+.TP
+.B \et
+the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format
+.TP
+.B \eT
+the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format
+.TP
+.B \e@
+the current time in 12-hour am/pm format
+.TP
+.B \eA
+the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format
+.TP
+.B \eu
+the username of the current user
+.TP
+.B \ev
+the version of \fBbash\fP (e.g., 2.00)
+.TP
+.B \eV
+the release of \fBbash\fP, version + patch level (e.g., 2.00.0)
+.TP
+.B \ew
+the current working directory, with
+.SM
+.B $HOME
+abbreviated with a tilde
+(uses the value of the
+.SM
+.B PROMPT_DIRTRIM
+variable)
+.TP
+.B \eW
+the basename of the current working directory, with
+.SM
+.B $HOME
+abbreviated with a tilde
+.TP
+.B \e!
+the history number of this command
+.TP
+.B \e#
+the command number of this command
+.TP
+.B \e$
+if the effective UID is 0, a
+.BR # ,
+otherwise a
+.B $
+.TP
+.B \e\fInnn\fP
+the character corresponding to the octal number \fInnn\fP
+.TP
+.B \e\e
+a backslash
+.TP
+.B \e[
+begin a sequence of non-printing characters, which could be used to
+embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt
+.TP
+.B \e]
+end a sequence of non-printing characters
+.PD
+.RE
+.PP
+The command number and the history number are usually different:
+the history number of a command is its position in the history
+list, which may include commands restored from the history file
+(see
+.SM
+.B HISTORY
+below), while the command number is the position in the sequence
+of commands executed during the current shell session.
+After the string is decoded, it is expanded via
+parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
+expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of the
+.B promptvars
+shell option (see the description of the
+.B shopt
+command under
+.SM
+.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS"
+below).
+.SH READLINE
+This is the library that handles reading input when using an interactive
+shell, unless the
+.B \-\-noediting
+option is given at shell invocation.
+Line editing is also used when using the \fB\-e\fP option to the
+\fBread\fP builtin.
+By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs.
+A vi-style line editing interface is also available.
+Line editing can be enabled at any time using the
+.B \-o emacs
+or
+.B \-o vi
+options to the
+.B set
+builtin (see
+.SM
+.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
+below).
+To turn off line editing after the shell is running, use the
+.B +o emacs
+or
+.B +o vi
+options to the
+.B set
+builtin.
+.SS "Readline Notation"
+.PP
+In this section, the Emacs-style notation is used to denote
+keystrokes.  Control keys are denoted by C\-\fIkey\fR, e.g., C\-n
+means Control\-N.  Similarly,
+.I meta
+keys are denoted by M\-\fIkey\fR, so M\-x means Meta\-X.  (On keyboards
+without a
+.I meta
+key, M\-\fIx\fP means ESC \fIx\fP, i.e., press the Escape key
+then the
+.I x
+key.  This makes ESC the \fImeta prefix\fP.
+The combination M\-C\-\fIx\fP means ESC\-Control\-\fIx\fP,
+or press the Escape key
+then hold the Control key while pressing the
+.I x
+key.)
+.PP
+Readline commands may be given numeric
+.IR arguments ,
+which normally act as a repeat count.
+Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument that is significant.
+Passing a negative argument to a command that acts in the forward
+direction (e.g., \fBkill\-line\fP) causes that command to act in a
+backward direction.
+Commands whose behavior with arguments deviates from this are noted
+below.
+.PP
+When a command is described as \fIkilling\fP text, the text
+deleted is saved for possible future retrieval
+(\fIyanking\fP).  The killed text is saved in a
+\fIkill ring\fP.  Consecutive kills cause the text to be
+accumulated into one unit, which can be yanked all at once.
+Commands which do not kill text separate the chunks of text
+on the kill ring.
+.SS "Readline Initialization"
+.PP
+Readline is customized by putting commands in an initialization
+file (the \fIinputrc\fP file).
+The name of this file is taken from the value of the
+.SM
+.B INPUTRC
+variable.  If that variable is unset, the default is
+.IR ~/.inputrc .
+When a program which uses the readline library starts up, the
+initialization file is read, and the key bindings and variables
+are set.
+There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the
+readline initialization file.
+Blank lines are ignored.
+Lines beginning with a \fB#\fP are comments.
+Lines beginning with a \fB$\fP indicate conditional constructs.
+Other lines denote key bindings and variable settings.
+.PP
+The default key-bindings may be changed with an
+.I inputrc
+file.
+Other programs that use this library may add their own commands
+and bindings.
+.PP
+For example, placing
+.RS
+.PP
+M\-Control\-u: universal\-argument
+.RE
+or
+.RS
+C\-Meta\-u: universal\-argument
+.RE
+into the
+.I inputrc
+would make M\-C\-u execute the readline command
+.IR universal\-argument .
+.PP
+The following symbolic character names are recognized:
+.IR RUBOUT ,
+.IR DEL ,
+.IR ESC ,
+.IR LFD ,
+.IR NEWLINE ,
+.IR RET ,
+.IR RETURN ,
+.IR SPC ,
+.IR SPACE ,
+and
+.IR TAB .
+.PP
+In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound
+to a string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a \fImacro\fP).
+.SS "Readline Key Bindings"
+.PP
+The syntax for controlling key bindings in the
+.I inputrc
+file is simple.  All that is required is the name of the
+command or the text of a macro and a key sequence to which
+it should be bound.  The name may be specified in one of two ways:
+as a symbolic key name, possibly with \fIMeta\-\fP or \fIControl\-\fP
+prefixes, or as a key sequence.
+.PP
+When using the form \fBkeyname\fP:\^\fIfunction\-name\fP or \fImacro\fP,
+.I keyname
+is the name of a key spelled out in English.  For example:
+.sp
+.RS
+Control-u: universal\-argument
+.br
+Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word
+.br
+Control-o: "> output"
+.RE
+.LP
+In the above example,
+.I C\-u
+is bound to the function
+.BR universal\-argument ,
+.I M\-DEL
+is bound to the function
+.BR backward\-kill\-word ,
+and
+.I C\-o
+is bound to run the macro
+expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text
+.if t \f(CW> output\fP
+.if n ``> output''
+into the line).
+.PP
+In the second form, \fB"keyseq"\fP:\^\fIfunction\-name\fP or \fImacro\fP,
+.B keyseq
+differs from
+.B keyname
+above in that strings denoting
+an entire key sequence may be specified by placing the sequence
+within double quotes.  Some GNU Emacs style key escapes can be
+used, as in the following example, but the symbolic character names
+are not recognized.
+.sp
+.RS
+"\eC\-u": universal\-argument
+.br
+"\eC\-x\eC\-r": re\-read\-init\-file
+.br
+"\ee[11~": "Function Key 1"
+.RE
+.PP
+In this example,
+.I C\-u
+is again bound to the function
+.BR universal\-argument .
+.I "C\-x C\-r"
+is bound to the function
+.BR re\-read\-init\-file ,
+and
+.I "ESC [ 1 1 ~"
+is bound to insert the text
+.if t \f(CWFunction Key 1\fP.
+.if n ``Function Key 1''.
+.PP
+The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is
+.RS
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B \eC\-
+control prefix
+.TP
+.B \eM\-
+meta prefix
+.TP
+.B \ee
+an escape character
+.TP
+.B \e\e
+backslash
+.TP
+.B \e"
+literal "
+.TP
+.B \e\(aq
+literal \(aq
+.RE
+.PD
+.PP
+In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second
+set of backslash escapes is available:
+.RS
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B \ea
+alert (bell)
+.TP
+.B \eb
+backspace
+.TP
+.B \ed
+delete
+.TP
+.B \ef
+form feed
+.TP
+.B \en
+newline
+.TP
+.B \er
+carriage return
+.TP
+.B \et
+horizontal tab
+.TP
+.B \ev
+vertical tab
+.TP
+.B \e\fInnn\fP
+the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value \fInnn\fP
+(one to three digits)
+.TP
+.B \ex\fIHH\fP
+the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value \fIHH\fP
+(one or two hex digits)
+.RE
+.PD
+.PP
+When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must
+be used to indicate a macro definition.
+Unquoted text is assumed to be a function name.
+In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above are expanded.
+Backslash will quote any other character in the macro text,
+including " and \(aq.
+.PP
+.B Bash
+allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modified
+with the
+.B bind
+builtin command.  The editing mode may be switched during interactive
+use by using the
+.B \-o
+option to the
+.B set
+builtin command (see
+.SM
+.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
+below).
+.SS "Readline Variables"
+.PP
+Readline has variables that can be used to further customize its
+behavior.  A variable may be set in the
+.I inputrc
+file with a statement of the form
+.RS
+.PP
+\fBset\fP \fIvariable\-name\fP \fIvalue\fP
+.RE
+.PP
+Except where noted, readline variables can take the values
+.B On
+or
+.B Off
+(without regard to case).
+Unrecognized variable names are ignored.
+When a variable value is read, empty or null values, "on" (case-insensitive),
+and "1" are equivalent to \fBOn\fP.  All other values are equivalent to
+\fBOff\fP.
+The variables and their default values are:
+.PP
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B bell\-style (audible)
+Controls what happens when readline wants to ring the terminal bell.
+If set to \fBnone\fP, readline never rings the bell.  If set to
+\fBvisible\fP, readline uses a visible bell if one is available.
+If set to \fBaudible\fP, readline attempts to ring the terminal's bell.
+.TP
+.B bind\-tty\-special\-chars (On)
+If set to \fBOn\fP, readline attempts to bind the control characters
+treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver to their readline
+equivalents.
+.TP
+.B blink\-matching\-paren (Off)
+If set to \fBOn\fP, readline attempts to briefly move the cursor to an
+opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is inserted.
+.TP
+.B colored\-completion\-prefix (Off)
+If set to \fBOn\fP, when listing completions, readline displays the
+common prefix of the set of possible completions using a different color.
+The color definitions are taken from the value of the \fBLS_COLORS\fP
+environment variable.
+.TP
+.B colored\-stats (Off)
+If set to \fBOn\fP, readline displays possible completions using different
+colors to indicate their file type.
+The color definitions are taken from the value of the \fBLS_COLORS\fP
+environment variable.
+.TP
+.B comment\-begin (``#'')
+The string that is inserted when the readline
+.B insert\-comment
+command is executed.
+This command is bound to
+.B M\-#
+in emacs mode and to
+.B #
+in vi command mode.
+.TP
+.B completion\-display\-width (\-1)
+The number of screen columns used to display possible matches
+when performing completion.
+The value is ignored if it is less than 0 or greater than the terminal
+screen width.
+A value of 0 will cause matches to be displayed one per line.
+The default value is \-1.
+.TP
+.B completion\-ignore\-case (Off)
+If set to \fBOn\fP, readline performs filename matching and completion
+in a case\-insensitive fashion.
+.TP
+.B completion\-map\-case (Off)
+If set to \fBOn\fP, and \fBcompletion\-ignore\-case\fP is enabled, readline
+treats hyphens (\fI\-\fP) and underscores (\fI_\fP) as equivalent when
+performing case\-insensitive filename matching and completion.
+.TP
+.B completion\-prefix\-display\-length (0)
+The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of possible
+completions that is displayed without modification.  When set to a
+value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than this value are
+replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions.
+.TP
+.B completion\-query\-items (100)
+This determines when the user is queried about viewing
+the number of possible completions
+generated by the \fBpossible\-completions\fP command.
+It may be set to any integer value greater than or equal to
+zero.  If the number of possible completions is greater than
+or equal to the value of this variable, the user is asked whether
+or not he wishes to view them; otherwise they are simply listed
+on the terminal.
+.TP
+.B convert\-meta (On)
+If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will convert characters with the
+eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence
+by stripping the eighth bit and prefixing an
+escape character (in effect, using escape as the \fImeta prefix\fP).
+The default is \fIOn\fP, but readline will set it to \fIOff\fP if the
+locale contains eight-bit characters.
+.TP
+.B disable\-completion (Off)
+If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will inhibit word completion.  Completion
+characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been
+mapped to \fBself-insert\fP.
+.TP
+.B echo\-control\-characters (On)
+When set to \fBOn\fP, on operating systems that indicate they support it,
+readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal generated from the
+keyboard.
+.TP
+.B editing\-mode (emacs)
+Controls whether readline begins with a set of key bindings similar
+to \fIEmacs\fP or \fIvi\fP.
+.B editing\-mode
+can be set to either
+.B emacs
+or
+.BR vi .
+.TP
+.B emacs\-mode\-string (@)
+If the \fIshow\-mode\-in\-prompt\fP variable is enabled,
+this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
+prompt when emacs editing mode is active.  The value is expanded like a
+key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and
+backslash escape sequences is available.
+Use the \e1 and \e2 escapes to begin and end sequences of
+non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
+sequence into the mode string.
+.TP
+.B enable\-bracketed\-paste (Off)
+When set to \fBOn\fP, readline will configure the terminal in a way
+that will enable it to insert each paste into the editing buffer as a
+single string of characters, instead of treating each character as if
+it had been read from the keyboard.  This can prevent pasted characters
+from being interpreted as editing commands.
+.TP
+.B enable\-keypad (Off)
+When set to \fBOn\fP, readline will try to enable the application
+keypad when it is called.  Some systems need this to enable the
+arrow keys.
+.TP
+.B enable\-meta\-key (On)
+When set to \fBOn\fP, readline will try to enable any meta modifier
+key the terminal claims to support when it is called.  On many terminals,
+the meta key is used to send eight-bit characters.
+.TP
+.B expand\-tilde (Off)
+If set to \fBOn\fP, tilde expansion is performed when readline
+attempts word completion.
+.TP
+.B history\-preserve\-point (Off)
+If set to \fBOn\fP, the history code attempts to place point at the
+same location on each history line retrieved with \fBprevious-history\fP
+or \fBnext-history\fP.
+.TP
+.B history\-size (unset)
+Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history list.
+If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted and no new entries
+are saved.
+If set to a value less than zero, the number of history entries is not
+limited.
+By default, the number of history entries is set to the value of the
+\fBHISTSIZE\fP shell variable.
+If an attempt is made to set \fIhistory\-size\fP to a non-numeric value,
+the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500.
+.TP
+.B horizontal\-scroll\-mode (Off)
+When set to \fBOn\fP, makes readline use a single line for display,
+scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen line when it
+becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a new line.
+.TP
+.B input\-meta (Off)
+If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is,
+it will not strip the eighth bit from the characters it reads),
+regardless of what the terminal claims it can support.  The name
+.B meta\-flag
+is a synonym for this variable.
+The default is \fIOff\fP, but readline will set it to \fIOn\fP if the
+locale contains eight-bit characters.
+.TP
+.B isearch\-terminators (``C\-[C\-J'')
+The string of characters that should terminate an incremental
+search without subsequently executing the character as a command.
+If this variable has not been given a value, the characters
+\fIESC\fP and \fIC\-J\fP will terminate an incremental search.
+.TP
+.B keymap (emacs)
+Set the current readline keymap.  The set of valid keymap names is
+\fIemacs, emacs\-standard, emacs\-meta, emacs\-ctlx, vi,
+vi\-command\fP, and
+.IR vi\-insert .
+\fIvi\fP is equivalent to \fIvi\-command\fP; \fIemacs\fP is
+equivalent to \fIemacs\-standard\fP.  The default value is
+.IR emacs ;
+the value of
+.B editing\-mode
+also affects the default keymap.
+.TP
+.B keyseq\-timeout (500)
+Specifies the duration \fIreadline\fP will wait for a character when reading an
+ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete key sequence using
+the input read so far, or can take additional input to complete a longer
+key sequence).
+If no input is received within the timeout, \fIreadline\fP will use the shorter
+but complete key sequence.
+The value is specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that
+\fIreadline\fP will wait one second for additional input.
+If this variable is set to a value less than or equal to zero, or to a
+non-numeric value, \fIreadline\fP will wait until another key is pressed to
+decide which key sequence to complete.
+.TP
+.B mark\-directories (On)
+If set to \fBOn\fP, completed directory names have a slash
+appended.
+.TP
+.B mark\-modified\-lines (Off)
+If set to \fBOn\fP, history lines that have been modified are displayed
+with a preceding asterisk (\fB*\fP).
+.TP
+.B mark\-symlinked\-directories (Off)
+If set to \fBOn\fP, completed names which are symbolic links to directories
+have a slash appended (subject to the value of
+\fBmark\-directories\fP).
+.TP
+.B match\-hidden\-files (On)
+This variable, when set to \fBOn\fP, causes readline to match files whose
+names begin with a `.' (hidden files) when performing filename
+completion.
+If set to \fBOff\fP, the leading `.' must be
+supplied by the user in the filename to be completed.
+.TP
+.B menu\-complete\-display\-prefix (Off)
+If set to \fBOn\fP, menu completion displays the common prefix of the
+list of possible completions (which may be empty) before cycling through
+the list.
+.TP
+.B output\-meta (Off)
+If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will display characters with the
+eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape
+sequence.
+The default is \fIOff\fP, but readline will set it to \fIOn\fP if the
+locale contains eight-bit characters.
+.TP
+.B page\-completions (On)
+If set to \fBOn\fP, readline uses an internal \fImore\fP-like pager
+to display a screenful of possible completions at a time.
+.TP
+.B print\-completions\-horizontally (Off)
+If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will display completions with matches
+sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen.
+.TP
+.B revert\-all\-at\-newline (Off)
+If set to \fBOn\fP, readline will undo all changes to history lines
+before returning when \fBaccept\-line\fP is executed.  By default,
+history lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists across
+calls to \fBreadline\fP.
+.TP
+.B show\-all\-if\-ambiguous (Off)
+This alters the default behavior of the completion functions.  If
+set to
+.BR On ,
+words which have more than one possible completion cause the
+matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.
+.TP
+.B show\-all\-if\-unmodified (Off)
+This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in
+a fashion similar to \fBshow\-all\-if\-ambiguous\fP.
+If set to
+.BR On ,
+words which have more than one possible completion without any
+possible partial completion (the possible completions don't share
+a common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately instead
+of ringing the bell.
+.TP
+.B show\-mode\-in\-prompt (Off)
+If set to \fBOn\fP, add a string to the beginning of the prompt
+indicating the editing mode: emacs, vi command, or vi insertion.
+The mode strings are user-settable (e.g., \fIemacs\-mode\-string\fP).
+.TP
+.B skip\-completed\-text (Off)
+If set to \fBOn\fP, this alters the default completion behavior when
+inserting a single match into the line.  It's only active when
+performing completion in the middle of a word.  If enabled, readline
+does not insert characters from the completion that match characters
+after point in the word being completed, so portions of the word
+following the cursor are not duplicated.
+.TP
+.B vi\-cmd\-mode\-string ((cmd))
+If the \fIshow\-mode\-in\-prompt\fP variable is enabled,
+this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
+prompt when vi editing mode is active and in command mode.
+The value is expanded like a
+key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and
+backslash escape sequences is available.
+Use the \e1 and \e2 escapes to begin and end sequences of
+non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
+sequence into the mode string.
+.TP
+.B vi\-ins\-mode\-string ((ins))
+If the \fIshow\-mode\-in\-prompt\fP variable is enabled,
+this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
+prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode.
+The value is expanded like a
+key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and
+backslash escape sequences is available.
+Use the \e1 and \e2 escapes to begin and end sequences of
+non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
+sequence into the mode string.
+.TP
+.B visible\-stats (Off)
+If set to \fBOn\fP, a character denoting a file's type as reported
+by \fIstat\fP(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible
+completions.
+.PD
+.SS "Readline Conditional Constructs"
+.PP
+Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional
+compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key
+bindings and variable settings to be performed as the result
+of tests.  There are four parser directives used.
+.IP \fB$if\fP
+The
+.B $if
+construct allows bindings to be made based on the
+editing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using
+readline.  The text of the test, after any comparison operator,
+ extends to the end of the line;
+unless otherwise noted, no characters are required to isolate it.
+.RS
+.IP \fBmode\fP
+The \fBmode=\fP form of the \fB$if\fP directive is used to test
+whether readline is in emacs or vi mode.
+This may be used in conjunction
+with the \fBset keymap\fP command, for instance, to set bindings in
+the \fIemacs\-standard\fP and \fIemacs\-ctlx\fP keymaps only if
+readline is starting out in emacs mode.
+.IP \fBterm\fP
+The \fBterm=\fP form may be used to include terminal-specific
+key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the
+terminal's function keys.  The word on the right side of the
+.B =
+is tested against both the full name of the terminal and the portion
+of the terminal name before the first \fB\-\fP.  This allows
+.I sun
+to match both
+.I sun
+and
+.IR sun\-cmd ,
+for instance.
+.IP \fBversion\fP
+The \fBversion\fP test may be used to perform comparisons against
+specific readline versions.
+The \fBversion\fP expands to the current readline version.
+The set of comparison operators includes
+.BR = ,
+(and
+.BR == ),
+.BR != ,
+.BR <= ,
+.BR >= ,
+.BR < ,
+and
+.BR > .
+The version number supplied on the right side of the operator consists
+of a major version number, an optional decimal point, and an optional
+minor version (e.g., \fB7.1\fP). If the minor version is omitted, it
+is assumed to be \fB0\fP.
+The operator may be separated from the string \fBversion\fP   
+and from the version number argument by whitespace.
+.IP \fBapplication\fP
+The \fBapplication\fP construct is used to include
+application-specific settings.  Each program using the readline
+library sets the \fIapplication name\fP, and an initialization
+file can test for a particular value.
+This could be used to bind key sequences to functions useful for
+a specific program.  For instance, the following command adds a
+key sequence that quotes the current or previous word in \fBbash\fP:
+.sp 1
+.RS
+.nf
+\fB$if\fP Bash
+# Quote the current or previous word
+"\eC\-xq": "\eeb\e"\eef\e""
+\fB$endif\fP
+.fi
+.RE
+.IP \fIvariable\fP
+The \fIvariable\fP construct provides simple equality tests for readline
+variables and values.
+The permitted comparison operators are \fI=\fP, \fI==\fP, and \fI!=\fP.
+The variable name must be separated from the comparison operator by
+whitespace; the operator may be separated from the value on the right hand
+side by whitespace.
+Both string and boolean variables may be tested. Boolean variables must be
+tested against the values \fIon\fP and \fIoff\fP.
+.RE
+.IP \fB$endif\fP
+This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an
+\fB$if\fP command.
+.IP \fB$else\fP
+Commands in this branch of the \fB$if\fP directive are executed if
+the test fails.
+.IP \fB$include\fP
+This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads commands
+and bindings from that file.  For example, the following directive
+would read \fI/etc/inputrc\fP:
+.sp 1
+.RS
+.nf
+\fB$include\fP \^ \fI/etc/inputrc\fP
+.fi
+.RE
+.SS Searching
+.PP
+Readline provides commands for searching through the command history
+(see
+.SM
+.B HISTORY
+below) for lines containing a specified string.
+There are two search modes:
+.I incremental
+and
+.IR non-incremental .
+.PP
+Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the
+search string.
+As each character of the search string is typed, readline displays
+the next entry from the history matching the string typed so far.
+An incremental search requires only as many characters as needed to
+find the desired history entry.
+The characters present in the value of the \fBisearch-terminators\fP
+variable are used to terminate an incremental search.
+If that variable has not been assigned a value the Escape and
+Control-J characters will terminate an incremental search.
+Control-G will abort an incremental search and restore the original
+line.
+When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the
+search string becomes the current line.
+.PP
+To find other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or
+Control-R as appropriate.
+This will search backward or forward in the history for the next
+entry matching the search string typed so far.
+Any other key sequence bound to a readline command will terminate
+the search and execute that command.
+For instance, a \fInewline\fP will terminate the search and accept
+the line, thereby executing the command from the history list.
+.PP
+Readline remembers the last incremental search string.  If two
+Control-Rs are typed without any intervening characters defining a
+new search string, any remembered search string is used.
+.PP
+Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting
+to search for matching history lines.  The search string may be
+typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line.
+.SS "Readline Command Names"
+.PP
+The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default
+key sequences to which they are bound.
+Command names without an accompanying key sequence are unbound by default.
+In the following descriptions, \fIpoint\fP refers to the current cursor
+position, and \fImark\fP refers to a cursor position saved by the
+\fBset\-mark\fP command.
+The text between the point and mark is referred to as the \fIregion\fP.
+.SS Commands for Moving
+.PP
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B beginning\-of\-line (C\-a)
+Move to the start of the current line.
+.TP
+.B end\-of\-line (C\-e)
+Move to the end of the line.
+.TP
+.B forward\-char (C\-f)
+Move forward a character.
+.TP
+.B backward\-char (C\-b)
+Move back a character.
+.TP
+.B forward\-word (M\-f)
+Move forward to the end of the next word.  Words are composed of
+alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).
+.TP
+.B backward\-word (M\-b)
+Move back to the start of the current or previous word.
+Words are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).
+.TP
+.B shell\-forward\-word
+Move forward to the end of the next word.
+Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters.
+.TP
+.B shell\-backward\-word
+Move back to the start of the current or previous word.
+Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters.
+.TP
+.B previous\-screen\-line
+Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the previous
+physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect if the current
+Readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if point is not  
+greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width.
+.TP
+.B next\-screen\-line
+Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the next
+physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect if the current
+Readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if the length
+of the current Readline line is not greater than the length of the prompt
+plus the screen width.
+.TP
+.B clear\-screen (C\-l)
+Clear the screen leaving the current line at the top of the screen.
+With an argument, refresh the current line without clearing the
+screen.
+.TP
+.B redraw\-current\-line
+Refresh the current line.
+.PD
+.SS Commands for Manipulating the History
+.PP
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B accept\-line (Newline, Return)
+Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is.  If this line is
+non-empty, add it to the history list according to the state of the
+.SM
+.B HISTCONTROL
+variable.  If the line is a modified history
+line, then restore the history line to its original state.
+.TP
+.B previous\-history (C\-p)
+Fetch the previous command from the history list, moving back in
+the list.
+.TP
+.B next\-history (C\-n)
+Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in the
+list.
+.TP
+.B beginning\-of\-history (M\-<)
+Move to the first line in the history.
+.TP
+.B end\-of\-history (M\->)
+Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently being
+entered.
+.TP
+.B reverse\-search\-history (C\-r)
+Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' through
+the history as necessary.  This is an incremental search.
+.TP
+.B forward\-search\-history (C\-s)
+Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' through
+the history as necessary.  This is an incremental search.
+.TP
+.B non\-incremental\-reverse\-search\-history (M\-p)
+Search backward through the history starting at the current line
+using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the user.
+.TP
+.B non\-incremental\-forward\-search\-history (M\-n)
+Search forward through the history using a non-incremental search for
+a string supplied by the user.
+.TP
+.B history\-search\-forward
+Search forward through the history for the string of characters
+between the start of the current line and the point.
+This is a non-incremental search.
+.TP
+.B history\-search\-backward
+Search backward through the history for the string of characters
+between the start of the current line and the point.
+This is a non-incremental search.
+.TP
+.B history\-substring\-search\-backward
+Search backward through the history for the string of characters   
+between the start of the current line and the current cursor
+position (the \fIpoint\fP).
+The search string may match anywhere in a history line.
+This is a non-incremental search.
+.TP
+.B history\-substring\-search\-forward
+Search forward through the history for the string of characters
+between the start of the current line and the point.
+The search string may match anywhere in a history line.
+This is a non-incremental search.
+.TP
+.B yank\-nth\-arg (M\-C\-y)
+Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually
+the second word on the previous line) at point.
+With an argument
+.IR n ,
+insert the \fIn\fPth word from the previous command (the words
+in the previous command begin with word 0).  A negative argument
+inserts the \fIn\fPth word from the end of the previous command.
+Once the argument \fIn\fP is computed, the argument is extracted
+as if the "!\fIn\fP" history expansion had been specified.
+.TP
+.B
+yank\-last\-arg (M\-.\^, M\-_\^)
+Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word of
+the previous history entry).
+With a numeric argument, behave exactly like \fByank\-nth\-arg\fP.
+Successive calls to \fByank\-last\-arg\fP move back through the history
+list, inserting the last word (or the word specified by the argument to
+the first call) of each line in turn.
+Any numeric argument supplied to these successive calls determines
+the direction to move through the history.  A negative argument switches
+the direction through the history (back or forward).
+The history expansion facilities are used to extract the last word,
+as if the "!$" history expansion had been specified.
+.TP
+.B shell\-expand\-line (M\-C\-e)
+Expand the line as the shell does.  This
+performs alias and history expansion as well as all of the shell
+word expansions.  See
+.SM
+.B HISTORY EXPANSION
+below for a description of history expansion.
+.TP
+.B history\-expand\-line (M\-^)
+Perform history expansion on the current line.
+See
+.SM
+.B HISTORY EXPANSION
+below for a description of history expansion.
+.TP
+.B magic\-space
+Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a space.
+See
+.SM
+.B HISTORY EXPANSION
+below for a description of history expansion.
+.TP
+.B alias\-expand\-line
+Perform alias expansion on the current line.
+See
+.SM
+.B ALIASES
+above for a description of alias expansion.
+.TP
+.B history\-and\-alias\-expand\-line
+Perform history and alias expansion on the current line.
+.TP
+.B insert\-last\-argument (M\-.\^, M\-_\^)
+A synonym for \fByank\-last\-arg\fP.
+.TP
+.B operate\-and\-get\-next (C\-o)
+Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line
+relative to the current line from the history for editing.
+A numeric argument, if supplied, specifies the history entry to use instead
+of the current line.
+.TP
+.B edit\-and\-execute\-command (C\-x C\-e)
+Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the result as shell
+commands.
+\fBBash\fP attempts to invoke
+.SM
+.BR $VISUAL ,
+.SM
+.BR $EDITOR ,
+and \fIemacs\fP as the editor, in that order.
+.PD
+.SS Commands for Changing Text
+.PP
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B \fIend\-of\-file\fP (usually C\-d)
+The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by
+.if t \f(CWstty\fP.
+.if n ``stty''.
+If this character is read when there are no characters
+on the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, Readline
+interprets it as the end of input and returns
+.SM
+.BR EOF .
+.TP
+.B delete\-char (C\-d)
+Delete the character at point.
+If this function is bound to the
+same character as the tty \fBEOF\fP character, as \fBC\-d\fP
+commonly is, see above for the effects.
+.TP
+.B backward\-delete\-char (Rubout)
+Delete the character behind the cursor.  When given a numeric argument,
+save the deleted text on the kill ring.
+.TP
+.B forward\-backward\-delete\-char
+Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the
+end of the line, in which case the character behind the cursor is
+deleted.
+.TP
+.B quoted\-insert (C\-q, C\-v)
+Add the next character typed to the line verbatim.  This is
+how to insert characters like \fBC\-q\fP, for example.
+.TP
+.B tab\-insert (C\-v TAB)
+Insert a tab character.
+.TP
+.B self\-insert (a,\ b,\ A,\ 1,\ !,\ ...)
+Insert the character typed.
+.TP
+.B transpose\-chars (C\-t)
+Drag the character before point forward over the character at point,
+moving point forward as well.
+If point is at the end of the line, then this transposes
+the two characters before point.
+Negative arguments have no effect.
+.TP
+.B transpose\-words (M\-t)
+Drag the word before point past the word after point,
+moving point over that word as well.
+If point is at the end of the line, this transposes
+the last two words on the line.
+.TP
+.B upcase\-word (M\-u)
+Uppercase the current (or following) word.  With a negative argument,
+uppercase the previous word, but do not move point.
+.TP
+.B downcase\-word (M\-l)
+Lowercase the current (or following) word.  With a negative argument,
+lowercase the previous word, but do not move point.
+.TP
+.B capitalize\-word (M\-c)
+Capitalize the current (or following) word.  With a negative argument,
+capitalize the previous word, but do not move point.
+.TP
+.B overwrite\-mode
+Toggle overwrite mode.  With an explicit positive numeric argument,
+switches to overwrite mode.  With an explicit non-positive numeric
+argument, switches to insert mode.  This command affects only
+\fBemacs\fP mode; \fBvi\fP mode does overwrite differently.
+Each call to \fIreadline()\fP starts in insert mode.
+In overwrite mode, characters bound to \fBself\-insert\fP replace
+the text at point rather than pushing the text to the right.
+Characters bound to \fBbackward\-delete\-char\fP replace the character
+before point with a space.  By default, this command is unbound.
+.PD
+.SS Killing and Yanking
+.PP
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B kill\-line (C\-k)
+Kill the text from point to the end of the line.
+.TP
+.B backward\-kill\-line (C\-x Rubout)
+Kill backward to the beginning of the line.
+.TP
+.B unix\-line\-discard (C\-u)
+Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line.
+The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
+.\" There is no real difference between this and backward-kill-line
+.TP
+.B kill\-whole\-line
+Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.
+.TP
+.B kill\-word (M\-d)
+Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
+words, to the end of the next word.
+Word boundaries are the same as those used by \fBforward\-word\fP.
+.TP
+.B backward\-kill\-word (M\-Rubout)
+Kill the word behind point.
+Word boundaries are the same as those used by \fBbackward\-word\fP.
+.TP
+.B shell\-kill\-word
+Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
+words, to the end of the next word.
+Word boundaries are the same as those used by \fBshell\-forward\-word\fP.
+.TP
+.B shell\-backward\-kill\-word
+Kill the word behind point.
+Word boundaries are the same as those used by \fBshell\-backward\-word\fP.
+.TP
+.B unix\-word\-rubout (C\-w)
+Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary.
+The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
+.TP
+.B unix\-filename\-rubout
+Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash character
+as the word boundaries.
+The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
+.TP
+.B delete\-horizontal\-space (M\-\e)
+Delete all spaces and tabs around point.
+.TP
+.B kill\-region
+Kill the text in the current region.
+.TP
+.B copy\-region\-as\-kill
+Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer.
+.TP
+.B copy\-backward\-word
+Copy the word before point to the kill buffer.
+The word boundaries are the same as \fBbackward\-word\fP.
+.TP
+.B copy\-forward\-word
+Copy the word following point to the kill buffer.
+The word boundaries are the same as \fBforward\-word\fP.
+.TP
+.B yank (C\-y)
+Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point.
+.TP
+.B yank\-pop (M\-y)
+Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top.  Only works following
+.B yank
+or
+.BR yank\-pop .
+.PD
+.SS Numeric Arguments
+.PP
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B digit\-argument (M\-0, M\-1, ..., M\-\-)
+Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new
+argument.  M\-\- starts a negative argument.
+.TP
+.B universal\-argument
+This is another way to specify an argument.
+If this command is followed by one or more digits, optionally with a
+leading minus sign, those digits define the argument.
+If the command is followed by digits, executing
+.B universal\-argument
+again ends the numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored.
+As a special case, if this command is immediately followed by a
+character that is neither a digit nor minus sign, the argument count
+for the next command is multiplied by four.
+The argument count is initially one, so executing this function the
+first time makes the argument count four, a second time makes the
+argument count sixteen, and so on.
+.PD
+.SS Completing
+.PP
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B complete (TAB)
+Attempt to perform completion on the text before point.
+.B Bash
+attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the
+text begins with \fB$\fP), username (if the text begins with
+\fB~\fP), hostname (if the text begins with \fB@\fP), or
+command (including aliases and functions) in turn.  If none
+of these produces a match, filename completion is attempted.
+.TP
+.B possible\-completions (M\-?)
+List the possible completions of the text before point.
+.TP
+.B insert\-completions (M\-*)
+Insert all completions of the text before point
+that would have been generated by
+\fBpossible\-completions\fP.
+.TP
+.B menu\-complete
+Similar to \fBcomplete\fP, but replaces the word to be completed
+with a single match from the list of possible completions.
+Repeated execution of \fBmenu\-complete\fP steps through the list
+of possible completions, inserting each match in turn.
+At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung
+(subject to the setting of \fBbell\-style\fP)
+and the original text is restored.
+An argument of \fIn\fP moves \fIn\fP positions forward in the list
+of matches; a negative argument may be used to move backward
+through the list.
+This command is intended to be bound to \fBTAB\fP, but is unbound
+by default.
+.TP
+.B menu\-complete\-backward
+Identical to \fBmenu\-complete\fP, but moves backward through the list
+of possible completions, as if \fBmenu\-complete\fP had been given a
+negative argument.  This command is unbound by default.
+.TP
+.B delete\-char\-or\-list
+Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or
+end of the line (like \fBdelete\-char\fP).
+If at the end of the line, behaves identically to
+\fBpossible\-completions\fP.
+This command is unbound by default.
+.TP
+.B complete\-filename (M\-/)
+Attempt filename completion on the text before point.
+.TP
+.B possible\-filename\-completions (C\-x /)
+List the possible completions of the text before point,
+treating it as a filename.
+.TP
+.B complete\-username (M\-~)
+Attempt completion on the text before point, treating
+it as a username.
+.TP
+.B possible\-username\-completions (C\-x ~)
+List the possible completions of the text before point,
+treating it as a username.
+.TP
+.B complete\-variable (M\-$)
+Attempt completion on the text before point, treating
+it as a shell variable.
+.TP
+.B possible\-variable\-completions (C\-x $)
+List the possible completions of the text before point,
+treating it as a shell variable.
+.TP
+.B complete\-hostname (M\-@)
+Attempt completion on the text before point, treating
+it as a hostname.
+.TP
+.B possible\-hostname\-completions (C\-x @)
+List the possible completions of the text before point,
+treating it as a hostname.
+.TP
+.B complete\-command (M\-!)
+Attempt completion on the text before point, treating
+it as a command name.  Command completion attempts to
+match the text against aliases, reserved words, shell
+functions, shell builtins, and finally executable filenames,
+in that order.
+.TP
+.B possible\-command\-completions (C\-x !)
+List the possible completions of the text before point,
+treating it as a command name.
+.TP
+.B dynamic\-complete\-history (M\-TAB)
+Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing
+the text against lines from the history list for possible
+completion matches.
+.TP
+.B dabbrev\-expand
+Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing
+the text against lines from the history list for possible
+completion matches.
+.TP
+.B complete\-into\-braces (M\-{)
+Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible completions
+enclosed within braces so the list is available to the shell (see
+.B Brace Expansion
+above).
+.PD
+.SS Keyboard Macros
+.PP
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B start\-kbd\-macro (C\-x (\^)
+Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro.
+.TP
+.B end\-kbd\-macro (C\-x )\^)
+Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro
+and store the definition.
+.TP
+.B call\-last\-kbd\-macro (C\-x e)
+Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the characters
+in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard.
+.TP
+.B print\-last\-kbd\-macro ()
+Print the last keyboard macro defined in a format suitable for the
+\fIinputrc\fP file.
+.PD
+.SS Miscellaneous
+.PP
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B re\-read\-init\-file (C\-x C\-r)
+Read in the contents of the \fIinputrc\fP file, and incorporate
+any bindings or variable assignments found there.
+.TP
+.B abort (C\-g)
+Abort the current editing command and
+ring the terminal's bell (subject to the setting of
+.BR bell\-style ).
+.TP
+.B do\-lowercase\-version (M\-A, M\-B, M\-\fIx\fP, ...)
+If the metafied character \fIx\fP is uppercase, run the command
+that is bound to the corresponding metafied lowercase character. 
+The behavior is undefined if \fIx\fP is already lowercase. 
+.TP
+.B prefix\-meta (ESC)
+Metafy the next character typed.
+.SM
+.B ESC
+.B f
+is equivalent to
+.BR Meta\-f .
+.TP
+.B undo (C\-_, C\-x C\-u)
+Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.
+.TP
+.B revert\-line (M\-r)
+Undo all changes made to this line.  This is like executing the
+.B undo
+command enough times to return the line to its initial state.
+.TP
+.B tilde\-expand (M\-&)
+Perform tilde expansion on the current word.
+.TP
+.B set\-mark (C\-@, M\-<space>)
+Set the mark to the point.  If a
+numeric argument is supplied, the mark is set to that position.
+.TP
+.B exchange\-point\-and\-mark (C\-x C\-x)
+Swap the point with the mark.  The current cursor position is set to
+the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the mark.
+.TP
+.B character\-search (C\-])
+A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of that
+character.  A negative count searches for previous occurrences.
+.TP
+.B character\-search\-backward (M\-C\-])
+A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence of that
+character.  A negative count searches for subsequent occurrences.
+.TP
+.B skip\-csi\-sequence
+Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as those
+defined for keys like Home and End.  Such sequences begin with a
+Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC\-[.  If this sequence is
+bound to "\e[", keys producing such sequences will have no effect
+unless explicitly bound to a readline command, instead of inserting
+stray characters into the editing buffer.  This is unbound by default,
+but usually bound to ESC\-[.
+.TP
+.B insert\-comment (M\-#)
+Without a numeric argument, the value of the readline
+.B comment\-begin
+variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line.
+If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if
+the characters at the beginning of the line do not match the value
+of \fBcomment\-begin\fP, the value is inserted, otherwise
+the characters in \fBcomment\-begin\fP are deleted from the beginning of
+the line.
+In either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed.
+The default value of
+\fBcomment\-begin\fP causes this command to make the current line
+a shell comment.
+If a numeric argument causes the comment character to be removed, the line
+will be executed by the shell.
+.TP
+.B glob\-complete\-word (M\-g)
+The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion,
+with an asterisk implicitly appended.  This pattern is used to
+generate a list of matching filenames for possible completions.
+.TP
+.B glob\-expand\-word (C\-x *)
+The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion,
+and the list of matching filenames is inserted, replacing the word.
+If a numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before
+pathname expansion.
+.TP
+.B glob\-list\-expansions (C\-x g)
+The list of expansions that would have been generated by
+.B glob\-expand\-word
+is displayed, and the line is redrawn.
+If a numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before
+pathname expansion.
+.TP
+.B dump\-functions
+Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the
+readline output stream.  If a numeric argument is supplied,
+the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
+of an \fIinputrc\fP file.
+.TP
+.B dump\-variables
+Print all of the settable readline variables and their values to the
+readline output stream.  If a numeric argument is supplied,
+the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
+of an \fIinputrc\fP file.
+.TP
+.B dump\-macros
+Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the
+strings they output.  If a numeric argument is supplied,
+the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
+of an \fIinputrc\fP file.
+.TP
+.B display\-shell\-version (C\-x C\-v)
+Display version information about the current instance of
+.BR bash .
+.PD
+.SS Programmable Completion
+.PP
+When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for
+which a completion specification (a \fIcompspec\fP) has been defined
+using the \fBcomplete\fP builtin (see
+.SM
+.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS"
+below), the programmable completion facilities are invoked.
+.PP
+First, the command name is identified.
+If the command word is the empty string (completion attempted at the
+beginning of an empty line), any compspec defined with
+the \fB\-E\fP option to \fBcomplete\fP is used.
+If a compspec has been defined for that command, the
+compspec is used to generate the list of possible completions for the word.
+If the command word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full
+pathname is searched for first.
+If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an attempt is made to
+find a compspec for the portion following the final slash.
+If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec defined with
+the \fB\-D\fP option to \fBcomplete\fP is used as the default.
+If there is no default compspec, \fBbash\fP attempts alias expansion
+on the command word as a final resort, and attempts to find a compspec
+for the command word from any successful expansion.
+.PP
+Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of
+matching words.
+If a compspec is not found, the default \fBbash\fP completion as
+described above under \fBCompleting\fP is performed.
+.PP
+First, the actions specified by the compspec are used.
+Only matches which are prefixed by the word being completed are
+returned.
+When the
+.B \-f
+or
+.B \-d
+option is used for filename or directory name completion, the shell
+variable
+.SM
+.B FIGNORE
+is used to filter the matches.
+.PP
+Any completions specified by a pathname expansion pattern to the
+\fB\-G\fP option are generated next.
+The words generated by the pattern need not match the word
+being completed.
+The
+.SM
+.B GLOBIGNORE
+shell variable is not used to filter the matches, but the
+.SM
+.B FIGNORE
+variable is used.
+.PP
+Next, the string specified as the argument to the \fB\-W\fP option
+is considered.
+The string is first split using the characters in the
+.SM
+.B IFS
+special variable as delimiters.
+Shell quoting is honored.
+Each word is then expanded using
+brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
+command substitution, and arithmetic expansion,
+as described above under
+.SM
+.BR EXPANSION .
+The results are split using the rules described above under
+\fBWord Splitting\fP.
+The results of the expansion are prefix-matched against the word being
+completed, and the matching words become the possible completions.
+.PP
+After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command
+specified with the \fB\-F\fP and \fB\-C\fP options is invoked.
+When the command or function is invoked, the
+.SM
+.BR COMP_LINE ,
+.SM
+.BR COMP_POINT ,
+.SM
+.BR COMP_KEY ,
+and
+.SM
+.B COMP_TYPE
+variables are assigned values as described above under
+\fBShell Variables\fP.
+If a shell function is being invoked, the
+.SM
+.B COMP_WORDS
+and
+.SM
+.B COMP_CWORD
+variables are also set.
+When the function or command is invoked,
+the first argument (\fB$1\fP) is the name of the command whose arguments are
+being completed,
+the second argument (\fB$2\fP) is the word being completed,
+and the third argument (\fB$3\fP) is the word preceding the word being
+completed on the current command line.
+No filtering of the generated completions against the word being completed
+is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in generating
+the matches.
+.PP
+Any function specified with \fB\-F\fP is invoked first.
+The function may use any of the shell facilities, including the
+\fBcompgen\fP builtin described below, to generate the matches.
+It must put the possible completions in the
+.SM
+.B COMPREPLY
+array variable, one per array element.
+.PP
+Next, any command specified with the \fB\-C\fP option is invoked
+in an environment equivalent to command substitution.
+It should print a list of completions, one per line, to the
+standard output.
+Backslash may be used to escape a newline, if necessary.
+.PP
+After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter
+specified with the \fB\-X\fP option is applied to the list.
+The filter is a pattern as used for pathname expansion; a \fB&\fP
+in the pattern is replaced with the text of the word being completed.
+A literal \fB&\fP may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash
+is removed before attempting a match.
+Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list.
+A leading \fB!\fP negates the pattern; in this case any completion
+not matching the pattern will be removed.
+If the
+.B nocasematch
+shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+of alphabetic characters.
+.PP
+Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the \fB\-P\fP and \fB\-S\fP
+options are added to each member of the completion list, and the result is
+returned to the readline completion code as the list of possible
+completions.
+.PP
+If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the
+\fB\-o dirnames\fP option was supplied to \fBcomplete\fP when the
+compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted.
+.PP
+If the \fB\-o plusdirs\fP option was supplied to \fBcomplete\fP when the
+compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any
+matches are added to the results of the other actions.
+.PP
+By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned
+to the completion code as the full set of possible completions.
+The default \fBbash\fP completions are not attempted, and the readline
+default of filename completion is disabled.
+If the \fB\-o bashdefault\fP option was supplied to \fBcomplete\fP when
+the compspec was defined, the \fBbash\fP default completions are attempted
+if the compspec generates no matches.
+If the \fB\-o default\fP option was supplied to \fBcomplete\fP when the
+compspec was defined, readline's default completion will be performed
+if the compspec (and, if attempted, the default \fBbash\fP completions)
+generate no matches.
+.PP
+When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired,
+the programmable completion functions force readline to append a slash
+to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to
+the value of the \fBmark\-directories\fP readline variable, regardless
+of the setting of the \fBmark-symlinked\-directories\fP readline variable.
+.PP
+There is some support for dynamically modifying completions.  This is
+most useful when used in combination with a default completion specified
+with \fBcomplete \-D\fP.
+It's possible for shell functions executed as completion
+handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by returning an
+exit status of 124.  If a shell function returns 124, and changes
+the compspec associated with the command on which completion is being
+attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is executed),
+programmable completion restarts from the beginning, with an
+attempt to find a new compspec for that command.  This allows a set of
+completions to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather than
+being loaded all at once.
+.PP
+For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each kept in a
+file corresponding to the name of the command, the following default
+completion function would load completions dynamically:
+.PP
+\f(CW_completion_loader()
+.br
+{
+.br
+	. "/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124
+.br
+}
+.br
+complete -D -F _completion_loader -o bashdefault -o default
+.br
+\fP
+.SH HISTORY
+When the
+.B \-o history
+option to the
+.B set
+builtin is enabled, the shell provides access to the
+\fIcommand history\fP,
+the list of commands previously typed.
+The value of the
+.SM
+.B HISTSIZE
+variable is used as the
+number of commands to save in a history list.
+The text of the last
+.SM
+.B HISTSIZE
+commands (default 500) is saved.  The shell
+stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and
+variable expansion (see
+.SM
+.B EXPANSION
+above) but after history expansion is performed, subject to the
+values of the shell variables
+.SM
+.B HISTIGNORE
+and
+.SM
+.BR HISTCONTROL .
+.PP
+On startup, the history is initialized from the file named by
+the variable
+.SM
+.B HISTFILE
+(default \fI~/.bash_history\fP).
+The file named by the value of
+.SM
+.B HISTFILE
+is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than
+the number of lines specified by the value of
+.SM
+.BR HISTFILESIZE .
+If \fBHISTFILESIZE\fP is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value,
+or a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not truncated.
+When the history file is read,
+lines beginning with the history comment character followed immediately
+by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for the following history line.
+These timestamps are optionally displayed depending on the value of the
+.SM
+.B HISTTIMEFORMAT
+variable.
+When a shell with history enabled exits, the last
+.SM
+.B $HISTSIZE
+lines are copied from the history list to
+.SM
+.BR $HISTFILE .
+If the
+.B histappend
+shell option is enabled
+(see the description of
+.B shopt
+under
+.SM
+.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS"
+below), the lines are appended to the history file,
+otherwise the history file is overwritten.
+If
+.SM
+.B HISTFILE
+is unset, or if the history file is unwritable, the history is
+not saved.
+If the
+.SM
+.B HISTTIMEFORMAT
+variable is set, time stamps are written to the history file, marked
+with the history comment character, so
+they may be preserved across shell sessions.
+This uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from
+other history lines.
+After saving the history, the history file is truncated
+to contain no more than
+.SM
+.B HISTFILESIZE
+lines.  If
+.SM
+.B HISTFILESIZE
+is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value,
+or a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not truncated.
+.PP
+The builtin command
+.B fc
+(see
+.SM
+.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
+below) may be used to list or edit and re-execute a portion of
+the history list.
+The
+.B history
+builtin may be used to display or modify the history list and
+manipulate the history file.
+When using command-line editing, search commands
+are available in each editing mode that provide access to the
+history list.
+.PP
+The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history
+list.  The
+.SM
+.B HISTCONTROL
+and
+.SM
+.B HISTIGNORE
+variables may be set to cause the shell to save only a subset of the
+commands entered.
+The
+.B cmdhist
+shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each
+line of a multi-line command in the same history entry, adding
+semicolons where necessary to preserve syntactic correctness.
+The
+.B lithist
+shell option causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines
+instead of semicolons.  See the description of the
+.B shopt
+builtin below under
+.SM
+.B "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS"
+for information on setting and unsetting shell options.
+.SH "HISTORY EXPANSION"
+.PP
+The shell supports a history expansion feature that
+is similar to the history expansion in
+.BR csh .
+This section describes what syntax features are available.  This
+feature is enabled by default for interactive shells, and can be
+disabled using the
+.B +H
+option to the
+.B set
+builtin command (see
+.SM
+.B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
+below).  Non-interactive shells do not perform history expansion
+by default.
+.PP
+History expansions introduce words from the history list into
+the input stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the
+arguments to a previous command into the current input line, or
+fix errors in previous commands quickly.
+.PP
+History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line
+is read, before the shell breaks it into words, and is performed
+on each line individually without taking quoting on previous lines into
+account.
+It takes place in two parts.
+The first is to determine which line from the history list
+to use during substitution.
+The second is to select portions of that line for inclusion into
+the current one.
+The line selected from the history is the \fIevent\fP,
+and the portions of that line that are acted upon are \fIwords\fP.
+Various \fImodifiers\fP are available to manipulate the selected words.
+The line is broken into words in the same fashion as when reading input,
+so that several \fImetacharacter\fP-separated words surrounded by
+quotes are considered one word.
+History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the
+history expansion character, which is \^\fB!\fP\^ by default.
+Only backslash (\^\fB\e\fP\^) and single quotes can quote
+the history expansion character, but the history expansion character is
+also treated as quoted if it immediately precedes the closing double quote
+in a double-quoted string.
+.PP
+Several characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately
+following the history expansion character, even if it is unquoted:
+space, tab, newline, carriage return, and \fB=\fP.
+If the \fBextglob\fP shell option is enabled, \fB(\fP will also
+inhibit expansion.
+.PP
+Several shell options settable with the
+.B shopt
+builtin may be used to tailor the behavior of history expansion.
+If the
+.B histverify
+shell option is enabled (see the description of the
+.B shopt
+builtin below), and
+.B readline
+is being used, history substitutions are not immediately passed to
+the shell parser.
+Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the
+.B readline
+editing buffer for further modification.
+If
+.B readline
+is being used, and the
+.B histreedit
+shell option is enabled, a failed history substitution will be reloaded
+into the
+.B readline
+editing buffer for correction.
+The
+.B \-p
+option to the
+.B history
+builtin command may be used to see what a history expansion will
+do before using it.
+The
+.B \-s
+option to the
+.B history
+builtin may be used to add commands to the end of the history list
+without actually executing them, so that they are available for
+subsequent recall.
+.PP
+The shell allows control of the various characters used by the
+history expansion mechanism (see the description of
+.B histchars
+above under
+.BR "Shell Variables" ).
+The shell uses
+the history comment character to mark history timestamps when
+writing the history file.
+.SS Event Designators
+.PP
+An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the
+history list.
+Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to the current
+position in the history list.
+.PP
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B !
+Start a history substitution, except when followed by a
+.BR blank ,
+newline, carriage return, =
+or ( (when the \fBextglob\fP shell option is enabled using
+the \fBshopt\fP builtin).
+.TP
+.B !\fIn\fR
+Refer to command line
+.IR n .
+.TP
+.B !\-\fIn\fR
+Refer to the current command minus
+.IR n .
+.TP
+.B !!
+Refer to the previous command.  This is a synonym for `!\-1'.
+.TP
+.B !\fIstring\fR
+Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in the
+history list starting with
+.IR string .
+.TP
+.B !?\fIstring\fR\fB[?]\fR
+Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in the
+history list containing
+.IR string .
+The trailing \fB?\fP may be omitted if
+.I string
+is followed immediately by a newline.
+.TP
+.B \d\s+2^\s-2\u\fIstring1\fP\d\s+2^\s-2\u\fIstring2\fP\d\s+2^\s-2\u
+Quick substitution.  Repeat the previous command, replacing
+.I string1
+with
+.IR string2 .
+Equivalent to
+``!!:s/\fIstring1\fP/\fIstring2\fP/''
+(see \fBModifiers\fP below).
+.TP
+.B !#
+The entire command line typed so far.
+.PD
+.SS Word Designators
+.PP
+Word designators are used to select desired words from the event.
+A
+.B :
+separates the event specification from the word designator.
+It may be omitted if the word designator begins with a
+.BR ^ ,
+.BR $ ,
+.BR * ,
+.BR \- ,
+or
+.BR % .
+Words are numbered from the beginning of the line,
+with the first word being denoted by 0 (zero).
+Words are inserted into the current line separated by single spaces.
+.PP
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B 0 (zero)
+The zeroth word.  For the shell, this is the command
+word.
+.TP
+.I n
+The \fIn\fRth word.
+.TP
+.B ^
+The first argument.  That is, word 1.
+.TP
+.B $
+The last word.  This is usually the last argument, but will expand to the
+zeroth word if there is only one word in the line.
+.TP
+.B %
+The word matched by the most recent `?\fIstring\fR?' search.
+.TP
+.I x\fB\-\fPy
+A range of words; `\-\fIy\fR' abbreviates `0\-\fIy\fR'.
+.TP
+.B *
+All of the words but the zeroth.  This is a synonym
+for `\fI1\-$\fP'.  It is not an error to use
+.B *
+if there is just one
+word in the event; the empty string is returned in that case.
+.TP
+.B x*
+Abbreviates \fIx\-$\fP.
+.TP
+.B x\-
+Abbreviates \fIx\-$\fP like \fBx*\fP, but omits the last word.
+.PD
+.PP
+If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the
+previous command is used as the event.
+.SS Modifiers
+.PP
+After the optional word designator, there may appear a sequence of
+one or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a `:'.
+.PP
+.PD 0
+.PP
+.TP
+.B h
+Remove a trailing filename component, leaving only the head.
+.TP
+.B t
+Remove all leading filename components, leaving the tail.
+.TP
+.B r
+Remove a trailing suffix of the form \fI.xxx\fP, leaving the
+basename.
+.TP
+.B e
+Remove all but the trailing suffix.
+.TP
+.B p
+Print the new command but do not execute it.
+.TP
+.B q
+Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions.
+.TP
+.B x
+Quote the substituted words as with
+.BR q ,
+but break into words at
+.B blanks
+and newlines.
+.TP
+.B s/\fIold\fP/\fInew\fP/
+Substitute
+.I new
+for the first occurrence of
+.I old
+in the event line.  Any delimiter can be used in place of /.  The
+final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the
+event line.  The delimiter may be quoted in
+.I old
+and
+.I new
+with a single backslash.  If & appears in
+.IR new ,
+it is replaced by
+.IR old .
+A single backslash will quote the &.  If
+.I old
+is null, it is set to the last
+.I old
+substituted, or, if no previous history substitutions took place,
+the last
+.I string
+in a
+.B !?\fIstring\fR\fB[?]\fR
+search.
+.TP
+.B &
+Repeat the previous substitution.
+.TP
+.B g
+Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line.  This is
+used in conjunction with `\fB:s\fP' (e.g., `\fB:gs/\fIold\fP/\fInew\fP/\fR')
+or `\fB:&\fP'.  If used with
+`\fB:s\fP', any delimiter can be used
+in place of /, and the final delimiter is optional
+if it is the last character of the event line.
+An \fBa\fP may be used as a synonym for \fBg\fP.
+.TP
+.B G
+Apply the following `\fBs\fP' modifier once to each word in the event line.
+.PD
+.SH "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS"
+.\" start of bash_builtins
+.zZ
+.PP
+Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented in this
+section as accepting options preceded by
+.B \-
+accepts
+.B \-\-
+to signify the end of the options.
+The \fB:\fP, \fBtrue\fP, \fBfalse\fP, and \fBtest\fP/\fB[\fP builtins
+do not accept options and do not treat \fB\-\-\fP specially.
+The \fBexit\fP, \fBlogout\fP, \fBreturn\fP,
+\fBbreak\fP, \fBcontinue\fP, \fBlet\fP,
+and \fBshift\fP builtins accept and process arguments beginning with
+\fB\-\fP without requiring \fB\-\-\fP.
+Other builtins that accept arguments but are not specified as accepting
+options interpret arguments beginning with \fB\-\fP as invalid options and
+require \fB\-\-\fP to prevent this interpretation.
+.sp .5
+.PD 0
+.TP
+\fB:\fP [\fIarguments\fP]
+.PD
+No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding
+.I arguments
+and performing any specified
+redirections.
+The return status is zero.
+.TP
+\fB .\| \fP \fIfilename\fP [\fIarguments\fP]
+.PD 0
+.TP
+\fBsource\fP \fIfilename\fP [\fIarguments\fP]
+.PD
+Read and execute commands from
+.I filename
+in the current
+shell environment and return the exit status of the last command
+executed from
+.IR filename .
+If
+.I filename
+does not contain a slash, filenames in
+.SM
+.B PATH
+are used to find the directory containing
+.IR filename .
+The file searched for in
+.SM
+.B PATH
+need not be executable.
+When \fBbash\fP is not in \fIposix mode\fP, the current directory is
+searched if no file is found in
+.SM
+.BR PATH .
+If the
+.B sourcepath
+option to the
+.B shopt
+builtin command is turned off, the
+.SM
+.B PATH
+is not searched.
+If any \fIarguments\fP are supplied, they become the positional
+parameters when \fIfilename\fP is executed.  Otherwise the positional
+parameters are unchanged.
+If the \fB\-T\fP option is enabled, \fBsource\fP inherits any trap on
+\fBDEBUG\fP; if it is not, any \fBDEBUG\fP trap string is saved and
+restored around the call to \fBsource\fP, and \fBsource\fP unsets the
+\fBDEBUG\fP trap while it executes.
+If \fB\-T\fP is not set, and the sourced file changes
+the \fBDEBUG\fP trap, the new value is retained when \fBsource\fP completes.
+The return status is the status of the last command exited within
+the script (0 if no commands are executed), and false if
+.I filename
+is not found or cannot be read.
+.TP
+\fBalias\fP [\fB\-p\fP] [\fIname\fP[=\fIvalue\fP] ...]
+\fBAlias\fP with no arguments or with the
+.B \-p
+option prints the list of aliases in the form
+\fBalias\fP \fIname\fP=\fIvalue\fP on standard output.
+When arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for
+each \fIname\fP whose \fIvalue\fP is given.
+A trailing space in \fIvalue\fP causes the next word to be
+checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded.
+For each \fIname\fP in the argument list for which no \fIvalue\fP
+is supplied, the name and value of the alias is printed.
+\fBAlias\fP returns true unless a \fIname\fP is given for which
+no alias has been defined.
+.TP
+\fBbg\fP [\fIjobspec\fP ...]
+Resume each suspended job \fIjobspec\fP in the background, as if it
+had been started with
+.BR & .
+If
+.I jobspec
+is not present, the shell's notion of the \fIcurrent job\fP is used.
+.B bg
+.I jobspec
+returns 0 unless run when job control is disabled or, when run with
+job control enabled, any specified \fIjobspec\fP was not found
+or was started without job control.
+.TP
+\fBbind\fP [\fB\-m\fP \fIkeymap\fP] [\fB\-lpsvPSVX\fP]
+.PD 0
+.TP
+\fBbind\fP [\fB\-m\fP \fIkeymap\fP] [\fB\-q\fP \fIfunction\fP] [\fB\-u\fP \fIfunction\fP] [\fB\-r\fP \fIkeyseq\fP]
+.TP
+\fBbind\fP [\fB\-m\fP \fIkeymap\fP] \fB\-f\fP \fIfilename\fP
+.TP
+\fBbind\fP [\fB\-m\fP \fIkeymap\fP] \fB\-x\fP \fIkeyseq\fP:\fIshell\-command\fP
+.TP
+\fBbind\fP [\fB\-m\fP \fIkeymap\fP] \fIkeyseq\fP:\fIfunction\-name\fP
+.TP
+\fBbind\fP [\fB\-m\fP \fIkeymap\fP] \fIkeyseq\fP:\fIreadline\-command\fP
+.PD
+Display current
+.B readline
+key and function bindings, bind a key sequence to a
+.B readline
+function or macro, or set a
+.B readline
+variable.
+Each non-option argument is a command as it would appear in
+.IR .inputrc ,
+but each binding or command must be passed as a separate argument;
+e.g., '"\eC\-x\eC\-r": re\-read\-init\-file'.
+Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+.RS
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B \-m \fIkeymap\fP
+Use
+.I keymap
+as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent bindings.
+Acceptable
+.I keymap
+names are
+\fIemacs, emacs\-standard, emacs\-meta, emacs\-ctlx, vi,
+vi\-move, vi\-command\fP, and
+.IR vi\-insert .
+\fIvi\fP is equivalent to \fIvi\-command\fP (\fIvi\-move\fP is also
+a synonym); \fIemacs\fP is
+equivalent to \fIemacs\-standard\fP.
+.TP
+.B \-l
+List the names of all \fBreadline\fP functions.
+.TP
+.B \-p
+Display \fBreadline\fP function names and bindings in such a way
+that they can be re-read.
+.TP
+.B \-P
+List current \fBreadline\fP function names and bindings.
+.TP
+.B \-s
+Display \fBreadline\fP key sequences bound to macros and the strings
+they output in such a way that they can be re-read.
+.TP
+.B \-S
+Display \fBreadline\fP key sequences bound to macros and the strings
+they output.
+.TP
+.B \-v
+Display \fBreadline\fP variable names and values in such a way that they
+can be re-read.
+.TP
+.B \-V
+List current \fBreadline\fP variable names and values.
+.TP
+.B \-f \fIfilename\fP
+Read key bindings from \fIfilename\fP.
+.TP
+.B \-q \fIfunction\fP
+Query about which keys invoke the named \fIfunction\fP.
+.TP
+.B \-u \fIfunction\fP
+Unbind all keys bound to the named \fIfunction\fP.
+.TP
+.B \-r \fIkeyseq\fP
+Remove any current binding for \fIkeyseq\fP.
+.TP
+.B \-x \fIkeyseq\fP:\fIshell\-command\fP
+Cause \fIshell\-command\fP to be executed whenever \fIkeyseq\fP is
+entered.
+When \fIshell\-command\fP is executed, the shell sets the
+.SM
+.B READLINE_LINE
+variable to the contents of the \fBreadline\fP line buffer and the
+.SM
+.B READLINE_POINT
+variable to the current location of the insertion point.
+If the executed command changes the value of
+.SM
+.B READLINE_LINE
+or
+.SM
+.BR READLINE_POINT ,
+those new values will be reflected in the editing state.
+.TP
+.B \-X
+List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the associated commands
+in a format that can be reused as input.
+.PD
+.PP
+The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or an
+error occurred.
+.RE
+.TP
+\fBbreak\fP [\fIn\fP]
+Exit from within a
+.BR for ,
+.BR while ,
+.BR until ,
+or
+.B select
+loop.  If \fIn\fP is specified, break \fIn\fP levels.
+.I n
+must be \(>= 1.  If
+.I n
+is greater than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops
+are exited.
+The return value is 0 unless \fIn\fP is not greater than or equal to 1.
+.TP
+\fBbuiltin\fP \fIshell\-builtin\fP [\fIarguments\fP]
+Execute the specified shell builtin, passing it
+.IR arguments ,
+and return its exit status.
+This is useful when defining a
+function whose name is the same as a shell builtin,
+retaining the functionality of the builtin within the function.
+The \fBcd\fP builtin is commonly redefined this way.
+The return status is false if
+.I shell\-builtin
+is not a shell builtin command.
+.TP
+\fBcaller\fP [\fIexpr\fP]
+Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell function or
+a script executed with the \fB.\fP or \fBsource\fP builtins).
+Without \fIexpr\fP, \fBcaller\fP displays the line number and source
+filename of the current subroutine call.
+If a non-negative integer is supplied as \fIexpr\fP, \fBcaller\fP
+displays the line number, subroutine name, and source file corresponding
+to that position in the current execution call stack.  This extra
+information may be used, for example, to print a stack trace.  The
+current frame is frame 0.
+The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a subroutine
+call or \fIexpr\fP does not correspond to a valid position in the
+call stack.
+.TP
+\fBcd\fP [\fB\-L\fP|[\fB\-P\fP [\fB\-e\fP]] [\-@]] [\fIdir\fP]
+Change the current directory to \fIdir\fP.
+if \fIdir\fP is not supplied, the value of the
+.SM
+.B HOME
+shell variable is the default.
+Any additional arguments following \fIdir\fP are ignored.
+The variable
+.SM
+.B CDPATH
+defines the search path for the directory containing
+.IR dir :
+each directory name in
+.SM
+.B CDPATH
+is searched for \fIdir\fP.
+Alternative directory names in
+.SM
+.B CDPATH
+are separated by a colon (:).  A null directory name in
+.SM
+.B CDPATH
+is the same as the current directory, i.e., ``\fB.\fP''.  If
+.I dir
+begins with a slash (/),
+then
+.SM
+.B CDPATH
+is not used.  The
+.B \-P
+option causes \fBcd\fP to use the physical directory structure
+by resolving symbolic links while traversing \fIdir\fP and
+before processing instances of \fI..\fP in \fIdir\fP (see also the
+.B \-P
+option to the
+.B set
+builtin command); the
+.B \-L
+option forces symbolic links to be followed by resolving the link
+after processing instances of \fI..\fP in \fIdir\fP.
+If \fI..\fP appears in \fIdir\fP, it is processed by removing the
+immediately previous pathname component from \fIdir\fP, back to a slash
+or the beginning of \fIdir\fP.
+If the
+.B \-e
+option is supplied with
+.BR \-P ,
+and the current working directory cannot be successfully determined
+after a successful directory change, \fBcd\fP will return an unsuccessful
+status.
+On systems that support it, the \fB\-@\fP option presents the extended
+attributes associated with a file as a directory.
+An argument of
+.B \-
+is converted to
+.SM
+.B $OLDPWD
+before the directory change is attempted.
+If a non-empty directory name from
+.SM
+.B CDPATH
+is used, or if
+\fB\-\fP is the first argument, and the directory change is
+successful, the absolute pathname of the new working directory is
+written to the standard output.
+The return value is true if the directory was successfully changed;
+false otherwise.
+.TP
+\fBcommand\fP [\fB\-pVv\fP] \fIcommand\fP [\fIarg\fP ...]
+Run
+.I command
+with
+.I args
+suppressing the normal shell function lookup.
+Only builtin commands or commands found in the
+.SM
+.B PATH
+are executed.  If the
+.B \-p
+option is given, the search for
+.I command
+is performed using a default value for
+.SM
+.B PATH
+that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities.
+If either the
+.B \-V
+or
+.B \-v
+option is supplied, a description of
+.I command
+is printed.  The
+.B \-v
+option causes a single word indicating the command or filename
+used to invoke
+.I command
+to be displayed; the
+.B \-V
+option produces a more verbose description.
+If the
+.B \-V
+or
+.B \-v
+option is supplied, the exit status is 0 if
+.I command
+was found, and 1 if not.  If neither option is supplied and
+an error occurred or
+.I command
+cannot be found, the exit status is 127.  Otherwise, the exit status of the
+.B command
+builtin is the exit status of
+.IR command .
+.TP
+\fBcompgen\fP [\fIoption\fP] [\fIword\fP]
+Generate possible completion matches for \fIword\fP according to
+the \fIoption\fPs, which may be any option accepted by the
+.B complete
+builtin with the exception of \fB\-p\fP and \fB\-r\fP, and write
+the matches to the standard output.
+When using the \fB\-F\fP or \fB\-C\fP options, the various shell variables
+set by the programmable completion facilities, while available, will not
+have useful values.
+.sp 1
+The matches will be generated in the same way as if the programmable
+completion code had generated them directly from a completion specification
+with the same flags.
+If \fIword\fP is specified, only those completions matching \fIword\fP
+will be displayed.
+.sp 1
+The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, or no
+matches were generated.
+.TP
+\fBcomplete\fP [\fB\-abcdefgjksuv\fP] [\fB\-o\fP \fIcomp-option\fP] [\fB\-DEI\fP] [\fB\-A\fP \fIaction\fP] [\fB\-G\fP \fIglobpat\fP] [\fB\-W\fP \fIwordlist\fP] [\fB\-F\fP \fIfunction\fP] [\fB\-C\fP \fIcommand\fP]
+.br
+[\fB\-X\fP \fIfilterpat\fP] [\fB\-P\fP \fIprefix\fP] [\fB\-S\fP \fIsuffix\fP] \fIname\fP [\fIname ...\fP]
+.PD 0
+.TP
+\fBcomplete\fP \fB\-pr\fP [\fB\-DEI\fP] [\fIname\fP ...]
+.PD
+Specify how arguments to each \fIname\fP should be completed.
+If the \fB\-p\fP option is supplied, or if no options are supplied,
+existing completion specifications are printed in a way that allows
+them to be reused as input.
+The \fB\-r\fP option removes a completion specification for
+each \fIname\fP, or, if no \fIname\fPs are supplied, all
+completion specifications.
+The \fB\-D\fP option indicates that other supplied options and actions should
+apply to the ``default'' command completion; that is, completion attempted
+on a command for which no completion has previously been defined.
+The \fB\-E\fP option indicates that other supplied options and actions should
+apply to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion attempted on a
+blank line.
+The \fB\-I\fP option indicates that other supplied options and actions should
+apply to completion on the inital non-assignment word on the line, or after
+a command delimiter such as \fB;\fP or \fB|\fP, which is usually command
+name completion.
+If multiple options are supplied, the \fB\-D\fP option takes precedence
+over \fB\-E\fP, and both take precedence over \fB\-I\fP.
+If any of \fB\-D\fP, \fB\-E\fP, or \fB\-I\fP are supplied, any other
+\fIname\fP arguments are ignored; these completions only apply to the case
+specified by the option.
+.sp 1
+The process of applying these completion specifications when word completion
+is attempted is described above under \fBProgrammable Completion\fP.
+.sp 1
+Other options, if specified, have the following meanings.
+The arguments to the \fB\-G\fP, \fB\-W\fP, and \fB\-X\fP options
+(and, if necessary, the \fB\-P\fP and \fB\-S\fP options)
+should be quoted to protect them from expansion before the
+.B complete
+builtin is invoked.
+.RS
+.PD 0
+.TP 8
+\fB\-o\fP \fIcomp-option\fP
+The \fIcomp-option\fP controls several aspects of the compspec's behavior
+beyond the simple generation of completions.
+\fIcomp-option\fP may be one of:
+.RS
+.TP 8
+.B bashdefault
+Perform the rest of the default \fBbash\fP completions if the compspec
+generates no matches.
+.TP 8
+.B default
+Use readline's default filename completion if the compspec generates
+no matches.
+.TP 8
+.B dirnames
+Perform directory name completion if the compspec generates no matches.
+.TP 8
+.B filenames
+Tell readline that the compspec generates filenames, so it can perform any
+filename\-specific processing (like adding a slash to directory names,
+quoting special characters, or suppressing trailing spaces).
+Intended to be used with shell functions.
+.TP 8
+.B noquote
+Tell readline not to quote the completed words if they are filenames
+(quoting filenames is the default).
+.TP 8
+.B nosort
+Tell readline not to sort the list of possible completions alphabetically.
+.TP 8
+.B nospace
+Tell readline not to append a space (the default) to words completed at
+the end of the line.
+.TP 8
+.B plusdirs
+After any matches defined by the compspec are generated,
+directory name completion is attempted and any
+matches are added to the results of the other actions.
+.RE
+.TP 8
+\fB\-A\fP \fIaction\fP
+The \fIaction\fP may be one of the following to generate a list of possible
+completions:
+.RS
+.TP 8
+.B alias
+Alias names.  May also be specified as \fB\-a\fP.
+.TP 8
+.B arrayvar
+Array variable names.
+.TP 8
+.B binding
+\fBReadline\fP key binding names.
+.TP 8
+.B builtin
+Names of shell builtin commands.  May also be specified as \fB\-b\fP.
+.TP 8
+.B command
+Command names.  May also be specified as \fB\-c\fP.
+.TP 8
+.B directory
+Directory names.  May also be specified as \fB\-d\fP.
+.TP 8
+.B disabled
+Names of disabled shell builtins.
+.TP 8
+.B enabled
+Names of enabled shell builtins.
+.TP 8
+.B export
+Names of exported shell variables.  May also be specified as \fB\-e\fP.
+.TP 8
+.B file
+File names.  May also be specified as \fB\-f\fP.
+.TP 8
+.B function
+Names of shell functions.
+.TP 8
+.B group
+Group names.  May also be specified as \fB\-g\fP.
+.TP 8
+.B helptopic
+Help topics as accepted by the \fBhelp\fP builtin.
+.TP 8
+.B hostname
+Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by the
+.SM
+.B HOSTFILE
+shell variable.
+.TP 8
+.B job
+Job names, if job control is active.  May also be specified as \fB\-j\fP.
+.TP 8
+.B keyword
+Shell reserved words.  May also be specified as \fB\-k\fP.
+.TP 8
+.B running
+Names of running jobs, if job control is active.
+.TP 8
+.B service
+Service names.  May also be specified as \fB\-s\fP.
+.TP 8
+.B setopt
+Valid arguments for the \fB\-o\fP option to the \fBset\fP builtin.
+.TP 8
+.B shopt
+Shell option names as accepted by the \fBshopt\fP builtin.
+.TP 8
+.B signal
+Signal names.
+.TP 8
+.B stopped
+Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active.
+.TP 8
+.B user
+User names.  May also be specified as \fB\-u\fP.
+.TP 8
+.B variable
+Names of all shell variables.  May also be specified as \fB\-v\fP.
+.RE
+.TP 8
+\fB\-C\fP \fIcommand\fP
+\fIcommand\fP is executed in a subshell environment, and its output is
+used as the possible completions.
+.TP 8
+\fB\-F\fP \fIfunction\fP
+The shell function \fIfunction\fP is executed in the current shell
+environment.
+When the function is executed,
+the first argument (\fB$1\fP) is the name of the command whose arguments are
+being completed,
+the second argument (\fB$2\fP) is the word being completed,
+and the third argument (\fB$3\fP) is the word preceding the word being
+completed on the current command line.
+When it finishes, the possible completions are retrieved from the value
+of the
+.SM
+.B COMPREPLY
+array variable.
+.TP 8
+\fB\-G\fP \fIglobpat\fP
+The pathname expansion pattern \fIglobpat\fP is expanded to generate
+the possible completions.
+.TP 8
+\fB\-P\fP \fIprefix\fP
+\fIprefix\fP is added at the beginning of each possible completion
+after all other options have been applied.
+.TP 8
+\fB\-S\fP \fIsuffix\fP
+\fIsuffix\fP is appended to each possible completion
+after all other options have been applied.
+.TP 8
+\fB\-W\fP \fIwordlist\fP
+The \fIwordlist\fP is split using the characters in the
+.SM
+.B IFS
+special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word is expanded.
+Shell quoting is honored within \fIwordlist\fP,
+in order to provide a
+mechanism for the words to contain shell metacharacters or characters
+in the value of
+.SM
+.BR IFS .
+The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which
+match the word being completed.
+.TP 8
+\fB\-X\fP \fIfilterpat\fP
+\fIfilterpat\fP is a pattern as used for pathname expansion.
+It is applied to the list of possible completions generated by the
+preceding options and arguments, and each completion matching
+\fIfilterpat\fP is removed from the list.
+A leading \fB!\fP in \fIfilterpat\fP negates the pattern; in this
+case, any completion not matching \fIfilterpat\fP is removed.
+.PD
+.PP
+The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an option
+other than \fB\-p\fP or \fB\-r\fP is supplied without a \fIname\fP
+argument, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification for
+a \fIname\fP for which no specification exists, or
+an error occurs adding a completion specification.
+.RE
+.TP
+\fBcompopt\fP [\fB\-o\fP \fIoption\fP] [\fB\-DEI\fP] [\fB+o\fP \fIoption\fP] [\fIname\fP]
+Modify completion options for each \fIname\fP according to the
+\fIoption\fPs, or for the
+currently-executing completion if no \fIname\fPs are supplied.
+If no \fIoption\fPs are given, display the completion options for each
+\fIname\fP or the current completion.
+The possible values of \fIoption\fP are those valid for the \fBcomplete\fP
+builtin described above.
+The \fB\-D\fP option indicates that other supplied options should
+apply to the ``default'' command completion; that is, completion attempted
+on a command for which no completion has previously been defined.
+The \fB\-E\fP option indicates that other supplied options should
+apply to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion attempted on a
+blank line.
+The \fB\-I\fP option indicates that other supplied options should
+apply to completion on the inital non-assignment word on the line,
+or after a command delimiter such as \fB;\fP or \fB|\fP, which is usually
+command name completion.
+.sp 1
+The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an attempt
+is made to modify the options for a \fIname\fP for which no completion
+specification exists, or an output error occurs.
+.TP
+\fBcontinue\fP [\fIn\fP]
+Resume the next iteration of the enclosing
+.BR for ,
+.BR while ,
+.BR until ,
+or
+.B select
+loop.
+If
+.I n
+is specified, resume at the \fIn\fPth enclosing loop.
+.I n
+must be \(>= 1.  If
+.I n
+is greater than the number of enclosing loops, the last enclosing loop
+(the ``top-level'' loop) is resumed.
+The return value is 0 unless \fIn\fP is not greater than or equal to 1.
+.TP
+\fBdeclare\fP [\fB\-aAfFgilnrtux\fP] [\fB\-p\fP] [\fIname\fP[=\fIvalue\fP] ...]
+.PD 0
+.TP
+\fBtypeset\fP [\fB\-aAfFgilnrtux\fP] [\fB\-p\fP] [\fIname\fP[=\fIvalue\fP] ...]
+.PD
+Declare variables and/or give them attributes.
+If no \fIname\fPs are given then display the values of variables.
+The
+.B \-p
+option will display the attributes and values of each
+.IR name .
+When
+.B \-p
+is used with \fIname\fP arguments, additional options,
+other than \fB\-f\fP and \fB\-F\fP, are ignored.
+When
+.B \-p
+is supplied without \fIname\fP arguments, it will display the attributes
+and values of all variables having the attributes specified by the
+additional options.
+If no other options are supplied with \fB\-p\fP, \fBdeclare\fP will display
+the attributes and values of all shell variables.  The \fB\-f\fP option
+will restrict the display to shell functions.
+The
+.B \-F
+option inhibits the display of function definitions; only the
+function name and attributes are printed.
+If the \fBextdebug\fP shell option is enabled using \fBshopt\fP,
+the source file name and line number where each \fIname\fP
+is defined are displayed as well.  The
+.B \-F
+option implies
+.BR \-f .
+The
+.B \-g
+option forces variables to be created or modified at the global scope,
+even when \fBdeclare\fP is executed in a shell function.
+It is ignored in all other cases.
+The following options can
+be used to restrict output to variables with the specified attribute or
+to give variables attributes:
+.RS
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B \-a
+Each \fIname\fP is an indexed array variable (see
+.B Arrays
+above).
+.TP
+.B \-A
+Each \fIname\fP is an associative array variable (see
+.B Arrays
+above).
+.TP
+.B \-f
+Use function names only.
+.TP
+.B \-i
+The variable is treated as an integer; arithmetic evaluation (see
+.SM
+.B "ARITHMETIC EVALUATION"
+above) is performed when the variable is assigned a value.
+.TP
+.B \-l
+When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case characters are
+converted to lower-case.
+The upper-case attribute is disabled.
+.TP
+.B \-n
+Give each \fIname\fP the \fInameref\fP attribute, making
+it a name reference to another variable.
+That other variable is defined by the value of \fIname\fP.
+All references, assignments, and attribute modifications
+to \fIname\fP, except those using or changing the
+\fB\-n\fP attribute itself, are performed on the variable referenced by
+\fIname\fP's value.
+The nameref attribute cannot be applied to array variables.
+.TP
+.B \-r
+Make \fIname\fPs readonly.  These names cannot then be assigned values
+by subsequent assignment statements or unset.
+.TP
+.B \-t
+Give each \fIname\fP the \fItrace\fP attribute.
+Traced functions inherit the \fBDEBUG\fP and \fBRETURN\fP traps from
+the calling shell.
+The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables.
+.TP
+.B \-u
+When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case characters are
+converted to upper-case.
+The lower-case attribute is disabled.
+.TP
+.B \-x
+Mark \fIname\fPs for export to subsequent commands via the environment.
+.PD
+.PP
+Using `+' instead of `\-'
+turns off the attribute instead,
+with the exceptions that \fB+a\fP and \fB+A\fP
+may not be used to destroy array variables and \fB+r\fP will not
+remove the readonly attribute.
+When used in a function,
+.B declare
+and
+.B typeset
+make each
+\fIname\fP local, as with the
+.B local
+command,
+unless the \fB\-g\fP option is supplied.
+If a variable name is followed by =\fIvalue\fP, the value of
+the variable is set to \fIvalue\fP.
+When using \fB\-a\fP or \fB\-A\fP and the compound assignment syntax to
+create array variables, additional attributes do not take effect until
+subsequent assignments.
+The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered,
+an attempt is made to define a function using
+.if n ``\-f foo=bar'',
+.if t \f(CW\-f foo=bar\fP,
+an attempt is made to assign a value to a readonly variable,
+an attempt is made to assign a value to an array variable without
+using the compound assignment syntax (see
+.B Arrays
+above), one of the \fInames\fP is not a valid shell variable name,
+an attempt is made to turn off readonly status for a readonly variable,
+an attempt is made to turn off array status for an array variable,
+or an attempt is made to display a non-existent function with \fB\-f\fP.
+.RE
+.TP
+.B dirs [\fB\-clpv\fP] [+\fIn\fP] [\-\fIn\fP]
+Without options, displays the list of currently remembered directories.
+The default display is on a single line with directory names separated
+by spaces.
+Directories are added to the list with the
+.B pushd
+command; the
+.B popd
+command removes entries from the list.
+The current directory is always the first directory in the stack.
+.RS
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B \-c
+Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries.
+.TP
+.B \-l
+Produces a listing using full pathnames;
+the default listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory.
+.TP
+.B \-p
+Print the directory stack with one entry per line.
+.TP
+.B \-v
+Print the directory stack with one entry per line,
+prefixing each entry with its index in the stack.
+.TP
+\fB+\fP\fIn\fP
+Displays the \fIn\fPth entry counting from the left of the list
+shown by
+.B dirs
+when invoked without options, starting with zero.
+.TP
+\fB\-\fP\fIn\fP
+Displays the \fIn\fPth entry counting from the right of the list
+shown by
+.B dirs
+when invoked without options, starting with zero.
+.PD
+.PP
+The return value is 0 unless an
+invalid option is supplied or \fIn\fP indexes beyond the end
+of the directory stack.
+.RE
+.TP
+\fBdisown\fP [\fB\-ar\fP] [\fB\-h\fP] [\fIjobspec\fP ... | \fIpid\fP ... ]
+Without options, remove each
+.I jobspec
+from the table of active jobs.
+If
+.I jobspec
+is not present, and neither the \fB\-a\fP nor the \fB\-r\fP option
+is supplied, the \fIcurrent job\fP is used.
+If the \fB\-h\fP option is given, each
+.I jobspec
+is not removed from the table, but is marked so that
+.SM
+.B SIGHUP
+is not sent to the job if the shell receives a
+.SM
+.BR SIGHUP .
+If no
+.I jobspec
+is supplied, the
+.B \-a
+option means to remove or mark all jobs; the
+.B \-r
+option without a
+.I jobspec
+argument restricts operation to running jobs.
+The return value is 0 unless a
+.I jobspec
+does not specify a valid job.
+.TP
+\fBecho\fP [\fB\-neE\fP] [\fIarg\fP ...]
+Output the \fIarg\fPs, separated by spaces, followed by a newline.
+The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs.
+If \fB\-n\fP is specified, the trailing newline is
+suppressed.  If the \fB\-e\fP option is given, interpretation of
+the following backslash-escaped characters is enabled.  The
+.B \-E
+option disables the interpretation of these escape characters,
+even on systems where they are interpreted by default.
+The \fBxpg_echo\fP shell option may be used to
+dynamically determine whether or not \fBecho\fP expands these
+escape characters by default.
+.B echo
+does not interpret \fB\-\-\fP to mean the end of options.
+.B echo
+interprets the following escape sequences:
+.RS
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B \ea
+alert (bell)
+.TP
+.B \eb
+backspace
+.TP
+.B \ec
+suppress further output
+.TP
+.B \ee
+.TP
+.B \eE
+an escape character
+.TP
+.B \ef
+form feed
+.TP
+.B \en
+new line
+.TP
+.B \er
+carriage return
+.TP
+.B \et
+horizontal tab
+.TP
+.B \ev
+vertical tab
+.TP
+.B \e\e
+backslash
+.TP
+.B \e0\fInnn\fP
+the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value \fInnn\fP
+(zero to three octal digits)
+.TP
+.B \ex\fIHH\fP
+the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value \fIHH\fP
+(one or two hex digits)
+.TP
+.B \eu\fIHHHH\fP
+the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+\fIHHHH\fP (one to four hex digits)
+.TP
+.B \eU\fIHHHHHHHH\fP
+the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+\fIHHHHHHHH\fP (one to eight hex digits)
+.PD
+.RE
+.TP
+\fBenable\fP [\fB\-a\fP] [\fB\-dnps\fP] [\fB\-f\fP \fIfilename\fP] [\fIname\fP ...]
+Enable and disable builtin shell commands.
+Disabling a builtin allows a disk command which has the same name
+as a shell builtin to be executed without specifying a full pathname,
+even though the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands.
+If \fB\-n\fP is used, each \fIname\fP
+is disabled; otherwise,
+\fInames\fP are enabled.  For example, to use the
+.B test
+binary found via the
+.SM
+.B PATH
+instead of the shell builtin version, run
+.if t \f(CWenable -n test\fP.
+.if n ``enable -n test''.
+The
+.B \-f
+option means to load the new builtin command
+.I name
+from shared object
+.IR filename ,
+on systems that support dynamic loading.  The
+.B \-d
+option will delete a builtin previously loaded with
+.BR \-f .
+If no \fIname\fP arguments are given, or if the
+.B \-p
+option is supplied, a list of shell builtins is printed.
+With no other option arguments, the list consists of all enabled
+shell builtins.
+If \fB\-n\fP is supplied, only disabled builtins are printed.
+If \fB\-a\fP is supplied, the list printed includes all builtins, with an
+indication of whether or not each is enabled.
+If \fB\-s\fP is supplied, the output is restricted to the POSIX
+\fIspecial\fP builtins.
+The return value is 0 unless a
+.I name
+is not a shell builtin or there is an error loading a new builtin
+from a shared object.
+.TP
+\fBeval\fP [\fIarg\fP ...]
+The \fIarg\fPs are read and concatenated together into a single
+command.  This command is then read and executed by the shell, and
+its exit status is returned as the value of
+.BR eval .
+If there are no
+.IR args ,
+or only null arguments,
+.B eval
+returns 0.
+.TP
+\fBexec\fP [\fB\-cl\fP] [\fB\-a\fP \fIname\fP] [\fIcommand\fP [\fIarguments\fP]]
+If
+.I command
+is specified, it replaces the shell.
+No new process is created.  The
+.I arguments
+become the arguments to \fIcommand\fP.
+If the
+.B \-l
+option is supplied,
+the shell places a dash at the beginning of the zeroth argument passed to
+.IR command .
+This is what
+.IR login (1)
+does.  The
+.B \-c
+option causes
+.I command
+to be executed with an empty environment.  If
+.B \-a
+is supplied, the shell passes
+.I name
+as the zeroth argument to the executed command.
+If
+.I command
+cannot be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits,
+unless the
+.B execfail
+shell option
+is enabled.  In that case, it returns failure.
+An interactive shell returns failure if the file cannot be executed.
+A subshell exits unconditionally if \fBexec\fP fails.
+If
+.I command
+is not specified, any redirections take effect in the current shell,
+and the return status is 0.  If there is a redirection error, the
+return status is 1.
+.TP
+\fBexit\fP [\fIn\fP]
+Cause the shell to exit
+with a status of \fIn\fP.  If
+.I n
+is omitted, the exit status
+is that of the last command executed.
+A trap on
+.SM
+.B EXIT
+is executed before the shell terminates.
+.TP
+\fBexport\fP [\fB\-fn\fP\^] [\fIname\fP[=\fIword\fP]] ...
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B export \-p
+.PD
+The supplied
+.I names
+are marked for automatic export to the environment of
+subsequently executed commands.  If the
+.B \-f
+option is given, the
+.I names
+refer to functions.
+If no
+.I names
+are given, or if the
+.B \-p
+option is supplied, a list
+of names of all exported variables is printed.
+The
+.B \-n
+option causes the export property to be removed from each
+\fIname\fP.
+If a variable name is followed by =\fIword\fP, the value of
+the variable is set to \fIword\fP.
+.B export
+returns an exit status of 0 unless an invalid option is
+encountered,
+one of the \fInames\fP is not a valid shell variable name, or
+.B \-f
+is supplied with a
+.I name
+that is not a function.
+.TP
+\fBfc\fP [\fB\-e\fP \fIename\fP] [\fB\-lnr\fP] [\fIfirst\fP] [\fIlast\fP]
+.PD 0
+.TP
+\fBfc\fP \fB\-s\fP [\fIpat\fP=\fIrep\fP] [\fIcmd\fP]
+.PD
+The first form selects a range of commands from
+.I first
+to
+.I last
+from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes them.
+.I First
+and
+.I last
+may be specified as a string (to locate the last command beginning
+with that string) or as a number (an index into the history list,
+where a negative number is used as an offset from the current
+command number).  If
+.I last
+is not specified, it is set to
+the current command for listing (so that
+.if n ``fc \-l \-10''
+.if t \f(CWfc \-l \-10\fP
+prints the last 10 commands) and to
+.I first
+otherwise.
+If
+.I first
+is not specified, it is set to the previous
+command for editing and \-16 for listing.
+.sp 1
+The
+.B \-n
+option suppresses
+the command numbers when listing.  The
+.B \-r
+option reverses the order of
+the commands.  If the
+.B \-l
+option is given,
+the commands are listed on
+standard output.  Otherwise, the editor given by
+.I ename
+is invoked
+on a file containing those commands.  If
+.I ename
+is not given, the
+value of the
+.SM
+.B FCEDIT
+variable is used, and
+the value of
+.SM
+.B EDITOR
+if
+.SM
+.B FCEDIT
+is not set.  If neither variable is set,
+.FN vi
+is used.  When editing is complete, the edited commands are
+echoed and executed.
+.sp 1
+In the second form, \fIcommand\fP is re-executed after each instance
+of \fIpat\fP is replaced by \fIrep\fP.
+\fICommand\fP is interpreted the same as \fIfirst\fP above.
+A useful alias to use with this is
+.if n ``r="fc -s"'',
+.if t \f(CWr='fc \-s'\fP,
+so that typing
+.if n ``r cc''
+.if t \f(CWr cc\fP
+runs the last command beginning with
+.if n ``cc''
+.if t \f(CWcc\fP
+and typing
+.if n ``r''
+.if t \f(CWr\fP
+re-executes the last command.
+.sp 1
+If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an invalid
+option is encountered or
+.I first
+or
+.I last
+specify history lines out of range.
+If the
+.B \-e
+option is supplied, the return value is the value of the last
+command executed or failure if an error occurs with the temporary
+file of commands.  If the second form is used, the return status
+is that of the command re-executed, unless
+.I cmd
+does not specify a valid history line, in which case
+.B fc
+returns failure.
+.TP
+\fBfg\fP [\fIjobspec\fP]
+Resume
+.I jobspec
+in the foreground, and make it the current job.
+If
+.I jobspec
+is not present, the shell's notion of the \fIcurrent job\fP is used.
+The return value is that of the command placed into the foreground,
+or failure if run when job control is disabled or, when run with
+job control enabled, if
+.I jobspec
+does not specify a valid job or
+.I jobspec
+specifies a job that was started without job control.
+.TP
+\fBgetopts\fP \fIoptstring\fP \fIname\fP [\fIargs\fP]
+.B getopts
+is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters.
+.I optstring
+contains the option characters to be recognized; if a character
+is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an
+argument, which should be separated from it by white space.
+The colon and question mark characters may not be used as
+option characters.
+Each time it is invoked,
+.B getopts
+places the next option in the shell variable
+.IR name ,
+initializing
+.I name
+if it does not exist,
+and the index of the next argument to be processed into the
+variable
+.SM
+.BR OPTIND .
+.SM
+.B OPTIND
+is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a shell script
+is invoked.  When an option requires an argument,
+.B getopts
+places that argument into the variable
+.SM
+.BR OPTARG .
+The shell does not reset
+.SM
+.B OPTIND
+automatically; it must be manually reset between multiple
+calls to
+.B getopts
+within the same shell invocation if a new set of parameters
+is to be used.
+.sp 1
+When the end of options is encountered, \fBgetopts\fP exits with a
+return value greater than zero.
+.SM
+.B OPTIND
+is set to the index of the first non-option argument,
+and \fIname\fP is set to ?.
+.sp 1
+.B getopts
+normally parses the positional parameters, but if more arguments are
+given in
+.IR args ,
+.B getopts
+parses those instead.
+.sp 1
+.B getopts
+can report errors in two ways.  If the first character of
+.I optstring
+is a colon,
+.I silent
+error reporting is used.  In normal operation, diagnostic messages
+are printed when invalid options or missing option arguments are
+encountered.
+If the variable
+.SM
+.B OPTERR
+is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed, even if the first
+character of
+.I optstring
+is not a colon.
+.sp 1
+If an invalid option is seen,
+.B getopts
+places ? into
+.I name
+and, if not silent,
+prints an error message and unsets
+.SM
+.BR OPTARG .
+If
+.B getopts
+is silent,
+the option character found is placed in
+.SM
+.B OPTARG
+and no diagnostic message is printed.
+.sp 1
+If a required argument is not found, and
+.B getopts
+is not silent,
+a question mark (\^\fB?\fP\^) is placed in
+.IR name ,
+.SM
+.B OPTARG
+is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed.
+If
+.B getopts
+is silent, then a colon (\^\fB:\fP\^) is placed in
+.I name
+and
+.SM
+.B OPTARG
+is set to the option character found.
+.sp 1
+.B getopts
+returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is found.
+It returns false if the end of options is encountered or an
+error occurs.
+.TP
+\fBhash\fP [\fB\-lr\fP] [\fB\-p\fP \fIfilename\fP] [\fB\-dt\fP] [\fIname\fP]
+Each time \fBhash\fP is invoked,
+the full pathname of the command
+.I name
+is determined by searching
+the directories in
+.B $PATH
+and remembered.  Any previously-remembered pathname is discarded.
+If the
+.B \-p
+option is supplied, no path search is performed, and
+.I filename
+is used as the full filename of the command.
+The
+.B \-r
+option causes the shell to forget all
+remembered locations.
+The
+.B \-d
+option causes the shell to forget the remembered location of each \fIname\fP.
+If the
+.B \-t
+option is supplied, the full pathname to which each \fIname\fP corresponds
+is printed.  If multiple \fIname\fP arguments are supplied with \fB\-t\fP,
+the \fIname\fP is printed before the hashed full pathname.
+The
+.B \-l
+option causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.
+If no arguments are given, or if only \fB\-l\fP is supplied,
+information about remembered commands is printed.
+The return status is true unless a
+.I name
+is not found or an invalid option is supplied.
+.TP
+\fBhelp\fP [\fB\-dms\fP] [\fIpattern\fP]
+Display helpful information about builtin commands.  If
+.I pattern
+is specified,
+.B help
+gives detailed help on all commands matching
+.IR pattern ;
+otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control structures
+is printed.
+.RS
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B \-d
+Display a short description of each \fIpattern\fP
+.TP
+.B \-m
+Display the description of each \fIpattern\fP in a manpage-like format
+.TP
+.B \-s
+Display only a short usage synopsis for each \fIpattern\fP
+.PD
+.PP
+The return status is 0 unless no command matches
+.IR pattern .
+.RE
+.TP
+\fBhistory [\fIn\fP]
+.PD 0
+.TP
+\fBhistory\fP \fB\-c\fP
+.TP
+\fBhistory \-d\fP \fIoffset\fP
+.TP
+\fBhistory \-d\fP \fIstart\fP\-\fIend\fP
+.TP
+\fBhistory\fP \fB\-anrw\fP [\fIfilename\fP]
+.TP
+\fBhistory\fP \fB\-p\fP \fIarg\fP [\fIarg ...\fP]
+.TP
+\fBhistory\fP \fB\-s\fP \fIarg\fP [\fIarg ...\fP]
+.PD
+With no options, display the command
+history list with line numbers.  Lines listed
+with a
+.B *
+have been modified.  An argument of
+.I n
+lists only the last
+.I n
+lines.
+If the shell variable
+.SM
+.B HISTTIMEFORMAT
+is set and not null,
+it is used as a format string for \fIstrftime\fP(3) to display
+the time stamp associated with each displayed history entry.
+No intervening blank is printed between the formatted time stamp
+and the history line.
+If \fIfilename\fP is supplied, it is used as the
+name of the history file; if not, the value of
+.SM
+.B HISTFILE
+is used.  Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+.RS
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B \-c
+Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.
+.TP
+\fB\-d\fP \fIoffset\fP
+Delete the history entry at position \fIoffset\fP.
+If \fIoffset\fP is negative, it is interpreted as relative to one greater
+than the last history position, so negative indices count back from the
+end of the history, and an index of \-1 refers to the current
+\fBhistory -d\fP command.
+.TP
+\fB\-d\fP \fIstart\fP\-\fIend\fP
+Delete the history entries between positions \fIstart\fP and \fIend\fP,
+inclusive.  Positive and negative values for \fIstart\fP and \fIend\fP
+are interpreted as described above.
+.TP
+.B \-a
+Append the ``new'' history lines to the history file.
+These are history lines entered since the beginning of the current
+\fBbash\fP session, but not already appended to the history file.
+.TP
+.B \-n
+Read the history lines not already read from the history
+file into the current history list.  These are lines
+appended to the history file since the beginning of the
+current \fBbash\fP session.
+.TP
+.B \-r
+Read the contents of the history file
+and append them to the current history list.
+.TP
+.B \-w
+Write the current history list to the history file, overwriting the
+history file's contents.
+.TP
+.B \-p
+Perform history substitution on the following \fIargs\fP and display
+the result on the standard output.
+Does not store the results in the history list.
+Each \fIarg\fP must be quoted to disable normal history expansion.
+.TP
+.B \-s
+Store the
+.I args
+in the history list as a single entry.  The last command in the
+history list is removed before the
+.I args
+are added.
+.PD
+.PP
+If the
+.SM
+.B HISTTIMEFORMAT
+variable is set, the time stamp information
+associated with each history entry is written to the history file,
+marked with the history comment character.
+When the history file is read, lines beginning with the history
+comment character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted
+as timestamps for the following history entry.
+The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an
+error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an invalid
+\fIoffset\fP is supplied as an argument to \fB\-d\fP, or the
+history expansion supplied as an argument to \fB\-p\fP fails.
+.RE
+.TP
+\fBjobs\fP [\fB\-lnprs\fP] [ \fIjobspec\fP ... ]
+.PD 0
+.TP
+\fBjobs\fP \fB\-x\fP \fIcommand\fP [ \fIargs\fP ... ]
+.PD
+The first form lists the active jobs.  The options have the following
+meanings:
+.RS
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B \-l
+List process IDs
+in addition to the normal information.
+.TP
+.B \-n
+Display information only about jobs that have changed status since
+the user was last notified of their status.
+.TP
+.B \-p
+List only the process ID of the job's process group
+leader.
+.TP
+.B \-r
+Display only running jobs.
+.TP
+.B \-s
+Display only stopped jobs.
+.PD
+.PP
+If
+.I jobspec
+is given, output is restricted to information about that job.
+The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered
+or an invalid
+.I jobspec
+is supplied.
+.PP
+If the
+.B \-x
+option is supplied,
+.B jobs
+replaces any
+.I jobspec
+found in
+.I command
+or
+.I args
+with the corresponding process group ID, and executes
+.I command
+passing it
+.IR args ,
+returning its exit status.
+.RE
+.TP
+\fBkill\fP [\fB\-s\fP \fIsigspec\fP | \fB\-n\fP \fIsignum\fP | \fB\-\fP\fIsigspec\fP] [\fIpid\fP | \fIjobspec\fP] ...
+.PD 0
+.TP
+\fBkill\fP \fB\-l\fP|\fB\-L\fP [\fIsigspec\fP | \fIexit_status\fP]
+.PD
+Send the signal named by
+.I sigspec
+or
+.I signum
+to the processes named by
+.I pid
+or
+.IR jobspec .
+.I sigspec
+is either a case-insensitive signal name such as
+.SM
+.B SIGKILL
+(with or without the
+.SM
+.B SIG
+prefix) or a signal number;
+.I signum
+is a signal number.
+If
+.I sigspec
+is not present, then
+.SM
+.B SIGTERM
+is assumed.
+An argument of
+.B \-l
+lists the signal names.
+If any arguments are supplied when
+.B \-l
+is given, the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are
+listed, and the return status is 0.
+The \fIexit_status\fP argument to
+.B \-l
+is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit status of
+a process terminated by a signal.
+The
+.B \-L
+option is equivalent to \fB\-l\fP.
+.B kill
+returns true if at least one signal was successfully sent, or false
+if an error occurs or an invalid option is encountered.
+.TP
+\fBlet\fP \fIarg\fP [\fIarg\fP ...]
+Each
+.I arg
+is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated (see
+.SM
+.B "ARITHMETIC EVALUATION"
+above).
+If the last
+.I arg
+evaluates to 0,
+.B let
+returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.
+.TP
+\fBlocal\fP [\fIoption\fP] [\fIname\fP[=\fIvalue\fP] ... | \- ]
+For each argument, a local variable named
+.I name
+is created, and assigned
+.IR value .
+The \fIoption\fP can be any of the options accepted by \fBdeclare\fP.
+When
+.B local
+is used within a function, it causes the variable
+.I name
+to have a visible scope restricted to that function and its children.
+If \fIname\fP is \-, the set of shell options is made local to the function
+in which \fBlocal\fP is invoked: shell options changed using the
+\fBset\fP builtin inside the function are restored to their original values
+when the function returns.
+With no operands,
+.B local
+writes a list of local variables to the standard output.  It is
+an error to use
+.B local
+when not within a function.  The return status is 0 unless
+.B local
+is used outside a function, an invalid
+.I name
+is supplied, or
+\fIname\fP is a readonly variable.
+.TP
+.B logout
+Exit a login shell.
+.TP
+\fBmapfile\fP [\fB\-d\fP \fIdelim\fP] [\fB\-n\fP \fIcount\fP] [\fB\-O\fP \fIorigin\fP] [\fB\-s\fP \fIcount\fP] [\fB\-t\fP] [\fB\-u\fP \fIfd\fP] [\fB\-C\fP \fIcallback\fP] [\fB\-c\fP \fIquantum\fP] [\fIarray\fP]
+.PD 0
+.TP
+\fBreadarray\fP [\fB\-d\fP \fIdelim\fP] [\fB\-n\fP \fIcount\fP] [\fB\-O\fP \fIorigin\fP] [\fB\-s\fP \fIcount\fP] [\fB\-t\fP] [\fB\-u\fP \fIfd\fP] [\fB\-C\fP \fIcallback\fP] [\fB\-c\fP \fIquantum\fP] [\fIarray\fP]
+.PD
+Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable
+.IR array ,
+or from file descriptor
+.I fd
+if the
+.B \-u
+option is supplied.
+The variable
+.SM
+.B MAPFILE
+is the default \fIarray\fP.
+Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+.RS
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B \-d
+The first character of \fIdelim\fP is used to terminate each input line,
+rather than newline.
+If \fIdelim\fP is the empty string, \fBmapfile\fP will terminate a line
+when it reads a NUL character.
+.TP
+.B \-n
+Copy at most
+.I count
+lines.  If \fIcount\fP is 0, all lines are copied.
+.TP
+.B \-O
+Begin assigning to
+.I array
+at index
+.IR origin .
+The default index is 0.
+.TP
+.B \-s
+Discard the first \fIcount\fP lines read.
+.TP
+.B \-t
+Remove a trailing \fIdelim\fP (default newline) from each line read.
+.TP
+.B \-u
+Read lines from file descriptor \fIfd\fP instead of the standard input.
+.TP
+.B \-C
+Evaluate
+.I callback
+each time \fIquantum\fP lines are read.  The \fB\-c\fP option specifies
+.IR quantum .
+.TP
+.B \-c
+Specify the number of lines read between each call to
+.IR callback .
+.PD
+.PP
+If
+.B \-C
+is specified without
+.BR \-c ,
+the default quantum is 5000.
+When \fIcallback\fP is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next
+array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that element
+as additional arguments.
+\fIcallback\fP is evaluated after the line is read but before the
+array element is assigned.
+.PP
+If not supplied with an explicit origin, \fBmapfile\fP will clear \fIarray\fP
+before assigning to it.
+.PP
+\fBmapfile\fP returns successfully unless an invalid option or option
+argument is supplied, \fIarray\fP is invalid or unassignable, or if
+\fIarray\fP is not an indexed array.
+.RE
+.TP
+\fBpopd\fP [\-\fBn\fP] [+\fIn\fP] [\-\fIn\fP]
+Removes entries from the directory stack.  With no arguments,
+removes the top directory from the stack, and performs a
+.B cd
+to the new top directory.
+Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+.RS
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B \-n
+Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing directories
+from the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.
+.TP
+\fB+\fP\fIn\fP
+Removes the \fIn\fPth entry counting from the left of the list
+shown by
+.BR dirs ,
+starting with zero.  For example:
+.if n ``popd +0''
+.if t \f(CWpopd +0\fP
+removes the first directory,
+.if n ``popd +1''
+.if t \f(CWpopd +1\fP
+the second.
+.TP
+\fB\-\fP\fIn\fP
+Removes the \fIn\fPth entry counting from the right of the list
+shown by
+.BR dirs ,
+starting with zero.  For example:
+.if n ``popd -0''
+.if t \f(CWpopd -0\fP
+removes the last directory,
+.if n ``popd -1''
+.if t \f(CWpopd -1\fP
+the next to last.
+.PD
+.PP
+If the
+.B popd
+command is successful, a
+.B dirs
+is performed as well, and the return status is 0.
+.B popd
+returns false if an invalid option is encountered, the directory stack
+is empty, a non-existent directory stack entry is specified, or the
+directory change fails.
+.RE
+.TP
+\fBprintf\fP [\fB\-v\fP \fIvar\fP] \fIformat\fP [\fIarguments\fP]
+Write the formatted \fIarguments\fP to the standard output under the
+control of the \fIformat\fP.
+The \fB\-v\fP option causes the output to be assigned to the variable
+\fIvar\fP rather than being printed to the standard output.
+.sp 1
+The \fIformat\fP is a character string which contains three types of objects:
+plain characters, which are simply copied to standard output, character
+escape sequences, which are converted and copied to the standard output, and
+format specifications, each of which causes printing of the next successive
+\fIargument\fP.
+In addition to the standard \fIprintf\fP(1) format specifications,
+\fBprintf\fP interprets the following extensions:
+.RS
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B %b
+causes
+\fBprintf\fP to expand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding
+\fIargument\fP
+in the same way as \fBecho \-e\fP.
+.TP
+.B %q
+causes \fBprintf\fP to output the corresponding
+\fIargument\fP in a format that can be reused as shell input.
+.TP
+.B %(\fIdatefmt\fP)T
+causes \fBprintf\fP to output the date-time string resulting from using
+\fIdatefmt\fP as a format string for \fIstrftime\fP(3).
+The corresponding \fIargument\fP is an integer representing the number of
+seconds since the epoch.
+Two special argument values may be used: \-1 represents the current
+time, and \-2 represents the time the shell was invoked.
+If no argument is specified, conversion behaves as if \-1 had been given.
+This is an exception to the usual \fBprintf\fP behavior.
+.PD
+.PP
+Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C constants,
+except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and if the leading
+character is a single or double quote, the value is the ASCII value of
+the following character.
+.PP
+The \fIformat\fP is reused as necessary to consume all of the \fIarguments\fP.
+If the \fIformat\fP requires more \fIarguments\fP than are supplied, the
+extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or null string, as
+appropriate, had been supplied.
+The return value is zero on success, non-zero on failure.
+.RE
+.TP
+\fBpushd\fP [\fB\-n\fP] [+\fIn\fP] [\-\fIn\fP]
+.PD 0
+.TP
+\fBpushd\fP [\fB\-n\fP] [\fIdir\fP]
+.PD
+Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates
+the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working
+directory.  With no arguments, \fBpushd\fP exchanges the top two directories
+and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty.
+Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+.RS
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B \-n
+Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotating or
+adding directories to the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.
+.TP
+\fB+\fP\fIn\fP
+Rotates the stack so that the \fIn\fPth directory
+(counting from the left of the list shown by
+.BR dirs ,
+starting with zero)
+is at the top.
+.TP
+\fB\-\fP\fIn\fP
+Rotates the stack so that the \fIn\fPth directory
+(counting from the right of the list shown by
+.BR dirs ,
+starting with zero) is at the top.
+.TP
+.I dir
+Adds
+.I dir
+to the directory stack at the top, making it the
+new current working directory as if it had been supplied as the argument
+to the \fBcd\fP builtin.
+.PD
+.PP
+If the
+.B pushd
+command is successful, a
+.B dirs
+is performed as well.
+If the first form is used,
+.B pushd
+returns 0 unless the cd to
+.I dir
+fails.  With the second form,
+.B pushd
+returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty,
+a non-existent directory stack element is specified,
+or the directory change to the specified new current directory
+fails.
+.RE
+.TP
+\fBpwd\fP [\fB\-LP\fP]
+Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.
+The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the
+.B \-P
+option is supplied or the
+.B \-o physical
+option to the
+.B set
+builtin command is enabled.
+If the
+.B \-L
+option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links.
+The return status is 0 unless an error occurs while
+reading the name of the current directory or an
+invalid option is supplied.
+.TP
+\fBread\fP [\fB\-ers\fP] [\fB\-a\fP \fIaname\fP] [\fB\-d\fP \fIdelim\fP] [\fB\-i\fP \fItext\fP] [\fB\-n\fP \fInchars\fP] [\fB\-N\fP \fInchars\fP] [\fB\-p\fP \fIprompt\fP] [\fB\-t\fP \fItimeout\fP] [\fB\-u\fP \fIfd\fP] [\fIname\fP ...]
+One line is read from the standard input, or from the file descriptor
+\fIfd\fP supplied as an argument to the \fB\-u\fP option,
+split into words as described above under \fBWord Splitting\fP,
+and the first word
+is assigned to the first
+.IR name ,
+the second word to the second
+.IR name ,
+and so on.
+If there are more words than names, the remaining words and their
+intervening delimiters are assigned to the last
+.IR name .
+If there are fewer words read from the input stream than names,
+the remaining names are assigned empty values.
+The characters in
+.SM
+.B IFS
+are used to split the line into words using the same rules the shell
+uses for expansion (described above under \fBWord Splitting\fP).
+The backslash character (\fB\e\fP) may be used to remove any special
+meaning for the next character read and for line continuation.
+Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+.RS
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B \-a \fIaname\fP
+The words are assigned to sequential indices
+of the array variable
+.IR aname ,
+starting at 0.
+.I aname
+is unset before any new values are assigned.
+Other \fIname\fP arguments are ignored.
+.TP
+.B \-d \fIdelim\fP
+The first character of \fIdelim\fP is used to terminate the input line,
+rather than newline.
+If \fIdelim\fP is the empty string, \fBread\fP will terminate a line
+when it reads a NUL character.
+.TP
+.B \-e
+If the standard input
+is coming from a terminal,
+.B readline
+(see
+.SM
+.B READLINE
+above) is used to obtain the line.
+Readline uses the current (or default, if line editing was not previously
+active) editing settings, but uses Readline's default filename completion.
+.TP
+.B \-i \fItext\fP
+If
+.B readline
+is being used to read the line, \fItext\fP is placed into the editing
+buffer before editing begins.
+.TP
+.B \-n \fInchars\fP
+\fBread\fP returns after reading \fInchars\fP characters rather than
+waiting for a complete line of input, but honors a delimiter if fewer
+than \fInchars\fP characters are read before the delimiter.
+.TP
+.B \-N \fInchars\fP
+\fBread\fP returns after reading exactly \fInchars\fP characters rather
+than waiting for a complete line of input, unless EOF is encountered or
+\fBread\fP times out.
+Delimiter characters encountered in the input are
+not treated specially and do not cause \fBread\fP to return until
+\fInchars\fP characters are read.
+The result is not split on the characters in \fBIFS\fP; the intent is
+that the variable is assigned exactly the characters read
+(with the exception of backslash; see the \fB\-r\fP option below).
+.TP
+.B \-p \fIprompt\fP
+Display \fIprompt\fP on standard error, without a
+trailing newline, before attempting to read any input.  The prompt
+is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.
+.TP
+.B \-r
+Backslash does not act as an escape character.
+The backslash is considered to be part of the line.
+In particular, a backslash-newline pair may not then be used as a line
+continuation.
+.TP
+.B \-s
+Silent mode.  If input is coming from a terminal, characters are
+not echoed.
+.TP
+.B \-t \fItimeout\fP
+Cause \fBread\fP to time out and return failure if a complete line of
+input (or a specified number of characters)
+is not read within \fItimeout\fP seconds.
+\fItimeout\fP may be a decimal number with a fractional portion following
+the decimal point.
+This option is only effective if \fBread\fP is reading input from a
+terminal, pipe, or other special file; it has no effect when reading
+from regular files.
+If \fBread\fP times out, \fBread\fP saves any partial input read into
+the specified variable \fIname\fP.
+If \fItimeout\fP is 0, \fBread\fP returns immediately, without trying to
+read any data.  The exit status is 0 if input is available on
+the specified file descriptor, non-zero otherwise.
+The exit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded.
+.TP
+.B \-u \fIfd\fP
+Read input from file descriptor \fIfd\fP.
+.PD
+.PP
+If no
+.I names
+are supplied, the line read is assigned to the variable
+.SM
+.BR REPLY .
+The exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, \fBread\fP
+times out (in which case the status is greater than 128),
+a variable assignment error (such as assigning to a readonly variable) occurs,
+or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to \fB\-u\fP.
+.RE
+.TP
+\fBreadonly\fP [\fB\-aAf\fP] [\fB\-p\fP] [\fIname\fP[=\fIword\fP] ...]
+.PD
+The given
+\fInames\fP are marked readonly; the values of these
+.I names
+may not be changed by subsequent assignment.
+If the
+.B \-f
+option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the
+\fInames\fP are so
+marked.
+The
+.B \-a
+option restricts the variables to indexed arrays; the
+.B \-A
+option restricts the variables to associative arrays.
+If both options are supplied,
+.B \-A
+takes precedence.
+If no
+.I name
+arguments are given, or if the
+.B \-p
+option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed.
+The other options may be used to restrict the output to a subset of
+the set of readonly names.
+The
+.B \-p
+option causes output to be displayed in a format that
+may be reused as input.
+If a variable name is followed by =\fIword\fP, the value of
+the variable is set to \fIword\fP.
+The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered,
+one of the
+.I names
+is not a valid shell variable name, or
+.B \-f
+is supplied with a
+.I name
+that is not a function.
+.TP
+\fBreturn\fP [\fIn\fP]
+Causes a function to stop executing and return the value specified by
+.I n
+to its caller.
+If
+.I n
+is omitted, the return status is that of the last command
+executed in the function body.
+If \fBreturn\fP is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to
+determine the status is the last command executed before the trap handler.
+If \fBreturn\fP is executed during a \fBDEBUG\fP trap, the last command
+used to determine the status is the last command executed by the trap
+handler before \fBreturn\fP was invoked.
+If
+.B return
+is used outside a function,
+but during execution of a script by the
+.B .
+(\fBsource\fP) command, it causes the shell to stop executing
+that script and return either
+.I n
+or the exit status of the last command executed within the
+script as the exit status of the script.
+If \fIn\fP is supplied, the return value is its least significant
+8 bits.
+The return status is non-zero if
+.B return
+is supplied a non-numeric argument, or
+is used outside a
+function and not during execution of a script by \fB.\fP\^ or \fBsource\fP.
+Any command associated with the \fBRETURN\fP trap is executed
+before execution resumes after the function or script.
+.TP
+\fBset\fP [\fB\-\-abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT\fP] [\fB\-o\fP \fIoption\-name\fP] [\fIarg\fP ...]
+.PD 0
+.TP
+\fBset\fP [\fB+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT\fP] [\fB+o\fP \fIoption\-name\fP] [\fIarg\fP ...]
+.PD
+Without options, the name and value of each shell variable are displayed
+in a format that can be reused as input
+for setting or resetting the currently-set variables.
+Read-only variables cannot be reset.
+In \fIposix mode\fP, only shell variables are listed.
+The output is sorted according to the current locale.
+When options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes.
+Any arguments remaining after option processing are treated
+as values for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to
+.BR $1 ,
+.BR $2 ,
+.B ...
+.BR $\fIn\fP .
+Options, if specified, have the following meanings:
+.RS
+.PD 0
+.TP 8
+.B \-a
+Each variable or function that is created or modified is given the
+export attribute and marked for export to the environment of
+subsequent commands.
+.TP 8
+.B \-b
+Report the status of terminated background jobs
+immediately, rather than before the next primary prompt.  This is
+effective only when job control is enabled.
+.TP 8
+.B \-e
+Exit immediately if a
+\fIpipeline\fP (which may consist of a single \fIsimple command\fP),
+a \fIlist\fP,
+or a \fIcompound command\fP
+(see
+.SM
+.B SHELL GRAMMAR
+above), exits with a non-zero status.
+The shell does not exit if the
+command that fails is part of the command list immediately following a
+.B while
+or
+.B until
+keyword,
+part of the test following the
+.B if
+or
+.B elif
+reserved words, part of any command executed in a
+.B &&
+or
+.B ||
+list except the command following the final \fB&&\fP or \fB||\fP,
+any command in a pipeline but the last,
+or if the command's return value is
+being inverted with
+.BR ! .
+If a compound command other than a subshell
+returns a non-zero status because a command failed
+while \fB\-e\fP was being ignored, the shell does not exit.
+A trap on \fBERR\fP, if set, is executed before the shell exits.
+This option applies to the shell environment and each subshell environment
+separately (see
+.SM
+.B "COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT"
+above), and may cause
+subshells to exit before executing all the commands in the subshell.
+.if t .sp 0.5
+.if n .sp 1
+If a compound command or shell function executes in a context
+where \fB\-e\fP is being ignored,
+none of the commands executed within the compound command or function body
+will be affected by the \fB\-e\fP setting, even if \fB\-e\fP is set
+and a command returns a failure status.
+If a compound command or shell function sets \fB\-e\fP while executing in
+a context where \fB\-e\fP is ignored, that setting will not have any
+effect until the compound command or the command containing the function
+call completes.
+.TP 8
+.B \-f
+Disable pathname expansion.
+.TP 8
+.B \-h
+Remember the location of commands as they are looked up for execution.
+This is enabled by default.
+.TP 8
+.B \-k
+All arguments in the form of assignment statements
+are placed in the environment for a command, not just
+those that precede the command name.
+.TP 8
+.B \-m
+Monitor mode.  Job control is enabled.  This option is on
+by default for interactive shells on systems that support
+it (see
+.SM
+.B JOB CONTROL
+above).
+All processes run in a separate process group.
+When a background job completes, the shell prints a line
+containing its exit status.
+.TP 8
+.B \-n
+Read commands but do not execute them.
+This may be used to check a shell script for syntax errors.
+This is ignored by interactive shells.
+.TP 8
+.B \-o \fIoption\-name\fP
+The \fIoption\-name\fP can be one of the following:
+.RS
+.TP 8
+.B allexport
+Same as
+.BR \-a .
+.TP 8
+.B braceexpand
+Same as
+.BR \-B .
+.TP 8
+.B emacs
+Use an emacs-style command line editing interface.  This is enabled
+by default when the shell is interactive, unless the shell is started
+with the
+.B \-\-noediting
+option.
+This also affects the editing interface used for \fBread \-e\fP.
+.TP 8
+.B errexit
+Same as
+.BR \-e .
+.TP 8
+.B errtrace
+Same as
+.BR \-E .
+.TP 8
+.B functrace
+Same as
+.BR \-T .
+.TP 8
+.B hashall
+Same as
+.BR \-h .
+.TP 8
+.B histexpand
+Same as
+.BR \-H .
+.TP 8
+.B history
+Enable command history, as described above under
+.SM
+.BR HISTORY .
+This option is on by default in interactive shells.
+.TP 8
+.B ignoreeof
+The effect is as if the shell command
+.if t \f(CWIGNOREEOF=10\fP
+.if n ``IGNOREEOF=10''
+had been executed
+(see
+.B Shell Variables
+above).
+.TP 8
+.B keyword
+Same as
+.BR \-k .
+.TP 8
+.B monitor
+Same as
+.BR \-m .
+.TP 8
+.B noclobber
+Same as
+.BR \-C .
+.TP 8
+.B noexec
+Same as
+.BR \-n .
+.TP 8
+.B noglob
+Same as
+.BR \-f .
+.TP 8
+.B nolog
+Currently ignored.
+.TP 8
+.B notify
+Same as
+.BR \-b .
+.TP 8
+.B nounset
+Same as
+.BR \-u .
+.TP 8
+.B onecmd
+Same as
+.BR \-t .
+.TP 8
+.B physical
+Same as
+.BR \-P .
+.TP 8
+.B pipefail
+If set, the return value of a pipeline is the value of the last
+(rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all
+commands in the pipeline exit successfully.
+This option is disabled by default.
+.TP 8
+.B posix
+Change the behavior of
+.B bash
+where the default operation differs
+from the POSIX standard to match the standard (\fIposix mode\fP).
+See
+.SM
+.B "SEE ALSO"
+below for a reference to a document that details how posix mode affects
+bash's behavior.
+.TP 8
+.B privileged
+Same as
+.BR \-p .
+.TP 8
+.B verbose
+Same as
+.BR \-v .
+.TP 8
+.B vi
+Use a vi-style command line editing interface.
+This also affects the editing interface used for \fBread \-e\fP.
+.TP 8
+.B xtrace
+Same as
+.BR \-x .
+.sp .5
+.PP
+If
+.B \-o
+is supplied with no \fIoption\-name\fP, the values of the current options are
+printed.
+If
+.B +o
+is supplied with no \fIoption\-name\fP, a series of
+.B set
+commands to recreate the current option settings is displayed on
+the standard output.
+.RE
+.TP 8
+.B \-p
+Turn on
+.I privileged
+mode.  In this mode, the
+.SM
+.B $ENV
+and
+.SM
+.B $BASH_ENV
+files are not processed, shell functions are not inherited from the
+environment, and the
+.SM
+.BR SHELLOPTS ,
+.SM
+.BR BASHOPTS ,
+.SM
+.BR CDPATH ,
+and
+.SM
+.B GLOBIGNORE
+variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored.
+If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the
+real user (group) id, and the \fB\-p\fP option is not supplied, these actions
+are taken and the effective user id is set to the real user id.
+If the \fB\-p\fP option is supplied at startup, the effective user id is
+not reset.
+Turning this option off causes the effective user
+and group ids to be set to the real user and group ids.
+.TP 8
+.B \-t
+Exit after reading and executing one command.
+.TP 8
+.B \-u
+Treat unset variables and parameters other than the special
+parameters "@" and "*" as an error when performing
+parameter expansion.  If expansion is attempted on an
+unset variable or parameter, the shell prints an error message, and,
+if not interactive, exits with a non-zero status.
+.TP 8
+.B \-v
+Print shell input lines as they are read.
+.TP 8
+.B \-x
+After expanding each \fIsimple command\fP,
+\fBfor\fP command, \fBcase\fP command, \fBselect\fP command, or
+arithmetic \fBfor\fP command, display the expanded value of
+.SM
+.BR PS4 ,
+followed by the command and its expanded arguments
+or associated word list.
+.TP 8
+.B \-B
+The shell performs brace expansion (see
+.B Brace Expansion
+above).  This is on by default.
+.TP 8
+.B \-C
+If set,
+.B bash
+does not overwrite an existing file with the
+.BR > ,
+.BR >& ,
+and
+.B <>
+redirection operators.  This may be overridden when
+creating output files by using the redirection operator
+.B >|
+instead of
+.BR > .
+.TP 8
+.B \-E
+If set, any trap on \fBERR\fP is inherited by shell functions, command
+substitutions, and commands executed in a subshell environment.
+The \fBERR\fP trap is normally not inherited in such cases.
+.TP 8
+.B \-H
+Enable
+.B !
+style history substitution.  This option is on by
+default when the shell is interactive.
+.TP 8
+.B \-P
+If set, the shell does not resolve symbolic links when executing
+commands such as
+.B cd
+that change the current working directory.  It uses the
+physical directory structure instead.  By default,
+.B bash
+follows the logical chain of directories when performing commands
+which change the current directory.
+.TP 8
+.B \-T
+If set, any traps on \fBDEBUG\fP and \fBRETURN\fP are inherited by shell
+functions, command substitutions, and commands executed in a
+subshell environment.
+The \fBDEBUG\fP and \fBRETURN\fP traps are normally not inherited
+in such cases.
+.TP 8
+.B \-\-
+If no arguments follow this option, then the positional parameters are
+unset.  Otherwise, the positional parameters are set to the
+\fIarg\fPs, even if some of them begin with a
+.BR \- .
+.TP 8
+.B \-
+Signal the end of options, cause all remaining \fIarg\fPs to be
+assigned to the positional parameters.  The
+.B \-x
+and
+.B \-v
+options are turned off.
+If there are no \fIarg\fPs,
+the positional parameters remain unchanged.
+.PD
+.PP
+The options are off by default unless otherwise noted.
+Using + rather than \- causes these options to be turned off.
+The options can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of
+the shell.
+The current set of options may be found in
+.BR $\- .
+The return status is always true unless an invalid option is encountered.
+.RE
+.TP
+\fBshift\fP [\fIn\fP]
+The positional parameters from \fIn\fP+1 ... are renamed to
+.B $1
+.B ....
+Parameters represented by the numbers \fB$#\fP
+down to \fB$#\fP\-\fIn\fP+1 are unset.
+.I n
+must be a non-negative number less than or equal to \fB$#\fP.
+If
+.I n
+is 0, no parameters are changed.
+If
+.I n
+is not given, it is assumed to be 1.
+If
+.I n
+is greater than \fB$#\fP, the positional parameters are not changed.
+The return status is greater than zero if
+.I n
+is greater than
+.B $#
+or less than zero; otherwise 0.
+.TP
+\fBshopt\fP [\fB\-pqsu\fP] [\fB\-o\fP] [\fIoptname\fP ...]
+Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behavior.
+The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the
+.B \-o
+option is used, those available with the
+.B \-o
+option to the \fBset\fP builtin command.
+With no options, or with the
+.B \-p
+option, a list of all settable options is displayed, with
+an indication of whether or not each is set;
+if \fIoptnames\fP are supplied, the output is restricted to those options.
+The \fB\-p\fP option causes output to be displayed in a form that
+may be reused as input.
+Other options have the following meanings:
+.RS
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B \-s
+Enable (set) each \fIoptname\fP.
+.TP
+.B \-u
+Disable (unset) each \fIoptname\fP.
+.TP
+.B \-q
+Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status indicates
+whether the \fIoptname\fP is set or unset.
+If multiple \fIoptname\fP arguments are given with
+.BR \-q ,
+the return status is zero if all \fIoptnames\fP are enabled; non-zero
+otherwise.
+.TP
+.B \-o
+Restricts the values of \fIoptname\fP to be those defined for the
+.B \-o
+option to the
+.B set
+builtin.
+.PD
+.PP
+If either
+.B \-s
+or
+.B \-u
+is used with no \fIoptname\fP arguments,
+.B shopt
+shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively.
+Unless otherwise noted, the \fBshopt\fP options are disabled (unset)
+by default.
+.PP
+The return status when listing options is zero if all \fIoptnames\fP
+are enabled, non-zero otherwise.  When setting or unsetting options,
+the return status is zero unless an \fIoptname\fP is not a valid shell
+option.
+.PP
+The list of \fBshopt\fP options is:
+.if t .sp .5v
+.if n .sp 1v
+.PD 0
+.TP 8
+.B assoc_expand_once
+If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of associative array
+subscripts during arithmetic expression evaluation, while executing
+builtins that can perform variable assignments,
+and while executing builtins that perform array dereferencing.
+.TP 8
+.B autocd
+If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is executed as if
+it were the argument to the \fBcd\fP command.
+This option is only used by interactive shells.
+.TP 8
+.B cdable_vars
+If set, an argument to the
+.B cd
+builtin command that
+is not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable whose
+value is the directory to change to.
+.TP 8
+.B cdspell
+If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a
+.B cd
+command will be corrected.
+The errors checked for are transposed characters,
+a missing character, and one character too many.
+If a correction is found, the corrected filename is printed,
+and the command proceeds.
+This option is only used by interactive shells.
+.TP 8
+.B checkhash
+If set, \fBbash\fP checks that a command found in the hash
+table exists before trying to execute it.  If a hashed command no
+longer exists, a normal path search is performed.
+.TP 8
+.B checkjobs
+If set, \fBbash\fP lists the status of any stopped and running jobs before
+exiting an interactive shell.  If any jobs are running, this causes
+the exit to be deferred until a second exit is attempted without an
+intervening command (see
+.SM
+.B "JOB CONTROL"
+above).  The shell always
+postpones exiting if any jobs are stopped.
+.TP 8
+.B checkwinsize
+If set, \fBbash\fP checks the window size after each external (non-builtin)
+command and, if necessary, updates the values of
+.SM
+.B LINES
+and
+.SM
+.BR COLUMNS .
+This option is enabled by default.
+.TP 8
+.B cmdhist
+If set,
+.B bash
+attempts to save all lines of a multiple-line
+command in the same history entry.  This allows
+easy re-editing of multi-line commands.
+This option is enabled by default, but only has an effect if command
+history is enabled, as described above under
+.SM
+.BR HISTORY .
+.TP 8
+.B compat31
+If set,
+.B bash
+changes its behavior to that of version 3.1 with respect to quoted
+arguments to the \fB[[\fP conditional command's \fB=~\fP operator
+and locale-specific string comparison when using the \fB[[\fP
+conditional command's \fB<\fP and \fB>\fP operators.
+Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII collation and
+.IR strcmp (3);
+bash-4.1 and later use the current locale's collation sequence and
+.IR strcoll (3).
+.TP 8
+.B compat32
+If set,
+.B bash
+changes its behavior to that of version 3.2 with respect to
+locale-specific string comparison when using the \fB[[\fP
+conditional command's \fB<\fP and \fB>\fP operators (see previous item)
+and the effect of interrupting a command list.
+Bash versions 3.2 and earlier continue with the next command in the list
+after one terminates due to an interrupt.
+.TP 8
+.B compat40
+If set,
+.B bash
+changes its behavior to that of version 4.0 with respect to locale-specific
+string comparison when using the \fB[[\fP
+conditional command's \fB<\fP and \fB>\fP operators (see description of
+\fBcompat31\fP)
+and the effect of interrupting a command list.
+Bash versions 4.0 and later interrupt the list as if the shell received the
+interrupt; previous versions continue with the next command in the list.
+.TP 8
+.B compat41
+If set,
+.BR bash ,
+when in \fIposix mode\fP, treats a single quote in a double-quoted
+parameter expansion as a special character.  The single quotes must match
+(an even number) and the characters between the single quotes are considered
+quoted.  This is the behavior of posix mode through version 4.1.
+The default bash behavior remains as in previous versions.
+.TP 8
+.B compat42
+If set,
+.B bash
+does not process the replacement string in the pattern substitution word
+expansion using quote removal.
+.TP 8
+.B compat43
+If set,
+.B bash
+does not print a warning message if an attempt is made to use a quoted compound
+array assignment as an argument to \fBdeclare\fP,
+makes word expansion errors
+non-fatal errors that cause the current command to fail (the default behavior is
+to make them fatal errors that cause the shell to exit),
+and does not reset the
+loop state when a shell function is executed (this allows \fBbreak\fP or
+\fBcontinue\fP in a shell function to affect loops in the caller's context).
+.TP 8
+.B compat44
+If set,
+.B bash
+saves the positional parameters to BASH_ARGV and BASH_ARGC before they are
+used, regardless of whether or not extended debugging mode is enabled.
+.TP 8
+.B complete_fullquote
+If set,
+.B bash
+quotes all shell metacharacters in filenames and directory names when
+performing completion.
+If not set,
+.B bash
+removes metacharacters such as the dollar sign from the set of
+characters that will be quoted in completed filenames
+when these metacharacters appear in shell variable references in words to be
+completed.
+This means that dollar signs in variable names that expand to directories
+will not be quoted;
+however, any dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted, either.
+This is active only when bash is using backslashes to quote completed
+filenames.
+This variable is set by default, which is the default bash behavior in
+versions through 4.2.
+.TP 8
+.B direxpand
+If set,
+.B bash
+replaces directory names with the results of word expansion when performing
+filename completion.  This changes the contents of the readline editing
+buffer.
+If not set,
+.B bash
+attempts to preserve what the user typed.
+.TP 8
+.B dirspell
+If set,
+.B bash
+attempts spelling correction on directory names during word completion
+if the directory name initially supplied does not exist.
+.TP 8
+.B dotglob
+If set,
+.B bash
+includes filenames beginning with a `.' in the results of pathname
+expansion.
+The filenames
+.B ``.''
+and
+.B ``..''
+must always be matched explicitly, even if
+.B dotglob
+is set.
+.TP 8
+.B execfail
+If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if
+it cannot execute the file specified as an argument to the
+.B exec
+builtin command.  An interactive shell does not exit if
+.B exec
+fails.
+.TP 8
+.B expand_aliases
+If set, aliases are expanded as described above under
+.SM
+.BR ALIASES .
+This option is enabled by default for interactive shells.
+.TP 8
+.B extdebug
+If set at shell invocation, arrange to execute the debugger profile
+before the shell starts, identical to the \fB\-\-debugger\fP option.
+If set after invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled:
+.RS
+.TP
+.B 1.
+The \fB\-F\fP option to the \fBdeclare\fP builtin displays the source
+file name and line number corresponding to each function name supplied
+as an argument.
+.TP
+.B 2.
+If the command run by the \fBDEBUG\fP trap returns a non-zero value, the
+next command is skipped and not executed.
+.TP
+.B 3.
+If the command run by the \fBDEBUG\fP trap returns a value of 2, and the
+shell is executing in a subroutine (a shell function or a shell script
+executed by the \fB.\fP or \fBsource\fP builtins), the shell simulates
+a call to \fBreturn\fP.
+.TP
+.B 4.
+.SM
+.B BASH_ARGC
+and
+.SM
+.B BASH_ARGV
+are updated as described in their descriptions above.
+.TP
+.B 5.
+Function tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and
+subshells invoked with \fB(\fP \fIcommand\fP \fB)\fP inherit the
+\fBDEBUG\fP and \fBRETURN\fP traps.
+.TP
+.B 6.
+Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and
+subshells invoked with \fB(\fP \fIcommand\fP \fB)\fP inherit the
+\fBERR\fP trap.
+.RE
+.TP 8
+.B extglob
+If set, the extended pattern matching features described above under
+\fBPathname Expansion\fP are enabled.
+.TP 8
+.B extquote
+If set, \fB$\fP\(aq\fIstring\fP\(aq and \fB$\fP"\fIstring\fP" quoting is
+performed within \fB${\fP\fIparameter\fP\fB}\fP expansions
+enclosed in double quotes.  This option is enabled by default.
+.TP 8
+.B failglob
+If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during pathname expansion
+result in an expansion error.
+.TP 8
+.B force_fignore
+If set, the suffixes specified by the
+.SM
+.B FIGNORE
+shell variable
+cause words to be ignored when performing word completion even if
+the ignored words are the only possible completions.
+See
+.SM
+\fBSHELL VARIABLES\fP
+above for a description of
+.SM
+.BR FIGNORE .
+This option is enabled by default.
+.TP 8
+.B globasciiranges
+If set, range expressions used in pattern matching bracket expressions (see
+.SM
+.B Pattern Matching
+above) behave as if in the traditional C locale when performing
+comparisons.  That is, the current locale's collating sequence
+is not taken into account, so
+.B b
+will not collate between
+.B A
+and
+.BR B ,
+and upper-case and lower-case ASCII characters will collate together.
+.TP 8
+.B globstar
+If set, the pattern \fB**\fP used in a pathname expansion context will
+match all files and zero or more directories and subdirectories.
+If the pattern is followed by a \fB/\fP, only directories and
+subdirectories match.
+.TP 8
+.B gnu_errfmt
+If set, shell error messages are written in the standard GNU error
+message format.
+.TP 8
+.B histappend
+If set, the history list is appended to the file named by the value
+of the
+.SM
+.B HISTFILE
+variable when the shell exits, rather than overwriting the file.
+.TP 8
+.B histreedit
+If set, and
+.B readline
+is being used, a user is given the opportunity to re-edit a
+failed history substitution.
+.TP 8
+.B histverify
+If set, and
+.B readline
+is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately
+passed to the shell parser.  Instead, the resulting line is loaded into
+the \fBreadline\fP editing buffer, allowing further modification.
+.TP 8
+.B hostcomplete
+If set, and
+.B readline
+is being used, \fBbash\fP will attempt to perform hostname completion when a
+word containing a \fB@\fP is being completed (see
+.B Completing
+under
+.SM
+.B READLINE
+above).
+This is enabled by default.
+.TP 8
+.B huponexit
+If set, \fBbash\fP will send
+.SM
+.B SIGHUP
+to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits.
+.TP 8
+.B inherit_errexit
+If set, command substitution inherits the value of the \fBerrexit\fP option,
+instead of unsetting it in the subshell environment.
+This option is enabled when \fIposix mode\fP is enabled.
+.TP 8
+.B interactive_comments
+If set, allow a word beginning with
+.B #
+to cause that word and all remaining characters on that
+line to be ignored in an interactive shell (see
+.SM
+.B COMMENTS
+above).  This option is enabled by default.
+.TP 8
+.B lastpipe
+If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs the last command of
+a pipeline not executed in the background in the current shell environment.
+.TP 8
+.B lithist
+If set, and the
+.B cmdhist
+option is enabled, multi-line commands are saved to the history with
+embedded newlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible.
+.TP 8
+.B localvar_inherit
+If set, local variables inherit the value and attributes of a variable of
+the same name that exists at a previous scope before any new value is
+assigned.  The nameref attribute is not inherited.
+.TP 8
+.B localvar_unset
+If set, calling \fBunset\fP on local variables in previous function scopes
+marks them so subsequent lookups find them unset until that function
+returns. This is identical to the behavior of unsetting local variables
+at the current function scope.
+.TP 8
+.B login_shell
+The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell (see
+.SM
+.B "INVOCATION"
+above).
+The value may not be changed.
+.TP 8
+.B mailwarn
+If set, and a file that \fBbash\fP is checking for mail has been
+accessed since the last time it was checked, the message ``The mail in
+\fImailfile\fP has been read'' is displayed.
+.TP 8
+.B no_empty_cmd_completion
+If set, and
+.B readline
+is being used,
+.B bash
+will not attempt to search the
+.SM
+.B PATH
+for possible completions when
+completion is attempted on an empty line.
+.TP 8
+.B nocaseglob
+If set,
+.B bash
+matches filenames in a case\-insensitive fashion when performing pathname
+expansion (see
+.B Pathname Expansion
+above).
+.TP 8
+.B nocasematch
+If set,
+.B bash
+matches patterns in a case\-insensitive fashion when performing matching
+while executing \fBcase\fP or \fB[[\fP conditional commands,
+when performing pattern substitution word expansions,
+or when filtering possible completions as part of programmable completion.
+.TP 8
+.B nullglob
+If set,
+.B bash
+allows patterns which match no
+files (see
+.B Pathname Expansion
+above)
+to expand to a null string, rather than themselves.
+.TP 8
+.B progcomp
+If set, the programmable completion facilities (see
+\fBProgrammable Completion\fP above) are enabled.
+This option is enabled by default.
+.TP 8
+.B progcomp_alias
+If set, and programmable completion is enabled, \fBbash\fP treats a command
+name that doesn't have any completions as a possible alias and attempts
+alias expansion. If it has an alias, \fBbash\fP attempts programmable
+completion using the command word resulting from the expanded alias.
+.TP 8
+.B promptvars
+If set, prompt strings undergo
+parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
+expansion, and quote removal after being expanded as described in
+.SM
+.B PROMPTING
+above.  This option is enabled by default.
+.TP 8
+.B restricted_shell
+The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode (see
+.SM
+.B "RESTRICTED SHELL"
+below).
+The value may not be changed.
+This is not reset when the startup files are executed, allowing
+the startup files to discover whether or not a shell is restricted.
+.TP 8
+.B shift_verbose
+If set, the
+.B shift
+builtin prints an error message when the shift count exceeds the
+number of positional parameters.
+.TP 8
+.B sourcepath
+If set, the
+\fBsource\fP (\fB.\fP) builtin uses the value of
+.SM
+.B PATH
+to find the directory containing the file supplied as an argument.
+This option is enabled by default.
+.TP 8
+.B xpg_echo
+If set, the \fBecho\fP builtin expands backslash-escape sequences
+by default.
+.RE
+.PD
+.TP
+\fBsuspend\fP [\fB\-f\fP]
+Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a
+.SM
+.B SIGCONT
+signal.  A login shell cannot be suspended; the
+.B \-f
+option can be used to override this and force the suspension.
+The return status is 0 unless the shell is a login shell and
+.B \-f
+is not supplied, or if job control is not enabled.
+.TP
+\fBtest\fP \fIexpr\fP
+.PD 0
+.TP
+\fB[\fP \fIexpr\fP \fB]\fP
+Return a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false) depending on
+the evaluation of the conditional expression
+.IR expr .
+Each operator and operand must be a separate argument.
+Expressions are composed of the primaries described above under
+.SM
+.BR "CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS" .
+\fBtest\fP does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore
+an argument of \fB\-\-\fP as signifying the end of options.
+.if t .sp 0.5
+.if n .sp 1
+Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed
+in decreasing order of precedence.
+The evaluation depends on the number of arguments; see below.
+Operator precedence is used when there are five or more arguments.
+.RS
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B ! \fIexpr\fP
+True if
+.I expr
+is false.
+.TP
+.B ( \fIexpr\fP )
+Returns the value of \fIexpr\fP.
+This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators.
+.TP
+\fIexpr1\fP \-\fBa\fP \fIexpr2\fP
+True if both
+.I expr1
+and
+.I expr2
+are true.
+.TP
+\fIexpr1\fP \-\fBo\fP \fIexpr2\fP
+True if either
+.I expr1
+or
+.I expr2
+is true.
+.PD
+.PP
+\fBtest\fP and \fB[\fP evaluate conditional
+expressions using a set of rules based on the number of arguments.
+.if t .sp 0.5
+.if n .sp 1
+.PD 0
+.TP
+0 arguments
+The expression is false.
+.TP
+1 argument
+The expression is true if and only if the argument is not null.
+.TP
+2 arguments
+If the first argument is \fB!\fP, the expression is true if and
+only if the second argument is null.
+If the first argument is one of the unary conditional operators listed above
+under
+.SM
+.BR "CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS" ,
+the expression is true if the unary test is true.
+If the first argument is not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression
+is false.
+.TP
+3 arguments
+The following conditions are applied in the order listed.
+If the second argument is one of the binary conditional operators listed above
+under
+.SM
+.BR "CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS" ,
+the result of the expression is the result of the binary test using
+the first and third arguments as operands.
+The \fB\-a\fP and \fB\-o\fP operators are considered binary operators
+when there are three arguments.
+If the first argument is \fB!\fP, the value is the negation of
+the two-argument test using the second and third arguments.
+If the first argument is exactly \fB(\fP and the third argument is
+exactly \fB)\fP, the result is the one-argument test of the second
+argument.
+Otherwise, the expression is false.
+.TP
+4 arguments
+If the first argument is \fB!\fP, the result is the negation of
+the three-argument expression composed of the remaining arguments.
+Otherwise, the expression is parsed and evaluated according to
+precedence using the rules listed above.
+.TP
+5 or more arguments
+The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence
+using the rules listed above.
+.if t .sp 0.5
+.if n .sp 1
+.LP
+When used with \fBtest\fP or \fB[\fP, the \fB<\fP and \fB>\fP operators
+sort lexicographically using ASCII ordering.
+.RE
+.PD
+.TP
+.B times
+Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and
+for processes run from the shell.  The return status is 0.
+.TP
+\fBtrap\fP [\fB\-lp\fP] [[\fIarg\fP] \fIsigspec\fP ...]
+The command
+.I arg
+is to be read and executed when the shell receives
+signal(s)
+.IR sigspec .
+If
+.I arg
+is absent (and there is a single \fIsigspec\fP) or
+.BR \- ,
+each specified signal is
+reset to its original disposition (the value it had
+upon entrance to the shell).
+If
+.I arg
+is the null string the signal specified by each
+.I sigspec
+is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes.
+If
+.I arg
+is not present and
+.B \-p
+has been supplied, then the trap commands associated with each
+.I sigspec
+are displayed.
+If no arguments are supplied or if only
+.B \-p
+is given,
+.B trap
+prints the list of commands associated with each signal.
+The
+.B \-l
+option causes the shell to print a list of signal names and
+their corresponding numbers.
+Each
+.I sigspec
+is either
+a signal name defined in <\fIsignal.h\fP>, or a signal number.
+Signal names are case insensitive and the
+.SM
+.B SIG
+prefix is optional.
+.if t .sp 0.5
+.if n .sp 1
+If a
+.I sigspec
+is
+.SM
+.B EXIT
+(0) the command
+.I arg
+is executed on exit from the shell.
+If a
+.I sigspec
+is
+.SM
+.BR DEBUG ,
+the command
+.I arg
+is executed before every \fIsimple command\fP, \fIfor\fP command,
+\fIcase\fP command, \fIselect\fP command, every arithmetic \fIfor\fP
+command, and before the first command executes in a shell function (see
+.SM
+.B SHELL GRAMMAR
+above).
+Refer to the description of the \fBextdebug\fP option to the
+\fBshopt\fP builtin for details of its effect on the \fBDEBUG\fP trap.
+If a
+.I sigspec
+is
+.SM
+.BR RETURN ,
+the command
+.I arg
+is executed each time a shell function or a script executed with
+the \fB.\fP or \fBsource\fP builtins finishes executing.
+.if t .sp 0.5
+.if n .sp 1
+If a
+.I sigspec
+is
+.SM
+.BR ERR ,
+the command
+.I arg
+is executed whenever
+a pipeline (which may consist of a single simple
+command), a list, or a compound command returns a
+non\-zero exit status,
+subject to the following conditions.
+The
+.SM
+.B ERR
+trap is not executed if the failed
+command is part of the command list immediately following a
+.B while
+or
+.B until
+keyword,
+part of the test in an
+.I if
+statement, part of a command executed in a
+.B &&
+or
+.B ||
+list except the command following the final \fB&&\fP or \fB||\fP,
+any command in a pipeline but the last,
+or if the command's return value is
+being inverted using
+.BR ! .
+These are the same conditions obeyed by the \fBerrexit\fP (\fB\-e\fP) option.
+.if t .sp 0.5
+.if n .sp 1
+Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.
+Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to their original
+values in a subshell or subshell environment when one is created.
+The return status is false if any
+.I sigspec
+is invalid; otherwise
+.B trap
+returns true.
+.TP
+\fBtype\fP [\fB\-aftpP\fP] \fIname\fP [\fIname\fP ...]
+With no options,
+indicate how each
+.I name
+would be interpreted if used as a command name.
+If the
+.B \-t
+option is used,
+.B type
+prints a string which is one of
+.IR alias ,
+.IR keyword ,
+.IR function ,
+.IR builtin ,
+or
+.I file
+if
+.I name
+is an alias, shell reserved word, function, builtin, or disk file,
+respectively.
+If the
+.I name
+is not found, then nothing is printed, and an exit status of false
+is returned.
+If the
+.B \-p
+option is used,
+.B type
+either returns the name of the disk file
+that would be executed if
+.I name
+were specified as a command name,
+or nothing if
+.if t \f(CWtype -t name\fP
+.if n ``type -t name''
+would not return
+.IR file .
+The
+.B \-P
+option forces a
+.SM
+.B PATH
+search for each \fIname\fP, even if
+.if t \f(CWtype -t name\fP
+.if n ``type -t name''
+would not return
+.IR file .
+If a command is hashed,
+.B \-p
+and
+.B \-P
+print the hashed value, which is not necessarily the file that appears
+first in
+.SM
+.BR PATH .
+If the
+.B \-a
+option is used,
+.B type
+prints all of the places that contain
+an executable named
+.IR name .
+This includes aliases and functions,
+if and only if the
+.B \-p
+option is not also used.
+The table of hashed commands is not consulted
+when using
+.BR \-a .
+The
+.B \-f
+option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the \fBcommand\fP builtin.
+.B type
+returns true if all of the arguments are found, false if
+any are not found.
+.TP
+\fBulimit\fP [\fB\-HSabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPT\fP [\fIlimit\fP]]
+Provides control over the resources available to the shell and to
+processes started by it, on systems that allow such control.
+The \fB\-H\fP and \fB\-S\fP options specify that the hard or soft limit is
+set for the given resource.
+A hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set;
+a soft limit may be increased up to the value of the hard limit.
+If neither \fB\-H\fP nor \fB\-S\fP is specified, both the soft and hard
+limits are set.
+The value of
+.I limit
+can be a number in the unit specified for the resource
+or one of the special values
+.BR hard ,
+.BR soft ,
+or
+.BR unlimited ,
+which stand for the current hard limit, the current soft limit, and
+no limit, respectively.
+If
+.I limit
+is omitted, the current value of the soft limit of the resource is
+printed, unless the \fB\-H\fP option is given.  When more than one
+resource is specified, the limit name and unit are printed before the value.
+Other options are interpreted as follows:
+.RS
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B \-a
+All current limits are reported
+.TP
+.B \-b
+The maximum socket buffer size
+.TP
+.B \-c
+The maximum size of core files created
+.TP
+.B \-d
+The maximum size of a process's data segment
+.TP
+.B \-e
+The maximum scheduling priority ("nice")
+.TP
+.B \-f
+The maximum size of files written by the shell and its children
+.TP
+.B \-i
+The maximum number of pending signals
+.TP
+.B \-k
+The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated
+.TP
+.B \-l
+The maximum size that may be locked into memory
+.TP
+.B \-m
+The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor this limit)
+.TP
+.B \-n
+The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems do not
+allow this value to be set)
+.TP
+.B \-p
+The pipe size in 512-byte blocks (this may not be set)
+.TP
+.B \-q
+The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues
+.TP
+.B \-r
+The maximum real-time scheduling priority
+.TP
+.B \-s
+The maximum stack size
+.TP
+.B \-t
+The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds
+.TP
+.B \-u
+The maximum number of processes available to a single user
+.TP
+.B \-v
+The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell and, on
+some systems, to its children
+.TP
+.B \-x
+The maximum number of file locks
+.TP
+.B \-P
+The maximum number of pseudoterminals
+.TP
+.B \-T
+The maximum number of threads
+.PD
+.PP
+If
+.I limit
+is given, and the
+.B \-a
+option is not used,
+\fIlimit\fP is the new value of the specified resource.
+If no option is given, then
+.B \-f
+is assumed.  Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for
+.BR \-t ,
+which is in seconds;
+.BR \-p ,
+which is in units of 512-byte blocks;
+.BR \-P ,
+.BR \-T ,
+.BR \-b ,
+.BR \-k ,
+.BR \-n ,
+and
+.BR \-u ,
+which are unscaled values;
+and, when in posix mode,
+.B \-c
+and
+.BR \-f ,
+which are in 512-byte increments.
+The return status is 0 unless an invalid option or argument is supplied,
+or an error occurs while setting a new limit.
+.RE
+.TP
+\fBumask\fP [\fB\-p\fP] [\fB\-S\fP] [\fImode\fP]
+The user file-creation mask is set to
+.IR mode .
+If
+.I mode
+begins with a digit, it
+is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise
+it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar
+to that accepted by
+.IR chmod (1).
+If
+.I mode
+is omitted, the current value of the mask is printed.
+The
+.B \-S
+option causes the mask to be printed in symbolic form; the
+default output is an octal number.
+If the
+.B \-p
+option is supplied, and
+.I mode
+is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.
+The return status is 0 if the mode was successfully changed or if
+no \fImode\fP argument was supplied, and false otherwise.
+.TP
+\fBunalias\fP [\-\fBa\fP] [\fIname\fP ...]
+Remove each \fIname\fP from the list of defined aliases.  If
+.B \-a
+is supplied, all alias definitions are removed.  The return
+value is true unless a supplied
+.I name
+is not a defined alias.
+.TP
+\fBunset\fP [\-\fBfv\fP] [\-\fBn\fP] [\fIname\fP ...]
+For each
+.IR name ,
+remove the corresponding variable or function.
+If the
+.B \-v
+option is given, each
+.I name
+refers to a shell variable, and that variable is removed.
+Read-only variables may not be unset.
+If
+.B \-f
+is specified, each
+.I name
+refers to a shell function, and the function definition
+is removed.
+If the
+.B \-n
+option is supplied, and \fIname\fP is a variable with the \fInameref\fP
+attribute, \fIname\fP will be unset rather than the variable it
+references.
+\fB\-n\fP has no effect if the \fB\-f\fP option is supplied.
+If no options are supplied, each \fIname\fP refers to a variable; if
+there is no variable by that name, any function with that name is
+unset.
+Each unset variable or function is removed from the environment
+passed to subsequent commands.
+If any of
+.SM
+.BR COMP_WORDBREAKS ,
+.SM
+.BR RANDOM ,
+.SM
+.BR SECONDS ,
+.SM
+.BR LINENO ,
+.SM
+.BR HISTCMD ,
+.SM
+.BR FUNCNAME ,
+.SM
+.BR GROUPS ,
+or
+.SM
+.B DIRSTACK
+are unset, they lose their special properties, even if they are
+subsequently reset.  The exit status is true unless a
+.I name
+is readonly.
+.TP
+\fBwait\fP [\fB\-fn\fP] [\fIid ...\fP]
+Wait for each specified child process and return its termination status.
+Each
+.I id
+may be a process
+ID or a job specification; if a job spec is given, all processes
+in that job's pipeline are waited for.  If
+.I id
+is not given, all currently active child processes
+are waited for, and the return status is zero.
+If the \fB\-n\fP option is supplied, \fBwait\fP waits for any job to
+terminate and returns its exit status.
+If the \fB\-f\fP option is supplied, and job control is enabled,
+\fBwait\fP forces \fIid\fP to terminate before returning its status,
+instead of returning when it changes status.
+If
+.I id
+specifies a non-existent process or job, the return status is
+127.  Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the last
+process or job waited for.
+.\" bash_builtins
+.if \n(zZ=1 .ig zZ
+.SH "RESTRICTED SHELL"
+.\" rbash.1
+.zY
+.PP
+If
+.B bash
+is started with the name
+.BR rbash ,
+or the
+.B \-r
+option is supplied at invocation,
+the shell becomes restricted.
+A restricted shell is used to
+set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell.
+It behaves identically to
+.B bash
+with the exception that the following are disallowed or not performed:
+.IP \(bu
+changing directories with \fBcd\fP
+.IP \(bu
+setting or unsetting the values of
+.SM
+.BR SHELL ,
+.SM
+.BR PATH ,
+.SM
+.BR ENV ,
+or
+.SM
+.B BASH_ENV
+.IP \(bu
+specifying command names containing
+.B /
+.IP \(bu
+specifying a filename containing a
+.B /
+as an argument to the
+.B .
+builtin command
+.IP \(bu
+specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the
+.B \-p
+option to the
+.B hash
+builtin command
+.IP \(bu
+importing function definitions from the shell environment at startup
+.IP \(bu
+parsing the value of
+.SM
+.B SHELLOPTS
+from the shell environment at startup
+.IP \(bu
+redirecting output using the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirection operators
+.IP \(bu
+using the
+.B exec
+builtin command to replace the shell with another command
+.IP \(bu
+adding or deleting builtin commands with the
+.B \-f
+and
+.B \-d
+options to the
+.B enable
+builtin command
+.IP \(bu
+using the \fBenable\fP builtin command to enable disabled shell builtins
+.IP \(bu
+specifying the
+.B \-p
+option to the
+.B command
+builtin command
+.IP \(bu
+turning off restricted mode with
+\fBset +r\fP or \fBset +o restricted\fP.
+.PP
+These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read.
+.PP
+.ie \n(zY=1 When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed,
+.el \{ When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed
+(see
+.SM
+.B "COMMAND EXECUTION"
+above),
+\}
+.B rbash
+turns off any restrictions in the shell spawned to execute the
+script.
+.\" end of rbash.1
+.if \n(zY=1 .ig zY
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.PD 0
+.TP
+\fIBash Reference Manual\fP, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
+.TP
+\fIThe Gnu Readline Library\fP, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
+.TP
+\fIThe Gnu History Library\fP, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
+.TP
+\fIPortable Operating System Interface (POSIX) Part 2: Shell and Utilities\fP, IEEE --
+http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/
+.TP
+http://tiswww.case.edu/~chet/bash/POSIX -- a description of posix mode
+.TP
+\fIsh\fP(1), \fIksh\fP(1), \fIcsh\fP(1)
+.TP
+\fIemacs\fP(1), \fIvi\fP(1)
+.TP
+\fIreadline\fP(3)
+.PD
+.SH FILES
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.FN /bin/bash
+The \fBbash\fP executable
+.TP
+.FN /etc/profile
+The systemwide initialization file, executed for login shells
+.TP
+.FN ~/.bash_profile
+The personal initialization file, executed for login shells
+.TP
+.FN ~/.bashrc
+The individual per-interactive-shell startup file
+.TP
+.FN ~/.bash_logout
+The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login shell exits
+.TP
+.FN ~/.inputrc
+Individual \fIreadline\fP initialization file
+.PD
+.SH AUTHORS
+Brian Fox, Free Software Foundation
+.br
+bfox@gnu.org
+.PP
+Chet Ramey, Case Western Reserve University
+.br
+chet.ramey@case.edu
+.SH BUG REPORTS
+If you find a bug in
+.B bash,
+you should report it.  But first, you should
+make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest
+version of
+.BR bash .
+The latest version is always available from
+\fIftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/\fP.
+.PP
+Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the
+.I bashbug
+command to submit a bug report.
+If you have a fix, you are encouraged to mail that as well!
+Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may be mailed
+to \fIbug-bash@gnu.org\fP or posted to the Usenet
+newsgroup
+.BR gnu.bash.bug .
+.PP
+ALL bug reports should include:
+.PP
+.PD 0
+.TP 20
+The version number of \fBbash\fR
+.TP
+The hardware and operating system
+.TP
+The compiler used to compile
+.TP
+A description of the bug behaviour
+.TP
+A short script or `recipe' which exercises the bug
+.PD
+.PP
+.I bashbug
+inserts the first three items automatically into the template
+it provides for filing a bug report.
+.PP
+Comments and bug reports concerning
+this manual page should be directed to
+.IR chet.ramey@case.edu .
+.SH BUGS
+.PP
+It's too big and too slow.
+.PP
+There are some subtle differences between
+.B bash
+and traditional versions of
+.BR sh ,
+mostly because of the
+.SM
+.B POSIX
+specification.
+.PP
+Aliases are confusing in some uses.
+.PP
+Shell builtin commands and functions are not stoppable/restartable.
+.PP
+Compound commands and command sequences of the form `a ; b ; c'
+are not handled gracefully when process suspension is attempted.
+When a process is stopped, the shell immediately executes the next
+command in the sequence.
+It suffices to place the sequence of commands between
+parentheses to force it into a subshell, which may be stopped as
+a unit.
+.PP
+Array variables may not (yet) be exported.
+.PP
+There may be only one active coprocess at a time.
+.zZ
+.zY
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+<TITLE>BASH(1) Manual Page</TITLE>
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+<BODY><TABLE WIDTH=100%>
+<TR>
+<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>BASH(1)<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2018 December 7<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1)
+</TR>
+</TABLE>
+<BR><A HREF="#index">Index</A>
+<HR>
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+<A NAME="lbAB">&nbsp;</A>
+<H3>NAME</H3>
+
+bash - GNU Bourne-Again SHell
+<A NAME="lbAC">&nbsp;</A>
+<H3>SYNOPSIS</H3>
+
+<B>bash</B>
+
+[options]
+[command_string | file]
+<A NAME="lbAD">&nbsp;</A>
+<H3>COPYRIGHT</H3>
+
+
+Bash is Copyright &#169; 1989-2018 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+<A NAME="lbAE">&nbsp;</A>
+<H3>DESCRIPTION</H3>
+
+<B>Bash</B>
+
+is an <B>sh</B>-compatible command language interpreter that
+executes commands read from the standard input or from a file.
+<B>Bash</B>
+
+also incorporates useful features from the <I>Korn</I> and <I>C</I>
+shells (<B>ksh</B> and <B>csh</B>).
+<P>
+
+<B>Bash</B>
+
+is intended to be a conformant implementation of the
+Shell and Utilities portion of the IEEE POSIX specification
+(IEEE Standard 1003.1).
+<B>Bash</B>
+
+can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default.
+<A NAME="lbAF">&nbsp;</A>
+<H3>OPTIONS</H3>
+
+All of the single-character shell options documented in the
+description of the <B>set</B> builtin command, including <B>-o</B>,
+can be used as options when the shell is invoked.
+In addition, <B>bash</B>
+interprets the following options when it is invoked:
+<P>
+
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>-c</B>
+
+<DD>
+If the
+<B>-c</B>
+
+option is present, then commands are read from the first non-option argument
+<I>command_string</I>.
+
+If there are arguments after the
+<I>command_string</I>,
+
+the first argument is assigned to
+<B>$0</B>
+
+and any remaining arguments are assigned to the positional parameters.
+The assignment to
+<B>$0</B>
+
+sets the name of the shell, which is used in warning and error messages.
+<DT><B>-i</B>
+
+<DD>
+If the
+<B>-i</B>
+
+option is present, the shell is
+<I>interactive</I>.
+
+<DT><B>-l</B>
+
+<DD>
+Make
+<B>bash</B>
+
+act as if it had been invoked as a login shell (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>INVOCATION</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below).
+<DT><B>-r</B>
+
+<DD>
+If the
+<B>-r</B>
+
+option is present, the shell becomes
+<I>restricted</I>
+
+(see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>RESTRICTED SHELL</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below).
+<DT><B>-s</B>
+
+<DD>
+If the
+<B>-s</B>
+
+option is present, or if no arguments remain after option
+processing, then commands are read from the standard input.
+This option allows the positional parameters to be set
+when invoking an interactive shell or when reading input
+through a pipe.
+<DT><B>-D</B>
+
+<DD>
+A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by <B>$</B>
+is printed on the standard output.
+These are the strings that
+are subject to language translation when the current locale
+is not <B>C</B> or <B>POSIX</B>.
+This implies the <B>-n</B> option; no commands will be executed.
+<DT><B>[-+]O [</B><I>shopt_option</I>]
+
+<DD>
+<I>shopt_option</I> is one of the shell options accepted by the
+<B>shopt</B> builtin (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below).
+If <I>shopt_option</I> is present, <B>-O</B> sets the value of that option;
+<B>+O</B> unsets it.
+If <I>shopt_option</I> is not supplied, the names and values of the shell
+options accepted by <B>shopt</B> are printed on the standard output.
+If the invocation option is <B>+O</B>, the output is displayed in a format
+that may be reused as input.
+<DT><B>--</B>
+
+<DD>
+A
+<B>--</B>
+
+signals the end of options and disables further option processing.
+Any arguments after the
+<B>--</B>
+
+are treated as filenames and arguments.  An argument of
+<B>-</B>
+
+is equivalent to <B>--</B>.
+
+</DL>
+<P>
+
+<B>Bash</B>
+
+also interprets a number of multi-character options.
+These options must appear on the command line before the
+single-character options to be recognized.
+<P>
+
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>--debugger</B>
+
+<DD>
+Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell
+starts.
+Turns on extended debugging mode (see the description of the
+<B>extdebug</B>
+
+option to the
+<B>shopt</B>
+
+builtin below).
+<DT><B>--dump-po-strings</B>
+
+<DD>
+Equivalent to <B>-D</B>, but the output is in the GNU <I>gettext</I>
+<B>po</B> (portable object) file format.
+<DT><B>--dump-strings</B>
+
+<DD>
+Equivalent to <B>-D</B>.
+<DT><B>--help</B>
+
+<DD>
+Display a usage message on standard output and exit successfully.
+<DT><B>--init-file</B> <I>file</I><DD>
+
+<DT><B>--rcfile</B> <I>file</I><DD>
+
+Execute commands from
+<I>file</I>
+
+instead of the standard personal initialization file
+<A HREF="file:~/.bashrc"><I>~/.bashrc</I></A>
+
+if the shell is interactive (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>INVOCATION</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below).
+<DT><B>--login</B>
+
+<DD>
+Equivalent to <B>-l</B>.
+<DT><B>--noediting</B>
+
+<DD>
+Do not use the GNU
+<B>readline</B>
+
+library to read command lines when the shell is interactive.
+<DT><B>--noprofile</B>
+
+<DD>
+Do not read either the system-wide startup file
+
+<A HREF="file:/etc/profile"><I>/etc/profile</I></A>
+
+or any of the personal initialization files
+<A HREF="file:~/.bash_profile"><I>~/.bash_profile</I></A>,
+
+<A HREF="file:~/.bash_login"><I>~/.bash_login</I></A>,
+
+or
+<A HREF="file:~/.profile"><I>~/.profile</I></A>.
+
+By default,
+<B>bash</B>
+
+reads these files when it is invoked as a login shell (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>INVOCATION</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below).
+<DT><B>--norc</B>
+
+<DD>
+Do not read and execute the personal initialization file
+<A HREF="file:~/.bashrc"><I>~/.bashrc</I></A>
+
+if the shell is interactive.
+This option is on by default if the shell is invoked as
+<B>sh</B>.
+
+<DT><B>--posix</B>
+
+<DD>
+Change the behavior of <B>bash</B> where the default operation differs
+from the POSIX standard to match the standard (<I>posix mode</I>).
+See
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SEE ALSO</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below for a reference to a document that details how posix mode affects
+bash's behavior.
+<DT><B>--restricted</B>
+
+<DD>
+The shell becomes restricted (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>RESTRICTED SHELL</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below).
+<DT><B>--verbose</B>
+
+<DD>
+Equivalent to <B>-v</B>.
+<DT><B>--version</B>
+
+<DD>
+Show version information for this instance of
+<B>bash</B>
+
+on the standard output and exit successfully.
+
+</DL>
+<A NAME="lbAG">&nbsp;</A>
+<H3>ARGUMENTS</H3>
+
+If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the
+<B>-c</B>
+
+nor the
+<B>-s</B>
+
+option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed to
+be the name of a file containing shell commands.
+If
+<B>bash</B>
+
+is invoked in this fashion,
+<B>$0</B>
+
+is set to the name of the file, and the positional parameters
+are set to the remaining arguments.
+<B>Bash</B>
+
+reads and executes commands from this file, then exits.
+<B>Bash</B>'s exit status is the exit status of the last command
+executed in the script.
+If no commands are executed, the exit status is 0.
+An attempt is first made to open the file in the current directory, and,
+if no file is found, then the shell searches the directories in
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PATH</B>
+
+</FONT>
+for the script.
+<A NAME="lbAH">&nbsp;</A>
+<H3>INVOCATION</H3>
+
+A <I>login shell</I> is one whose first character of argument zero is a
+<B>-</B>,
+
+or one started with the
+<B>--login</B>
+
+option.
+<P>
+
+An <I>interactive</I> shell is one started without non-option arguments
+(unless <B>-s</B> is specified)
+and without the
+<B>-c</B>
+
+option
+whose standard input and error are
+both connected to terminals (as determined by
+<I>isatty</I>(3)),
+
+or one started with the
+<B>-i</B>
+
+option.
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PS1</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is set and
+<B>$-</B>
+
+includes
+<B>i</B>
+
+if
+<B>bash</B>
+
+is interactive,
+allowing a shell script or a startup file to test this state.
+<P>
+
+The following paragraphs describe how
+<B>bash</B>
+
+executes its startup files.
+If any of the files exist but cannot be read,
+<B>bash</B>
+
+reports an error.
+Tildes are expanded in filenames as described below under
+<B>Tilde Expansion</B>
+
+in the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>EXPANSION</B>
+
+</FONT>
+section.
+<P>
+
+When
+<B>bash</B>
+
+is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-interactive shell
+with the <B>--login</B> option, it first reads and
+executes commands from the file <A HREF="file:/etc/profile"><I>/etc/profile</I></A>, if that
+file exists.
+After reading that file, it looks for <A HREF="file:~/.bash_profile"><I>~/.bash_profile</I></A>,
+<A HREF="file:~/.bash_login"><I>~/.bash_login</I></A>, and <A HREF="file:~/.profile"><I>~/.profile</I></A>, in that order, and reads
+and executes commands from the first one that exists and is readable.
+The
+<B>--noprofile</B>
+
+option may be used when the shell is started to inhibit this behavior.
+<P>
+
+When an interactive login shell exits,
+or a non-interactive login shell executes the <B>exit</B> builtin command,
+<B>bash</B>
+
+reads and executes commands from the file <A HREF="file:~/.bash_logout"><I>~/.bash_logout</I></A>, if it
+exists.
+<P>
+
+When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started,
+<B>bash</B>
+
+reads and executes commands from <A HREF="file:~/.bashrc"><I>~/.bashrc</I></A>, if that file exists.
+This may be inhibited by using the
+<B>--norc</B>
+
+option.
+The <B>--rcfile</B> <I>file</I> option will force
+<B>bash</B>
+
+to read and execute commands from <I>file</I> instead of <A HREF="file:~/.bashrc"><I>~/.bashrc</I></A>.
+<P>
+
+When
+<B>bash</B>
+
+is started non-interactively, to run a shell script, for example, it
+looks for the variable
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASH_ENV</B>
+
+</FONT>
+in the environment, expands its value if it appears there, and uses the
+expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute.
+<B>Bash</B>
+
+behaves as if the following command were executed:
+<P>
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+<TT>if [ -n &quot;$BASH_ENV&quot; ]; then . &quot;$BASH_ENV&quot;; fi</TT>
+
+</DL>
+
+<P>
+but the value of the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PATH</B>
+
+</FONT>
+variable is not used to search for the filename.
+<P>
+
+If
+<B>bash</B>
+
+is invoked with the name
+<B>sh</B>,
+
+it tries to mimic the startup behavior of historical versions of
+<B>sh</B>
+
+as closely as possible,
+while conforming to the POSIX standard as well.
+When invoked as an interactive login shell, or a non-interactive
+shell with the <B>--login</B> option, it first attempts to
+read and execute commands from
+<A HREF="file:/etc/profile"><I>/etc/profile</I></A>
+
+and
+<A HREF="file:~/.profile"><I>~/.profile</I></A>,
+
+in that order.
+The
+<B>--noprofile</B>
+
+option may be used to inhibit this behavior.
+When invoked as an interactive shell with the name
+<B>sh</B>,
+
+<B>bash</B>
+
+looks for the variable
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>ENV</B>,
+
+</FONT>
+expands its value if it is defined, and uses the
+expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute.
+Since a shell invoked as
+<B>sh</B>
+
+does not attempt to read and execute commands from any other startup
+files, the
+<B>--rcfile</B>
+
+option has no effect.
+A non-interactive shell invoked with the name
+<B>sh</B>
+
+does not attempt to read any other startup files. 
+When invoked as
+<B>sh</B>,
+
+<B>bash</B>
+
+enters
+<I>posix</I>
+
+mode after the startup files are read.
+<P>
+
+When
+<B>bash</B>
+
+is started in
+<I>posix</I>
+
+mode, as with the
+<B>--posix</B>
+
+command line option, it follows the POSIX standard for startup files.
+In this mode, interactive shells expand the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>ENV</B>
+
+</FONT>
+variable and commands are read and executed from the file
+whose name is the expanded value.
+No other startup files are read.
+<P>
+
+<B>Bash</B>
+
+attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input
+connected to a network connection, as when executed by the remote shell
+daemon, usually <I>rshd</I>, or the secure shell daemon <I>sshd</I>.
+If
+<B>bash</B>
+
+determines it is being run in this fashion, it reads and executes
+commands from <A HREF="file:~/.bashrc"><I>~/.bashrc</I></A>, if that file exists and is readable.
+It will not do this if invoked as <B>sh</B>.
+The
+<B>--norc</B>
+
+option may be used to inhibit this behavior, and the
+<B>--rcfile</B>
+
+option may be used to force another file to be read, but neither
+<I>rshd</I> nor <I>sshd</I> generally invoke the shell with those options
+or allow them to be specified.
+<P>
+
+If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the
+real user (group) id, and the <B>-p</B> option is not supplied, no startup
+files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment, the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELLOPTS</B>,
+
+</FONT>
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASHOPTS</B>,
+
+</FONT>
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>CDPATH</B>,
+
+</FONT>
+and
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>GLOBIGNORE</B>
+
+</FONT>
+variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored,
+and the effective user id is set to the real user id.
+If the <B>-p</B> option is supplied at invocation, the startup behavior is
+the same, but the effective user id is not reset.
+<A NAME="lbAI">&nbsp;</A>
+<H3>DEFINITIONS</H3>
+
+<P>
+
+The following definitions are used throughout the rest of this
+document.
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>blank</B>
+
+<DD>
+A space or tab.
+<DT><B>word</B>
+
+<DD>
+A sequence of characters considered as a single unit by the shell.
+Also known as a
+<B>token</B>.
+
+<DT><B>name</B>
+
+<DD>
+A
+<I>word</I>
+
+consisting only of alphanumeric characters and underscores, and
+beginning with an alphabetic character or an underscore.  Also
+referred to as an
+<B>identifier</B>.
+
+<DT><B>metacharacter</B>
+
+<DD>
+A character that, when unquoted, separates words.  One of the following:
+<BR>
+
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+<P>
+
+<B>|  &amp;  ;  (  )  &lt;  &gt;  space  tab  newline</B>
+
+</DL>
+
+</DL>
+<P>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>control operator</B>
+
+<DD>
+A <I>token</I> that performs a control function.  It is one of the following
+symbols:
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+<P>
+
+<B>||  &amp;  &amp;&amp;  ;  ;;  ;&amp;  ;;&amp;  (  )  |  |&amp;    &lt;newline&gt;</B>
+
+</DL>
+
+
+</DL>
+<A NAME="lbAJ">&nbsp;</A>
+<H3>RESERVED WORDS</H3>
+
+<I>Reserved words</I> are words that have a special meaning to the shell.
+The following words are recognized as reserved when unquoted and either
+the first word of a simple command (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL GRAMMAR</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below) or the third word of a
+<B>case</B>
+
+or
+<B>for</B>
+
+command:
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+
+<P>
+
+<B>
+</B>
+
+!    case    coproc    do    done    elif    else    esac    fi    for    function    if    in    select    then    until    while    {    }    time    [[    ]]
+</DL>
+
+
+<A NAME="lbAK">&nbsp;</A>
+<H3>SHELL GRAMMAR</H3>
+
+<A NAME="lbAL">&nbsp;</A>
+<H4>Simple Commands</H4>
+
+<P>
+
+A <I>simple command</I> is a sequence of optional variable assignments
+followed by <B>blank</B>-separated words and redirections, and
+terminated by a <I>control operator</I>.  The first word
+specifies the command to be executed, and is passed as argument zero.
+The remaining words are passed as arguments to the invoked command.
+<P>
+
+The return value of a <I>simple command</I> is its exit status, or
+128+<I>n</I> if the command is terminated by signal
+<I>n</I>.
+
+<A NAME="lbAM">&nbsp;</A>
+<H4>Pipelines</H4>
+
+<P>
+
+A <I>pipeline</I> is a sequence of one or more commands separated by
+one of the control operators
+<B>|</B>
+
+or <B>|&amp;</B>.
+The format for a pipeline is:
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+<P>
+
+[<B>time</B> [<B>-p</B>]] [ ! ] <I>command</I> [ [<B>|</B>|<B>|&amp;</B>] <I>command2</I> ... ]
+</DL>
+
+<P>
+
+The standard output of
+<I>command</I>
+
+is connected via a pipe to the standard input of
+<I>command2</I>.
+
+This connection is performed before any redirections specified by the
+command (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>REDIRECTION</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below).
+If <B>|&amp;</B> is used, <I>command</I>'s standard error, in addition to its
+standard output, is connected to
+<I>command2</I>'s standard input through the pipe;
+it is shorthand for <B>2&gt;&amp;1 |</B>.
+This implicit redirection of the standard error to the standard output is
+performed after any redirections specified by the command.
+<P>
+
+The return status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last
+command, unless the <B>pipefail</B> option is enabled.
+If <B>pipefail</B> is enabled, the pipeline's return status is the
+value of the last (rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero status,
+or zero if all commands exit successfully.
+If the reserved word
+<B>!</B>
+
+precedes a pipeline, the exit status of that pipeline is the logical
+negation of the exit status as described above.
+The shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to
+terminate before returning a value.
+<P>
+
+If the
+<B>time</B>
+
+reserved word precedes a pipeline, the elapsed as well as user and
+system time consumed by its execution are reported when the pipeline
+terminates.
+The <B>-p</B> option changes the output format to that specified by POSIX.
+When the shell is in <I>posix mode</I>, it does not recognize
+<B>time</B> as a reserved word if the next token begins with a `-'.
+The
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>TIMEFORMAT</B>
+
+</FONT>
+variable may be set to a format string that specifies how the timing
+information should be displayed; see the description of
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>TIMEFORMAT</B>
+
+</FONT>
+under
+<B>Shell Variables</B>
+
+below.
+<P>
+
+When the shell is in <I>posix mode</I>, <B>time</B>
+may be followed by a newline.  In this case, the shell displays the
+total user and system time consumed by the shell and its children.
+The
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>TIMEFORMAT</B>
+
+</FONT>
+variable may be used to specify the format of
+the time information.
+<P>
+
+Each command in a pipeline is executed as a separate process (i.e., in a
+subshell).
+See
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT</B></FONT>
+for a description of a subshell environment.
+If the <B>lastpipe</B> option is enabled using the <B>shopt</B> builtin
+(see the description of <B>shopt</B> below),
+the last element of a pipeline may be run by the shell process.
+<A NAME="lbAN">&nbsp;</A>
+<H4>Lists</H4>
+
+<P>
+
+A <I>list</I> is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one
+of the operators
+<B>;</B>,
+
+<B>&amp;</B>,
+
+<B>&amp;&amp;</B>,
+
+or
+<B>||</B>,
+
+and optionally terminated by one of
+<B>;</B>,
+
+<B>&amp;</B>,
+
+or
+<B>&lt;newline&gt;</B>.
+
+<P>
+
+Of these list operators,
+<B>&amp;&amp;</B>
+
+and
+<B>||</B>
+
+have equal precedence, followed by
+<B>;</B>
+
+and
+<B>&amp;</B>,
+
+which have equal precedence.
+<P>
+
+A sequence of one or more newlines may appear in a <I>list</I> instead
+of a semicolon to delimit commands.
+<P>
+
+If a command is terminated by the control operator
+<B>&amp;</B>,
+
+the shell executes the command in the <I>background</I>
+in a subshell.
+The shell does not wait for the command to
+finish, and the return status is 0.
+These are referred to as <I>asynchronous</I> commands.
+Commands separated by a
+<B>;</B>
+
+are executed sequentially; the shell waits for each
+command to terminate in turn.  The return status is the
+exit status of the last command executed.
+<P>
+
+AND and OR lists are sequences of one or more pipelines separated by the
+<B>&amp;&amp;</B> and <B>||</B> control operators, respectively.
+AND and OR lists are executed with left associativity.
+An AND list has the form
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+<P>
+
+<I>command1</I> <B>&amp;&amp;</B> <I>command2</I>
+</DL>
+
+<P>
+
+<I>command2</I>
+
+is executed if, and only if,
+<I>command1</I>
+
+returns an exit status of zero (success).
+<P>
+
+An OR list has the form
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+<P>
+
+<I>command1</I> <B>||</B> <I>command2</I>
+<P>
+
+</DL>
+
+<P>
+
+<I>command2</I>
+
+is executed if, and only if,
+<I>command1</I>
+
+returns a non-zero exit status.
+The return status of
+AND and OR lists is the exit status of the last command
+executed in the list.
+<A NAME="lbAO">&nbsp;</A>
+<H4>Compound Commands</H4>
+
+<P>
+
+A <I>compound command</I> is one of the following.
+In most cases a <I>list</I> in a command's description may be separated from
+the rest of the command by one or more newlines, and may be followed by a
+newline in place of a semicolon.
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>(<I>list</I>)<DD>
+<I>list</I> is executed in a subshell environment (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT</B></FONT>
+below).
+Variable assignments and builtin
+commands that affect the shell's environment do not remain in effect
+after the command completes.  The return status is the exit status of
+<I>list</I>.
+<DT>{ <I>list</I>; }<DD>
+<I>list</I> is simply executed in the current shell environment.
+<I>list</I> must be terminated with a newline or semicolon.
+This is known as a <I>group command</I>.
+The return status is the exit status of
+<I>list</I>.
+Note that unlike the metacharacters <B>(</B> and <B>)</B>, <B>{</B> and
+<B>}</B> are <I>reserved words</I> and must occur where a reserved
+word is permitted to be recognized.  Since they do not cause a word
+break, they must be separated from <I>list</I> by whitespace or another
+shell metacharacter.
+<DT>((<I>expression</I>))<DD>
+The <I>expression</I> is evaluated according to the rules described
+below under
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>ARITHMETIC EVALUATION</B>.
+
+</FONT>
+If the value of the expression is non-zero, the return status is 0;
+otherwise the return status is 1.  This is exactly equivalent to
+<B>let &quot;</B><I>expression</I>&quot;.
+<DT><B>[[</B> <I>expression</I> <B>]]</B><DD>
+Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of
+the conditional expression <I>expression</I>.
+Expressions are composed of the primaries described below under
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS</B>.
+
+</FONT>
+Word splitting and pathname expansion are not performed on the words
+between the <B>[[</B> and <B>]]</B>; tilde expansion,
+parameter and variable expansion,
+arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process
+substitution, and quote removal are performed.
+Conditional operators such as <B>-f</B> must be unquoted to be recognized
+as primaries.
+<P>
+
+
+When used with <B>[[</B>, the <B>&lt;</B> and <B>&gt;</B> operators sort
+lexicographically using the current locale.
+<P>
+
+
+When the <B>==</B> and <B>!=</B> operators are used, the string to the
+right of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according
+to the rules described below under <B>Pattern Matching</B>,
+as if the <B>extglob</B> shell option were enabled.
+The <B>=</B> operator is equivalent to <B>==</B>.
+If the
+<B>nocasematch</B>
+
+shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+of alphabetic characters.
+The return value is 0 if the string matches (<B>==</B>) or does not match
+(<B>!=</B>) the pattern, and 1 otherwise.
+Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted portion
+to be matched as a string.
+<P>
+
+
+An additional binary operator, <B>=~</B>, is available, with the same
+precedence as <B>==</B> and <B>!=</B>.
+When it is used, the string to the right of the operator is considered
+a POSIX extended regular expression and matched accordingly (as in <I>regex</I>(3)).
+The return value is 0 if the string matches
+the pattern, and 1 otherwise.
+If the regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional
+expression's return value is 2.
+If the
+<B>nocasematch</B>
+
+shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+of alphabetic characters.
+Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted portion
+to be matched as a string.
+Bracket expressions in regular expressions must be treated carefully,
+since normal quoting characters lose their meanings between brackets.
+If the pattern is stored in a shell variable, quoting the variable
+expansion forces the entire pattern to be matched as a string.
+Substrings matched by parenthesized subexpressions within the regular
+expression are saved in the array variable
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASH_REMATCH</B>.
+
+</FONT>
+The element of
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASH_REMATCH</B>
+
+</FONT>
+with index 0 is the portion of the string
+matching the entire regular expression.
+The element of
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASH_REMATCH</B>
+
+</FONT>
+with index <I>n</I> is the portion of the
+string matching the <I>n</I>th parenthesized subexpression.
+<P>
+
+
+Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed
+in decreasing order of precedence:
+<P>
+
+
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>( </B><I>expression</I> )
+
+<DD>
+Returns the value of <I>expression</I>.
+This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators.
+<DT><B>! </B><I>expression</I>
+
+<DD>
+True if
+<I>expression</I>
+
+is false.
+<DT><I>expression1</I> <B>&amp;&amp;</B> <I>expression2</I><DD>
+True if both
+<I>expression1</I>
+
+and
+<I>expression2</I>
+
+are true.
+<DT><I>expression1</I> <B>||</B> <I>expression2</I><DD>
+True if either
+<I>expression1</I>
+
+or
+<I>expression2</I>
+
+is true.
+
+</DL>
+<P>
+
+The <B>&amp;&amp;</B> and <B>||</B>
+operators do not evaluate <I>expression2</I> if the value of
+<I>expression1</I> is sufficient to determine the return value of
+the entire conditional expression.
+</DL>
+
+<DT><B>for</B> <I>name</I> [ [ <B>in</B> [ <I>word ...</I> ] ] ; ] <B>do</B> <I>list</I> ; <B>done</B><DD>
+The list of words following <B>in</B> is expanded, generating a list
+of items.
+The variable <I>name</I> is set to each element of this list
+in turn, and <I>list</I> is executed each time.
+If the <B>in</B> <I>word</I> is omitted, the <B>for</B> command executes
+<I>list</I> once for each positional parameter that is set (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PARAMETERS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below).
+The return status is the exit status of the last command that executes.
+If the expansion of the items following <B>in</B> results in an empty
+list, no commands are executed, and the return status is 0.
+<DT><B>for</B> (( <I>expr1</I> ; <I>expr2</I> ; <I>expr3</I> )) ; <B>do</B> <I>list</I> ; <B>done</B><DD>
+First, the arithmetic expression <I>expr1</I> is evaluated according
+to the rules described below under
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>ARITHMETIC EVALUATION</B>.
+
+</FONT>
+The arithmetic expression <I>expr2</I> is then evaluated repeatedly
+until it evaluates to zero.
+Each time <I>expr2</I> evaluates to a non-zero value, <I>list</I> is
+executed and the arithmetic expression <I>expr3</I> is evaluated.
+If any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1.
+The return value is the exit status of the last command in <I>list</I>
+that is executed, or false if any of the expressions is invalid.
+<DT><B>select</B> <I>name</I> [ <B>in</B> <I>word</I> ] ; <B>do</B> <I>list</I> ; <B>done</B><DD>
+The list of words following <B>in</B> is expanded, generating a list
+of items.  The set of expanded words is printed on the standard
+error, each preceded by a number.  If the <B>in</B>
+<I>word</I> is omitted, the positional parameters are printed (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PARAMETERS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below).  The
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PS3</B>
+
+</FONT>
+prompt is then displayed and a line read from the standard input.
+If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of
+the displayed words, then the value of
+<I>name</I>
+
+is set to that word.  If the line is empty, the words and prompt
+are displayed again.  If EOF is read, the command completes.  Any
+other value read causes
+<I>name</I>
+
+to be set to null.  The line read is saved in the variable
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>REPLY</B>.
+
+</FONT>
+The
+<I>list</I>
+
+is executed after each selection until a
+<B>break</B>
+
+command is executed.
+The exit status of
+<B>select</B>
+
+is the exit status of the last command executed in
+<I>list</I>,
+
+or zero if no commands were executed.
+<DT><B>case</B> <I>word</I> <B>in</B> [ [(] <I>pattern</I> [ <B>|</B> <I>pattern</I> ] 
+<DD>
+A <B>case</B> command first expands <I>word</I>, and tries to match
+it against each <I>pattern</I> in turn, using the matching rules
+described under
+<B>Pattern Matching</B>
+
+below.
+The <I>word</I> is expanded using tilde
+expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion,
+command substitution, process substitution and quote removal.
+Each <I>pattern</I> examined is expanded using tilde
+expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion,
+command substitution, and process substitution.
+If the
+<B>nocasematch</B>
+
+shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+of alphabetic characters.
+When a match is found, the corresponding <I>list</I> is executed.
+If the <B>;;</B> operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempted after
+the first pattern match.
+Using <B>;&amp;</B> in place of <B>;;</B> causes execution to continue with
+the <I>list</I> associated with the next set of patterns.
+Using <B>;;&amp;</B> in place of <B>;;</B> causes the shell to test the next
+pattern list in the statement, if any, and execute any associated <I>list</I>
+on a successful match.
+The exit status is zero if no
+pattern matches.  Otherwise, it is the exit status of the
+last command executed in <I>list</I>.
+<DT><B>if</B> <I>list</I>; <B>then</B> <I>list</I>; [ <B>elif</B> <I>list</I>; <B>then</B> <I>list</I>; ] ... [ <B>else</B> <I>list</I>; ] <B>fi</B><DD>
+The
+<B>if</B>
+
+<I>list</I>
+
+is executed.  If its exit status is zero, the
+<B>then</B> <I>list</I> is executed.  Otherwise, each <B>elif</B>
+<I>list</I> is executed in turn, and if its exit status is zero,
+the corresponding <B>then</B> <I>list</I> is executed and the
+command completes.  Otherwise, the <B>else</B> <I>list</I> is
+executed, if present.  The exit status is the exit status of the
+last command executed, or zero if no condition tested true.
+<DT><B>while</B> <I>list-1</I>; <B>do</B> <I>list-2</I>; <B>done</B><DD>
+
+<DT><B>until</B> <I>list-1</I>; <B>do</B> <I>list-2</I>; <B>done</B><DD>
+
+The <B>while</B> command continuously executes the list
+<I>list-2</I> as long as the last command in the list <I>list-1</I> returns
+an exit status of zero.  The <B>until</B> command is identical
+to the <B>while</B> command, except that the test is negated:
+<I>list-2</I>
+
+is executed as long as the last command in
+<I>list-1</I>
+
+returns a non-zero exit status.
+The exit status of the <B>while</B> and <B>until</B> commands
+is the exit status
+of the last command executed in <I>list-2</I>, or zero if
+none was executed.
+</DL>
+<A NAME="lbAP">&nbsp;</A>
+<H4>Coprocesses</H4>
+
+<P>
+
+A <I>coprocess</I> is a shell command preceded by the <B>coproc</B> reserved
+word.
+A coprocess is executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command
+had been terminated with the <B>&amp;</B> control operator, with a two-way pipe
+established between the executing shell and the coprocess.
+<P>
+
+The format for a coprocess is:
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+<P>
+
+<B>coproc</B> [<I>NAME</I>] <I>command</I> [<I>redirections</I>]
+</DL>
+
+<P>
+
+This creates a coprocess named <I>NAME</I>.
+If <I>NAME</I> is not supplied, the default name is <B>COPROC</B>.
+<I>NAME</I> must not be supplied if <I>command</I> is a <I>simple
+command</I> (see above); otherwise, it is interpreted as the first word
+of the simple command.
+When the coprocess is executed, the shell creates an array variable (see
+<B>Arrays</B>
+
+below) named <I>NAME</I> in the context of the executing shell.
+The standard output of
+<I>command</I>
+
+is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell,
+and that file descriptor is assigned to <I>NAME</I>[0].
+The standard input of
+<I>command</I>
+
+is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell,
+and that file descriptor is assigned to <I>NAME</I>[1].
+This pipe is established before any redirections specified by the
+command (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>REDIRECTION</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below).
+The file descriptors can be utilized as arguments to shell commands
+and redirections using standard word expansions.
+Other than those created to execute command and process substitutions,
+the file descriptors are not available in subshells.
+The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is
+available as the value of the variable <I>NAME</I>_PID.
+The <B>wait</B>
+builtin command may be used to wait for the coprocess to terminate.
+<P>
+
+Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command,
+the <B>coproc</B> command always returns success.
+The return status of a coprocess is the exit status of <I>command</I>.
+<A NAME="lbAQ">&nbsp;</A>
+<H4>Shell Function Definitions</H4>
+
+<P>
+
+A shell function is an object that is called like a simple command and
+executes a compound command with a new set of positional parameters.
+Shell functions are declared as follows:
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><I>name</I> () <I>compound-command</I> [<I>redirection</I>]<DD>
+
+<DT><B>function</B> <I>name</I> [()] <I>compound-command</I> [<I>redirection</I>]<DD>
+
+This defines a function named <I>name</I>.
+The reserved word <B>function</B> is optional.
+If the <B>function</B> reserved word is supplied, the parentheses are optional.
+The <I>body</I> of the function is the compound command
+<I>compound-command</I>
+
+(see <B>Compound Commands</B> above).
+That command is usually a <I>list</I> of commands between { and }, but
+may be any command listed under <B>Compound Commands</B> above,
+with one exception: If the <B>function</B> reserved word is used, but the
+parentheses are not supplied, the braces are required.
+<I>compound-command</I> is executed whenever <I>name</I> is specified as the
+name of a simple command.
+When in <I>posix mode</I>, <I>name</I> may not be the name of one of the
+POSIX <I>special builtins</I>.
+Any redirections (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>REDIRECTION</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below) specified when a function is defined are performed
+when the function is executed.
+The exit status of a function definition is zero unless a syntax error
+occurs or a readonly function with the same name already exists.
+When executed, the exit status of a function is the exit status of the
+last command executed in the body.  (See
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>FUNCTIONS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below.)
+</DL>
+<A NAME="lbAR">&nbsp;</A>
+<H3>COMMENTS</H3>
+
+In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the
+<B>interactive_comments</B>
+
+option to the
+<B>shopt</B>
+
+builtin is enabled (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below), a word beginning with
+<B>#</B>
+
+causes that word and all remaining characters on that line to
+be ignored.  An interactive shell without the
+<B>interactive_comments</B>
+
+option enabled does not allow comments.  The
+<B>interactive_comments</B>
+
+option is on by default in interactive shells.
+<A NAME="lbAS">&nbsp;</A>
+<H3>QUOTING</H3>
+
+<I>Quoting</I> is used to remove the special meaning of certain
+characters or words to the shell.  Quoting can be used to
+disable special treatment for special characters, to prevent
+reserved words from being recognized as such, and to prevent
+parameter expansion.
+<P>
+
+Each of the <I>metacharacters</I> listed above under
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>DEFINITIONS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+has special meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to
+represent itself.
+<P>
+
+When the command history expansion facilities are being used
+(see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTORY EXPANSION</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below), the
+<I>history expansion</I> character, usually <B>!</B>, must be quoted
+to prevent history expansion.
+<P>
+
+There are three quoting mechanisms: the
+<I>escape character</I>,
+
+single quotes, and double quotes.
+<P>
+
+A non-quoted backslash (<B>\</B>) is the
+<I>escape character</I>.
+
+It preserves the literal value of the next character that follows,
+with the exception of &lt;newline&gt;.  If a <B>\</B>&lt;newline&gt; pair
+appears, and the backslash is not itself quoted, the <B>\</B>&lt;newline&gt;
+is treated as a line continuation (that is, it is removed from the
+input stream and effectively ignored).
+<P>
+
+Enclosing characters in single quotes preserves the literal value
+of each character within the quotes.  A single quote may not occur
+between single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash.
+<P>
+
+Enclosing characters in double quotes preserves the literal value
+of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of
+<B>$</B>,
+
+<B>`</B>,
+
+<B>\</B>,
+
+and, when history expansion is enabled,
+<B>!</B>.
+
+When the shell is in <I>posix mode</I>, the <B>!</B> has no special meaning
+within double quotes, even when history expansion is enabled.
+The characters
+<B>$</B>
+
+and
+<B>`</B>
+
+retain their special meaning within double quotes.  The backslash
+retains its special meaning only when followed by one of the following
+characters:
+<B>$</B>,
+
+<B>`</B>,
+
+<B>&quot;</B>,
+<B>\</B>,
+
+or
+<B>&lt;newline&gt;</B>.
+
+A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with
+a backslash.
+If enabled, history expansion will be performed unless an
+<B>!</B>
+
+appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash.
+The backslash preceding the
+<B>!</B>
+
+is not removed.
+<P>
+
+The special parameters
+<B>*</B>
+
+and
+<B>@</B>
+
+have special meaning when in double
+quotes (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PARAMETERS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below).
+<P>
+
+Words of the form <B>$</B>aq<I>string</I>aq are treated specially.  The
+word expands to <I>string</I>, with backslash-escaped characters replaced
+as specified by the ANSI C standard.  Backslash escape sequences, if
+present, are decoded as follows:
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>\a</B>
+
+<DD>
+alert (bell)
+<DT><B>\b</B>
+
+<DD>
+backspace
+<DT><B>\e</B>
+
+<DD>
+<DT><B>\E</B>
+
+<DD>
+an escape character
+<DT><B>\f</B>
+
+<DD>
+form feed
+<DT><B>\n</B>
+
+<DD>
+new line
+<DT><B>\r</B>
+
+<DD>
+carriage return
+<DT><B>\t</B>
+
+<DD>
+horizontal tab
+<DT><B>\v</B>
+
+<DD>
+vertical tab
+<DT><B>\\</B>
+
+<DD>
+backslash
+<DT><B>\aq</B>
+
+<DD>
+single quote
+<DT><B>\dq</B>
+
+<DD>
+double quote
+<DT><B>\?</B>
+
+<DD>
+question mark
+<DT><B>\</B><I>nnn</I>
+
+<DD>
+the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value <I>nnn</I>
+(one to three octal digits)
+<DT><B>\x</B><I>HH</I>
+
+<DD>
+the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value <I>HH</I>
+(one or two hex digits)
+<DT><B>\u</B><I>HHHH</I>
+
+<DD>
+the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+<I>HHHH</I> (one to four hex digits)
+<DT><B>\U</B><I>HHHHHHHH</I>
+
+<DD>
+the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+<I>HHHHHHHH</I> (one to eight hex digits)
+<DT><B>\c</B><I>x</I>
+
+<DD>
+a control-<I>x</I> character
+
+</DL></DL>
+
+<P>
+
+The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had
+not been present.
+<P>
+
+A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign (<B>$</B>dq<I>string</I>dq)
+will cause the string to be translated according to the current locale.
+If the current locale is <B>C</B> or <B>POSIX</B>, the dollar sign
+is ignored.
+If the string is translated and replaced, the replacement is
+double-quoted.
+<A NAME="lbAT">&nbsp;</A>
+<H3>PARAMETERS</H3>
+
+A
+<I>parameter</I>
+
+is an entity that stores values.
+It can be a
+<I>name</I>,
+
+a number, or one of the special characters listed below under
+<B>Special Parameters</B>.
+
+A
+<I>variable</I>
+
+is a parameter denoted by a
+<I>name</I>.
+
+A variable has a <I>value</I> and zero or more <I>attributes</I>.
+Attributes are assigned using the
+<B>declare</B>
+
+builtin command (see
+<B>declare</B>
+
+below in
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B>).
+
+</FONT>
+<P>
+
+A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value.  The null string is
+a valid value.  Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using
+the
+<B>unset</B>
+
+builtin command (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below).
+<P>
+
+A
+<I>variable</I>
+
+may be assigned to by a statement of the form
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+<P>
+
+<I>name</I>=[<I>value</I>]
+</DL>
+
+<P>
+
+If
+<I>value</I>
+
+is not given, the variable is assigned the null string.  All
+<I>values</I>
+
+undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
+command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote
+removal (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>EXPANSION</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below).  If the variable has its
+<B>integer</B>
+
+attribute set, then
+<I>value</I>
+
+is evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the $((...)) expansion is
+not used (see
+<B>Arithmetic Expansion</B>
+
+below).
+Word splitting is not performed, with the exception
+of <B>&quot;$@&quot;</B> as explained below under
+<B>Special Parameters</B>.
+
+Pathname expansion is not performed.
+Assignment statements may also appear as arguments to the
+<B>alias</B>,
+
+<B>declare</B>,
+
+<B>typeset</B>,
+
+<B>export</B>,
+
+<B>readonly</B>,
+
+and
+<B>local</B>
+
+builtin commands (<I>declaration</I> commands).
+When in <I>posix mode</I>, these builtins may appear in a command after
+one or more instances of the <B>command</B> builtin and retain these
+assignment statement properties.
+<P>
+
+In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value
+to a shell variable or array index, the += operator can be used to
+append to or add to the variable's previous value.
+This includes arguments to builtin commands such as <B>declare</B> that
+accept assignment statements (<I>declaration</I> commands).
+When += is applied to a variable for which the <I>integer</I> attribute has been
+set, <I>value</I> is evaluated as an arithmetic expression and added to the
+variable's current value, which is also evaluated.
+When += is applied to an array variable using compound assignment (see
+<B>Arrays</B>
+
+below), the
+variable's value is not unset (as it is when using =), and new values are
+appended to the array beginning at one greater than the array's maximum index
+(for indexed arrays) or added as additional key-value pairs in an
+associative array.
+When applied to a string-valued variable, <I>value</I> is expanded and
+appended to the variable's value.
+<P>
+
+A variable can be assigned the <I>nameref</I> attribute using the
+<B>-n</B> option to the <B>declare</B> or <B>local</B> builtin commands
+(see the descriptions of <B>declare</B> and <B>local</B> below)
+to create a <I>nameref</I>, or a reference to another variable.
+This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly.
+Whenever the nameref variable is referenced, assigned to, unset, or has
+its attributes modified (other than using or changing the <I>nameref</I>
+attribute itself), the
+operation is actually performed on the variable specified by the nameref
+variable's value.
+A nameref is commonly used within shell functions to refer to a variable
+whose name is passed as an argument to the function.
+For instance, if a variable name is passed to a shell function as its first
+argument, running
+<P>
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+<TT>declare -n ref=$1</TT>
+
+</DL>
+
+<P>
+inside the function creates a nameref variable <B>ref</B> whose value is
+the variable name passed as the first argument.
+References and assignments to <B>ref</B>, and changes to its attributes,
+are treated as references, assignments, and attribute modifications
+to the variable whose name was passed as <B>$1</B>.
+If the control variable in a <B>for</B> loop has the nameref attribute,
+the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a name reference
+will be established for each word in the list, in turn, when the loop is
+executed.
+Array variables cannot be given the <B>nameref</B> attribute.
+However, nameref variables can reference array variables and subscripted
+array variables.
+Namerefs can be unset using the <B>-n</B> option to the <B>unset</B> builtin.
+Otherwise, if <B>unset</B> is executed with the name of a nameref variable
+as an argument, the variable referenced by the nameref variable will be unset.
+<A NAME="lbAU">&nbsp;</A>
+<H4>Positional Parameters</H4>
+
+<P>
+
+A
+<I>positional parameter</I>
+
+is a parameter denoted by one or more
+digits, other than the single digit 0.  Positional parameters are
+assigned from the shell's arguments when it is invoked,
+and may be reassigned using the
+<B>set</B>
+
+builtin command.  Positional parameters may not be assigned to
+with assignment statements.  The positional parameters are
+temporarily replaced when a shell function is executed (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>FUNCTIONS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below).
+<P>
+
+When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single
+digit is expanded, it must be enclosed in braces (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>EXPANSION</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below).
+<A NAME="lbAV">&nbsp;</A>
+<H4>Special Parameters</H4>
+
+<P>
+
+The shell treats several parameters specially.  These parameters may
+only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed.
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>*</B>
+
+<DD>
+Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.
+When the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional parameter
+expands to a separate word.
+In contexts where it is performed, those words
+are subject to further word splitting and pathname expansion.
+When the expansion occurs within double quotes, it expands to a single word
+with the value of each parameter separated by the first character of the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+special variable.  That is, &quot;<B>$*</B>&quot; is equivalent
+to &quot;<B>$1</B><I>c</I><B>$2</B><I>c</I><B>...</B>&quot;, where
+<I>c</I>
+
+is the first character of the value of the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+variable.  If
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces.
+If
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is null, the parameters are joined without intervening separators.
+<DT><B>@</B>
+
+<DD>
+Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.
+In contexts where word splitting is performed, this expands each
+positional parameter to a separate word; if not within double
+quotes, these words are subject to word splitting.
+In contexts where word splitting is not performed,
+this expands to a single word
+with each positional parameter separated by a space.
+When the
+expansion occurs within double quotes, each parameter expands to a
+separate word.  That is, &quot;<B>$@</B>&quot; is equivalent to
+&quot;<B>$1</B>&quot; &quot;<B>$2</B>&quot; ...
+If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of
+the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original
+word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last
+part of the original word.
+When there are no positional parameters, &quot;<B>$@</B>&quot; and
+<B>$@</B>
+
+expand to nothing (i.e., they are removed).
+<DT><B>#</B>
+
+<DD>
+Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal.
+<DT><B>?</B>
+
+<DD>
+Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed foreground
+pipeline.
+<DT><B>-</B>
+
+<DD>
+Expands to the current option flags as specified upon invocation, 
+by the
+<B>set</B>
+
+builtin command, or those set by the shell itself
+(such as the
+<B>-i</B>
+
+option).
+<DT><B>$</B>
+
+<DD>
+Expands to the process ID of the shell.  In a () subshell, it
+expands to the process ID of the current shell, not the
+subshell.
+<DT><B>!</B>
+
+<DD>
+Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed into the
+background, whether executed as an asynchronous command or using
+the <B>bg</B> builtin (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>JOB CONTROL</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below).
+<DT><B>0</B>
+
+<DD>
+Expands to the name of the shell or shell script.  This is set at
+shell initialization.  If
+<B>bash</B>
+
+is invoked with a file of commands,
+<B>$0</B>
+
+is set to the name of that file.  If
+<B>bash</B>
+
+is started with the
+<B>-c</B>
+
+option, then
+<B>$0</B>
+
+is set to the first argument after the string to be
+executed, if one is present.  Otherwise, it is set
+to the filename used to invoke
+<B>bash</B>,
+
+as given by argument zero.
+<DT><B>_</B>
+
+<DD>
+At shell startup, set to the absolute pathname used to invoke the
+shell or shell script being executed as passed in the environment
+or argument list.
+Subsequently, expands to the last argument to the previous simple
+command executed in the foreground, after expansion.
+Also set to the full pathname used to invoke each command executed
+and placed in the environment exported to that command.
+When checking mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail file
+currently being checked.
+
+</DL>
+<A NAME="lbAW">&nbsp;</A>
+<H4>Shell Variables</H4>
+
+<P>
+
+The following variables are set by the shell:
+<P>
+
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>BASH</B>
+
+<DD>
+Expands to the full filename used to invoke this instance of
+<B>bash</B>.
+
+<DT><B>BASHOPTS</B>
+
+<DD>
+A colon-separated list of enabled shell options.  Each word in
+the list is a valid argument for the
+<B>-s</B>
+
+option to the
+<B>shopt</B>
+
+builtin command (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below).  The options appearing in
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASHOPTS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+are those reported as
+<I>on</I>
+
+by <B>shopt</B>.
+If this variable is in the environment when
+<B>bash</B>
+
+starts up, each shell option in the list will be enabled before
+reading any startup files.
+This variable is read-only.
+<DT><B>BASHPID</B>
+
+<DD>
+Expands to the process ID of the current <B>bash</B> process.
+This differs from <B>$$</B> under certain circumstances, such as subshells
+that do not require <B>bash</B> to be re-initialized.
+Assignments to
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASHPID</B>
+
+</FONT>
+have no effect.
+If
+<B>BASHPID</B>
+
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+<DT><B>BASH_ALIASES</B>
+
+<DD>
+An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal
+list of aliases as maintained by the <B>alias</B> builtin.
+Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; however,
+unsetting array elements currently does not cause aliases to be removed
+from the alias list.
+If
+<B>BASH_ALIASES</B>
+
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+<DT><B>BASH_ARGC</B>
+
+<DD>
+An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in each
+frame of the current <B>bash</B> execution call stack.
+The number of
+parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or script executed
+with <B>.</B> or <B>source</B>) is at the top of the stack.
+When a subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed is pushed onto
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASH_ARGC</B>.
+
+</FONT>
+The shell sets
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASH_ARGC</B>
+
+</FONT>
+only when in extended debugging mode (see the description of the
+<B>extdebug</B>
+
+option to the
+<B>shopt</B>
+
+builtin below).
+Setting <B>extdebug</B> after the shell has started to execute a script,
+or referencing this variable when <B>extdebug</B> is not set,
+may result in inconsistent values.
+<DT><B>BASH_ARGV</B>
+
+<DD>
+An array variable containing all of the parameters in the current <B>bash</B>
+execution call stack.  The final parameter of the last subroutine call
+is at the top of the stack; the first parameter of the initial call is
+at the bottom.  When a subroutine is executed, the parameters supplied
+are pushed onto
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASH_ARGV</B>.
+
+</FONT>
+The shell sets
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASH_ARGV</B>
+
+</FONT>
+only when in extended debugging mode
+(see the description of the
+<B>extdebug</B>
+
+option to the
+<B>shopt</B>
+
+builtin below).
+Setting <B>extdebug</B> after the shell has started to execute a script,
+or referencing this variable when <B>extdebug</B> is not set,
+may result in inconsistent values.
+<DT><B>BASH_ARGV0</B>
+
+<DD>
+When referenced, this variable expands to the name of the shell or shell
+script (identical to
+<B>$0</B>;
+
+see the description of special parameter 0 above).
+Assignment to
+<B>BASH_ARGV0</B>
+
+causes the value assigned to also be assigned to <B>$0</B>.
+If
+<B>BASH_ARGV0</B>
+
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+<DT><B>BASH_CMDS</B>
+
+<DD>
+An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal
+hash table of commands as maintained by the <B>hash</B> builtin.
+Elements added to this array appear in the hash table; however,
+unsetting array elements currently does not cause command names to be removed
+from the hash table.
+If
+<B>BASH_CMDS</B>
+
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+<DT><B>BASH_COMMAND</B>
+
+<DD>
+The command currently being executed or about to be executed, unless the
+shell is executing a command as the result of a trap,
+in which case it is the command executing at the time of the trap.
+<DT><B>BASH_EXECUTION_STRING</B>
+
+<DD>
+The command argument to the <B>-c</B> invocation option.
+<DT><B>BASH_LINENO</B>
+
+<DD>
+An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source files
+where each corresponding member of
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>FUNCNAME</B>
+
+</FONT>
+was invoked.
+<B>${BASH_LINENO[</B><I>$i</I><B>]}</B> is the line number in the source
+file (<B>${BASH_SOURCE[</B><I>$i+1</I><B>]}</B>) where
+<B>${FUNCNAME[</B><I>$i</I><B>]}</B> was called
+(or <B>${BASH_LINENO[</B><I>$i-1</I><B>]}</B> if referenced within another
+shell function).
+Use
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>LINENO</B>
+
+</FONT>
+to obtain the current line number.
+<DT><B>BASH_LOADABLES_PATH</B>
+
+<DD>
+A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for
+dynamically loadable builtins specified by the
+<B>enable</B>
+
+command.
+<DT><B>BASH_REMATCH</B>
+
+<DD>
+An array variable whose members are assigned by the <B>=~</B> binary
+operator to the <B>[[</B> conditional command.
+The element with index 0 is the portion of the string
+matching the entire regular expression.
+The element with index <I>n</I> is the portion of the
+string matching the <I>n</I>th parenthesized subexpression.
+This variable is read-only.
+<DT><B>BASH_SOURCE</B>
+
+<DD>
+An array variable whose members are the source filenames
+where the corresponding shell function names in the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>FUNCNAME</B>
+
+</FONT>
+array variable are defined.
+The shell function
+<B>${FUNCNAME[</B><I>$i</I><B>]}</B> is defined in the file
+<B>${BASH_SOURCE[</B><I>$i</I><B>]}</B> and called from
+<B>${BASH_SOURCE[</B><I>$i+1</I><B>]}</B>.
+<DT><B>BASH_SUBSHELL</B>
+
+<DD>
+Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell environment when
+the shell begins executing in that environment.
+The initial value is 0.
+<DT><B>BASH_VERSINFO</B>
+
+<DD>
+A readonly array variable whose members hold version information for
+this instance of
+<B>bash</B>.
+
+The values assigned to the array members are as follows:
+<P>
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>BASH_VERSINFO[</B>0]
+
+<DD>
+The major version number (the <I>release</I>).
+<DT><B>BASH_VERSINFO[</B>1]
+
+<DD>
+The minor version number (the <I>version</I>).
+<DT><B>BASH_VERSINFO[</B>2]
+
+<DD>
+The patch level.
+<DT><B>BASH_VERSINFO[</B>3]
+
+<DD>
+The build version.
+<DT><B>BASH_VERSINFO[</B>4]
+
+<DD>
+The release status (e.g., <I>beta1</I>).
+<DT><B>BASH_VERSINFO[</B>5]
+
+<DD>
+The value of
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>MACHTYPE</B>.
+
+</FONT>
+</DL></DL>
+
+<DT><B>BASH_VERSION</B>
+
+<DD>
+Expands to a string describing the version of this instance of
+<B>bash</B>.
+
+<DT><B>COMP_CWORD</B>
+
+<DD>
+An index into <B>${COMP_WORDS}</B> of the word containing the current
+cursor position.
+This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the
+programmable completion facilities (see <B>Programmable Completion</B>
+below).
+<DT><B>COMP_KEY</B>
+
+<DD>
+The key (or final key of a key sequence) used to invoke the current
+completion function.
+<DT><B>COMP_LINE</B>
+
+<DD>
+The current command line.
+This variable is available only in shell functions and external
+commands invoked by the
+programmable completion facilities (see <B>Programmable Completion</B>
+below).
+<DT><B>COMP_POINT</B>
+
+<DD>
+The index of the current cursor position relative to the beginning of
+the current command.
+If the current cursor position is at the end of the current command,
+the value of this variable is equal to <B>${#COMP_LINE}</B>.
+This variable is available only in shell functions and external
+commands invoked by the
+programmable completion facilities (see <B>Programmable Completion</B>
+below).
+<DT><B>COMP_TYPE</B>
+
+<DD>
+Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of completion attempted
+that caused a completion function to be called:
+<I>TAB</I>, for normal completion,
+<I>?</I>, for listing completions after successive tabs,
+<I>!</I>, for listing alternatives on partial word completion,
+<I>@</I>, to list completions if the word is not unmodified,
+or
+<I>%</I>, for menu completion.
+This variable is available only in shell functions and external
+commands invoked by the
+programmable completion facilities (see <B>Programmable Completion</B>
+below).
+<DT><B>COMP_WORDBREAKS</B>
+
+<DD>
+The set of characters that the <B>readline</B> library treats as word
+separators when performing word completion.
+If
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>COMP_WORDBREAKS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+<DT><B>COMP_WORDS</B>
+
+<DD>
+An array variable (see <B>Arrays</B> below) consisting of the individual
+words in the current command line.
+The line is split into words as <B>readline</B> would split it, using
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>COMP_WORDBREAKS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+as described above.
+This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the
+programmable completion facilities (see <B>Programmable Completion</B>
+below).
+<DT><B>COPROC</B>
+
+<DD>
+An array variable (see <B>Arrays</B> below) created to hold the file descriptors
+for output from and input to an unnamed coprocess (see <B>Coprocesses</B>
+above).
+<DT><B>DIRSTACK</B>
+
+<DD>
+An array variable (see
+<B>Arrays</B>
+
+below) containing the current contents of the directory stack.
+Directories appear in the stack in the order they are displayed by the
+<B>dirs</B>
+
+builtin.
+Assigning to members of this array variable may be used to modify
+directories already in the stack, but the
+<B>pushd</B>
+
+and
+<B>popd</B>
+
+builtins must be used to add and remove directories.
+Assignment to this variable will not change the current directory.
+If
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>DIRSTACK</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+<DT><B>EPOCHREALTIME</B>
+
+<DD>
+Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of seconds
+since the Unix Epoch (see <I>time</I>(3)) as a floating point value
+with micro-second granularity.
+Assignments to
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>EPOCHREALTIME</B>
+
+</FONT>
+are ignored.
+If
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>EPOCHREALTIME</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+<DT><B>EPOCHSECONDS</B>
+
+<DD>
+Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of seconds
+since the Unix Epoch (see <I>time</I>(3)).
+Assignments to
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>EPOCHSECONDS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+are ignored.
+If
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>EPOCHSECONDS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+<DT><B>EUID</B>
+
+<DD>
+Expands to the effective user ID of the current user, initialized at
+shell startup.  This variable is readonly.
+<DT><B>FUNCNAME</B>
+
+<DD>
+An array variable containing the names of all shell functions
+currently in the execution call stack.
+The element with index 0 is the name of any currently-executing
+shell function.
+The bottom-most element (the one with the highest index) is
+<TT>&quot;main&quot;</TT>.
+
+This variable exists only when a shell function is executing.
+Assignments to
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>FUNCNAME</B>
+
+</FONT>
+have no effect.
+If
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>FUNCNAME</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+<P>
+
+
+This variable can be used with <B>BASH_LINENO</B> and <B>BASH_SOURCE</B>.
+Each element of <B>FUNCNAME</B> has corresponding elements in
+<B>BASH_LINENO</B> and <B>BASH_SOURCE</B> to describe the call stack.
+For instance, <B>${FUNCNAME[</B><I>$i</I><B>]}</B> was called from the file
+<B>${BASH_SOURCE[</B><I>$i+1</I><B>]}</B> at line number
+<B>${BASH_LINENO[</B><I>$i</I><B>]}</B>.
+The <B>caller</B> builtin displays the current call stack using this
+information.
+<DT><B>GROUPS</B>
+
+<DD>
+An array variable containing the list of groups of which the current
+user is a member.
+Assignments to
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>GROUPS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+have no effect.
+If
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>GROUPS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+<DT><B>HISTCMD</B>
+
+<DD>
+The history number, or index in the history list, of the current
+command.
+If
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTCMD</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+<DT><B>HOSTNAME</B>
+
+<DD>
+Automatically set to the name of the current host.
+<DT><B>HOSTTYPE</B>
+
+<DD>
+Automatically set to a string that uniquely
+describes the type of machine on which
+<B>bash</B>
+
+is executing.
+The default is system-dependent.
+<DT><B>LINENO</B>
+
+<DD>
+Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes
+a decimal number representing the current sequential line number
+(starting with 1) within a script or function.  When not in a
+script or function, the value substituted is not guaranteed to
+be meaningful.
+If
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>LINENO</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+<DT><B>MACHTYPE</B>
+
+<DD>
+Automatically set to a string that fully describes the system
+type on which
+<B>bash</B>
+
+is executing, in the standard GNU <I>cpu-company-system</I> format.
+The default is system-dependent.
+<DT><B>MAPFILE</B>
+
+<DD>
+An array variable (see <B>Arrays</B> below) created to hold the text
+read by the <B>mapfile</B> builtin when no variable name is supplied.
+<DT><B>OLDPWD</B>
+
+<DD>
+The previous working directory as set by the
+<B>cd</B>
+
+command.
+<DT><B>OPTARG</B>
+
+<DD>
+The value of the last option argument processed by the
+<B>getopts</B>
+
+builtin command (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below).
+<DT><B>OPTIND</B>
+
+<DD>
+The index of the next argument to be processed by the
+<B>getopts</B>
+
+builtin command (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below).
+<DT><B>OSTYPE</B>
+
+<DD>
+Automatically set to a string that
+describes the operating system on which
+<B>bash</B>
+
+is executing.
+The default is system-dependent.
+<DT><B>PIPESTATUS</B>
+
+<DD>
+An array variable (see
+<B>Arrays</B>
+
+below) containing a list of exit status values from the processes
+in the most-recently-executed foreground pipeline (which may
+contain only a single command).
+<DT><B>PPID</B>
+
+<DD>
+The process ID of the shell's parent.  This variable is readonly.
+<DT><B>PWD</B>
+
+<DD>
+The current working directory as set by the
+<B>cd</B>
+
+command.
+<DT><B>RANDOM</B>
+
+<DD>
+Each time this parameter is referenced, a random integer between
+0 and 32767 is
+generated.  The sequence of random numbers may be initialized by assigning
+a value to
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>RANDOM</B>.
+
+</FONT>
+If
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>RANDOM</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+<DT><B>READLINE_LINE</B>
+
+<DD>
+The contents of the
+<B>readline</B>
+
+line buffer, for use with
+<TT>bind -x</TT>
+
+(see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below).
+<DT><B>READLINE_POINT</B>
+
+<DD>
+The position of the insertion point in the
+<B>readline</B>
+
+line buffer, for use with
+<TT>bind -x</TT>
+
+(see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below).
+<DT><B>REPLY</B>
+
+<DD>
+Set to the line of input read by the
+<B>read</B>
+
+builtin command when no arguments are supplied.
+<DT><B>SECONDS</B>
+
+<DD>
+Each time this parameter is
+referenced, the number of seconds since shell invocation is returned.  If a
+value is assigned to
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SECONDS</B>,
+
+</FONT>
+the value returned upon subsequent
+references is
+the number of seconds since the assignment plus the value assigned.
+If
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SECONDS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+<DT><B>SHELLOPTS</B>
+
+<DD>
+A colon-separated list of enabled shell options.  Each word in
+the list is a valid argument for the
+<B>-o</B>
+
+option to the
+<B>set</B>
+
+builtin command (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below).  The options appearing in
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELLOPTS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+are those reported as
+<I>on</I>
+
+by <B>set -o</B>.
+If this variable is in the environment when
+<B>bash</B>
+
+starts up, each shell option in the list will be enabled before
+reading any startup files.
+This variable is read-only.
+<DT><B>SHLVL</B>
+
+<DD>
+Incremented by one each time an instance of
+<B>bash</B>
+
+is started.
+<DT><B>UID</B>
+
+<DD>
+Expands to the user ID of the current user, initialized at shell startup.
+This variable is readonly.
+
+</DL>
+<P>
+
+The following variables are used by the shell.  In some cases,
+<B>bash</B>
+
+assigns a default value to a variable; these cases are noted
+below.
+<P>
+
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>BASH_COMPAT</B>
+
+<DD>
+The value is used to set the shell's compatibility level.
+See the description of the <B>shopt</B> builtin below under
+<B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B>
+for a description of the various compatibility
+levels and their effects.
+The value may be a decimal number (e.g., 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42)
+corresponding to the desired compatibility level.
+If <B>BASH_COMPAT</B> is unset or set to the empty string, the compatibility
+level is set to the default for the current version.
+If <B>BASH_COMPAT</B> is set to a value that is not one of the valid
+compatibility levels, the shell prints an error message and sets the
+compatibility level to the default for the current version.
+The valid compatibility levels correspond to the compatibility options
+accepted by the <B>shopt</B> builtin described below (for example,
+<B>compat42</B> means that 4.2 and 42 are valid values).
+The current version is also a valid value.
+<DT><B>BASH_ENV</B>
+
+<DD>
+If this parameter is set when <B>bash</B> is executing a shell script,
+its value is interpreted as a filename containing commands to
+initialize the shell, as in
+<A HREF="file:~/.bashrc"><I>~/.bashrc</I></A>.
+
+The value of
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASH_ENV</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
+expansion before being interpreted as a filename.
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PATH</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is not used to search for the resultant filename.
+<DT><B>BASH_XTRACEFD</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, <B>bash</B>
+will write the trace output generated when
+<TT>set -x</TT>
+
+is enabled to that file descriptor.
+The file descriptor is closed when
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASH_XTRACEFD</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is unset or assigned a new value.
+Unsetting
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASH_XTRACEFD</B>
+
+</FONT>
+or assigning it the empty string causes the
+trace output to be sent to the standard error.
+Note that setting
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASH_XTRACEFD</B>
+
+</FONT>
+to 2 (the standard error file
+descriptor) and then unsetting it will result in the standard error
+being closed.
+<DT><B>CDPATH</B>
+
+<DD>
+The search path for the
+<B>cd</B>
+
+command.
+This is a colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks
+for destination directories specified by the
+<B>cd</B>
+
+command.
+A sample value is
+<TT>&quot;.:~:/usr&quot;</TT>.
+
+<DT><B>CHILD_MAX</B>
+
+<DD>
+Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to remember.
+Bash will not allow this value to be decreased below a POSIX-mandated
+minimum, and there is a maximum value (currently 8192) that this may
+not exceed.
+The minimum value is system-dependent.
+<DT><B>COLUMNS</B>
+
+<DD>
+Used by the <B>select</B> compound command to determine the terminal width
+when printing selection lists.
+Automatically set if the
+<B>checkwinsize</B>
+
+option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGWINCH</B>.
+
+</FONT>
+<DT><B>COMPREPLY</B>
+
+<DD>
+An array variable from which <B>bash</B> reads the possible completions
+generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable completion
+facility (see <B>Programmable Completion</B> below).
+Each array element contains one possible completion.
+<DT><B>EMACS</B>
+
+<DD>
+If <B>bash</B> finds this variable in the environment when the shell starts
+with value
+<TT>t</TT>,
+
+it assumes that the shell is running in an Emacs shell buffer and disables
+line editing.
+<DT><B>ENV</B>
+
+<DD>
+Similar to
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASH_ENV</B>;
+
+</FONT>
+used when the shell is invoked in <I>posix mode</I>.
+<DT><B>EXECIGNORE</B>
+
+<DD>
+A colon-separated list of shell patterns (see <B>Pattern Matching</B>)
+defining the list of filenames to be ignored by command search using
+<B>PATH</B>.
+Files whose full pathnames match one of these patterns are not considered
+executable files for the purposes of completion and command execution
+via <B>PATH</B> lookup.
+This does not affect the behavior of the <B>[</B>, <B>test</B>, and <B>[[</B>
+commands.
+Full pathnames in the command hash table are not subject to <B>EXECIGNORE</B>.
+Use this variable to ignore shared library files that have the executable
+bit set, but are not executable files.
+The pattern matching honors the setting of the <B>extglob</B> shell
+option.
+<DT><B>FCEDIT</B>
+
+<DD>
+The default editor for the
+<B>fc</B>
+
+builtin command.
+<DT><B>FIGNORE</B>
+
+<DD>
+A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing
+filename completion (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>READLINE</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below).
+A filename whose suffix matches one of the entries in 
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>FIGNORE</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is excluded from the list of matched filenames.
+A sample value is
+<TT>&quot;.o:~&quot;</TT>.
+
+<DT><B>FUNCNEST</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum function
+nesting level.  Function invocations that exceed this nesting level
+will cause the current command to abort.
+<DT><B>GLOBIGNORE</B>
+
+<DD>
+A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of file names to
+be ignored by pathname expansion.
+If a file name matched by a pathname expansion pattern also matches one
+of the patterns in
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>GLOBIGNORE</B>,
+
+</FONT>
+it is removed from the list of matches.
+<DT><B>HISTCONTROL</B>
+
+<DD>
+A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are saved on
+the history list.
+If the list of values includes
+<I>ignorespace</I>,
+
+lines which begin with a
+<B>space</B>
+
+character are not saved in the history list.
+A value of
+<I>ignoredups</I>
+
+causes lines matching the previous history entry to not be saved.
+A value of
+<I>ignoreboth</I>
+
+is shorthand for <I>ignorespace</I> and <I>ignoredups</I>.
+A value of
+<I>erasedups</I>
+
+causes all previous lines matching the current line to be removed from
+the history list before that line is saved.
+Any value not in the above list is ignored.
+If
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTCONTROL</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is unset, or does not include a valid value,
+all lines read by the shell parser are saved on the history list,
+subject to the value of
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTIGNORE</B>.
+
+</FONT>
+The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are
+not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTCONTROL</B>.
+
+</FONT>
+<DT><B>HISTFILE</B>
+
+<DD>
+The name of the file in which command history is saved (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTORY</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below).  The default value is <A HREF="file:~/.bash_history"><I>~/.bash_history</I></A>.  If unset, the
+command history is not saved when a shell exits.
+<DT><B>HISTFILESIZE</B>
+
+<DD>
+The maximum number of lines contained in the history file.  When this
+variable is assigned a value, the history file is truncated, if
+necessary,
+to contain no more than that number of lines by removing the oldest entries.
+The history file is also truncated to this size after
+writing it when a shell exits.
+If the value is 0, the history file is truncated to zero size.
+Non-numeric values and numeric values less than zero inhibit truncation.
+The shell sets the default value to the value of <B>HISTSIZE</B>
+after reading any startup files.
+<DT><B>HISTIGNORE</B>
+
+<DD>
+A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command lines
+should be saved on the history list.  Each pattern is anchored at the
+beginning of the line and must match the complete line (no implicit
+`<B>*</B>' is appended).  Each pattern is tested against the line
+after the checks specified by
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTCONTROL</B>
+
+</FONT>
+are applied.
+In addition to the normal shell pattern matching characters, `<B>&amp;</B>'
+matches the previous history line.  `<B>&amp;</B>' may be escaped using a
+backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match.
+The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are
+not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTIGNORE</B>.
+
+</FONT>
+The pattern matching honors the setting of the <B>extglob</B> shell
+option.
+<DT><B>HISTSIZE</B>
+
+<DD>
+The number of commands to remember in the command history (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTORY</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below).
+If the value is 0, commands are not saved in the history list.
+Numeric values less than zero result in every command being saved
+on the history list (there is no limit).
+The shell sets the default value to 500 after reading any startup files.
+<DT><B>HISTTIMEFORMAT</B>
+
+<DD>
+If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format string
+for <I>strftime</I>(3) to print the time stamp associated with each history
+entry displayed by the <B>history</B> builtin.
+If this variable is set, time stamps are written to the history file so
+they may be preserved across shell sessions.
+This uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from
+other history lines.
+<DT><B>HOME</B>
+
+<DD>
+The home directory of the current user; the default argument for the
+<B>cd</B> builtin command.
+The value of this variable is also used when performing tilde expansion.
+<DT><B>HOSTFILE</B>
+
+<DD>
+Contains the name of a file in the same format as
+
+<I>/etc/hosts</I>
+
+that should be read when the shell needs to complete a
+hostname.
+The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while the
+shell is running;
+the next time hostname completion is attempted after the
+value is changed,
+<B>bash</B>
+
+adds the contents of the new file to the existing list.
+If
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HOSTFILE</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is set, but has no value, or does not name a readable file,
+<B>bash</B> attempts to read
+
+<I>/etc/hosts</I>
+
+to obtain the list of possible hostname completions.
+When
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HOSTFILE</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is unset, the hostname list is cleared.
+<DT><B>IFS</B>
+
+<DD>
+The
+<I>Internal Field Separator</I>
+
+that is used
+for word splitting after expansion and to
+split lines into words with the
+<B>read</B>
+
+builtin command.  The default value is
+``&lt;space&gt;&lt;tab&gt;&lt;newline&gt;''.
+<DT><B>IGNOREEOF</B>
+
+<DD>
+Controls the
+action of an interactive shell on receipt of an
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>EOF</B>
+
+</FONT>
+character as the sole input.  If set, the value is the number of
+consecutive
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>EOF</B>
+
+</FONT>
+characters which must be
+typed as the first characters on an input line before
+<B>bash</B>
+
+exits.  If the variable exists but does not have a numeric value, or
+has no value, the default value is 10.  If it does not exist,
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>EOF</B>
+
+</FONT>
+signifies the end of input to the shell.
+<DT><B>INPUTRC</B>
+
+<DD>
+The filename for the
+<B>readline</B>
+
+startup file, overriding the default of
+
+<A HREF="file:~/.inputrc"><I>~/.inputrc</I></A>
+
+(see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>READLINE</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below).
+<DT><B>INSIDE_EMACS</B>
+
+<DD>
+If this variable appears in the environment when the shell starts,
+<B>bash</B> assumes that it is running inside an Emacs shell buffer
+and may disable line editing, depending on the value of <B>TERM</B>.
+<DT><B>LANG</B>
+
+<DD>
+Used to determine the locale category for any category not specifically
+selected with a variable starting with <B>LC_</B>.
+<DT><B>LC_ALL</B>
+
+<DD>
+This variable overrides the value of
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>LANG</B>
+
+</FONT>
+and any other
+<B>LC_</B> variable specifying a locale category.
+<DT><B>LC_COLLATE</B>
+
+<DD>
+This variable determines the collation order used when sorting the
+results of pathname expansion, and determines the behavior of range
+expressions, equivalence classes, and collating sequences within
+pathname expansion and pattern matching.
+<DT><B>LC_CTYPE</B>
+
+<DD>
+This variable determines the interpretation of characters and the
+behavior of character classes within pathname expansion and pattern
+matching.
+<DT><B>LC_MESSAGES</B>
+
+<DD>
+This variable determines the locale used to translate double-quoted
+strings preceded by a <B>$</B>.
+<DT><B>LC_NUMERIC</B>
+
+<DD>
+This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting.
+<DT><B>LC_TIME</B>
+
+<DD>
+This variable determines the locale category used for data and time
+formatting.
+<DT><B>LINES</B>
+
+<DD>
+Used by the <B>select</B> compound command to determine the column length
+for printing selection lists.
+Automatically set if the
+<B>checkwinsize</B>
+
+option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGWINCH</B>.
+
+</FONT>
+<DT><B>MAIL</B>
+
+<DD>
+If this parameter is set to a file or directory name and the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>MAILPATH</B>
+
+</FONT>
+variable is not set,
+<B>bash</B>
+
+informs the user of the arrival of mail in the specified file or
+Maildir-format directory.
+<DT><B>MAILCHECK</B>
+
+<DD>
+Specifies how
+often (in seconds)
+<B>bash</B>
+
+checks for mail.  The default is 60 seconds.  When it is time to check
+for mail, the shell does so before displaying the primary prompt.
+If this variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number
+greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking.
+<DT><B>MAILPATH</B>
+
+<DD>
+A colon-separated list of filenames to be checked for mail.
+The message to be printed when mail arrives in a particular file
+may be specified by separating the filename from the message with a `?'.
+When used in the text of the message, <B>$_</B> expands to the name of
+the current mailfile.
+Example:
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+<P>
+
+<B>MAILPATH</B>=aq/var/mail/bfox?&quot;You have mail&quot;:~/shell-mail?&quot;$_ has mail!&quot;aq
+<P>
+
+<B>Bash</B>
+
+can be configured to supply
+a default value for this variable (there is no value by default),
+but the location of the user
+mail files that it uses is system dependent (e.g., /var/mail/<B>$USER</B>).
+</DL>
+
+<DT><B>OPTERR</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set to the value 1,
+<B>bash</B>
+
+displays error messages generated by the
+<B>getopts</B>
+
+builtin command (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below).
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>OPTERR</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is initialized to 1 each time the shell is invoked or a shell
+script is executed.
+<DT><B>PATH</B>
+
+<DD>
+The search path for commands.  It
+is a colon-separated list of directories in which
+the shell looks for commands (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>COMMAND EXECUTION</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below).
+A zero-length (null) directory name in the value of
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PATH</B>
+
+</FONT>
+indicates the current directory.
+A null directory name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial
+or trailing colon.
+The default path is system-dependent,
+and is set by the administrator who installs
+<B>bash</B>.
+
+A common value is
+
+<TT>/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin</TT>.
+
+
+<DT><B>POSIXLY_CORRECT</B>
+
+<DD>
+If this variable is in the environment when <B>bash</B> starts, the shell
+enters <I>posix mode</I> before reading the startup files, as if the
+<B>--posix</B>
+
+invocation option had been supplied.  If it is set while the shell is
+running, <B>bash</B> enables <I>posix mode</I>, as if the command
+<TT>set -o posix</TT>
+
+had been executed.
+When the shell enters <I>posix mode</I>, it sets this variable if it was
+not already set.
+<DT><B>PROMPT_COMMAND</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set, the value is executed as a command prior to issuing each primary
+prompt.
+<DT><B>PROMPT_DIRTRIM</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the number of
+trailing directory components to retain when expanding the <B>\w</B> and
+<B>\W</B> prompt string escapes (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PROMPTING</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below).  Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis.
+<DT><B>PS0</B>
+
+<DD>
+The value of this parameter is expanded (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PROMPTING</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below) and displayed by interactive shells after reading a command
+and before the command is executed.
+<DT><B>PS1</B>
+
+<DD>
+The value of this parameter is expanded (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PROMPTING</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below) and used as the primary prompt string.  The default value is
+``<B>\s-\v\$ </B>''.
+<DT><B>PS2</B>
+
+<DD>
+The value of this parameter is expanded as with
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PS1</B>
+
+</FONT>
+and used as the secondary prompt string.  The default is
+``<B>&gt; </B>''.
+<DT><B>PS3</B>
+
+<DD>
+The value of this parameter is used as the prompt for the
+<B>select</B>
+
+command (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL GRAMMAR</B>
+
+</FONT>
+above).
+<DT><B>PS4</B>
+
+<DD>
+The value of this parameter is expanded as with
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PS1</B>
+
+</FONT>
+and the value is printed before each command
+<B>bash</B>
+
+displays during an execution trace.  The first character of
+the expanded value of
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PS4</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is replicated multiple times, as necessary, to indicate multiple
+levels of indirection.  The default is ``<B>+ </B>''.
+<DT><B>SHELL</B>
+
+<DD>
+The full pathname to the shell is kept in this environment variable.
+If it is not set when the shell starts,
+<B>bash</B>
+
+assigns to it the full pathname of the current user's login shell.
+<DT><B>TIMEFORMAT</B>
+
+<DD>
+The value of this parameter is used as a format string specifying
+how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the
+<B>time</B>
+
+reserved word should be displayed.
+The <B>%</B> character introduces an escape sequence that is
+expanded to a time value or other information.
+The escape sequences and their meanings are as follows; the
+braces denote optional portions.
+<P>
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>%%</B>
+
+<DD>
+A literal <B>%</B>.
+<DT><B>%[</B><I>p</I>][l]R
+
+<DD>
+The elapsed time in seconds.
+<DT><B>%[</B><I>p</I>][l]U
+
+<DD>
+The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.
+<DT><B>%[</B><I>p</I>][l]S
+
+<DD>
+The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.
+<DT><B>%P</B>
+
+<DD>
+The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R.
+
+</DL></DL>
+
+<DT><DD>
+The optional <I>p</I> is a digit specifying the <I>precision</I>,
+the number of fractional digits after a decimal point.
+A value of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.
+At most three places after the decimal point may be specified;
+values of <I>p</I> greater than 3 are changed to 3.
+If <I>p</I> is not specified, the value 3 is used.
+<DT><DD>
+The optional <B>l</B> specifies a longer format, including
+minutes, of the form <I>MM</I>m<I>SS</I>.<I>FF</I>s.
+The value of <I>p</I> determines whether or not the fraction is
+included.
+<DT><DD>
+If this variable is not set, <B>bash</B> acts as if it had the
+value <B>$aq\nreal\t%3lR\nuser\t%3lU\nsys\t%3lSaq</B>.
+If the value is null, no timing information is displayed.
+A trailing newline is added when the format string is displayed.
+
+<DT><B>TMOUT</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set to a value greater than zero,
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>TMOUT</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is treated as the
+default timeout for the <B>read</B> builtin.
+The <B>select</B> command terminates if input does not arrive
+after
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>TMOUT</B>
+
+</FONT>
+seconds when input is coming from a terminal.
+In an interactive shell, the value is interpreted as the
+number of seconds to wait for a line of input after issuing the
+primary prompt.
+<B>Bash</B>
+
+terminates after waiting for that number of seconds if a complete
+line of input does not arrive.
+<DT><B>TMPDIR</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set, <B>bash</B> uses its value as the name of a directory in which
+<B>bash</B> creates temporary files for the shell's use.
+<DT><B>auto_resume</B>
+
+<DD>
+This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and
+job control.  If this variable is set, single word simple
+commands without redirections are treated as candidates for resumption
+of an existing stopped job.  There is no ambiguity allowed; if there is
+more than one job beginning with the string typed, the job most recently
+accessed is selected.  The
+<I>name</I>
+
+of a stopped job, in this context, is the command line used to
+start it.
+If set to the value
+<I>exact</I>,
+
+the string supplied must match the name of a stopped job exactly;
+if set to
+<I>substring</I>,
+
+the string supplied needs to match a substring of the name of a
+stopped job.  The
+<I>substring</I>
+
+value provides functionality analogous to the
+<B>%?</B>
+
+job identifier (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>JOB CONTROL</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below).  If set to any other value, the supplied string must
+be a prefix of a stopped job's name; this provides functionality
+analogous to the <B>%</B><I>string</I> job identifier.
+<DT><B>histchars</B>
+
+<DD>
+The two or three characters which control history expansion
+and tokenization (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTORY EXPANSION</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below).  The first character is the <I>history expansion</I> character,
+the character which signals the start of a history
+expansion, normally `<B>!</B>'.
+The second character is the <I>quick substitution</I>
+character, which is used as shorthand for re-running the previous
+command entered, substituting one string for another in the command.
+The default is `<B>^</B>'.
+The optional third character is the character
+which indicates that the remainder of the line is a comment when found
+as the first character of a word, normally `<B>#</B>'.  The history
+comment character causes history substitution to be skipped for the
+remaining words on the line.  It does not necessarily cause the shell
+parser to treat the rest of the line as a comment.
+
+</DL>
+<A NAME="lbAX">&nbsp;</A>
+<H4>Arrays</H4>
+
+<B>Bash</B>
+
+provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables.
+Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the
+<B>declare</B>
+
+builtin will explicitly declare an array.
+There is no maximum
+limit on the size of an array, nor any requirement that members
+be indexed or assigned contiguously.
+Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including arithmetic
+expressions) and are zero-based; associative arrays are referenced
+using arbitrary strings.
+Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non-negative integers.
+<P>
+
+An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to
+using the syntax <I>name</I>[<I>subscript</I>]=<I>value</I>.  The
+<I>subscript</I>
+
+is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number.
+To explicitly declare an indexed array, use
+<B>declare -a </B><I>name</I>
+
+(see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below).
+<B>declare -a </B><I>name</I>[<I>subscript</I>]
+
+is also accepted; the <I>subscript</I> is ignored.
+<P>
+
+Associative arrays are created using
+<B>declare -A </B><I>name</I>.
+
+<P>
+
+Attributes may be
+specified for an array variable using the
+<B>declare</B>
+
+and
+<B>readonly</B>
+
+builtins.  Each attribute applies to all members of an array.
+<P>
+
+Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form
+<I>name</I>=<B>(</B>value<I>1</I> ... value<I>n</I><B>)</B>, where each
+<I>value</I> is of the form [<I>subscript</I>]=<I>string</I>.
+Indexed array assignments do not require anything but <I>string</I>.
+When assigning to indexed arrays, if the optional brackets and subscript
+are supplied, that index is assigned to;
+otherwise the index of the element assigned is the last index assigned
+to by the statement plus one.  Indexing starts at zero.
+<P>
+
+When assigning to an associative array, the subscript is required.
+<P>
+
+This syntax is also accepted by the
+<B>declare</B>
+
+builtin.  Individual array elements may be assigned to using the
+<I>name</I>[<I>subscript</I>]=<I>value</I> syntax introduced above.
+When assigning to an indexed array, if
+<I>name</I>
+
+is subscripted by a negative number, that number is
+interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of
+<I>name</I>, so negative indices count back from the end of the
+array, and an index of -1 references the last element.
+<P>
+
+Any element of an array may be referenced using
+${<I>name</I>[<I>subscript</I>]}.  The braces are required to avoid
+conflicts with pathname expansion.  If
+<I>subscript</I> is <B>@</B> or <B>*</B>, the word expands to
+all members of <I>name</I>.  These subscripts differ only when the
+word appears within double quotes.  If the word is double-quoted,
+${<I>name</I>[*]} expands to a single
+word with the value of each array member separated by the first
+character of the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+special variable, and ${<I>name</I>[@]} expands each element of
+<I>name</I> to a separate word.  When there are no array members,
+${<I>name</I>[@]} expands to nothing.
+If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of
+the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original
+word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last
+part of the original word.
+This is analogous to the expansion
+of the special parameters <B>*</B> and <B>@</B> (see
+<B>Special Parameters</B>
+
+above).  ${#<I>name</I>[<I>subscript</I>]} expands to the length of
+${<I>name</I>[<I>subscript</I>]}.  If <I>subscript</I> is <B>*</B> or
+<B>@</B>, the expansion is the number of elements in the array.
+If the
+<I>subscript</I>
+
+used to reference an element of an indexed array
+evaluates to a number less than zero, it is
+interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of the array,
+so negative indices count back from the end of the
+array, and an index of -1 references the last element.
+<P>
+
+Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to
+referencing the array with a subscript of 0.
+Any reference to a variable using a valid subscript is legal, and
+<B>bash</B>
+
+will create an array if necessary.
+<P>
+
+An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a
+value.  The null string is a valid value.
+<P>
+
+It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as the values.
+${<B>!</B><I>name</I>[<I>@</I>]} and ${<B>!</B><I>name</I>[<I>*</I>]}
+expand to the indices assigned in array variable <I>name</I>.
+The treatment when in double quotes is similar to the expansion of the
+special parameters <I>@</I> and <I>*</I> within double quotes.
+<P>
+
+The
+<B>unset</B>
+
+builtin is used to destroy arrays.  <B>unset</B> <I>name</I>[<I>subscript</I>]
+destroys the array element at index <I>subscript</I>,
+for both indexed and associative arrays.
+Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted as described above.
+Unsetting the last element of an array variable does not unset the variable.
+<B>unset</B> <I>name</I>, where <I>name</I> is an array, or
+<B>unset</B> <I>name</I>[<I>subscript</I>], where
+<I>subscript</I> is <B>*</B> or <B>@</B>, removes the entire array.
+<P>
+
+When using a variable name with a subscript as an argument to a command,
+such as with <B>unset</B>, without using the word expansion syntax
+described above, the argument is subject to pathname expansion.
+If pathname expansion is not desired, the argument should be quoted.
+<P>
+
+The
+<B>declare</B>,
+
+<B>local</B>,
+
+and
+<B>readonly</B>
+
+builtins each accept a
+<B>-a</B>
+
+option to specify an indexed array and a
+<B>-A</B>
+
+option to specify an associative array.
+If both options are supplied,
+<B>-A</B>
+
+takes precedence.
+The
+<B>read</B>
+
+builtin accepts a
+<B>-a</B>
+
+option to assign a list of words read from the standard input
+to an array.  The
+<B>set</B>
+
+and
+<B>declare</B>
+
+builtins display array values in a way that allows them to be
+reused as assignments.
+<A NAME="lbAY">&nbsp;</A>
+<H3>EXPANSION</H3>
+
+Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into
+words.  There are seven kinds of expansion performed:
+<I>brace expansion</I>,
+
+<I>tilde expansion</I>,
+
+<I>parameter and variable expansion</I>,
+
+<I>command substitution</I>,
+
+<I>arithmetic expansion</I>,
+
+<I>word splitting</I>,
+
+and
+<I>pathname expansion</I>.
+
+<P>
+
+The order of expansions is:
+brace expansion;
+tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion,
+and command substitution (done in a left-to-right fashion);
+word splitting;
+and pathname expansion.
+<P>
+
+On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion
+available: <I>process substitution</I>.
+This is performed at the
+same time as tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and
+command substitution.
+<P>
+
+After these expansions are performed, quote characters present in the
+original word are removed unless they have been quoted themselves
+(<I>quote removal</I>).
+<P>
+
+Only brace expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion
+can increase the number of words of the expansion; other expansions
+expand a single word to a single word.
+The only exceptions to this are the expansions of
+&quot;<B>$@</B>&quot; and &quot;<B>${</B><I>name</I><B>[@]}</B>&quot;,
+and, in most cases, <B>$*</B> and <B>${</B><I>name</I><B>[*]}</B>
+as explained above (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PARAMETERS</B>).
+
+</FONT>
+<A NAME="lbAZ">&nbsp;</A>
+<H4>Brace Expansion</H4>
+
+<P>
+
+<I>Brace expansion</I>
+
+is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings
+may be generated.  This mechanism is similar to
+<I>pathname expansion</I>, but the filenames generated
+need not exist.  Patterns to be brace expanded take
+the form of an optional
+<I>preamble</I>,
+
+followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or
+a sequence expression between a pair of braces, followed by
+an optional
+<I>postscript</I>.
+
+The preamble is prefixed to each string contained
+within the braces, and the postscript is then appended
+to each resulting string, expanding left to right.
+<P>
+
+Brace expansions may be nested.  The results of each expanded
+string are not sorted; left to right order is preserved.
+For example, a<B>{</B>d,c,b<B>}</B>e expands into `ade ace abe'.
+<P>
+
+A sequence expression takes the form
+<B>{</B><I>x</I><B>..</B><I>y</I><B>[..</B><I>incr</I><B>]}</B>,
+where <I>x</I> and <I>y</I> are either integers or single characters,
+and <I>incr</I>, an optional increment, is an integer.
+When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each number between
+<I>x</I> and <I>y</I>, inclusive.
+Supplied integers may be prefixed with <I>0</I> to force each term to have the
+same width.
+When either <I>x</I> or y begins with a zero, the shell
+attempts to force all generated terms to contain the same number of digits,
+zero-padding where necessary.
+When characters are supplied, the expression expands to each character
+lexicographically between <I>x</I> and <I>y</I>, inclusive,
+using the default C locale.
+Note that both <I>x</I> and <I>y</I> must be of the same type.
+When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference between
+each term.  The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate.
+<P>
+
+Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions,
+and any characters special to other expansions are preserved
+in the result.  It is strictly textual.
+<B>Bash</B>
+
+does not apply any syntactic interpretation to the context of the
+expansion or the text between the braces.
+<P>
+
+A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening
+and closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid
+sequence expression.
+Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged.
+A <B>{</B> or <B>,</B> may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its
+being considered part of a brace expression.
+To avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string <B>${</B>
+is not considered eligible for brace expansion, and inhibits brace
+expansion until the closing <B>}</B>.
+<P>
+
+This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common
+prefix of the strings to be generated is longer than in the
+above example:
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+<P>
+
+mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,new,dist,bugs}
+</DL>
+
+or
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}}
+</DL>
+
+<P>
+
+Brace expansion introduces a slight incompatibility with
+historical versions of
+<B>sh</B>.
+
+<B>sh</B>
+
+does not treat opening or closing braces specially when they
+appear as part of a word, and preserves them in the output.
+<B>Bash</B>
+
+removes braces from words as a consequence of brace
+expansion.  For example, a word entered to
+<B>sh</B>
+
+as <I>file{1,2}</I>
+appears identically in the output.  The same word is
+output as
+<I>file1 file2</I>
+
+after expansion by
+<B>bash</B>.
+
+If strict compatibility with
+<B>sh</B>
+
+is desired, start
+<B>bash</B>
+
+with the
+<B>+B</B>
+
+option or disable brace expansion with the
+<B>+B</B>
+
+option to the
+<B>set</B>
+
+command (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below).
+<A NAME="lbBA">&nbsp;</A>
+<H4>Tilde Expansion</H4>
+
+<P>
+
+If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character (`<B>~</B>'), all of
+the characters preceding the first unquoted slash (or all characters,
+if there is no unquoted slash) are considered a <I>tilde-prefix</I>.
+If none of the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the
+characters in the tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a
+possible <I>login name</I>.
+If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the
+value of the shell parameter
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HOME</B>.
+
+</FONT>
+If
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HOME</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is unset, the home directory of the user executing the shell is
+substituted instead.
+Otherwise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory
+associated with the specified login name.
+<P>
+
+If the tilde-prefix is a `~+', the value of the shell variable
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PWD</B>
+
+</FONT>
+replaces the tilde-prefix.
+If the tilde-prefix is a `~-', the value of the shell variable
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>OLDPWD</B>,
+
+</FONT>
+if it is set, is substituted.
+If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist
+of a number <I>N</I>, optionally prefixed
+by a `+' or a `-', the tilde-prefix is replaced with the corresponding
+element from the directory stack, as it would be displayed by the
+<B>dirs</B>
+
+builtin invoked with the tilde-prefix as an argument.
+If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a
+number without a leading `+' or `-', `+' is assumed.
+<P>
+
+If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the word
+is unchanged.
+<P>
+
+Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes immediately
+following a
+<B>:</B>
+
+or the first
+<B>=</B>.
+
+In these cases, tilde expansion is also performed.
+Consequently, one may use filenames with tildes in assignments to
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PATH</B>,
+
+</FONT>
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>MAILPATH</B>,
+
+</FONT>
+and
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>CDPATH</B>,
+
+</FONT>
+and the shell assigns the expanded value.
+<P>
+
+Bash also performs tilde expansion on words satisfying the conditions of
+variable assignments (as described above under
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PARAMETERS</B>)
+
+</FONT>
+when they appear as arguments to simple commands.
+Bash does not do this, except for the <I>declaration</I> commands listed
+above, when in <I>posix mode</I>.
+<A NAME="lbBB">&nbsp;</A>
+<H4>Parameter Expansion</H4>
+
+<P>
+
+The `<B>$</B>' character introduces parameter expansion,
+command substitution, or arithmetic expansion.  The parameter name
+or symbol to be expanded may be enclosed in braces, which
+are optional but serve to protect the variable to be expanded from
+characters immediately following it which could be
+interpreted as part of the name.
+<P>
+
+When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first `<B>}</B>'
+not escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an
+embedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter
+expansion.
+<P>
+
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>${<I>parameter</I>}<DD>
+The value of <I>parameter</I> is substituted.  The braces are required
+when
+<I>parameter</I>
+
+is a positional parameter with more than one digit,
+or when
+<I>parameter</I>
+
+is followed by a character which is not to be
+interpreted as part of its name.
+The <I>parameter</I> is a shell parameter as described above
+<B>PARAMETERS</B>) or an array reference (<B>Arrays</B>).
+
+</DL>
+<P>
+
+If the first character of <I>parameter</I> is an exclamation point (<B>!</B>),
+and <I>parameter</I> is not a <I>nameref</I>,
+it introduces a level of indirection.
+<B>Bash</B> uses the value formed by expanding the rest of
+<I>parameter</I> as the new <I>parameter</I>; this is then
+expanded and that value is used in the rest of the expansion, rather
+than the expansion of the original <I>parameter</I>.
+This is known as <I>indirect expansion</I>.
+The value is subject to tilde expansion,
+parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.
+If <I>parameter</I> is a nameref, this expands to the name of the
+parameter referenced by <I>parameter</I> instead of performing the
+complete indirect expansion.
+The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${<B>!</B><I>prefix</I><B>*</B>} and
+${<B>!</B><I>name</I>[<I>@</I>]} described below.
+The exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to
+introduce indirection.
+<P>
+
+In each of the cases below, <I>word</I> is subject to tilde expansion,
+parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.
+<P>
+
+When not performing substring expansion, using the forms documented below
+(e.g., <B>:-</B>),
+<B>bash</B> tests for a parameter that is unset or null.  Omitting the colon
+results in a test only for a parameter that is unset.
+<P>
+
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>:-</B><I>word</I>}<DD>
+<B>Use Default Values</B>.  If
+<I>parameter</I>
+
+is unset or null, the expansion of
+<I>word</I>
+
+is substituted.  Otherwise, the value of
+<I>parameter</I>
+
+is substituted.
+<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>:=</B><I>word</I>}<DD>
+<B>Assign Default Values</B>.
+If
+<I>parameter</I>
+
+is unset or null, the expansion of
+<I>word</I>
+
+is assigned to
+<I>parameter</I>.
+
+The value of
+<I>parameter</I>
+
+is then substituted.  Positional parameters and special parameters may
+not be assigned to in this way.
+<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>:?</B><I>word</I>}<DD>
+<B>Display Error if Null or Unset</B>.
+If
+<I>parameter</I>
+
+is null or unset, the expansion of <I>word</I> (or a message to that effect
+if
+<I>word</I>
+
+is not present) is written to the standard error and the shell, if it
+is not interactive, exits.  Otherwise, the value of <I>parameter</I> is
+substituted.
+<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>:+</B><I>word</I>}<DD>
+<B>Use Alternate Value</B>.
+If
+<I>parameter</I>
+
+is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the expansion of
+<I>word</I>
+
+is substituted.
+<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>:</B><I>offset</I>}<DD>
+
+<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>:</B><I>offset</I><B>:</B><I>length</I>}<DD>
+
+<B>Substring Expansion</B>.
+Expands to up to <I>length</I> characters of the value of <I>parameter</I>
+starting at the character specified by <I>offset</I>.
+If <I>parameter</I> is <B>@</B>, an indexed array subscripted by
+<B>@</B> or <B>*</B>, or an associative array name, the results differ as
+described below.
+If <I>length</I> is omitted, expands to the substring of the value of
+<I>parameter</I> starting at the character specified by <I>offset</I>
+and extending to the end of the value.
+<I>length</I> and <I>offset</I> are arithmetic expressions (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>ARITHMETIC EVALUATION</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below).
+<P>
+If <I>offset</I> evaluates to a number less than zero, the value
+is used as an offset in characters
+from the end of the value of <I>parameter</I>.
+If <I>length</I> evaluates to a number less than zero,
+it is interpreted as an offset in characters
+from the end of the value of <I>parameter</I> rather than
+a number of characters, and the expansion is the characters between
+<I>offset</I> and that result.
+Note that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by at least
+one space to avoid being confused with the <B>:-</B> expansion.
+<P>
+If <I>parameter</I> is <B>@</B>, the result is <I>length</I> positional
+parameters beginning at <I>offset</I>.
+A negative <I>offset</I> is taken relative to one greater than the greatest
+positional parameter, so an offset of -1 evaluates to the last positional
+parameter.
+It is an expansion error if <I>length</I> evaluates to a number less than
+zero.
+<P>
+If <I>parameter</I> is an indexed array name subscripted by @ or *,
+the result is the <I>length</I>
+members of the array beginning with ${<I>parameter</I>[<I>offset</I>]}.
+A negative <I>offset</I> is taken relative to one greater than the maximum
+index of the specified array.
+It is an expansion error if <I>length</I> evaluates to a number less than
+zero.
+<P>
+Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces undefined
+results.
+<P>
+Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters
+are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by default.
+If <I>offset</I> is 0, and the positional parameters are used, <B>$0</B> is
+prefixed to the list.
+<DT>${<B>!</B><I>prefix</I><B>*</B>}<DD>
+
+<DT>${<B>!</B><I>prefix</I><B>@</B>}<DD>
+
+<B>Names matching prefix</B>.
+Expands to the names of variables whose names begin with <I>prefix</I>,
+separated by the first character of the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+special variable.
+When <I>@</I> is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each
+variable name expands to a separate word.
+<DT>${<B>!</B><I>name</I>[<I>@</I>]}<DD>
+
+<DT>${<B>!</B><I>name</I>[<I>*</I>]}<DD>
+
+<B>List of array keys</B>.
+If <I>name</I> is an array variable, expands to the list of array indices
+(keys) assigned in <I>name</I>.
+If <I>name</I> is not an array, expands to 0 if <I>name</I> is set and null
+otherwise.
+When <I>@</I> is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each
+key expands to a separate word.
+<DT>${<B>#</B><I>parameter</I>}<DD>
+<B>Parameter length</B>.
+The length in characters of the value of <I>parameter</I> is substituted.
+If
+<I>parameter</I>
+
+is
+<B>*</B>
+
+or
+<B>@</B>,
+
+the value substituted is the number of positional parameters.
+If
+<I>parameter</I>
+
+is an array name subscripted by
+<B>*</B>
+
+or
+<B>@</B>,
+
+the value substituted is the number of elements in the array.
+If
+<I>parameter</I>
+
+is an indexed array name subscripted by a negative number, that number is
+interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of
+<I>parameter</I>, so negative indices count back from the end of the
+array, and an index of -1 references the last element.
+<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>#</B><I>word</I>}<DD>
+
+<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>##</B><I>word</I>}<DD>
+
+<B>Remove matching prefix pattern</B>.
+The
+<I>word</I>
+
+is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname
+expansion, and matched against the expanded value of
+<I>parameter</I>
+
+using the rules described under
+<B>Pattern Matching</B>
+
+below.
+If the pattern matches the beginning of
+the value of
+<I>parameter</I>,
+
+then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of
+<I>parameter</I>
+
+with the shortest matching pattern (the ``<B>#</B>'' case) or the
+longest matching pattern (the ``<B>##</B>'' case) deleted.
+If
+<I>parameter</I>
+
+is
+<B>@</B>
+
+or
+<B>*</B>,
+
+the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional
+parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+If
+<I>parameter</I>
+
+is an array variable subscripted with
+<B>@</B>
+
+or
+<B>*</B>,
+
+the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the
+array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>%</B><I>word</I>}<DD>
+
+<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>%%</B><I>word</I>}<DD>
+
+<B>Remove matching suffix pattern</B>.
+The <I>word</I> is expanded to produce a pattern just as in
+pathname expansion, and matched against the expanded value of
+<I>parameter</I>
+
+using the rules described under
+<B>Pattern Matching</B>
+
+below.
+If the pattern matches a trailing portion of the expanded value of
+<I>parameter</I>,
+
+then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of
+<I>parameter</I>
+
+with the shortest matching pattern (the ``<B>%</B>'' case) or the
+longest matching pattern (the ``<B>%%</B>'' case) deleted.
+If
+<I>parameter</I>
+
+is
+<B>@</B>
+
+or
+<B>*</B>,
+
+the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional
+parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+If
+<I>parameter</I>
+
+is an array variable subscripted with
+<B>@</B>
+
+or
+<B>*</B>,
+
+the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the
+array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>/</B><I>pattern</I><B>/</B><I>string</I>}<DD>
+<B>Pattern substitution</B>.
+The <I>pattern</I> is expanded to produce a pattern just as in
+pathname expansion,
+<I>Parameter</I> is expanded and the longest match of <I>pattern</I>
+against its value is replaced with <I>string</I>.
+The match is performed using the rules described under
+<B>Pattern Matching</B>
+
+below.
+If <I>pattern</I> begins with <B>/</B>, all matches of <I>pattern</I> are
+replaced with <I>string</I>.  Normally only the first match is replaced.
+If <I>pattern</I> begins with <B>#</B>, it must match at the beginning
+of the expanded value of <I>parameter</I>.
+If <I>pattern</I> begins with <B>%</B>, it must match at the end
+of the expanded value of <I>parameter</I>.
+If <I>string</I> is null, matches of <I>pattern</I> are deleted
+and the <B>/</B> following <I>pattern</I> may be omitted.
+If the
+<B>nocasematch</B>
+
+shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+of alphabetic characters.
+If
+<I>parameter</I>
+
+is
+<B>@</B>
+
+or
+<B>*</B>,
+
+the substitution operation is applied to each positional
+parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+If
+<I>parameter</I>
+
+is an array variable subscripted with
+<B>@</B>
+
+or
+<B>*</B>,
+
+the substitution operation is applied to each member of the
+array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>^</B><I>pattern</I>}<DD>
+
+<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>^^</B><I>pattern</I>}<DD>
+<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>,</B><I>pattern</I>}<DD>
+<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>,,</B><I>pattern</I>}<DD>
+
+<B>Case modification</B>.
+This expansion modifies the case of alphabetic characters in <I>parameter</I>.
+The <I>pattern</I> is expanded to produce a pattern just as in
+pathname expansion.
+Each character in the expanded value of <I>parameter</I> is tested against
+<I>pattern</I>, and, if it matches the pattern, its case is converted.
+The pattern should not attempt to match more than one character.
+The <B>^</B> operator converts lowercase letters matching <I>pattern</I>
+to uppercase; the <B>,</B> operator converts matching uppercase letters
+to lowercase.
+The <B>^^</B> and <B>,,</B> expansions convert each matched character in the
+expanded value; the <B>^</B> and <B>,</B> expansions match and convert only
+the first character in the expanded value.
+If <I>pattern</I> is omitted, it is treated like a <B>?</B>, which matches
+every character.
+If
+<I>parameter</I>
+
+is
+<B>@</B>
+
+or
+<B>*</B>,
+
+the case modification operation is applied to each positional
+parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+If
+<I>parameter</I>
+
+is an array variable subscripted with
+<B>@</B>
+
+or
+<B>*</B>,
+
+the case modification operation is applied to each member of the
+array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+<DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>@</B><I>operator</I>}<DD>
+<B>Parameter transformation</B>.
+The expansion is either a transformation of the value of <I>parameter</I>
+or information about <I>parameter</I> itself, depending on the value of
+<I>operator</I>.  Each <I>operator</I> is a single letter:
+<P>
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>Q</B>
+
+<DD>
+The expansion is a string that is the value of <I>parameter</I> quoted in a
+format that can be reused as input.
+<DT><B>E</B>
+
+<DD>
+The expansion is a string that is the value of <I>parameter</I> with backslash
+escape sequences expanded as with the <B>$'...'</B> quoting mechanism.
+<DT><B>P</B>
+
+<DD>
+The expansion is a string that is the result of expanding the value of
+<I>parameter</I> as if it were a prompt string (see <B>PROMPTING</B> below).
+<DT><B>A</B>
+
+<DD>
+The expansion is a string in the form of
+an assignment statement or <B>declare</B> command that, if
+evaluated, will recreate <I>parameter</I> with its attributes and value.
+<DT><B>a</B>
+
+<DD>
+The expansion is a string consisting of flag values representing
+<I>parameter</I>'s attributes.
+
+</DL>
+<P>
+
+If
+<I>parameter</I>
+
+is
+<B>@</B>
+
+or
+<B>*</B>,
+
+the operation is applied to each positional
+parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+If
+<I>parameter</I>
+
+is an array variable subscripted with
+<B>@</B>
+
+or
+<B>*</B>,
+
+the operation is applied to each member of the
+array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+<P>
+The result of the expansion is subject to word splitting and pathname
+expansion as described below.
+</DL>
+
+</DL>
+<A NAME="lbBC">&nbsp;</A>
+<H4>Command Substitution</H4>
+
+<P>
+
+<I>Command substitution</I> allows the output of a command to replace
+the command name.  There are two forms:
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+<P>
+
+<B>$(</B><I>command</I><B>)</B>
+</DL>
+
+or
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+<B>`</B><I>command</I><B>`</B>
+</DL>
+
+<P>
+
+<B>Bash</B>
+
+performs the expansion by executing <I>command</I> in a subshell environment
+and replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the
+command, with any trailing newlines deleted.
+Embedded newlines are not deleted, but they may be removed during
+word splitting.
+The command substitution <B>$(cat </B><I>file</I>) can be replaced by
+the equivalent but faster <B>$(&lt; </B><I>file</I>).
+<P>
+
+When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used,
+backslash retains its literal meaning except when followed by
+<B>$</B>,
+
+<B>`</B>,
+
+or
+<B>\</B>.
+
+The first backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the
+command substitution.
+When using the $(<I>command</I>) form, all characters between the
+parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially.
+<P>
+
+Command substitutions may be nested.  To nest when using the backquoted form,
+escape the inner backquotes with backslashes.
+<P>
+
+If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and
+pathname expansion are not performed on the results.
+<A NAME="lbBD">&nbsp;</A>
+<H4>Arithmetic Expansion</H4>
+
+<P>
+
+Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression
+and the substitution of the result.  The format for arithmetic expansion is:
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+<P>
+
+<B>$((</B><I>expression</I><B>))</B>
+</DL>
+
+<P>
+
+The
+<I>expression</I>
+
+is treated as if it were within double quotes, but a double quote
+inside the parentheses is not treated specially.
+All tokens in the expression undergo parameter and variable expansion,
+command substitution, and quote removal.
+The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be evaluated.
+Arithmetic expansions may be nested.
+<P>
+
+The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>ARITHMETIC EVALUATION</B>.
+
+</FONT>
+If
+<I>expression</I>
+
+is invalid,
+<B>bash</B>
+
+prints a message indicating failure and no substitution occurs.
+<A NAME="lbBE">&nbsp;</A>
+<H4>Process Substitution</H4>
+
+<P>
+
+<I>Process substitution</I> allows a process's input or output to be
+referred to using a filename.
+It takes the form of
+<B>&lt;(</B><I>list</I><B>)</B>
+or
+<B>&gt;(</B><I>list</I><B>)</B>.
+The process <I>list</I> is run asynchronously, and its input or output
+appears as a filename.
+This filename is
+passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the
+expansion.
+If the <B>&gt;(</B><I>list</I><B>)</B> form is used, writing to
+the file will provide input for <I>list</I>.  If the
+<B>&lt;(</B><I>list</I><B>)</B> form is used, the file passed as an
+argument should be read to obtain the output of <I>list</I>.
+Process substitution is supported on systems that support named
+pipes (<I>FIFOs</I>) or the <B>/dev/fd</B> method of naming open files.
+<P>
+
+When available, process substitution is performed
+simultaneously with parameter and variable expansion,
+command substitution,
+and arithmetic expansion.
+<A NAME="lbBF">&nbsp;</A>
+<H4>Word Splitting</H4>
+
+<P>
+
+The shell scans the results of
+parameter expansion,
+command substitution,
+and
+arithmetic expansion
+that did not occur within double quotes for
+<I>word splitting</I>.
+
+<P>
+
+The shell treats each character of
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+as a delimiter, and splits the results of the other
+expansions into words using these characters as field terminators.
+If
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is unset, or its
+value is exactly
+<B>&lt;space&gt;&lt;tab&gt;&lt;newline&gt;</B>,
+
+the default, then
+sequences of
+<B>&lt;space&gt;</B>,
+
+<B>&lt;tab&gt;</B>,
+
+and
+<B>&lt;newline&gt;</B>
+
+at the beginning and end of the results of the previous
+expansions are ignored, and
+any sequence of
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+characters not at the beginning or end serves to delimit words.
+If
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+has a value other than the default, then sequences of
+the whitespace characters
+<B>space</B>,
+
+<B>tab</B>,
+
+and
+<B>newline</B>
+
+are ignored at the beginning and end of the
+word, as long as the whitespace character is in the
+value of
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+(an
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+whitespace character).
+Any character in
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+that is not
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+whitespace, along with any adjacent
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+whitespace characters, delimits a field.
+A sequence of
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter.
+If the value of
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is null, no word splitting occurs.
+<P>
+
+Explicit null arguments (<B>&quot;&quot;</B> or <B>aqaq</B>) are retained
+and passed to commands as empty strings.
+Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the expansion of
+parameters that have no values, are removed.
+If a parameter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a
+null argument results and is retained
+and passed to a command as an empty string.
+When a quoted null argument appears as part of a word whose expansion is
+non-null, the null argument is removed.
+That is, the word
+<TT>-daqaq</TT> becomes <TT>-d</TT> after word splitting and
+null argument removal.
+<P>
+
+Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting
+is performed.
+<A NAME="lbBG">&nbsp;</A>
+<H4>Pathname Expansion</H4>
+
+<P>
+
+After word splitting,
+unless the
+<B>-f</B>
+
+option has been set,
+<B>bash</B>
+
+scans each word for the characters
+<B>*</B>,
+
+<B>?</B>,
+
+and
+<B>[</B>.
+
+If one of these characters appears, then the word is
+regarded as a
+<I>pattern</I>,
+
+and replaced with an alphabetically sorted list of
+filenames matching the pattern
+(see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>Pattern Matching</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below).
+If no matching filenames are found,
+and the shell option
+<B>nullglob</B>
+
+is not enabled, the word is left unchanged.
+If the
+<B>nullglob</B>
+
+option is set, and no matches are found,
+the word is removed.
+If the
+<B>failglob</B>
+
+shell option is set, and no matches are found, an error message
+is printed and the command is not executed.
+If the shell option
+<B>nocaseglob</B>
+
+is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+of alphabetic characters.
+When a pattern is used for pathname expansion,
+the character
+<B>``.''</B>
+
+at the start of a name or immediately following a slash
+must be matched explicitly, unless the shell option
+<B>dotglob</B>
+
+is set.
+The filenames
+<B>``.''</B>
+
+and
+<B>``..''</B>
+
+must always be matched explicitly, even if
+<B>dotglob</B>
+
+is set.
+In other cases, the
+<B>``.''</B>
+
+character is not treated specially.
+When matching a pathname, the slash character must always be
+matched explicitly by a slash in the pattern, but in other matching
+contexts it can be matched by a special pattern character as described
+below under
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>Pattern Matching</B>.
+
+</FONT>
+See the description of
+<B>shopt</B>
+
+below under
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+for a description of the
+<B>nocaseglob</B>,
+
+<B>nullglob</B>,
+
+<B>failglob</B>,
+
+and
+<B>dotglob</B>
+
+shell options.
+<P>
+
+The
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>GLOBIGNORE</B>
+
+</FONT>
+shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file names matching a
+<I>pattern</I>.
+
+If
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>GLOBIGNORE</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is set, each matching file name that also matches one of the patterns in
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>GLOBIGNORE</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is removed from the list of matches.
+If the <B>nocaseglob</B> option is set, the matching against the patterns in
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>GLOBIGNORE</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is performed without regard to case.
+The filenames
+<B>``.''</B>
+
+and
+<B>``..''</B>
+
+are always ignored when
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>GLOBIGNORE</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is set and not null.  However, setting
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>GLOBIGNORE</B>
+
+</FONT>
+to a non-null value has the effect of enabling the
+<B>dotglob</B>
+
+shell option, so all other filenames beginning with a
+<B>``.''</B>
+
+will match.
+To get the old behavior of ignoring filenames beginning with a
+<B>``.''</B>,
+
+make
+<B>``.*''</B>
+
+one of the patterns in
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>GLOBIGNORE</B>.
+
+</FONT>
+The
+<B>dotglob</B>
+
+option is disabled when
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>GLOBIGNORE</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is unset.
+The pattern matching honors the setting of the <B>extglob</B> shell
+option.
+<P>
+
+<B>Pattern Matching</B>
+<P>
+
+Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern
+characters described below, matches itself.  The NUL character may not
+occur in a pattern.  A backslash escapes the following character; the
+escaping backslash is discarded when matching.
+The special pattern characters must be quoted if
+they are to be matched literally.
+<P>
+
+The special pattern characters have the following meanings:
+<P>
+
+
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>*</B>
+
+<DD>
+Matches any string, including the null string.
+When the <B>globstar</B> shell option is enabled, and <B>*</B> is used in
+a pathname expansion context, two adjacent <B>*</B>s used as a single
+pattern will match all files and zero or more directories and
+subdirectories.
+If followed by a <B>/</B>, two adjacent <B>*</B>s will match only directories
+and subdirectories.
+<DT><B>?</B>
+
+<DD>
+Matches any single character.
+<DT><B>[...]</B>
+
+<DD>
+Matches any one of the enclosed characters.  A pair of characters
+separated by a hyphen denotes a
+<I>range expression</I>;
+any character that falls between those two characters, inclusive,
+using the current locale's collating sequence and character set,
+is matched.  If the first character following the
+<B>[</B>
+
+is a
+<B>!</B>
+
+or a
+<B>^</B>
+
+then any character not enclosed is matched.
+The sorting order of characters in range expressions is determined by
+the current locale and the values of the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>LC_COLLATE</B>
+
+</FONT>
+or
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>LC_ALL</B>
+
+</FONT>
+shell variables, if set.
+To obtain the traditional interpretation of range expressions, where
+<B>[a-d]</B>
+
+is equivalent to
+<B>[abcd]</B>,
+
+set value of the
+<B>LC_ALL</B>
+
+shell variable to
+<B>C</B>,
+
+or enable the
+<B>globasciiranges</B>
+
+shell option.
+A
+<B>-</B>
+
+may be matched by including it as the first or last character
+in the set.
+A
+<B>]</B>
+
+may be matched by including it as the first character
+in the set.
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+
+
+Within
+<B>[</B>
+
+and
+<B>]</B>,
+
+<I>character classes</I> can be specified using the syntax
+<B>[:</B><I>class</I><B>:]</B>, where <I>class</I> is one of the
+following classes defined in the POSIX standard:
+</DL>
+<P>
+
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+<B>
+</B>
+
+alnum   alpha   ascii   blank   cntrl   digit   graph   lower   print   punct   space   upper   word   xdigit
+<BR>
+
+A character class matches any character belonging to that class.
+The <B>word</B> character class matches letters, digits, and the character _.
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+
+
+Within
+<B>[</B>
+
+and
+<B>]</B>,
+
+an <I>equivalence class</I> can be specified using the syntax
+<B>[=</B><I>c</I><B>=]</B>, which matches all characters with the
+same collation weight (as defined by the current locale) as
+the character <I>c</I>.
+<BR>
+
+<P>
+
+
+Within
+<B>[</B>
+
+and
+<B>]</B>,
+
+the syntax <B>[.</B><I>symbol</I><B>.]</B> matches the collating symbol
+<I>symbol</I>.
+</DL>
+
+</DL>
+
+
+<P>
+
+If the <B>extglob</B> shell option is enabled using the <B>shopt</B>
+builtin, several extended pattern matching operators are recognized.
+In the following description, a <I>pattern-list</I> is a list of one
+or more patterns separated by a <B>|</B>.
+Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the following
+sub-patterns:
+<P>
+
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>?(</B><I>pattern-list</I><B>)</B><DD>
+Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns
+<DT><B>*(</B><I>pattern-list</I><B>)</B><DD>
+Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns
+<DT><B>+(</B><I>pattern-list</I><B>)</B><DD>
+Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns
+<DT><B>@(</B><I>pattern-list</I><B>)</B><DD>
+Matches one of the given patterns
+<DT><B>!(</B><I>pattern-list</I><B>)</B><DD>
+Matches anything except one of the given patterns
+</DL></DL>
+
+
+<P>
+
+Complicated extended pattern matching against long strings is slow,
+especially when the patterns contain alternations and the strings
+contain multiple matches.
+Using separate matches against shorter strings, or using arrays of
+strings instead of a single long string, may be faster.
+<A NAME="lbBH">&nbsp;</A>
+<H4>Quote Removal</H4>
+
+<P>
+
+After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the
+characters
+<B>\</B>,
+
+<B>aq</B>,
+
+and <B>&quot;</B> that did not result from one of the above
+expansions are removed.
+<A NAME="lbBI">&nbsp;</A>
+<H3>REDIRECTION</H3>
+
+Before a command is executed, its input and output
+may be
+<I>redirected</I>
+
+using a special notation interpreted by the shell.
+Redirection allows commands' file handles to be
+duplicated, opened, closed,
+made to refer to different files,
+and can change the files the command reads from and writes to.
+Redirection may also be used to modify file handles in the
+current shell execution environment.
+The following redirection
+operators may precede or appear anywhere within a
+<I>simple command</I>
+
+or may follow a
+<I>command</I>.
+
+Redirections are processed in the order they appear, from
+left to right.
+<P>
+
+Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number
+may instead be preceded by a word of the form {<I>varname</I>}.
+In this case, for each redirection operator except
+&gt;&amp;- and &lt;&amp;-, the shell will allocate a file descriptor greater
+than or equal to 10 and assign it to <I>varname</I>.
+If &gt;&amp;- or &lt;&amp;- is preceded
+by {<I>varname</I>}, the value of <I>varname</I> defines the file
+descriptor to close.
+If {<I>varname</I>} is supplied, the redirection persists beyond
+the scope of the command, allowing the shell programmer to manage
+the file descriptor himself.
+<P>
+
+In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is
+omitted, and the first character of the redirection operator is
+<B>&lt;</B>,
+
+the redirection refers to the standard input (file descriptor
+0).  If the first character of the redirection operator is
+<B>&gt;</B>,
+
+the redirection refers to the standard output (file descriptor
+1).
+<P>
+
+The word following the redirection operator in the following
+descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to
+brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
+command substitution, arithmetic expansion, quote removal,
+pathname expansion, and word splitting.
+If it expands to more than one word,
+<B>bash</B>
+
+reports an error.
+<P>
+
+Note that the order of redirections is significant.  For example,
+the command
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+<P>
+
+ls <B>&gt;</B> dirlist 2<B>&gt;&amp;</B>1
+</DL>
+
+<P>
+
+directs both standard output and standard error to the file
+<I>dirlist</I>,
+
+while the command
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+<P>
+
+ls 2<B>&gt;&amp;</B>1 <B>&gt;</B> dirlist
+</DL>
+
+<P>
+
+directs only the standard output to file
+<I>dirlist</I>,
+
+because the standard error was duplicated from the standard output
+before the standard output was redirected to
+<I>dirlist</I>.
+
+<P>
+
+<B>Bash</B> handles several filenames specially when they are used in
+redirections, as described in the following table.
+If the operating system on which <B>bash</B> is running provides these
+special files, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them
+internally with the behavior described below.
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+<P>
+
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>/dev/fd/</B><I>fd</I>
+
+<DD>
+If <I>fd</I> is a valid integer, file descriptor <I>fd</I> is duplicated.
+<DT><B>/dev/stdin</B>
+
+<DD>
+File descriptor 0 is duplicated.
+<DT><B>/dev/stdout</B>
+
+<DD>
+File descriptor 1 is duplicated.
+<DT><B>/dev/stderr</B>
+
+<DD>
+File descriptor 2 is duplicated.
+<DT><B>/dev/tcp/</B><I>host</I>/<I>port</I>
+
+<DD>
+If <I>host</I> is a valid hostname or Internet address, and <I>port</I>
+is an integer port number or service name, <B>bash</B> attempts to open
+the corresponding TCP socket.
+<DT><B>/dev/udp/</B><I>host</I>/<I>port</I>
+
+<DD>
+If <I>host</I> is a valid hostname or Internet address, and <I>port</I>
+is an integer port number or service name, <B>bash</B> attempts to open
+the corresponding UDP socket.
+
+</DL></DL>
+
+<P>
+
+A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail.
+<P>
+
+Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with
+care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses
+internally.
+<A NAME="lbBJ">&nbsp;</A>
+<H4>Redirecting Input</H4>
+
+<P>
+
+Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from
+the expansion of
+<I>word</I>
+
+to be opened for reading on file descriptor
+<I>n</I>,
+
+or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if
+<I>n</I>
+
+is not specified.
+<P>
+
+The general format for redirecting input is:
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+<P>
+
+[<I>n</I>]<B>&lt;</B><I>word</I>
+</DL>
+
+<A NAME="lbBK">&nbsp;</A>
+<H4>Redirecting Output</H4>
+
+<P>
+
+Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from
+the expansion of
+<I>word</I>
+
+to be opened for writing on file descriptor
+<I>n</I>,
+
+or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if
+<I>n</I>
+
+is not specified.  If the file does not exist it is created;
+if it does exist it is truncated to zero size.
+<P>
+
+The general format for redirecting output is:
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+<P>
+
+[<I>n</I>]<B>&gt;</B><I>word</I>
+</DL>
+
+<P>
+
+If the redirection operator is
+<B>&gt;</B>,
+
+and the
+<B>noclobber</B>
+
+option to the
+<B>set</B>
+
+builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file
+whose name results from the expansion of <I>word</I> exists and is
+a regular file.
+If the redirection operator is
+<B>&gt;|</B>,
+
+or the redirection operator is
+<B>&gt;</B>
+
+and the
+<B>noclobber</B>
+
+option to the
+<B>set</B>
+
+builtin command is not enabled, the redirection is attempted even
+if the file named by <I>word</I> exists.
+<A NAME="lbBL">&nbsp;</A>
+<H4>Appending Redirected Output</H4>
+
+<P>
+
+Redirection of output in this fashion
+causes the file whose name results from
+the expansion of
+<I>word</I>
+
+to be opened for appending on file descriptor
+<I>n</I>,
+
+or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if
+<I>n</I>
+
+is not specified.  If the file does not exist it is created.
+<P>
+
+The general format for appending output is:
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+<P>
+
+[<I>n</I>]<B>&gt;&gt;</B><I>word</I>
+</DL>
+
+<P>
+
+<A NAME="lbBM">&nbsp;</A>
+<H4>Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error</H4>
+
+<P>
+
+This construct allows both the
+standard output (file descriptor 1) and
+the standard error output (file descriptor 2)
+to be redirected to the file whose name is the
+expansion of
+<I>word</I>.
+
+<P>
+
+There are two formats for redirecting standard output and
+standard error:
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+<P>
+
+<B>&amp;&gt;</B><I>word</I>
+</DL>
+
+and
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+<B>&gt;&amp;</B><I>word</I>
+</DL>
+
+<P>
+
+Of the two forms, the first is preferred.
+This is semantically equivalent to
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+<P>
+
+<B>&gt;</B><I>word</I> 2<B>&gt;&amp;</B>1
+</DL>
+
+<P>
+
+When using the second form, <I>word</I> may not expand to a number or
+<B>-</B>.  If it does, other redirection operators apply
+(see <B>Duplicating File Descriptors</B> below) for compatibility
+reasons.
+<A NAME="lbBN">&nbsp;</A>
+<H4>Appending Standard Output and Standard Error</H4>
+
+<P>
+
+This construct allows both the
+standard output (file descriptor 1) and
+the standard error output (file descriptor 2)
+to be appended to the file whose name is the
+expansion of
+<I>word</I>.
+
+<P>
+
+The format for appending standard output and standard error is:
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+<P>
+
+<B>&amp;&gt;&gt;</B><I>word</I>
+</DL>
+
+<P>
+
+This is semantically equivalent to
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+<P>
+
+<B>&gt;&gt;</B><I>word</I> 2<B>&gt;&amp;</B>1
+</DL>
+
+<P>
+
+(see <B>Duplicating File Descriptors</B> below).
+<A NAME="lbBO">&nbsp;</A>
+<H4>Here Documents</H4>
+
+<P>
+
+This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the
+current source until a line containing only
+<I>delimiter</I>
+
+(with no trailing blanks)
+is seen.  All of
+the lines read up to that point are then used as the standard
+input (or file descriptor <I>n</I> if <I>n</I> is specified) for a command.
+<P>
+
+The format of here-documents is:
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+<P>
+
+<PRE>
+[<I>n</I>]<B>&lt;&lt;</B>[<B>-</B>]<I>word</I>
+        <I>here-document</I>
+<I>delimiter</I>
+</PRE>
+
+</DL>
+
+<P>
+
+No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution,
+arithmetic expansion, or pathname expansion is performed on
+<I>word</I>.
+
+If any part of
+<I>word</I>
+
+is quoted, the
+<I>delimiter</I>
+
+is the result of quote removal on
+<I>word</I>,
+
+and the lines in the here-document are not expanded.
+If <I>word</I> is unquoted,
+all lines of the here-document are subjected to
+parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion,
+the character sequence
+<B>\&lt;newline&gt;</B>
+
+is ignored, and
+<B>\</B>
+
+must be used to quote the characters
+<B>\</B>,
+
+<B>$</B>,
+
+and
+<B>`</B>.
+
+<P>
+
+If the redirection operator is
+<B>&lt;&lt;-</B>,
+
+then all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines and the
+line containing
+<I>delimiter</I>.
+
+This allows
+here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a
+natural fashion.
+<A NAME="lbBP">&nbsp;</A>
+<H4>Here Strings</H4>
+
+A variant of here documents, the format is:
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+<P>
+
+<PRE>
+[<I>n</I>]<B>&lt;&lt;&lt;</B><I>word</I>
+</PRE>
+
+</DL>
+
+<P>
+
+The <I>word</I> undergoes
+tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
+command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal.
+Pathname expansion and word splitting are not performed.
+The result is supplied as a single string, with a newline appended,
+to the command on its
+standard input (or file descriptor <I>n</I> if <I>n</I> is specified).
+<A NAME="lbBQ">&nbsp;</A>
+<H4>Duplicating File Descriptors</H4>
+
+<P>
+
+The redirection operator
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+<P>
+
+[<I>n</I>]<B>&lt;&amp;</B><I>word</I>
+</DL>
+
+<P>
+
+is used to duplicate input file descriptors.
+If
+<I>word</I>
+
+expands to one or more digits, the file descriptor denoted by
+<I>n</I>
+
+is made to be a copy of that file descriptor.
+If the digits in
+<I>word</I>
+
+do not specify a file descriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs.
+If
+<I>word</I>
+
+evaluates to
+<B>-</B>,
+
+file descriptor
+<I>n</I>
+
+is closed.  If
+<I>n</I>
+
+is not specified, the standard input (file descriptor 0) is used.
+<P>
+
+The operator
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+<P>
+
+[<I>n</I>]<B>&gt;&amp;</B><I>word</I>
+</DL>
+
+<P>
+
+is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors.  If
+<I>n</I>
+
+is not specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used.
+If the digits in
+<I>word</I>
+
+do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a redirection error occurs.
+If
+<I>word</I>
+
+evaluates to
+<B>-</B>,
+
+file descriptor
+<I>n</I>
+
+is closed.
+As a special case, if <I>n</I> is omitted, and <I>word</I> does not
+expand to one or more digits or <B>-</B>, the standard output and standard
+error are redirected as described previously.
+<A NAME="lbBR">&nbsp;</A>
+<H4>Moving File Descriptors</H4>
+
+<P>
+
+The redirection operator
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+<P>
+
+[<I>n</I>]<B>&lt;&amp;</B><I>digit</I><B>-</B>
+</DL>
+
+<P>
+
+moves the file descriptor <I>digit</I> to file descriptor
+<I>n</I>,
+
+or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if <I>n</I> is not specified.
+<I>digit</I> is closed after being duplicated to <I>n</I>.
+<P>
+
+Similarly, the redirection operator
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+<P>
+
+[<I>n</I>]<B>&gt;&amp;</B><I>digit</I><B>-</B>
+</DL>
+
+<P>
+
+moves the file descriptor <I>digit</I> to file descriptor
+<I>n</I>,
+
+or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if <I>n</I> is not specified.
+<A NAME="lbBS">&nbsp;</A>
+<H4>Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing</H4>
+
+<P>
+
+The redirection operator
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+<P>
+
+[<I>n</I>]<B>&lt;&gt;</B><I>word</I>
+</DL>
+
+<P>
+
+causes the file whose name is the expansion of
+<I>word</I>
+
+to be opened for both reading and writing on file descriptor
+<I>n</I>,
+
+or on file descriptor 0 if
+<I>n</I>
+
+is not specified.  If the file does not exist, it is created.
+<A NAME="lbBT">&nbsp;</A>
+<H3>ALIASES</H3>
+
+<I>Aliases</I> allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used
+as the first word of a simple command.
+The shell maintains a list of aliases that may be set and unset with the
+<B>alias</B>
+
+and
+<B>unalias</B>
+
+builtin commands (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below).
+The first word of each simple command, if unquoted,
+is checked to see if it has an
+alias.  If so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias.
+The characters <B>/</B>, <B>$</B>, <B>`</B>, and <B>=</B> and
+any of the shell <I>metacharacters</I> or quoting characters
+listed above may not appear in an alias name.
+The replacement text may contain any valid shell input,
+including shell metacharacters.
+The first word of the replacement text is tested
+for aliases, but a word that is identical to an alias being expanded
+is not expanded a second time.
+This means that one may alias
+<B>ls</B>
+
+to
+<B>ls -F</B>,
+
+for instance, and
+<B>bash</B>
+
+does not try to recursively expand the replacement text.
+If the last character of the alias value is a
+<I>blank</I>,
+
+then the next command
+word following the alias is also checked for alias expansion.
+<P>
+
+Aliases are created and listed with the
+<B>alias</B>
+
+command, and removed with the
+<B>unalias</B>
+
+command.
+<P>
+
+There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text.
+If arguments are needed, a shell function should be used (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>FUNCTIONS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below).
+<P>
+
+Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless
+the
+<B>expand_aliases</B>
+
+shell option is set using
+<B>shopt</B>
+
+(see the description of
+<B>shopt</B>
+
+under
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B></FONT>
+below).
+<P>
+
+The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are
+somewhat confusing.
+<B>Bash</B>
+
+always reads at least one complete line of input,
+and all lines that make up a compound command,
+before executing any of the commands on that line or the compound command.
+Aliases are expanded when a
+command is read, not when it is executed.  Therefore, an
+alias definition appearing on the same line as another
+command does not take effect until the next line of input is read.
+The commands following the alias definition
+on that line are not affected by the new alias.
+This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed.
+Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read,
+not when the function is executed, because a function definition
+is itself a command.  As a consequence, aliases
+defined in a function are not available until after that
+function is executed.  To be safe, always put
+alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use
+<B>alias</B>
+
+in compound commands.
+<P>
+
+For almost every purpose, aliases are superseded by
+shell functions.
+<A NAME="lbBU">&nbsp;</A>
+<H3>FUNCTIONS</H3>
+
+A shell function, defined as described above under
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL GRAMMAR</B>,
+
+</FONT>
+stores a series of commands for later execution.
+When the name of a shell function is used as a simple command name,
+the list of commands associated with that function name is executed.
+Functions are executed in the context of the
+current shell; no new process is created to interpret
+them (contrast this with the execution of a shell script).
+When a function is executed, the arguments to the
+function become the positional parameters
+during its execution.
+The special parameter
+<B>#</B>
+
+is updated to reflect the change.  Special parameter <B>0</B>
+is unchanged.
+The first element of the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>FUNCNAME</B>
+
+</FONT>
+variable is set to the name of the function while the function
+is executing.
+<P>
+
+All other aspects of the shell execution
+environment are identical between a function and its caller
+with these exceptions: the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>DEBUG</B>
+
+</FONT>
+and
+<B>RETURN</B>
+
+traps (see the description of the
+<B>trap</B>
+
+builtin under
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below) are not inherited unless the function has been given the
+<B>trace</B> attribute (see the description of the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>declare</B>
+
+</FONT>
+builtin below) or the
+<B>-o functrace</B> shell option has been enabled with
+the <B>set</B> builtin
+(in which case all functions inherit the <B>DEBUG</B> and <B>RETURN</B> traps),
+and the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>ERR</B>
+
+</FONT>
+trap is not inherited unless the <B>-o errtrace</B> shell option has
+been enabled.
+<P>
+
+Variables local to the function may be declared with the
+<B>local</B>
+
+builtin command.  Ordinarily, variables and their values
+are shared between the function and its caller.
+If a variable is declared <B>local</B>, the variable's visible scope
+is restricted to that function and its children (including the functions
+it calls).
+Local variables &quot;shadow&quot; variables with the same name declared at
+previous scopes.
+For instance, a local variable declared in a function
+hides a global variable of the same name: references and assignments
+refer to the local variable, leaving the global variable unmodified.
+When the function returns, the global variable is once again visible.
+<P>
+
+The shell uses <I>dynamic scoping</I> to control a variable's visibility
+within functions.
+With dynamic scoping, visible variables and their values
+are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused execution
+to reach the current function.
+The value of a variable that a function sees depends
+on its value within its caller, if any, whether that caller is
+the &quot;global&quot; scope or another shell function.
+This is also the value that a local variable
+declaration &quot;shadows&quot;, and the value that is restored when the function
+returns.
+<P>
+
+For example, if a variable <I>var</I> is declared as local in function
+<I>func1</I>, and <I>func1</I> calls another function <I>func2</I>,
+references to <I>var</I> made from within <I>func2</I> will resolve to the
+local variable <I>var</I> from <I>func1</I>, shadowing any global variable
+named <I>var</I>.
+<P>
+
+The <B>unset</B> builtin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a
+variable is local to the current scope, <B>unset</B> will unset it;
+otherwise the unset will refer to the variable found in any calling scope
+as described above.
+If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it will remain so
+until it is reset in that scope or until the function returns.
+Once the function returns, any instance of the variable at a previous
+scope will become visible.
+If the unset acts on a variable at a previous scope, any instance of a
+variable with that name that had been shadowed will become visible.
+<P>
+
+The <B>FUNCNEST</B> variable, if set to a numeric value greater
+than 0, defines a maximum function nesting level.  Function
+invocations that exceed the limit cause the entire command to
+abort.
+<P>
+
+If the builtin command
+<B>return</B>
+
+is executed in a function, the function completes and
+execution resumes with the next command after the function
+call.
+Any command associated with the <B>RETURN</B> trap is executed
+before execution resumes.
+When a function completes, the values of the
+positional parameters and the special parameter
+<B>#</B>
+
+are restored to the values they had prior to the function's
+execution.
+<P>
+
+Function names and definitions may be listed with the
+<B>-f</B>
+
+option to the
+<B>declare</B>
+
+or
+<B>typeset</B>
+
+builtin commands.  The
+<B>-F</B>
+
+option to
+<B>declare</B>
+
+or
+<B>typeset</B>
+
+will list the function names only
+(and optionally the source file and line number, if the <B>extdebug</B>
+shell option is enabled).
+Functions may be exported so that subshells
+automatically have them defined with the
+<B>-f</B>
+
+option to the 
+<B>export</B>
+
+builtin.
+A function definition may be deleted using the <B>-f</B> option to
+the
+<B>unset</B>
+
+builtin.
+<P>
+
+Functions may be recursive.
+The <B>FUNCNEST</B> variable may be used to limit the depth of the
+function call stack and restrict the number of function invocations.
+By default, no limit is imposed on the number of recursive calls.
+<A NAME="lbBV">&nbsp;</A>
+<H3>ARITHMETIC EVALUATION</H3>
+
+The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under
+certain circumstances (see the <B>let</B> and <B>declare</B> builtin
+commands, the <B>((</B> compound command, and <B>Arithmetic Expansion</B>).
+Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check for overflow,
+though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error.
+The operators and their precedence, associativity, and values
+are the same as in the C language.
+The following list of operators is grouped into levels of
+equal-precedence operators.
+The levels are listed in order of decreasing precedence.
+<P>
+
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B></B><I>id</I>++ <I>id</I>--
+
+<DD>
+variable post-increment and post-decrement
+<DT><B>- +</B>
+
+<DD>
+unary minus and plus
+<DT><B>++</B><I>id</I> --<I>id</I>
+
+<DD>
+variable pre-increment and pre-decrement
+<DT><B>! ~</B>
+
+<DD>
+logical and bitwise negation
+<DT><B>**</B>
+
+<DD>
+exponentiation
+<DT><B>* / %</B>
+
+<DD>
+multiplication, division, remainder
+<DT><B>+ -</B>
+
+<DD>
+addition, subtraction
+<DT><B>&lt;&lt; &gt;&gt;</B>
+
+<DD>
+left and right bitwise shifts
+<DT><B>&lt;= &gt;= &lt; &gt;</B>
+
+<DD>
+comparison
+<DT><B>== !=</B>
+
+<DD>
+equality and inequality
+<DT><B>&amp;</B>
+
+<DD>
+bitwise AND
+<DT><B>^</B>
+
+<DD>
+bitwise exclusive OR
+<DT><B>|</B>
+
+<DD>
+bitwise OR
+<DT><B>&amp;&amp;</B>
+
+<DD>
+logical AND
+<DT><B>||</B>
+
+<DD>
+logical OR
+<DT><B></B><I>expr</I>?<I>expr</I>:<I>expr</I>
+
+<DD>
+conditional operator
+<DT><B>= *= /= %= += -= &lt;&lt;= &gt;&gt;= &amp;= ^= |=</B>
+
+<DD>
+assignment
+<DT><B></B><I>expr1</I> , <I>expr2</I>
+
+<DD>
+comma
+
+</DL>
+<P>
+
+Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is
+performed before the expression is evaluated.
+Within an expression, shell variables may also be referenced by name
+without using the parameter expansion syntax.
+A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to 0 when referenced
+by name without using the parameter expansion syntax.
+The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression
+when it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the
+<I>integer</I> attribute using <B>declare -i</B> is assigned a value.
+A null value evaluates to 0.
+A shell variable need not have its <I>integer</I> attribute
+turned on to be used in an expression.
+<P>
+
+Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.
+A leading 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal.
+Otherwise, numbers take the form [<I>base#</I>]n, where the optional <I>base</I>
+is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic
+base, and <I>n</I> is a number in that base.
+If <I>base#</I> is omitted, then base 10 is used.
+When specifying <I>n</I>,
+the digits greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters,
+the uppercase letters, @, and _, in that order.
+If <I>base</I> is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase
+letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers between 10
+and 35.
+<P>
+
+Operators are evaluated in order of precedence.  Sub-expressions in
+parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence
+rules above.
+<A NAME="lbBW">&nbsp;</A>
+<H3>CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS</H3>
+
+Conditional expressions are used by the <B>[[</B> compound command and
+the <B>test</B> and <B>[</B> builtin commands to test file attributes
+and perform string and arithmetic comparisons.
+The <B>test</B> abd <B>[</B> commands determine their behavior based on
+the number of arguments; see the descriptions of those commands for any
+other command-specific actions.
+<P>
+
+Expressions are formed from the following unary or binary primaries.
+<B>Bash</B> handles several filenames specially when they are used in
+expressions.
+If the operating system on which <B>bash</B> is running provides these
+special files, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them
+internally with this behavior:
+If any <I>file</I> argument to one of the primaries is of the form
+<I>/dev/fd/n</I>, then file descriptor <I>n</I> is checked.
+If the <I>file</I> argument to one of the primaries is one of
+<I>/dev/stdin</I>, <I>/dev/stdout</I>, or <I>/dev/stderr</I>, file
+descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, is checked.
+<P>
+
+Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow symbolic
+links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link itself.
+<P>
+
+
+When used with <B>[[</B>, the <B>&lt;</B> and <B>&gt;</B> operators sort
+lexicographically using the current locale.
+The <B>test</B> command sorts using ASCII ordering.
+<P>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>-a </B><I>file</I>
+
+<DD>
+True if <I>file</I> exists.
+<DT><B>-b </B><I>file</I>
+
+<DD>
+True if <I>file</I> exists and is a block special file.
+<DT><B>-c </B><I>file</I>
+
+<DD>
+True if <I>file</I> exists and is a character special file.
+<DT><B>-d </B><I>file</I>
+
+<DD>
+True if <I>file</I> exists and is a directory.
+<DT><B>-e </B><I>file</I>
+
+<DD>
+True if <I>file</I> exists.
+<DT><B>-f </B><I>file</I>
+
+<DD>
+True if <I>file</I> exists and is a regular file.
+<DT><B>-g </B><I>file</I>
+
+<DD>
+True if <I>file</I> exists and is set-group-id.
+<DT><B>-h </B><I>file</I>
+
+<DD>
+True if <I>file</I> exists and is a symbolic link.
+<DT><B>-k </B><I>file</I>
+
+<DD>
+True if <I>file</I> exists and its ``sticky'' bit is set.
+<DT><B>-p </B><I>file</I>
+
+<DD>
+True if <I>file</I> exists and is a named pipe (FIFO).
+<DT><B>-r </B><I>file</I>
+
+<DD>
+True if <I>file</I> exists and is readable.
+<DT><B>-s </B><I>file</I>
+
+<DD>
+True if <I>file</I> exists and has a size greater than zero.
+<DT><B>-t </B><I>fd</I>
+
+<DD>
+True if file descriptor
+<I>fd</I>
+
+is open and refers to a terminal.
+<DT><B>-u </B><I>file</I>
+
+<DD>
+True if <I>file</I> exists and its set-user-id bit is set.
+<DT><B>-w </B><I>file</I>
+
+<DD>
+True if <I>file</I> exists and is writable.
+<DT><B>-x </B><I>file</I>
+
+<DD>
+True if <I>file</I> exists and is executable.
+<DT><B>-G </B><I>file</I>
+
+<DD>
+True if <I>file</I> exists and is owned by the effective group id.
+<DT><B>-L </B><I>file</I>
+
+<DD>
+True if <I>file</I> exists and is a symbolic link.
+<DT><B>-N </B><I>file</I>
+
+<DD>
+True if <I>file</I> exists and has been modified since it was last read.
+<DT><B>-O </B><I>file</I>
+
+<DD>
+True if <I>file</I> exists and is owned by the effective user id.
+<DT><B>-S </B><I>file</I>
+
+<DD>
+True if <I>file</I> exists and is a socket.
+<DT><I>file1</I> <B>-ef</B> <I>file2</I><DD>
+True if <I>file1</I> and <I>file2</I> refer to the same device and
+inode numbers.
+<DT><I>file1</I> -<B>nt</B> <I>file2</I><DD>
+True if <I>file1</I> is newer (according to modification date) than <I>file2</I>,
+or if <I>file1</I> exists and file2 does not.
+<DT><I>file1</I> -<B>ot</B> <I>file2</I><DD>
+True if <I>file1</I> is older than <I>file2</I>, or if <I>file2</I> exists
+and <I>file1</I> does not.
+<DT><B>-o </B><I>optname</I>
+
+<DD>
+True if the shell option
+<I>optname</I>
+
+is enabled.
+See the list of options under the description of the
+<B>-o</B>
+
+option to the
+<B>set</B>
+
+builtin below.
+<DT><B>-v </B><I>varname</I>
+
+<DD>
+True if the shell variable
+<I>varname</I>
+
+is set (has been assigned a value).
+<DT><B>-R </B><I>varname</I>
+
+<DD>
+True if the shell variable
+<I>varname</I>
+
+is set and is a name reference.
+<DT><B>-z </B><I>string</I>
+
+<DD>
+True if the length of <I>string</I> is zero.
+<DT><I>string</I><DD>
+
+<DT><B>-n </B><I>string</I>
+
+<DD>
+
+True if the length of
+<I>string</I>
+
+is non-zero.
+<DT><I>string1</I> <B>==</B> <I>string2</I><DD>
+
+<DT><I>string1</I> <B>=</B> <I>string2</I><DD>
+
+True if the strings are equal.  <B>=</B> should be used
+with the <B>test</B> command for POSIX conformance.
+When used with the <B>[[</B> command, this performs pattern matching as
+described above (<B>Compound Commands</B>).
+<DT><I>string1</I> <B>!=</B> <I>string2</I><DD>
+True if the strings are not equal.
+<DT><I>string1</I> <B>&lt;</B> <I>string2</I><DD>
+True if <I>string1</I> sorts before <I>string2</I> lexicographically.
+<DT><I>string1</I> <B>&gt;</B> <I>string2</I><DD>
+True if <I>string1</I> sorts after <I>string2</I> lexicographically.
+<DT><I>arg1</I> <B>OP</B> <I>arg2</I>
+
+<DD>
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>OP</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is one of
+<B>-eq</B>,
+
+<B>-ne</B>,
+
+<B>-lt</B>,
+
+<B>-le</B>,
+
+<B>-gt</B>,
+
+or
+<B>-ge</B>.
+
+These arithmetic binary operators return true if <I>arg1</I>
+is equal to, not equal to, less than, less than or equal to,
+greater than, or greater than or equal to <I>arg2</I>, respectively.
+<I>Arg1</I>
+
+and
+<I>arg2</I>
+
+may be positive or negative integers.
+When used with the <B>[[</B> command,
+<I>Arg1</I>
+
+and
+<I>Arg2</I>
+
+are evaluated as arithmetic expressions  (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>ARITHMETIC EVALUATION</B>
+
+</FONT>
+above).
+
+</DL>
+<A NAME="lbBX">&nbsp;</A>
+<H3>SIMPLE COMMAND EXPANSION</H3>
+
+When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following
+expansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right.
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>1.<DD>
+The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments (those
+preceding the command name) and redirections are saved for later
+processing.
+<DT>2.<DD>
+The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are
+expanded.  If any words remain after expansion, the first word
+is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words are
+the arguments.
+<DT>3.<DD>
+Redirections are performed as described above under
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>REDIRECTION</B>.
+
+</FONT>
+<DT>4.<DD>
+The text after the <B>=</B> in each variable assignment undergoes tilde
+expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion,
+and quote removal before being assigned to the variable.
+</DL>
+<P>
+
+If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current
+shell environment.  Otherwise, the variables are added to the environment
+of the executed command and do not affect the current shell environment.
+If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a readonly variable,
+an error occurs, and the command exits with a non-zero status.
+<P>
+
+If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not
+affect the current shell environment.  A redirection error causes the
+command to exit with a non-zero status.
+<P>
+
+If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as
+described below.  Otherwise, the command exits.  If one of the expansions
+contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command is
+the exit status of the last command substitution performed.  If there
+were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status of zero.
+<A NAME="lbBY">&nbsp;</A>
+<H3>COMMAND EXECUTION</H3>
+
+After a command has been split into words, if it results in a
+simple command and an optional list of arguments, the following
+actions are taken.
+<P>
+
+If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to
+locate it.  If there exists a shell function by that name, that
+function is invoked as described above in
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>FUNCTIONS</B>.
+
+</FONT>
+If the name does not match a function, the shell searches for
+it in the list of shell builtins.  If a match is found, that
+builtin is invoked.
+<P>
+
+If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin,
+and contains no slashes,
+<B>bash</B>
+
+searches each element of the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PATH</B>
+
+</FONT>
+for a directory containing an executable file by that name.
+<B>Bash</B>
+
+uses a hash table to remember the full pathnames of executable
+files (see
+<B>hash</B>
+
+under
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below).
+A full search of the directories in
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PATH</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table.
+If the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell
+function named <B>command_not_found_handle</B>.
+If that function exists, it is invoked in a separate execution environment
+with the original command and
+the original command's arguments as its arguments, and the function's
+exit status becomes the exit status of that subshell.
+If that function is not defined, the shell prints an error
+message and returns an exit status of 127.
+<P>
+
+If the search is successful, or if the command name contains
+one or more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a
+separate execution environment.
+Argument 0 is set to the name given, and the remaining arguments
+to the command are set to the arguments given, if any.
+<P>
+
+If this execution fails because the file is not in executable
+format, and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be
+a <I>shell script</I>, a file
+containing shell commands.  A subshell is spawned to execute
+it.  This subshell reinitializes itself, so
+that the effect is as if a new shell had been invoked
+to handle the script, with the exception that the locations of
+commands remembered by the parent (see
+<B>hash</B>
+
+below under
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B>)</FONT>
+are retained by the child.
+<P>
+
+If the program is a file beginning with
+<B>#!</B>,
+
+the remainder of the first line specifies an interpreter
+for the program.  The shell executes the
+specified interpreter on operating systems that do not
+handle this executable format themselves.  The arguments to the
+interpreter consist of a single optional argument following the
+interpreter name on the first line of the program, followed
+by the name of the program, followed by the command
+arguments, if any.
+<A NAME="lbBZ">&nbsp;</A>
+<H3>COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT</H3>
+
+The shell has an <I>execution environment</I>, which consists of the
+following:
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>*<DD>
+open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
+redirections supplied to the <B>exec</B> builtin
+<DT>*<DD>
+the current working directory as set by <B>cd</B>, <B>pushd</B>, or
+<B>popd</B>, or inherited by the shell at invocation
+<DT>*<DD>
+the file creation mode mask as set by <B>umask</B> or inherited from
+the shell's parent
+<DT>*<DD>
+current traps set by <B>trap</B>
+<DT>*<DD>
+shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with <B>set</B>
+or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment
+<DT>*<DD>
+shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the shell's
+parent in the environment
+<DT>*<DD>
+options enabled at invocation (either by default or with command-line
+arguments) or by <B>set</B>
+<DT>*<DD>
+options enabled by <B>shopt</B>
+<DT>*<DD>
+shell aliases defined with <B>alias</B>
+<DT>*<DD>
+various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the value
+of <B>$$</B>, and the value of
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PPID</B>
+
+</FONT>
+</DL>
+<P>
+
+When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function
+is to be executed, it
+is invoked in a separate execution environment that consists of
+the following.  Unless otherwise noted, the values are inherited
+from the shell.
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>*<DD>
+the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions specified
+by redirections to the command
+<DT>*<DD>
+the current working directory
+<DT>*<DD>
+the file creation mode mask
+<DT>*<DD>
+shell variables and functions marked for export, along with variables
+exported for the command, passed in the environment
+<DT>*<DD>
+traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from the
+shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored
+</DL>
+<P>
+
+A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the
+shell's execution environment.
+<P>
+
+Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses,
+and asynchronous commands are invoked in a
+subshell environment that is a duplicate of the shell environment,
+except that traps caught by the shell are reset to the values
+that the shell inherited from its parent at invocation.  Builtin
+commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline are also executed in a
+subshell environment.  Changes made to the subshell environment
+cannot affect the shell's execution environment.
+<P>
+
+Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of
+the <B>-e</B> option from the parent shell.  When not in <I>posix mode</I>,
+<B>bash</B> clears the <B>-e</B> option in such subshells.
+<P>
+
+If a command is followed by a <B>&amp;</B> and job control is not active, the
+default standard input for the command is the empty file <I>/dev/null</I>.
+Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the calling
+shell as modified by redirections.
+<A NAME="lbCA">&nbsp;</A>
+<H3>ENVIRONMENT</H3>
+
+When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings
+called the
+<I>environment</I>.
+
+This is a list of
+<I>name</I>-<I>value</I> pairs, of the form
+<I>name</I>=value.
+
+<P>
+
+The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment.
+On invocation, the shell scans its own environment and
+creates a parameter for each name found, automatically marking
+it for
+<I>export</I>
+
+to child processes.  Executed commands inherit the environment.
+The
+<B>export</B>
+
+and
+<B>declare -x</B>
+
+commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and
+deleted from the environment.  If the value of a parameter
+in the environment is modified, the new value becomes part
+of the environment, replacing the old.  The environment
+inherited by any executed command consists of the shell's
+initial environment, whose values may be modified in the shell,
+less any pairs removed by the
+<B>unset</B>
+
+command, plus any additions via the
+<B>export</B>
+
+and
+<B>declare -x</B>
+
+commands.
+<P>
+
+The environment for any
+<I>simple command</I>
+
+or function may be augmented temporarily by prefixing it with
+parameter assignments, as described above in
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PARAMETERS</B>.
+
+</FONT>
+These assignment statements affect only the environment seen
+by that command.
+<P>
+
+If the
+<B>-k</B>
+
+option is set (see the
+<B>set</B>
+
+builtin command below), then
+<I>all</I>
+
+parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command,
+not just those that precede the command name.
+<P>
+
+When
+<B>bash</B>
+
+invokes an external command, the variable
+<B>_</B>
+
+is set to the full filename of the command and passed to that
+command in its environment.
+<A NAME="lbCB">&nbsp;</A>
+<H3>EXIT STATUS</H3>
+
+<P>
+
+The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the
+<I>waitpid</I> system call or equivalent function.  Exit statuses
+fall between 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may
+use values above 125 specially.  Exit statuses from shell builtins and
+compound commands are also limited to this range.  Under certain
+circumstances, the shell will use special values to indicate specific
+failure modes.
+<P>
+
+For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a
+zero exit status has succeeded.  An exit status of zero
+indicates success.  A non-zero exit status indicates failure.
+When a command terminates on a fatal signal <I>N</I>, <B>bash</B> uses
+the value of 128+<I>N</I> as the exit status.
+<P>
+
+If a command is not found, the child process created to
+execute it returns a status of 127.  If a command is found
+but is not executable, the return status is 126.
+<P>
+
+If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection,
+the exit status is greater than zero.
+<P>
+
+Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (<I>true</I>) if
+successful, and non-zero (<I>false</I>) if an error occurs
+while they execute.
+All builtins return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage,
+generally invalid options or missing arguments.
+<P>
+
+<B>Bash</B> itself returns the exit status of the last command
+executed, unless a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits
+with a non-zero value.  See also the <B>exit</B> builtin
+command below.
+<A NAME="lbCC">&nbsp;</A>
+<H3>SIGNALS</H3>
+
+When <B>bash</B> is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGTERM</B>
+
+</FONT>
+(so that <B>kill 0</B> does not kill an interactive shell),
+and
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGINT</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is caught and handled (so that the <B>wait</B> builtin is interruptible).
+In all cases, <B>bash</B> ignores
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGQUIT</B>.
+
+</FONT>
+If job control is in effect,
+<B>bash</B>
+
+ignores
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGTTIN</B>,
+
+</FONT>
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGTTOU</B>,
+
+</FONT>
+and
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGTSTP</B>.
+
+</FONT>
+<P>
+
+Non-builtin commands run by <B>bash</B> have signal handlers
+set to the values inherited by the shell from its parent.
+When job control is not in effect, asynchronous commands
+ignore
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGINT</B>
+
+</FONT>
+and
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGQUIT</B>
+
+</FONT>
+in addition to these inherited handlers.
+Commands run as a result of command substitution ignore the
+keyboard-generated job control signals
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGTTIN</B>,
+
+</FONT>
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGTTOU</B>,
+
+</FONT>
+and
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGTSTP</B>.
+
+</FONT>
+<P>
+
+The shell exits by default upon receipt of a
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGHUP</B>.
+
+</FONT>
+Before exiting, an interactive shell resends the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGHUP</B>
+
+</FONT>
+to all jobs, running or stopped.
+Stopped jobs are sent
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGCONT</B>
+
+</FONT>
+to ensure that they receive the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGHUP</B>.
+
+</FONT>
+To prevent the shell from
+sending the signal to a particular job, it should be removed from the
+jobs table with the
+<B>disown</B>
+
+builtin (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below) or marked
+to not receive
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGHUP</B>
+
+</FONT>
+using
+<B>disown -h</B>.
+
+<P>
+
+If the
+<B>huponexit</B>
+
+shell option has been set with
+<B>shopt</B>,
+
+<B>bash</B>
+
+sends a
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGHUP</B>
+
+</FONT>
+to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits.
+<P>
+
+If <B>bash</B> is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal
+for which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until
+the command completes.
+When <B>bash</B> is waiting for an asynchronous command via the <B>wait</B>
+builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap has been set will
+cause the <B>wait</B> builtin to return immediately with an exit status
+greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is executed.
+<A NAME="lbCD">&nbsp;</A>
+<H3>JOB CONTROL</H3>
+
+<I>Job control</I>
+
+refers to the ability to selectively stop (<I>suspend</I>)
+the execution of processes and continue (<I>resume</I>)
+their execution at a later point.  A user typically employs
+this facility via an interactive interface supplied jointly
+by the operating system kernel's terminal driver and
+<B>bash</B>.
+
+<P>
+
+The shell associates a
+<I>job</I>
+
+with each pipeline.  It keeps a table of currently executing
+jobs, which may be listed with the
+<B>jobs</B>
+
+command.  When
+<B>bash</B>
+
+starts a job asynchronously (in the
+<I>background</I>),
+
+it prints a line that looks like:
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+<P>
+
+[1] 25647
+</DL>
+
+<P>
+
+indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID
+of the last process in the pipeline associated with this job is 25647.
+All of the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job.
+<B>Bash</B>
+
+uses the
+<I>job</I>
+
+abstraction as the basis for job control.
+<P>
+
+To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job
+control, the operating system maintains the notion of a <I>current terminal
+process group ID</I>.  Members of this process group (processes whose
+process group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID)
+receive keyboard-generated signals such as
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGINT</B>.
+
+</FONT>
+These processes are said to be in the
+<I>foreground</I>.
+
+<I>Background</I>
+
+processes are those whose process group ID differs from the terminal's;
+such processes are immune to keyboard-generated signals.
+Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or, if the
+user so specifies with <TT>stty tostop</TT>, write to the
+terminal.
+Background processes which attempt to read from (write to when
+<TT>stty tostop</TT> is in effect) the
+terminal are sent a
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGTTIN (SIGTTOU)</B>
+
+</FONT>
+signal by the kernel's terminal driver, 
+which, unless caught, suspends the process.
+<P>
+
+If the operating system on which
+<B>bash</B>
+
+is running supports
+job control,
+<B>bash</B>
+
+contains facilities to use it.
+Typing the
+<I>suspend</I>
+
+character (typically
+<B>^Z</B>,
+
+Control-Z) while a process is running
+causes that process to be stopped and returns control to
+<B>bash</B>.
+
+Typing the
+<I>delayed suspend</I>
+
+character (typically
+<B>^Y</B>,
+
+Control-Y) causes the process to be stopped when it
+attempts to read input from the terminal, and control to
+be returned to
+<B>bash</B>.
+
+The user may then manipulate the state of this job, using the
+<B>bg</B>
+
+command to continue it in the background, the
+<B>fg</B>
+
+command to continue it in the foreground, or
+the
+<B>kill</B>
+
+command to kill it.  A <B>^Z</B> takes effect immediately,
+and has the additional side effect of causing pending output
+and typeahead to be discarded.
+<P>
+
+There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell.
+The character
+<B>%</B>
+
+introduces a job specification (<I>jobspec</I>).  Job number
+<I>n</I>
+
+may be referred to as
+<B>%n</B>.
+
+A job may also be referred to using a prefix of the name used to
+start it, or using a substring that appears in its command line.
+For example,
+<B>%ce</B>
+
+refers to a stopped
+<B>ce</B>
+
+job.  If a prefix matches more than one job,
+<B>bash</B>
+
+reports an error.  Using
+<B>%?ce</B>,
+
+on the other hand, refers to any job containing the string
+<B>ce</B>
+
+in its command line.  If the substring matches more than one job,
+<B>bash</B>
+
+reports an error.  The symbols
+<B>%%</B>
+
+and
+<B>%+</B>
+
+refer to the shell's notion of the
+<I>current job</I>,
+
+which is the last job stopped while it was in
+the foreground or started in the background.
+The
+<I>previous job</I>
+
+may be referenced using
+<B>%-</B>.
+
+If there is only a single job, <B>%+</B> and <B>%-</B> can both be used
+to refer to that job.
+In output pertaining to jobs (e.g., the output of the
+<B>jobs</B>
+
+command), the current job is always flagged with a
+<B>+</B>,
+
+and the previous job with a
+<B>-</B>.
+
+A single % (with no accompanying job specification) also refers to the
+current job.
+<P>
+
+Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the
+foreground:
+<B>%1</B>
+
+is a synonym for
+<B>``fg %1''</B>,
+bringing job 1 from the background into the foreground.
+Similarly,
+<B>``%1 &amp;''</B>
+
+resumes job 1 in the background, equivalent to
+<B>``bg %1''</B>.
+<P>
+
+The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state.
+Normally,
+<B>bash</B>
+
+waits until it is about to print a prompt before reporting
+changes in a job's status so as to not interrupt
+any other output.  If the
+<B>-b</B>
+
+option to the
+<B>set</B>
+
+builtin command
+is enabled,
+<B>bash</B>
+
+reports such changes immediately.
+Any trap on
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGCHLD</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is executed for each child that exits.
+<P>
+
+If an attempt to exit
+<B>bash</B>
+
+is made while jobs are stopped (or, if the <B>checkjobs</B> shell option has
+been enabled using the <B>shopt</B> builtin, running), the shell prints a
+warning message, and, if the <B>checkjobs</B> option is enabled, lists the
+jobs and their statuses.
+The
+<B>jobs</B>
+
+command may then be used to inspect their status.
+If a second attempt to exit is made without an intervening command,
+the shell does not print another warning, and any stopped
+jobs are terminated.
+<P>
+
+When the shell is waiting for a job or process using the <B>wait</B>
+builtin, and job control is enabled, <B>wait</B> will return when the
+job changes state. The <B>-f</B> option will force <B>wait</B> to wait
+until the job or process terminates before returning.
+<A NAME="lbCE">&nbsp;</A>
+<H3>PROMPTING</H3>
+
+When executing interactively,
+<B>bash</B>
+
+displays the primary prompt
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PS1</B>
+
+</FONT>
+when it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PS2</B>
+
+</FONT>
+when it needs more input to complete a command.
+<B>Bash</B>
+
+displays
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PS0</B>
+
+</FONT>
+after it reads a command but before executing it.
+<B>Bash</B>
+
+displays
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PS4</B>
+
+</FONT>
+as described above
+before tracing each command when the <B>-x</B> option is enabled.
+<B>Bash</B>
+
+allows these prompt strings to be customized by inserting a number of
+backslash-escaped special characters that are decoded as follows:
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>\a</B>
+
+<DD>
+an ASCII bell character (07)
+<DT><B>\d</B>
+
+<DD>
+the date in &quot;Weekday Month Date&quot; format (e.g., &quot;Tue May 26&quot;)
+<DT><B>\D{</B><I>format</I>}
+
+<DD>
+the <I>format</I> is passed to <I>strftime</I>(3) and the result is inserted
+into the prompt string; an empty <I>format</I> results in a locale-specific
+time representation.  The braces are required
+<DT><B>\e</B>
+
+<DD>
+an ASCII escape character (033)
+<DT><B>\h</B>
+
+<DD>
+the hostname up to the first `.'
+<DT><B>\H</B>
+
+<DD>
+the hostname
+<DT><B>\j</B>
+
+<DD>
+the number of jobs currently managed by the shell
+<DT><B>\l</B>
+
+<DD>
+the basename of the shell's terminal device name
+<DT><B>\n</B>
+
+<DD>
+newline
+<DT><B>\r</B>
+
+<DD>
+carriage return
+<DT><B>\s</B>
+
+<DD>
+the name of the shell, the basename of
+<B>$0</B>
+
+(the portion following the final slash)
+<DT><B>\t</B>
+
+<DD>
+the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format
+<DT><B>\T</B>
+
+<DD>
+the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format
+<DT><B>\@</B>
+
+<DD>
+the current time in 12-hour am/pm format
+<DT><B>\A</B>
+
+<DD>
+the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format
+<DT><B>\u</B>
+
+<DD>
+the username of the current user
+<DT><B>\v</B>
+
+<DD>
+the version of <B>bash</B> (e.g., 2.00)
+<DT><B>\V</B>
+
+<DD>
+the release of <B>bash</B>, version + patch level (e.g., 2.00.0)
+<DT><B>\w</B>
+
+<DD>
+the current working directory, with
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>$HOME</B>
+
+</FONT>
+abbreviated with a tilde
+(uses the value of the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PROMPT_DIRTRIM</B>
+
+</FONT>
+variable)
+<DT><B>\W</B>
+
+<DD>
+the basename of the current working directory, with
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>$HOME</B>
+
+</FONT>
+abbreviated with a tilde
+<DT><B>\!</B>
+
+<DD>
+the history number of this command
+<DT><B>\#</B>
+
+<DD>
+the command number of this command
+<DT><B>\$</B>
+
+<DD>
+if the effective UID is 0, a
+<B>#</B>,
+
+otherwise a
+<B>$</B>
+
+<DT><B>\</B><I>nnn</I>
+
+<DD>
+the character corresponding to the octal number <I>nnn</I>
+<DT><B>\\</B>
+
+<DD>
+a backslash
+<DT><B>\[</B>
+
+<DD>
+begin a sequence of non-printing characters, which could be used to
+embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt
+<DT><B>\]</B>
+
+<DD>
+end a sequence of non-printing characters
+
+</DL></DL>
+
+<P>
+
+The command number and the history number are usually different:
+the history number of a command is its position in the history
+list, which may include commands restored from the history file
+(see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTORY</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below), while the command number is the position in the sequence
+of commands executed during the current shell session.
+After the string is decoded, it is expanded via
+parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
+expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of the
+<B>promptvars</B>
+
+shell option (see the description of the
+<B>shopt</B>
+
+command under
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below).
+<A NAME="lbCF">&nbsp;</A>
+<H3>READLINE</H3>
+
+This is the library that handles reading input when using an interactive
+shell, unless the
+<B>--noediting</B>
+
+option is given at shell invocation.
+Line editing is also used when using the <B>-e</B> option to the
+<B>read</B> builtin.
+By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs.
+A vi-style line editing interface is also available.
+Line editing can be enabled at any time using the
+<B>-o emacs</B>
+
+or
+<B>-o vi</B>
+
+options to the
+<B>set</B>
+
+builtin (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below).
+To turn off line editing after the shell is running, use the
+<B>+o emacs</B>
+
+or
+<B>+o vi</B>
+
+options to the
+<B>set</B>
+
+builtin.
+<A NAME="lbCG">&nbsp;</A>
+<H4>Readline Notation</H4>
+
+<P>
+
+In this section, the Emacs-style notation is used to denote
+keystrokes.  Control keys are denoted by C-<I>key</I>, e.g., C-n
+means Control-N.  Similarly,
+<I>meta</I>
+
+keys are denoted by M-<I>key</I>, so M-x means Meta-X.  (On keyboards
+without a
+<I>meta</I>
+
+key, M-<I>x</I> means ESC <I>x</I>, i.e., press the Escape key
+then the
+<I>x</I>
+
+key.  This makes ESC the <I>meta prefix</I>.
+The combination M-C-<I>x</I> means ESC-Control-<I>x</I>,
+or press the Escape key
+then hold the Control key while pressing the
+<I>x</I>
+
+key.)
+<P>
+
+Readline commands may be given numeric
+<I>arguments</I>,
+
+which normally act as a repeat count.
+Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument that is significant.
+Passing a negative argument to a command that acts in the forward
+direction (e.g., <B>kill-line</B>) causes that command to act in a
+backward direction.
+Commands whose behavior with arguments deviates from this are noted
+below.
+<P>
+
+When a command is described as <I>killing</I> text, the text
+deleted is saved for possible future retrieval
+(<I>yanking</I>).  The killed text is saved in a
+<I>kill ring</I>.  Consecutive kills cause the text to be
+accumulated into one unit, which can be yanked all at once.
+Commands which do not kill text separate the chunks of text
+on the kill ring.
+<A NAME="lbCH">&nbsp;</A>
+<H4>Readline Initialization</H4>
+
+<P>
+
+Readline is customized by putting commands in an initialization
+file (the <I>inputrc</I> file).
+The name of this file is taken from the value of the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>INPUTRC</B>
+
+</FONT>
+variable.  If that variable is unset, the default is
+<A HREF="file:~/.inputrc"><I>~/.inputrc</I></A>.
+
+When a program which uses the readline library starts up, the
+initialization file is read, and the key bindings and variables
+are set.
+There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the
+readline initialization file.
+Blank lines are ignored.
+Lines beginning with a <B>#</B> are comments.
+Lines beginning with a <B>$</B> indicate conditional constructs.
+Other lines denote key bindings and variable settings.
+<P>
+
+The default key-bindings may be changed with an
+<I>inputrc</I>
+
+file.
+Other programs that use this library may add their own commands
+and bindings.
+<P>
+
+For example, placing
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+<P>
+
+M-Control-u: universal-argument
+</DL>
+
+or
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+C-Meta-u: universal-argument
+</DL>
+
+into the
+<I>inputrc</I>
+
+would make M-C-u execute the readline command
+<I>universal-argument</I>.
+
+<P>
+
+The following symbolic character names are recognized:
+<I>RUBOUT</I>,
+
+<I>DEL</I>,
+
+<I>ESC</I>,
+
+<I>LFD</I>,
+
+<I>NEWLINE</I>,
+
+<I>RET</I>,
+
+<I>RETURN</I>,
+
+<I>SPC</I>,
+
+<I>SPACE</I>,
+
+and
+<I>TAB</I>.
+
+<P>
+
+In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound
+to a string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a <I>macro</I>).
+<A NAME="lbCI">&nbsp;</A>
+<H4>Readline Key Bindings</H4>
+
+<P>
+
+The syntax for controlling key bindings in the
+<I>inputrc</I>
+
+file is simple.  All that is required is the name of the
+command or the text of a macro and a key sequence to which
+it should be bound.  The name may be specified in one of two ways:
+as a symbolic key name, possibly with <I>Meta-</I> or <I>Control-</I>
+prefixes, or as a key sequence.
+<P>
+
+When using the form <B>keyname</B>:<I>function-name</I> or <I>macro</I>,
+<I>keyname</I>
+
+is the name of a key spelled out in English.  For example:
+<P>
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+Control-u: universal-argument
+<BR>
+
+Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word
+<BR>
+
+Control-o: &quot;&gt; output&quot;
+</DL>
+
+<P>
+
+In the above example,
+<I>C-u</I>
+
+is bound to the function
+<B>universal-argument</B>,
+
+<I>M-DEL</I>
+
+is bound to the function
+<B>backward-kill-word</B>,
+
+and
+<I>C-o</I>
+
+is bound to run the macro
+expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text
+<TT>&gt; output</TT>
+
+into the line).
+<P>
+
+In the second form, <B>&quot;keyseq&quot;</B>:<I>function-name</I> or <I>macro</I>,
+<B>keyseq</B>
+
+differs from
+<B>keyname</B>
+
+above in that strings denoting
+an entire key sequence may be specified by placing the sequence
+within double quotes.  Some GNU Emacs style key escapes can be
+used, as in the following example, but the symbolic character names
+are not recognized.
+<P>
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+&quot;\C-u&quot;: universal-argument
+<BR>
+
+&quot;\C-x\C-r&quot;: re-read-init-file
+<BR>
+
+&quot;\e[11~&quot;: &quot;Function Key 1&quot;
+</DL>
+
+<P>
+
+In this example,
+<I>C-u</I>
+
+is again bound to the function
+<B>universal-argument</B>.
+
+<I>C-x C-r</I>
+
+is bound to the function
+<B>re-read-init-file</B>,
+
+and
+<I>ESC [ 1 1 ~</I>
+
+is bound to insert the text
+<TT>Function Key 1</TT>.
+
+<P>
+
+The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>\C-</B>
+
+<DD>
+control prefix
+<DT><B>\M-</B>
+
+<DD>
+meta prefix
+<DT><B>\e</B>
+
+<DD>
+an escape character
+<DT><B>\\</B>
+
+<DD>
+backslash
+<DT><B>\</B>
+
+<DD>
+literal &quot;
+<DT><B>\aq</B>
+
+<DD>
+literal aq
+</DL></DL>
+
+
+<P>
+
+In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second
+set of backslash escapes is available:
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>\a</B>
+
+<DD>
+alert (bell)
+<DT><B>\b</B>
+
+<DD>
+backspace
+<DT><B>\d</B>
+
+<DD>
+delete
+<DT><B>\f</B>
+
+<DD>
+form feed
+<DT><B>\n</B>
+
+<DD>
+newline
+<DT><B>\r</B>
+
+<DD>
+carriage return
+<DT><B>\t</B>
+
+<DD>
+horizontal tab
+<DT><B>\v</B>
+
+<DD>
+vertical tab
+<DT><B>\</B><I>nnn</I>
+
+<DD>
+the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value <I>nnn</I>
+(one to three digits)
+<DT><B>\x</B><I>HH</I>
+
+<DD>
+the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value <I>HH</I>
+(one or two hex digits)
+</DL></DL>
+
+
+<P>
+
+When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must
+be used to indicate a macro definition.
+Unquoted text is assumed to be a function name.
+In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above are expanded.
+Backslash will quote any other character in the macro text,
+including &quot; and aq.
+<P>
+
+<B>Bash</B>
+
+allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modified
+with the
+<B>bind</B>
+
+builtin command.  The editing mode may be switched during interactive
+use by using the
+<B>-o</B>
+
+option to the
+<B>set</B>
+
+builtin command (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below).
+<A NAME="lbCJ">&nbsp;</A>
+<H4>Readline Variables</H4>
+
+<P>
+
+Readline has variables that can be used to further customize its
+behavior.  A variable may be set in the
+<I>inputrc</I>
+
+file with a statement of the form
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+<P>
+
+<B>set</B> <I>variable-name</I> <I>value</I>
+</DL>
+
+<P>
+
+Except where noted, readline variables can take the values
+<B>On</B>
+
+or
+<B>Off</B>
+
+(without regard to case).
+Unrecognized variable names are ignored.
+When a variable value is read, empty or null values, &quot;on&quot; (case-insensitive),
+and &quot;1&quot; are equivalent to <B>On</B>.  All other values are equivalent to
+<B>Off</B>.
+The variables and their default values are:
+<P>
+
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>bell-style (audible)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Controls what happens when readline wants to ring the terminal bell.
+If set to <B>none</B>, readline never rings the bell.  If set to
+<B>visible</B>, readline uses a visible bell if one is available.
+If set to <B>audible</B>, readline attempts to ring the terminal's bell.
+<DT><B>bind-tty-special-chars (On)</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set to <B>On</B>, readline attempts to bind the control characters
+treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver to their readline
+equivalents.
+<DT><B>blink-matching-paren (Off)</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set to <B>On</B>, readline attempts to briefly move the cursor to an
+opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is inserted.
+<DT><B>colored-completion-prefix (Off)</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set to <B>On</B>, when listing completions, readline displays the
+common prefix of the set of possible completions using a different color.
+The color definitions are taken from the value of the <B>LS_COLORS</B>
+environment variable.
+<DT><B>colored-stats (Off)</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set to <B>On</B>, readline displays possible completions using different
+colors to indicate their file type.
+The color definitions are taken from the value of the <B>LS_COLORS</B>
+environment variable.
+<DT><B>comment-begin (``#'')</B>
+
+<DD>
+The string that is inserted when the readline
+<B>insert-comment</B>
+
+command is executed.
+This command is bound to
+<B>M-#</B>
+
+in emacs mode and to
+<B>#</B>
+
+in vi command mode.
+<DT><B>completion-display-width (-1)</B>
+
+<DD>
+The number of screen columns used to display possible matches
+when performing completion.
+The value is ignored if it is less than 0 or greater than the terminal
+screen width.
+A value of 0 will cause matches to be displayed one per line.
+The default value is -1.
+<DT><B>completion-ignore-case (Off)</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set to <B>On</B>, readline performs filename matching and completion
+in a case-insensitive fashion.
+<DT><B>completion-map-case (Off)</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set to <B>On</B>, and <B>completion-ignore-case</B> is enabled, readline
+treats hyphens (<I>-</I>) and underscores (<I>_</I>) as equivalent when
+performing case-insensitive filename matching and completion.
+<DT><B>completion-prefix-display-length (0)</B>
+
+<DD>
+The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of possible
+completions that is displayed without modification.  When set to a
+value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than this value are
+replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions.
+<DT><B>completion-query-items (100)</B>
+
+<DD>
+This determines when the user is queried about viewing
+the number of possible completions
+generated by the <B>possible-completions</B> command.
+It may be set to any integer value greater than or equal to
+zero.  If the number of possible completions is greater than
+or equal to the value of this variable, the user is asked whether
+or not he wishes to view them; otherwise they are simply listed
+on the terminal.
+<DT><B>convert-meta (On)</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set to <B>On</B>, readline will convert characters with the
+eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence
+by stripping the eighth bit and prefixing an
+escape character (in effect, using escape as the <I>meta prefix</I>).
+The default is <I>On</I>, but readline will set it to <I>Off</I> if the
+locale contains eight-bit characters.
+<DT><B>disable-completion (Off)</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set to <B>On</B>, readline will inhibit word completion.  Completion
+characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been
+mapped to <B>self-insert</B>.
+<DT><B>echo-control-characters (On)</B>
+
+<DD>
+When set to <B>On</B>, on operating systems that indicate they support it,
+readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal generated from the
+keyboard.
+<DT><B>editing-mode (emacs)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Controls whether readline begins with a set of key bindings similar
+to <I>Emacs</I> or <I>vi</I>.
+<B>editing-mode</B>
+
+can be set to either
+<B>emacs</B>
+
+or
+<B>vi</B>.
+
+<DT><B>emacs-mode-string (@)</B>
+
+<DD>
+If the <I>show-mode-in-prompt</I> variable is enabled,
+this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
+prompt when emacs editing mode is active.  The value is expanded like a
+key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and
+backslash escape sequences is available.
+Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of
+non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
+sequence into the mode string.
+<DT><B>enable-bracketed-paste (Off)</B>
+
+<DD>
+When set to <B>On</B>, readline will configure the terminal in a way
+that will enable it to insert each paste into the editing buffer as a
+single string of characters, instead of treating each character as if
+it had been read from the keyboard.  This can prevent pasted characters
+from being interpreted as editing commands.
+<DT><B>enable-keypad (Off)</B>
+
+<DD>
+When set to <B>On</B>, readline will try to enable the application
+keypad when it is called.  Some systems need this to enable the
+arrow keys.
+<DT><B>enable-meta-key (On)</B>
+
+<DD>
+When set to <B>On</B>, readline will try to enable any meta modifier
+key the terminal claims to support when it is called.  On many terminals,
+the meta key is used to send eight-bit characters.
+<DT><B>expand-tilde (Off)</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set to <B>On</B>, tilde expansion is performed when readline
+attempts word completion.
+<DT><B>history-preserve-point (Off)</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set to <B>On</B>, the history code attempts to place point at the
+same location on each history line retrieved with <B>previous-history</B>
+or <B>next-history</B>.
+<DT><B>history-size (unset)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history list.
+If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted and no new entries
+are saved.
+If set to a value less than zero, the number of history entries is not
+limited.
+By default, the number of history entries is set to the value of the
+<B>HISTSIZE</B> shell variable.
+If an attempt is made to set <I>history-size</I> to a non-numeric value,
+the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500.
+<DT><B>horizontal-scroll-mode (Off)</B>
+
+<DD>
+When set to <B>On</B>, makes readline use a single line for display,
+scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen line when it
+becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a new line.
+<DT><B>input-meta (Off)</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set to <B>On</B>, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is,
+it will not strip the eighth bit from the characters it reads),
+regardless of what the terminal claims it can support.  The name
+<B>meta-flag</B>
+
+is a synonym for this variable.
+The default is <I>Off</I>, but readline will set it to <I>On</I> if the
+locale contains eight-bit characters.
+<DT><B>isearch-terminators (``C-[C-J'')</B>
+
+<DD>
+The string of characters that should terminate an incremental
+search without subsequently executing the character as a command.
+If this variable has not been given a value, the characters
+<I>ESC</I> and <I>C-J</I> will terminate an incremental search.
+<DT><B>keymap (emacs)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Set the current readline keymap.  The set of valid keymap names is
+<I>emacs, emacs-standard, emacs-meta, emacs-ctlx, vi,
+vi-command</I>, and
+<I>vi-insert</I>.
+
+<I>vi</I> is equivalent to <I>vi-command</I>; <I>emacs</I> is
+equivalent to <I>emacs-standard</I>.  The default value is
+<I>emacs</I>;
+
+the value of
+<B>editing-mode</B>
+
+also affects the default keymap.
+<DT><B>keyseq-timeout (500)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Specifies the duration <I>readline</I> will wait for a character when reading an
+ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete key sequence using
+the input read so far, or can take additional input to complete a longer
+key sequence).
+If no input is received within the timeout, <I>readline</I> will use the shorter
+but complete key sequence.
+The value is specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that
+<I>readline</I> will wait one second for additional input.
+If this variable is set to a value less than or equal to zero, or to a
+non-numeric value, <I>readline</I> will wait until another key is pressed to
+decide which key sequence to complete.
+<DT><B>mark-directories (On)</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set to <B>On</B>, completed directory names have a slash
+appended.
+<DT><B>mark-modified-lines (Off)</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set to <B>On</B>, history lines that have been modified are displayed
+with a preceding asterisk (<B>*</B>).
+<DT><B>mark-symlinked-directories (Off)</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set to <B>On</B>, completed names which are symbolic links to directories
+have a slash appended (subject to the value of
+<B>mark-directories</B>).
+<DT><B>match-hidden-files (On)</B>
+
+<DD>
+This variable, when set to <B>On</B>, causes readline to match files whose
+names begin with a `.' (hidden files) when performing filename
+completion.
+If set to <B>Off</B>, the leading `.' must be
+supplied by the user in the filename to be completed.
+<DT><B>menu-complete-display-prefix (Off)</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set to <B>On</B>, menu completion displays the common prefix of the
+list of possible completions (which may be empty) before cycling through
+the list.
+<DT><B>output-meta (Off)</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set to <B>On</B>, readline will display characters with the
+eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape
+sequence.
+The default is <I>Off</I>, but readline will set it to <I>On</I> if the
+locale contains eight-bit characters.
+<DT><B>page-completions (On)</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set to <B>On</B>, readline uses an internal <I>more</I>-like pager
+to display a screenful of possible completions at a time.
+<DT><B>print-completions-horizontally (Off)</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set to <B>On</B>, readline will display completions with matches
+sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen.
+<DT><B>revert-all-at-newline (Off)</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set to <B>On</B>, readline will undo all changes to history lines
+before returning when <B>accept-line</B> is executed.  By default,
+history lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists across
+calls to <B>readline</B>.
+<DT><B>show-all-if-ambiguous (Off)</B>
+
+<DD>
+This alters the default behavior of the completion functions.  If
+set to
+<B>On</B>,
+
+words which have more than one possible completion cause the
+matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.
+<DT><B>show-all-if-unmodified (Off)</B>
+
+<DD>
+This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in
+a fashion similar to <B>show-all-if-ambiguous</B>.
+If set to
+<B>On</B>,
+
+words which have more than one possible completion without any
+possible partial completion (the possible completions don't share
+a common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately instead
+of ringing the bell.
+<DT><B>show-mode-in-prompt (Off)</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set to <B>On</B>, add a string to the beginning of the prompt
+indicating the editing mode: emacs, vi command, or vi insertion.
+The mode strings are user-settable (e.g., <I>emacs-mode-string</I>).
+<DT><B>skip-completed-text (Off)</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set to <B>On</B>, this alters the default completion behavior when
+inserting a single match into the line.  It's only active when
+performing completion in the middle of a word.  If enabled, readline
+does not insert characters from the completion that match characters
+after point in the word being completed, so portions of the word
+following the cursor are not duplicated.
+<DT><B>vi-cmd-mode-string ((cmd))</B>
+
+<DD>
+If the <I>show-mode-in-prompt</I> variable is enabled,
+this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
+prompt when vi editing mode is active and in command mode.
+The value is expanded like a
+key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and
+backslash escape sequences is available.
+Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of
+non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
+sequence into the mode string.
+<DT><B>vi-ins-mode-string ((ins))</B>
+
+<DD>
+If the <I>show-mode-in-prompt</I> variable is enabled,
+this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
+prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode.
+The value is expanded like a
+key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and
+backslash escape sequences is available.
+Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of
+non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
+sequence into the mode string.
+<DT><B>visible-stats (Off)</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set to <B>On</B>, a character denoting a file's type as reported
+by <I>stat</I>(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible
+completions.
+
+</DL>
+<A NAME="lbCK">&nbsp;</A>
+<H4>Readline Conditional Constructs</H4>
+
+<P>
+
+Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional
+compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key
+bindings and variable settings to be performed as the result
+of tests.  There are four parser directives used.
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>$if</B><DD>
+The
+<B>$if</B>
+
+construct allows bindings to be made based on the
+editing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using
+readline.  The text of the test, after any comparison operator,
+<BR>&nbsp;extends&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;end&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;line;
+unless otherwise noted, no characters are required to isolate it.
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>mode</B><DD>
+The <B>mode=</B> form of the <B>$if</B> directive is used to test
+whether readline is in emacs or vi mode.
+This may be used in conjunction
+with the <B>set keymap</B> command, for instance, to set bindings in
+the <I>emacs-standard</I> and <I>emacs-ctlx</I> keymaps only if
+readline is starting out in emacs mode.
+<DT><B>term</B><DD>
+The <B>term=</B> form may be used to include terminal-specific
+key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the
+terminal's function keys.  The word on the right side of the
+<B>=</B>
+
+is tested against both the full name of the terminal and the portion
+of the terminal name before the first <B>-</B>.  This allows
+<I>sun</I>
+
+to match both
+<I>sun</I>
+
+and
+<I>sun-cmd</I>,
+
+for instance.
+<DT><B>version</B><DD>
+The <B>version</B> test may be used to perform comparisons against
+specific readline versions.
+The <B>version</B> expands to the current readline version.
+The set of comparison operators includes
+<B>=</B>,
+
+(and
+<B>==</B>),
+
+<B>!=</B>,
+
+<B>&lt;=</B>,
+
+<B>&gt;=</B>,
+
+<B>&lt;</B>,
+
+and
+<B>&gt;</B>.
+
+The version number supplied on the right side of the operator consists
+of a major version number, an optional decimal point, and an optional
+minor version (e.g., <B>7.1</B>). If the minor version is omitted, it
+is assumed to be <B>0</B>.
+The operator may be separated from the string <B>version</B>   
+and from the version number argument by whitespace.
+<DT><B>application</B><DD>
+The <B>application</B> construct is used to include
+application-specific settings.  Each program using the readline
+library sets the <I>application name</I>, and an initialization
+file can test for a particular value.
+This could be used to bind key sequences to functions useful for
+a specific program.  For instance, the following command adds a
+key sequence that quotes the current or previous word in <B>bash</B>:
+<P>
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+<PRE>
+<B>$if</B> Bash
+# Quote the current or previous word
+&quot;\C-xq&quot;: &quot;\eb\&quot;\ef\&quot;&quot;
+<B>$endif</B>
+</PRE>
+
+</DL>
+
+<DT><I>variable</I><DD>
+The <I>variable</I> construct provides simple equality tests for readline
+variables and values.
+The permitted comparison operators are <I>=</I>, <I>==</I>, and <I>!=</I>.
+The variable name must be separated from the comparison operator by
+whitespace; the operator may be separated from the value on the right hand
+side by whitespace.
+Both string and boolean variables may be tested. Boolean variables must be
+tested against the values <I>on</I> and <I>off</I>.
+</DL></DL>
+
+<DT><B>$endif</B><DD>
+This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an
+<B>$if</B> command.
+<DT><B>$else</B><DD>
+Commands in this branch of the <B>$if</B> directive are executed if
+the test fails.
+<DT><B>$include</B><DD>
+This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads commands
+and bindings from that file.  For example, the following directive
+would read <A HREF="file:/etc/inputrc"><I>/etc/inputrc</I></A>:
+<P>
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+<PRE>
+<B>$include</B>  <A HREF="file:/etc/inputrc"><I>/etc/inputrc</I></A>
+</PRE>
+
+</DL>
+
+</DL>
+<A NAME="lbCL">&nbsp;</A>
+<H4>Searching</H4>
+
+<P>
+
+Readline provides commands for searching through the command history
+(see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTORY</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below) for lines containing a specified string.
+There are two search modes:
+<I>incremental</I>
+
+and
+<I>non-incremental</I>.
+
+<P>
+
+Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the
+search string.
+As each character of the search string is typed, readline displays
+the next entry from the history matching the string typed so far.
+An incremental search requires only as many characters as needed to
+find the desired history entry.
+The characters present in the value of the <B>isearch-terminators</B>
+variable are used to terminate an incremental search.
+If that variable has not been assigned a value the Escape and
+Control-J characters will terminate an incremental search.
+Control-G will abort an incremental search and restore the original
+line.
+When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the
+search string becomes the current line.
+<P>
+
+To find other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or
+Control-R as appropriate.
+This will search backward or forward in the history for the next
+entry matching the search string typed so far.
+Any other key sequence bound to a readline command will terminate
+the search and execute that command.
+For instance, a <I>newline</I> will terminate the search and accept
+the line, thereby executing the command from the history list.
+<P>
+
+Readline remembers the last incremental search string.  If two
+Control-Rs are typed without any intervening characters defining a
+new search string, any remembered search string is used.
+<P>
+
+Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting
+to search for matching history lines.  The search string may be
+typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line.
+<A NAME="lbCM">&nbsp;</A>
+<H4>Readline Command Names</H4>
+
+<P>
+
+The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default
+key sequences to which they are bound.
+Command names without an accompanying key sequence are unbound by default.
+In the following descriptions, <I>point</I> refers to the current cursor
+position, and <I>mark</I> refers to a cursor position saved by the
+<B>set-mark</B> command.
+The text between the point and mark is referred to as the <I>region</I>.
+<A NAME="lbCN">&nbsp;</A>
+<H4>Commands for Moving</H4>
+
+<P>
+
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>beginning-of-line (C-a)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Move to the start of the current line.
+<DT><B>end-of-line (C-e)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Move to the end of the line.
+<DT><B>forward-char (C-f)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Move forward a character.
+<DT><B>backward-char (C-b)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Move back a character.
+<DT><B>forward-word (M-f)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Move forward to the end of the next word.  Words are composed of
+alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).
+<DT><B>backward-word (M-b)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Move back to the start of the current or previous word.
+Words are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits).
+<DT><B>shell-forward-word</B>
+
+<DD>
+Move forward to the end of the next word.
+Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters.
+<DT><B>shell-backward-word</B>
+
+<DD>
+Move back to the start of the current or previous word.
+Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters.
+<DT><B>previous-screen-line</B>
+
+<DD>
+Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the previous
+physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect if the current
+Readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if point is not  
+greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width.
+<DT><B>next-screen-line</B>
+
+<DD>
+Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the next
+physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect if the current
+Readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if the length
+of the current Readline line is not greater than the length of the prompt
+plus the screen width.
+<DT><B>clear-screen (C-l)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Clear the screen leaving the current line at the top of the screen.
+With an argument, refresh the current line without clearing the
+screen.
+<DT><B>redraw-current-line</B>
+
+<DD>
+Refresh the current line.
+
+</DL>
+<A NAME="lbCO">&nbsp;</A>
+<H4>Commands for Manipulating the History</H4>
+
+<P>
+
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>accept-line (Newline, Return)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is.  If this line is
+non-empty, add it to the history list according to the state of the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTCONTROL</B>
+
+</FONT>
+variable.  If the line is a modified history
+line, then restore the history line to its original state.
+<DT><B>previous-history (C-p)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Fetch the previous command from the history list, moving back in
+the list.
+<DT><B>next-history (C-n)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in the
+list.
+<DT><B>beginning-of-history (M-&lt;)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Move to the first line in the history.
+<DT><B>end-of-history (M-&gt;)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently being
+entered.
+<DT><B>reverse-search-history (C-r)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' through
+the history as necessary.  This is an incremental search.
+<DT><B>forward-search-history (C-s)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' through
+the history as necessary.  This is an incremental search.
+<DT><B>non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Search backward through the history starting at the current line
+using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the user.
+<DT><B>non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Search forward through the history using a non-incremental search for
+a string supplied by the user.
+<DT><B>history-search-forward</B>
+
+<DD>
+Search forward through the history for the string of characters
+between the start of the current line and the point.
+This is a non-incremental search.
+<DT><B>history-search-backward</B>
+
+<DD>
+Search backward through the history for the string of characters
+between the start of the current line and the point.
+This is a non-incremental search.
+<DT><B>history-substring-search-backward</B>
+
+<DD>
+Search backward through the history for the string of characters   
+between the start of the current line and the current cursor
+position (the <I>point</I>).
+The search string may match anywhere in a history line.
+This is a non-incremental search.
+<DT><B>history-substring-search-forward</B>
+
+<DD>
+Search forward through the history for the string of characters
+between the start of the current line and the point.
+The search string may match anywhere in a history line.
+This is a non-incremental search.
+<DT><B>yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually
+the second word on the previous line) at point.
+With an argument
+<I>n</I>,
+
+insert the <I>n</I>th word from the previous command (the words
+in the previous command begin with word 0).  A negative argument
+inserts the <I>n</I>th word from the end of the previous command.
+Once the argument <I>n</I> is computed, the argument is extracted
+as if the &quot;!<I>n</I>&quot; history expansion had been specified.
+<DT><B>yank-last-arg (M-., M-_)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word of
+the previous history entry).
+With a numeric argument, behave exactly like <B>yank-nth-arg</B>.
+Successive calls to <B>yank-last-arg</B> move back through the history
+list, inserting the last word (or the word specified by the argument to
+the first call) of each line in turn.
+Any numeric argument supplied to these successive calls determines
+the direction to move through the history.  A negative argument switches
+the direction through the history (back or forward).
+The history expansion facilities are used to extract the last word,
+as if the &quot;!$&quot; history expansion had been specified.
+<DT><B>shell-expand-line (M-C-e)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Expand the line as the shell does.  This
+performs alias and history expansion as well as all of the shell
+word expansions.  See
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTORY EXPANSION</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below for a description of history expansion.
+<DT><B>history-expand-line (M-^)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Perform history expansion on the current line.
+See
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTORY EXPANSION</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below for a description of history expansion.
+<DT><B>magic-space</B>
+
+<DD>
+Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a space.
+See
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTORY EXPANSION</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below for a description of history expansion.
+<DT><B>alias-expand-line</B>
+
+<DD>
+Perform alias expansion on the current line.
+See
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>ALIASES</B>
+
+</FONT>
+above for a description of alias expansion.
+<DT><B>history-and-alias-expand-line</B>
+
+<DD>
+Perform history and alias expansion on the current line.
+<DT><B>insert-last-argument (M-., M-_)</B>
+
+<DD>
+A synonym for <B>yank-last-arg</B>.
+<DT><B>operate-and-get-next (C-o)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line
+relative to the current line from the history for editing.
+A numeric argument, if supplied, specifies the history entry to use instead
+of the current line.
+<DT><B>edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the result as shell
+commands.
+<B>Bash</B> attempts to invoke
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>$VISUAL</B>,
+
+</FONT>
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>$EDITOR</B>,
+
+</FONT>
+and <I>emacs</I> as the editor, in that order.
+
+</DL>
+<A NAME="lbCP">&nbsp;</A>
+<H4>Commands for Changing Text</H4>
+
+<P>
+
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B></B><I>end-of-file</I> (usually C-d)
+
+<DD>
+The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by
+<TT>stty</TT>.
+
+If this character is read when there are no characters
+on the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, Readline
+interprets it as the end of input and returns
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>EOF</B>.
+
+</FONT>
+<DT><B>delete-char (C-d)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Delete the character at point.
+If this function is bound to the
+same character as the tty <B>EOF</B> character, as <B>C-d</B>
+commonly is, see above for the effects.
+<DT><B>backward-delete-char (Rubout)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Delete the character behind the cursor.  When given a numeric argument,
+save the deleted text on the kill ring.
+<DT><B>forward-backward-delete-char</B>
+
+<DD>
+Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the
+end of the line, in which case the character behind the cursor is
+deleted.
+<DT><B>quoted-insert (C-q, C-v)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Add the next character typed to the line verbatim.  This is
+how to insert characters like <B>C-q</B>, for example.
+<DT><B>tab-insert (C-v TAB)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Insert a tab character.
+<DT><B>self-insert (a,&nbsp;b,&nbsp;A,&nbsp;1,&nbsp;!,&nbsp;...)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Insert the character typed.
+<DT><B>transpose-chars (C-t)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Drag the character before point forward over the character at point,
+moving point forward as well.
+If point is at the end of the line, then this transposes
+the two characters before point.
+Negative arguments have no effect.
+<DT><B>transpose-words (M-t)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Drag the word before point past the word after point,
+moving point over that word as well.
+If point is at the end of the line, this transposes
+the last two words on the line.
+<DT><B>upcase-word (M-u)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Uppercase the current (or following) word.  With a negative argument,
+uppercase the previous word, but do not move point.
+<DT><B>downcase-word (M-l)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Lowercase the current (or following) word.  With a negative argument,
+lowercase the previous word, but do not move point.
+<DT><B>capitalize-word (M-c)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Capitalize the current (or following) word.  With a negative argument,
+capitalize the previous word, but do not move point.
+<DT><B>overwrite-mode</B>
+
+<DD>
+Toggle overwrite mode.  With an explicit positive numeric argument,
+switches to overwrite mode.  With an explicit non-positive numeric
+argument, switches to insert mode.  This command affects only
+<B>emacs</B> mode; <B>vi</B> mode does overwrite differently.
+Each call to <I>readline()</I> starts in insert mode.
+In overwrite mode, characters bound to <B>self-insert</B> replace
+the text at point rather than pushing the text to the right.
+Characters bound to <B>backward-delete-char</B> replace the character
+before point with a space.  By default, this command is unbound.
+
+</DL>
+<A NAME="lbCQ">&nbsp;</A>
+<H4>Killing and Yanking</H4>
+
+<P>
+
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>kill-line (C-k)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Kill the text from point to the end of the line.
+<DT><B>backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Kill backward to the beginning of the line.
+<DT><B>unix-line-discard (C-u)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line.
+The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
+
+<DT><B>kill-whole-line</B>
+
+<DD>
+Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.
+<DT><B>kill-word (M-d)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
+words, to the end of the next word.
+Word boundaries are the same as those used by <B>forward-word</B>.
+<DT><B>backward-kill-word (M-Rubout)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Kill the word behind point.
+Word boundaries are the same as those used by <B>backward-word</B>.
+<DT><B>shell-kill-word</B>
+
+<DD>
+Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
+words, to the end of the next word.
+Word boundaries are the same as those used by <B>shell-forward-word</B>.
+<DT><B>shell-backward-kill-word</B>
+
+<DD>
+Kill the word behind point.
+Word boundaries are the same as those used by <B>shell-backward-word</B>.
+<DT><B>unix-word-rubout (C-w)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary.
+The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
+<DT><B>unix-filename-rubout</B>
+
+<DD>
+Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash character
+as the word boundaries.
+The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
+<DT><B>delete-horizontal-space (M-\)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Delete all spaces and tabs around point.
+<DT><B>kill-region</B>
+
+<DD>
+Kill the text in the current region.
+<DT><B>copy-region-as-kill</B>
+
+<DD>
+Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer.
+<DT><B>copy-backward-word</B>
+
+<DD>
+Copy the word before point to the kill buffer.
+The word boundaries are the same as <B>backward-word</B>.
+<DT><B>copy-forward-word</B>
+
+<DD>
+Copy the word following point to the kill buffer.
+The word boundaries are the same as <B>forward-word</B>.
+<DT><B>yank (C-y)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point.
+<DT><B>yank-pop (M-y)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top.  Only works following
+<B>yank</B>
+
+or
+<B>yank-pop</B>.
+
+
+</DL>
+<A NAME="lbCR">&nbsp;</A>
+<H4>Numeric Arguments</H4>
+
+<P>
+
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ..., M--)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new
+argument.  M-- starts a negative argument.
+<DT><B>universal-argument</B>
+
+<DD>
+This is another way to specify an argument.
+If this command is followed by one or more digits, optionally with a
+leading minus sign, those digits define the argument.
+If the command is followed by digits, executing
+<B>universal-argument</B>
+
+again ends the numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored.
+As a special case, if this command is immediately followed by a
+character that is neither a digit nor minus sign, the argument count
+for the next command is multiplied by four.
+The argument count is initially one, so executing this function the
+first time makes the argument count four, a second time makes the
+argument count sixteen, and so on.
+
+</DL>
+<A NAME="lbCS">&nbsp;</A>
+<H4>Completing</H4>
+
+<P>
+
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>complete (TAB)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Attempt to perform completion on the text before point.
+<B>Bash</B>
+
+attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the
+text begins with <B>$</B>), username (if the text begins with
+<B>~</B>), hostname (if the text begins with <B>@</B>), or
+command (including aliases and functions) in turn.  If none
+of these produces a match, filename completion is attempted.
+<DT><B>possible-completions (M-?)</B>
+
+<DD>
+List the possible completions of the text before point.
+<DT><B>insert-completions (M-*)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Insert all completions of the text before point
+that would have been generated by
+<B>possible-completions</B>.
+<DT><B>menu-complete</B>
+
+<DD>
+Similar to <B>complete</B>, but replaces the word to be completed
+with a single match from the list of possible completions.
+Repeated execution of <B>menu-complete</B> steps through the list
+of possible completions, inserting each match in turn.
+At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung
+(subject to the setting of <B>bell-style</B>)
+and the original text is restored.
+An argument of <I>n</I> moves <I>n</I> positions forward in the list
+of matches; a negative argument may be used to move backward
+through the list.
+This command is intended to be bound to <B>TAB</B>, but is unbound
+by default.
+<DT><B>menu-complete-backward</B>
+
+<DD>
+Identical to <B>menu-complete</B>, but moves backward through the list
+of possible completions, as if <B>menu-complete</B> had been given a
+negative argument.  This command is unbound by default.
+<DT><B>delete-char-or-list</B>
+
+<DD>
+Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or
+end of the line (like <B>delete-char</B>).
+If at the end of the line, behaves identically to
+<B>possible-completions</B>.
+This command is unbound by default.
+<DT><B>complete-filename (M-/)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Attempt filename completion on the text before point.
+<DT><B>possible-filename-completions (C-x /)</B>
+
+<DD>
+List the possible completions of the text before point,
+treating it as a filename.
+<DT><B>complete-username (M-~)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Attempt completion on the text before point, treating
+it as a username.
+<DT><B>possible-username-completions (C-x ~)</B>
+
+<DD>
+List the possible completions of the text before point,
+treating it as a username.
+<DT><B>complete-variable (M-$)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Attempt completion on the text before point, treating
+it as a shell variable.
+<DT><B>possible-variable-completions (C-x $)</B>
+
+<DD>
+List the possible completions of the text before point,
+treating it as a shell variable.
+<DT><B>complete-hostname (M-@)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Attempt completion on the text before point, treating
+it as a hostname.
+<DT><B>possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)</B>
+
+<DD>
+List the possible completions of the text before point,
+treating it as a hostname.
+<DT><B>complete-command (M-!)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Attempt completion on the text before point, treating
+it as a command name.  Command completion attempts to
+match the text against aliases, reserved words, shell
+functions, shell builtins, and finally executable filenames,
+in that order.
+<DT><B>possible-command-completions (C-x !)</B>
+
+<DD>
+List the possible completions of the text before point,
+treating it as a command name.
+<DT><B>dynamic-complete-history (M-TAB)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing
+the text against lines from the history list for possible
+completion matches.
+<DT><B>dabbrev-expand</B>
+
+<DD>
+Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing
+the text against lines from the history list for possible
+completion matches.
+<DT><B>complete-into-braces (M-{)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible completions
+enclosed within braces so the list is available to the shell (see
+<B>Brace Expansion</B>
+
+above).
+
+</DL>
+<A NAME="lbCT">&nbsp;</A>
+<H4>Keyboard Macros</H4>
+
+<P>
+
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>start-kbd-macro (C-x ()</B>
+
+<DD>
+Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro.
+<DT><B>end-kbd-macro (C-x ))</B>
+
+<DD>
+Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro
+and store the definition.
+<DT><B>call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the characters
+in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard.
+<DT><B>print-last-kbd-macro ()</B>
+
+<DD>
+Print the last keyboard macro defined in a format suitable for the
+<I>inputrc</I> file.
+
+</DL>
+<A NAME="lbCU">&nbsp;</A>
+<H4>Miscellaneous</H4>
+
+<P>
+
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Read in the contents of the <I>inputrc</I> file, and incorporate
+any bindings or variable assignments found there.
+<DT><B>abort (C-g)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Abort the current editing command and
+ring the terminal's bell (subject to the setting of
+<B>bell-style</B>).
+
+<DT><B>do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-</B><I>x</I>, ...)
+
+<DD>
+If the metafied character <I>x</I> is uppercase, run the command
+that is bound to the corresponding metafied lowercase character. 
+The behavior is undefined if <I>x</I> is already lowercase. 
+<DT><B>prefix-meta (ESC)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Metafy the next character typed.
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>ESC</B>
+
+</FONT>
+<B>f</B>
+
+is equivalent to
+<B>Meta-f</B>.
+
+<DT><B>undo (C-_, C-x C-u)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.
+<DT><B>revert-line (M-r)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Undo all changes made to this line.  This is like executing the
+<B>undo</B>
+
+command enough times to return the line to its initial state.
+<DT><B>tilde-expand (M-&amp;)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Perform tilde expansion on the current word.
+<DT><B>set-mark (C-@, M-&lt;space&gt;)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Set the mark to the point.  If a
+numeric argument is supplied, the mark is set to that position.
+<DT><B>exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Swap the point with the mark.  The current cursor position is set to
+the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the mark.
+<DT><B>character-search (C-])</B>
+
+<DD>
+A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of that
+character.  A negative count searches for previous occurrences.
+<DT><B>character-search-backward (M-C-])</B>
+
+<DD>
+A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence of that
+character.  A negative count searches for subsequent occurrences.
+<DT><B>skip-csi-sequence</B>
+
+<DD>
+Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as those
+defined for keys like Home and End.  Such sequences begin with a
+Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[.  If this sequence is
+bound to &quot;\[&quot;, keys producing such sequences will have no effect
+unless explicitly bound to a readline command, instead of inserting
+stray characters into the editing buffer.  This is unbound by default,
+but usually bound to ESC-[.
+<DT><B>insert-comment (M-#)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Without a numeric argument, the value of the readline
+<B>comment-begin</B>
+
+variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line.
+If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if
+the characters at the beginning of the line do not match the value
+of <B>comment-begin</B>, the value is inserted, otherwise
+the characters in <B>comment-begin</B> are deleted from the beginning of
+the line.
+In either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed.
+The default value of
+<B>comment-begin</B> causes this command to make the current line
+a shell comment.
+If a numeric argument causes the comment character to be removed, the line
+will be executed by the shell.
+<DT><B>glob-complete-word (M-g)</B>
+
+<DD>
+The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion,
+with an asterisk implicitly appended.  This pattern is used to
+generate a list of matching filenames for possible completions.
+<DT><B>glob-expand-word (C-x *)</B>
+
+<DD>
+The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion,
+and the list of matching filenames is inserted, replacing the word.
+If a numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before
+pathname expansion.
+<DT><B>glob-list-expansions (C-x g)</B>
+
+<DD>
+The list of expansions that would have been generated by
+<B>glob-expand-word</B>
+
+is displayed, and the line is redrawn.
+If a numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before
+pathname expansion.
+<DT><B>dump-functions</B>
+
+<DD>
+Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the
+readline output stream.  If a numeric argument is supplied,
+the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
+of an <I>inputrc</I> file.
+<DT><B>dump-variables</B>
+
+<DD>
+Print all of the settable readline variables and their values to the
+readline output stream.  If a numeric argument is supplied,
+the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
+of an <I>inputrc</I> file.
+<DT><B>dump-macros</B>
+
+<DD>
+Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the
+strings they output.  If a numeric argument is supplied,
+the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
+of an <I>inputrc</I> file.
+<DT><B>display-shell-version (C-x C-v)</B>
+
+<DD>
+Display version information about the current instance of
+<B>bash</B>.
+
+
+</DL>
+<A NAME="lbCV">&nbsp;</A>
+<H4>Programmable Completion</H4>
+
+<P>
+
+When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for
+which a completion specification (a <I>compspec</I>) has been defined
+using the <B>complete</B> builtin (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below), the programmable completion facilities are invoked.
+<P>
+
+First, the command name is identified.
+If the command word is the empty string (completion attempted at the
+beginning of an empty line), any compspec defined with
+the <B>-E</B> option to <B>complete</B> is used.
+If a compspec has been defined for that command, the
+compspec is used to generate the list of possible completions for the word.
+If the command word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full
+pathname is searched for first.
+If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an attempt is made to
+find a compspec for the portion following the final slash.
+If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec defined with
+the <B>-D</B> option to <B>complete</B> is used as the default.
+If there is no default compspec, <B>bash</B> attempts alias expansion
+on the command word as a final resort, and attempts to find a compspec
+for the command word from any successful expansion.
+<P>
+
+Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of
+matching words.
+If a compspec is not found, the default <B>bash</B> completion as
+described above under <B>Completing</B> is performed.
+<P>
+
+First, the actions specified by the compspec are used.
+Only matches which are prefixed by the word being completed are
+returned.
+When the
+<B>-f</B>
+
+or
+<B>-d</B>
+
+option is used for filename or directory name completion, the shell
+variable
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>FIGNORE</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is used to filter the matches.
+<P>
+
+Any completions specified by a pathname expansion pattern to the
+<B>-G</B> option are generated next.
+The words generated by the pattern need not match the word
+being completed.
+The
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>GLOBIGNORE</B>
+
+</FONT>
+shell variable is not used to filter the matches, but the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>FIGNORE</B>
+
+</FONT>
+variable is used.
+<P>
+
+Next, the string specified as the argument to the <B>-W</B> option
+is considered.
+The string is first split using the characters in the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+special variable as delimiters.
+Shell quoting is honored.
+Each word is then expanded using
+brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
+command substitution, and arithmetic expansion,
+as described above under
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>EXPANSION</B>.
+
+</FONT>
+The results are split using the rules described above under
+<B>Word Splitting</B>.
+The results of the expansion are prefix-matched against the word being
+completed, and the matching words become the possible completions.
+<P>
+
+After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command
+specified with the <B>-F</B> and <B>-C</B> options is invoked.
+When the command or function is invoked, the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>COMP_LINE</B>,
+
+</FONT>
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>COMP_POINT</B>,
+
+</FONT>
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>COMP_KEY</B>,
+
+</FONT>
+and
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>COMP_TYPE</B>
+
+</FONT>
+variables are assigned values as described above under
+<B>Shell Variables</B>.
+If a shell function is being invoked, the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>COMP_WORDS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+and
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>COMP_CWORD</B>
+
+</FONT>
+variables are also set.
+When the function or command is invoked,
+the first argument (<B>$1</B>) is the name of the command whose arguments are
+being completed,
+the second argument (<B>$2</B>) is the word being completed,
+and the third argument (<B>$3</B>) is the word preceding the word being
+completed on the current command line.
+No filtering of the generated completions against the word being completed
+is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in generating
+the matches.
+<P>
+
+Any function specified with <B>-F</B> is invoked first.
+The function may use any of the shell facilities, including the
+<B>compgen</B> builtin described below, to generate the matches.
+It must put the possible completions in the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>COMPREPLY</B>
+
+</FONT>
+array variable, one per array element.
+<P>
+
+Next, any command specified with the <B>-C</B> option is invoked
+in an environment equivalent to command substitution.
+It should print a list of completions, one per line, to the
+standard output.
+Backslash may be used to escape a newline, if necessary.
+<P>
+
+After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter
+specified with the <B>-X</B> option is applied to the list.
+The filter is a pattern as used for pathname expansion; a <B>&amp;</B>
+in the pattern is replaced with the text of the word being completed.
+A literal <B>&amp;</B> may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash
+is removed before attempting a match.
+Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list.
+A leading <B>!</B> negates the pattern; in this case any completion
+not matching the pattern will be removed.
+If the
+<B>nocasematch</B>
+
+shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+of alphabetic characters.
+<P>
+
+Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the <B>-P</B> and <B>-S</B>
+options are added to each member of the completion list, and the result is
+returned to the readline completion code as the list of possible
+completions.
+<P>
+
+If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the
+<B>-o dirnames</B> option was supplied to <B>complete</B> when the
+compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted.
+<P>
+
+If the <B>-o plusdirs</B> option was supplied to <B>complete</B> when the
+compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any
+matches are added to the results of the other actions.
+<P>
+
+By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned
+to the completion code as the full set of possible completions.
+The default <B>bash</B> completions are not attempted, and the readline
+default of filename completion is disabled.
+If the <B>-o bashdefault</B> option was supplied to <B>complete</B> when
+the compspec was defined, the <B>bash</B> default completions are attempted
+if the compspec generates no matches.
+If the <B>-o default</B> option was supplied to <B>complete</B> when the
+compspec was defined, readline's default completion will be performed
+if the compspec (and, if attempted, the default <B>bash</B> completions)
+generate no matches.
+<P>
+
+When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired,
+the programmable completion functions force readline to append a slash
+to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to
+the value of the <B>mark-directories</B> readline variable, regardless
+of the setting of the <B>mark-symlinked-directories</B> readline variable.
+<P>
+
+There is some support for dynamically modifying completions.  This is
+most useful when used in combination with a default completion specified
+with <B>complete -D</B>.
+It's possible for shell functions executed as completion
+handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by returning an
+exit status of 124.  If a shell function returns 124, and changes
+the compspec associated with the command on which completion is being
+attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is executed),
+programmable completion restarts from the beginning, with an
+attempt to find a new compspec for that command.  This allows a set of
+completions to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather than
+being loaded all at once.
+<P>
+
+For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each kept in a
+file corresponding to the name of the command, the following default
+completion function would load completions dynamically:
+<P>
+
+<TT>_completion_loader()
+<BR>
+
+{
+<BR>
+
+<TT>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TT>. &quot;/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh&quot; &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1 &amp;&amp; return 124<BR>
+<BR>
+
+}
+<BR>
+
+complete -D -F _completion_loader -o bashdefault -o default
+<BR>
+
+</TT>
+<A NAME="lbCW">&nbsp;</A>
+<H3>HISTORY</H3>
+
+When the
+<B>-o history</B>
+
+option to the
+<B>set</B>
+
+builtin is enabled, the shell provides access to the
+<I>command history</I>,
+the list of commands previously typed.
+The value of the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTSIZE</B>
+
+</FONT>
+variable is used as the
+number of commands to save in a history list.
+The text of the last
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTSIZE</B>
+
+</FONT>
+commands (default 500) is saved.  The shell
+stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and
+variable expansion (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>EXPANSION</B>
+
+</FONT>
+above) but after history expansion is performed, subject to the
+values of the shell variables
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTIGNORE</B>
+
+</FONT>
+and
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTCONTROL</B>.
+
+</FONT>
+<P>
+
+On startup, the history is initialized from the file named by
+the variable
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTFILE</B>
+
+</FONT>
+(default <A HREF="file:~/.bash_history"><I>~/.bash_history</I></A>).
+The file named by the value of
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTFILE</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than
+the number of lines specified by the value of
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTFILESIZE</B>.
+
+</FONT>
+If <B>HISTFILESIZE</B> is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value,
+or a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not truncated.
+When the history file is read,
+lines beginning with the history comment character followed immediately
+by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for the following history line.
+These timestamps are optionally displayed depending on the value of the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTTIMEFORMAT</B>
+
+</FONT>
+variable.
+When a shell with history enabled exits, the last
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>$HISTSIZE</B>
+
+</FONT>
+lines are copied from the history list to
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>$HISTFILE</B>.
+
+</FONT>
+If the
+<B>histappend</B>
+
+shell option is enabled
+(see the description of
+<B>shopt</B>
+
+under
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below), the lines are appended to the history file,
+otherwise the history file is overwritten.
+If
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTFILE</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is unset, or if the history file is unwritable, the history is
+not saved.
+If the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTTIMEFORMAT</B>
+
+</FONT>
+variable is set, time stamps are written to the history file, marked
+with the history comment character, so
+they may be preserved across shell sessions.
+This uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from
+other history lines.
+After saving the history, the history file is truncated
+to contain no more than
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTFILESIZE</B>
+
+</FONT>
+lines.  If
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTFILESIZE</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value,
+or a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not truncated.
+<P>
+
+The builtin command
+<B>fc</B>
+
+(see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below) may be used to list or edit and re-execute a portion of
+the history list.
+The
+<B>history</B>
+
+builtin may be used to display or modify the history list and
+manipulate the history file.
+When using command-line editing, search commands
+are available in each editing mode that provide access to the
+history list.
+<P>
+
+The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history
+list.  The
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTCONTROL</B>
+
+</FONT>
+and
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTIGNORE</B>
+
+</FONT>
+variables may be set to cause the shell to save only a subset of the
+commands entered.
+The
+<B>cmdhist</B>
+
+shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each
+line of a multi-line command in the same history entry, adding
+semicolons where necessary to preserve syntactic correctness.
+The
+<B>lithist</B>
+
+shell option causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines
+instead of semicolons.  See the description of the
+<B>shopt</B>
+
+builtin below under
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+for information on setting and unsetting shell options.
+<A NAME="lbCX">&nbsp;</A>
+<H3>HISTORY EXPANSION</H3>
+
+<P>
+
+The shell supports a history expansion feature that
+is similar to the history expansion in
+<B>csh</B>.
+
+This section describes what syntax features are available.  This
+feature is enabled by default for interactive shells, and can be
+disabled using the
+<B>+H</B>
+
+option to the
+<B>set</B>
+
+builtin command (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below).  Non-interactive shells do not perform history expansion
+by default.
+<P>
+
+History expansions introduce words from the history list into
+the input stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the
+arguments to a previous command into the current input line, or
+fix errors in previous commands quickly.
+<P>
+
+History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line
+is read, before the shell breaks it into words, and is performed
+on each line individually without taking quoting on previous lines into
+account.
+It takes place in two parts.
+The first is to determine which line from the history list
+to use during substitution.
+The second is to select portions of that line for inclusion into
+the current one.
+The line selected from the history is the <I>event</I>,
+and the portions of that line that are acted upon are <I>words</I>.
+Various <I>modifiers</I> are available to manipulate the selected words.
+The line is broken into words in the same fashion as when reading input,
+so that several <I>metacharacter</I>-separated words surrounded by
+quotes are considered one word.
+History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the
+history expansion character, which is <B>!</B> by default.
+Only backslash (<B>\</B>) and single quotes can quote
+the history expansion character, but the history expansion character is
+also treated as quoted if it immediately precedes the closing double quote
+in a double-quoted string.
+<P>
+
+Several characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately
+following the history expansion character, even if it is unquoted:
+space, tab, newline, carriage return, and <B>=</B>.
+If the <B>extglob</B> shell option is enabled, <B>(</B> will also
+inhibit expansion.
+<P>
+
+Several shell options settable with the
+<B>shopt</B>
+
+builtin may be used to tailor the behavior of history expansion.
+If the
+<B>histverify</B>
+
+shell option is enabled (see the description of the
+<B>shopt</B>
+
+builtin below), and
+<B>readline</B>
+
+is being used, history substitutions are not immediately passed to
+the shell parser.
+Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the
+<B>readline</B>
+
+editing buffer for further modification.
+If
+<B>readline</B>
+
+is being used, and the
+<B>histreedit</B>
+
+shell option is enabled, a failed history substitution will be reloaded
+into the
+<B>readline</B>
+
+editing buffer for correction.
+The
+<B>-p</B>
+
+option to the
+<B>history</B>
+
+builtin command may be used to see what a history expansion will
+do before using it.
+The
+<B>-s</B>
+
+option to the
+<B>history</B>
+
+builtin may be used to add commands to the end of the history list
+without actually executing them, so that they are available for
+subsequent recall.
+<P>
+
+The shell allows control of the various characters used by the
+history expansion mechanism (see the description of
+<B>histchars</B>
+
+above under
+<B>Shell Variables</B>).
+
+The shell uses
+the history comment character to mark history timestamps when
+writing the history file.
+<A NAME="lbCY">&nbsp;</A>
+<H4>Event Designators</H4>
+
+<P>
+
+An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the
+history list.
+Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to the current
+position in the history list.
+<P>
+
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>!</B>
+
+<DD>
+Start a history substitution, except when followed by a
+<B>blank</B>,
+
+newline, carriage return, =
+or ( (when the <B>extglob</B> shell option is enabled using
+the <B>shopt</B> builtin).
+<DT><B>!</B><I>n</I>
+
+<DD>
+Refer to command line
+<I>n</I>.
+
+<DT><B>!-</B><I>n</I>
+
+<DD>
+Refer to the current command minus
+<I>n</I>.
+
+<DT><B>!!</B>
+
+<DD>
+Refer to the previous command.  This is a synonym for `!-1'.
+<DT><B>!</B><I>string</I>
+
+<DD>
+Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in the
+history list starting with
+<I>string</I>.
+
+<DT><B>!?</B><I>string</I><B>[?]</B>
+
+<DD>
+Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in the
+history list containing
+<I>string</I>.
+
+The trailing <B>?</B> may be omitted if
+<I>string</I>
+
+is followed immediately by a newline.
+<DT><B></B><FONT SIZE=+2><B>^</B></FONT><B></B><I>string1</I><FONT SIZE=+2>^</FONT><I>string2</I><FONT SIZE=+2>^</FONT>
+
+<DD>
+Quick substitution.  Repeat the previous command, replacing
+<I>string1</I>
+
+with
+<I>string2</I>.
+
+Equivalent to
+``!!:s/<I>string1</I>/<I>string2</I>/''
+(see <B>Modifiers</B> below).
+<DT><B>!#</B>
+
+<DD>
+The entire command line typed so far.
+
+</DL>
+<A NAME="lbCZ">&nbsp;</A>
+<H4>Word Designators</H4>
+
+<P>
+
+Word designators are used to select desired words from the event.
+A
+<B>:</B>
+
+separates the event specification from the word designator.
+It may be omitted if the word designator begins with a
+<B>^</B>,
+
+<B>$</B>,
+
+<B>*</B>,
+
+<B>-</B>,
+
+or
+<B>%</B>.
+
+Words are numbered from the beginning of the line,
+with the first word being denoted by 0 (zero).
+Words are inserted into the current line separated by single spaces.
+<P>
+
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>0 (zero)</B>
+
+<DD>
+The zeroth word.  For the shell, this is the command
+word.
+<DT><I>n</I>
+
+<DD>
+The <I>n</I>th word.
+<DT><B>^</B>
+
+<DD>
+The first argument.  That is, word 1.
+<DT><B>$</B>
+
+<DD>
+The last word.  This is usually the last argument, but will expand to the
+zeroth word if there is only one word in the line.
+<DT><B>%</B>
+
+<DD>
+The word matched by the most recent `?<I>string</I>?' search.
+<DT><I>x</I><B>-</B>y
+
+<DD>
+A range of words; `-<I>y</I>' abbreviates `0-<I>y</I>'.
+<DT><B>*</B>
+
+<DD>
+All of the words but the zeroth.  This is a synonym
+for `<I>1-$</I>'.  It is not an error to use
+<B>*</B>
+
+if there is just one
+word in the event; the empty string is returned in that case.
+<DT><B>x*</B>
+
+<DD>
+Abbreviates <I>x-$</I>.
+<DT><B>x-</B>
+
+<DD>
+Abbreviates <I>x-$</I> like <B>x*</B>, but omits the last word.
+
+</DL>
+<P>
+
+If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the
+previous command is used as the event.
+<A NAME="lbDA">&nbsp;</A>
+<H4>Modifiers</H4>
+
+<P>
+
+After the optional word designator, there may appear a sequence of
+one or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a `:'.
+<P>
+
+
+<P>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>h</B>
+
+<DD>
+Remove a trailing filename component, leaving only the head.
+<DT><B>t</B>
+
+<DD>
+Remove all leading filename components, leaving the tail.
+<DT><B>r</B>
+
+<DD>
+Remove a trailing suffix of the form <I>.xxx</I>, leaving the
+basename.
+<DT><B>e</B>
+
+<DD>
+Remove all but the trailing suffix.
+<DT><B>p</B>
+
+<DD>
+Print the new command but do not execute it.
+<DT><B>q</B>
+
+<DD>
+Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions.
+<DT><B>x</B>
+
+<DD>
+Quote the substituted words as with
+<B>q</B>,
+
+but break into words at
+<B>blanks</B>
+
+and newlines.
+<DT><B>s/</B><I>old</I>/<I>new</I>/
+
+<DD>
+Substitute
+<I>new</I>
+
+for the first occurrence of
+<I>old</I>
+
+in the event line.  Any delimiter can be used in place of /.  The
+final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the
+event line.  The delimiter may be quoted in
+<I>old</I>
+
+and
+<I>new</I>
+
+with a single backslash.  If &amp; appears in
+<I>new</I>,
+
+it is replaced by
+<I>old</I>.
+
+A single backslash will quote the &amp;.  If
+<I>old</I>
+
+is null, it is set to the last
+<I>old</I>
+
+substituted, or, if no previous history substitutions took place,
+the last
+<I>string</I>
+
+in a
+<B>!?</B><I>string</I><B>[?]</B>
+
+search.
+<DT><B>&amp;</B>
+
+<DD>
+Repeat the previous substitution.
+<DT><B>g</B>
+
+<DD>
+Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line.  This is
+used in conjunction with `<B>:s</B>' (e.g., `<B>:gs/</B><I>old</I>/<I>new</I>/')
+or `<B>:&amp;</B>'.  If used with
+`<B>:s</B>', any delimiter can be used
+in place of /, and the final delimiter is optional
+if it is the last character of the event line.
+An <B>a</B> may be used as a synonym for <B>g</B>.
+<DT><B>G</B>
+
+<DD>
+Apply the following `<B>s</B>' modifier once to each word in the event line.
+
+</DL>
+<A NAME="lbDB">&nbsp;</A>
+<H3>SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</H3>
+
+
+
+<P>
+
+Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented in this
+section as accepting options preceded by
+<B>-</B>
+
+accepts
+<B>--</B>
+
+to signify the end of the options.
+The <B>:</B>, <B>true</B>, <B>false</B>, and <B>test</B>/<B>[</B> builtins
+do not accept options and do not treat <B>--</B> specially.
+The <B>exit</B>, <B>logout</B>, <B>return</B>,
+<B>break</B>, <B>continue</B>, <B>let</B>,
+and <B>shift</B> builtins accept and process arguments beginning with
+<B>-</B> without requiring <B>--</B>.
+Other builtins that accept arguments but are not specified as accepting
+options interpret arguments beginning with <B>-</B> as invalid options and
+require <B>--</B> to prevent this interpretation.
+<P>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>:</B> [<I>arguments</I>]<DD>
+
+No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding
+<I>arguments</I>
+
+and performing any specified
+redirections.
+The return status is zero.
+<DT><B> . </B> <I>filename</I> [<I>arguments</I>]<DD>
+
+<DT><B>source</B> <I>filename</I> [<I>arguments</I>]<DD>
+
+Read and execute commands from
+<I>filename</I>
+
+in the current
+shell environment and return the exit status of the last command
+executed from
+<I>filename</I>.
+
+If
+<I>filename</I>
+
+does not contain a slash, filenames in
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PATH</B>
+
+</FONT>
+are used to find the directory containing
+<I>filename</I>.
+
+The file searched for in
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PATH</B>
+
+</FONT>
+need not be executable.
+When <B>bash</B> is not in <I>posix mode</I>, the current directory is
+searched if no file is found in
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PATH</B>.
+
+</FONT>
+If the
+<B>sourcepath</B>
+
+option to the
+<B>shopt</B>
+
+builtin command is turned off, the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PATH</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is not searched.
+If any <I>arguments</I> are supplied, they become the positional
+parameters when <I>filename</I> is executed.  Otherwise the positional
+parameters are unchanged.
+If the <B>-T</B> option is enabled, <B>source</B> inherits any trap on
+<B>DEBUG</B>; if it is not, any <B>DEBUG</B> trap string is saved and
+restored around the call to <B>source</B>, and <B>source</B> unsets the
+<B>DEBUG</B> trap while it executes.
+If <B>-T</B> is not set, and the sourced file changes
+the <B>DEBUG</B> trap, the new value is retained when <B>source</B> completes.
+The return status is the status of the last command exited within
+the script (0 if no commands are executed), and false if
+<I>filename</I>
+
+is not found or cannot be read.
+<DT><B>alias</B> [<B>-p</B>] [<I>name</I>[=<I>value</I>] ...]<DD>
+<B>Alias</B> with no arguments or with the
+<B>-p</B>
+
+option prints the list of aliases in the form
+<B>alias</B> <I>name</I>=<I>value</I> on standard output.
+When arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for
+each <I>name</I> whose <I>value</I> is given.
+A trailing space in <I>value</I> causes the next word to be
+checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded.
+For each <I>name</I> in the argument list for which no <I>value</I>
+is supplied, the name and value of the alias is printed.
+<B>Alias</B> returns true unless a <I>name</I> is given for which
+no alias has been defined.
+<DT><B>bg</B> [<I>jobspec</I> ...]<DD>
+Resume each suspended job <I>jobspec</I> in the background, as if it
+had been started with
+<B>&amp;</B>.
+
+If
+<I>jobspec</I>
+
+is not present, the shell's notion of the <I>current job</I> is used.
+<B>bg</B>
+
+<I>jobspec</I>
+
+returns 0 unless run when job control is disabled or, when run with
+job control enabled, any specified <I>jobspec</I> was not found
+or was started without job control.
+<DT><B>bind</B> [<B>-m</B> <I>keymap</I>] [<B>-lpsvPSVX</B>]<DD>
+
+<DT><B>bind</B> [<B>-m</B> <I>keymap</I>] [<B>-q</B> <I>function</I>] [<B>-u</B> <I>function</I>] [<B>-r</B> <I>keyseq</I>]<DD>
+<DT><B>bind</B> [<B>-m</B> <I>keymap</I>] <B>-f</B> <I>filename</I><DD>
+<DT><B>bind</B> [<B>-m</B> <I>keymap</I>] <B>-x</B> <I>keyseq</I>:<I>shell-command</I><DD>
+<DT><B>bind</B> [<B>-m</B> <I>keymap</I>] <I>keyseq</I>:<I>function-name</I><DD>
+<DT><B>bind</B> [<B>-m</B> <I>keymap</I>] <I>keyseq</I>:<I>readline-command</I><DD>
+
+Display current
+<B>readline</B>
+
+key and function bindings, bind a key sequence to a
+<B>readline</B>
+
+function or macro, or set a
+<B>readline</B>
+
+variable.
+Each non-option argument is a command as it would appear in
+<I>.inputrc</I>,
+
+but each binding or command must be passed as a separate argument;
+e.g., '&quot;\C-x\C-r&quot;: re-read-init-file'.
+Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>-m </B><I>keymap</I>
+
+<DD>
+Use
+<I>keymap</I>
+
+as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent bindings.
+Acceptable
+<I>keymap</I>
+
+names are
+<I>emacs, emacs-standard, emacs-meta, emacs-ctlx, vi,
+vi-move, vi-command</I>, and
+<I>vi-insert</I>.
+
+<I>vi</I> is equivalent to <I>vi-command</I> (<I>vi-move</I> is also
+a synonym); <I>emacs</I> is
+equivalent to <I>emacs-standard</I>.
+<DT><B>-l</B>
+
+<DD>
+List the names of all <B>readline</B> functions.
+<DT><B>-p</B>
+
+<DD>
+Display <B>readline</B> function names and bindings in such a way
+that they can be re-read.
+<DT><B>-P</B>
+
+<DD>
+List current <B>readline</B> function names and bindings.
+<DT><B>-s</B>
+
+<DD>
+Display <B>readline</B> key sequences bound to macros and the strings
+they output in such a way that they can be re-read.
+<DT><B>-S</B>
+
+<DD>
+Display <B>readline</B> key sequences bound to macros and the strings
+they output.
+<DT><B>-v</B>
+
+<DD>
+Display <B>readline</B> variable names and values in such a way that they
+can be re-read.
+<DT><B>-V</B>
+
+<DD>
+List current <B>readline</B> variable names and values.
+<DT><B>-f </B><I>filename</I>
+
+<DD>
+Read key bindings from <I>filename</I>.
+<DT><B>-q </B><I>function</I>
+
+<DD>
+Query about which keys invoke the named <I>function</I>.
+<DT><B>-u </B><I>function</I>
+
+<DD>
+Unbind all keys bound to the named <I>function</I>.
+<DT><B>-r </B><I>keyseq</I>
+
+<DD>
+Remove any current binding for <I>keyseq</I>.
+<DT><B>-x </B><I>keyseq</I>:<I>shell-command</I>
+
+<DD>
+Cause <I>shell-command</I> to be executed whenever <I>keyseq</I> is
+entered.
+When <I>shell-command</I> is executed, the shell sets the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>READLINE_LINE</B>
+
+</FONT>
+variable to the contents of the <B>readline</B> line buffer and the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>READLINE_POINT</B>
+
+</FONT>
+variable to the current location of the insertion point.
+If the executed command changes the value of
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>READLINE_LINE</B>
+
+</FONT>
+or
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>READLINE_POINT</B>,
+
+</FONT>
+those new values will be reflected in the editing state.
+<DT><B>-X</B>
+
+<DD>
+List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the associated commands
+in a format that can be reused as input.
+
+</DL>
+<P>
+
+The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or an
+error occurred.
+</DL>
+
+<DT><B>break</B> [<I>n</I>]<DD>
+Exit from within a
+<B>for</B>,
+
+<B>while</B>,
+
+<B>until</B>,
+
+or
+<B>select</B>
+
+loop.  If <I>n</I> is specified, break <I>n</I> levels.
+<I>n</I>
+
+must be >= 1.  If
+<I>n</I>
+
+is greater than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops
+are exited.
+The return value is 0 unless <I>n</I> is not greater than or equal to 1.
+<DT><B>builtin</B> <I>shell-builtin</I> [<I>arguments</I>]<DD>
+Execute the specified shell builtin, passing it
+<I>arguments</I>,
+
+and return its exit status.
+This is useful when defining a
+function whose name is the same as a shell builtin,
+retaining the functionality of the builtin within the function.
+The <B>cd</B> builtin is commonly redefined this way.
+The return status is false if
+<I>shell-builtin</I>
+
+is not a shell builtin command.
+<DT><B>caller</B> [<I>expr</I>]<DD>
+Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell function or
+a script executed with the <B>.</B> or <B>source</B> builtins).
+Without <I>expr</I>, <B>caller</B> displays the line number and source
+filename of the current subroutine call.
+If a non-negative integer is supplied as <I>expr</I>, <B>caller</B>
+displays the line number, subroutine name, and source file corresponding
+to that position in the current execution call stack.  This extra
+information may be used, for example, to print a stack trace.  The
+current frame is frame 0.
+The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a subroutine
+call or <I>expr</I> does not correspond to a valid position in the
+call stack.
+<DT><B>cd</B> [<B>-L</B>|[<B>-P</B> [<B>-e</B>]] [-@]] [<I>dir</I>]<DD>
+Change the current directory to <I>dir</I>.
+if <I>dir</I> is not supplied, the value of the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HOME</B>
+
+</FONT>
+shell variable is the default.
+Any additional arguments following <I>dir</I> are ignored.
+The variable
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>CDPATH</B>
+
+</FONT>
+defines the search path for the directory containing
+<I>dir</I>:
+
+each directory name in
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>CDPATH</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is searched for <I>dir</I>.
+Alternative directory names in
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>CDPATH</B>
+
+</FONT>
+are separated by a colon (:).  A null directory name in
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>CDPATH</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is the same as the current directory, i.e., ``<B>.</B>''.  If
+<I>dir</I>
+
+begins with a slash (/),
+then
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>CDPATH</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is not used.  The
+<B>-P</B>
+
+option causes <B>cd</B> to use the physical directory structure
+by resolving symbolic links while traversing <I>dir</I> and
+before processing instances of <I>..</I> in <I>dir</I> (see also the
+<B>-P</B>
+
+option to the
+<B>set</B>
+
+builtin command); the
+<B>-L</B>
+
+option forces symbolic links to be followed by resolving the link
+after processing instances of <I>..</I> in <I>dir</I>.
+If <I>..</I> appears in <I>dir</I>, it is processed by removing the
+immediately previous pathname component from <I>dir</I>, back to a slash
+or the beginning of <I>dir</I>.
+If the
+<B>-e</B>
+
+option is supplied with
+<B>-P</B>,
+
+and the current working directory cannot be successfully determined
+after a successful directory change, <B>cd</B> will return an unsuccessful
+status.
+On systems that support it, the <B>-@</B> option presents the extended
+attributes associated with a file as a directory.
+An argument of
+<B>-</B>
+
+is converted to
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>$OLDPWD</B>
+
+</FONT>
+before the directory change is attempted.
+If a non-empty directory name from
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>CDPATH</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is used, or if
+<B>-</B> is the first argument, and the directory change is
+successful, the absolute pathname of the new working directory is
+written to the standard output.
+The return value is true if the directory was successfully changed;
+false otherwise.
+<DT><B>command</B> [<B>-pVv</B>] <I>command</I> [<I>arg</I> ...]<DD>
+Run
+<I>command</I>
+
+with
+<I>args</I>
+
+suppressing the normal shell function lookup.
+Only builtin commands or commands found in the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PATH</B>
+
+</FONT>
+are executed.  If the
+<B>-p</B>
+
+option is given, the search for
+<I>command</I>
+
+is performed using a default value for
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PATH</B>
+
+</FONT>
+that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities.
+If either the
+<B>-V</B>
+
+or
+<B>-v</B>
+
+option is supplied, a description of
+<I>command</I>
+
+is printed.  The
+<B>-v</B>
+
+option causes a single word indicating the command or filename
+used to invoke
+<I>command</I>
+
+to be displayed; the
+<B>-V</B>
+
+option produces a more verbose description.
+If the
+<B>-V</B>
+
+or
+<B>-v</B>
+
+option is supplied, the exit status is 0 if
+<I>command</I>
+
+was found, and 1 if not.  If neither option is supplied and
+an error occurred or
+<I>command</I>
+
+cannot be found, the exit status is 127.  Otherwise, the exit status of the
+<B>command</B>
+
+builtin is the exit status of
+<I>command</I>.
+
+<DT><B>compgen</B> [<I>option</I>] [<I>word</I>]<DD>
+Generate possible completion matches for <I>word</I> according to
+the <I>option</I>s, which may be any option accepted by the
+<B>complete</B>
+
+builtin with the exception of <B>-p</B> and <B>-r</B>, and write
+the matches to the standard output.
+When using the <B>-F</B> or <B>-C</B> options, the various shell variables
+set by the programmable completion facilities, while available, will not
+have useful values.
+<P>
+The matches will be generated in the same way as if the programmable
+completion code had generated them directly from a completion specification
+with the same flags.
+If <I>word</I> is specified, only those completions matching <I>word</I>
+will be displayed.
+<P>
+The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, or no
+matches were generated.
+<DT><B>complete</B> [<B>-abcdefgjksuv</B>] [<B>-o</B> <I>comp-option</I>] [<B>-DEI</B>] [<B>-A</B> <I>action</I>] [<B>-G</B> <I>globpat</I>] [<B>-W</B> <I>wordlist</I>] [<B>-F</B> <I>function</I>] [<B>-C</B> <I>command</I>]<DD>
+<BR>
+
+[<B>-X</B> <I>filterpat</I>] [<B>-P</B> <I>prefix</I>] [<B>-S</B> <I>suffix</I>] <I>name</I> [<I>name ...</I>]
+
+<DT><B>complete</B> <B>-pr</B> [<B>-DEI</B>] [<I>name</I> ...]<DD>
+
+Specify how arguments to each <I>name</I> should be completed.
+If the <B>-p</B> option is supplied, or if no options are supplied,
+existing completion specifications are printed in a way that allows
+them to be reused as input.
+The <B>-r</B> option removes a completion specification for
+each <I>name</I>, or, if no <I>name</I>s are supplied, all
+completion specifications.
+The <B>-D</B> option indicates that other supplied options and actions should
+apply to the ``default'' command completion; that is, completion attempted
+on a command for which no completion has previously been defined.
+The <B>-E</B> option indicates that other supplied options and actions should
+apply to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion attempted on a
+blank line.
+The <B>-I</B> option indicates that other supplied options and actions should
+apply to completion on the inital non-assignment word on the line, or after
+a command delimiter such as <B>;</B> or <B>|</B>, which is usually command
+name completion.
+If multiple options are supplied, the <B>-D</B> option takes precedence
+over <B>-E</B>, and both take precedence over <B>-I</B>.
+If any of <B>-D</B>, <B>-E</B>, or <B>-I</B> are supplied, any other
+<I>name</I> arguments are ignored; these completions only apply to the case
+specified by the option.
+<P>
+The process of applying these completion specifications when word completion
+is attempted is described above under <B>Programmable Completion</B>.
+<P>
+Other options, if specified, have the following meanings.
+The arguments to the <B>-G</B>, <B>-W</B>, and <B>-X</B> options
+(and, if necessary, the <B>-P</B> and <B>-S</B> options)
+should be quoted to protect them from expansion before the
+<B>complete</B>
+
+builtin is invoked.
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>-o</B> <I>comp-option</I><DD>
+The <I>comp-option</I> controls several aspects of the compspec's behavior
+beyond the simple generation of completions.
+<I>comp-option</I> may be one of:
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>bashdefault</B>
+
+<DD>
+Perform the rest of the default <B>bash</B> completions if the compspec
+generates no matches.
+<DT><B>default</B>
+
+<DD>
+Use readline's default filename completion if the compspec generates
+no matches.
+<DT><B>dirnames</B>
+
+<DD>
+Perform directory name completion if the compspec generates no matches.
+<DT><B>filenames</B>
+
+<DD>
+Tell readline that the compspec generates filenames, so it can perform any
+filename-specific processing (like adding a slash to directory names,
+quoting special characters, or suppressing trailing spaces).
+Intended to be used with shell functions.
+<DT><B>noquote</B>
+
+<DD>
+Tell readline not to quote the completed words if they are filenames
+(quoting filenames is the default).
+<DT><B>nosort</B>
+
+<DD>
+Tell readline not to sort the list of possible completions alphabetically.
+<DT><B>nospace</B>
+
+<DD>
+Tell readline not to append a space (the default) to words completed at
+the end of the line.
+<DT><B>plusdirs</B>
+
+<DD>
+After any matches defined by the compspec are generated,
+directory name completion is attempted and any
+matches are added to the results of the other actions.
+</DL></DL>
+
+<DT><B>-A</B> <I>action</I><DD>
+The <I>action</I> may be one of the following to generate a list of possible
+completions:
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>alias</B>
+
+<DD>
+Alias names.  May also be specified as <B>-a</B>.
+<DT><B>arrayvar</B>
+
+<DD>
+Array variable names.
+<DT><B>binding</B>
+
+<DD>
+<B>Readline</B> key binding names.
+<DT><B>builtin</B>
+
+<DD>
+Names of shell builtin commands.  May also be specified as <B>-b</B>.
+<DT><B>command</B>
+
+<DD>
+Command names.  May also be specified as <B>-c</B>.
+<DT><B>directory</B>
+
+<DD>
+Directory names.  May also be specified as <B>-d</B>.
+<DT><B>disabled</B>
+
+<DD>
+Names of disabled shell builtins.
+<DT><B>enabled</B>
+
+<DD>
+Names of enabled shell builtins.
+<DT><B>export</B>
+
+<DD>
+Names of exported shell variables.  May also be specified as <B>-e</B>.
+<DT><B>file</B>
+
+<DD>
+File names.  May also be specified as <B>-f</B>.
+<DT><B>function</B>
+
+<DD>
+Names of shell functions.
+<DT><B>group</B>
+
+<DD>
+Group names.  May also be specified as <B>-g</B>.
+<DT><B>helptopic</B>
+
+<DD>
+Help topics as accepted by the <B>help</B> builtin.
+<DT><B>hostname</B>
+
+<DD>
+Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HOSTFILE</B>
+
+</FONT>
+shell variable.
+<DT><B>job</B>
+
+<DD>
+Job names, if job control is active.  May also be specified as <B>-j</B>.
+<DT><B>keyword</B>
+
+<DD>
+Shell reserved words.  May also be specified as <B>-k</B>.
+<DT><B>running</B>
+
+<DD>
+Names of running jobs, if job control is active.
+<DT><B>service</B>
+
+<DD>
+Service names.  May also be specified as <B>-s</B>.
+<DT><B>setopt</B>
+
+<DD>
+Valid arguments for the <B>-o</B> option to the <B>set</B> builtin.
+<DT><B>shopt</B>
+
+<DD>
+Shell option names as accepted by the <B>shopt</B> builtin.
+<DT><B>signal</B>
+
+<DD>
+Signal names.
+<DT><B>stopped</B>
+
+<DD>
+Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active.
+<DT><B>user</B>
+
+<DD>
+User names.  May also be specified as <B>-u</B>.
+<DT><B>variable</B>
+
+<DD>
+Names of all shell variables.  May also be specified as <B>-v</B>.
+</DL></DL>
+
+<DT><B>-C</B> <I>command</I><DD>
+<I>command</I> is executed in a subshell environment, and its output is
+used as the possible completions.
+<DT><B>-F</B> <I>function</I><DD>
+The shell function <I>function</I> is executed in the current shell
+environment.
+When the function is executed,
+the first argument (<B>$1</B>) is the name of the command whose arguments are
+being completed,
+the second argument (<B>$2</B>) is the word being completed,
+and the third argument (<B>$3</B>) is the word preceding the word being
+completed on the current command line.
+When it finishes, the possible completions are retrieved from the value
+of the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>COMPREPLY</B>
+
+</FONT>
+array variable.
+<DT><B>-G</B> <I>globpat</I><DD>
+The pathname expansion pattern <I>globpat</I> is expanded to generate
+the possible completions.
+<DT><B>-P</B> <I>prefix</I><DD>
+<I>prefix</I> is added at the beginning of each possible completion
+after all other options have been applied.
+<DT><B>-S</B> <I>suffix</I><DD>
+<I>suffix</I> is appended to each possible completion
+after all other options have been applied.
+<DT><B>-W</B> <I>wordlist</I><DD>
+The <I>wordlist</I> is split using the characters in the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word is expanded.
+Shell quoting is honored within <I>wordlist</I>,
+in order to provide a
+mechanism for the words to contain shell metacharacters or characters
+in the value of
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B>.
+
+</FONT>
+The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which
+match the word being completed.
+<DT><B>-X</B> <I>filterpat</I><DD>
+<I>filterpat</I> is a pattern as used for pathname expansion.
+It is applied to the list of possible completions generated by the
+preceding options and arguments, and each completion matching
+<I>filterpat</I> is removed from the list.
+A leading <B>!</B> in <I>filterpat</I> negates the pattern; in this
+case, any completion not matching <I>filterpat</I> is removed.
+
+</DL>
+<P>
+
+The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an option
+other than <B>-p</B> or <B>-r</B> is supplied without a <I>name</I>
+argument, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification for
+a <I>name</I> for which no specification exists, or
+an error occurs adding a completion specification.
+</DL>
+
+<DT><B>compopt</B> [<B>-o</B> <I>option</I>] [<B>-DEI</B>] [<B>+o</B> <I>option</I>] [<I>name</I>]<DD>
+Modify completion options for each <I>name</I> according to the
+<I>option</I>s, or for the
+currently-executing completion if no <I>name</I>s are supplied.
+If no <I>option</I>s are given, display the completion options for each
+<I>name</I> or the current completion.
+The possible values of <I>option</I> are those valid for the <B>complete</B>
+builtin described above.
+The <B>-D</B> option indicates that other supplied options should
+apply to the ``default'' command completion; that is, completion attempted
+on a command for which no completion has previously been defined.
+The <B>-E</B> option indicates that other supplied options should
+apply to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion attempted on a
+blank line.
+The <B>-I</B> option indicates that other supplied options should
+apply to completion on the inital non-assignment word on the line,
+or after a command delimiter such as <B>;</B> or <B>|</B>, which is usually
+command name completion.
+<P>
+The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an attempt
+is made to modify the options for a <I>name</I> for which no completion
+specification exists, or an output error occurs.
+<DT><B>continue</B> [<I>n</I>]<DD>
+Resume the next iteration of the enclosing
+<B>for</B>,
+
+<B>while</B>,
+
+<B>until</B>,
+
+or
+<B>select</B>
+
+loop.
+If
+<I>n</I>
+
+is specified, resume at the <I>n</I>th enclosing loop.
+<I>n</I>
+
+must be >= 1.  If
+<I>n</I>
+
+is greater than the number of enclosing loops, the last enclosing loop
+(the ``top-level'' loop) is resumed.
+The return value is 0 unless <I>n</I> is not greater than or equal to 1.
+<DT><B>declare</B> [<B>-aAfFgilnrtux</B>] [<B>-p</B>] [<I>name</I>[=<I>value</I>] ...]<DD>
+
+<DT><B>typeset</B> [<B>-aAfFgilnrtux</B>] [<B>-p</B>] [<I>name</I>[=<I>value</I>] ...]<DD>
+
+Declare variables and/or give them attributes.
+If no <I>name</I>s are given then display the values of variables.
+The
+<B>-p</B>
+
+option will display the attributes and values of each
+<I>name</I>.
+
+When
+<B>-p</B>
+
+is used with <I>name</I> arguments, additional options,
+other than <B>-f</B> and <B>-F</B>, are ignored.
+When
+<B>-p</B>
+
+is supplied without <I>name</I> arguments, it will display the attributes
+and values of all variables having the attributes specified by the
+additional options.
+If no other options are supplied with <B>-p</B>, <B>declare</B> will display
+the attributes and values of all shell variables.  The <B>-f</B> option
+will restrict the display to shell functions.
+The
+<B>-F</B>
+
+option inhibits the display of function definitions; only the
+function name and attributes are printed.
+If the <B>extdebug</B> shell option is enabled using <B>shopt</B>,
+the source file name and line number where each <I>name</I>
+is defined are displayed as well.  The
+<B>-F</B>
+
+option implies
+<B>-f</B>.
+
+The
+<B>-g</B>
+
+option forces variables to be created or modified at the global scope,
+even when <B>declare</B> is executed in a shell function.
+It is ignored in all other cases.
+The following options can
+be used to restrict output to variables with the specified attribute or
+to give variables attributes:
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>-a</B>
+
+<DD>
+Each <I>name</I> is an indexed array variable (see
+<B>Arrays</B>
+
+above).
+<DT><B>-A</B>
+
+<DD>
+Each <I>name</I> is an associative array variable (see
+<B>Arrays</B>
+
+above).
+<DT><B>-f</B>
+
+<DD>
+Use function names only.
+<DT><B>-i</B>
+
+<DD>
+The variable is treated as an integer; arithmetic evaluation (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>ARITHMETIC EVALUATION</B>
+
+</FONT>
+above) is performed when the variable is assigned a value.
+<DT><B>-l</B>
+
+<DD>
+When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case characters are
+converted to lower-case.
+The upper-case attribute is disabled.
+<DT><B>-n</B>
+
+<DD>
+Give each <I>name</I> the <I>nameref</I> attribute, making
+it a name reference to another variable.
+That other variable is defined by the value of <I>name</I>.
+All references, assignments, and attribute modifications
+to <I>name</I>, except those using or changing the
+<B>-n</B> attribute itself, are performed on the variable referenced by
+<I>name</I>'s value.
+The nameref attribute cannot be applied to array variables.
+<DT><B>-r</B>
+
+<DD>
+Make <I>name</I>s readonly.  These names cannot then be assigned values
+by subsequent assignment statements or unset.
+<DT><B>-t</B>
+
+<DD>
+Give each <I>name</I> the <I>trace</I> attribute.
+Traced functions inherit the <B>DEBUG</B> and <B>RETURN</B> traps from
+the calling shell.
+The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables.
+<DT><B>-u</B>
+
+<DD>
+When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case characters are
+converted to upper-case.
+The lower-case attribute is disabled.
+<DT><B>-x</B>
+
+<DD>
+Mark <I>name</I>s for export to subsequent commands via the environment.
+
+</DL>
+<P>
+
+Using `+' instead of `-'
+turns off the attribute instead,
+with the exceptions that <B>+a</B> and <B>+A</B>
+may not be used to destroy array variables and <B>+r</B> will not
+remove the readonly attribute.
+When used in a function,
+<B>declare</B>
+
+and
+<B>typeset</B>
+
+make each
+<I>name</I> local, as with the
+<B>local</B>
+
+command,
+unless the <B>-g</B> option is supplied.
+If a variable name is followed by =<I>value</I>, the value of
+the variable is set to <I>value</I>.
+When using <B>-a</B> or <B>-A</B> and the compound assignment syntax to
+create array variables, additional attributes do not take effect until
+subsequent assignments.
+The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered,
+an attempt is made to define a function using
+
+<TT>-f foo=bar</TT>,
+an attempt is made to assign a value to a readonly variable,
+an attempt is made to assign a value to an array variable without
+using the compound assignment syntax (see
+<B>Arrays</B>
+
+above), one of the <I>names</I> is not a valid shell variable name,
+an attempt is made to turn off readonly status for a readonly variable,
+an attempt is made to turn off array status for an array variable,
+or an attempt is made to display a non-existent function with <B>-f</B>.
+</DL>
+
+<DT><B>dirs [-clpv</B>] [+<I>n</I>] [-<I>n</I>]
+
+<DD>
+Without options, displays the list of currently remembered directories.
+The default display is on a single line with directory names separated
+by spaces.
+Directories are added to the list with the
+<B>pushd</B>
+
+command; the
+<B>popd</B>
+
+command removes entries from the list.
+The current directory is always the first directory in the stack.
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>-c</B>
+
+<DD>
+Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries.
+<DT><B>-l</B>
+
+<DD>
+Produces a listing using full pathnames;
+the default listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory.
+<DT><B>-p</B>
+
+<DD>
+Print the directory stack with one entry per line.
+<DT><B>-v</B>
+
+<DD>
+Print the directory stack with one entry per line,
+prefixing each entry with its index in the stack.
+<DT><B>+</B><I>n</I><DD>
+Displays the <I>n</I>th entry counting from the left of the list
+shown by
+<B>dirs</B>
+
+when invoked without options, starting with zero.
+<DT><B>-</B><I>n</I><DD>
+Displays the <I>n</I>th entry counting from the right of the list
+shown by
+<B>dirs</B>
+
+when invoked without options, starting with zero.
+
+</DL>
+<P>
+
+The return value is 0 unless an
+invalid option is supplied or <I>n</I> indexes beyond the end
+of the directory stack.
+</DL>
+
+<DT><B>disown</B> [<B>-ar</B>] [<B>-h</B>] [<I>jobspec</I> ... | <I>pid</I> ... ]<DD>
+Without options, remove each
+<I>jobspec</I>
+
+from the table of active jobs.
+If
+<I>jobspec</I>
+
+is not present, and neither the <B>-a</B> nor the <B>-r</B> option
+is supplied, the <I>current job</I> is used.
+If the <B>-h</B> option is given, each
+<I>jobspec</I>
+
+is not removed from the table, but is marked so that
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGHUP</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is not sent to the job if the shell receives a
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGHUP</B>.
+
+</FONT>
+If no
+<I>jobspec</I>
+
+is supplied, the
+<B>-a</B>
+
+option means to remove or mark all jobs; the
+<B>-r</B>
+
+option without a
+<I>jobspec</I>
+
+argument restricts operation to running jobs.
+The return value is 0 unless a
+<I>jobspec</I>
+
+does not specify a valid job.
+<DT><B>echo</B> [<B>-neE</B>] [<I>arg</I> ...]<DD>
+Output the <I>arg</I>s, separated by spaces, followed by a newline.
+The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs.
+If <B>-n</B> is specified, the trailing newline is
+suppressed.  If the <B>-e</B> option is given, interpretation of
+the following backslash-escaped characters is enabled.  The
+<B>-E</B>
+
+option disables the interpretation of these escape characters,
+even on systems where they are interpreted by default.
+The <B>xpg_echo</B> shell option may be used to
+dynamically determine whether or not <B>echo</B> expands these
+escape characters by default.
+<B>echo</B>
+
+does not interpret <B>--</B> to mean the end of options.
+<B>echo</B>
+
+interprets the following escape sequences:
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>\a</B>
+
+<DD>
+alert (bell)
+<DT><B>\b</B>
+
+<DD>
+backspace
+<DT><B>\c</B>
+
+<DD>
+suppress further output
+<DT><B>\e</B>
+
+<DD>
+<DT><B>\E</B>
+
+<DD>
+an escape character
+<DT><B>\f</B>
+
+<DD>
+form feed
+<DT><B>\n</B>
+
+<DD>
+new line
+<DT><B>\r</B>
+
+<DD>
+carriage return
+<DT><B>\t</B>
+
+<DD>
+horizontal tab
+<DT><B>\v</B>
+
+<DD>
+vertical tab
+<DT><B>\\</B>
+
+<DD>
+backslash
+<DT><B>\0</B><I>nnn</I>
+
+<DD>
+the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value <I>nnn</I>
+(zero to three octal digits)
+<DT><B>\x</B><I>HH</I>
+
+<DD>
+the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value <I>HH</I>
+(one or two hex digits)
+<DT><B>\u</B><I>HHHH</I>
+
+<DD>
+the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+<I>HHHH</I> (one to four hex digits)
+<DT><B>\U</B><I>HHHHHHHH</I>
+
+<DD>
+the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+<I>HHHHHHHH</I> (one to eight hex digits)
+
+</DL></DL>
+
+<DT><B>enable</B> [<B>-a</B>] [<B>-dnps</B>] [<B>-f</B> <I>filename</I>] [<I>name</I> ...]<DD>
+Enable and disable builtin shell commands.
+Disabling a builtin allows a disk command which has the same name
+as a shell builtin to be executed without specifying a full pathname,
+even though the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands.
+If <B>-n</B> is used, each <I>name</I>
+is disabled; otherwise,
+<I>names</I> are enabled.  For example, to use the
+<B>test</B>
+
+binary found via the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PATH</B>
+
+</FONT>
+instead of the shell builtin version, run
+<TT>enable -n test</TT>.
+
+The
+<B>-f</B>
+
+option means to load the new builtin command
+<I>name</I>
+
+from shared object
+<I>filename</I>,
+
+on systems that support dynamic loading.  The
+<B>-d</B>
+
+option will delete a builtin previously loaded with
+<B>-f</B>.
+
+If no <I>name</I> arguments are given, or if the
+<B>-p</B>
+
+option is supplied, a list of shell builtins is printed.
+With no other option arguments, the list consists of all enabled
+shell builtins.
+If <B>-n</B> is supplied, only disabled builtins are printed.
+If <B>-a</B> is supplied, the list printed includes all builtins, with an
+indication of whether or not each is enabled.
+If <B>-s</B> is supplied, the output is restricted to the POSIX
+<I>special</I> builtins.
+The return value is 0 unless a
+<I>name</I>
+
+is not a shell builtin or there is an error loading a new builtin
+from a shared object.
+<DT><B>eval</B> [<I>arg</I> ...]<DD>
+The <I>arg</I>s are read and concatenated together into a single
+command.  This command is then read and executed by the shell, and
+its exit status is returned as the value of
+<B>eval</B>.
+
+If there are no
+<I>args</I>,
+
+or only null arguments,
+<B>eval</B>
+
+returns 0.
+<DT><B>exec</B> [<B>-cl</B>] [<B>-a</B> <I>name</I>] [<I>command</I> [<I>arguments</I>]]<DD>
+If
+<I>command</I>
+
+is specified, it replaces the shell.
+No new process is created.  The
+<I>arguments</I>
+
+become the arguments to <I>command</I>.
+If the
+<B>-l</B>
+
+option is supplied,
+the shell places a dash at the beginning of the zeroth argument passed to
+<I>command</I>.
+
+This is what
+<I>login</I>(1)
+
+does.  The
+<B>-c</B>
+
+option causes
+<I>command</I>
+
+to be executed with an empty environment.  If
+<B>-a</B>
+
+is supplied, the shell passes
+<I>name</I>
+
+as the zeroth argument to the executed command.
+If
+<I>command</I>
+
+cannot be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits,
+unless the
+<B>execfail</B>
+
+shell option
+is enabled.  In that case, it returns failure.
+An interactive shell returns failure if the file cannot be executed.
+A subshell exits unconditionally if <B>exec</B> fails.
+If
+<I>command</I>
+
+is not specified, any redirections take effect in the current shell,
+and the return status is 0.  If there is a redirection error, the
+return status is 1.
+<DT><B>exit</B> [<I>n</I>]<DD>
+Cause the shell to exit
+with a status of <I>n</I>.  If
+<I>n</I>
+
+is omitted, the exit status
+is that of the last command executed.
+A trap on
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>EXIT</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is executed before the shell terminates.
+<DT><B>export</B> [<B>-fn</B>] [<I>name</I>[=<I>word</I>]] ...<DD>
+
+<DT><B>export -p</B>
+
+<DD>
+
+The supplied
+<I>names</I>
+
+are marked for automatic export to the environment of
+subsequently executed commands.  If the
+<B>-f</B>
+
+option is given, the
+<I>names</I>
+
+refer to functions.
+If no
+<I>names</I>
+
+are given, or if the
+<B>-p</B>
+
+option is supplied, a list
+of names of all exported variables is printed.
+The
+<B>-n</B>
+
+option causes the export property to be removed from each
+<I>name</I>.
+If a variable name is followed by =<I>word</I>, the value of
+the variable is set to <I>word</I>.
+<B>export</B>
+
+returns an exit status of 0 unless an invalid option is
+encountered,
+one of the <I>names</I> is not a valid shell variable name, or
+<B>-f</B>
+
+is supplied with a
+<I>name</I>
+
+that is not a function.
+<DT><B>fc</B> [<B>-e</B> <I>ename</I>] [<B>-lnr</B>] [<I>first</I>] [<I>last</I>]<DD>
+
+<DT><B>fc</B> <B>-s</B> [<I>pat</I>=<I>rep</I>] [<I>cmd</I>]<DD>
+
+The first form selects a range of commands from
+<I>first</I>
+
+to
+<I>last</I>
+
+from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes them.
+<I>First</I>
+
+and
+<I>last</I>
+
+may be specified as a string (to locate the last command beginning
+with that string) or as a number (an index into the history list,
+where a negative number is used as an offset from the current
+command number).  If
+<I>last</I>
+
+is not specified, it is set to
+the current command for listing (so that
+
+<TT>fc -l -10</TT>
+prints the last 10 commands) and to
+<I>first</I>
+
+otherwise.
+If
+<I>first</I>
+
+is not specified, it is set to the previous
+command for editing and -16 for listing.
+<P>
+The
+<B>-n</B>
+
+option suppresses
+the command numbers when listing.  The
+<B>-r</B>
+
+option reverses the order of
+the commands.  If the
+<B>-l</B>
+
+option is given,
+the commands are listed on
+standard output.  Otherwise, the editor given by
+<I>ename</I>
+
+is invoked
+on a file containing those commands.  If
+<I>ename</I>
+
+is not given, the
+value of the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>FCEDIT</B>
+
+</FONT>
+variable is used, and
+the value of
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>EDITOR</B>
+
+</FONT>
+if
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>FCEDIT</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is not set.  If neither variable is set,
+
+<I>vi</I>
+
+is used.  When editing is complete, the edited commands are
+echoed and executed.
+<P>
+In the second form, <I>command</I> is re-executed after each instance
+of <I>pat</I> is replaced by <I>rep</I>.
+<I>Command</I> is interpreted the same as <I>first</I> above.
+A useful alias to use with this is
+
+<TT>r='fc -s'</TT>,
+so that typing
+
+<TT>r cc</TT>
+runs the last command beginning with
+
+<TT>cc</TT>
+and typing
+
+<TT>r</TT>
+re-executes the last command.
+<P>
+If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an invalid
+option is encountered or
+<I>first</I>
+
+or
+<I>last</I>
+
+specify history lines out of range.
+If the
+<B>-e</B>
+
+option is supplied, the return value is the value of the last
+command executed or failure if an error occurs with the temporary
+file of commands.  If the second form is used, the return status
+is that of the command re-executed, unless
+<I>cmd</I>
+
+does not specify a valid history line, in which case
+<B>fc</B>
+
+returns failure.
+<DT><B>fg</B> [<I>jobspec</I>]<DD>
+Resume
+<I>jobspec</I>
+
+in the foreground, and make it the current job.
+If
+<I>jobspec</I>
+
+is not present, the shell's notion of the <I>current job</I> is used.
+The return value is that of the command placed into the foreground,
+or failure if run when job control is disabled or, when run with
+job control enabled, if
+<I>jobspec</I>
+
+does not specify a valid job or
+<I>jobspec</I>
+
+specifies a job that was started without job control.
+<DT><B>getopts</B> <I>optstring</I> <I>name</I> [<I>args</I>]<DD>
+<B>getopts</B>
+
+is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters.
+<I>optstring</I>
+
+contains the option characters to be recognized; if a character
+is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an
+argument, which should be separated from it by white space.
+The colon and question mark characters may not be used as
+option characters.
+Each time it is invoked,
+<B>getopts</B>
+
+places the next option in the shell variable
+<I>name</I>,
+
+initializing
+<I>name</I>
+
+if it does not exist,
+and the index of the next argument to be processed into the
+variable
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>OPTIND</B>.
+
+</FONT>
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>OPTIND</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a shell script
+is invoked.  When an option requires an argument,
+<B>getopts</B>
+
+places that argument into the variable
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>OPTARG</B>.
+
+</FONT>
+The shell does not reset
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>OPTIND</B>
+
+</FONT>
+automatically; it must be manually reset between multiple
+calls to
+<B>getopts</B>
+
+within the same shell invocation if a new set of parameters
+is to be used.
+<P>
+When the end of options is encountered, <B>getopts</B> exits with a
+return value greater than zero.
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>OPTIND</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is set to the index of the first non-option argument,
+and <I>name</I> is set to ?.
+<P>
+<B>getopts</B>
+
+normally parses the positional parameters, but if more arguments are
+given in
+<I>args</I>,
+
+<B>getopts</B>
+
+parses those instead.
+<P>
+<B>getopts</B>
+
+can report errors in two ways.  If the first character of
+<I>optstring</I>
+
+is a colon,
+<I>silent</I>
+
+error reporting is used.  In normal operation, diagnostic messages
+are printed when invalid options or missing option arguments are
+encountered.
+If the variable
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>OPTERR</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed, even if the first
+character of
+<I>optstring</I>
+
+is not a colon.
+<P>
+If an invalid option is seen,
+<B>getopts</B>
+
+places ? into
+<I>name</I>
+
+and, if not silent,
+prints an error message and unsets
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>OPTARG</B>.
+
+</FONT>
+If
+<B>getopts</B>
+
+is silent,
+the option character found is placed in
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>OPTARG</B>
+
+</FONT>
+and no diagnostic message is printed.
+<P>
+If a required argument is not found, and
+<B>getopts</B>
+
+is not silent,
+a question mark (<B>?</B>) is placed in
+<I>name</I>,
+
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>OPTARG</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed.
+If
+<B>getopts</B>
+
+is silent, then a colon (<B>:</B>) is placed in
+<I>name</I>
+
+and
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>OPTARG</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is set to the option character found.
+<P>
+<B>getopts</B>
+
+returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is found.
+It returns false if the end of options is encountered or an
+error occurs.
+<DT><B>hash</B> [<B>-lr</B>] [<B>-p</B> <I>filename</I>] [<B>-dt</B>] [<I>name</I>]<DD>
+Each time <B>hash</B> is invoked,
+the full pathname of the command
+<I>name</I>
+
+is determined by searching
+the directories in
+<B>$PATH</B>
+
+and remembered.  Any previously-remembered pathname is discarded.
+If the
+<B>-p</B>
+
+option is supplied, no path search is performed, and
+<I>filename</I>
+
+is used as the full filename of the command.
+The
+<B>-r</B>
+
+option causes the shell to forget all
+remembered locations.
+The
+<B>-d</B>
+
+option causes the shell to forget the remembered location of each <I>name</I>.
+If the
+<B>-t</B>
+
+option is supplied, the full pathname to which each <I>name</I> corresponds
+is printed.  If multiple <I>name</I> arguments are supplied with <B>-t</B>,
+the <I>name</I> is printed before the hashed full pathname.
+The
+<B>-l</B>
+
+option causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.
+If no arguments are given, or if only <B>-l</B> is supplied,
+information about remembered commands is printed.
+The return status is true unless a
+<I>name</I>
+
+is not found or an invalid option is supplied.
+<DT><B>help</B> [<B>-dms</B>] [<I>pattern</I>]<DD>
+Display helpful information about builtin commands.  If
+<I>pattern</I>
+
+is specified,
+<B>help</B>
+
+gives detailed help on all commands matching
+<I>pattern</I>;
+
+otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control structures
+is printed.
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>-d</B>
+
+<DD>
+Display a short description of each <I>pattern</I>
+<DT><B>-m</B>
+
+<DD>
+Display the description of each <I>pattern</I> in a manpage-like format
+<DT><B>-s</B>
+
+<DD>
+Display only a short usage synopsis for each <I>pattern</I>
+
+</DL>
+<P>
+
+The return status is 0 unless no command matches
+<I>pattern</I>.
+
+</DL>
+
+<DT><B>history [</B><I>n</I>]<DD>
+
+<DT><B>history</B> <B>-c</B><DD>
+<DT><B>history -d</B> <I>offset</I><DD>
+<DT><B>history -d</B> <I>start</I>-<I>end</I><DD>
+<DT><B>history</B> <B>-anrw</B> [<I>filename</I>]<DD>
+<DT><B>history</B> <B>-p</B> <I>arg</I> [<I>arg ...</I>]<DD>
+<DT><B>history</B> <B>-s</B> <I>arg</I> [<I>arg ...</I>]<DD>
+
+With no options, display the command
+history list with line numbers.  Lines listed
+with a
+<B>*</B>
+
+have been modified.  An argument of
+<I>n</I>
+
+lists only the last
+<I>n</I>
+
+lines.
+If the shell variable
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTTIMEFORMAT</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is set and not null,
+it is used as a format string for <I>strftime</I>(3) to display
+the time stamp associated with each displayed history entry.
+No intervening blank is printed between the formatted time stamp
+and the history line.
+If <I>filename</I> is supplied, it is used as the
+name of the history file; if not, the value of
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTFILE</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is used.  Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>-c</B>
+
+<DD>
+Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.
+<DT><B>-d</B> <I>offset</I><DD>
+Delete the history entry at position <I>offset</I>.
+If <I>offset</I> is negative, it is interpreted as relative to one greater
+than the last history position, so negative indices count back from the
+end of the history, and an index of -1 refers to the current
+<B>history -d</B> command.
+<DT><B>-d</B> <I>start</I>-<I>end</I><DD>
+Delete the history entries between positions <I>start</I> and <I>end</I>,
+inclusive.  Positive and negative values for <I>start</I> and <I>end</I>
+are interpreted as described above.
+<DT><B>-a</B>
+
+<DD>
+Append the ``new'' history lines to the history file.
+These are history lines entered since the beginning of the current
+<B>bash</B> session, but not already appended to the history file.
+<DT><B>-n</B>
+
+<DD>
+Read the history lines not already read from the history
+file into the current history list.  These are lines
+appended to the history file since the beginning of the
+current <B>bash</B> session.
+<DT><B>-r</B>
+
+<DD>
+Read the contents of the history file
+and append them to the current history list.
+<DT><B>-w</B>
+
+<DD>
+Write the current history list to the history file, overwriting the
+history file's contents.
+<DT><B>-p</B>
+
+<DD>
+Perform history substitution on the following <I>args</I> and display
+the result on the standard output.
+Does not store the results in the history list.
+Each <I>arg</I> must be quoted to disable normal history expansion.
+<DT><B>-s</B>
+
+<DD>
+Store the
+<I>args</I>
+
+in the history list as a single entry.  The last command in the
+history list is removed before the
+<I>args</I>
+
+are added.
+
+</DL>
+<P>
+
+If the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTTIMEFORMAT</B>
+
+</FONT>
+variable is set, the time stamp information
+associated with each history entry is written to the history file,
+marked with the history comment character.
+When the history file is read, lines beginning with the history
+comment character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted
+as timestamps for the following history entry.
+The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an
+error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an invalid
+<I>offset</I> is supplied as an argument to <B>-d</B>, or the
+history expansion supplied as an argument to <B>-p</B> fails.
+</DL>
+
+<DT><B>jobs</B> [<B>-lnprs</B>] [ <I>jobspec</I> ... ]<DD>
+
+<DT><B>jobs</B> <B>-x</B> <I>command</I> [ <I>args</I> ... ]<DD>
+
+The first form lists the active jobs.  The options have the following
+meanings:
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>-l</B>
+
+<DD>
+List process IDs
+in addition to the normal information.
+<DT><B>-n</B>
+
+<DD>
+Display information only about jobs that have changed status since
+the user was last notified of their status.
+<DT><B>-p</B>
+
+<DD>
+List only the process ID of the job's process group
+leader.
+<DT><B>-r</B>
+
+<DD>
+Display only running jobs.
+<DT><B>-s</B>
+
+<DD>
+Display only stopped jobs.
+
+</DL>
+<P>
+
+If
+<I>jobspec</I>
+
+is given, output is restricted to information about that job.
+The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered
+or an invalid
+<I>jobspec</I>
+
+is supplied.
+<P>
+
+If the
+<B>-x</B>
+
+option is supplied,
+<B>jobs</B>
+
+replaces any
+<I>jobspec</I>
+
+found in
+<I>command</I>
+
+or
+<I>args</I>
+
+with the corresponding process group ID, and executes
+<I>command</I>
+
+passing it
+<I>args</I>,
+
+returning its exit status.
+</DL>
+
+<DT><B>kill</B> [<B>-s</B> <I>sigspec</I> | <B>-n</B> <I>signum</I> | <B>-</B><I>sigspec</I>] [<I>pid</I> | <I>jobspec</I>] ...<DD>
+
+<DT><B>kill</B> <B>-l</B>|<B>-L</B> [<I>sigspec</I> | <I>exit_status</I>]<DD>
+
+Send the signal named by
+<I>sigspec</I>
+
+or
+<I>signum</I>
+
+to the processes named by
+<I>pid</I>
+
+or
+<I>jobspec</I>.
+
+<I>sigspec</I>
+
+is either a case-insensitive signal name such as
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGKILL</B>
+
+</FONT>
+(with or without the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIG</B>
+
+</FONT>
+prefix) or a signal number;
+<I>signum</I>
+
+is a signal number.
+If
+<I>sigspec</I>
+
+is not present, then
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGTERM</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is assumed.
+An argument of
+<B>-l</B>
+
+lists the signal names.
+If any arguments are supplied when
+<B>-l</B>
+
+is given, the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are
+listed, and the return status is 0.
+The <I>exit_status</I> argument to
+<B>-l</B>
+
+is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit status of
+a process terminated by a signal.
+The
+<B>-L</B>
+
+option is equivalent to <B>-l</B>.
+<B>kill</B>
+
+returns true if at least one signal was successfully sent, or false
+if an error occurs or an invalid option is encountered.
+<DT><B>let</B> <I>arg</I> [<I>arg</I> ...]<DD>
+Each
+<I>arg</I>
+
+is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>ARITHMETIC EVALUATION</B>
+
+</FONT>
+above).
+If the last
+<I>arg</I>
+
+evaluates to 0,
+<B>let</B>
+
+returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.
+<DT><B>local</B> [<I>option</I>] [<I>name</I>[=<I>value</I>] ... | - ]<DD>
+For each argument, a local variable named
+<I>name</I>
+
+is created, and assigned
+<I>value</I>.
+
+The <I>option</I> can be any of the options accepted by <B>declare</B>.
+When
+<B>local</B>
+
+is used within a function, it causes the variable
+<I>name</I>
+
+to have a visible scope restricted to that function and its children.
+If <I>name</I> is -, the set of shell options is made local to the function
+in which <B>local</B> is invoked: shell options changed using the
+<B>set</B> builtin inside the function are restored to their original values
+when the function returns.
+With no operands,
+<B>local</B>
+
+writes a list of local variables to the standard output.  It is
+an error to use
+<B>local</B>
+
+when not within a function.  The return status is 0 unless
+<B>local</B>
+
+is used outside a function, an invalid
+<I>name</I>
+
+is supplied, or
+<I>name</I> is a readonly variable.
+<DT><B>logout</B>
+
+<DD>
+Exit a login shell.
+<DT><B>mapfile</B> [<B>-d</B> <I>delim</I>] [<B>-n</B> <I>count</I>] [<B>-O</B> <I>origin</I>] [<B>-s</B> <I>count</I>] [<B>-t</B>] [<B>-u</B> <I>fd</I>] [<B>-C</B> <I>callback</I>] [<B>-c</B> <I>quantum</I>] [<I>array</I>]<DD>
+
+<DT><B>readarray</B> [<B>-d</B> <I>delim</I>] [<B>-n</B> <I>count</I>] [<B>-O</B> <I>origin</I>] [<B>-s</B> <I>count</I>] [<B>-t</B>] [<B>-u</B> <I>fd</I>] [<B>-C</B> <I>callback</I>] [<B>-c</B> <I>quantum</I>] [<I>array</I>]<DD>
+
+Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable
+<I>array</I>,
+
+or from file descriptor
+<I>fd</I>
+
+if the
+<B>-u</B>
+
+option is supplied.
+The variable
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>MAPFILE</B>
+
+</FONT>
+is the default <I>array</I>.
+Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>-d</B>
+
+<DD>
+The first character of <I>delim</I> is used to terminate each input line,
+rather than newline.
+If <I>delim</I> is the empty string, <B>mapfile</B> will terminate a line
+when it reads a NUL character.
+<DT><B>-n</B>
+
+<DD>
+Copy at most
+<I>count</I>
+
+lines.  If <I>count</I> is 0, all lines are copied.
+<DT><B>-O</B>
+
+<DD>
+Begin assigning to
+<I>array</I>
+
+at index
+<I>origin</I>.
+
+The default index is 0.
+<DT><B>-s</B>
+
+<DD>
+Discard the first <I>count</I> lines read.
+<DT><B>-t</B>
+
+<DD>
+Remove a trailing <I>delim</I> (default newline) from each line read.
+<DT><B>-u</B>
+
+<DD>
+Read lines from file descriptor <I>fd</I> instead of the standard input.
+<DT><B>-C</B>
+
+<DD>
+Evaluate
+<I>callback</I>
+
+each time <I>quantum</I> lines are read.  The <B>-c</B> option specifies
+<I>quantum</I>.
+
+<DT><B>-c</B>
+
+<DD>
+Specify the number of lines read between each call to
+<I>callback</I>.
+
+
+</DL>
+<P>
+
+If
+<B>-C</B>
+
+is specified without
+<B>-c</B>,
+
+the default quantum is 5000.
+When <I>callback</I> is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next
+array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that element
+as additional arguments.
+<I>callback</I> is evaluated after the line is read but before the
+array element is assigned.
+<P>
+
+If not supplied with an explicit origin, <B>mapfile</B> will clear <I>array</I>
+before assigning to it.
+<P>
+
+<B>mapfile</B> returns successfully unless an invalid option or option
+argument is supplied, <I>array</I> is invalid or unassignable, or if
+<I>array</I> is not an indexed array.
+</DL>
+
+<DT><B>popd</B> [-<B>n</B>] [+<I>n</I>] [-<I>n</I>]<DD>
+Removes entries from the directory stack.  With no arguments,
+removes the top directory from the stack, and performs a
+<B>cd</B>
+
+to the new top directory.
+Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>-n</B>
+
+<DD>
+Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing directories
+from the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.
+<DT><B>+</B><I>n</I><DD>
+Removes the <I>n</I>th entry counting from the left of the list
+shown by
+<B>dirs</B>,
+
+starting with zero.  For example:
+
+<TT>popd +0</TT>
+removes the first directory,
+
+<TT>popd +1</TT>
+the second.
+<DT><B>-</B><I>n</I><DD>
+Removes the <I>n</I>th entry counting from the right of the list
+shown by
+<B>dirs</B>,
+
+starting with zero.  For example:
+
+<TT>popd -0</TT>
+removes the last directory,
+
+<TT>popd -1</TT>
+the next to last.
+
+</DL>
+<P>
+
+If the
+<B>popd</B>
+
+command is successful, a
+<B>dirs</B>
+
+is performed as well, and the return status is 0.
+<B>popd</B>
+
+returns false if an invalid option is encountered, the directory stack
+is empty, a non-existent directory stack entry is specified, or the
+directory change fails.
+</DL>
+
+<DT><B>printf</B> [<B>-v</B> <I>var</I>] <I>format</I> [<I>arguments</I>]<DD>
+Write the formatted <I>arguments</I> to the standard output under the
+control of the <I>format</I>.
+The <B>-v</B> option causes the output to be assigned to the variable
+<I>var</I> rather than being printed to the standard output.
+<P>
+The <I>format</I> is a character string which contains three types of objects:
+plain characters, which are simply copied to standard output, character
+escape sequences, which are converted and copied to the standard output, and
+format specifications, each of which causes printing of the next successive
+<I>argument</I>.
+In addition to the standard <I>printf</I>(1) format specifications,
+<B>printf</B> interprets the following extensions:
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>%b</B>
+
+<DD>
+causes
+<B>printf</B> to expand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding
+<I>argument</I>
+in the same way as <B>echo -e</B>.
+<DT><B>%q</B>
+
+<DD>
+causes <B>printf</B> to output the corresponding
+<I>argument</I> in a format that can be reused as shell input.
+<DT><B>%(</B><I>datefmt</I>)T
+
+<DD>
+causes <B>printf</B> to output the date-time string resulting from using
+<I>datefmt</I> as a format string for <I>strftime</I>(3).
+The corresponding <I>argument</I> is an integer representing the number of
+seconds since the epoch.
+Two special argument values may be used: -1 represents the current
+time, and -2 represents the time the shell was invoked.
+If no argument is specified, conversion behaves as if -1 had been given.
+This is an exception to the usual <B>printf</B> behavior.
+
+</DL>
+<P>
+
+Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C constants,
+except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and if the leading
+character is a single or double quote, the value is the ASCII value of
+the following character.
+<P>
+
+The <I>format</I> is reused as necessary to consume all of the <I>arguments</I>.
+If the <I>format</I> requires more <I>arguments</I> than are supplied, the
+extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or null string, as
+appropriate, had been supplied.
+The return value is zero on success, non-zero on failure.
+</DL>
+
+<DT><B>pushd</B> [<B>-n</B>] [+<I>n</I>] [-<I>n</I>]<DD>
+
+<DT><B>pushd</B> [<B>-n</B>] [<I>dir</I>]<DD>
+
+Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates
+the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working
+directory.  With no arguments, <B>pushd</B> exchanges the top two directories
+and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty.
+Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>-n</B>
+
+<DD>
+Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotating or
+adding directories to the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.
+<DT><B>+</B><I>n</I><DD>
+Rotates the stack so that the <I>n</I>th directory
+(counting from the left of the list shown by
+<B>dirs</B>,
+
+starting with zero)
+is at the top.
+<DT><B>-</B><I>n</I><DD>
+Rotates the stack so that the <I>n</I>th directory
+(counting from the right of the list shown by
+<B>dirs</B>,
+
+starting with zero) is at the top.
+<DT><I>dir</I>
+
+<DD>
+Adds
+<I>dir</I>
+
+to the directory stack at the top, making it the
+new current working directory as if it had been supplied as the argument
+to the <B>cd</B> builtin.
+
+</DL>
+<P>
+
+If the
+<B>pushd</B>
+
+command is successful, a
+<B>dirs</B>
+
+is performed as well.
+If the first form is used,
+<B>pushd</B>
+
+returns 0 unless the cd to
+<I>dir</I>
+
+fails.  With the second form,
+<B>pushd</B>
+
+returns 0 unless the directory stack is empty,
+a non-existent directory stack element is specified,
+or the directory change to the specified new current directory
+fails.
+</DL>
+
+<DT><B>pwd</B> [<B>-LP</B>]<DD>
+Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.
+The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the
+<B>-P</B>
+
+option is supplied or the
+<B>-o physical</B>
+
+option to the
+<B>set</B>
+
+builtin command is enabled.
+If the
+<B>-L</B>
+
+option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links.
+The return status is 0 unless an error occurs while
+reading the name of the current directory or an
+invalid option is supplied.
+<DT><B>read</B> [<B>-ers</B>] [<B>-a</B> <I>aname</I>] [<B>-d</B> <I>delim</I>] [<B>-i</B> <I>text</I>] [<B>-n</B> <I>nchars</I>] [<B>-N</B> <I>nchars</I>] [<B>-p</B> <I>prompt</I>] [<B>-t</B> <I>timeout</I>] [<B>-u</B> <I>fd</I>] [<I>name</I> ...]<DD>
+One line is read from the standard input, or from the file descriptor
+<I>fd</I> supplied as an argument to the <B>-u</B> option,
+split into words as described above under <B>Word Splitting</B>,
+and the first word
+is assigned to the first
+<I>name</I>,
+
+the second word to the second
+<I>name</I>,
+
+and so on.
+If there are more words than names, the remaining words and their
+intervening delimiters are assigned to the last
+<I>name</I>.
+
+If there are fewer words read from the input stream than names,
+the remaining names are assigned empty values.
+The characters in
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+are used to split the line into words using the same rules the shell
+uses for expansion (described above under <B>Word Splitting</B>).
+The backslash character (<B>\</B>) may be used to remove any special
+meaning for the next character read and for line continuation.
+Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>-a </B><I>aname</I>
+
+<DD>
+The words are assigned to sequential indices
+of the array variable
+<I>aname</I>,
+
+starting at 0.
+<I>aname</I>
+
+is unset before any new values are assigned.
+Other <I>name</I> arguments are ignored.
+<DT><B>-d </B><I>delim</I>
+
+<DD>
+The first character of <I>delim</I> is used to terminate the input line,
+rather than newline.
+If <I>delim</I> is the empty string, <B>read</B> will terminate a line
+when it reads a NUL character.
+<DT><B>-e</B>
+
+<DD>
+If the standard input
+is coming from a terminal,
+<B>readline</B>
+
+(see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>READLINE</B>
+
+</FONT>
+above) is used to obtain the line.
+Readline uses the current (or default, if line editing was not previously
+active) editing settings, but uses Readline's default filename completion.
+<DT><B>-i </B><I>text</I>
+
+<DD>
+If
+<B>readline</B>
+
+is being used to read the line, <I>text</I> is placed into the editing
+buffer before editing begins.
+<DT><B>-n </B><I>nchars</I>
+
+<DD>
+<B>read</B> returns after reading <I>nchars</I> characters rather than
+waiting for a complete line of input, but honors a delimiter if fewer
+than <I>nchars</I> characters are read before the delimiter.
+<DT><B>-N </B><I>nchars</I>
+
+<DD>
+<B>read</B> returns after reading exactly <I>nchars</I> characters rather
+than waiting for a complete line of input, unless EOF is encountered or
+<B>read</B> times out.
+Delimiter characters encountered in the input are
+not treated specially and do not cause <B>read</B> to return until
+<I>nchars</I> characters are read.
+The result is not split on the characters in <B>IFS</B>; the intent is
+that the variable is assigned exactly the characters read
+(with the exception of backslash; see the <B>-r</B> option below).
+<DT><B>-p </B><I>prompt</I>
+
+<DD>
+Display <I>prompt</I> on standard error, without a
+trailing newline, before attempting to read any input.  The prompt
+is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.
+<DT><B>-r</B>
+
+<DD>
+Backslash does not act as an escape character.
+The backslash is considered to be part of the line.
+In particular, a backslash-newline pair may not then be used as a line
+continuation.
+<DT><B>-s</B>
+
+<DD>
+Silent mode.  If input is coming from a terminal, characters are
+not echoed.
+<DT><B>-t </B><I>timeout</I>
+
+<DD>
+Cause <B>read</B> to time out and return failure if a complete line of
+input (or a specified number of characters)
+is not read within <I>timeout</I> seconds.
+<I>timeout</I> may be a decimal number with a fractional portion following
+the decimal point.
+This option is only effective if <B>read</B> is reading input from a
+terminal, pipe, or other special file; it has no effect when reading
+from regular files.
+If <B>read</B> times out, <B>read</B> saves any partial input read into
+the specified variable <I>name</I>.
+If <I>timeout</I> is 0, <B>read</B> returns immediately, without trying to
+read any data.  The exit status is 0 if input is available on
+the specified file descriptor, non-zero otherwise.
+The exit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded.
+<DT><B>-u </B><I>fd</I>
+
+<DD>
+Read input from file descriptor <I>fd</I>.
+
+</DL>
+<P>
+
+If no
+<I>names</I>
+
+are supplied, the line read is assigned to the variable
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>REPLY</B>.
+
+</FONT>
+The exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, <B>read</B>
+times out (in which case the status is greater than 128),
+a variable assignment error (such as assigning to a readonly variable) occurs,
+or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to <B>-u</B>.
+</DL>
+
+<DT><B>readonly</B> [<B>-aAf</B>] [<B>-p</B>] [<I>name</I>[=<I>word</I>] ...]<DD>
+
+The given
+<I>names</I> are marked readonly; the values of these
+<I>names</I>
+
+may not be changed by subsequent assignment.
+If the
+<B>-f</B>
+
+option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the
+<I>names</I> are so
+marked.
+The
+<B>-a</B>
+
+option restricts the variables to indexed arrays; the
+<B>-A</B>
+
+option restricts the variables to associative arrays.
+If both options are supplied,
+<B>-A</B>
+
+takes precedence.
+If no
+<I>name</I>
+
+arguments are given, or if the
+<B>-p</B>
+
+option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed.
+The other options may be used to restrict the output to a subset of
+the set of readonly names.
+The
+<B>-p</B>
+
+option causes output to be displayed in a format that
+may be reused as input.
+If a variable name is followed by =<I>word</I>, the value of
+the variable is set to <I>word</I>.
+The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered,
+one of the
+<I>names</I>
+
+is not a valid shell variable name, or
+<B>-f</B>
+
+is supplied with a
+<I>name</I>
+
+that is not a function.
+<DT><B>return</B> [<I>n</I>]<DD>
+Causes a function to stop executing and return the value specified by
+<I>n</I>
+
+to its caller.
+If
+<I>n</I>
+
+is omitted, the return status is that of the last command
+executed in the function body.
+If <B>return</B> is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to
+determine the status is the last command executed before the trap handler.
+If <B>return</B> is executed during a <B>DEBUG</B> trap, the last command
+used to determine the status is the last command executed by the trap
+handler before <B>return</B> was invoked.
+If
+<B>return</B>
+
+is used outside a function,
+but during execution of a script by the
+<B>.</B>
+
+(<B>source</B>) command, it causes the shell to stop executing
+that script and return either
+<I>n</I>
+
+or the exit status of the last command executed within the
+script as the exit status of the script.
+If <I>n</I> is supplied, the return value is its least significant
+8 bits.
+The return status is non-zero if
+<B>return</B>
+
+is supplied a non-numeric argument, or
+is used outside a
+function and not during execution of a script by <B>.</B> or <B>source</B>.
+Any command associated with the <B>RETURN</B> trap is executed
+before execution resumes after the function or script.
+<DT><B>set</B> [<B>--abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT</B>] [<B>-o</B> <I>option-name</I>] [<I>arg</I> ...]<DD>
+
+<DT><B>set</B> [<B>+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT</B>] [<B>+o</B> <I>option-name</I>] [<I>arg</I> ...]<DD>
+
+Without options, the name and value of each shell variable are displayed
+in a format that can be reused as input
+for setting or resetting the currently-set variables.
+Read-only variables cannot be reset.
+In <I>posix mode</I>, only shell variables are listed.
+The output is sorted according to the current locale.
+When options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes.
+Any arguments remaining after option processing are treated
+as values for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to
+<B>$1</B>,
+
+<B>$2</B>,
+
+<B>...</B>
+
+<B>$</B><I>n</I>.
+
+Options, if specified, have the following meanings:
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>-a</B>
+
+<DD>
+Each variable or function that is created or modified is given the
+export attribute and marked for export to the environment of
+subsequent commands.
+<DT><B>-b</B>
+
+<DD>
+Report the status of terminated background jobs
+immediately, rather than before the next primary prompt.  This is
+effective only when job control is enabled.
+<DT><B>-e</B>
+
+<DD>
+Exit immediately if a
+<I>pipeline</I> (which may consist of a single <I>simple command</I>),
+a <I>list</I>,
+or a <I>compound command</I>
+(see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL GRAMMAR</B>
+
+</FONT>
+above), exits with a non-zero status.
+The shell does not exit if the
+command that fails is part of the command list immediately following a
+<B>while</B>
+
+or
+<B>until</B>
+
+keyword,
+part of the test following the
+<B>if</B>
+
+or
+<B>elif</B>
+
+reserved words, part of any command executed in a
+<B>&amp;&amp;</B>
+
+or
+<B>||</B>
+
+list except the command following the final <B>&amp;&amp;</B> or <B>||</B>,
+any command in a pipeline but the last,
+or if the command's return value is
+being inverted with
+<B>!</B>.
+
+If a compound command other than a subshell
+returns a non-zero status because a command failed
+while <B>-e</B> was being ignored, the shell does not exit.
+A trap on <B>ERR</B>, if set, is executed before the shell exits.
+This option applies to the shell environment and each subshell environment
+separately (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT</B>
+
+</FONT>
+above), and may cause
+subshells to exit before executing all the commands in the subshell.
+<P>
+
+
+If a compound command or shell function executes in a context
+where <B>-e</B> is being ignored,
+none of the commands executed within the compound command or function body
+will be affected by the <B>-e</B> setting, even if <B>-e</B> is set
+and a command returns a failure status.
+If a compound command or shell function sets <B>-e</B> while executing in
+a context where <B>-e</B> is ignored, that setting will not have any
+effect until the compound command or the command containing the function
+call completes.
+<DT><B>-f</B>
+
+<DD>
+Disable pathname expansion.
+<DT><B>-h</B>
+
+<DD>
+Remember the location of commands as they are looked up for execution.
+This is enabled by default.
+<DT><B>-k</B>
+
+<DD>
+All arguments in the form of assignment statements
+are placed in the environment for a command, not just
+those that precede the command name.
+<DT><B>-m</B>
+
+<DD>
+Monitor mode.  Job control is enabled.  This option is on
+by default for interactive shells on systems that support
+it (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>JOB CONTROL</B>
+
+</FONT>
+above).
+All processes run in a separate process group.
+When a background job completes, the shell prints a line
+containing its exit status.
+<DT><B>-n</B>
+
+<DD>
+Read commands but do not execute them.
+This may be used to check a shell script for syntax errors.
+This is ignored by interactive shells.
+<DT><B>-o </B><I>option-name</I>
+
+<DD>
+The <I>option-name</I> can be one of the following:
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>allexport</B>
+
+<DD>
+Same as
+<B>-a</B>.
+
+<DT><B>braceexpand</B>
+
+<DD>
+Same as
+<B>-B</B>.
+
+<DT><B>emacs</B>
+
+<DD>
+Use an emacs-style command line editing interface.  This is enabled
+by default when the shell is interactive, unless the shell is started
+with the
+<B>--noediting</B>
+
+option.
+This also affects the editing interface used for <B>read -e</B>.
+<DT><B>errexit</B>
+
+<DD>
+Same as
+<B>-e</B>.
+
+<DT><B>errtrace</B>
+
+<DD>
+Same as
+<B>-E</B>.
+
+<DT><B>functrace</B>
+
+<DD>
+Same as
+<B>-T</B>.
+
+<DT><B>hashall</B>
+
+<DD>
+Same as
+<B>-h</B>.
+
+<DT><B>histexpand</B>
+
+<DD>
+Same as
+<B>-H</B>.
+
+<DT><B>history</B>
+
+<DD>
+Enable command history, as described above under
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTORY</B>.
+
+</FONT>
+This option is on by default in interactive shells.
+<DT><B>ignoreeof</B>
+
+<DD>
+The effect is as if the shell command
+<TT>IGNOREEOF=10</TT>
+
+had been executed
+(see
+<B>Shell Variables</B>
+
+above).
+<DT><B>keyword</B>
+
+<DD>
+Same as
+<B>-k</B>.
+
+<DT><B>monitor</B>
+
+<DD>
+Same as
+<B>-m</B>.
+
+<DT><B>noclobber</B>
+
+<DD>
+Same as
+<B>-C</B>.
+
+<DT><B>noexec</B>
+
+<DD>
+Same as
+<B>-n</B>.
+
+<DT><B>noglob</B>
+
+<DD>
+Same as
+<B>-f</B>.
+
+<DT><B>nolog</B>
+
+<DD>
+Currently ignored.
+<DT><B>notify</B>
+
+<DD>
+Same as
+<B>-b</B>.
+
+<DT><B>nounset</B>
+
+<DD>
+Same as
+<B>-u</B>.
+
+<DT><B>onecmd</B>
+
+<DD>
+Same as
+<B>-t</B>.
+
+<DT><B>physical</B>
+
+<DD>
+Same as
+<B>-P</B>.
+
+<DT><B>pipefail</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set, the return value of a pipeline is the value of the last
+(rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all
+commands in the pipeline exit successfully.
+This option is disabled by default.
+<DT><B>posix</B>
+
+<DD>
+Change the behavior of
+<B>bash</B>
+
+where the default operation differs
+from the POSIX standard to match the standard (<I>posix mode</I>).
+See
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SEE ALSO</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below for a reference to a document that details how posix mode affects
+bash's behavior.
+<DT><B>privileged</B>
+
+<DD>
+Same as
+<B>-p</B>.
+
+<DT><B>verbose</B>
+
+<DD>
+Same as
+<B>-v</B>.
+
+<DT><B>vi</B>
+
+<DD>
+Use a vi-style command line editing interface.
+This also affects the editing interface used for <B>read -e</B>.
+<DT><B>xtrace</B>
+
+<DD>
+Same as
+<B>-x</B>.
+
+<P>
+</DL>
+<P>
+
+If
+<B>-o</B>
+
+is supplied with no <I>option-name</I>, the values of the current options are
+printed.
+If
+<B>+o</B>
+
+is supplied with no <I>option-name</I>, a series of
+<B>set</B>
+
+commands to recreate the current option settings is displayed on
+the standard output.
+</DL>
+
+<DT><B>-p</B>
+
+<DD>
+Turn on
+<I>privileged</I>
+
+mode.  In this mode, the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>$ENV</B>
+
+</FONT>
+and
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>$BASH_ENV</B>
+
+</FONT>
+files are not processed, shell functions are not inherited from the
+environment, and the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELLOPTS</B>,
+
+</FONT>
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASHOPTS</B>,
+
+</FONT>
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>CDPATH</B>,
+
+</FONT>
+and
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>GLOBIGNORE</B>
+
+</FONT>
+variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored.
+If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the
+real user (group) id, and the <B>-p</B> option is not supplied, these actions
+are taken and the effective user id is set to the real user id.
+If the <B>-p</B> option is supplied at startup, the effective user id is
+not reset.
+Turning this option off causes the effective user
+and group ids to be set to the real user and group ids.
+<DT><B>-t</B>
+
+<DD>
+Exit after reading and executing one command.
+<DT><B>-u</B>
+
+<DD>
+Treat unset variables and parameters other than the special
+parameters &quot;@&quot; and &quot;*&quot; as an error when performing
+parameter expansion.  If expansion is attempted on an
+unset variable or parameter, the shell prints an error message, and,
+if not interactive, exits with a non-zero status.
+<DT><B>-v</B>
+
+<DD>
+Print shell input lines as they are read.
+<DT><B>-x</B>
+
+<DD>
+After expanding each <I>simple command</I>,
+<B>for</B> command, <B>case</B> command, <B>select</B> command, or
+arithmetic <B>for</B> command, display the expanded value of
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PS4</B>,
+
+</FONT>
+followed by the command and its expanded arguments
+or associated word list.
+<DT><B>-B</B>
+
+<DD>
+The shell performs brace expansion (see
+<B>Brace Expansion</B>
+
+above).  This is on by default.
+<DT><B>-C</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set,
+<B>bash</B>
+
+does not overwrite an existing file with the
+<B>&gt;</B>,
+
+<B>&gt;&amp;</B>,
+
+and
+<B>&lt;&gt;</B>
+
+redirection operators.  This may be overridden when
+creating output files by using the redirection operator
+<B>&gt;|</B>
+
+instead of
+<B>&gt;</B>.
+
+<DT><B>-E</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set, any trap on <B>ERR</B> is inherited by shell functions, command
+substitutions, and commands executed in a subshell environment.
+The <B>ERR</B> trap is normally not inherited in such cases.
+<DT><B>-H</B>
+
+<DD>
+Enable
+<B>!</B>
+
+style history substitution.  This option is on by
+default when the shell is interactive.
+<DT><B>-P</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set, the shell does not resolve symbolic links when executing
+commands such as
+<B>cd</B>
+
+that change the current working directory.  It uses the
+physical directory structure instead.  By default,
+<B>bash</B>
+
+follows the logical chain of directories when performing commands
+which change the current directory.
+<DT><B>-T</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set, any traps on <B>DEBUG</B> and <B>RETURN</B> are inherited by shell
+functions, command substitutions, and commands executed in a
+subshell environment.
+The <B>DEBUG</B> and <B>RETURN</B> traps are normally not inherited
+in such cases.
+<DT><B>--</B>
+
+<DD>
+If no arguments follow this option, then the positional parameters are
+unset.  Otherwise, the positional parameters are set to the
+<I>arg</I>s, even if some of them begin with a
+<B>-</B>.
+
+<DT><B>-</B>
+
+<DD>
+Signal the end of options, cause all remaining <I>arg</I>s to be
+assigned to the positional parameters.  The
+<B>-x</B>
+
+and
+<B>-v</B>
+
+options are turned off.
+If there are no <I>arg</I>s,
+the positional parameters remain unchanged.
+
+</DL>
+<P>
+
+The options are off by default unless otherwise noted.
+Using + rather than - causes these options to be turned off.
+The options can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of
+the shell.
+The current set of options may be found in
+<B>$-</B>.
+
+The return status is always true unless an invalid option is encountered.
+</DL>
+
+<DT><B>shift</B> [<I>n</I>]<DD>
+The positional parameters from <I>n</I>+1 ... are renamed to
+<B>$1</B>
+
+<B>....</B>
+
+Parameters represented by the numbers <B>$#</B>
+down to <B>$#</B>-<I>n</I>+1 are unset.
+<I>n</I>
+
+must be a non-negative number less than or equal to <B>$#</B>.
+If
+<I>n</I>
+
+is 0, no parameters are changed.
+If
+<I>n</I>
+
+is not given, it is assumed to be 1.
+If
+<I>n</I>
+
+is greater than <B>$#</B>, the positional parameters are not changed.
+The return status is greater than zero if
+<I>n</I>
+
+is greater than
+<B>$#</B>
+
+or less than zero; otherwise 0.
+<DT><B>shopt</B> [<B>-pqsu</B>] [<B>-o</B>] [<I>optname</I> ...]<DD>
+Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behavior.
+The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the
+<B>-o</B>
+
+option is used, those available with the
+<B>-o</B>
+
+option to the <B>set</B> builtin command.
+With no options, or with the
+<B>-p</B>
+
+option, a list of all settable options is displayed, with
+an indication of whether or not each is set;
+if <I>optnames</I> are supplied, the output is restricted to those options.
+The <B>-p</B> option causes output to be displayed in a form that
+may be reused as input.
+Other options have the following meanings:
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>-s</B>
+
+<DD>
+Enable (set) each <I>optname</I>.
+<DT><B>-u</B>
+
+<DD>
+Disable (unset) each <I>optname</I>.
+<DT><B>-q</B>
+
+<DD>
+Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status indicates
+whether the <I>optname</I> is set or unset.
+If multiple <I>optname</I> arguments are given with
+<B>-q</B>,
+
+the return status is zero if all <I>optnames</I> are enabled; non-zero
+otherwise.
+<DT><B>-o</B>
+
+<DD>
+Restricts the values of <I>optname</I> to be those defined for the
+<B>-o</B>
+
+option to the
+<B>set</B>
+
+builtin.
+
+</DL>
+<P>
+
+If either
+<B>-s</B>
+
+or
+<B>-u</B>
+
+is used with no <I>optname</I> arguments,
+<B>shopt</B>
+
+shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively.
+Unless otherwise noted, the <B>shopt</B> options are disabled (unset)
+by default.
+<P>
+
+The return status when listing options is zero if all <I>optnames</I>
+are enabled, non-zero otherwise.  When setting or unsetting options,
+the return status is zero unless an <I>optname</I> is not a valid shell
+option.
+<P>
+
+The list of <B>shopt</B> options is:
+<P>
+
+
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>assoc_expand_once</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of associative array
+subscripts during arithmetic expression evaluation, while executing
+builtins that can perform variable assignments,
+and while executing builtins that perform array dereferencing.
+<DT><B>autocd</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is executed as if
+it were the argument to the <B>cd</B> command.
+This option is only used by interactive shells.
+<DT><B>cdable_vars</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set, an argument to the
+<B>cd</B>
+
+builtin command that
+is not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable whose
+value is the directory to change to.
+<DT><B>cdspell</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a
+<B>cd</B>
+
+command will be corrected.
+The errors checked for are transposed characters,
+a missing character, and one character too many.
+If a correction is found, the corrected filename is printed,
+and the command proceeds.
+This option is only used by interactive shells.
+<DT><B>checkhash</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set, <B>bash</B> checks that a command found in the hash
+table exists before trying to execute it.  If a hashed command no
+longer exists, a normal path search is performed.
+<DT><B>checkjobs</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set, <B>bash</B> lists the status of any stopped and running jobs before
+exiting an interactive shell.  If any jobs are running, this causes
+the exit to be deferred until a second exit is attempted without an
+intervening command (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>JOB CONTROL</B>
+
+</FONT>
+above).  The shell always
+postpones exiting if any jobs are stopped.
+<DT><B>checkwinsize</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set, <B>bash</B> checks the window size after each external (non-builtin)
+command and, if necessary, updates the values of
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>LINES</B>
+
+</FONT>
+and
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>COLUMNS</B>.
+
+</FONT>
+This option is enabled by default.
+<DT><B>cmdhist</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set,
+<B>bash</B>
+
+attempts to save all lines of a multiple-line
+command in the same history entry.  This allows
+easy re-editing of multi-line commands.
+This option is enabled by default, but only has an effect if command
+history is enabled, as described above under
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTORY</B>.
+
+</FONT>
+<DT><B>compat31</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set,
+<B>bash</B>
+
+changes its behavior to that of version 3.1 with respect to quoted
+arguments to the <B>[[</B> conditional command's <B>=~</B> operator
+and locale-specific string comparison when using the <B>[[</B>
+conditional command's <B>&lt;</B> and <B>&gt;</B> operators.
+Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII collation and
+<I>strcmp</I>(3);
+
+bash-4.1 and later use the current locale's collation sequence and
+<I>strcoll</I>(3).
+
+<DT><B>compat32</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set,
+<B>bash</B>
+
+changes its behavior to that of version 3.2 with respect to
+locale-specific string comparison when using the <B>[[</B>
+conditional command's <B>&lt;</B> and <B>&gt;</B> operators (see previous item)
+and the effect of interrupting a command list.
+Bash versions 3.2 and earlier continue with the next command in the list
+after one terminates due to an interrupt.
+<DT><B>compat40</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set,
+<B>bash</B>
+
+changes its behavior to that of version 4.0 with respect to locale-specific
+string comparison when using the <B>[[</B>
+conditional command's <B>&lt;</B> and <B>&gt;</B> operators (see description of
+<B>compat31</B>)
+and the effect of interrupting a command list.
+Bash versions 4.0 and later interrupt the list as if the shell received the
+interrupt; previous versions continue with the next command in the list.
+<DT><B>compat41</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set,
+<B>bash</B>,
+
+when in <I>posix mode</I>, treats a single quote in a double-quoted
+parameter expansion as a special character.  The single quotes must match
+(an even number) and the characters between the single quotes are considered
+quoted.  This is the behavior of posix mode through version 4.1.
+The default bash behavior remains as in previous versions.
+<DT><B>compat42</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set,
+<B>bash</B>
+
+does not process the replacement string in the pattern substitution word
+expansion using quote removal.
+<DT><B>compat43</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set,
+<B>bash</B>
+
+does not print a warning message if an attempt is made to use a quoted compound
+array assignment as an argument to <B>declare</B>,
+makes word expansion errors
+non-fatal errors that cause the current command to fail (the default behavior is
+to make them fatal errors that cause the shell to exit),
+and does not reset the
+loop state when a shell function is executed (this allows <B>break</B> or
+<B>continue</B> in a shell function to affect loops in the caller's context).
+<DT><B>compat44</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set,
+<B>bash</B>
+
+saves the positional parameters to BASH_ARGV and BASH_ARGC before they are
+used, regardless of whether or not extended debugging mode is enabled.
+<DT><B>complete_fullquote</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set,
+<B>bash</B>
+
+quotes all shell metacharacters in filenames and directory names when
+performing completion.
+If not set,
+<B>bash</B>
+
+removes metacharacters such as the dollar sign from the set of
+characters that will be quoted in completed filenames
+when these metacharacters appear in shell variable references in words to be
+completed.
+This means that dollar signs in variable names that expand to directories
+will not be quoted;
+however, any dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted, either.
+This is active only when bash is using backslashes to quote completed
+filenames.
+This variable is set by default, which is the default bash behavior in
+versions through 4.2.
+<DT><B>direxpand</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set,
+<B>bash</B>
+
+replaces directory names with the results of word expansion when performing
+filename completion.  This changes the contents of the readline editing
+buffer.
+If not set,
+<B>bash</B>
+
+attempts to preserve what the user typed.
+<DT><B>dirspell</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set,
+<B>bash</B>
+
+attempts spelling correction on directory names during word completion
+if the directory name initially supplied does not exist.
+<DT><B>dotglob</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set,
+<B>bash</B>
+
+includes filenames beginning with a `.' in the results of pathname
+expansion.
+The filenames
+<B>``.''</B>
+
+and
+<B>``..''</B>
+
+must always be matched explicitly, even if
+<B>dotglob</B>
+
+is set.
+<DT><B>execfail</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if
+it cannot execute the file specified as an argument to the
+<B>exec</B>
+
+builtin command.  An interactive shell does not exit if
+<B>exec</B>
+
+fails.
+<DT><B>expand_aliases</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set, aliases are expanded as described above under
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>ALIASES</B>.
+
+</FONT>
+This option is enabled by default for interactive shells.
+<DT><B>extdebug</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set at shell invocation, arrange to execute the debugger profile
+before the shell starts, identical to the <B>--debugger</B> option.
+If set after invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled:
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>1.</B>
+
+<DD>
+The <B>-F</B> option to the <B>declare</B> builtin displays the source
+file name and line number corresponding to each function name supplied
+as an argument.
+<DT><B>2.</B>
+
+<DD>
+If the command run by the <B>DEBUG</B> trap returns a non-zero value, the
+next command is skipped and not executed.
+<DT><B>3.</B>
+
+<DD>
+If the command run by the <B>DEBUG</B> trap returns a value of 2, and the
+shell is executing in a subroutine (a shell function or a shell script
+executed by the <B>.</B> or <B>source</B> builtins), the shell simulates
+a call to <B>return</B>.
+<DT><B>4.</B>
+
+<DD>
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASH_ARGC</B>
+
+</FONT>
+and
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASH_ARGV</B>
+
+</FONT>
+are updated as described in their descriptions above.
+<DT><B>5.</B>
+
+<DD>
+Function tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and
+subshells invoked with <B>(</B> <I>command</I> <B>)</B> inherit the
+<B>DEBUG</B> and <B>RETURN</B> traps.
+<DT><B>6.</B>
+
+<DD>
+Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and
+subshells invoked with <B>(</B> <I>command</I> <B>)</B> inherit the
+<B>ERR</B> trap.
+</DL></DL>
+
+<DT><B>extglob</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set, the extended pattern matching features described above under
+<B>Pathname Expansion</B> are enabled.
+<DT><B>extquote</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set, <B>$</B>aq<I>string</I>aq and <B>$</B>&quot;<I>string</I>&quot; quoting is
+performed within <B>${</B><I>parameter</I><B>}</B> expansions
+enclosed in double quotes.  This option is enabled by default.
+<DT><B>failglob</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during pathname expansion
+result in an expansion error.
+<DT><B>force_fignore</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set, the suffixes specified by the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>FIGNORE</B>
+
+</FONT>
+shell variable
+cause words to be ignored when performing word completion even if
+the ignored words are the only possible completions.
+See
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL VARIABLES</B></FONT>
+above for a description of
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>FIGNORE</B>.
+
+</FONT>
+This option is enabled by default.
+<DT><B>globasciiranges</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set, range expressions used in pattern matching bracket expressions (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>Pattern Matching</B>
+
+</FONT>
+above) behave as if in the traditional C locale when performing
+comparisons.  That is, the current locale's collating sequence
+is not taken into account, so
+<B>b</B>
+
+will not collate between
+<B>A</B>
+
+and
+<B>B</B>,
+
+and upper-case and lower-case ASCII characters will collate together.
+<DT><B>globstar</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set, the pattern <B>**</B> used in a pathname expansion context will
+match all files and zero or more directories and subdirectories.
+If the pattern is followed by a <B>/</B>, only directories and
+subdirectories match.
+<DT><B>gnu_errfmt</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set, shell error messages are written in the standard GNU error
+message format.
+<DT><B>histappend</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set, the history list is appended to the file named by the value
+of the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTFILE</B>
+
+</FONT>
+variable when the shell exits, rather than overwriting the file.
+<DT><B>histreedit</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set, and
+<B>readline</B>
+
+is being used, a user is given the opportunity to re-edit a
+failed history substitution.
+<DT><B>histverify</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set, and
+<B>readline</B>
+
+is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately
+passed to the shell parser.  Instead, the resulting line is loaded into
+the <B>readline</B> editing buffer, allowing further modification.
+<DT><B>hostcomplete</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set, and
+<B>readline</B>
+
+is being used, <B>bash</B> will attempt to perform hostname completion when a
+word containing a <B>@</B> is being completed (see
+<B>Completing</B>
+
+under
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>READLINE</B>
+
+</FONT>
+above).
+This is enabled by default.
+<DT><B>huponexit</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set, <B>bash</B> will send
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGHUP</B>
+
+</FONT>
+to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits.
+<DT><B>inherit_errexit</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set, command substitution inherits the value of the <B>errexit</B> option,
+instead of unsetting it in the subshell environment.
+This option is enabled when <I>posix mode</I> is enabled.
+<DT><B>interactive_comments</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set, allow a word beginning with
+<B>#</B>
+
+to cause that word and all remaining characters on that
+line to be ignored in an interactive shell (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>COMMENTS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+above).  This option is enabled by default.
+<DT><B>lastpipe</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs the last command of
+a pipeline not executed in the background in the current shell environment.
+<DT><B>lithist</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set, and the
+<B>cmdhist</B>
+
+option is enabled, multi-line commands are saved to the history with
+embedded newlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible.
+<DT><B>localvar_inherit</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set, local variables inherit the value and attributes of a variable of
+the same name that exists at a previous scope before any new value is
+assigned.  The nameref attribute is not inherited.
+<DT><B>localvar_unset</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set, calling <B>unset</B> on local variables in previous function scopes
+marks them so subsequent lookups find them unset until that function
+returns. This is identical to the behavior of unsetting local variables
+at the current function scope.
+<DT><B>login_shell</B>
+
+<DD>
+The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>INVOCATION</B>
+
+</FONT>
+above).
+The value may not be changed.
+<DT><B>mailwarn</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set, and a file that <B>bash</B> is checking for mail has been
+accessed since the last time it was checked, the message ``The mail in
+<I>mailfile</I> has been read'' is displayed.
+<DT><B>no_empty_cmd_completion</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set, and
+<B>readline</B>
+
+is being used,
+<B>bash</B>
+
+will not attempt to search the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PATH</B>
+
+</FONT>
+for possible completions when
+completion is attempted on an empty line.
+<DT><B>nocaseglob</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set,
+<B>bash</B>
+
+matches filenames in a case-insensitive fashion when performing pathname
+expansion (see
+<B>Pathname Expansion</B>
+
+above).
+<DT><B>nocasematch</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set,
+<B>bash</B>
+
+matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion when performing matching
+while executing <B>case</B> or <B>[[</B> conditional commands,
+when performing pattern substitution word expansions,
+or when filtering possible completions as part of programmable completion.
+<DT><B>nullglob</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set,
+<B>bash</B>
+
+allows patterns which match no
+files (see
+<B>Pathname Expansion</B>
+
+above)
+to expand to a null string, rather than themselves.
+<DT><B>progcomp</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set, the programmable completion facilities (see
+<B>Programmable Completion</B> above) are enabled.
+This option is enabled by default.
+<DT><B>progcomp_alias</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set, and programmable completion is enabled, <B>bash</B> treats a command
+name that doesn't have any completions as a possible alias and attempts
+alias expansion. If it has an alias, <B>bash</B> attempts programmable
+completion using the command word resulting from the expanded alias.
+<DT><B>promptvars</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set, prompt strings undergo
+parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
+expansion, and quote removal after being expanded as described in
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PROMPTING</B>
+
+</FONT>
+above.  This option is enabled by default.
+<DT><B>restricted_shell</B>
+
+<DD>
+The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>RESTRICTED SHELL</B>
+
+</FONT>
+below).
+The value may not be changed.
+This is not reset when the startup files are executed, allowing
+the startup files to discover whether or not a shell is restricted.
+<DT><B>shift_verbose</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set, the
+<B>shift</B>
+
+builtin prints an error message when the shift count exceeds the
+number of positional parameters.
+<DT><B>sourcepath</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set, the
+<B>source</B> (<B>.</B>) builtin uses the value of
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PATH</B>
+
+</FONT>
+to find the directory containing the file supplied as an argument.
+This option is enabled by default.
+<DT><B>xpg_echo</B>
+
+<DD>
+If set, the <B>echo</B> builtin expands backslash-escape sequences
+by default.
+</DL></DL>
+
+
+<DT><B>suspend</B> [<B>-f</B>]<DD>
+Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIGCONT</B>
+
+</FONT>
+signal.  A login shell cannot be suspended; the
+<B>-f</B>
+
+option can be used to override this and force the suspension.
+The return status is 0 unless the shell is a login shell and
+<B>-f</B>
+
+is not supplied, or if job control is not enabled.
+<DT><B>test</B> <I>expr</I><DD>
+
+<DT><B>[</B> <I>expr</I> <B>]</B><DD>
+Return a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false) depending on
+the evaluation of the conditional expression
+<I>expr</I>.
+
+Each operator and operand must be a separate argument.
+Expressions are composed of the primaries described above under
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS</B>.
+
+</FONT>
+<B>test</B> does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore
+an argument of <B>--</B> as signifying the end of options.
+<P>
+
+
+Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed
+in decreasing order of precedence.
+The evaluation depends on the number of arguments; see below.
+Operator precedence is used when there are five or more arguments.
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>! </B><I>expr</I>
+
+<DD>
+True if
+<I>expr</I>
+
+is false.
+<DT><B>( </B><I>expr</I> )
+
+<DD>
+Returns the value of <I>expr</I>.
+This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators.
+<DT><I>expr1</I> -<B>a</B> <I>expr2</I><DD>
+True if both
+<I>expr1</I>
+
+and
+<I>expr2</I>
+
+are true.
+<DT><I>expr1</I> -<B>o</B> <I>expr2</I><DD>
+True if either
+<I>expr1</I>
+
+or
+<I>expr2</I>
+
+is true.
+
+</DL>
+<P>
+
+<B>test</B> and <B>[</B> evaluate conditional
+expressions using a set of rules based on the number of arguments.
+<P>
+
+
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>0 arguments<DD>
+The expression is false.
+<DT>1 argument<DD>
+The expression is true if and only if the argument is not null.
+<DT>2 arguments<DD>
+If the first argument is <B>!</B>, the expression is true if and
+only if the second argument is null.
+If the first argument is one of the unary conditional operators listed above
+under
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS</B>,
+
+</FONT>
+the expression is true if the unary test is true.
+If the first argument is not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression
+is false.
+<DT>3 arguments<DD>
+The following conditions are applied in the order listed.
+If the second argument is one of the binary conditional operators listed above
+under
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS</B>,
+
+</FONT>
+the result of the expression is the result of the binary test using
+the first and third arguments as operands.
+The <B>-a</B> and <B>-o</B> operators are considered binary operators
+when there are three arguments.
+If the first argument is <B>!</B>, the value is the negation of
+the two-argument test using the second and third arguments.
+If the first argument is exactly <B>(</B> and the third argument is
+exactly <B>)</B>, the result is the one-argument test of the second
+argument.
+Otherwise, the expression is false.
+<DT>4 arguments<DD>
+If the first argument is <B>!</B>, the result is the negation of
+the three-argument expression composed of the remaining arguments.
+Otherwise, the expression is parsed and evaluated according to
+precedence using the rules listed above.
+<DT>5 or more arguments<DD>
+The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence
+using the rules listed above.
+<P>
+
+
+</DL>
+<P>
+
+When used with <B>test</B> or <B>[</B>, the <B>&lt;</B> and <B>&gt;</B> operators
+sort lexicographically using ASCII ordering.
+</DL>
+
+
+<DT><B>times</B>
+
+<DD>
+Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and
+for processes run from the shell.  The return status is 0.
+<DT><B>trap</B> [<B>-lp</B>] [[<I>arg</I>] <I>sigspec</I> ...]<DD>
+The command
+<I>arg</I>
+
+is to be read and executed when the shell receives
+signal(s)
+<I>sigspec</I>.
+
+If
+<I>arg</I>
+
+is absent (and there is a single <I>sigspec</I>) or
+<B>-</B>,
+
+each specified signal is
+reset to its original disposition (the value it had
+upon entrance to the shell).
+If
+<I>arg</I>
+
+is the null string the signal specified by each
+<I>sigspec</I>
+
+is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes.
+If
+<I>arg</I>
+
+is not present and
+<B>-p</B>
+
+has been supplied, then the trap commands associated with each
+<I>sigspec</I>
+
+are displayed.
+If no arguments are supplied or if only
+<B>-p</B>
+
+is given,
+<B>trap</B>
+
+prints the list of commands associated with each signal.
+The
+<B>-l</B>
+
+option causes the shell to print a list of signal names and
+their corresponding numbers.
+Each
+<I>sigspec</I>
+
+is either
+a signal name defined in &lt;<I>signal.h</I>&gt;, or a signal number.
+Signal names are case insensitive and the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SIG</B>
+
+</FONT>
+prefix is optional.
+<P>
+
+
+If a
+<I>sigspec</I>
+
+is
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>EXIT</B>
+
+</FONT>
+(0) the command
+<I>arg</I>
+
+is executed on exit from the shell.
+If a
+<I>sigspec</I>
+
+is
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>DEBUG</B>,
+
+</FONT>
+the command
+<I>arg</I>
+
+is executed before every <I>simple command</I>, <I>for</I> command,
+<I>case</I> command, <I>select</I> command, every arithmetic <I>for</I>
+command, and before the first command executes in a shell function (see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL GRAMMAR</B>
+
+</FONT>
+above).
+Refer to the description of the <B>extdebug</B> option to the
+<B>shopt</B> builtin for details of its effect on the <B>DEBUG</B> trap.
+If a
+<I>sigspec</I>
+
+is
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>RETURN</B>,
+
+</FONT>
+the command
+<I>arg</I>
+
+is executed each time a shell function or a script executed with
+the <B>.</B> or <B>source</B> builtins finishes executing.
+<P>
+
+
+If a
+<I>sigspec</I>
+
+is
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>ERR</B>,
+
+</FONT>
+the command
+<I>arg</I>
+
+is executed whenever
+a pipeline (which may consist of a single simple
+command), a list, or a compound command returns a
+non-zero exit status,
+subject to the following conditions.
+The
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>ERR</B>
+
+</FONT>
+trap is not executed if the failed
+command is part of the command list immediately following a
+<B>while</B>
+
+or
+<B>until</B>
+
+keyword,
+part of the test in an
+<I>if</I>
+
+statement, part of a command executed in a
+<B>&amp;&amp;</B>
+
+or
+<B>||</B>
+
+list except the command following the final <B>&amp;&amp;</B> or <B>||</B>,
+any command in a pipeline but the last,
+or if the command's return value is
+being inverted using
+<B>!</B>.
+
+These are the same conditions obeyed by the <B>errexit</B> (<B>-e</B>) option.
+<P>
+
+
+Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.
+Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to their original
+values in a subshell or subshell environment when one is created.
+The return status is false if any
+<I>sigspec</I>
+
+is invalid; otherwise
+<B>trap</B>
+
+returns true.
+<DT><B>type</B> [<B>-aftpP</B>] <I>name</I> [<I>name</I> ...]<DD>
+With no options,
+indicate how each
+<I>name</I>
+
+would be interpreted if used as a command name.
+If the
+<B>-t</B>
+
+option is used,
+<B>type</B>
+
+prints a string which is one of
+<I>alias</I>,
+
+<I>keyword</I>,
+
+<I>function</I>,
+
+<I>builtin</I>,
+
+or
+<I>file</I>
+
+if
+<I>name</I>
+
+is an alias, shell reserved word, function, builtin, or disk file,
+respectively.
+If the
+<I>name</I>
+
+is not found, then nothing is printed, and an exit status of false
+is returned.
+If the
+<B>-p</B>
+
+option is used,
+<B>type</B>
+
+either returns the name of the disk file
+that would be executed if
+<I>name</I>
+
+were specified as a command name,
+or nothing if
+<TT>type -t name</TT>
+
+would not return
+<I>file</I>.
+
+The
+<B>-P</B>
+
+option forces a
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PATH</B>
+
+</FONT>
+search for each <I>name</I>, even if
+<TT>type -t name</TT>
+
+would not return
+<I>file</I>.
+
+If a command is hashed,
+<B>-p</B>
+
+and
+<B>-P</B>
+
+print the hashed value, which is not necessarily the file that appears
+first in
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PATH</B>.
+
+</FONT>
+If the
+<B>-a</B>
+
+option is used,
+<B>type</B>
+
+prints all of the places that contain
+an executable named
+<I>name</I>.
+
+This includes aliases and functions,
+if and only if the
+<B>-p</B>
+
+option is not also used.
+The table of hashed commands is not consulted
+when using
+<B>-a</B>.
+
+The
+<B>-f</B>
+
+option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the <B>command</B> builtin.
+<B>type</B>
+
+returns true if all of the arguments are found, false if
+any are not found.
+<DT><B>ulimit</B> [<B>-HSabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPT</B> [<I>limit</I>]]<DD>
+Provides control over the resources available to the shell and to
+processes started by it, on systems that allow such control.
+The <B>-H</B> and <B>-S</B> options specify that the hard or soft limit is
+set for the given resource.
+A hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set;
+a soft limit may be increased up to the value of the hard limit.
+If neither <B>-H</B> nor <B>-S</B> is specified, both the soft and hard
+limits are set.
+The value of
+<I>limit</I>
+
+can be a number in the unit specified for the resource
+or one of the special values
+<B>hard</B>,
+
+<B>soft</B>,
+
+or
+<B>unlimited</B>,
+
+which stand for the current hard limit, the current soft limit, and
+no limit, respectively.
+If
+<I>limit</I>
+
+is omitted, the current value of the soft limit of the resource is
+printed, unless the <B>-H</B> option is given.  When more than one
+resource is specified, the limit name and unit are printed before the value.
+Other options are interpreted as follows:
+<DL COMPACT><DT><DD>
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><B>-a</B>
+
+<DD>
+All current limits are reported
+<DT><B>-b</B>
+
+<DD>
+The maximum socket buffer size
+<DT><B>-c</B>
+
+<DD>
+The maximum size of core files created
+<DT><B>-d</B>
+
+<DD>
+The maximum size of a process's data segment
+<DT><B>-e</B>
+
+<DD>
+The maximum scheduling priority (&quot;nice&quot;)
+<DT><B>-f</B>
+
+<DD>
+The maximum size of files written by the shell and its children
+<DT><B>-i</B>
+
+<DD>
+The maximum number of pending signals
+<DT><B>-k</B>
+
+<DD>
+The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated
+<DT><B>-l</B>
+
+<DD>
+The maximum size that may be locked into memory
+<DT><B>-m</B>
+
+<DD>
+The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor this limit)
+<DT><B>-n</B>
+
+<DD>
+The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems do not
+allow this value to be set)
+<DT><B>-p</B>
+
+<DD>
+The pipe size in 512-byte blocks (this may not be set)
+<DT><B>-q</B>
+
+<DD>
+The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues
+<DT><B>-r</B>
+
+<DD>
+The maximum real-time scheduling priority
+<DT><B>-s</B>
+
+<DD>
+The maximum stack size
+<DT><B>-t</B>
+
+<DD>
+The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds
+<DT><B>-u</B>
+
+<DD>
+The maximum number of processes available to a single user
+<DT><B>-v</B>
+
+<DD>
+The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell and, on
+some systems, to its children
+<DT><B>-x</B>
+
+<DD>
+The maximum number of file locks
+<DT><B>-P</B>
+
+<DD>
+The maximum number of pseudoterminals
+<DT><B>-T</B>
+
+<DD>
+The maximum number of threads
+
+</DL>
+<P>
+
+If
+<I>limit</I>
+
+is given, and the
+<B>-a</B>
+
+option is not used,
+<I>limit</I> is the new value of the specified resource.
+If no option is given, then
+<B>-f</B>
+
+is assumed.  Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for
+<B>-t</B>,
+
+which is in seconds;
+<B>-p</B>,
+
+which is in units of 512-byte blocks;
+<B>-P</B>,
+
+<B>-T</B>,
+
+<B>-b</B>,
+
+<B>-k</B>,
+
+<B>-n</B>,
+
+and
+<B>-u</B>,
+
+which are unscaled values;
+and, when in posix mode,
+<B>-c</B>
+
+and
+<B>-f</B>,
+
+which are in 512-byte increments.
+The return status is 0 unless an invalid option or argument is supplied,
+or an error occurs while setting a new limit.
+</DL>
+
+<DT><B>umask</B> [<B>-p</B>] [<B>-S</B>] [<I>mode</I>]<DD>
+The user file-creation mask is set to
+<I>mode</I>.
+
+If
+<I>mode</I>
+
+begins with a digit, it
+is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise
+it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar
+to that accepted by
+<I>chmod</I>(1).
+
+If
+<I>mode</I>
+
+is omitted, the current value of the mask is printed.
+The
+<B>-S</B>
+
+option causes the mask to be printed in symbolic form; the
+default output is an octal number.
+If the
+<B>-p</B>
+
+option is supplied, and
+<I>mode</I>
+
+is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.
+The return status is 0 if the mode was successfully changed or if
+no <I>mode</I> argument was supplied, and false otherwise.
+<DT><B>unalias</B> [-<B>a</B>] [<I>name</I> ...]<DD>
+Remove each <I>name</I> from the list of defined aliases.  If
+<B>-a</B>
+
+is supplied, all alias definitions are removed.  The return
+value is true unless a supplied
+<I>name</I>
+
+is not a defined alias.
+<DT><B>unset</B> [-<B>fv</B>] [-<B>n</B>] [<I>name</I> ...]<DD>
+For each
+<I>name</I>,
+
+remove the corresponding variable or function.
+If the
+<B>-v</B>
+
+option is given, each
+<I>name</I>
+
+refers to a shell variable, and that variable is removed.
+Read-only variables may not be unset.
+If
+<B>-f</B>
+
+is specified, each
+<I>name</I>
+
+refers to a shell function, and the function definition
+is removed.
+If the
+<B>-n</B>
+
+option is supplied, and <I>name</I> is a variable with the <I>nameref</I>
+attribute, <I>name</I> will be unset rather than the variable it
+references.
+<B>-n</B> has no effect if the <B>-f</B> option is supplied.
+If no options are supplied, each <I>name</I> refers to a variable; if
+there is no variable by that name, any function with that name is
+unset.
+Each unset variable or function is removed from the environment
+passed to subsequent commands.
+If any of
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>COMP_WORDBREAKS</B>,
+
+</FONT>
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>RANDOM</B>,
+
+</FONT>
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SECONDS</B>,
+
+</FONT>
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>LINENO</B>,
+
+</FONT>
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTCMD</B>,
+
+</FONT>
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>FUNCNAME</B>,
+
+</FONT>
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>GROUPS</B>,
+
+</FONT>
+or
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>DIRSTACK</B>
+
+</FONT>
+are unset, they lose their special properties, even if they are
+subsequently reset.  The exit status is true unless a
+<I>name</I>
+
+is readonly.
+<DT><B>wait</B> [<B>-fn</B>] [<I>id ...</I>]<DD>
+Wait for each specified child process and return its termination status.
+Each
+<I>id</I>
+
+may be a process
+ID or a job specification; if a job spec is given, all processes
+in that job's pipeline are waited for.  If
+<I>id</I>
+
+is not given, all currently active child processes
+are waited for, and the return status is zero.
+If the <B>-n</B> option is supplied, <B>wait</B> waits for any job to
+terminate and returns its exit status.
+If the <B>-f</B> option is supplied, and job control is enabled,
+<B>wait</B> forces <I>id</I> to terminate before returning its status,
+instead of returning when it changes status.
+If
+<I>id</I>
+
+specifies a non-existent process or job, the return status is
+127.  Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the last
+process or job waited for.
+
+
+</DL>
+<A NAME="lbDC">&nbsp;</A>
+<H3>RESTRICTED SHELL</H3>
+
+
+
+<P>
+
+If
+<B>bash</B>
+
+is started with the name
+<B>rbash</B>,
+
+or the
+<B>-r</B>
+
+option is supplied at invocation,
+the shell becomes restricted.
+A restricted shell is used to
+set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell.
+It behaves identically to
+<B>bash</B>
+
+with the exception that the following are disallowed or not performed:
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>*<DD>
+changing directories with <B>cd</B>
+<DT>*<DD>
+setting or unsetting the values of
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELL</B>,
+
+</FONT>
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PATH</B>,
+
+</FONT>
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>ENV</B>,
+
+</FONT>
+or
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASH_ENV</B>
+
+</FONT>
+<DT>*<DD>
+specifying command names containing
+<B>/</B>
+
+<DT>*<DD>
+specifying a filename containing a
+<B>/</B>
+
+as an argument to the
+<B>.</B>
+
+builtin command
+<DT>*<DD>
+specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the
+<B>-p</B>
+
+option to the
+<B>hash</B>
+
+builtin command
+<DT>*<DD>
+importing function definitions from the shell environment at startup
+<DT>*<DD>
+parsing the value of
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>SHELLOPTS</B>
+
+</FONT>
+from the shell environment at startup
+<DT>*<DD>
+redirecting output using the &gt;, &gt;|, &lt;&gt;, &gt;&amp;, &amp;&gt;, and &gt;&gt; redirection operators
+<DT>*<DD>
+using the
+<B>exec</B>
+
+builtin command to replace the shell with another command
+<DT>*<DD>
+adding or deleting builtin commands with the
+<B>-f</B>
+
+and
+<B>-d</B>
+
+options to the
+<B>enable</B>
+
+builtin command
+<DT>*<DD>
+using the <B>enable</B> builtin command to enable disabled shell builtins
+<DT>*<DD>
+specifying the
+<B>-p</B>
+
+option to the
+<B>command</B>
+
+builtin command
+<DT>*<DD>
+turning off restricted mode with
+<B>set +r</B> or <B>set +o restricted</B>.
+</DL>
+<P>
+
+These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read.
+<P>
+
+
+ When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed
+(see
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>COMMAND EXECUTION</B>
+
+</FONT>
+
+above),
+
+<B>rbash</B>
+
+turns off any restrictions in the shell spawned to execute the
+script.
+
+
+<A NAME="lbDD">&nbsp;</A>
+<H3>SEE ALSO</H3>
+
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT><I>Bash Reference Manual</I>, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey<DD>
+<DT><I>The Gnu Readline Library</I>, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey<DD>
+<DT><I>The Gnu History Library</I>, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey<DD>
+<DT><I>Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) Part 2: Shell and Utilities</I>, IEEE --<DD>
+<A HREF="http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/">http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/</A>
+<DT><A HREF="http://tiswww.case.edu/~chet/bash/POSIX">http://tiswww.case.edu/~chet/bash/POSIX</A> -- a description of posix mode<DD>
+<DT><I>sh</I>(1), <I>ksh</I>(1), <I>csh</I>(1)<DD>
+<DT><I>emacs</I>(1), <I>vi</I>(1)<DD>
+<DT><I>readline</I>(3)<DD>
+
+</DL>
+<A NAME="lbDE">&nbsp;</A>
+<H3>FILES</H3>
+
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>
+<A HREF="file:/bin/bash"><I>/bin/bash</I></A>
+
+<DD>
+The <B>bash</B> executable
+<DT>
+<A HREF="file:/etc/profile"><I>/etc/profile</I></A>
+
+<DD>
+The systemwide initialization file, executed for login shells
+<DT>
+<A HREF="file:~/.bash_profile"><I>~/.bash_profile</I></A>
+
+<DD>
+The personal initialization file, executed for login shells
+<DT>
+<A HREF="file:~/.bashrc"><I>~/.bashrc</I></A>
+
+<DD>
+The individual per-interactive-shell startup file
+<DT>
+<A HREF="file:~/.bash_logout"><I>~/.bash_logout</I></A>
+
+<DD>
+The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login shell exits
+<DT>
+<A HREF="file:~/.inputrc"><I>~/.inputrc</I></A>
+
+<DD>
+Individual <I>readline</I> initialization file
+
+</DL>
+<A NAME="lbDF">&nbsp;</A>
+<H3>AUTHORS</H3>
+
+Brian Fox, Free Software Foundation
+<BR>
+
+<A HREF="mailto:bfox@gnu.org">bfox@gnu.org</A>
+<P>
+
+Chet Ramey, Case Western Reserve University
+<BR>
+
+<A HREF="mailto:chet.ramey@case.edu">chet.ramey@case.edu</A>
+<A NAME="lbDG">&nbsp;</A>
+<H3>BUG REPORTS</H3>
+
+If you find a bug in
+<B>bash,</B>
+
+you should report it.  But first, you should
+make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest
+version of
+<B>bash</B>.
+
+The latest version is always available from
+<I><A HREF="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/">ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/</A></I>.
+<P>
+
+Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the
+<I>bashbug</I>
+
+command to submit a bug report.
+If you have a fix, you are encouraged to mail that as well!
+Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may be mailed
+to <I><A HREF="mailto:bug-bash@gnu.org">bug-bash@gnu.org</A></I> or posted to the Usenet
+newsgroup
+<A HREF="news:gnu.bash.bug">gnu.bash.bug</A>.
+
+<P>
+
+ALL bug reports should include:
+<P>
+
+
+<DL COMPACT>
+<DT>The version number of <B>bash</B><DD>
+<DT>The hardware and operating system<DD>
+<DT>The compiler used to compile<DD>
+<DT>A description of the bug behaviour<DD>
+<DT>A short script or `recipe' which exercises the bug<DD>
+
+</DL>
+<P>
+
+<I>bashbug</I>
+
+inserts the first three items automatically into the template
+it provides for filing a bug report.
+<P>
+
+Comments and bug reports concerning
+this manual page should be directed to
+<I><A HREF="mailto:chet.ramey@case.edu">chet.ramey@case.edu</A></I>.
+
+<A NAME="lbDH">&nbsp;</A>
+<H3>BUGS</H3>
+
+<P>
+
+It's too big and too slow.
+<P>
+
+There are some subtle differences between
+<B>bash</B>
+
+and traditional versions of
+<B>sh</B>,
+
+mostly because of the
+<FONT SIZE=-1><B>POSIX</B>
+
+</FONT>
+specification.
+<P>
+
+Aliases are confusing in some uses.
+<P>
+
+Shell builtin commands and functions are not stoppable/restartable.
+<P>
+
+Compound commands and command sequences of the form `a ; b ; c'
+are not handled gracefully when process suspension is attempted.
+When a process is stopped, the shell immediately executes the next
+command in the sequence.
+It suffices to place the sequence of commands between
+parentheses to force it into a subshell, which may be stopped as
+a unit.
+<P>
+
+Array variables may not (yet) be exported.
+<P>
+
+There may be only one active coprocess at a time.
+
+
+
+<HR>
+<TABLE WIDTH=100%>
+<TR>
+<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>GNU Bash 5.0<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2018 December 7<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1)
+</TR>
+</TABLE>
+<HR>
+<A NAME="index">&nbsp;</A><H2>Index</H2>
+<DL>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbAB">NAME</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbAC">SYNOPSIS</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbAD">COPYRIGHT</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbAE">DESCRIPTION</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbAF">OPTIONS</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbAG">ARGUMENTS</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbAH">INVOCATION</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbAI">DEFINITIONS</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbAJ">RESERVED WORDS</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbAK">SHELL GRAMMAR</A><DD>
+<DL>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbAL">Simple Commands</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbAM">Pipelines</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbAN">Lists</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbAO">Compound Commands</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbAP">Coprocesses</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbAQ">Shell Function Definitions</A><DD>
+</DL>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbAR">COMMENTS</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbAS">QUOTING</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbAT">PARAMETERS</A><DD>
+<DL>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbAU">Positional Parameters</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbAV">Special Parameters</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbAW">Shell Variables</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbAX">Arrays</A><DD>
+</DL>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbAY">EXPANSION</A><DD>
+<DL>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbAZ">Brace Expansion</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbBA">Tilde Expansion</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbBB">Parameter Expansion</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbBC">Command Substitution</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbBD">Arithmetic Expansion</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbBE">Process Substitution</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbBF">Word Splitting</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbBG">Pathname Expansion</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbBH">Quote Removal</A><DD>
+</DL>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbBI">REDIRECTION</A><DD>
+<DL>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbBJ">Redirecting Input</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbBK">Redirecting Output</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbBL">Appending Redirected Output</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbBM">Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbBN">Appending Standard Output and Standard Error</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbBO">Here Documents</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbBP">Here Strings</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbBQ">Duplicating File Descriptors</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbBR">Moving File Descriptors</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbBS">Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing</A><DD>
+</DL>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbBT">ALIASES</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbBU">FUNCTIONS</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbBV">ARITHMETIC EVALUATION</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbBW">CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbBX">SIMPLE COMMAND EXPANSION</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbBY">COMMAND EXECUTION</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbBZ">COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbCA">ENVIRONMENT</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbCB">EXIT STATUS</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbCC">SIGNALS</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbCD">JOB CONTROL</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbCE">PROMPTING</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbCF">READLINE</A><DD>
+<DL>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbCG">Readline Notation</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbCH">Readline Initialization</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbCI">Readline Key Bindings</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbCJ">Readline Variables</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbCK">Readline Conditional Constructs</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbCL">Searching</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbCM">Readline Command Names</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbCN">Commands for Moving</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbCO">Commands for Manipulating the History</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbCP">Commands for Changing Text</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbCQ">Killing and Yanking</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbCR">Numeric Arguments</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbCS">Completing</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbCT">Keyboard Macros</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbCU">Miscellaneous</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbCV">Programmable Completion</A><DD>
+</DL>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbCW">HISTORY</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbCX">HISTORY EXPANSION</A><DD>
+<DL>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbCY">Event Designators</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbCZ">Word Designators</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbDA">Modifiers</A><DD>
+</DL>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbDB">SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbDC">RESTRICTED SHELL</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbDD">SEE ALSO</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbDE">FILES</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbDF">AUTHORS</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbDG">BUG REPORTS</A><DD>
+<DT><A HREF="#lbDH">BUGS</A><DD>
+</DL>
+<HR>
+This document was created by man2html from bash.1.<BR>
+Time: 02 January 2019 09:14:47 EST
+</BODY>
+</HTML>
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+This is bash.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.5 from
+bashref.texi.
+
+This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the
+Bash shell (version 5.0, 7 December 2018).
+
+   This is Edition 5.0, last updated 7 December 2018, of 'The GNU Bash
+Reference Manual', for 'Bash', Version 5.0.
+
+   Copyright (C) 1988-2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+     Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
+     document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
+     Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software
+     Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and
+     no Back-Cover Texts.  A copy of the license is included in the
+     section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
+INFO-DIR-SECTION Basics
+START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
+* Bash: (bash).                     The GNU Bourne-Again SHell.
+END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Top,  Next: Introduction,  Prev: (dir),  Up: (dir)
+
+Bash Features
+*************
+
+This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the
+Bash shell (version 5.0, 7 December 2018).  The Bash home page is
+<http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/>.
+
+   This is Edition 5.0, last updated 7 December 2018, of 'The GNU Bash
+Reference Manual', for 'Bash', Version 5.0.
+
+   Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some
+features that only appear in Bash.  Some of the shells that Bash has
+borrowed concepts from are the Bourne Shell ('sh'), the Korn Shell
+('ksh'), and the C-shell ('csh' and its successor, 'tcsh').  The
+following menu breaks the features up into categories, noting which
+features were inspired by other shells and which are specific to Bash.
+
+   This manual is meant as a brief introduction to features found in
+Bash.  The Bash manual page should be used as the definitive reference
+on shell behavior.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Introduction::		An introduction to the shell.
+* Definitions::			Some definitions used in the rest of this
+				manual.
+* Basic Shell Features::	The shell "building blocks".
+* Shell Builtin Commands::	Commands that are a part of the shell.
+* Shell Variables::		Variables used or set by Bash.
+* Bash Features::		Features found only in Bash.
+* Job Control::			What job control is and how Bash allows you
+				to use it.
+* Command Line Editing::	Chapter describing the command line
+				editing features.
+* Using History Interactively::	Command History Expansion
+* Installing Bash::		How to build and install Bash on your system.
+* Reporting Bugs::		How to report bugs in Bash.
+* Major Differences From The Bourne Shell::	A terse list of the differences
+						between Bash and historical
+						versions of /bin/sh.
+* GNU Free Documentation License::	Copying and sharing this documentation.
+* Indexes::			Various indexes for this manual.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Introduction,  Next: Definitions,  Up: Top
+
+1 Introduction
+**************
+
+* Menu:
+
+* What is Bash?::		A short description of Bash.
+* What is a shell?::		A brief introduction to shells.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: What is Bash?,  Next: What is a shell?,  Up: Introduction
+
+1.1 What is Bash?
+=================
+
+Bash is the shell, or command language interpreter, for the GNU
+operating system.  The name is an acronym for the 'Bourne-Again SHell',
+a pun on Stephen Bourne, the author of the direct ancestor of the
+current Unix shell 'sh', which appeared in the Seventh Edition Bell Labs
+Research version of Unix.
+
+   Bash is largely compatible with 'sh' and incorporates useful features
+from the Korn shell 'ksh' and the C shell 'csh'.  It is intended to be a
+conformant implementation of the IEEE POSIX Shell and Tools portion of
+the IEEE POSIX specification (IEEE Standard 1003.1).  It offers
+functional improvements over 'sh' for both interactive and programming
+use.
+
+   While the GNU operating system provides other shells, including a
+version of 'csh', Bash is the default shell.  Like other GNU software,
+Bash is quite portable.  It currently runs on nearly every version of
+Unix and a few other operating systems - independently-supported ports
+exist for MS-DOS, OS/2, and Windows platforms.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: What is a shell?,  Prev: What is Bash?,  Up: Introduction
+
+1.2 What is a shell?
+====================
+
+At its base, a shell is simply a macro processor that executes commands.
+The term macro processor means functionality where text and symbols are
+expanded to create larger expressions.
+
+   A Unix shell is both a command interpreter and a programming
+language.  As a command interpreter, the shell provides the user
+interface to the rich set of GNU utilities.  The programming language
+features allow these utilities to be combined.  Files containing
+commands can be created, and become commands themselves.  These new
+commands have the same status as system commands in directories such as
+'/bin', allowing users or groups to establish custom environments to
+automate their common tasks.
+
+   Shells may be used interactively or non-interactively.  In
+interactive mode, they accept input typed from the keyboard.  When
+executing non-interactively, shells execute commands read from a file.
+
+   A shell allows execution of GNU commands, both synchronously and
+asynchronously.  The shell waits for synchronous commands to complete
+before accepting more input; asynchronous commands continue to execute
+in parallel with the shell while it reads and executes additional
+commands.  The "redirection" constructs permit fine-grained control of
+the input and output of those commands.  Moreover, the shell allows
+control over the contents of commands' environments.
+
+   Shells also provide a small set of built-in commands ("builtins")
+implementing functionality impossible or inconvenient to obtain via
+separate utilities.  For example, 'cd', 'break', 'continue', and 'exec'
+cannot be implemented outside of the shell because they directly
+manipulate the shell itself.  The 'history', 'getopts', 'kill', or 'pwd'
+builtins, among others, could be implemented in separate utilities, but
+they are more convenient to use as builtin commands.  All of the shell
+builtins are described in subsequent sections.
+
+   While executing commands is essential, most of the power (and
+complexity) of shells is due to their embedded programming languages.
+Like any high-level language, the shell provides variables, flow control
+constructs, quoting, and functions.
+
+   Shells offer features geared specifically for interactive use rather
+than to augment the programming language.  These interactive features
+include job control, command line editing, command history and aliases.
+Each of these features is described in this manual.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Definitions,  Next: Basic Shell Features,  Prev: Introduction,  Up: Top
+
+2 Definitions
+*************
+
+These definitions are used throughout the remainder of this manual.
+
+'POSIX'
+     A family of open system standards based on Unix.  Bash is primarily
+     concerned with the Shell and Utilities portion of the POSIX 1003.1
+     standard.
+
+'blank'
+     A space or tab character.
+
+'builtin'
+     A command that is implemented internally by the shell itself,
+     rather than by an executable program somewhere in the file system.
+
+'control operator'
+     A 'token' that performs a control function.  It is a 'newline' or
+     one of the following: '||', '&&', '&', ';', ';;', ';&', ';;&', '|',
+     '|&', '(', or ')'.
+
+'exit status'
+     The value returned by a command to its caller.  The value is
+     restricted to eight bits, so the maximum value is 255.
+
+'field'
+     A unit of text that is the result of one of the shell expansions.
+     After expansion, when executing a command, the resulting fields are
+     used as the command name and arguments.
+
+'filename'
+     A string of characters used to identify a file.
+
+'job'
+     A set of processes comprising a pipeline, and any processes
+     descended from it, that are all in the same process group.
+
+'job control'
+     A mechanism by which users can selectively stop (suspend) and
+     restart (resume) execution of processes.
+
+'metacharacter'
+     A character that, when unquoted, separates words.  A metacharacter
+     is a 'space', 'tab', 'newline', or one of the following characters:
+     '|', '&', ';', '(', ')', '<', or '>'.
+
+'name'
+     A 'word' consisting solely of letters, numbers, and underscores,
+     and beginning with a letter or underscore.  'Name's are used as
+     shell variable and function names.  Also referred to as an
+     'identifier'.
+
+'operator'
+     A 'control operator' or a 'redirection operator'.  *Note
+     Redirections::, for a list of redirection operators.  Operators
+     contain at least one unquoted 'metacharacter'.
+
+'process group'
+     A collection of related processes each having the same process
+     group ID.
+
+'process group ID'
+     A unique identifier that represents a 'process group' during its
+     lifetime.
+
+'reserved word'
+     A 'word' that has a special meaning to the shell.  Most reserved
+     words introduce shell flow control constructs, such as 'for' and
+     'while'.
+
+'return status'
+     A synonym for 'exit status'.
+
+'signal'
+     A mechanism by which a process may be notified by the kernel of an
+     event occurring in the system.
+
+'special builtin'
+     A shell builtin command that has been classified as special by the
+     POSIX standard.
+
+'token'
+     A sequence of characters considered a single unit by the shell.  It
+     is either a 'word' or an 'operator'.
+
+'word'
+     A sequence of characters treated as a unit by the shell.  Words may
+     not include unquoted 'metacharacters'.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Basic Shell Features,  Next: Shell Builtin Commands,  Prev: Definitions,  Up: Top
+
+3 Basic Shell Features
+**********************
+
+Bash is an acronym for 'Bourne-Again SHell'.  The Bourne shell is the
+traditional Unix shell originally written by Stephen Bourne.  All of the
+Bourne shell builtin commands are available in Bash, The rules for
+evaluation and quoting are taken from the POSIX specification for the
+'standard' Unix shell.
+
+   This chapter briefly summarizes the shell's 'building blocks':
+commands, control structures, shell functions, shell parameters, shell
+expansions, redirections, which are a way to direct input and output
+from and to named files, and how the shell executes commands.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Shell Syntax::		What your input means to the shell.
+* Shell Commands::		The types of commands you can use.
+* Shell Functions::		Grouping commands by name.
+* Shell Parameters::		How the shell stores values.
+* Shell Expansions::		How Bash expands parameters and the various
+				expansions available.
+* Redirections::		A way to control where input and output go.
+* Executing Commands::		What happens when you run a command.
+* Shell Scripts::		Executing files of shell commands.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Shell Syntax,  Next: Shell Commands,  Up: Basic Shell Features
+
+3.1 Shell Syntax
+================
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Shell Operation::	The basic operation of the shell.
+* Quoting::		How to remove the special meaning from characters.
+* Comments::		How to specify comments.
+
+When the shell reads input, it proceeds through a sequence of
+operations.  If the input indicates the beginning of a comment, the
+shell ignores the comment symbol ('#'), and the rest of that line.
+
+   Otherwise, roughly speaking, the shell reads its input and divides
+the input into words and operators, employing the quoting rules to
+select which meanings to assign various words and characters.
+
+   The shell then parses these tokens into commands and other
+constructs, removes the special meaning of certain words or characters,
+expands others, redirects input and output as needed, executes the
+specified command, waits for the command's exit status, and makes that
+exit status available for further inspection or processing.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Shell Operation,  Next: Quoting,  Up: Shell Syntax
+
+3.1.1 Shell Operation
+---------------------
+
+The following is a brief description of the shell's operation when it
+reads and executes a command.  Basically, the shell does the following:
+
+  1. Reads its input from a file (*note Shell Scripts::), from a string
+     supplied as an argument to the '-c' invocation option (*note
+     Invoking Bash::), or from the user's terminal.
+
+  2. Breaks the input into words and operators, obeying the quoting
+     rules described in *note Quoting::.  These tokens are separated by
+     'metacharacters'.  Alias expansion is performed by this step (*note
+     Aliases::).
+
+  3. Parses the tokens into simple and compound commands (*note Shell
+     Commands::).
+
+  4. Performs the various shell expansions (*note Shell Expansions::),
+     breaking the expanded tokens into lists of filenames (*note
+     Filename Expansion::) and commands and arguments.
+
+  5. Performs any necessary redirections (*note Redirections::) and
+     removes the redirection operators and their operands from the
+     argument list.
+
+  6. Executes the command (*note Executing Commands::).
+
+  7. Optionally waits for the command to complete and collects its exit
+     status (*note Exit Status::).
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Quoting,  Next: Comments,  Prev: Shell Operation,  Up: Shell Syntax
+
+3.1.2 Quoting
+-------------
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Escape Character::	How to remove the special meaning from a single
+			character.
+* Single Quotes::	How to inhibit all interpretation of a sequence
+			of characters.
+* Double Quotes::	How to suppress most of the interpretation of a
+			sequence of characters.
+* ANSI-C Quoting::	How to expand ANSI-C sequences in quoted strings.
+* Locale Translation::	How to translate strings into different languages.
+
+Quoting is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters or
+words to the shell.  Quoting can be used to disable special treatment
+for special characters, to prevent reserved words from being recognized
+as such, and to prevent parameter expansion.
+
+   Each of the shell metacharacters (*note Definitions::) has special
+meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to represent itself.
+When the command history expansion facilities are being used (*note
+History Interaction::), the HISTORY EXPANSION character, usually '!',
+must be quoted to prevent history expansion.  *Note Bash History
+Facilities::, for more details concerning history expansion.
+
+   There are three quoting mechanisms: the ESCAPE CHARACTER, single
+quotes, and double quotes.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Escape Character,  Next: Single Quotes,  Up: Quoting
+
+3.1.2.1 Escape Character
+........................
+
+A non-quoted backslash '\' is the Bash escape character.  It preserves
+the literal value of the next character that follows, with the exception
+of 'newline'.  If a '\newline' pair appears, and the backslash itself is
+not quoted, the '\newline' is treated as a line continuation (that is,
+it is removed from the input stream and effectively ignored).
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Single Quotes,  Next: Double Quotes,  Prev: Escape Character,  Up: Quoting
+
+3.1.2.2 Single Quotes
+.....................
+
+Enclosing characters in single quotes (''') preserves the literal value
+of each character within the quotes.  A single quote may not occur
+between single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Double Quotes,  Next: ANSI-C Quoting,  Prev: Single Quotes,  Up: Quoting
+
+3.1.2.3 Double Quotes
+.....................
+
+Enclosing characters in double quotes ('"') preserves the literal value
+of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of '$', '`',
+'\', and, when history expansion is enabled, '!'.  When the shell is in
+POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::), the '!' has no special meaning
+within double quotes, even when history expansion is enabled.  The
+characters '$' and '`' retain their special meaning within double quotes
+(*note Shell Expansions::).  The backslash retains its special meaning
+only when followed by one of the following characters: '$', '`', '"',
+'\', or 'newline'.  Within double quotes, backslashes that are followed
+by one of these characters are removed.  Backslashes preceding
+characters without a special meaning are left unmodified.  A double
+quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with a
+backslash.  If enabled, history expansion will be performed unless an
+'!' appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash.  The
+backslash preceding the '!' is not removed.
+
+   The special parameters '*' and '@' have special meaning when in
+double quotes (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::).
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: ANSI-C Quoting,  Next: Locale Translation,  Prev: Double Quotes,  Up: Quoting
+
+3.1.2.4 ANSI-C Quoting
+......................
+
+Words of the form '$'STRING'' are treated specially.  The word expands
+to STRING, with backslash-escaped characters replaced as specified by
+the ANSI C standard.  Backslash escape sequences, if present, are
+decoded as follows:
+
+'\a'
+     alert (bell)
+'\b'
+     backspace
+'\e'
+'\E'
+     an escape character (not ANSI C)
+'\f'
+     form feed
+'\n'
+     newline
+'\r'
+     carriage return
+'\t'
+     horizontal tab
+'\v'
+     vertical tab
+'\\'
+     backslash
+'\''
+     single quote
+'\"'
+     double quote
+'\?'
+     question mark
+'\NNN'
+     the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN (one to
+     three octal digits)
+'\xHH'
+     the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH
+     (one or two hex digits)
+'\uHHHH'
+     the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+     hexadecimal value HHHH (one to four hex digits)
+'\UHHHHHHHH'
+     the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+     hexadecimal value HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits)
+'\cX'
+     a control-X character
+
+The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not been
+present.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Locale Translation,  Prev: ANSI-C Quoting,  Up: Quoting
+
+3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation
+...................................
+
+A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign ('$') will cause the
+string to be translated according to the current locale.  If the current
+locale is 'C' or 'POSIX', the dollar sign is ignored.  If the string is
+translated and replaced, the replacement is double-quoted.
+
+   Some systems use the message catalog selected by the 'LC_MESSAGES'
+shell variable.  Others create the name of the message catalog from the
+value of the 'TEXTDOMAIN' shell variable, possibly adding a suffix of
+'.mo'.  If you use the 'TEXTDOMAIN' variable, you may need to set the
+'TEXTDOMAINDIR' variable to the location of the message catalog files.
+Still others use both variables in this fashion:
+'TEXTDOMAINDIR'/'LC_MESSAGES'/LC_MESSAGES/'TEXTDOMAIN'.mo.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Comments,  Prev: Quoting,  Up: Shell Syntax
+
+3.1.3 Comments
+--------------
+
+In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the
+'interactive_comments' option to the 'shopt' builtin is enabled (*note
+The Shopt Builtin::), a word beginning with '#' causes that word and all
+remaining characters on that line to be ignored.  An interactive shell
+without the 'interactive_comments' option enabled does not allow
+comments.  The 'interactive_comments' option is on by default in
+interactive shells.  *Note Interactive Shells::, for a description of
+what makes a shell interactive.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Shell Commands,  Next: Shell Functions,  Prev: Shell Syntax,  Up: Basic Shell Features
+
+3.2 Shell Commands
+==================
+
+A simple shell command such as 'echo a b c' consists of the command
+itself followed by arguments, separated by spaces.
+
+   More complex shell commands are composed of simple commands arranged
+together in a variety of ways: in a pipeline in which the output of one
+command becomes the input of a second, in a loop or conditional
+construct, or in some other grouping.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Simple Commands::		The most common type of command.
+* Pipelines::			Connecting the input and output of several
+				commands.
+* Lists::			How to execute commands sequentially.
+* Compound Commands::		Shell commands for control flow.
+* Coprocesses::			Two-way communication between commands.
+* GNU Parallel::		Running commands in parallel.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Simple Commands,  Next: Pipelines,  Up: Shell Commands
+
+3.2.1 Simple Commands
+---------------------
+
+A simple command is the kind of command encountered most often.  It's
+just a sequence of words separated by 'blank's, terminated by one of the
+shell's control operators (*note Definitions::).  The first word
+generally specifies a command to be executed, with the rest of the words
+being that command's arguments.
+
+   The return status (*note Exit Status::) of a simple command is its
+exit status as provided by the POSIX 1003.1 'waitpid' function, or 128+N
+if the command was terminated by signal N.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Pipelines,  Next: Lists,  Prev: Simple Commands,  Up: Shell Commands
+
+3.2.2 Pipelines
+---------------
+
+A 'pipeline' is a sequence of one or more commands separated by one of
+the control operators '|' or '|&'.
+
+   The format for a pipeline is
+     [time [-p]] [!] COMMAND1 [ | or |& COMMAND2 ] ...
+
+The output of each command in the pipeline is connected via a pipe to
+the input of the next command.  That is, each command reads the previous
+command's output.  This connection is performed before any redirections
+specified by the command.
+
+   If '|&' is used, COMMAND1's standard error, in addition to its
+standard output, is connected to COMMAND2's standard input through the
+pipe; it is shorthand for '2>&1 |'.  This implicit redirection of the
+standard error to the standard output is performed after any
+redirections specified by the command.
+
+   The reserved word 'time' causes timing statistics to be printed for
+the pipeline once it finishes.  The statistics currently consist of
+elapsed (wall-clock) time and user and system time consumed by the
+command's execution.  The '-p' option changes the output format to that
+specified by POSIX.  When the shell is in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX
+Mode::), it does not recognize 'time' as a reserved word if the next
+token begins with a '-'.  The 'TIMEFORMAT' variable may be set to a
+format string that specifies how the timing information should be
+displayed.  *Note Bash Variables::, for a description of the available
+formats.  The use of 'time' as a reserved word permits the timing of
+shell builtins, shell functions, and pipelines.  An external 'time'
+command cannot time these easily.
+
+   When the shell is in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::), 'time' may
+be followed by a newline.  In this case, the shell displays the total
+user and system time consumed by the shell and its children.  The
+'TIMEFORMAT' variable may be used to specify the format of the time
+information.
+
+   If the pipeline is not executed asynchronously (*note Lists::), the
+shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to complete.
+
+   Each command in a pipeline is executed in its own subshell, which is
+a separate process (*note Command Execution Environment::).  If the
+'lastpipe' option is enabled using the 'shopt' builtin (*note The Shopt
+Builtin::), the last element of a pipeline may be run by the shell
+process.
+
+   The exit status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last command
+in the pipeline, unless the 'pipefail' option is enabled (*note The Set
+Builtin::).  If 'pipefail' is enabled, the pipeline's return status is
+the value of the last (rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero
+status, or zero if all commands exit successfully.  If the reserved word
+'!' precedes the pipeline, the exit status is the logical negation of
+the exit status as described above.  The shell waits for all commands in
+the pipeline to terminate before returning a value.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Lists,  Next: Compound Commands,  Prev: Pipelines,  Up: Shell Commands
+
+3.2.3 Lists of Commands
+-----------------------
+
+A 'list' is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one of the
+operators ';', '&', '&&', or '||', and optionally terminated by one of
+';', '&', or a 'newline'.
+
+   Of these list operators, '&&' and '||' have equal precedence,
+followed by ';' and '&', which have equal precedence.
+
+   A sequence of one or more newlines may appear in a 'list' to delimit
+commands, equivalent to a semicolon.
+
+   If a command is terminated by the control operator '&', the shell
+executes the command asynchronously in a subshell.  This is known as
+executing the command in the BACKGROUND, and these are referred to as
+ASYNCHRONOUS commands.  The shell does not wait for the command to
+finish, and the return status is 0 (true).  When job control is not
+active (*note Job Control::), the standard input for asynchronous
+commands, in the absence of any explicit redirections, is redirected
+from '/dev/null'.
+
+   Commands separated by a ';' are executed sequentially; the shell
+waits for each command to terminate in turn.  The return status is the
+exit status of the last command executed.
+
+   AND and OR lists are sequences of one or more pipelines separated by
+the control operators '&&' and '||', respectively.  AND and OR lists are
+executed with left associativity.
+
+   An AND list has the form
+     COMMAND1 && COMMAND2
+
+COMMAND2 is executed if, and only if, COMMAND1 returns an exit status of
+zero (success).
+
+   An OR list has the form
+     COMMAND1 || COMMAND2
+
+COMMAND2 is executed if, and only if, COMMAND1 returns a non-zero exit
+status.
+
+   The return status of AND and OR lists is the exit status of the last
+command executed in the list.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Compound Commands,  Next: Coprocesses,  Prev: Lists,  Up: Shell Commands
+
+3.2.4 Compound Commands
+-----------------------
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Looping Constructs::		Shell commands for iterative action.
+* Conditional Constructs::	Shell commands for conditional execution.
+* Command Grouping::		Ways to group commands.
+
+Compound commands are the shell programming language constructs.  Each
+construct begins with a reserved word or control operator and is
+terminated by a corresponding reserved word or operator.  Any
+redirections (*note Redirections::) associated with a compound command
+apply to all commands within that compound command unless explicitly
+overridden.
+
+   In most cases a list of commands in a compound command's description
+may be separated from the rest of the command by one or more newlines,
+and may be followed by a newline in place of a semicolon.
+
+   Bash provides looping constructs, conditional commands, and
+mechanisms to group commands and execute them as a unit.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Looping Constructs,  Next: Conditional Constructs,  Up: Compound Commands
+
+3.2.4.1 Looping Constructs
+..........................
+
+Bash supports the following looping constructs.
+
+   Note that wherever a ';' appears in the description of a command's
+syntax, it may be replaced with one or more newlines.
+
+'until'
+     The syntax of the 'until' command is:
+
+          until TEST-COMMANDS; do CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS; done
+
+     Execute CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS as long as TEST-COMMANDS has an exit
+     status which is not zero.  The return status is the exit status of
+     the last command executed in CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS, or zero if none
+     was executed.
+
+'while'
+     The syntax of the 'while' command is:
+
+          while TEST-COMMANDS; do CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS; done
+
+     Execute CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS as long as TEST-COMMANDS has an exit
+     status of zero.  The return status is the exit status of the last
+     command executed in CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS, or zero if none was
+     executed.
+
+'for'
+     The syntax of the 'for' command is:
+
+          for NAME [ [in [WORDS ...] ] ; ] do COMMANDS; done
+
+     Expand WORDS (*note Shell Expansions::), and execute COMMANDS once
+     for each member in the resultant list, with NAME bound to the
+     current member.  If 'in WORDS' is not present, the 'for' command
+     executes the COMMANDS once for each positional parameter that is
+     set, as if 'in "$@"' had been specified (*note Special
+     Parameters::).
+
+     The return status is the exit status of the last command that
+     executes.  If there are no items in the expansion of WORDS, no
+     commands are executed, and the return status is zero.
+
+     An alternate form of the 'for' command is also supported:
+
+          for (( EXPR1 ; EXPR2 ; EXPR3 )) ; do COMMANDS ; done
+
+     First, the arithmetic expression EXPR1 is evaluated according to
+     the rules described below (*note Shell Arithmetic::).  The
+     arithmetic expression EXPR2 is then evaluated repeatedly until it
+     evaluates to zero.  Each time EXPR2 evaluates to a non-zero value,
+     COMMANDS are executed and the arithmetic expression EXPR3 is
+     evaluated.  If any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it
+     evaluates to 1.  The return value is the exit status of the last
+     command in COMMANDS that is executed, or false if any of the
+     expressions is invalid.
+
+   The 'break' and 'continue' builtins (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::)
+may be used to control loop execution.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Conditional Constructs,  Next: Command Grouping,  Prev: Looping Constructs,  Up: Compound Commands
+
+3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs
+..............................
+
+'if'
+     The syntax of the 'if' command is:
+
+          if TEST-COMMANDS; then
+            CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS;
+          [elif MORE-TEST-COMMANDS; then
+            MORE-CONSEQUENTS;]
+          [else ALTERNATE-CONSEQUENTS;]
+          fi
+
+     The TEST-COMMANDS list is executed, and if its return status is
+     zero, the CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS list is executed.  If TEST-COMMANDS
+     returns a non-zero status, each 'elif' list is executed in turn,
+     and if its exit status is zero, the corresponding MORE-CONSEQUENTS
+     is executed and the command completes.  If 'else
+     ALTERNATE-CONSEQUENTS' is present, and the final command in the
+     final 'if' or 'elif' clause has a non-zero exit status, then
+     ALTERNATE-CONSEQUENTS is executed.  The return status is the exit
+     status of the last command executed, or zero if no condition tested
+     true.
+
+'case'
+     The syntax of the 'case' command is:
+
+          case WORD in
+              [ [(] PATTERN [| PATTERN]...) COMMAND-LIST ;;]...
+          esac
+
+     'case' will selectively execute the COMMAND-LIST corresponding to
+     the first PATTERN that matches WORD.  The match is performed
+     according to the rules described below in *note Pattern Matching::.
+     If the 'nocasematch' shell option (see the description of 'shopt'
+     in *note The Shopt Builtin::) is enabled, the match is performed
+     without regard to the case of alphabetic characters.  The '|' is
+     used to separate multiple patterns, and the ')' operator terminates
+     a pattern list.  A list of patterns and an associated command-list
+     is known as a CLAUSE.
+
+     Each clause must be terminated with ';;', ';&', or ';;&'.  The WORD
+     undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command
+     substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (*note Shell
+     Parameter Expansion::) before matching is attempted.  Each PATTERN
+     undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command
+     substitution, and arithmetic expansion.
+
+     There may be an arbitrary number of 'case' clauses, each terminated
+     by a ';;', ';&', or ';;&'.  The first pattern that matches
+     determines the command-list that is executed.  It's a common idiom
+     to use '*' as the final pattern to define the default case, since
+     that pattern will always match.
+
+     Here is an example using 'case' in a script that could be used to
+     describe one interesting feature of an animal:
+
+          echo -n "Enter the name of an animal: "
+          read ANIMAL
+          echo -n "The $ANIMAL has "
+          case $ANIMAL in
+            horse | dog | cat) echo -n "four";;
+            man | kangaroo ) echo -n "two";;
+            *) echo -n "an unknown number of";;
+          esac
+          echo " legs."
+
+
+     If the ';;' operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempted
+     after the first pattern match.  Using ';&' in place of ';;' causes
+     execution to continue with the COMMAND-LIST associated with the
+     next clause, if any.  Using ';;&' in place of ';;' causes the shell
+     to test the patterns in the next clause, if any, and execute any
+     associated COMMAND-LIST on a successful match.
+
+     The return status is zero if no PATTERN is matched.  Otherwise, the
+     return status is the exit status of the COMMAND-LIST executed.
+
+'select'
+
+     The 'select' construct allows the easy generation of menus.  It has
+     almost the same syntax as the 'for' command:
+
+          select NAME [in WORDS ...]; do COMMANDS; done
+
+     The list of words following 'in' is expanded, generating a list of
+     items.  The set of expanded words is printed on the standard error
+     output stream, each preceded by a number.  If the 'in WORDS' is
+     omitted, the positional parameters are printed, as if 'in "$@"' had
+     been specified.  The 'PS3' prompt is then displayed and a line is
+     read from the standard input.  If the line consists of a number
+     corresponding to one of the displayed words, then the value of NAME
+     is set to that word.  If the line is empty, the words and prompt
+     are displayed again.  If 'EOF' is read, the 'select' command
+     completes.  Any other value read causes NAME to be set to null.
+     The line read is saved in the variable 'REPLY'.
+
+     The COMMANDS are executed after each selection until a 'break'
+     command is executed, at which point the 'select' command completes.
+
+     Here is an example that allows the user to pick a filename from the
+     current directory, and displays the name and index of the file
+     selected.
+
+          select fname in *;
+          do
+          	echo you picked $fname \($REPLY\)
+          	break;
+          done
+
+'((...))'
+          (( EXPRESSION ))
+
+     The arithmetic EXPRESSION is evaluated according to the rules
+     described below (*note Shell Arithmetic::).  If the value of the
+     expression is non-zero, the return status is 0; otherwise the
+     return status is 1.  This is exactly equivalent to
+          let "EXPRESSION"
+     *Note Bash Builtins::, for a full description of the 'let' builtin.
+
+'[[...]]'
+          [[ EXPRESSION ]]
+
+     Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the
+     conditional expression EXPRESSION.  Expressions are composed of the
+     primaries described below in *note Bash Conditional Expressions::.
+     Word splitting and filename expansion are not performed on the
+     words between the '[[' and ']]'; tilde expansion, parameter and
+     variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution,
+     process substitution, and quote removal are performed.  Conditional
+     operators such as '-f' must be unquoted to be recognized as
+     primaries.
+
+     When used with '[[', the '<' and '>' operators sort
+     lexicographically using the current locale.
+
+     When the '==' and '!=' operators are used, the string to the right
+     of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according to
+     the rules described below in *note Pattern Matching::, as if the
+     'extglob' shell option were enabled.  The '=' operator is identical
+     to '=='.  If the 'nocasematch' shell option (see the description of
+     'shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::) is enabled, the match is
+     performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters.  The
+     return value is 0 if the string matches ('==') or does not match
+     ('!=') the pattern, and 1 otherwise.  Any part of the pattern may
+     be quoted to force the quoted portion to be matched as a string.
+
+     An additional binary operator, '=~', is available, with the same
+     precedence as '==' and '!='.  When it is used, the string to the
+     right of the operator is considered a POSIX extended regular
+     expression and matched accordingly (as in regex3)).  The return
+     value is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1 otherwise.  If
+     the regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional
+     expression's return value is 2.  If the 'nocasematch' shell option
+     (see the description of 'shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::) is
+     enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of
+     alphabetic characters.  Any part of the pattern may be quoted to
+     force the quoted portion to be matched as a string.  Bracket
+     expressions in regular expressions must be treated carefully, since
+     normal quoting characters lose their meanings between brackets.  If
+     the pattern is stored in a shell variable, quoting the variable
+     expansion forces the entire pattern to be matched as a string.
+     Substrings matched by parenthesized subexpressions within the
+     regular expression are saved in the array variable 'BASH_REMATCH'.
+     The element of 'BASH_REMATCH' with index 0 is the portion of the
+     string matching the entire regular expression.  The element of
+     'BASH_REMATCH' with index N is the portion of the string matching
+     the Nth parenthesized subexpression.
+
+     For example, the following will match a line (stored in the shell
+     variable LINE) if there is a sequence of characters in the value
+     consisting of any number, including zero, of space characters, zero
+     or one instances of 'a', then a 'b':
+          [[ $line =~ [[:space:]]*?(a)b ]]
+
+     That means values like 'aab' and ' aaaaaab' will match, as will a
+     line containing a 'b' anywhere in its value.
+
+     Storing the regular expression in a shell variable is often a
+     useful way to avoid problems with quoting characters that are
+     special to the shell.  It is sometimes difficult to specify a
+     regular expression literally without using quotes, or to keep track
+     of the quoting used by regular expressions while paying attention
+     to the shell's quote removal.  Using a shell variable to store the
+     pattern decreases these problems.  For example, the following is
+     equivalent to the above:
+          pattern='[[:space:]]*?(a)b'
+          [[ $line =~ $pattern ]]
+
+     If you want to match a character that's special to the regular
+     expression grammar, it has to be quoted to remove its special
+     meaning.  This means that in the pattern 'xxx.txt', the '.' matches
+     any character in the string (its usual regular expression meaning),
+     but in the pattern '"xxx.txt"' it can only match a literal '.'.
+     Shell programmers should take special care with backslashes, since
+     backslashes are used both by the shell and regular expressions to
+     remove the special meaning from the following character.  The
+     following two sets of commands are _not_ equivalent:
+          pattern='\.'
+
+          [[ . =~ $pattern ]]
+          [[ . =~ \. ]]
+
+          [[ . =~ "$pattern" ]]
+          [[ . =~ '\.' ]]
+
+     The first two matches will succeed, but the second two will not,
+     because in the second two the backslash will be part of the pattern
+     to be matched.  In the first two examples, the backslash removes
+     the special meaning from '.', so the literal '.' matches.  If the
+     string in the first examples were anything other than '.', say 'a',
+     the pattern would not match, because the quoted '.' in the pattern
+     loses its special meaning of matching any single character.
+
+     Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed
+     in decreasing order of precedence:
+
+     '( EXPRESSION )'
+          Returns the value of EXPRESSION.  This may be used to override
+          the normal precedence of operators.
+
+     '! EXPRESSION'
+          True if EXPRESSION is false.
+
+     'EXPRESSION1 && EXPRESSION2'
+          True if both EXPRESSION1 and EXPRESSION2 are true.
+
+     'EXPRESSION1 || EXPRESSION2'
+          True if either EXPRESSION1 or EXPRESSION2 is true.
+
+     The '&&' and '||' operators do not evaluate EXPRESSION2 if the
+     value of EXPRESSION1 is sufficient to determine the return value of
+     the entire conditional expression.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Command Grouping,  Prev: Conditional Constructs,  Up: Compound Commands
+
+3.2.4.3 Grouping Commands
+.........................
+
+Bash provides two ways to group a list of commands to be executed as a
+unit.  When commands are grouped, redirections may be applied to the
+entire command list.  For example, the output of all the commands in the
+list may be redirected to a single stream.
+
+'()'
+          ( LIST )
+
+     Placing a list of commands between parentheses causes a subshell
+     environment to be created (*note Command Execution Environment::),
+     and each of the commands in LIST to be executed in that subshell.
+     Since the LIST is executed in a subshell, variable assignments do
+     not remain in effect after the subshell completes.
+
+'{}'
+          { LIST; }
+
+     Placing a list of commands between curly braces causes the list to
+     be executed in the current shell context.  No subshell is created.
+     The semicolon (or newline) following LIST is required.
+
+   In addition to the creation of a subshell, there is a subtle
+difference between these two constructs due to historical reasons.  The
+braces are 'reserved words', so they must be separated from the LIST by
+'blank's or other shell metacharacters.  The parentheses are
+'operators', and are recognized as separate tokens by the shell even if
+they are not separated from the LIST by whitespace.
+
+   The exit status of both of these constructs is the exit status of
+LIST.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Coprocesses,  Next: GNU Parallel,  Prev: Compound Commands,  Up: Shell Commands
+
+3.2.5 Coprocesses
+-----------------
+
+A 'coprocess' is a shell command preceded by the 'coproc' reserved word.
+A coprocess is executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command
+had been terminated with the '&' control operator, with a two-way pipe
+established between the executing shell and the coprocess.
+
+   The format for a coprocess is:
+     coproc [NAME] COMMAND [REDIRECTIONS]
+
+This creates a coprocess named NAME.  If NAME is not supplied, the
+default name is COPROC.  NAME must not be supplied if COMMAND is a
+simple command (*note Simple Commands::); otherwise, it is interpreted
+as the first word of the simple command.
+
+   When the coprocess is executed, the shell creates an array variable
+(*note Arrays::) named 'NAME' in the context of the executing shell.
+The standard output of COMMAND is connected via a pipe to a file
+descriptor in the executing shell, and that file descriptor is assigned
+to 'NAME'[0].  The standard input of COMMAND is connected via a pipe to
+a file descriptor in the executing shell, and that file descriptor is
+assigned to 'NAME'[1].  This pipe is established before any redirections
+specified by the command (*note Redirections::).  The file descriptors
+can be utilized as arguments to shell commands and redirections using
+standard word expansions.  Other than those created to execute command
+and process substitutions, the file descriptors are not available in
+subshells.
+
+   The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is
+available as the value of the variable 'NAME'_PID. The 'wait' builtin
+command may be used to wait for the coprocess to terminate.
+
+   Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, the
+'coproc' command always returns success.  The return status of a
+coprocess is the exit status of COMMAND.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: GNU Parallel,  Prev: Coprocesses,  Up: Shell Commands
+
+3.2.6 GNU Parallel
+------------------
+
+There are ways to run commands in parallel that are not built into Bash.
+GNU Parallel is a tool to do just that.
+
+   GNU Parallel, as its name suggests, can be used to build and run
+commands in parallel.  You may run the same command with different
+arguments, whether they are filenames, usernames, hostnames, or lines
+read from files.  GNU Parallel provides shorthand references to many of
+the most common operations (input lines, various portions of the input
+line, different ways to specify the input source, and so on).  Parallel
+can replace 'xargs' or feed commands from its input sources to several
+different instances of Bash.
+
+   For a complete description, refer to the GNU Parallel documentation.
+A few examples should provide a brief introduction to its use.
+
+   For example, it is easy to replace 'xargs' to gzip all html files in
+the current directory and its subdirectories:
+     find . -type f -name '*.html' -print | parallel gzip
+If you need to protect special characters such as newlines in file
+names, use find's '-print0' option and parallel's '-0' option.
+
+   You can use Parallel to move files from the current directory when
+the number of files is too large to process with one 'mv' invocation:
+     ls | parallel mv {} destdir
+
+   As you can see, the {} is replaced with each line read from standard
+input.  While using 'ls' will work in most instances, it is not
+sufficient to deal with all filenames.  If you need to accommodate
+special characters in filenames, you can use
+
+     find . -depth 1 \! -name '.*' -print0 | parallel -0 mv {} destdir
+
+as alluded to above.
+
+   This will run as many 'mv' commands as there are files in the current
+directory.  You can emulate a parallel 'xargs' by adding the '-X'
+option:
+     find . -depth 1 \! -name '.*' -print0 | parallel -0 -X mv {} destdir
+
+   GNU Parallel can replace certain common idioms that operate on lines
+read from a file (in this case, filenames listed one per line):
+     	while IFS= read -r x; do
+     		do-something1 "$x" "config-$x"
+     		do-something2 < "$x"
+     	done < file | process-output
+
+with a more compact syntax reminiscent of lambdas:
+     cat list | parallel "do-something1 {} config-{} ; do-something2 < {}" |
+                process-output
+
+   Parallel provides a built-in mechanism to remove filename extensions,
+which lends itself to batch file transformations or renaming:
+     ls *.gz | parallel -j+0 "zcat {} | bzip2 >{.}.bz2 && rm {}"
+This will recompress all files in the current directory with names
+ending in .gz using bzip2, running one job per CPU (-j+0) in parallel.
+(We use 'ls' for brevity here; using 'find' as above is more robust in
+the face of filenames containing unexpected characters.)  Parallel can
+take arguments from the command line; the above can also be written as
+
+     parallel "zcat {} | bzip2 >{.}.bz2 && rm {}" ::: *.gz
+
+   If a command generates output, you may want to preserve the input
+order in the output.  For instance, the following command
+     {
+         echo foss.org.my ;
+         echo debian.org ;
+         echo freenetproject.org ;
+     } | parallel traceroute
+will display as output the traceroute invocation that finishes first.
+Adding the '-k' option
+     {
+         echo foss.org.my ;
+         echo debian.org ;
+         echo freenetproject.org ;
+     } | parallel -k traceroute
+will ensure that the output of 'traceroute foss.org.my' is displayed
+first.
+
+   Finally, Parallel can be used to run a sequence of shell commands in
+parallel, similar to 'cat file | bash'.  It is not uncommon to take a
+list of filenames, create a series of shell commands to operate on them,
+and feed that list of commands to a shell.  Parallel can speed this up.
+Assuming that 'file' contains a list of shell commands, one per line,
+
+     parallel -j 10 < file
+
+will evaluate the commands using the shell (since no explicit command is
+supplied as an argument), in blocks of ten shell jobs at a time.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Shell Functions,  Next: Shell Parameters,  Prev: Shell Commands,  Up: Basic Shell Features
+
+3.3 Shell Functions
+===================
+
+Shell functions are a way to group commands for later execution using a
+single name for the group.  They are executed just like a "regular"
+command.  When the name of a shell function is used as a simple command
+name, the list of commands associated with that function name is
+executed.  Shell functions are executed in the current shell context; no
+new process is created to interpret them.
+
+   Functions are declared using this syntax:
+     NAME () COMPOUND-COMMAND [ REDIRECTIONS ]
+
+   or
+
+     function NAME [()] COMPOUND-COMMAND [ REDIRECTIONS ]
+
+   This defines a shell function named NAME.  The reserved word
+'function' is optional.  If the 'function' reserved word is supplied,
+the parentheses are optional.  The BODY of the function is the compound
+command COMPOUND-COMMAND (*note Compound Commands::).  That command is
+usually a LIST enclosed between { and }, but may be any compound command
+listed above, with one exception: If the 'function' reserved word is
+used, but the parentheses are not supplied, the braces are required.
+COMPOUND-COMMAND is executed whenever NAME is specified as the name of a
+command.  When the shell is in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::),
+NAME may not be the same as one of the special builtins (*note Special
+Builtins::).  Any redirections (*note Redirections::) associated with
+the shell function are performed when the function is executed.
+
+   A function definition may be deleted using the '-f' option to the
+'unset' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::).
+
+   The exit status of a function definition is zero unless a syntax
+error occurs or a readonly function with the same name already exists.
+When executed, the exit status of a function is the exit status of the
+last command executed in the body.
+
+   Note that for historical reasons, in the most common usage the curly
+braces that surround the body of the function must be separated from the
+body by 'blank's or newlines.  This is because the braces are reserved
+words and are only recognized as such when they are separated from the
+command list by whitespace or another shell metacharacter.  Also, when
+using the braces, the LIST must be terminated by a semicolon, a '&', or
+a newline.
+
+   When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the
+positional parameters during its execution (*note Positional
+Parameters::).  The special parameter '#' that expands to the number of
+positional parameters is updated to reflect the change.  Special
+parameter '0' is unchanged.  The first element of the 'FUNCNAME'
+variable is set to the name of the function while the function is
+executing.
+
+   All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical
+between a function and its caller with these exceptions: the 'DEBUG' and
+'RETURN' traps are not inherited unless the function has been given the
+'trace' attribute using the 'declare' builtin or the '-o functrace'
+option has been enabled with the 'set' builtin, (in which case all
+functions inherit the 'DEBUG' and 'RETURN' traps), and the 'ERR' trap is
+not inherited unless the '-o errtrace' shell option has been enabled.
+*Note Bourne Shell Builtins::, for the description of the 'trap'
+builtin.
+
+   The 'FUNCNEST' variable, if set to a numeric value greater than 0,
+defines a maximum function nesting level.  Function invocations that
+exceed the limit cause the entire command to abort.
+
+   If the builtin command 'return' is executed in a function, the
+function completes and execution resumes with the next command after the
+function call.  Any command associated with the 'RETURN' trap is
+executed before execution resumes.  When a function completes, the
+values of the positional parameters and the special parameter '#' are
+restored to the values they had prior to the function's execution.  If a
+numeric argument is given to 'return', that is the function's return
+status; otherwise the function's return status is the exit status of the
+last command executed before the 'return'.
+
+   Variables local to the function may be declared with the 'local'
+builtin.  These variables are visible only to the function and the
+commands it invokes.  This is particularly important when a shell
+function calls other functions.
+
+   Local variables "shadow" variables with the same name declared at
+previous scopes.  For instance, a local variable declared in a function
+hides a global variable of the same name: references and assignments
+refer to the local variable, leaving the global variable unmodified.
+When the function returns, the global variable is once again visible.
+
+   The shell uses DYNAMIC SCOPING to control a variable's visibility
+within functions.  With dynamic scoping, visible variables and their
+values are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused
+execution to reach the current function.  The value of a variable that a
+function sees depends on its value within its caller, if any, whether
+that caller is the "global" scope or another shell function.  This is
+also the value that a local variable declaration "shadows", and the
+value that is restored when the function returns.
+
+   For example, if a variable VAR is declared as local in function
+FUNC1, and FUNC1 calls another function FUNC2, references to VAR made
+from within FUNC2 will resolve to the local variable VAR from FUNC1,
+shadowing any global variable named VAR.
+
+   The following script demonstrates this behavior.  When executed, the
+script displays
+
+     In func2, var = func1 local
+
+     func1()
+     {
+         local var='func1 local'
+         func2
+     }
+
+     func2()
+     {
+         echo "In func2, var = $var"
+     }
+
+     var=global
+     func1
+
+   The 'unset' builtin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a
+variable is local to the current scope, 'unset' will unset it; otherwise
+the unset will refer to the variable found in any calling scope as
+described above.  If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it
+will remain so until it is reset in that scope or until the function
+returns.  Once the function returns, any instance of the variable at a
+previous scope will become visible.  If the unset acts on a variable at
+a previous scope, any instance of a variable with that name that had
+been shadowed will become visible.
+
+   Function names and definitions may be listed with the '-f' option to
+the 'declare' ('typeset') builtin command (*note Bash Builtins::).  The
+'-F' option to 'declare' or 'typeset' will list the function names only
+(and optionally the source file and line number, if the 'extdebug' shell
+option is enabled).  Functions may be exported so that subshells
+automatically have them defined with the '-f' option to the 'export'
+builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::).
+
+   Functions may be recursive.  The 'FUNCNEST' variable may be used to
+limit the depth of the function call stack and restrict the number of
+function invocations.  By default, no limit is placed on the number of
+recursive calls.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Shell Parameters,  Next: Shell Expansions,  Prev: Shell Functions,  Up: Basic Shell Features
+
+3.4 Shell Parameters
+====================
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Positional Parameters::	The shell's command-line arguments.
+* Special Parameters::		Parameters denoted by special characters.
+
+A PARAMETER is an entity that stores values.  It can be a 'name', a
+number, or one of the special characters listed below.  A VARIABLE is a
+parameter denoted by a 'name'.  A variable has a VALUE and zero or more
+ATTRIBUTES.  Attributes are assigned using the 'declare' builtin command
+(see the description of the 'declare' builtin in *note Bash Builtins::).
+
+   A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value.  The null string
+is a valid value.  Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using
+the 'unset' builtin command.
+
+   A variable may be assigned to by a statement of the form
+     NAME=[VALUE]
+If VALUE is not given, the variable is assigned the null string.  All
+VALUEs undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
+command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (detailed
+below).  If the variable has its 'integer' attribute set, then VALUE is
+evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the '$((...))' expansion
+is not used (*note Arithmetic Expansion::).  Word splitting is not
+performed, with the exception of '"$@"' as explained below.  Filename
+expansion is not performed.  Assignment statements may also appear as
+arguments to the 'alias', 'declare', 'typeset', 'export', 'readonly',
+and 'local' builtin commands (DECLARATION commands).  When in POSIX mode
+(*note Bash POSIX Mode::), these builtins may appear in a command after
+one or more instances of the 'command' builtin and retain these
+assignment statement properties.
+
+   In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to
+a shell variable or array index (*note Arrays::), the '+=' operator can
+be used to append to or add to the variable's previous value.  This
+includes arguments to builtin commands such as 'declare' that accept
+assignment statements (DECLARATION commands).  When '+=' is applied to a
+variable for which the INTEGER attribute has been set, VALUE is
+evaluated as an arithmetic expression and added to the variable's
+current value, which is also evaluated.  When '+=' is applied to an
+array variable using compound assignment (*note Arrays::), the
+variable's value is not unset (as it is when using '='), and new values
+are appended to the array beginning at one greater than the array's
+maximum index (for indexed arrays), or added as additional key-value
+pairs in an associative array.  When applied to a string-valued
+variable, VALUE is expanded and appended to the variable's value.
+
+   A variable can be assigned the NAMEREF attribute using the '-n'
+option to the 'declare' or 'local' builtin commands (*note Bash
+Builtins::) to create a NAMEREF, or a reference to another variable.
+This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly.  Whenever the
+nameref variable is referenced, assigned to, unset, or has its
+attributes modified (other than using or changing the nameref attribute
+itself), the operation is actually performed on the variable specified
+by the nameref variable's value.  A nameref is commonly used within
+shell functions to refer to a variable whose name is passed as an
+argument to the function.  For instance, if a variable name is passed to
+a shell function as its first argument, running
+     declare -n ref=$1
+inside the function creates a nameref variable REF whose value is the
+variable name passed as the first argument.  References and assignments
+to REF, and changes to its attributes, are treated as references,
+assignments, and attribute modifications to the variable whose name was
+passed as '$1'.
+
+   If the control variable in a 'for' loop has the nameref attribute,
+the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a name reference
+will be established for each word in the list, in turn, when the loop is
+executed.  Array variables cannot be given the nameref attribute.
+However, nameref variables can reference array variables and subscripted
+array variables.  Namerefs can be unset using the '-n' option to the
+'unset' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::).  Otherwise, if 'unset'
+is executed with the name of a nameref variable as an argument, the
+variable referenced by the nameref variable will be unset.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Positional Parameters,  Next: Special Parameters,  Up: Shell Parameters
+
+3.4.1 Positional Parameters
+---------------------------
+
+A POSITIONAL PARAMETER is a parameter denoted by one or more digits,
+other than the single digit '0'.  Positional parameters are assigned
+from the shell's arguments when it is invoked, and may be reassigned
+using the 'set' builtin command.  Positional parameter 'N' may be
+referenced as '${N}', or as '$N' when 'N' consists of a single digit.
+Positional parameters may not be assigned to with assignment statements.
+The 'set' and 'shift' builtins are used to set and unset them (*note
+Shell Builtin Commands::).  The positional parameters are temporarily
+replaced when a shell function is executed (*note Shell Functions::).
+
+   When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single digit is
+expanded, it must be enclosed in braces.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Special Parameters,  Prev: Positional Parameters,  Up: Shell Parameters
+
+3.4.2 Special Parameters
+------------------------
+
+The shell treats several parameters specially.  These parameters may
+only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed.
+
+'*'
+     ($*) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.  When
+     the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional
+     parameter expands to a separate word.  In contexts where it is
+     performed, those words are subject to further word splitting and
+     pathname expansion.  When the expansion occurs within double
+     quotes, it expands to a single word with the value of each
+     parameter separated by the first character of the 'IFS' special
+     variable.  That is, '"$*"' is equivalent to '"$1C$2C..."', where C
+     is the first character of the value of the 'IFS' variable.  If
+     'IFS' is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces.  If 'IFS'
+     is null, the parameters are joined without intervening separators.
+
+'@'
+     ($@) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.  In
+     contexts where word splitting is performed, this expands each
+     positional parameter to a separate word; if not within double
+     quotes, these words are subject to word splitting.  In contexts
+     where word splitting is not performed, this expands to a single
+     word with each positional parameter separated by a space.  When the
+     expansion occurs within double quotes, and word splitting is
+     performed, each parameter expands to a separate word.  That is,
+     '"$@"' is equivalent to '"$1" "$2" ...'.  If the double-quoted
+     expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of the first
+     parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original word,
+     and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last
+     part of the original word.  When there are no positional
+     parameters, '"$@"' and '$@' expand to nothing (i.e., they are
+     removed).
+
+'#'
+     ($#) Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal.
+
+'?'
+     ($?)  Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed
+     foreground pipeline.
+
+'-'
+     ($-, a hyphen.)  Expands to the current option flags as specified
+     upon invocation, by the 'set' builtin command, or those set by the
+     shell itself (such as the '-i' option).
+
+'$'
+     ($$) Expands to the process ID of the shell.  In a '()' subshell,
+     it expands to the process ID of the invoking shell, not the
+     subshell.
+
+'!'
+     ($!)  Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed
+     into the background, whether executed as an asynchronous command or
+     using the 'bg' builtin (*note Job Control Builtins::).
+
+'0'
+     ($0) Expands to the name of the shell or shell script.  This is set
+     at shell initialization.  If Bash is invoked with a file of
+     commands (*note Shell Scripts::), '$0' is set to the name of that
+     file.  If Bash is started with the '-c' option (*note Invoking
+     Bash::), then '$0' is set to the first argument after the string to
+     be executed, if one is present.  Otherwise, it is set to the
+     filename used to invoke Bash, as given by argument zero.
+
+'_'
+     ($_, an underscore.)  At shell startup, set to the absolute
+     pathname used to invoke the shell or shell script being executed as
+     passed in the environment or argument list.  Subsequently, expands
+     to the last argument to the previous simple command executed in the
+     foreground, after expansion.  Also set to the full pathname used to
+     invoke each command executed and placed in the environment exported
+     to that command.  When checking mail, this parameter holds the name
+     of the mail file.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Shell Expansions,  Next: Redirections,  Prev: Shell Parameters,  Up: Basic Shell Features
+
+3.5 Shell Expansions
+====================
+
+Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into
+'token's.  There are seven kinds of expansion performed:
+
+   * brace expansion
+   * tilde expansion
+   * parameter and variable expansion
+   * command substitution
+   * arithmetic expansion
+   * word splitting
+   * filename expansion
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Brace Expansion::		Expansion of expressions within braces.
+* Tilde Expansion::		Expansion of the ~ character.
+* Shell Parameter Expansion::	How Bash expands variables to their values.
+* Command Substitution::	Using the output of a command as an argument.
+* Arithmetic Expansion::	How to use arithmetic in shell expansions.
+* Process Substitution::	A way to write and read to and from a
+				command.
+* Word Splitting::	How the results of expansion are split into separate
+			arguments.
+* Filename Expansion::	A shorthand for specifying filenames matching patterns.
+* Quote Removal::	How and when quote characters are removed from
+			words.
+
+   The order of expansions is: brace expansion; tilde expansion,
+parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, and command
+substitution (done in a left-to-right fashion); word splitting; and
+filename expansion.
+
+   On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion
+available: PROCESS SUBSTITUTION.  This is performed at the same time as
+tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and command
+substitution.
+
+   After these expansions are performed, quote characters present in the
+original word are removed unless they have been quoted themselves (QUOTE
+REMOVAL).
+
+   Only brace expansion, word splitting, and filename expansion can
+increase the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a
+single word to a single word.  The only exceptions to this are the
+expansions of '"$@"' and '$*' (*note Special Parameters::), and
+'"${NAME[@]}"' and '${NAME[*]}' (*note Arrays::).
+
+   After all expansions, 'quote removal' (*note Quote Removal::) is
+performed.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Brace Expansion,  Next: Tilde Expansion,  Up: Shell Expansions
+
+3.5.1 Brace Expansion
+---------------------
+
+Brace expansion is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be
+generated.  This mechanism is similar to FILENAME EXPANSION (*note
+Filename Expansion::), but the filenames generated need not exist.
+Patterns to be brace expanded take the form of an optional PREAMBLE,
+followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a sequence
+expression between a pair of braces, followed by an optional POSTSCRIPT.
+The preamble is prefixed to each string contained within the braces, and
+the postscript is then appended to each resulting string, expanding left
+to right.
+
+   Brace expansions may be nested.  The results of each expanded string
+are not sorted; left to right order is preserved.  For example,
+     bash$ echo a{d,c,b}e
+     ade ace abe
+
+   A sequence expression takes the form '{X..Y[..INCR]}', where X and Y
+are either integers or single characters, and INCR, an optional
+increment, is an integer.  When integers are supplied, the expression
+expands to each number between X and Y, inclusive.  Supplied integers
+may be prefixed with '0' to force each term to have the same width.
+When either X or Y begins with a zero, the shell attempts to force all
+generated terms to contain the same number of digits, zero-padding where
+necessary.  When characters are supplied, the expression expands to each
+character lexicographically between X and Y, inclusive, using the
+default C locale.  Note that both X and Y must be of the same type.
+When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference between
+each term.  The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate.
+
+   Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, and any
+characters special to other expansions are preserved in the result.  It
+is strictly textual.  Bash does not apply any syntactic interpretation
+to the context of the expansion or the text between the braces.
+
+   A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening and
+closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid sequence
+expression.  Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged.
+
+   A { or ',' may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being
+considered part of a brace expression.  To avoid conflicts with
+parameter expansion, the string '${' is not considered eligible for
+brace expansion, and inhibits brace expansion until the closing '}'..
+
+   This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common prefix
+of the strings to be generated is longer than in the above example:
+     mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,new,dist,bugs}
+   or
+     chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}}
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Tilde Expansion,  Next: Shell Parameter Expansion,  Prev: Brace Expansion,  Up: Shell Expansions
+
+3.5.2 Tilde Expansion
+---------------------
+
+If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character ('~'), all of the
+characters up to the first unquoted slash (or all characters, if there
+is no unquoted slash) are considered a TILDE-PREFIX.  If none of the
+characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the characters in the
+tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a possible LOGIN NAME.
+If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the
+value of the 'HOME' shell variable.  If 'HOME' is unset, the home
+directory of the user executing the shell is substituted instead.
+Otherwise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory
+associated with the specified login name.
+
+   If the tilde-prefix is '~+', the value of the shell variable 'PWD'
+replaces the tilde-prefix.  If the tilde-prefix is '~-', the value of
+the shell variable 'OLDPWD', if it is set, is substituted.
+
+   If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of
+a number N, optionally prefixed by a '+' or a '-', the tilde-prefix is
+replaced with the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it
+would be displayed by the 'dirs' builtin invoked with the characters
+following tilde in the tilde-prefix as an argument (*note The Directory
+Stack::).  If the tilde-prefix, sans the tilde, consists of a number
+without a leading '+' or '-', '+' is assumed.
+
+   If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the word
+is left unchanged.
+
+   Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes
+immediately following a ':' or the first '='.  In these cases, tilde
+expansion is also performed.  Consequently, one may use filenames with
+tildes in assignments to 'PATH', 'MAILPATH', and 'CDPATH', and the shell
+assigns the expanded value.
+
+   The following table shows how Bash treats unquoted tilde-prefixes:
+
+'~'
+     The value of '$HOME'
+'~/foo'
+     '$HOME/foo'
+
+'~fred/foo'
+     The subdirectory 'foo' of the home directory of the user 'fred'
+
+'~+/foo'
+     '$PWD/foo'
+
+'~-/foo'
+     '${OLDPWD-'~-'}/foo'
+
+'~N'
+     The string that would be displayed by 'dirs +N'
+
+'~+N'
+     The string that would be displayed by 'dirs +N'
+
+'~-N'
+     The string that would be displayed by 'dirs -N'
+
+   Bash also performs tilde expansion on words satisfying the conditions
+of variable assignments (*note Shell Parameters::) when they appear as
+arguments to simple commands.  Bash does not do this, except for the
+DECLARATION commands listed above, when in POSIX mode.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Shell Parameter Expansion,  Next: Command Substitution,  Prev: Tilde Expansion,  Up: Shell Expansions
+
+3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion
+-------------------------------
+
+The '$' character introduces parameter expansion, command substitution,
+or arithmetic expansion.  The parameter name or symbol to be expanded
+may be enclosed in braces, which are optional but serve to protect the
+variable to be expanded from characters immediately following it which
+could be interpreted as part of the name.
+
+   When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first '}' not
+escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an
+embedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter
+expansion.
+
+   The basic form of parameter expansion is ${PARAMETER}.  The value of
+PARAMETER is substituted.  The PARAMETER is a shell parameter as
+described above (*note Shell Parameters::) or an array reference (*note
+Arrays::).  The braces are required when PARAMETER is a positional
+parameter with more than one digit, or when PARAMETER is followed by a
+character that is not to be interpreted as part of its name.
+
+   If the first character of PARAMETER is an exclamation point (!), and
+PARAMETER is not a NAMEREF, it introduces a level of indirection.  Bash
+uses the value formed by expanding the rest of PARAMETER as the new
+PARAMETER; this is then expanded and that value is used in the rest of
+the expansion, rather than the expansion of the original PARAMETER.
+This is known as 'indirect expansion'.  The value is subject to tilde
+expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
+expansion.  If PARAMETER is a nameref, this expands to the name of the
+variable referenced by PARAMETER instead of performing the complete
+indirect expansion.  The exceptions to this are the expansions of
+${!PREFIX*} and ${!NAME[@]} described below.  The exclamation point must
+immediately follow the left brace in order to introduce indirection.
+
+   In each of the cases below, WORD is subject to tilde expansion,
+parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.
+
+   When not performing substring expansion, using the form described
+below (e.g., ':-'), Bash tests for a parameter that is unset or null.
+Omitting the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset.
+Put another way, if the colon is included, the operator tests for both
+PARAMETER's existence and that its value is not null; if the colon is
+omitted, the operator tests only for existence.
+
+'${PARAMETER:-WORD}'
+     If PARAMETER is unset or null, the expansion of WORD is
+     substituted.  Otherwise, the value of PARAMETER is substituted.
+
+'${PARAMETER:=WORD}'
+     If PARAMETER is unset or null, the expansion of WORD is assigned to
+     PARAMETER.  The value of PARAMETER is then substituted.  Positional
+     parameters and special parameters may not be assigned to in this
+     way.
+
+'${PARAMETER:?WORD}'
+     If PARAMETER is null or unset, the expansion of WORD (or a message
+     to that effect if WORD is not present) is written to the standard
+     error and the shell, if it is not interactive, exits.  Otherwise,
+     the value of PARAMETER is substituted.
+
+'${PARAMETER:+WORD}'
+     If PARAMETER is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise
+     the expansion of WORD is substituted.
+
+'${PARAMETER:OFFSET}'
+'${PARAMETER:OFFSET:LENGTH}'
+     This is referred to as Substring Expansion.  It expands to up to
+     LENGTH characters of the value of PARAMETER starting at the
+     character specified by OFFSET.  If PARAMETER is '@', an indexed
+     array subscripted by '@' or '*', or an associative array name, the
+     results differ as described below.  If LENGTH is omitted, it
+     expands to the substring of the value of PARAMETER starting at the
+     character specified by OFFSET and extending to the end of the
+     value.  LENGTH and OFFSET are arithmetic expressions (*note Shell
+     Arithmetic::).
+
+     If OFFSET evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is used
+     as an offset in characters from the end of the value of PARAMETER.
+     If LENGTH evaluates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted
+     as an offset in characters from the end of the value of PARAMETER
+     rather than a number of characters, and the expansion is the
+     characters between OFFSET and that result.  Note that a negative
+     offset must be separated from the colon by at least one space to
+     avoid being confused with the ':-' expansion.
+
+     Here are some examples illustrating substring expansion on
+     parameters and subscripted arrays:
+
+     $ string=01234567890abcdefgh
+     $ echo ${string:7}
+     7890abcdefgh
+     $ echo ${string:7:0}
+     
+     $ echo ${string:7:2}
+     78
+     $ echo ${string:7:-2}
+     7890abcdef
+     $ echo ${string: -7}
+     bcdefgh
+     $ echo ${string: -7:0}
+     
+     $ echo ${string: -7:2}
+     bc
+     $ echo ${string: -7:-2}
+     bcdef
+     $ set -- 01234567890abcdefgh
+     $ echo ${1:7}
+     7890abcdefgh
+     $ echo ${1:7:0}
+     
+     $ echo ${1:7:2}
+     78
+     $ echo ${1:7:-2}
+     7890abcdef
+     $ echo ${1: -7}
+     bcdefgh
+     $ echo ${1: -7:0}
+     
+     $ echo ${1: -7:2}
+     bc
+     $ echo ${1: -7:-2}
+     bcdef
+     $ array[0]=01234567890abcdefgh
+     $ echo ${array[0]:7}
+     7890abcdefgh
+     $ echo ${array[0]:7:0}
+     
+     $ echo ${array[0]:7:2}
+     78
+     $ echo ${array[0]:7:-2}
+     7890abcdef
+     $ echo ${array[0]: -7}
+     bcdefgh
+     $ echo ${array[0]: -7:0}
+     
+     $ echo ${array[0]: -7:2}
+     bc
+     $ echo ${array[0]: -7:-2}
+     bcdef
+
+     If PARAMETER is '@', the result is LENGTH positional parameters
+     beginning at OFFSET.  A negative OFFSET is taken relative to one
+     greater than the greatest positional parameter, so an offset of -1
+     evaluates to the last positional parameter.  It is an expansion
+     error if LENGTH evaluates to a number less than zero.
+
+     The following examples illustrate substring expansion using
+     positional parameters:
+
+     $ set -- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
+     $ echo ${@:7}
+     7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
+     $ echo ${@:7:0}
+     
+     $ echo ${@:7:2}
+     7 8
+     $ echo ${@:7:-2}
+     bash: -2: substring expression < 0
+     $ echo ${@: -7:2}
+     b c
+     $ echo ${@:0}
+     ./bash 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
+     $ echo ${@:0:2}
+     ./bash 1
+     $ echo ${@: -7:0}
+     
+
+     If PARAMETER is an indexed array name subscripted by '@' or '*',
+     the result is the LENGTH members of the array beginning with
+     '${PARAMETER[OFFSET]}'.  A negative OFFSET is taken relative to one
+     greater than the maximum index of the specified array.  It is an
+     expansion error if LENGTH evaluates to a number less than zero.
+
+     These examples show how you can use substring expansion with
+     indexed arrays:
+
+     $ array=(0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h)
+     $ echo ${array[@]:7}
+     7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
+     $ echo ${array[@]:7:2}
+     7 8
+     $ echo ${array[@]: -7:2}
+     b c
+     $ echo ${array[@]: -7:-2}
+     bash: -2: substring expression < 0
+     $ echo ${array[@]:0}
+     0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
+     $ echo ${array[@]:0:2}
+     0 1
+     $ echo ${array[@]: -7:0}
+     
+
+     Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces
+     undefined results.
+
+     Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters
+     are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by default.  If
+     OFFSET is 0, and the positional parameters are used, '$@' is
+     prefixed to the list.
+
+'${!PREFIX*}'
+'${!PREFIX@}'
+     Expands to the names of variables whose names begin with PREFIX,
+     separated by the first character of the 'IFS' special variable.
+     When '@' is used and the expansion appears within double quotes,
+     each variable name expands to a separate word.
+
+'${!NAME[@]}'
+'${!NAME[*]}'
+     If NAME is an array variable, expands to the list of array indices
+     (keys) assigned in NAME.  If NAME is not an array, expands to 0 if
+     NAME is set and null otherwise.  When '@' is used and the expansion
+     appears within double quotes, each key expands to a separate word.
+
+'${#PARAMETER}'
+     The length in characters of the expanded value of PARAMETER is
+     substituted.  If PARAMETER is '*' or '@', the value substituted is
+     the number of positional parameters.  If PARAMETER is an array name
+     subscripted by '*' or '@', the value substituted is the number of
+     elements in the array.  If PARAMETER is an indexed array name
+     subscripted by a negative number, that number is interpreted as
+     relative to one greater than the maximum index of PARAMETER, so
+     negative indices count back from the end of the array, and an index
+     of -1 references the last element.
+
+'${PARAMETER#WORD}'
+'${PARAMETER##WORD}'
+     The WORD is expanded to produce a pattern and matched according to
+     the rules described below (*note Pattern Matching::).  If the
+     pattern matches the beginning of the expanded value of PARAMETER,
+     then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of PARAMETER
+     with the shortest matching pattern (the '#' case) or the longest
+     matching pattern (the '##' case) deleted.  If PARAMETER is '@' or
+     '*', the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional
+     parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.  If
+     PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted with '@' or '*', the
+     pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the array in
+     turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+
+'${PARAMETER%WORD}'
+'${PARAMETER%%WORD}'
+     The WORD is expanded to produce a pattern and matched according to
+     the rules described below (*note Pattern Matching::).  If the
+     pattern matches If the pattern matches a trailing portion of the
+     expanded value of PARAMETER, then the result of the expansion is
+     the value of PARAMETER with the shortest matching pattern (the '%'
+     case) or the longest matching pattern (the '%%' case) deleted.  If
+     PARAMETER is '@' or '*', the pattern removal operation is applied
+     to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the
+     resultant list.  If PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted with
+     '@' or '*', the pattern removal operation is applied to each member
+     of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+
+'${PARAMETER/PATTERN/STRING}'
+
+     The PATTERN is expanded to produce a pattern just as in filename
+     expansion.  PARAMETER is expanded and the longest match of PATTERN
+     against its value is replaced with STRING.  The match is performed
+     according to the rules described below (*note Pattern Matching::).
+     If PATTERN begins with '/', all matches of PATTERN are replaced
+     with STRING.  Normally only the first match is replaced.  If
+     PATTERN begins with '#', it must match at the beginning of the
+     expanded value of PARAMETER.  If PATTERN begins with '%', it must
+     match at the end of the expanded value of PARAMETER.  If STRING is
+     null, matches of PATTERN are deleted and the '/' following PATTERN
+     may be omitted.  If the 'nocasematch' shell option (see the
+     description of 'shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::) is enabled,
+     the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic
+     characters.  If PARAMETER is '@' or '*', the substitution operation
+     is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion
+     is the resultant list.  If PARAMETER is an array variable
+     subscripted with '@' or '*', the substitution operation is applied
+     to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the
+     resultant list.
+
+'${PARAMETER^PATTERN}'
+'${PARAMETER^^PATTERN}'
+'${PARAMETER,PATTERN}'
+'${PARAMETER,,PATTERN}'
+     This expansion modifies the case of alphabetic characters in
+     PARAMETER.  The PATTERN is expanded to produce a pattern just as in
+     filename expansion.  Each character in the expanded value of
+     PARAMETER is tested against PATTERN, and, if it matches the
+     pattern, its case is converted.  The pattern should not attempt to
+     match more than one character.  The '^' operator converts lowercase
+     letters matching PATTERN to uppercase; the ',' operator converts
+     matching uppercase letters to lowercase.  The '^^' and ',,'
+     expansions convert each matched character in the expanded value;
+     the '^' and ',' expansions match and convert only the first
+     character in the expanded value.  If PATTERN is omitted, it is
+     treated like a '?', which matches every character.  If PARAMETER is
+     '@' or '*', the case modification operation is applied to each
+     positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant
+     list.  If PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted with '@' or
+     '*', the case modification operation is applied to each member of
+     the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+
+'${PARAMETER@OPERATOR}'
+     The expansion is either a transformation of the value of PARAMETER
+     or information about PARAMETER itself, depending on the value of
+     OPERATOR.  Each OPERATOR is a single letter:
+
+     'Q'
+          The expansion is a string that is the value of PARAMETER
+          quoted in a format that can be reused as input.
+     'E'
+          The expansion is a string that is the value of PARAMETER with
+          backslash escape sequences expanded as with the '$'...''
+          quoting mechanism.
+     'P'
+          The expansion is a string that is the result of expanding the
+          value of PARAMETER as if it were a prompt string (*note
+          Controlling the Prompt::).
+     'A'
+          The expansion is a string in the form of an assignment
+          statement or 'declare' command that, if evaluated, will
+          recreate PARAMETER with its attributes and value.
+     'a'
+          The expansion is a string consisting of flag values
+          representing PARAMETER's attributes.
+
+     If PARAMETER is '@' or '*', the operation is applied to each
+     positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant
+     list.  If PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted with '@' or
+     '*', the operation is applied to each member of the array in turn,
+     and the expansion is the resultant list.
+
+     The result of the expansion is subject to word splitting and
+     pathname expansion as described below.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Command Substitution,  Next: Arithmetic Expansion,  Prev: Shell Parameter Expansion,  Up: Shell Expansions
+
+3.5.4 Command Substitution
+--------------------------
+
+Command substitution allows the output of a command to replace the
+command itself.  Command substitution occurs when a command is enclosed
+as follows:
+     $(COMMAND)
+or
+     `COMMAND`
+
+Bash performs the expansion by executing COMMAND in a subshell
+environment and replacing the command substitution with the standard
+output of the command, with any trailing newlines deleted.  Embedded
+newlines are not deleted, but they may be removed during word splitting.
+The command substitution '$(cat FILE)' can be replaced by the equivalent
+but faster '$(< FILE)'.
+
+   When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used, backslash
+retains its literal meaning except when followed by '$', '`', or '\'.
+The first backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command
+substitution.  When using the '$(COMMAND)' form, all characters between
+the parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially.
+
+   Command substitutions may be nested.  To nest when using the
+backquoted form, escape the inner backquotes with backslashes.
+
+   If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and
+filename expansion are not performed on the results.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Arithmetic Expansion,  Next: Process Substitution,  Prev: Command Substitution,  Up: Shell Expansions
+
+3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion
+--------------------------
+
+Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression
+and the substitution of the result.  The format for arithmetic expansion
+is:
+
+     $(( EXPRESSION ))
+
+   The expression is treated as if it were within double quotes, but a
+double quote inside the parentheses is not treated specially.  All
+tokens in the expression undergo parameter and variable expansion,
+command substitution, and quote removal.  The result is treated as the
+arithmetic expression to be evaluated.  Arithmetic expansions may be
+nested.
+
+   The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below
+(*note Shell Arithmetic::).  If the expression is invalid, Bash prints a
+message indicating failure to the standard error and no substitution
+occurs.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Process Substitution,  Next: Word Splitting,  Prev: Arithmetic Expansion,  Up: Shell Expansions
+
+3.5.6 Process Substitution
+--------------------------
+
+Process substitution allows a process's input or output to be referred
+to using a filename.  It takes the form of
+     <(LIST)
+or
+     >(LIST)
+The process LIST is run asynchronously, and its input or output appears
+as a filename.  This filename is passed as an argument to the current
+command as the result of the expansion.  If the '>(LIST)' form is used,
+writing to the file will provide input for LIST.  If the '<(LIST)' form
+is used, the file passed as an argument should be read to obtain the
+output of LIST.  Note that no space may appear between the '<' or '>'
+and the left parenthesis, otherwise the construct would be interpreted
+as a redirection.  Process substitution is supported on systems that
+support named pipes (FIFOs) or the '/dev/fd' method of naming open
+files.
+
+   When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with
+parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
+expansion.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Word Splitting,  Next: Filename Expansion,  Prev: Process Substitution,  Up: Shell Expansions
+
+3.5.7 Word Splitting
+--------------------
+
+The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command
+substitution, and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double
+quotes for word splitting.
+
+   The shell treats each character of '$IFS' as a delimiter, and splits
+the results of the other expansions into words using these characters as
+field terminators.  If 'IFS' is unset, or its value is exactly
+'<space><tab><newline>', the default, then sequences of ' <space>',
+'<tab>', and '<newline>' at the beginning and end of the results of the
+previous expansions are ignored, and any sequence of 'IFS' characters
+not at the beginning or end serves to delimit words.  If 'IFS' has a
+value other than the default, then sequences of the whitespace
+characters 'space', 'tab', and 'newline' are ignored at the beginning
+and end of the word, as long as the whitespace character is in the value
+of 'IFS' (an 'IFS' whitespace character).  Any character in 'IFS' that
+is not 'IFS' whitespace, along with any adjacent 'IFS' whitespace
+characters, delimits a field.  A sequence of 'IFS' whitespace characters
+is also treated as a delimiter.  If the value of 'IFS' is null, no word
+splitting occurs.
+
+   Explicit null arguments ('""' or '''') are retained and passed to
+commands as empty strings.  Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting
+from the expansion of parameters that have no values, are removed.  If a
+parameter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a null
+argument results and is retained and passed to a command as an empty
+string.  When a quoted null argument appears as part of a word whose
+expansion is non-null, the null argument is removed.  That is, the word
+'-d''' becomes '-d' after word splitting and null argument removal.
+
+   Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting is performed.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Filename Expansion,  Next: Quote Removal,  Prev: Word Splitting,  Up: Shell Expansions
+
+3.5.8 Filename Expansion
+------------------------
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Pattern Matching::	How the shell matches patterns.
+
+After word splitting, unless the '-f' option has been set (*note The Set
+Builtin::), Bash scans each word for the characters '*', '?', and '['.
+If one of these characters appears, then the word is regarded as a
+PATTERN, and replaced with an alphabetically sorted list of filenames
+matching the pattern (*note Pattern Matching::).  If no matching
+filenames are found, and the shell option 'nullglob' is disabled, the
+word is left unchanged.  If the 'nullglob' option is set, and no matches
+are found, the word is removed.  If the 'failglob' shell option is set,
+and no matches are found, an error message is printed and the command is
+not executed.  If the shell option 'nocaseglob' is enabled, the match is
+performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters.
+
+   When a pattern is used for filename expansion, the character '.' at
+the start of a filename or immediately following a slash must be matched
+explicitly, unless the shell option 'dotglob' is set.  The filenames '.'
+and '..' must always be matched explicitly, even if 'dotglob' is set.
+In other cases, the '.' character is not treated specially.
+
+   When matching a filename, the slash character must always be matched
+explicitly by a slash in the pattern, but in other matching contexts it
+can be matched by a special pattern character as described below (*note
+Pattern Matching::).
+
+   See the description of 'shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::, for a
+description of the 'nocaseglob', 'nullglob', 'failglob', and 'dotglob'
+options.
+
+   The 'GLOBIGNORE' shell variable may be used to restrict the set of
+file names matching a pattern.  If 'GLOBIGNORE' is set, each matching
+file name that also matches one of the patterns in 'GLOBIGNORE' is
+removed from the list of matches.  If the 'nocaseglob' option is set,
+the matching against the patterns in 'GLOBIGNORE' is performed without
+regard to case.  The filenames '.' and '..' are always ignored when
+'GLOBIGNORE' is set and not null.  However, setting 'GLOBIGNORE' to a
+non-null value has the effect of enabling the 'dotglob' shell option, so
+all other filenames beginning with a '.' will match.  To get the old
+behavior of ignoring filenames beginning with a '.', make '.*' one of
+the patterns in 'GLOBIGNORE'.  The 'dotglob' option is disabled when
+'GLOBIGNORE' is unset.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Pattern Matching,  Up: Filename Expansion
+
+3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching
+........................
+
+Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern
+characters described below, matches itself.  The NUL character may not
+occur in a pattern.  A backslash escapes the following character; the
+escaping backslash is discarded when matching.  The special pattern
+characters must be quoted if they are to be matched literally.
+
+   The special pattern characters have the following meanings:
+'*'
+     Matches any string, including the null string.  When the 'globstar'
+     shell option is enabled, and '*' is used in a filename expansion
+     context, two adjacent '*'s used as a single pattern will match all
+     files and zero or more directories and subdirectories.  If followed
+     by a '/', two adjacent '*'s will match only directories and
+     subdirectories.
+'?'
+     Matches any single character.
+'[...]'
+     Matches any one of the enclosed characters.  A pair of characters
+     separated by a hyphen denotes a RANGE EXPRESSION; any character
+     that falls between those two characters, inclusive, using the
+     current locale's collating sequence and character set, is matched.
+     If the first character following the '[' is a '!' or a '^' then any
+     character not enclosed is matched.  A '-' may be matched by
+     including it as the first or last character in the set.  A ']' may
+     be matched by including it as the first character in the set.  The
+     sorting order of characters in range expressions is determined by
+     the current locale and the values of the 'LC_COLLATE' and 'LC_ALL'
+     shell variables, if set.
+
+     For example, in the default C locale, '[a-dx-z]' is equivalent to
+     '[abcdxyz]'.  Many locales sort characters in dictionary order, and
+     in these locales '[a-dx-z]' is typically not equivalent to
+     '[abcdxyz]'; it might be equivalent to '[aBbCcDdxXyYz]', for
+     example.  To obtain the traditional interpretation of ranges in
+     bracket expressions, you can force the use of the C locale by
+     setting the 'LC_COLLATE' or 'LC_ALL' environment variable to the
+     value 'C', or enable the 'globasciiranges' shell option.
+
+     Within '[' and ']', CHARACTER CLASSES can be specified using the
+     syntax '[:'CLASS':]', where CLASS is one of the following classes
+     defined in the POSIX standard:
+          alnum   alpha   ascii   blank   cntrl   digit   graph   lower
+          print   punct   space   upper   word    xdigit
+     A character class matches any character belonging to that class.
+     The 'word' character class matches letters, digits, and the
+     character '_'.
+
+     Within '[' and ']', an EQUIVALENCE CLASS can be specified using the
+     syntax '[='C'=]', which matches all characters with the same
+     collation weight (as defined by the current locale) as the
+     character C.
+
+     Within '[' and ']', the syntax '[.'SYMBOL'.]' matches the collating
+     symbol SYMBOL.
+
+   If the 'extglob' shell option is enabled using the 'shopt' builtin,
+several extended pattern matching operators are recognized.  In the
+following description, a PATTERN-LIST is a list of one or more patterns
+separated by a '|'.  Composite patterns may be formed using one or more
+of the following sub-patterns:
+
+'?(PATTERN-LIST)'
+     Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns.
+
+'*(PATTERN-LIST)'
+     Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns.
+
+'+(PATTERN-LIST)'
+     Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns.
+
+'@(PATTERN-LIST)'
+     Matches one of the given patterns.
+
+'!(PATTERN-LIST)'
+     Matches anything except one of the given patterns.
+
+   Complicated extended pattern matching against long strings is slow,
+especially when the patterns contain alternations and the strings
+contain multiple matches.  Using separate matches against shorter
+strings, or using arrays of strings instead of a single long string, may
+be faster.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Quote Removal,  Prev: Filename Expansion,  Up: Shell Expansions
+
+3.5.9 Quote Removal
+-------------------
+
+After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the
+characters '\', ''', and '"' that did not result from one of the above
+expansions are removed.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Redirections,  Next: Executing Commands,  Prev: Shell Expansions,  Up: Basic Shell Features
+
+3.6 Redirections
+================
+
+Before a command is executed, its input and output may be REDIRECTED
+using a special notation interpreted by the shell.  Redirection allows
+commands' file handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer
+to different files, and can change the files the command reads from and
+writes to.  Redirection may also be used to modify file handles in the
+current shell execution environment.  The following redirection
+operators may precede or appear anywhere within a simple command or may
+follow a command.  Redirections are processed in the order they appear,
+from left to right.
+
+   Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number may
+instead be preceded by a word of the form {VARNAME}.  In this case, for
+each redirection operator except >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a
+file descriptor greater than 10 and assign it to {VARNAME}.  If >&- or
+<&- is preceded by {VARNAME}, the value of VARNAME defines the file
+descriptor to close.  If {VARNAME} is supplied, the redirection persists
+beyond the scope of the command, allowing the shell programmer to manage
+the file descriptor himself.
+
+   In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is
+omitted, and the first character of the redirection operator is '<', the
+redirection refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0).  If the
+first character of the redirection operator is '>', the redirection
+refers to the standard output (file descriptor 1).
+
+   The word following the redirection operator in the following
+descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion,
+tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
+expansion, quote removal, filename expansion, and word splitting.  If it
+expands to more than one word, Bash reports an error.
+
+   Note that the order of redirections is significant.  For example, the
+command
+     ls > DIRLIST 2>&1
+directs both standard output (file descriptor 1) and standard error
+(file descriptor 2) to the file DIRLIST, while the command
+     ls 2>&1 > DIRLIST
+directs only the standard output to file DIRLIST, because the standard
+error was made a copy of the standard output before the standard output
+was redirected to DIRLIST.
+
+   Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in
+redirections, as described in the following table.  If the operating
+system on which Bash is running provides these special files, bash will
+use them; otherwise it will emulate them internally with the behavior
+described below.
+
+'/dev/fd/FD'
+     If FD is a valid integer, file descriptor FD is duplicated.
+
+'/dev/stdin'
+     File descriptor 0 is duplicated.
+
+'/dev/stdout'
+     File descriptor 1 is duplicated.
+
+'/dev/stderr'
+     File descriptor 2 is duplicated.
+
+'/dev/tcp/HOST/PORT'
+     If HOST is a valid hostname or Internet address, and PORT is an
+     integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open the
+     corresponding TCP socket.
+
+'/dev/udp/HOST/PORT'
+     If HOST is a valid hostname or Internet address, and PORT is an
+     integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open the
+     corresponding UDP socket.
+
+   A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail.
+
+   Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used
+with care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses
+internally.
+
+3.6.1 Redirecting Input
+-----------------------
+
+Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from the
+expansion of WORD to be opened for reading on file descriptor 'n', or
+the standard input (file descriptor 0) if 'n' is not specified.
+
+   The general format for redirecting input is:
+     [N]<WORD
+
+3.6.2 Redirecting Output
+------------------------
+
+Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from the
+expansion of WORD to be opened for writing on file descriptor N, or the
+standard output (file descriptor 1) if N is not specified.  If the file
+does not exist it is created; if it does exist it is truncated to zero
+size.
+
+   The general format for redirecting output is:
+     [N]>[|]WORD
+
+   If the redirection operator is '>', and the 'noclobber' option to the
+'set' builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file
+whose name results from the expansion of WORD exists and is a regular
+file.  If the redirection operator is '>|', or the redirection operator
+is '>' and the 'noclobber' option is not enabled, the redirection is
+attempted even if the file named by WORD exists.
+
+3.6.3 Appending Redirected Output
+---------------------------------
+
+Redirection of output in this fashion causes the file whose name results
+from the expansion of WORD to be opened for appending on file descriptor
+N, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if N is not specified.  If
+the file does not exist it is created.
+
+   The general format for appending output is:
+     [N]>>WORD
+
+3.6.4 Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error
+----------------------------------------------------
+
+This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and
+the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be redirected to the
+file whose name is the expansion of WORD.
+
+   There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard
+error:
+     &>WORD
+and
+     >&WORD
+Of the two forms, the first is preferred.  This is semantically
+equivalent to
+     >WORD 2>&1
+   When using the second form, WORD may not expand to a number or '-'.
+If it does, other redirection operators apply (see Duplicating File
+Descriptors below) for compatibility reasons.
+
+3.6.5 Appending Standard Output and Standard Error
+--------------------------------------------------
+
+This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and
+the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be appended to the file
+whose name is the expansion of WORD.
+
+   The format for appending standard output and standard error is:
+     &>>WORD
+This is semantically equivalent to
+     >>WORD 2>&1
+   (see Duplicating File Descriptors below).
+
+3.6.6 Here Documents
+--------------------
+
+This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the
+current source until a line containing only WORD (with no trailing
+blanks) is seen.  All of the lines read up to that point are then used
+as the standard input (or file descriptor N if N is specified) for a
+command.
+
+   The format of here-documents is:
+     [N]<<[-]WORD
+             HERE-DOCUMENT
+     DELIMITER
+
+   No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
+expansion, or filename expansion is performed on WORD.  If any part of
+WORD is quoted, the DELIMITER is the result of quote removal on WORD,
+and the lines in the here-document are not expanded.  If WORD is
+unquoted, all lines of the here-document are subjected to parameter
+expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, the character
+sequence '\newline' is ignored, and '\' must be used to quote the
+characters '\', '$', and '`'.
+
+   If the redirection operator is '<<-', then all leading tab characters
+are stripped from input lines and the line containing DELIMITER.  This
+allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural
+fashion.
+
+3.6.7 Here Strings
+------------------
+
+A variant of here documents, the format is:
+     [N]<<< WORD
+
+   The WORD undergoes tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
+command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal.  Pathname
+expansion and word splitting are not performed.  The result is supplied
+as a single string, with a newline appended, to the command on its
+standard input (or file descriptor N if N is specified).
+
+3.6.8 Duplicating File Descriptors
+----------------------------------
+
+The redirection operator
+     [N]<&WORD
+is used to duplicate input file descriptors.  If WORD expands to one or
+more digits, the file descriptor denoted by N is made to be a copy of
+that file descriptor.  If the digits in WORD do not specify a file
+descriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs.  If WORD
+evaluates to '-', file descriptor N is closed.  If N is not specified,
+the standard input (file descriptor 0) is used.
+
+   The operator
+     [N]>&WORD
+is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors.  If N is not
+specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used.  If the
+digits in WORD do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a
+redirection error occurs.  If WORD evaluates to '-', file descriptor N
+is closed.  As a special case, if N is omitted, and WORD does not expand
+to one or more digits or '-', the standard output and standard error are
+redirected as described previously.
+
+3.6.9 Moving File Descriptors
+-----------------------------
+
+The redirection operator
+     [N]<&DIGIT-
+moves the file descriptor DIGIT to file descriptor N, or the standard
+input (file descriptor 0) if N is not specified.  DIGIT is closed after
+being duplicated to N.
+
+   Similarly, the redirection operator
+     [N]>&DIGIT-
+moves the file descriptor DIGIT to file descriptor N, or the standard
+output (file descriptor 1) if N is not specified.
+
+3.6.10 Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing
+-------------------------------------------------------
+
+The redirection operator
+     [N]<>WORD
+causes the file whose name is the expansion of WORD to be opened for
+both reading and writing on file descriptor N, or on file descriptor 0
+if N is not specified.  If the file does not exist, it is created.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Executing Commands,  Next: Shell Scripts,  Prev: Redirections,  Up: Basic Shell Features
+
+3.7 Executing Commands
+======================
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Simple Command Expansion::	How Bash expands simple commands before
+				executing them.
+* Command Search and Execution::	How Bash finds commands and runs them.
+* Command Execution Environment::	The environment in which Bash
+					executes commands that are not
+					shell builtins.
+* Environment::		The environment given to a command.
+* Exit Status::		The status returned by commands and how Bash
+			interprets it.
+* Signals::		What happens when Bash or a command it runs
+			receives a signal.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Simple Command Expansion,  Next: Command Search and Execution,  Up: Executing Commands
+
+3.7.1 Simple Command Expansion
+------------------------------
+
+When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following
+expansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right.
+
+  1. The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments (those
+     preceding the command name) and redirections are saved for later
+     processing.
+
+  2. The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are
+     expanded (*note Shell Expansions::).  If any words remain after
+     expansion, the first word is taken to be the name of the command
+     and the remaining words are the arguments.
+
+  3. Redirections are performed as described above (*note
+     Redirections::).
+
+  4. The text after the '=' in each variable assignment undergoes tilde
+     expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
+     expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the variable.
+
+   If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the
+current shell environment.  Otherwise, the variables are added to the
+environment of the executed command and do not affect the current shell
+environment.  If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a
+readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits with a
+non-zero status.
+
+   If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not
+affect the current shell environment.  A redirection error causes the
+command to exit with a non-zero status.
+
+   If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds
+as described below.  Otherwise, the command exits.  If one of the
+expansions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the
+command is the exit status of the last command substitution performed.
+If there were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status
+of zero.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Command Search and Execution,  Next: Command Execution Environment,  Prev: Simple Command Expansion,  Up: Executing Commands
+
+3.7.2 Command Search and Execution
+----------------------------------
+
+After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple
+command and an optional list of arguments, the following actions are
+taken.
+
+  1. If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to
+     locate it.  If there exists a shell function by that name, that
+     function is invoked as described in *note Shell Functions::.
+
+  2. If the name does not match a function, the shell searches for it in
+     the list of shell builtins.  If a match is found, that builtin is
+     invoked.
+
+  3. If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains
+     no slashes, Bash searches each element of '$PATH' for a directory
+     containing an executable file by that name.  Bash uses a hash table
+     to remember the full pathnames of executable files to avoid
+     multiple 'PATH' searches (see the description of 'hash' in *note
+     Bourne Shell Builtins::).  A full search of the directories in
+     '$PATH' is performed only if the command is not found in the hash
+     table.  If the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a
+     defined shell function named 'command_not_found_handle'.  If that
+     function exists, it is invoked in a separate execution environment
+     with the original command and the original command's arguments as
+     its arguments, and the function's exit status becomes the exit
+     status of that subshell.  If that function is not defined, the
+     shell prints an error message and returns an exit status of 127.
+
+  4. If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or
+     more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a separate
+     execution environment.  Argument 0 is set to the name given, and
+     the remaining arguments to the command are set to the arguments
+     supplied, if any.
+
+  5. If this execution fails because the file is not in executable
+     format, and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a
+     SHELL SCRIPT and the shell executes it as described in *note Shell
+     Scripts::.
+
+  6. If the command was not begun asynchronously, the shell waits for
+     the command to complete and collects its exit status.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Command Execution Environment,  Next: Environment,  Prev: Command Search and Execution,  Up: Executing Commands
+
+3.7.3 Command Execution Environment
+-----------------------------------
+
+The shell has an EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT, which consists of the following:
+
+   * open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
+     redirections supplied to the 'exec' builtin
+
+   * the current working directory as set by 'cd', 'pushd', or 'popd',
+     or inherited by the shell at invocation
+
+   * the file creation mode mask as set by 'umask' or inherited from the
+     shell's parent
+
+   * current traps set by 'trap'
+
+   * shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with 'set'
+     or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment
+
+   * shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the
+     shell's parent in the environment
+
+   * options enabled at invocation (either by default or with
+     command-line arguments) or by 'set'
+
+   * options enabled by 'shopt' (*note The Shopt Builtin::)
+
+   * shell aliases defined with 'alias' (*note Aliases::)
+
+   * various process IDs, including those of background jobs (*note
+     Lists::), the value of '$$', and the value of '$PPID'
+
+   When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be
+executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that
+consists of the following.  Unless otherwise noted, the values are
+inherited from the shell.
+
+   * the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions
+     specified by redirections to the command
+
+   * the current working directory
+
+   * the file creation mode mask
+
+   * shell variables and functions marked for export, along with
+     variables exported for the command, passed in the environment
+     (*note Environment::)
+
+   * traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from
+     the shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored
+
+   A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the
+shell's execution environment.
+
+   Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and
+asynchronous commands are invoked in a subshell environment that is a
+duplicate of the shell environment, except that traps caught by the
+shell are reset to the values that the shell inherited from its parent
+at invocation.  Builtin commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline
+are also executed in a subshell environment.  Changes made to the
+subshell environment cannot affect the shell's execution environment.
+
+   Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value
+of the '-e' option from the parent shell.  When not in POSIX mode, Bash
+clears the '-e' option in such subshells.
+
+   If a command is followed by a '&' and job control is not active, the
+default standard input for the command is the empty file '/dev/null'.
+Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the
+calling shell as modified by redirections.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Environment,  Next: Exit Status,  Prev: Command Execution Environment,  Up: Executing Commands
+
+3.7.4 Environment
+-----------------
+
+When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the
+ENVIRONMENT.  This is a list of name-value pairs, of the form
+'name=value'.
+
+   Bash provides several ways to manipulate the environment.  On
+invocation, the shell scans its own environment and creates a parameter
+for each name found, automatically marking it for EXPORT to child
+processes.  Executed commands inherit the environment.  The 'export' and
+'declare -x' commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and
+deleted from the environment.  If the value of a parameter in the
+environment is modified, the new value becomes part of the environment,
+replacing the old.  The environment inherited by any executed command
+consists of the shell's initial environment, whose values may be
+modified in the shell, less any pairs removed by the 'unset' and 'export
+-n' commands, plus any additions via the 'export' and 'declare -x'
+commands.
+
+   The environment for any simple command or function may be augmented
+temporarily by prefixing it with parameter assignments, as described in
+*note Shell Parameters::.  These assignment statements affect only the
+environment seen by that command.
+
+   If the '-k' option is set (*note The Set Builtin::), then all
+parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not
+just those that precede the command name.
+
+   When Bash invokes an external command, the variable '$_' is set to
+the full pathname of the command and passed to that command in its
+environment.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Exit Status,  Next: Signals,  Prev: Environment,  Up: Executing Commands
+
+3.7.5 Exit Status
+-----------------
+
+The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the
+WAITPID system call or equivalent function.  Exit statuses fall between
+0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may use values above
+125 specially.  Exit statuses from shell builtins and compound commands
+are also limited to this range.  Under certain circumstances, the shell
+will use special values to indicate specific failure modes.
+
+   For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a zero exit
+status has succeeded.  A non-zero exit status indicates failure.  This
+seemingly counter-intuitive scheme is used so there is one well-defined
+way to indicate success and a variety of ways to indicate various
+failure modes.  When a command terminates on a fatal signal whose number
+is N, Bash uses the value 128+N as the exit status.
+
+   If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it
+returns a status of 127.  If a command is found but is not executable,
+the return status is 126.
+
+   If a command fails because of an error during expansion or
+redirection, the exit status is greater than zero.
+
+   The exit status is used by the Bash conditional commands (*note
+Conditional Constructs::) and some of the list constructs (*note
+Lists::).
+
+   All of the Bash builtins return an exit status of zero if they
+succeed and a non-zero status on failure, so they may be used by the
+conditional and list constructs.  All builtins return an exit status of
+2 to indicate incorrect usage, generally invalid options or missing
+arguments.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Signals,  Prev: Exit Status,  Up: Executing Commands
+
+3.7.6 Signals
+-------------
+
+When Bash is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores
+'SIGTERM' (so that 'kill 0' does not kill an interactive shell), and
+'SIGINT' is caught and handled (so that the 'wait' builtin is
+interruptible).  When Bash receives a 'SIGINT', it breaks out of any
+executing loops.  In all cases, Bash ignores 'SIGQUIT'.  If job control
+is in effect (*note Job Control::), Bash ignores 'SIGTTIN', 'SIGTTOU',
+and 'SIGTSTP'.
+
+   Non-builtin commands started by Bash have signal handlers set to the
+values inherited by the shell from its parent.  When job control is not
+in effect, asynchronous commands ignore 'SIGINT' and 'SIGQUIT' in
+addition to these inherited handlers.  Commands run as a result of
+command substitution ignore the keyboard-generated job control signals
+'SIGTTIN', 'SIGTTOU', and 'SIGTSTP'.
+
+   The shell exits by default upon receipt of a 'SIGHUP'.  Before
+exiting, an interactive shell resends the 'SIGHUP' to all jobs, running
+or stopped.  Stopped jobs are sent 'SIGCONT' to ensure that they receive
+the 'SIGHUP'.  To prevent the shell from sending the 'SIGHUP' signal to
+a particular job, it should be removed from the jobs table with the
+'disown' builtin (*note Job Control Builtins::) or marked to not receive
+'SIGHUP' using 'disown -h'.
+
+   If the 'huponexit' shell option has been set with 'shopt' (*note The
+Shopt Builtin::), Bash sends a 'SIGHUP' to all jobs when an interactive
+login shell exits.
+
+   If Bash is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal
+for which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until the
+command completes.  When Bash is waiting for an asynchronous command via
+the 'wait' builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap has been
+set will cause the 'wait' builtin to return immediately with an exit
+status greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is executed.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Shell Scripts,  Prev: Executing Commands,  Up: Basic Shell Features
+
+3.8 Shell Scripts
+=================
+
+A shell script is a text file containing shell commands.  When such a
+file is used as the first non-option argument when invoking Bash, and
+neither the '-c' nor '-s' option is supplied (*note Invoking Bash::),
+Bash reads and executes commands from the file, then exits.  This mode
+of operation creates a non-interactive shell.  The shell first searches
+for the file in the current directory, and looks in the directories in
+'$PATH' if not found there.
+
+   When Bash runs a shell script, it sets the special parameter '0' to
+the name of the file, rather than the name of the shell, and the
+positional parameters are set to the remaining arguments, if any are
+given.  If no additional arguments are supplied, the positional
+parameters are unset.
+
+   A shell script may be made executable by using the 'chmod' command to
+turn on the execute bit.  When Bash finds such a file while searching
+the '$PATH' for a command, it spawns a subshell to execute it.  In other
+words, executing
+     filename ARGUMENTS
+is equivalent to executing
+     bash filename ARGUMENTS
+
+if 'filename' is an executable shell script.  This subshell
+reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as if a new shell had been
+invoked to interpret the script, with the exception that the locations
+of commands remembered by the parent (see the description of 'hash' in
+*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) are retained by the child.
+
+   Most versions of Unix make this a part of the operating system's
+command execution mechanism.  If the first line of a script begins with
+the two characters '#!', the remainder of the line specifies an
+interpreter for the program.  Thus, you can specify Bash, 'awk', Perl,
+or some other interpreter and write the rest of the script file in that
+language.
+
+   The arguments to the interpreter consist of a single optional
+argument following the interpreter name on the first line of the script
+file, followed by the name of the script file, followed by the rest of
+the arguments.  Bash will perform this action on operating systems that
+do not handle it themselves.  Note that some older versions of Unix
+limit the interpreter name and argument to a maximum of 32 characters.
+
+   Bash scripts often begin with '#! /bin/bash' (assuming that Bash has
+been installed in '/bin'), since this ensures that Bash will be used to
+interpret the script, even if it is executed under another shell.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Shell Builtin Commands,  Next: Shell Variables,  Prev: Basic Shell Features,  Up: Top
+
+4 Shell Builtin Commands
+************************
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Bourne Shell Builtins::	Builtin commands inherited from the Bourne
+				Shell.
+* Bash Builtins::		Table of builtins specific to Bash.
+* Modifying Shell Behavior::	Builtins to modify shell attributes and
+				optional behavior.
+* Special Builtins::		Builtin commands classified specially by
+				POSIX.
+
+Builtin commands are contained within the shell itself.  When the name
+of a builtin command is used as the first word of a simple command
+(*note Simple Commands::), the shell executes the command directly,
+without invoking another program.  Builtin commands are necessary to
+implement functionality impossible or inconvenient to obtain with
+separate utilities.
+
+   This section briefly describes the builtins which Bash inherits from
+the Bourne Shell, as well as the builtin commands which are unique to or
+have been extended in Bash.
+
+   Several builtin commands are described in other chapters: builtin
+commands which provide the Bash interface to the job control facilities
+(*note Job Control Builtins::), the directory stack (*note Directory
+Stack Builtins::), the command history (*note Bash History Builtins::),
+and the programmable completion facilities (*note Programmable
+Completion Builtins::).
+
+   Many of the builtins have been extended by POSIX or Bash.
+
+   Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented as accepting
+options preceded by '-' accepts '--' to signify the end of the options.
+The ':', 'true', 'false', and 'test'/'[' builtins do not accept options
+and do not treat '--' specially.  The 'exit', 'logout', 'return',
+'break', 'continue', 'let', and 'shift' builtins accept and process
+arguments beginning with '-' without requiring '--'.  Other builtins
+that accept arguments but are not specified as accepting options
+interpret arguments beginning with '-' as invalid options and require
+'--' to prevent this interpretation.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Bourne Shell Builtins,  Next: Bash Builtins,  Up: Shell Builtin Commands
+
+4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins
+=========================
+
+The following shell builtin commands are inherited from the Bourne
+Shell.  These commands are implemented as specified by the POSIX
+standard.
+
+': (a colon)'
+          : [ARGUMENTS]
+
+     Do nothing beyond expanding ARGUMENTS and performing redirections.
+     The return status is zero.
+
+'. (a period)'
+          . FILENAME [ARGUMENTS]
+
+     Read and execute commands from the FILENAME argument in the current
+     shell context.  If FILENAME does not contain a slash, the 'PATH'
+     variable is used to find FILENAME.  When Bash is not in POSIX mode,
+     the current directory is searched if FILENAME is not found in
+     '$PATH'.  If any ARGUMENTS are supplied, they become the positional
+     parameters when FILENAME is executed.  Otherwise the positional
+     parameters are unchanged.  If the '-T' option is enabled, 'source'
+     inherits any trap on 'DEBUG'; if it is not, any 'DEBUG' trap string
+     is saved and restored around the call to 'source', and 'source'
+     unsets the 'DEBUG' trap while it executes.  If '-T' is not set, and
+     the sourced file changes the 'DEBUG' trap, the new value is
+     retained when 'source' completes.  The return status is the exit
+     status of the last command executed, or zero if no commands are
+     executed.  If FILENAME is not found, or cannot be read, the return
+     status is non-zero.  This builtin is equivalent to 'source'.
+
+'break'
+          break [N]
+
+     Exit from a 'for', 'while', 'until', or 'select' loop.  If N is
+     supplied, the Nth enclosing loop is exited.  N must be greater than
+     or equal to 1.  The return status is zero unless N is not greater
+     than or equal to 1.
+
+'cd'
+          cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@] [DIRECTORY]
+
+     Change the current working directory to DIRECTORY.  If DIRECTORY is
+     not supplied, the value of the 'HOME' shell variable is used.  Any
+     additional arguments following DIRECTORY are ignored.  If the shell
+     variable 'CDPATH' exists, it is used as a search path: each
+     directory name in 'CDPATH' is searched for DIRECTORY, with
+     alternative directory names in 'CDPATH' separated by a colon (':').
+     If DIRECTORY begins with a slash, 'CDPATH' is not used.
+
+     The '-P' option means to not follow symbolic links: symbolic links
+     are resolved while 'cd' is traversing DIRECTORY and before
+     processing an instance of '..' in DIRECTORY.
+
+     By default, or when the '-L' option is supplied, symbolic links in
+     DIRECTORY are resolved after 'cd' processes an instance of '..' in
+     DIRECTORY.
+
+     If '..' appears in DIRECTORY, it is processed by removing the
+     immediately preceding pathname component, back to a slash or the
+     beginning of DIRECTORY.
+
+     If the '-e' option is supplied with '-P' and the current working
+     directory cannot be successfully determined after a successful
+     directory change, 'cd' will return an unsuccessful status.
+
+     On systems that support it, the '-@' option presents the extended
+     attributes associated with a file as a directory.
+
+     If DIRECTORY is '-', it is converted to '$OLDPWD' before the
+     directory change is attempted.
+
+     If a non-empty directory name from 'CDPATH' is used, or if '-' is
+     the first argument, and the directory change is successful, the
+     absolute pathname of the new working directory is written to the
+     standard output.
+
+     The return status is zero if the directory is successfully changed,
+     non-zero otherwise.
+
+'continue'
+          continue [N]
+
+     Resume the next iteration of an enclosing 'for', 'while', 'until',
+     or 'select' loop.  If N is supplied, the execution of the Nth
+     enclosing loop is resumed.  N must be greater than or equal to 1.
+     The return status is zero unless N is not greater than or equal to
+     1.
+
+'eval'
+          eval [ARGUMENTS]
+
+     The arguments are concatenated together into a single command,
+     which is then read and executed, and its exit status returned as
+     the exit status of 'eval'.  If there are no arguments or only empty
+     arguments, the return status is zero.
+
+'exec'
+          exec [-cl] [-a NAME] [COMMAND [ARGUMENTS]]
+
+     If COMMAND is supplied, it replaces the shell without creating a
+     new process.  If the '-l' option is supplied, the shell places a
+     dash at the beginning of the zeroth argument passed to COMMAND.
+     This is what the 'login' program does.  The '-c' option causes
+     COMMAND to be executed with an empty environment.  If '-a' is
+     supplied, the shell passes NAME as the zeroth argument to COMMAND.
+     If COMMAND cannot be executed for some reason, a non-interactive
+     shell exits, unless the 'execfail' shell option is enabled.  In
+     that case, it returns failure.  An interactive shell returns
+     failure if the file cannot be executed.  A subshell exits
+     unconditionally if 'exec' fails.  If no COMMAND is specified,
+     redirections may be used to affect the current shell environment.
+     If there are no redirection errors, the return status is zero;
+     otherwise the return status is non-zero.
+
+'exit'
+          exit [N]
+
+     Exit the shell, returning a status of N to the shell's parent.  If
+     N is omitted, the exit status is that of the last command executed.
+     Any trap on 'EXIT' is executed before the shell terminates.
+
+'export'
+          export [-fn] [-p] [NAME[=VALUE]]
+
+     Mark each NAME to be passed to child processes in the environment.
+     If the '-f' option is supplied, the NAMEs refer to shell functions;
+     otherwise the names refer to shell variables.  The '-n' option
+     means to no longer mark each NAME for export.  If no NAMES are
+     supplied, or if the '-p' option is given, a list of names of all
+     exported variables is displayed.  The '-p' option displays output
+     in a form that may be reused as input.  If a variable name is
+     followed by =VALUE, the value of the variable is set to VALUE.
+
+     The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied, one
+     of the names is not a valid shell variable name, or '-f' is
+     supplied with a name that is not a shell function.
+
+'getopts'
+          getopts OPTSTRING NAME [ARGS]
+
+     'getopts' is used by shell scripts to parse positional parameters.
+     OPTSTRING contains the option characters to be recognized; if a
+     character is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an
+     argument, which should be separated from it by whitespace.  The
+     colon (':') and question mark ('?') may not be used as option
+     characters.  Each time it is invoked, 'getopts' places the next
+     option in the shell variable NAME, initializing NAME if it does not
+     exist, and the index of the next argument to be processed into the
+     variable 'OPTIND'.  'OPTIND' is initialized to 1 each time the
+     shell or a shell script is invoked.  When an option requires an
+     argument, 'getopts' places that argument into the variable
+     'OPTARG'.  The shell does not reset 'OPTIND' automatically; it must
+     be manually reset between multiple calls to 'getopts' within the
+     same shell invocation if a new set of parameters is to be used.
+
+     When the end of options is encountered, 'getopts' exits with a
+     return value greater than zero.  'OPTIND' is set to the index of
+     the first non-option argument, and NAME is set to '?'.
+
+     'getopts' normally parses the positional parameters, but if more
+     arguments are given in ARGS, 'getopts' parses those instead.
+
+     'getopts' can report errors in two ways.  If the first character of
+     OPTSTRING is a colon, SILENT error reporting is used.  In normal
+     operation, diagnostic messages are printed when invalid options or
+     missing option arguments are encountered.  If the variable 'OPTERR'
+     is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed, even if the first
+     character of 'optstring' is not a colon.
+
+     If an invalid option is seen, 'getopts' places '?' into NAME and,
+     if not silent, prints an error message and unsets 'OPTARG'.  If
+     'getopts' is silent, the option character found is placed in
+     'OPTARG' and no diagnostic message is printed.
+
+     If a required argument is not found, and 'getopts' is not silent, a
+     question mark ('?') is placed in NAME, 'OPTARG' is unset, and a
+     diagnostic message is printed.  If 'getopts' is silent, then a
+     colon (':') is placed in NAME and 'OPTARG' is set to the option
+     character found.
+
+'hash'
+          hash [-r] [-p FILENAME] [-dt] [NAME]
+
+     Each time 'hash' is invoked, it remembers the full pathnames of the
+     commands specified as NAME arguments, so they need not be searched
+     for on subsequent invocations.  The commands are found by searching
+     through the directories listed in '$PATH'.  Any
+     previously-remembered pathname is discarded.  The '-p' option
+     inhibits the path search, and FILENAME is used as the location of
+     NAME.  The '-r' option causes the shell to forget all remembered
+     locations.  The '-d' option causes the shell to forget the
+     remembered location of each NAME.  If the '-t' option is supplied,
+     the full pathname to which each NAME corresponds is printed.  If
+     multiple NAME arguments are supplied with '-t', the NAME is printed
+     before the hashed full pathname.  The '-l' option causes output to
+     be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.  If no
+     arguments are given, or if only '-l' is supplied, information about
+     remembered commands is printed.  The return status is zero unless a
+     NAME is not found or an invalid option is supplied.
+
+'pwd'
+          pwd [-LP]
+
+     Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.  If
+     the '-P' option is supplied, the pathname printed will not contain
+     symbolic links.  If the '-L' option is supplied, the pathname
+     printed may contain symbolic links.  The return status is zero
+     unless an error is encountered while determining the name of the
+     current directory or an invalid option is supplied.
+
+'readonly'
+          readonly [-aAf] [-p] [NAME[=VALUE]] ...
+
+     Mark each NAME as readonly.  The values of these names may not be
+     changed by subsequent assignment.  If the '-f' option is supplied,
+     each NAME refers to a shell function.  The '-a' option means each
+     NAME refers to an indexed array variable; the '-A' option means
+     each NAME refers to an associative array variable.  If both options
+     are supplied, '-A' takes precedence.  If no NAME arguments are
+     given, or if the '-p' option is supplied, a list of all readonly
+     names is printed.  The other options may be used to restrict the
+     output to a subset of the set of readonly names.  The '-p' option
+     causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as
+     input.  If a variable name is followed by =VALUE, the value of the
+     variable is set to VALUE.  The return status is zero unless an
+     invalid option is supplied, one of the NAME arguments is not a
+     valid shell variable or function name, or the '-f' option is
+     supplied with a name that is not a shell function.
+
+'return'
+          return [N]
+
+     Cause a shell function to stop executing and return the value N to
+     its caller.  If N is not supplied, the return value is the exit
+     status of the last command executed in the function.  If 'return'
+     is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to determine
+     the status is the last command executed before the trap handler.
+     If 'return' is executed during a 'DEBUG' trap, the last command
+     used to determine the status is the last command executed by the
+     trap handler before 'return' was invoked.  'return' may also be
+     used to terminate execution of a script being executed with the '.'
+     ('source') builtin, returning either N or the exit status of the
+     last command executed within the script as the exit status of the
+     script.  If N is supplied, the return value is its least
+     significant 8 bits.  Any command associated with the 'RETURN' trap
+     is executed before execution resumes after the function or script.
+     The return status is non-zero if 'return' is supplied a non-numeric
+     argument or is used outside a function and not during the execution
+     of a script by '.' or 'source'.
+
+'shift'
+          shift [N]
+
+     Shift the positional parameters to the left by N.  The positional
+     parameters from N+1 ... '$#' are renamed to '$1' ... '$#'-N.
+     Parameters represented by the numbers '$#' to '$#'-N+1 are unset.
+     N must be a non-negative number less than or equal to '$#'.  If N
+     is zero or greater than '$#', the positional parameters are not
+     changed.  If N is not supplied, it is assumed to be 1.  The return
+     status is zero unless N is greater than '$#' or less than zero,
+     non-zero otherwise.
+
+'test'
+'['
+          test EXPR
+
+     Evaluate a conditional expression EXPR and return a status of 0
+     (true) or 1 (false).  Each operator and operand must be a separate
+     argument.  Expressions are composed of the primaries described
+     below in *note Bash Conditional Expressions::.  'test' does not
+     accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore an argument of
+     '--' as signifying the end of options.
+
+     When the '[' form is used, the last argument to the command must be
+     a ']'.
+
+     Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed
+     in decreasing order of precedence.  The evaluation depends on the
+     number of arguments; see below.  Operator precedence is used when
+     there are five or more arguments.
+
+     '! EXPR'
+          True if EXPR is false.
+
+     '( EXPR )'
+          Returns the value of EXPR.  This may be used to override the
+          normal precedence of operators.
+
+     'EXPR1 -a EXPR2'
+          True if both EXPR1 and EXPR2 are true.
+
+     'EXPR1 -o EXPR2'
+          True if either EXPR1 or EXPR2 is true.
+
+     The 'test' and '[' builtins evaluate conditional expressions using
+     a set of rules based on the number of arguments.
+
+     0 arguments
+          The expression is false.
+
+     1 argument
+          The expression is true if, and only if, the argument is not
+          null.
+
+     2 arguments
+          If the first argument is '!', the expression is true if and
+          only if the second argument is null.  If the first argument is
+          one of the unary conditional operators (*note Bash Conditional
+          Expressions::), the expression is true if the unary test is
+          true.  If the first argument is not a valid unary operator,
+          the expression is false.
+
+     3 arguments
+          The following conditions are applied in the order listed.
+
+            1. If the second argument is one of the binary conditional
+               operators (*note Bash Conditional Expressions::), the
+               result of the expression is the result of the binary test
+               using the first and third arguments as operands.  The
+               '-a' and '-o' operators are considered binary operators
+               when there are three arguments.
+            2. If the first argument is '!', the value is the negation
+               of the two-argument test using the second and third
+               arguments.
+            3. If the first argument is exactly '(' and the third
+               argument is exactly ')', the result is the one-argument
+               test of the second argument.
+            4. Otherwise, the expression is false.
+
+     4 arguments
+          If the first argument is '!', the result is the negation of
+          the three-argument expression composed of the remaining
+          arguments.  Otherwise, the expression is parsed and evaluated
+          according to precedence using the rules listed above.
+
+     5 or more arguments
+          The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence
+          using the rules listed above.
+
+     When used with 'test' or '[', the '<' and '>' operators sort
+     lexicographically using ASCII ordering.
+
+'times'
+          times
+
+     Print out the user and system times used by the shell and its
+     children.  The return status is zero.
+
+'trap'
+          trap [-lp] [ARG] [SIGSPEC ...]
+
+     The commands in ARG are to be read and executed when the shell
+     receives signal SIGSPEC.  If ARG is absent (and there is a single
+     SIGSPEC) or equal to '-', each specified signal's disposition is
+     reset to the value it had when the shell was started.  If ARG is
+     the null string, then the signal specified by each SIGSPEC is
+     ignored by the shell and commands it invokes.  If ARG is not
+     present and '-p' has been supplied, the shell displays the trap
+     commands associated with each SIGSPEC.  If no arguments are
+     supplied, or only '-p' is given, 'trap' prints the list of commands
+     associated with each signal number in a form that may be reused as
+     shell input.  The '-l' option causes the shell to print a list of
+     signal names and their corresponding numbers.  Each SIGSPEC is
+     either a signal name or a signal number.  Signal names are case
+     insensitive and the 'SIG' prefix is optional.
+
+     If a SIGSPEC is '0' or 'EXIT', ARG is executed when the shell
+     exits.  If a SIGSPEC is 'DEBUG', the command ARG is executed before
+     every simple command, 'for' command, 'case' command, 'select'
+     command, every arithmetic 'for' command, and before the first
+     command executes in a shell function.  Refer to the description of
+     the 'extdebug' option to the 'shopt' builtin (*note The Shopt
+     Builtin::) for details of its effect on the 'DEBUG' trap.  If a
+     SIGSPEC is 'RETURN', the command ARG is executed each time a shell
+     function or a script executed with the '.' or 'source' builtins
+     finishes executing.
+
+     If a SIGSPEC is 'ERR', the command ARG is executed whenever a
+     pipeline (which may consist of a single simple command), a list, or
+     a compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to the
+     following conditions.  The 'ERR' trap is not executed if the failed
+     command is part of the command list immediately following an
+     'until' or 'while' keyword, part of the test following the 'if' or
+     'elif' reserved words, part of a command executed in a '&&' or '||'
+     list except the command following the final '&&' or '||', any
+     command in a pipeline but the last, or if the command's return
+     status is being inverted using '!'.  These are the same conditions
+     obeyed by the 'errexit' ('-e') option.
+
+     Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.
+     Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to their
+     original values in a subshell or subshell environment when one is
+     created.
+
+     The return status is zero unless a SIGSPEC does not specify a valid
+     signal.
+
+'umask'
+          umask [-p] [-S] [MODE]
+
+     Set the shell process's file creation mask to MODE.  If MODE begins
+     with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; if not, it is
+     interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by the
+     'chmod' command.  If MODE is omitted, the current value of the mask
+     is printed.  If the '-S' option is supplied without a MODE
+     argument, the mask is printed in a symbolic format.  If the '-p'
+     option is supplied, and MODE is omitted, the output is in a form
+     that may be reused as input.  The return status is zero if the mode
+     is successfully changed or if no MODE argument is supplied, and
+     non-zero otherwise.
+
+     Note that when the mode is interpreted as an octal number, each
+     number of the umask is subtracted from '7'.  Thus, a umask of '022'
+     results in permissions of '755'.
+
+'unset'
+          unset [-fnv] [NAME]
+
+     Remove each variable or function NAME.  If the '-v' option is
+     given, each NAME refers to a shell variable and that variable is
+     removed.  If the '-f' option is given, the NAMEs refer to shell
+     functions, and the function definition is removed.  If the '-n'
+     option is supplied, and NAME is a variable with the NAMEREF
+     attribute, NAME will be unset rather than the variable it
+     references.  '-n' has no effect if the '-f' option is supplied.  If
+     no options are supplied, each NAME refers to a variable; if there
+     is no variable by that name, any function with that name is unset.
+     Readonly variables and functions may not be unset.  The return
+     status is zero unless a NAME is readonly.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Bash Builtins,  Next: Modifying Shell Behavior,  Prev: Bourne Shell Builtins,  Up: Shell Builtin Commands
+
+4.2 Bash Builtin Commands
+=========================
+
+This section describes builtin commands which are unique to or have been
+extended in Bash.  Some of these commands are specified in the POSIX
+standard.
+
+'alias'
+          alias [-p] [NAME[=VALUE] ...]
+
+     Without arguments or with the '-p' option, 'alias' prints the list
+     of aliases on the standard output in a form that allows them to be
+     reused as input.  If arguments are supplied, an alias is defined
+     for each NAME whose VALUE is given.  If no VALUE is given, the name
+     and value of the alias is printed.  Aliases are described in *note
+     Aliases::.
+
+'bind'
+          bind [-m KEYMAP] [-lpsvPSVX]
+          bind [-m KEYMAP] [-q FUNCTION] [-u FUNCTION] [-r KEYSEQ]
+          bind [-m KEYMAP] -f FILENAME
+          bind [-m KEYMAP] -x KEYSEQ:SHELL-COMMAND
+          bind [-m KEYMAP] KEYSEQ:FUNCTION-NAME
+          bind [-m KEYMAP] KEYSEQ:READLINE-COMMAND
+
+     Display current Readline (*note Command Line Editing::) key and
+     function bindings, bind a key sequence to a Readline function or
+     macro, or set a Readline variable.  Each non-option argument is a
+     command as it would appear in a Readline initialization file (*note
+     Readline Init File::), but each binding or command must be passed
+     as a separate argument; e.g., '"\C-x\C-r":re-read-init-file'.
+
+     Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+
+     '-m KEYMAP'
+          Use KEYMAP as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent
+          bindings.  Acceptable KEYMAP names are 'emacs',
+          'emacs-standard', 'emacs-meta', 'emacs-ctlx', 'vi', 'vi-move',
+          'vi-command', and 'vi-insert'.  'vi' is equivalent to
+          'vi-command' ('vi-move' is also a synonym); 'emacs' is
+          equivalent to 'emacs-standard'.
+
+     '-l'
+          List the names of all Readline functions.
+
+     '-p'
+          Display Readline function names and bindings in such a way
+          that they can be used as input or in a Readline initialization
+          file.
+
+     '-P'
+          List current Readline function names and bindings.
+
+     '-v'
+          Display Readline variable names and values in such a way that
+          they can be used as input or in a Readline initialization
+          file.
+
+     '-V'
+          List current Readline variable names and values.
+
+     '-s'
+          Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings
+          they output in such a way that they can be used as input or in
+          a Readline initialization file.
+
+     '-S'
+          Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings
+          they output.
+
+     '-f FILENAME'
+          Read key bindings from FILENAME.
+
+     '-q FUNCTION'
+          Query about which keys invoke the named FUNCTION.
+
+     '-u FUNCTION'
+          Unbind all keys bound to the named FUNCTION.
+
+     '-r KEYSEQ'
+          Remove any current binding for KEYSEQ.
+
+     '-x KEYSEQ:SHELL-COMMAND'
+          Cause SHELL-COMMAND to be executed whenever KEYSEQ is entered.
+          When SHELL-COMMAND is executed, the shell sets the
+          'READLINE_LINE' variable to the contents of the Readline line
+          buffer and the 'READLINE_POINT' variable to the current
+          location of the insertion point.  If the executed command
+          changes the value of 'READLINE_LINE' or 'READLINE_POINT',
+          those new values will be reflected in the editing state.
+
+     '-X'
+          List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the
+          associated commands in a format that can be reused as input.
+
+     The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied or
+     an error occurs.
+
+'builtin'
+          builtin [SHELL-BUILTIN [ARGS]]
+
+     Run a shell builtin, passing it ARGS, and return its exit status.
+     This is useful when defining a shell function with the same name as
+     a shell builtin, retaining the functionality of the builtin within
+     the function.  The return status is non-zero if SHELL-BUILTIN is
+     not a shell builtin command.
+
+'caller'
+          caller [EXPR]
+
+     Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell function
+     or a script executed with the '.' or 'source' builtins).
+
+     Without EXPR, 'caller' displays the line number and source filename
+     of the current subroutine call.  If a non-negative integer is
+     supplied as EXPR, 'caller' displays the line number, subroutine
+     name, and source file corresponding to that position in the current
+     execution call stack.  This extra information may be used, for
+     example, to print a stack trace.  The current frame is frame 0.
+
+     The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a
+     subroutine call or EXPR does not correspond to a valid position in
+     the call stack.
+
+'command'
+          command [-pVv] COMMAND [ARGUMENTS ...]
+
+     Runs COMMAND with ARGUMENTS ignoring any shell function named
+     COMMAND.  Only shell builtin commands or commands found by
+     searching the 'PATH' are executed.  If there is a shell function
+     named 'ls', running 'command ls' within the function will execute
+     the external command 'ls' instead of calling the function
+     recursively.  The '-p' option means to use a default value for
+     'PATH' that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities.
+     The return status in this case is 127 if COMMAND cannot be found or
+     an error occurred, and the exit status of COMMAND otherwise.
+
+     If either the '-V' or '-v' option is supplied, a description of
+     COMMAND is printed.  The '-v' option causes a single word
+     indicating the command or file name used to invoke COMMAND to be
+     displayed; the '-V' option produces a more verbose description.  In
+     this case, the return status is zero if COMMAND is found, and
+     non-zero if not.
+
+'declare'
+          declare [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] [NAME[=VALUE] ...]
+
+     Declare variables and give them attributes.  If no NAMEs are given,
+     then display the values of variables instead.
+
+     The '-p' option will display the attributes and values of each
+     NAME.  When '-p' is used with NAME arguments, additional options,
+     other than '-f' and '-F', are ignored.
+
+     When '-p' is supplied without NAME arguments, 'declare' will
+     display the attributes and values of all variables having the
+     attributes specified by the additional options.  If no other
+     options are supplied with '-p', 'declare' will display the
+     attributes and values of all shell variables.  The '-f' option will
+     restrict the display to shell functions.
+
+     The '-F' option inhibits the display of function definitions; only
+     the function name and attributes are printed.  If the 'extdebug'
+     shell option is enabled using 'shopt' (*note The Shopt Builtin::),
+     the source file name and line number where each NAME is defined are
+     displayed as well.  '-F' implies '-f'.
+
+     The '-g' option forces variables to be created or modified at the
+     global scope, even when 'declare' is executed in a shell function.
+     It is ignored in all other cases.
+
+     The following options can be used to restrict output to variables
+     with the specified attributes or to give variables attributes:
+
+     '-a'
+          Each NAME is an indexed array variable (*note Arrays::).
+
+     '-A'
+          Each NAME is an associative array variable (*note Arrays::).
+
+     '-f'
+          Use function names only.
+
+     '-i'
+          The variable is to be treated as an integer; arithmetic
+          evaluation (*note Shell Arithmetic::) is performed when the
+          variable is assigned a value.
+
+     '-l'
+          When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case
+          characters are converted to lower-case.  The upper-case
+          attribute is disabled.
+
+     '-n'
+          Give each NAME the NAMEREF attribute, making it a name
+          reference to another variable.  That other variable is defined
+          by the value of NAME.  All references, assignments, and
+          attribute modifications to NAME, except for those using or
+          changing the '-n' attribute itself, are performed on the
+          variable referenced by NAME's value.  The nameref attribute
+          cannot be applied to array variables.
+
+     '-r'
+          Make NAMEs readonly.  These names cannot then be assigned
+          values by subsequent assignment statements or unset.
+
+     '-t'
+          Give each NAME the 'trace' attribute.  Traced functions
+          inherit the 'DEBUG' and 'RETURN' traps from the calling shell.
+          The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables.
+
+     '-u'
+          When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case
+          characters are converted to upper-case.  The lower-case
+          attribute is disabled.
+
+     '-x'
+          Mark each NAME for export to subsequent commands via the
+          environment.
+
+     Using '+' instead of '-' turns off the attribute instead, with the
+     exceptions that '+a' and '+A' may not be used to destroy array
+     variables and '+r' will not remove the readonly attribute.  When
+     used in a function, 'declare' makes each NAME local, as with the
+     'local' command, unless the '-g' option is used.  If a variable
+     name is followed by =VALUE, the value of the variable is set to
+     VALUE.
+
+     When using '-a' or '-A' and the compound assignment syntax to
+     create array variables, additional attributes do not take effect
+     until subsequent assignments.
+
+     The return status is zero unless an invalid option is encountered,
+     an attempt is made to define a function using '-f foo=bar', an
+     attempt is made to assign a value to a readonly variable, an
+     attempt is made to assign a value to an array variable without
+     using the compound assignment syntax (*note Arrays::), one of the
+     NAMES is not a valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to
+     turn off readonly status for a readonly variable, an attempt is
+     made to turn off array status for an array variable, or an attempt
+     is made to display a non-existent function with '-f'.
+
+'echo'
+          echo [-neE] [ARG ...]
+
+     Output the ARGs, separated by spaces, terminated with a newline.
+     The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs.  If '-n' is
+     specified, the trailing newline is suppressed.  If the '-e' option
+     is given, interpretation of the following backslash-escaped
+     characters is enabled.  The '-E' option disables the interpretation
+     of these escape characters, even on systems where they are
+     interpreted by default.  The 'xpg_echo' shell option may be used to
+     dynamically determine whether or not 'echo' expands these escape
+     characters by default.  'echo' does not interpret '--' to mean the
+     end of options.
+
+     'echo' interprets the following escape sequences:
+     '\a'
+          alert (bell)
+     '\b'
+          backspace
+     '\c'
+          suppress further output
+     '\e'
+     '\E'
+          escape
+     '\f'
+          form feed
+     '\n'
+          new line
+     '\r'
+          carriage return
+     '\t'
+          horizontal tab
+     '\v'
+          vertical tab
+     '\\'
+          backslash
+     '\0NNN'
+          the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN
+          (zero to three octal digits)
+     '\xHH'
+          the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+          HH (one or two hex digits)
+     '\uHHHH'
+          the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+          hexadecimal value HHHH (one to four hex digits)
+     '\UHHHHHHHH'
+          the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+          hexadecimal value HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits)
+
+'enable'
+          enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f FILENAME] [NAME ...]
+
+     Enable and disable builtin shell commands.  Disabling a builtin
+     allows a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin to
+     be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though the
+     shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands.  If '-n'
+     is used, the NAMEs become disabled.  Otherwise NAMEs are enabled.
+     For example, to use the 'test' binary found via '$PATH' instead of
+     the shell builtin version, type 'enable -n test'.
+
+     If the '-p' option is supplied, or no NAME arguments appear, a list
+     of shell builtins is printed.  With no other arguments, the list
+     consists of all enabled shell builtins.  The '-a' option means to
+     list each builtin with an indication of whether or not it is
+     enabled.
+
+     The '-f' option means to load the new builtin command NAME from
+     shared object FILENAME, on systems that support dynamic loading.
+     The '-d' option will delete a builtin loaded with '-f'.
+
+     If there are no options, a list of the shell builtins is displayed.
+     The '-s' option restricts 'enable' to the POSIX special builtins.
+     If '-s' is used with '-f', the new builtin becomes a special
+     builtin (*note Special Builtins::).
+
+     The return status is zero unless a NAME is not a shell builtin or
+     there is an error loading a new builtin from a shared object.
+
+'help'
+          help [-dms] [PATTERN]
+
+     Display helpful information about builtin commands.  If PATTERN is
+     specified, 'help' gives detailed help on all commands matching
+     PATTERN, otherwise a list of the builtins is printed.
+
+     Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+
+     '-d'
+          Display a short description of each PATTERN
+     '-m'
+          Display the description of each PATTERN in a manpage-like
+          format
+     '-s'
+          Display only a short usage synopsis for each PATTERN
+
+     The return status is zero unless no command matches PATTERN.
+
+'let'
+          let EXPRESSION [EXPRESSION ...]
+
+     The 'let' builtin allows arithmetic to be performed on shell
+     variables.  Each EXPRESSION is evaluated according to the rules
+     given below in *note Shell Arithmetic::.  If the last EXPRESSION
+     evaluates to 0, 'let' returns 1; otherwise 0 is returned.
+
+'local'
+          local [OPTION] NAME[=VALUE] ...
+
+     For each argument, a local variable named NAME is created, and
+     assigned VALUE.  The OPTION can be any of the options accepted by
+     'declare'.  'local' can only be used within a function; it makes
+     the variable NAME have a visible scope restricted to that function
+     and its children.  If NAME is '-', the set of shell options is made
+     local to the function in which 'local' is invoked: shell options
+     changed using the 'set' builtin inside the function are restored to
+     their original values when the function returns.  The return status
+     is zero unless 'local' is used outside a function, an invalid NAME
+     is supplied, or NAME is a readonly variable.
+
+'logout'
+          logout [N]
+
+     Exit a login shell, returning a status of N to the shell's parent.
+
+'mapfile'
+          mapfile [-d DELIM] [-n COUNT] [-O ORIGIN] [-s COUNT]
+              [-t] [-u FD] [-C CALLBACK] [-c QUANTUM] [ARRAY]
+
+     Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable
+     ARRAY, or from file descriptor FD if the '-u' option is supplied.
+     The variable 'MAPFILE' is the default ARRAY.  Options, if supplied,
+     have the following meanings:
+
+     '-d'
+          The first character of DELIM is used to terminate each input
+          line, rather than newline.  If DELIM is the empty string,
+          'mapfile' will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character.
+     '-n'
+          Copy at most COUNT lines.  If COUNT is 0, all lines are
+          copied.
+     '-O'
+          Begin assigning to ARRAY at index ORIGIN.  The default index
+          is 0.
+     '-s'
+          Discard the first COUNT lines read.
+     '-t'
+          Remove a trailing DELIM (default newline) from each line read.
+     '-u'
+          Read lines from file descriptor FD instead of the standard
+          input.
+     '-C'
+          Evaluate CALLBACK each time QUANTUM lines are read.  The '-c'
+          option specifies QUANTUM.
+     '-c'
+          Specify the number of lines read between each call to
+          CALLBACK.
+
+     If '-C' is specified without '-c', the default quantum is 5000.
+     When CALLBACK is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next
+     array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that
+     element as additional arguments.  CALLBACK is evaluated after the
+     line is read but before the array element is assigned.
+
+     If not supplied with an explicit origin, 'mapfile' will clear ARRAY
+     before assigning to it.
+
+     'mapfile' returns successfully unless an invalid option or option
+     argument is supplied, ARRAY is invalid or unassignable, or ARRAY is
+     not an indexed array.
+
+'printf'
+          printf [-v VAR] FORMAT [ARGUMENTS]
+
+     Write the formatted ARGUMENTS to the standard output under the
+     control of the FORMAT.  The '-v' option causes the output to be
+     assigned to the variable VAR rather than being printed to the
+     standard output.
+
+     The FORMAT is a character string which contains three types of
+     objects: plain characters, which are simply copied to standard
+     output, character escape sequences, which are converted and copied
+     to the standard output, and format specifications, each of which
+     causes printing of the next successive ARGUMENT.  In addition to
+     the standard 'printf(1)' formats, 'printf' interprets the following
+     extensions:
+
+     '%b'
+          Causes 'printf' to expand backslash escape sequences in the
+          corresponding ARGUMENT in the same way as 'echo -e' (*note
+          Bash Builtins::).
+     '%q'
+          Causes 'printf' to output the corresponding ARGUMENT in a
+          format that can be reused as shell input.
+     '%(DATEFMT)T'
+          Causes 'printf' to output the date-time string resulting from
+          using DATEFMT as a format string for 'strftime'(3).  The
+          corresponding ARGUMENT is an integer representing the number
+          of seconds since the epoch.  Two special argument values may
+          be used: -1 represents the current time, and -2 represents the
+          time the shell was invoked.  If no argument is specified,
+          conversion behaves as if -1 had been given.  This is an
+          exception to the usual 'printf' behavior.
+
+     Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C language
+     constants, except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and
+     if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value is
+     the ASCII value of the following character.
+
+     The FORMAT is reused as necessary to consume all of the ARGUMENTS.
+     If the FORMAT requires more ARGUMENTS than are supplied, the extra
+     format specifications behave as if a zero value or null string, as
+     appropriate, had been supplied.  The return value is zero on
+     success, non-zero on failure.
+
+'read'
+          read [-ers] [-a ANAME] [-d DELIM] [-i TEXT] [-n NCHARS]
+              [-N NCHARS] [-p PROMPT] [-t TIMEOUT] [-u FD] [NAME ...]
+
+     One line is read from the standard input, or from the file
+     descriptor FD supplied as an argument to the '-u' option, split
+     into words as described above in *note Word Splitting::, and the
+     first word is assigned to the first NAME, the second word to the
+     second NAME, and so on.  If there are more words than names, the
+     remaining words and their intervening delimiters are assigned to
+     the last NAME.  If there are fewer words read from the input stream
+     than names, the remaining names are assigned empty values.  The
+     characters in the value of the 'IFS' variable are used to split the
+     line into words using the same rules the shell uses for expansion
+     (described above in *note Word Splitting::).  The backslash
+     character '\' may be used to remove any special meaning for the
+     next character read and for line continuation.  If no names are
+     supplied, the line read is assigned to the variable 'REPLY'.  The
+     exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, 'read'
+     times out (in which case the status is greater than 128), a
+     variable assignment error (such as assigning to a readonly
+     variable) occurs, or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the
+     argument to '-u'.
+
+     Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+
+     '-a ANAME'
+          The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array
+          variable ANAME, starting at 0.  All elements are removed from
+          ANAME before the assignment.  Other NAME arguments are
+          ignored.
+
+     '-d DELIM'
+          The first character of DELIM is used to terminate the input
+          line, rather than newline.  If DELIM is the empty string,
+          'read' will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character.
+
+     '-e'
+          Readline (*note Command Line Editing::) is used to obtain the
+          line.  Readline uses the current (or default, if line editing
+          was not previously active) editing settings, but uses
+          Readline's default filename completion.
+
+     '-i TEXT'
+          If Readline is being used to read the line, TEXT is placed
+          into the editing buffer before editing begins.
+
+     '-n NCHARS'
+          'read' returns after reading NCHARS characters rather than
+          waiting for a complete line of input, but honors a delimiter
+          if fewer than NCHARS characters are read before the delimiter.
+
+     '-N NCHARS'
+          'read' returns after reading exactly NCHARS characters rather
+          than waiting for a complete line of input, unless EOF is
+          encountered or 'read' times out.  Delimiter characters
+          encountered in the input are not treated specially and do not
+          cause 'read' to return until NCHARS characters are read.  The
+          result is not split on the characters in 'IFS'; the intent is
+          that the variable is assigned exactly the characters read
+          (with the exception of backslash; see the '-r' option below).
+
+     '-p PROMPT'
+          Display PROMPT, without a trailing newline, before attempting
+          to read any input.  The prompt is displayed only if input is
+          coming from a terminal.
+
+     '-r'
+          If this option is given, backslash does not act as an escape
+          character.  The backslash is considered to be part of the
+          line.  In particular, a backslash-newline pair may not then be
+          used as a line continuation.
+
+     '-s'
+          Silent mode.  If input is coming from a terminal, characters
+          are not echoed.
+
+     '-t TIMEOUT'
+          Cause 'read' to time out and return failure if a complete line
+          of input (or a specified number of characters) is not read
+          within TIMEOUT seconds.  TIMEOUT may be a decimal number with
+          a fractional portion following the decimal point.  This option
+          is only effective if 'read' is reading input from a terminal,
+          pipe, or other special file; it has no effect when reading
+          from regular files.  If 'read' times out, 'read' saves any
+          partial input read into the specified variable NAME.  If
+          TIMEOUT is 0, 'read' returns immediately, without trying to
+          read and data.  The exit status is 0 if input is available on
+          the specified file descriptor, non-zero otherwise.  The exit
+          status is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded.
+
+     '-u FD'
+          Read input from file descriptor FD.
+
+'readarray'
+          readarray [-d DELIM] [-n COUNT] [-O ORIGIN] [-s COUNT]
+              [-t] [-u FD] [-C CALLBACK] [-c QUANTUM] [ARRAY]
+
+     Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable
+     ARRAY, or from file descriptor FD if the '-u' option is supplied.
+
+     A synonym for 'mapfile'.
+
+'source'
+          source FILENAME
+
+     A synonym for '.' (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::).
+
+'type'
+          type [-afptP] [NAME ...]
+
+     For each NAME, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a
+     command name.
+
+     If the '-t' option is used, 'type' prints a single word which is
+     one of 'alias', 'function', 'builtin', 'file' or 'keyword', if NAME
+     is an alias, shell function, shell builtin, disk file, or shell
+     reserved word, respectively.  If the NAME is not found, then
+     nothing is printed, and 'type' returns a failure status.
+
+     If the '-p' option is used, 'type' either returns the name of the
+     disk file that would be executed, or nothing if '-t' would not
+     return 'file'.
+
+     The '-P' option forces a path search for each NAME, even if '-t'
+     would not return 'file'.
+
+     If a command is hashed, '-p' and '-P' print the hashed value, which
+     is not necessarily the file that appears first in '$PATH'.
+
+     If the '-a' option is used, 'type' returns all of the places that
+     contain an executable named FILE.  This includes aliases and
+     functions, if and only if the '-p' option is not also used.
+
+     If the '-f' option is used, 'type' does not attempt to find shell
+     functions, as with the 'command' builtin.
+
+     The return status is zero if all of the NAMES are found, non-zero
+     if any are not found.
+
+'typeset'
+          typeset [-afFgrxilnrtux] [-p] [NAME[=VALUE] ...]
+
+     The 'typeset' command is supplied for compatibility with the Korn
+     shell.  It is a synonym for the 'declare' builtin command.
+
+'ulimit'
+          ulimit [-HSabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPT] [LIMIT]
+
+     'ulimit' provides control over the resources available to processes
+     started by the shell, on systems that allow such control.  If an
+     option is given, it is interpreted as follows:
+
+     '-S'
+          Change and report the soft limit associated with a resource.
+
+     '-H'
+          Change and report the hard limit associated with a resource.
+
+     '-a'
+          All current limits are reported.
+
+     '-b'
+          The maximum socket buffer size.
+
+     '-c'
+          The maximum size of core files created.
+
+     '-d'
+          The maximum size of a process's data segment.
+
+     '-e'
+          The maximum scheduling priority ("nice").
+
+     '-f'
+          The maximum size of files written by the shell and its
+          children.
+
+     '-i'
+          The maximum number of pending signals.
+
+     '-k'
+          The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated.
+
+     '-l'
+          The maximum size that may be locked into memory.
+
+     '-m'
+          The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor this
+          limit).
+
+     '-n'
+          The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems do
+          not allow this value to be set).
+
+     '-p'
+          The pipe buffer size.
+
+     '-q'
+          The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues.
+
+     '-r'
+          The maximum real-time scheduling priority.
+
+     '-s'
+          The maximum stack size.
+
+     '-t'
+          The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds.
+
+     '-u'
+          The maximum number of processes available to a single user.
+
+     '-v'
+          The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell,
+          and, on some systems, to its children.
+
+     '-x'
+          The maximum number of file locks.
+
+     '-P'
+          The maximum number of pseudoterminals.
+
+     '-T'
+          The maximum number of threads.
+
+     If LIMIT is given, and the '-a' option is not used, LIMIT is the
+     new value of the specified resource.  The special LIMIT values
+     'hard', 'soft', and 'unlimited' stand for the current hard limit,
+     the current soft limit, and no limit, respectively.  A hard limit
+     cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a soft limit
+     may be increased up to the value of the hard limit.  Otherwise, the
+     current value of the soft limit for the specified resource is
+     printed, unless the '-H' option is supplied.  When setting new
+     limits, if neither '-H' nor '-S' is supplied, both the hard and
+     soft limits are set.  If no option is given, then '-f' is assumed.
+     Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for '-t', which is in
+     seconds; '-p', which is in units of 512-byte blocks; '-P', '-T',
+     '-b', '-k', '-n' and '-u', which are unscaled values; and, when in
+     POSIX Mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::), '-c' and '-f', which are in
+     512-byte increments.
+
+     The return status is zero unless an invalid option or argument is
+     supplied, or an error occurs while setting a new limit.
+
+'unalias'
+          unalias [-a] [NAME ... ]
+
+     Remove each NAME from the list of aliases.  If '-a' is supplied,
+     all aliases are removed.  Aliases are described in *note Aliases::.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Modifying Shell Behavior,  Next: Special Builtins,  Prev: Bash Builtins,  Up: Shell Builtin Commands
+
+4.3 Modifying Shell Behavior
+============================
+
+* Menu:
+
+* The Set Builtin::		Change the values of shell attributes and
+				positional parameters.
+* The Shopt Builtin::		Modify shell optional behavior.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: The Set Builtin,  Next: The Shopt Builtin,  Up: Modifying Shell Behavior
+
+4.3.1 The Set Builtin
+---------------------
+
+This builtin is so complicated that it deserves its own section.  'set'
+allows you to change the values of shell options and set the positional
+parameters, or to display the names and values of shell variables.
+
+'set'
+          set [--abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [-o OPTION-NAME] [ARGUMENT ...]
+          set [+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [+o OPTION-NAME] [ARGUMENT ...]
+
+     If no options or arguments are supplied, 'set' displays the names
+     and values of all shell variables and functions, sorted according
+     to the current locale, in a format that may be reused as input for
+     setting or resetting the currently-set variables.  Read-only
+     variables cannot be reset.  In POSIX mode, only shell variables are
+     listed.
+
+     When options are supplied, they set or unset shell attributes.
+     Options, if specified, have the following meanings:
+
+     '-a'
+          Each variable or function that is created or modified is given
+          the export attribute and marked for export to the environment
+          of subsequent commands.
+
+     '-b'
+          Cause the status of terminated background jobs to be reported
+          immediately, rather than before printing the next primary
+          prompt.
+
+     '-e'
+          Exit immediately if a pipeline (*note Pipelines::), which may
+          consist of a single simple command (*note Simple Commands::),
+          a list (*note Lists::), or a compound command (*note Compound
+          Commands::) returns a non-zero status.  The shell does not
+          exit if the command that fails is part of the command list
+          immediately following a 'while' or 'until' keyword, part of
+          the test in an 'if' statement, part of any command executed in
+          a '&&' or '||' list except the command following the final
+          '&&' or '||', any command in a pipeline but the last, or if
+          the command's return status is being inverted with '!'.  If a
+          compound command other than a subshell returns a non-zero
+          status because a command failed while '-e' was being ignored,
+          the shell does not exit.  A trap on 'ERR', if set, is executed
+          before the shell exits.
+
+          This option applies to the shell environment and each subshell
+          environment separately (*note Command Execution
+          Environment::), and may cause subshells to exit before
+          executing all the commands in the subshell.
+
+          If a compound command or shell function executes in a context
+          where '-e' is being ignored, none of the commands executed
+          within the compound command or function body will be affected
+          by the '-e' setting, even if '-e' is set and a command returns
+          a failure status.  If a compound command or shell function
+          sets '-e' while executing in a context where '-e' is ignored,
+          that setting will not have any effect until the compound
+          command or the command containing the function call completes.
+
+     '-f'
+          Disable filename expansion (globbing).
+
+     '-h'
+          Locate and remember (hash) commands as they are looked up for
+          execution.  This option is enabled by default.
+
+     '-k'
+          All arguments in the form of assignment statements are placed
+          in the environment for a command, not just those that precede
+          the command name.
+
+     '-m'
+          Job control is enabled (*note Job Control::).  All processes
+          run in a separate process group.  When a background job
+          completes, the shell prints a line containing its exit status.
+
+     '-n'
+          Read commands but do not execute them.  This may be used to
+          check a script for syntax errors.  This option is ignored by
+          interactive shells.
+
+     '-o OPTION-NAME'
+
+          Set the option corresponding to OPTION-NAME:
+
+          'allexport'
+               Same as '-a'.
+
+          'braceexpand'
+               Same as '-B'.
+
+          'emacs'
+               Use an 'emacs'-style line editing interface (*note
+               Command Line Editing::).  This also affects the editing
+               interface used for 'read -e'.
+
+          'errexit'
+               Same as '-e'.
+
+          'errtrace'
+               Same as '-E'.
+
+          'functrace'
+               Same as '-T'.
+
+          'hashall'
+               Same as '-h'.
+
+          'histexpand'
+               Same as '-H'.
+
+          'history'
+               Enable command history, as described in *note Bash
+               History Facilities::.  This option is on by default in
+               interactive shells.
+
+          'ignoreeof'
+               An interactive shell will not exit upon reading EOF.
+
+          'keyword'
+               Same as '-k'.
+
+          'monitor'
+               Same as '-m'.
+
+          'noclobber'
+               Same as '-C'.
+
+          'noexec'
+               Same as '-n'.
+
+          'noglob'
+               Same as '-f'.
+
+          'nolog'
+               Currently ignored.
+
+          'notify'
+               Same as '-b'.
+
+          'nounset'
+               Same as '-u'.
+
+          'onecmd'
+               Same as '-t'.
+
+          'physical'
+               Same as '-P'.
+
+          'pipefail'
+               If set, the return value of a pipeline is the value of
+               the last (rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero
+               status, or zero if all commands in the pipeline exit
+               successfully.  This option is disabled by default.
+
+          'posix'
+               Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation
+               differs from the POSIX standard to match the standard
+               (*note Bash POSIX Mode::).  This is intended to make Bash
+               behave as a strict superset of that standard.
+
+          'privileged'
+               Same as '-p'.
+
+          'verbose'
+               Same as '-v'.
+
+          'vi'
+               Use a 'vi'-style line editing interface.  This also
+               affects the editing interface used for 'read -e'.
+
+          'xtrace'
+               Same as '-x'.
+
+     '-p'
+          Turn on privileged mode.  In this mode, the '$BASH_ENV' and
+          '$ENV' files are not processed, shell functions are not
+          inherited from the environment, and the 'SHELLOPTS',
+          'BASHOPTS', 'CDPATH' and 'GLOBIGNORE' variables, if they
+          appear in the environment, are ignored.  If the shell is
+          started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the
+          real user (group) id, and the '-p' option is not supplied,
+          these actions are taken and the effective user id is set to
+          the real user id.  If the '-p' option is supplied at startup,
+          the effective user id is not reset.  Turning this option off
+          causes the effective user and group ids to be set to the real
+          user and group ids.
+
+     '-t'
+          Exit after reading and executing one command.
+
+     '-u'
+          Treat unset variables and parameters other than the special
+          parameters '@' or '*' as an error when performing parameter
+          expansion.  An error message will be written to the standard
+          error, and a non-interactive shell will exit.
+
+     '-v'
+          Print shell input lines as they are read.
+
+     '-x'
+          Print a trace of simple commands, 'for' commands, 'case'
+          commands, 'select' commands, and arithmetic 'for' commands and
+          their arguments or associated word lists after they are
+          expanded and before they are executed.  The value of the 'PS4'
+          variable is expanded and the resultant value is printed before
+          the command and its expanded arguments.
+
+     '-B'
+          The shell will perform brace expansion (*note Brace
+          Expansion::).  This option is on by default.
+
+     '-C'
+          Prevent output redirection using '>', '>&', and '<>' from
+          overwriting existing files.
+
+     '-E'
+          If set, any trap on 'ERR' is inherited by shell functions,
+          command substitutions, and commands executed in a subshell
+          environment.  The 'ERR' trap is normally not inherited in such
+          cases.
+
+     '-H'
+          Enable '!' style history substitution (*note History
+          Interaction::).  This option is on by default for interactive
+          shells.
+
+     '-P'
+          If set, do not resolve symbolic links when performing commands
+          such as 'cd' which change the current directory.  The physical
+          directory is used instead.  By default, Bash follows the
+          logical chain of directories when performing commands which
+          change the current directory.
+
+          For example, if '/usr/sys' is a symbolic link to
+          '/usr/local/sys' then:
+               $ cd /usr/sys; echo $PWD
+               /usr/sys
+               $ cd ..; pwd
+               /usr
+
+          If 'set -P' is on, then:
+               $ cd /usr/sys; echo $PWD
+               /usr/local/sys
+               $ cd ..; pwd
+               /usr/local
+
+     '-T'
+          If set, any trap on 'DEBUG' and 'RETURN' are inherited by
+          shell functions, command substitutions, and commands executed
+          in a subshell environment.  The 'DEBUG' and 'RETURN' traps are
+          normally not inherited in such cases.
+
+     '--'
+          If no arguments follow this option, then the positional
+          parameters are unset.  Otherwise, the positional parameters
+          are set to the ARGUMENTS, even if some of them begin with a
+          '-'.
+
+     '-'
+          Signal the end of options, cause all remaining ARGUMENTS to be
+          assigned to the positional parameters.  The '-x' and '-v'
+          options are turned off.  If there are no arguments, the
+          positional parameters remain unchanged.
+
+     Using '+' rather than '-' causes these options to be turned off.
+     The options can also be used upon invocation of the shell.  The
+     current set of options may be found in '$-'.
+
+     The remaining N ARGUMENTS are positional parameters and are
+     assigned, in order, to '$1', '$2', ... '$N'.  The special parameter
+     '#' is set to N.
+
+     The return status is always zero unless an invalid option is
+     supplied.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: The Shopt Builtin,  Prev: The Set Builtin,  Up: Modifying Shell Behavior
+
+4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin
+-----------------------
+
+This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior.
+
+'shopt'
+          shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [OPTNAME ...]
+
+     Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behavior.
+     The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the '-o'
+     option is used, those available with the '-o' option to the 'set'
+     builtin command (*note The Set Builtin::).  With no options, or
+     with the '-p' option, a list of all settable options is displayed,
+     with an indication of whether or not each is set; if OPTNAMES are
+     supplied, the output is restricted to those options.  The '-p'
+     option causes output to be displayed in a form that may be reused
+     as input.  Other options have the following meanings:
+
+     '-s'
+          Enable (set) each OPTNAME.
+
+     '-u'
+          Disable (unset) each OPTNAME.
+
+     '-q'
+          Suppresses normal output; the return status indicates whether
+          the OPTNAME is set or unset.  If multiple OPTNAME arguments
+          are given with '-q', the return status is zero if all OPTNAMES
+          are enabled; non-zero otherwise.
+
+     '-o'
+          Restricts the values of OPTNAME to be those defined for the
+          '-o' option to the 'set' builtin (*note The Set Builtin::).
+
+     If either '-s' or '-u' is used with no OPTNAME arguments, 'shopt'
+     shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively.
+
+     Unless otherwise noted, the 'shopt' options are disabled (off) by
+     default.
+
+     The return status when listing options is zero if all OPTNAMES are
+     enabled, non-zero otherwise.  When setting or unsetting options,
+     the return status is zero unless an OPTNAME is not a valid shell
+     option.
+
+     The list of 'shopt' options is:
+
+     'assoc_expand_once'
+          If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of
+          associative array subscripts during arithmetic expression
+          evaluation, while executing builtins that can perform variable
+          assignments, and while executing builtins that perform array
+          dereferencing.
+
+     'autocd'
+          If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is
+          executed as if it were the argument to the 'cd' command.  This
+          option is only used by interactive shells.
+
+     'cdable_vars'
+          If this is set, an argument to the 'cd' builtin command that
+          is not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable
+          whose value is the directory to change to.
+
+     'cdspell'
+          If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component
+          in a 'cd' command will be corrected.  The errors checked for
+          are transposed characters, a missing character, and a
+          character too many.  If a correction is found, the corrected
+          path is printed, and the command proceeds.  This option is
+          only used by interactive shells.
+
+     'checkhash'
+          If this is set, Bash checks that a command found in the hash
+          table exists before trying to execute it.  If a hashed command
+          no longer exists, a normal path search is performed.
+
+     'checkjobs'
+          If set, Bash lists the status of any stopped and running jobs
+          before exiting an interactive shell.  If any jobs are running,
+          this causes the exit to be deferred until a second exit is
+          attempted without an intervening command (*note Job
+          Control::).  The shell always postpones exiting if any jobs
+          are stopped.
+
+     'checkwinsize'
+          If set, Bash checks the window size after each external
+          (non-builtin) command and, if necessary, updates the values of
+          'LINES' and 'COLUMNS'.  This option is enabled by default.
+
+     'cmdhist'
+          If set, Bash attempts to save all lines of a multiple-line
+          command in the same history entry.  This allows easy
+          re-editing of multi-line commands.  This option is enabled by
+          default, but only has an effect if command history is enabled
+          (*note Bash History Facilities::).
+
+     'compat31'
+          If set, Bash changes its behavior to that of version 3.1 with
+          respect to quoted arguments to the conditional command's '=~'
+          operator and with respect to locale-specific string comparison
+          when using the '[[' conditional command's '<' and '>'
+          operators.  Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII
+          collation and strcmp(3); bash-4.1 and later use the current
+          locale's collation sequence and strcoll(3).
+
+     'compat32'
+          If set, Bash changes its behavior to that of version 3.2 with
+          respect to locale-specific string comparison when using the
+          '[[' conditional command's '<' and '>' operators (see previous
+          item) and the effect of interrupting a command list.  Bash
+          versions 3.2 and earlier continue with the next command in the
+          list after one terminates due to an interrupt.
+
+     'compat40'
+          If set, Bash changes its behavior to that of version 4.0 with
+          respect to locale-specific string comparison when using the
+          '[[' conditional command's '<' and '>' operators (see
+          description of 'compat31') and the effect of interrupting a
+          command list.  Bash versions 4.0 and later interrupt the list
+          as if the shell received the interrupt; previous versions
+          continue with the next command in the list.
+
+     'compat41'
+          If set, Bash, when in POSIX mode, treats a single quote in a
+          double-quoted parameter expansion as a special character.  The
+          single quotes must match (an even number) and the characters
+          between the single quotes are considered quoted.  This is the
+          behavior of POSIX mode through version 4.1.  The default Bash
+          behavior remains as in previous versions.
+
+     'compat42'
+          If set, Bash does not process the replacement string in the
+          pattern substitution word expansion using quote removal.
+
+     'compat43'
+          If set, Bash does not print a warning message if an attempt is
+          made to use a quoted compound array assignment as an argument
+          to 'declare', makes word expansion errors non-fatal errors
+          that cause the current command to fail (the default behavior
+          is to make them fatal errors that cause the shell to exit),
+          and does not reset the loop state when a shell function is
+          executed (this allows 'break' or 'continue' in a shell
+          function to affect loops in the caller's context).
+
+     'compat44'
+          If set, Bash saves the positional parameters to BASH_ARGV and
+          BASH_ARGC before they are used, regardless of whether or not
+          extended debugging mode is enabled.
+
+     'complete_fullquote'
+          If set, Bash quotes all shell metacharacters in filenames and
+          directory names when performing completion.  If not set, Bash
+          removes metacharacters such as the dollar sign from the set of
+          characters that will be quoted in completed filenames when
+          these metacharacters appear in shell variable references in
+          words to be completed.  This means that dollar signs in
+          variable names that expand to directories will not be quoted;
+          however, any dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be
+          quoted, either.  This is active only when bash is using
+          backslashes to quote completed filenames.  This variable is
+          set by default, which is the default Bash behavior in versions
+          through 4.2.
+
+     'direxpand'
+          If set, Bash replaces directory names with the results of word
+          expansion when performing filename completion.  This changes
+          the contents of the readline editing buffer.  If not set, Bash
+          attempts to preserve what the user typed.
+
+     'dirspell'
+          If set, Bash attempts spelling correction on directory names
+          during word completion if the directory name initially
+          supplied does not exist.
+
+     'dotglob'
+          If set, Bash includes filenames beginning with a '.'  in the
+          results of filename expansion.  The filenames '.' and '..'
+          must always be matched explicitly, even if 'dotglob' is set.
+
+     'execfail'
+          If this is set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it
+          cannot execute the file specified as an argument to the 'exec'
+          builtin command.  An interactive shell does not exit if 'exec'
+          fails.
+
+     'expand_aliases'
+          If set, aliases are expanded as described below under Aliases,
+          *note Aliases::.  This option is enabled by default for
+          interactive shells.
+
+     'extdebug'
+          If set at shell invocation, arrange to execute the debugger
+          profile before the shell starts, identical to the '--debugger'
+          option.  If set after invocation, behavior intended for use by
+          debuggers is enabled:
+
+            1. The '-F' option to the 'declare' builtin (*note Bash
+               Builtins::) displays the source file name and line number
+               corresponding to each function name supplied as an
+               argument.
+
+            2. If the command run by the 'DEBUG' trap returns a non-zero
+               value, the next command is skipped and not executed.
+
+            3. If the command run by the 'DEBUG' trap returns a value of
+               2, and the shell is executing in a subroutine (a shell
+               function or a shell script executed by the '.' or
+               'source' builtins), the shell simulates a call to
+               'return'.
+
+            4. 'BASH_ARGC' and 'BASH_ARGV' are updated as described in
+               their descriptions (*note Bash Variables::).
+
+            5. Function tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell
+               functions, and subshells invoked with '( COMMAND )'
+               inherit the 'DEBUG' and 'RETURN' traps.
+
+            6. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell
+               functions, and subshells invoked with '( COMMAND )'
+               inherit the 'ERR' trap.
+
+     'extglob'
+          If set, the extended pattern matching features described above
+          (*note Pattern Matching::) are enabled.
+
+     'extquote'
+          If set, '$'STRING'' and '$"STRING"' quoting is performed
+          within '${PARAMETER}' expansions enclosed in double quotes.
+          This option is enabled by default.
+
+     'failglob'
+          If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during filename
+          expansion result in an expansion error.
+
+     'force_fignore'
+          If set, the suffixes specified by the 'FIGNORE' shell variable
+          cause words to be ignored when performing word completion even
+          if the ignored words are the only possible completions.  *Note
+          Bash Variables::, for a description of 'FIGNORE'.  This option
+          is enabled by default.
+
+     'globasciiranges'
+          If set, range expressions used in pattern matching bracket
+          expressions (*note Pattern Matching::) behave as if in the
+          traditional C locale when performing comparisons.  That is,
+          the current locale's collating sequence is not taken into
+          account, so 'b' will not collate between 'A' and 'B', and
+          upper-case and lower-case ASCII characters will collate
+          together.
+
+     'globstar'
+          If set, the pattern '**' used in a filename expansion context
+          will match all files and zero or more directories and
+          subdirectories.  If the pattern is followed by a '/', only
+          directories and subdirectories match.
+
+     'gnu_errfmt'
+          If set, shell error messages are written in the standard GNU
+          error message format.
+
+     'histappend'
+          If set, the history list is appended to the file named by the
+          value of the 'HISTFILE' variable when the shell exits, rather
+          than overwriting the file.
+
+     'histreedit'
+          If set, and Readline is being used, a user is given the
+          opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitution.
+
+     'histverify'
+          If set, and Readline is being used, the results of history
+          substitution are not immediately passed to the shell parser.
+          Instead, the resulting line is loaded into the Readline
+          editing buffer, allowing further modification.
+
+     'hostcomplete'
+          If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will attempt to
+          perform hostname completion when a word containing a '@' is
+          being completed (*note Commands For Completion::).  This
+          option is enabled by default.
+
+     'huponexit'
+          If set, Bash will send 'SIGHUP' to all jobs when an
+          interactive login shell exits (*note Signals::).
+
+     'inherit_errexit'
+          If set, command substitution inherits the value of the
+          'errexit' option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell
+          environment.  This option is enabled when POSIX mode is
+          enabled.
+
+     'interactive_comments'
+          Allow a word beginning with '#' to cause that word and all
+          remaining characters on that line to be ignored in an
+          interactive shell.  This option is enabled by default.
+
+     'lastpipe'
+          If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs the last
+          command of a pipeline not executed in the background in the
+          current shell environment.
+
+     'lithist'
+          If enabled, and the 'cmdhist' option is enabled, multi-line
+          commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines
+          rather than using semicolon separators where possible.
+
+     'localvar_inherit'
+          If set, local variables inherit the value and attributes of a
+          variable of the same name that exists at a previous scope
+          before any new value is assigned.  The NAMEREF attribute is
+          not inherited.
+
+     'localvar_unset'
+          If set, calling 'unset' on local variables in previous
+          function scopes marks them so subsequent lookups find them
+          unset until that function returns.  This is identical to the
+          behavior of unsetting local variables at the current function
+          scope.
+
+     'login_shell'
+          The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell
+          (*note Invoking Bash::).  The value may not be changed.
+
+     'mailwarn'
+          If set, and a file that Bash is checking for mail has been
+          accessed since the last time it was checked, the message '"The
+          mail in MAILFILE has been read"' is displayed.
+
+     'no_empty_cmd_completion'
+          If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will not attempt to
+          search the 'PATH' for possible completions when completion is
+          attempted on an empty line.
+
+     'nocaseglob'
+          If set, Bash matches filenames in a case-insensitive fashion
+          when performing filename expansion.
+
+     'nocasematch'
+          If set, Bash matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion
+          when performing matching while executing 'case' or '[['
+          conditional commands, when performing pattern substitution
+          word expansions, or when filtering possible completions as
+          part of programmable completion.
+
+     'nullglob'
+          If set, Bash allows filename patterns which match no files to
+          expand to a null string, rather than themselves.
+
+     'progcomp'
+          If set, the programmable completion facilities (*note
+          Programmable Completion::) are enabled.  This option is
+          enabled by default.
+
+     'progcomp_alias'
+          If set, and programmable completion is enabled, Bash treats a
+          command name that doesn't have any completions as a possible
+          alias and attempts alias expansion.  If it has an alias, Bash
+          attempts programmable completion using the command word
+          resulting from the expanded alias.
+
+     'promptvars'
+          If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, command
+          substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal after
+          being expanded as described below (*note Controlling the
+          Prompt::).  This option is enabled by default.
+
+     'restricted_shell'
+          The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode
+          (*note The Restricted Shell::).  The value may not be changed.
+          This is not reset when the startup files are executed,
+          allowing the startup files to discover whether or not a shell
+          is restricted.
+
+     'shift_verbose'
+          If this is set, the 'shift' builtin prints an error message
+          when the shift count exceeds the number of positional
+          parameters.
+
+     'sourcepath'
+          If set, the 'source' builtin uses the value of 'PATH' to find
+          the directory containing the file supplied as an argument.
+          This option is enabled by default.
+
+     'xpg_echo'
+          If set, the 'echo' builtin expands backslash-escape sequences
+          by default.
+
+     The return status when listing options is zero if all OPTNAMES are
+     enabled, non-zero otherwise.  When setting or unsetting options,
+     the return status is zero unless an OPTNAME is not a valid shell
+     option.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Special Builtins,  Prev: Modifying Shell Behavior,  Up: Shell Builtin Commands
+
+4.4 Special Builtins
+====================
+
+For historical reasons, the POSIX standard has classified several
+builtin commands as _special_.  When Bash is executing in POSIX mode,
+the special builtins differ from other builtin commands in three
+respects:
+
+  1. Special builtins are found before shell functions during command
+     lookup.
+
+  2. If a special builtin returns an error status, a non-interactive
+     shell exits.
+
+  3. Assignment statements preceding the command stay in effect in the
+     shell environment after the command completes.
+
+   When Bash is not executing in POSIX mode, these builtins behave no
+differently than the rest of the Bash builtin commands.  The Bash POSIX
+mode is described in *note Bash POSIX Mode::.
+
+   These are the POSIX special builtins:
+     break : . continue eval exec exit export readonly return set
+     shift trap unset
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Shell Variables,  Next: Bash Features,  Prev: Shell Builtin Commands,  Up: Top
+
+5 Shell Variables
+*****************
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Bourne Shell Variables::	Variables which Bash uses in the same way
+				as the Bourne Shell.
+* Bash Variables::		List of variables that exist in Bash.
+
+This chapter describes the shell variables that Bash uses.  Bash
+automatically assigns default values to a number of variables.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Bourne Shell Variables,  Next: Bash Variables,  Up: Shell Variables
+
+5.1 Bourne Shell Variables
+==========================
+
+Bash uses certain shell variables in the same way as the Bourne shell.
+In some cases, Bash assigns a default value to the variable.
+
+'CDPATH'
+     A colon-separated list of directories used as a search path for the
+     'cd' builtin command.
+
+'HOME'
+     The current user's home directory; the default for the 'cd' builtin
+     command.  The value of this variable is also used by tilde
+     expansion (*note Tilde Expansion::).
+
+'IFS'
+     A list of characters that separate fields; used when the shell
+     splits words as part of expansion.
+
+'MAIL'
+     If this parameter is set to a filename or directory name and the
+     'MAILPATH' variable is not set, Bash informs the user of the
+     arrival of mail in the specified file or Maildir-format directory.
+
+'MAILPATH'
+     A colon-separated list of filenames which the shell periodically
+     checks for new mail.  Each list entry can specify the message that
+     is printed when new mail arrives in the mail file by separating the
+     filename from the message with a '?'.  When used in the text of the
+     message, '$_' expands to the name of the current mail file.
+
+'OPTARG'
+     The value of the last option argument processed by the 'getopts'
+     builtin.
+
+'OPTIND'
+     The index of the last option argument processed by the 'getopts'
+     builtin.
+
+'PATH'
+     A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for
+     commands.  A zero-length (null) directory name in the value of
+     'PATH' indicates the current directory.  A null directory name may
+     appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial or trailing colon.
+
+'PS1'
+     The primary prompt string.  The default value is '\s-\v\$ '.  *Note
+     Controlling the Prompt::, for the complete list of escape sequences
+     that are expanded before 'PS1' is displayed.
+
+'PS2'
+     The secondary prompt string.  The default value is '> '.  'PS2' is
+     expanded in the same way as 'PS1' before being displayed.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Bash Variables,  Prev: Bourne Shell Variables,  Up: Shell Variables
+
+5.2 Bash Variables
+==================
+
+These variables are set or used by Bash, but other shells do not
+normally treat them specially.
+
+   A few variables used by Bash are described in different chapters:
+variables for controlling the job control facilities (*note Job Control
+Variables::).
+
+'BASH'
+     The full pathname used to execute the current instance of Bash.
+
+'BASHOPTS'
+     A colon-separated list of enabled shell options.  Each word in the
+     list is a valid argument for the '-s' option to the 'shopt' builtin
+     command (*note The Shopt Builtin::).  The options appearing in
+     'BASHOPTS' are those reported as 'on' by 'shopt'.  If this variable
+     is in the environment when Bash starts up, each shell option in the
+     list will be enabled before reading any startup files.  This
+     variable is readonly.
+
+'BASHPID'
+     Expands to the process ID of the current Bash process.  This
+     differs from '$$' under certain circumstances, such as subshells
+     that do not require Bash to be re-initialized.  Assignments to
+     'BASHPID' have no effect.  If 'BASHPID' is unset, it loses its
+     special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
+
+'BASH_ALIASES'
+     An associative array variable whose members correspond to the
+     internal list of aliases as maintained by the 'alias' builtin.
+     (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::).  Elements added to this array
+     appear in the alias list; however, unsetting array elements
+     currently does not cause aliases to be removed from the alias list.
+     If 'BASH_ALIASES' is unset, it loses its special properties, even
+     if it is subsequently reset.
+
+'BASH_ARGC'
+     An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in each
+     frame of the current bash execution call stack.  The number of
+     parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or script
+     executed with '.' or 'source') is at the top of the stack.  When a
+     subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed is pushed
+     onto 'BASH_ARGC'.  The shell sets 'BASH_ARGC' only when in extended
+     debugging mode (see *note The Shopt Builtin:: for a description of
+     the 'extdebug' option to the 'shopt' builtin).  Setting 'extdebug'
+     after the shell has started to execute a script, or referencing
+     this variable when 'extdebug' is not set, may result in
+     inconsistent values.
+
+'BASH_ARGV'
+     An array variable containing all of the parameters in the current
+     bash execution call stack.  The final parameter of the last
+     subroutine call is at the top of the stack; the first parameter of
+     the initial call is at the bottom.  When a subroutine is executed,
+     the parameters supplied are pushed onto 'BASH_ARGV'.  The shell
+     sets 'BASH_ARGV' only when in extended debugging mode (see *note
+     The Shopt Builtin:: for a description of the 'extdebug' option to
+     the 'shopt' builtin).  Setting 'extdebug' after the shell has
+     started to execute a script, or referencing this variable when
+     'extdebug' is not set, may result in inconsistent values.
+
+'BASH_ARGV0'
+     When referenced, this variable expands to the name of the shell or
+     shell script (identical to '$0'; *Note Special Parameters::, for
+     the description of special parameter 0).  Assignment to
+     'BASH_ARGV0' causes the value assigned to also be assigned to '$0'.
+     If 'BASH_ARGV0' is unset, it loses its special properties, even if
+     it is subsequently reset.
+
+'BASH_CMDS'
+     An associative array variable whose members correspond to the
+     internal hash table of commands as maintained by the 'hash' builtin
+     (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::).  Elements added to this array
+     appear in the hash table; however, unsetting array elements
+     currently does not cause command names to be removed from the hash
+     table.  If 'BASH_CMDS' is unset, it loses its special properties,
+     even if it is subsequently reset.
+
+'BASH_COMMAND'
+     The command currently being executed or about to be executed,
+     unless the shell is executing a command as the result of a trap, in
+     which case it is the command executing at the time of the trap.
+
+'BASH_COMPAT'
+     The value is used to set the shell's compatibility level.  *Note
+     The Shopt Builtin::, for a description of the various compatibility
+     levels and their effects.  The value may be a decimal number (e.g.,
+     4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42) corresponding to the desired
+     compatibility level.  If 'BASH_COMPAT' is unset or set to the empty
+     string, the compatibility level is set to the default for the
+     current version.  If 'BASH_COMPAT' is set to a value that is not
+     one of the valid compatibility levels, the shell prints an error
+     message and sets the compatibility level to the default for the
+     current version.  The valid compatibility levels correspond to the
+     compatibility options accepted by the 'shopt' builtin described
+     above (for example, COMPAT42 means that 4.2 and 42 are valid
+     values).  The current version is also a valid value.
+
+'BASH_ENV'
+     If this variable is set when Bash is invoked to execute a shell
+     script, its value is expanded and used as the name of a startup
+     file to read before executing the script.  *Note Bash Startup
+     Files::.
+
+'BASH_EXECUTION_STRING'
+     The command argument to the '-c' invocation option.
+
+'BASH_LINENO'
+     An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source
+     files where each corresponding member of FUNCNAME was invoked.
+     '${BASH_LINENO[$i]}' is the line number in the source file
+     ('${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}') where '${FUNCNAME[$i]}' was called (or
+     '${BASH_LINENO[$i-1]}' if referenced within another shell
+     function).  Use 'LINENO' to obtain the current line number.
+
+'BASH_LOADABLES_PATH'
+     A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for
+     dynamically loadable builtins specified by the 'enable' command.
+
+'BASH_REMATCH'
+     An array variable whose members are assigned by the '=~' binary
+     operator to the '[[' conditional command (*note Conditional
+     Constructs::).  The element with index 0 is the portion of the
+     string matching the entire regular expression.  The element with
+     index N is the portion of the string matching the Nth parenthesized
+     subexpression.  This variable is read-only.
+
+'BASH_SOURCE'
+     An array variable whose members are the source filenames where the
+     corresponding shell function names in the 'FUNCNAME' array variable
+     are defined.  The shell function '${FUNCNAME[$i]}' is defined in
+     the file '${BASH_SOURCE[$i]}' and called from
+     '${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}'
+
+'BASH_SUBSHELL'
+     Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell environment
+     when the shell begins executing in that environment.  The initial
+     value is 0.
+
+'BASH_VERSINFO'
+     A readonly array variable (*note Arrays::) whose members hold
+     version information for this instance of Bash.  The values assigned
+     to the array members are as follows:
+
+     'BASH_VERSINFO[0]'
+          The major version number (the RELEASE).
+
+     'BASH_VERSINFO[1]'
+          The minor version number (the VERSION).
+
+     'BASH_VERSINFO[2]'
+          The patch level.
+
+     'BASH_VERSINFO[3]'
+          The build version.
+
+     'BASH_VERSINFO[4]'
+          The release status (e.g., BETA1).
+
+     'BASH_VERSINFO[5]'
+          The value of 'MACHTYPE'.
+
+'BASH_VERSION'
+     The version number of the current instance of Bash.
+
+'BASH_XTRACEFD'
+     If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, Bash
+     will write the trace output generated when 'set -x' is enabled to
+     that file descriptor.  This allows tracing output to be separated
+     from diagnostic and error messages.  The file descriptor is closed
+     when 'BASH_XTRACEFD' is unset or assigned a new value.  Unsetting
+     'BASH_XTRACEFD' or assigning it the empty string causes the trace
+     output to be sent to the standard error.  Note that setting
+     'BASH_XTRACEFD' to 2 (the standard error file descriptor) and then
+     unsetting it will result in the standard error being closed.
+
+'CHILD_MAX'
+     Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to
+     remember.  Bash will not allow this value to be decreased below a
+     POSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum value (currently
+     8192) that this may not exceed.  The minimum value is
+     system-dependent.
+
+'COLUMNS'
+     Used by the 'select' command to determine the terminal width when
+     printing selection lists.  Automatically set if the 'checkwinsize'
+     option is enabled (*note The Shopt Builtin::), or in an interactive
+     shell upon receipt of a 'SIGWINCH'.
+
+'COMP_CWORD'
+     An index into '${COMP_WORDS}' of the word containing the current
+     cursor position.  This variable is available only in shell
+     functions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (*note
+     Programmable Completion::).
+
+'COMP_LINE'
+     The current command line.  This variable is available only in shell
+     functions and external commands invoked by the programmable
+     completion facilities (*note Programmable Completion::).
+
+'COMP_POINT'
+     The index of the current cursor position relative to the beginning
+     of the current command.  If the current cursor position is at the
+     end of the current command, the value of this variable is equal to
+     '${#COMP_LINE}'.  This variable is available only in shell
+     functions and external commands invoked by the programmable
+     completion facilities (*note Programmable Completion::).
+
+'COMP_TYPE'
+     Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of completion
+     attempted that caused a completion function to be called: TAB, for
+     normal completion, '?', for listing completions after successive
+     tabs, '!', for listing alternatives on partial word completion,
+     '@', to list completions if the word is not unmodified, or '%', for
+     menu completion.  This variable is available only in shell
+     functions and external commands invoked by the programmable
+     completion facilities (*note Programmable Completion::).
+
+'COMP_KEY'
+     The key (or final key of a key sequence) used to invoke the current
+     completion function.
+
+'COMP_WORDBREAKS'
+     The set of characters that the Readline library treats as word
+     separators when performing word completion.  If 'COMP_WORDBREAKS'
+     is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+     subsequently reset.
+
+'COMP_WORDS'
+     An array variable consisting of the individual words in the current
+     command line.  The line is split into words as Readline would split
+     it, using 'COMP_WORDBREAKS' as described above.  This variable is
+     available only in shell functions invoked by the programmable
+     completion facilities (*note Programmable Completion::).
+
+'COMPREPLY'
+     An array variable from which Bash reads the possible completions
+     generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable
+     completion facility (*note Programmable Completion::).  Each array
+     element contains one possible completion.
+
+'COPROC'
+     An array variable created to hold the file descriptors for output
+     from and input to an unnamed coprocess (*note Coprocesses::).
+
+'DIRSTACK'
+     An array variable containing the current contents of the directory
+     stack.  Directories appear in the stack in the order they are
+     displayed by the 'dirs' builtin.  Assigning to members of this
+     array variable may be used to modify directories already in the
+     stack, but the 'pushd' and 'popd' builtins must be used to add and
+     remove directories.  Assignment to this variable will not change
+     the current directory.  If 'DIRSTACK' is unset, it loses its
+     special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
+
+'EMACS'
+     If Bash finds this variable in the environment when the shell
+     starts with value 't', it assumes that the shell is running in an
+     Emacs shell buffer and disables line editing.
+
+'ENV'
+     Similar to 'BASH_ENV'; used when the shell is invoked in POSIX Mode
+     (*note Bash POSIX Mode::).
+
+'EPOCHREALTIME'
+     Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of
+     seconds since the Unix Epoch as a floating point value with
+     micro-second granularity (see the documentation for the C library
+     function TIME for the definition of Epoch).  Assignments to
+     'EPOCHREALTIME' are ignored.  If 'EPOCHREALTIME' is unset, it loses
+     its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
+
+'EPOCHSECONDS'
+     Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of
+     seconds since the Unix Epoch (see the documentation for the C
+     library function TIME for the definition of Epoch).  Assignments to
+     'EPOCHSECONDS' are ignored.  If 'EPOCHSECONDS' is unset, it loses
+     its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
+
+'EUID'
+     The numeric effective user id of the current user.  This variable
+     is readonly.
+
+'EXECIGNORE'
+     A colon-separated list of shell patterns (*note Pattern Matching::)
+     defining the list of filenames to be ignored by command search
+     using 'PATH'.  Files whose full pathnames match one of these
+     patterns are not considered executable files for the purposes of
+     completion and command execution via 'PATH' lookup.  This does not
+     affect the behavior of the '[', 'test', and '[[' commands.  Full
+     pathnames in the command hash table are not subject to
+     'EXECIGNORE'.  Use this variable to ignore shared library files
+     that have the executable bit set, but are not executable files.
+     The pattern matching honors the setting of the 'extglob' shell
+     option.
+
+'FCEDIT'
+     The editor used as a default by the '-e' option to the 'fc' builtin
+     command.
+
+'FIGNORE'
+     A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing
+     filename completion.  A filename whose suffix matches one of the
+     entries in 'FIGNORE' is excluded from the list of matched
+     filenames.  A sample value is '.o:~'
+
+'FUNCNAME'
+     An array variable containing the names of all shell functions
+     currently in the execution call stack.  The element with index 0 is
+     the name of any currently-executing shell function.  The
+     bottom-most element (the one with the highest index) is '"main"'.
+     This variable exists only when a shell function is executing.
+     Assignments to 'FUNCNAME' have no effect.  If 'FUNCNAME' is unset,
+     it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
+
+     This variable can be used with 'BASH_LINENO' and 'BASH_SOURCE'.
+     Each element of 'FUNCNAME' has corresponding elements in
+     'BASH_LINENO' and 'BASH_SOURCE' to describe the call stack.  For
+     instance, '${FUNCNAME[$i]}' was called from the file
+     '${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}' at line number '${BASH_LINENO[$i]}'.  The
+     'caller' builtin displays the current call stack using this
+     information.
+
+'FUNCNEST'
+     If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum
+     function nesting level.  Function invocations that exceed this
+     nesting level will cause the current command to abort.
+
+'GLOBIGNORE'
+     A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of file names
+     to be ignored by filename expansion.  If a file name matched by a
+     filename expansion pattern also matches one of the patterns in
+     'GLOBIGNORE', it is removed from the list of matches.  The pattern
+     matching honors the setting of the 'extglob' shell option.
+
+'GROUPS'
+     An array variable containing the list of groups of which the
+     current user is a member.  Assignments to 'GROUPS' have no effect.
+     If 'GROUPS' is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it
+     is subsequently reset.
+
+'histchars'
+     Up to three characters which control history expansion, quick
+     substitution, and tokenization (*note History Interaction::).  The
+     first character is the HISTORY EXPANSION character, that is, the
+     character which signifies the start of a history expansion,
+     normally '!'.  The second character is the character which
+     signifies 'quick substitution' when seen as the first character on
+     a line, normally '^'.  The optional third character is the
+     character which indicates that the remainder of the line is a
+     comment when found as the first character of a word, usually '#'.
+     The history comment character causes history substitution to be
+     skipped for the remaining words on the line.  It does not
+     necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the rest of the line as
+     a comment.
+
+'HISTCMD'
+     The history number, or index in the history list, of the current
+     command.  If 'HISTCMD' is unset, it loses its special properties,
+     even if it is subsequently reset.
+
+'HISTCONTROL'
+     A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are saved
+     on the history list.  If the list of values includes 'ignorespace',
+     lines which begin with a space character are not saved in the
+     history list.  A value of 'ignoredups' causes lines which match the
+     previous history entry to not be saved.  A value of 'ignoreboth' is
+     shorthand for 'ignorespace' and 'ignoredups'.  A value of
+     'erasedups' causes all previous lines matching the current line to
+     be removed from the history list before that line is saved.  Any
+     value not in the above list is ignored.  If 'HISTCONTROL' is unset,
+     or does not include a valid value, all lines read by the shell
+     parser are saved on the history list, subject to the value of
+     'HISTIGNORE'.  The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line
+     compound command are not tested, and are added to the history
+     regardless of the value of 'HISTCONTROL'.
+
+'HISTFILE'
+     The name of the file to which the command history is saved.  The
+     default value is '~/.bash_history'.
+
+'HISTFILESIZE'
+     The maximum number of lines contained in the history file.  When
+     this variable is assigned a value, the history file is truncated,
+     if necessary, to contain no more than that number of lines by
+     removing the oldest entries.  The history file is also truncated to
+     this size after writing it when a shell exits.  If the value is 0,
+     the history file is truncated to zero size.  Non-numeric values and
+     numeric values less than zero inhibit truncation.  The shell sets
+     the default value to the value of 'HISTSIZE' after reading any
+     startup files.
+
+'HISTIGNORE'
+     A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command
+     lines should be saved on the history list.  Each pattern is
+     anchored at the beginning of the line and must match the complete
+     line (no implicit '*' is appended).  Each pattern is tested against
+     the line after the checks specified by 'HISTCONTROL' are applied.
+     In addition to the normal shell pattern matching characters, '&'
+     matches the previous history line.  '&' may be escaped using a
+     backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match.  The
+     second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are
+     not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
+     'HISTIGNORE'.  The pattern matching honors the setting of the
+     'extglob' shell option.
+
+     'HISTIGNORE' subsumes the function of 'HISTCONTROL'.  A pattern of
+     '&' is identical to 'ignoredups', and a pattern of '[ ]*' is
+     identical to 'ignorespace'.  Combining these two patterns,
+     separating them with a colon, provides the functionality of
+     'ignoreboth'.
+
+'HISTSIZE'
+     The maximum number of commands to remember on the history list.  If
+     the value is 0, commands are not saved in the history list.
+     Numeric values less than zero result in every command being saved
+     on the history list (there is no limit).  The shell sets the
+     default value to 500 after reading any startup files.
+
+'HISTTIMEFORMAT'
+     If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format
+     string for STRFTIME to print the time stamp associated with each
+     history entry displayed by the 'history' builtin.  If this variable
+     is set, time stamps are written to the history file so they may be
+     preserved across shell sessions.  This uses the history comment
+     character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines.
+
+'HOSTFILE'
+     Contains the name of a file in the same format as '/etc/hosts' that
+     should be read when the shell needs to complete a hostname.  The
+     list of possible hostname completions may be changed while the
+     shell is running; the next time hostname completion is attempted
+     after the value is changed, Bash adds the contents of the new file
+     to the existing list.  If 'HOSTFILE' is set, but has no value, or
+     does not name a readable file, Bash attempts to read '/etc/hosts'
+     to obtain the list of possible hostname completions.  When
+     'HOSTFILE' is unset, the hostname list is cleared.
+
+'HOSTNAME'
+     The name of the current host.
+
+'HOSTTYPE'
+     A string describing the machine Bash is running on.
+
+'IGNOREEOF'
+     Controls the action of the shell on receipt of an 'EOF' character
+     as the sole input.  If set, the value denotes the number of
+     consecutive 'EOF' characters that can be read as the first
+     character on an input line before the shell will exit.  If the
+     variable exists but does not have a numeric value, or has no value,
+     then the default is 10.  If the variable does not exist, then 'EOF'
+     signifies the end of input to the shell.  This is only in effect
+     for interactive shells.
+
+'INPUTRC'
+     The name of the Readline initialization file, overriding the
+     default of '~/.inputrc'.
+
+'INSIDE_EMACS'
+     If Bash finds this variable in the environment when the shell
+     starts, it assumes that the shell is running in an Emacs shell
+     buffer and may disable line editing depending on the value of
+     'TERM'.
+
+'LANG'
+     Used to determine the locale category for any category not
+     specifically selected with a variable starting with 'LC_'.
+
+'LC_ALL'
+     This variable overrides the value of 'LANG' and any other 'LC_'
+     variable specifying a locale category.
+
+'LC_COLLATE'
+     This variable determines the collation order used when sorting the
+     results of filename expansion, and determines the behavior of range
+     expressions, equivalence classes, and collating sequences within
+     filename expansion and pattern matching (*note Filename
+     Expansion::).
+
+'LC_CTYPE'
+     This variable determines the interpretation of characters and the
+     behavior of character classes within filename expansion and pattern
+     matching (*note Filename Expansion::).
+
+'LC_MESSAGES'
+     This variable determines the locale used to translate double-quoted
+     strings preceded by a '$' (*note Locale Translation::).
+
+'LC_NUMERIC'
+     This variable determines the locale category used for number
+     formatting.
+
+'LC_TIME'
+     This variable determines the locale category used for data and time
+     formatting.
+
+'LINENO'
+     The line number in the script or shell function currently
+     executing.
+
+'LINES'
+     Used by the 'select' command to determine the column length for
+     printing selection lists.  Automatically set if the 'checkwinsize'
+     option is enabled (*note The Shopt Builtin::), or in an interactive
+     shell upon receipt of a 'SIGWINCH'.
+
+'MACHTYPE'
+     A string that fully describes the system type on which Bash is
+     executing, in the standard GNU CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM format.
+
+'MAILCHECK'
+     How often (in seconds) that the shell should check for mail in the
+     files specified in the 'MAILPATH' or 'MAIL' variables.  The default
+     is 60 seconds.  When it is time to check for mail, the shell does
+     so before displaying the primary prompt.  If this variable is
+     unset, or set to a value that is not a number greater than or equal
+     to zero, the shell disables mail checking.
+
+'MAPFILE'
+     An array variable created to hold the text read by the 'mapfile'
+     builtin when no variable name is supplied.
+
+'OLDPWD'
+     The previous working directory as set by the 'cd' builtin.
+
+'OPTERR'
+     If set to the value 1, Bash displays error messages generated by
+     the 'getopts' builtin command.
+
+'OSTYPE'
+     A string describing the operating system Bash is running on.
+
+'PIPESTATUS'
+     An array variable (*note Arrays::) containing a list of exit status
+     values from the processes in the most-recently-executed foreground
+     pipeline (which may contain only a single command).
+
+'POSIXLY_CORRECT'
+     If this variable is in the environment when Bash starts, the shell
+     enters POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::) before reading the
+     startup files, as if the '--posix' invocation option had been
+     supplied.  If it is set while the shell is running, Bash enables
+     POSIX mode, as if the command
+          set -o posix
+     had been executed.  When the shell enters POSIX mode, it sets this
+     variable if it was not already set.
+
+'PPID'
+     The process ID of the shell's parent process.  This variable is
+     readonly.
+
+'PROMPT_COMMAND'
+     If set, the value is interpreted as a command to execute before the
+     printing of each primary prompt ('$PS1').
+
+'PROMPT_DIRTRIM'
+     If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the
+     number of trailing directory components to retain when expanding
+     the '\w' and '\W' prompt string escapes (*note Controlling the
+     Prompt::).  Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis.
+
+'PS0'
+     The value of this parameter is expanded like PS1 and displayed by
+     interactive shells after reading a command and before the command
+     is executed.
+
+'PS3'
+     The value of this variable is used as the prompt for the 'select'
+     command.  If this variable is not set, the 'select' command prompts
+     with '#? '
+
+'PS4'
+     The value of this parameter is expanded like PS1 and the expanded
+     value is the prompt printed before the command line is echoed when
+     the '-x' option is set (*note The Set Builtin::).  The first
+     character of the expanded value is replicated multiple times, as
+     necessary, to indicate multiple levels of indirection.  The default
+     is '+ '.
+
+'PWD'
+     The current working directory as set by the 'cd' builtin.
+
+'RANDOM'
+     Each time this parameter is referenced, a random integer between 0
+     and 32767 is generated.  Assigning a value to this variable seeds
+     the random number generator.
+
+'READLINE_LINE'
+     The contents of the Readline line buffer, for use with 'bind -x'
+     (*note Bash Builtins::).
+
+'READLINE_POINT'
+     The position of the insertion point in the Readline line buffer,
+     for use with 'bind -x' (*note Bash Builtins::).
+
+'REPLY'
+     The default variable for the 'read' builtin.
+
+'SECONDS'
+     This variable expands to the number of seconds since the shell was
+     started.  Assignment to this variable resets the count to the value
+     assigned, and the expanded value becomes the value assigned plus
+     the number of seconds since the assignment.
+
+'SHELL'
+     The full pathname to the shell is kept in this environment
+     variable.  If it is not set when the shell starts, Bash assigns to
+     it the full pathname of the current user's login shell.
+
+'SHELLOPTS'
+     A colon-separated list of enabled shell options.  Each word in the
+     list is a valid argument for the '-o' option to the 'set' builtin
+     command (*note The Set Builtin::).  The options appearing in
+     'SHELLOPTS' are those reported as 'on' by 'set -o'.  If this
+     variable is in the environment when Bash starts up, each shell
+     option in the list will be enabled before reading any startup
+     files.  This variable is readonly.
+
+'SHLVL'
+     Incremented by one each time a new instance of Bash is started.
+     This is intended to be a count of how deeply your Bash shells are
+     nested.
+
+'TIMEFORMAT'
+     The value of this parameter is used as a format string specifying
+     how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the 'time'
+     reserved word should be displayed.  The '%' character introduces an
+     escape sequence that is expanded to a time value or other
+     information.  The escape sequences and their meanings are as
+     follows; the braces denote optional portions.
+
+     '%%'
+          A literal '%'.
+
+     '%[P][l]R'
+          The elapsed time in seconds.
+
+     '%[P][l]U'
+          The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.
+
+     '%[P][l]S'
+          The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.
+
+     '%P'
+          The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R.
+
+     The optional P is a digit specifying the precision, the number of
+     fractional digits after a decimal point.  A value of 0 causes no
+     decimal point or fraction to be output.  At most three places after
+     the decimal point may be specified; values of P greater than 3 are
+     changed to 3.  If P is not specified, the value 3 is used.
+
+     The optional 'l' specifies a longer format, including minutes, of
+     the form MMmSS.FFs.  The value of P determines whether or not the
+     fraction is included.
+
+     If this variable is not set, Bash acts as if it had the value
+          $'\nreal\t%3lR\nuser\t%3lU\nsys\t%3lS'
+     If the value is null, no timing information is displayed.  A
+     trailing newline is added when the format string is displayed.
+
+'TMOUT'
+     If set to a value greater than zero, 'TMOUT' is treated as the
+     default timeout for the 'read' builtin (*note Bash Builtins::).
+     The 'select' command (*note Conditional Constructs::) terminates if
+     input does not arrive after 'TMOUT' seconds when input is coming
+     from a terminal.
+
+     In an interactive shell, the value is interpreted as the number of
+     seconds to wait for a line of input after issuing the primary
+     prompt.  Bash terminates after waiting for that number of seconds
+     if a complete line of input does not arrive.
+
+'TMPDIR'
+     If set, Bash uses its value as the name of a directory in which
+     Bash creates temporary files for the shell's use.
+
+'UID'
+     The numeric real user id of the current user.  This variable is
+     readonly.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Bash Features,  Next: Job Control,  Prev: Shell Variables,  Up: Top
+
+6 Bash Features
+***************
+
+This chapter describes features unique to Bash.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Invoking Bash::		Command line options that you can give
+				to Bash.
+* Bash Startup Files::		When and how Bash executes scripts.
+* Interactive Shells::		What an interactive shell is.
+* Bash Conditional Expressions::	Primitives used in composing expressions for
+				the 'test' builtin.
+* Shell Arithmetic::		Arithmetic on shell variables.
+* Aliases::			Substituting one command for another.
+* Arrays::			Array Variables.
+* The Directory Stack::		History of visited directories.
+* Controlling the Prompt::	Customizing the various prompt strings.
+* The Restricted Shell::	A more controlled mode of shell execution.
+* Bash POSIX Mode::		Making Bash behave more closely to what
+				the POSIX standard specifies.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Invoking Bash,  Next: Bash Startup Files,  Up: Bash Features
+
+6.1 Invoking Bash
+=================
+
+     bash [long-opt] [-ir] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o OPTION]
+         [-O SHOPT_OPTION] [ARGUMENT ...]
+     bash [long-opt] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o OPTION]
+         [-O SHOPT_OPTION] -c STRING [ARGUMENT ...]
+     bash [long-opt] -s [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o OPTION]
+         [-O SHOPT_OPTION] [ARGUMENT ...]
+
+   All of the single-character options used with the 'set' builtin
+(*note The Set Builtin::) can be used as options when the shell is
+invoked.  In addition, there are several multi-character options that
+you can use.  These options must appear on the command line before the
+single-character options to be recognized.
+
+'--debugger'
+     Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell
+     starts.  Turns on extended debugging mode (see *note The Shopt
+     Builtin:: for a description of the 'extdebug' option to the 'shopt'
+     builtin).
+
+'--dump-po-strings'
+     A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by '$' is printed on
+     the standard output in the GNU 'gettext' PO (portable object) file
+     format.  Equivalent to '-D' except for the output format.
+
+'--dump-strings'
+     Equivalent to '-D'.
+
+'--help'
+     Display a usage message on standard output and exit successfully.
+
+'--init-file FILENAME'
+'--rcfile FILENAME'
+     Execute commands from FILENAME (instead of '~/.bashrc') in an
+     interactive shell.
+
+'--login'
+     Equivalent to '-l'.
+
+'--noediting'
+     Do not use the GNU Readline library (*note Command Line Editing::)
+     to read command lines when the shell is interactive.
+
+'--noprofile'
+     Don't load the system-wide startup file '/etc/profile' or any of
+     the personal initialization files '~/.bash_profile',
+     '~/.bash_login', or '~/.profile' when Bash is invoked as a login
+     shell.
+
+'--norc'
+     Don't read the '~/.bashrc' initialization file in an interactive
+     shell.  This is on by default if the shell is invoked as 'sh'.
+
+'--posix'
+     Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation differs
+     from the POSIX standard to match the standard.  This is intended to
+     make Bash behave as a strict superset of that standard.  *Note Bash
+     POSIX Mode::, for a description of the Bash POSIX mode.
+
+'--restricted'
+     Make the shell a restricted shell (*note The Restricted Shell::).
+
+'--verbose'
+     Equivalent to '-v'.  Print shell input lines as they're read.
+
+'--version'
+     Show version information for this instance of Bash on the standard
+     output and exit successfully.
+
+   There are several single-character options that may be supplied at
+invocation which are not available with the 'set' builtin.
+
+'-c'
+     Read and execute commands from the first non-option argument
+     COMMAND_STRING, then exit.  If there are arguments after the
+     COMMAND_STRING, the first argument is assigned to '$0' and any
+     remaining arguments are assigned to the positional parameters.  The
+     assignment to '$0' sets the name of the shell, which is used in
+     warning and error messages.
+
+'-i'
+     Force the shell to run interactively.  Interactive shells are
+     described in *note Interactive Shells::.
+
+'-l'
+     Make this shell act as if it had been directly invoked by login.
+     When the shell is interactive, this is equivalent to starting a
+     login shell with 'exec -l bash'.  When the shell is not
+     interactive, the login shell startup files will be executed.  'exec
+     bash -l' or 'exec bash --login' will replace the current shell with
+     a Bash login shell.  *Note Bash Startup Files::, for a description
+     of the special behavior of a login shell.
+
+'-r'
+     Make the shell a restricted shell (*note The Restricted Shell::).
+
+'-s'
+     If this option is present, or if no arguments remain after option
+     processing, then commands are read from the standard input.  This
+     option allows the positional parameters to be set when invoking an
+     interactive shell or when reading input through a pipe.
+
+'-D'
+     A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by '$' is printed on
+     the standard output.  These are the strings that are subject to
+     language translation when the current locale is not 'C' or 'POSIX'
+     (*note Locale Translation::).  This implies the '-n' option; no
+     commands will be executed.
+
+'[-+]O [SHOPT_OPTION]'
+     SHOPT_OPTION is one of the shell options accepted by the 'shopt'
+     builtin (*note The Shopt Builtin::).  If SHOPT_OPTION is present,
+     '-O' sets the value of that option; '+O' unsets it.  If
+     SHOPT_OPTION is not supplied, the names and values of the shell
+     options accepted by 'shopt' are printed on the standard output.  If
+     the invocation option is '+O', the output is displayed in a format
+     that may be reused as input.
+
+'--'
+     A '--' signals the end of options and disables further option
+     processing.  Any arguments after the '--' are treated as filenames
+     and arguments.
+
+   A _login_ shell is one whose first character of argument zero is '-',
+or one invoked with the '--login' option.
+
+   An _interactive_ shell is one started without non-option arguments,
+unless '-s' is specified, without specifying the '-c' option, and whose
+input and output are both connected to terminals (as determined by
+'isatty(3)'), or one started with the '-i' option.  *Note Interactive
+Shells::, for more information.
+
+   If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the '-c' nor
+the '-s' option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed to be
+the name of a file containing shell commands (*note Shell Scripts::).
+When Bash is invoked in this fashion, '$0' is set to the name of the
+file, and the positional parameters are set to the remaining arguments.
+Bash reads and executes commands from this file, then exits.  Bash's
+exit status is the exit status of the last command executed in the
+script.  If no commands are executed, the exit status is 0.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Bash Startup Files,  Next: Interactive Shells,  Prev: Invoking Bash,  Up: Bash Features
+
+6.2 Bash Startup Files
+======================
+
+This section describes how Bash executes its startup files.  If any of
+the files exist but cannot be read, Bash reports an error.  Tildes are
+expanded in filenames as described above under Tilde Expansion (*note
+Tilde Expansion::).
+
+   Interactive shells are described in *note Interactive Shells::.
+
+Invoked as an interactive login shell, or with '--login'
+........................................................
+
+When Bash is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a
+non-interactive shell with the '--login' option, it first reads and
+executes commands from the file '/etc/profile', if that file exists.
+After reading that file, it looks for '~/.bash_profile',
+'~/.bash_login', and '~/.profile', in that order, and reads and executes
+commands from the first one that exists and is readable.  The
+'--noprofile' option may be used when the shell is started to inhibit
+this behavior.
+
+   When an interactive login shell exits, or a non-interactive login
+shell executes the 'exit' builtin command, Bash reads and executes
+commands from the file '~/.bash_logout', if it exists.
+
+Invoked as an interactive non-login shell
+.........................................
+
+When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, Bash
+reads and executes commands from '~/.bashrc', if that file exists.  This
+may be inhibited by using the '--norc' option.  The '--rcfile FILE'
+option will force Bash to read and execute commands from FILE instead of
+'~/.bashrc'.
+
+   So, typically, your '~/.bash_profile' contains the line
+     if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then . ~/.bashrc; fi
+after (or before) any login-specific initializations.
+
+Invoked non-interactively
+.........................
+
+When Bash is started non-interactively, to run a shell script, for
+example, it looks for the variable 'BASH_ENV' in the environment,
+expands its value if it appears there, and uses the expanded value as
+the name of a file to read and execute.  Bash behaves as if the
+following command were executed:
+     if [ -n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi
+but the value of the 'PATH' variable is not used to search for the
+filename.
+
+   As noted above, if a non-interactive shell is invoked with the
+'--login' option, Bash attempts to read and execute commands from the
+login shell startup files.
+
+Invoked with name 'sh'
+......................
+
+If Bash is invoked with the name 'sh', it tries to mimic the startup
+behavior of historical versions of 'sh' as closely as possible, while
+conforming to the POSIX standard as well.
+
+   When invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-interactive
+shell with the '--login' option, it first attempts to read and execute
+commands from '/etc/profile' and '~/.profile', in that order.  The
+'--noprofile' option may be used to inhibit this behavior.  When invoked
+as an interactive shell with the name 'sh', Bash looks for the variable
+'ENV', expands its value if it is defined, and uses the expanded value
+as the name of a file to read and execute.  Since a shell invoked as
+'sh' does not attempt to read and execute commands from any other
+startup files, the '--rcfile' option has no effect.  A non-interactive
+shell invoked with the name 'sh' does not attempt to read any other
+startup files.
+
+   When invoked as 'sh', Bash enters POSIX mode after the startup files
+are read.
+
+Invoked in POSIX mode
+.....................
+
+When Bash is started in POSIX mode, as with the '--posix' command line
+option, it follows the POSIX standard for startup files.  In this mode,
+interactive shells expand the 'ENV' variable and commands are read and
+executed from the file whose name is the expanded value.  No other
+startup files are read.
+
+Invoked by remote shell daemon
+..............................
+
+Bash attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input
+connected to a network connection, as when executed by the remote shell
+daemon, usually 'rshd', or the secure shell daemon 'sshd'.  If Bash
+determines it is being run in this fashion, it reads and executes
+commands from '~/.bashrc', if that file exists and is readable.  It will
+not do this if invoked as 'sh'.  The '--norc' option may be used to
+inhibit this behavior, and the '--rcfile' option may be used to force
+another file to be read, but neither 'rshd' nor 'sshd' generally invoke
+the shell with those options or allow them to be specified.
+
+Invoked with unequal effective and real UID/GIDs
+................................................
+
+If Bash is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the
+real user (group) id, and the '-p' option is not supplied, no startup
+files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment,
+the 'SHELLOPTS', 'BASHOPTS', 'CDPATH', and 'GLOBIGNORE' variables, if
+they appear in the environment, are ignored, and the effective user id
+is set to the real user id.  If the '-p' option is supplied at
+invocation, the startup behavior is the same, but the effective user id
+is not reset.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Interactive Shells,  Next: Bash Conditional Expressions,  Prev: Bash Startup Files,  Up: Bash Features
+
+6.3 Interactive Shells
+======================
+
+* Menu:
+
+* What is an Interactive Shell?::	What determines whether a shell is Interactive.
+* Is this Shell Interactive?::	How to tell if a shell is interactive.
+* Interactive Shell Behavior::	What changes in a interactive shell?
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: What is an Interactive Shell?,  Next: Is this Shell Interactive?,  Up: Interactive Shells
+
+6.3.1 What is an Interactive Shell?
+-----------------------------------
+
+An interactive shell is one started without non-option arguments, unless
+'-s' is specified, without specifying the '-c' option, and whose input
+and error output are both connected to terminals (as determined by
+'isatty(3)'), or one started with the '-i' option.
+
+   An interactive shell generally reads from and writes to a user's
+terminal.
+
+   The '-s' invocation option may be used to set the positional
+parameters when an interactive shell is started.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Is this Shell Interactive?,  Next: Interactive Shell Behavior,  Prev: What is an Interactive Shell?,  Up: Interactive Shells
+
+6.3.2 Is this Shell Interactive?
+--------------------------------
+
+To determine within a startup script whether or not Bash is running
+interactively, test the value of the '-' special parameter.  It contains
+'i' when the shell is interactive.  For example:
+
+     case "$-" in
+     *i*)	echo This shell is interactive ;;
+     *)	echo This shell is not interactive ;;
+     esac
+
+   Alternatively, startup scripts may examine the variable 'PS1'; it is
+unset in non-interactive shells, and set in interactive shells.  Thus:
+
+     if [ -z "$PS1" ]; then
+             echo This shell is not interactive
+     else
+             echo This shell is interactive
+     fi
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Interactive Shell Behavior,  Prev: Is this Shell Interactive?,  Up: Interactive Shells
+
+6.3.3 Interactive Shell Behavior
+--------------------------------
+
+When the shell is running interactively, it changes its behavior in
+several ways.
+
+  1. Startup files are read and executed as described in *note Bash
+     Startup Files::.
+
+  2. Job Control (*note Job Control::) is enabled by default.  When job
+     control is in effect, Bash ignores the keyboard-generated job
+     control signals 'SIGTTIN', 'SIGTTOU', and 'SIGTSTP'.
+
+  3. Bash expands and displays 'PS1' before reading the first line of a
+     command, and expands and displays 'PS2' before reading the second
+     and subsequent lines of a multi-line command.  Bash expands and
+     displays 'PS0' after it reads a command but before executing it.
+     See *note Controlling the Prompt::, for a complete list of prompt
+     string escape sequences.
+
+  4. Bash executes the value of the 'PROMPT_COMMAND' variable as a
+     command before printing the primary prompt, '$PS1' (*note Bash
+     Variables::).
+
+  5. Readline (*note Command Line Editing::) is used to read commands
+     from the user's terminal.
+
+  6. Bash inspects the value of the 'ignoreeof' option to 'set -o'
+     instead of exiting immediately when it receives an 'EOF' on its
+     standard input when reading a command (*note The Set Builtin::).
+
+  7. Command history (*note Bash History Facilities::) and history
+     expansion (*note History Interaction::) are enabled by default.
+     Bash will save the command history to the file named by '$HISTFILE'
+     when a shell with history enabled exits.
+
+  8. Alias expansion (*note Aliases::) is performed by default.
+
+  9. In the absence of any traps, Bash ignores 'SIGTERM' (*note
+     Signals::).
+
+  10. In the absence of any traps, 'SIGINT' is caught and handled (*note
+     Signals::).  'SIGINT' will interrupt some shell builtins.
+
+  11. An interactive login shell sends a 'SIGHUP' to all jobs on exit if
+     the 'huponexit' shell option has been enabled (*note Signals::).
+
+  12. The '-n' invocation option is ignored, and 'set -n' has no effect
+     (*note The Set Builtin::).
+
+  13. Bash will check for mail periodically, depending on the values of
+     the 'MAIL', 'MAILPATH', and 'MAILCHECK' shell variables (*note Bash
+     Variables::).
+
+  14. Expansion errors due to references to unbound shell variables
+     after 'set -u' has been enabled will not cause the shell to exit
+     (*note The Set Builtin::).
+
+  15. The shell will not exit on expansion errors caused by VAR being
+     unset or null in '${VAR:?WORD}' expansions (*note Shell Parameter
+     Expansion::).
+
+  16. Redirection errors encountered by shell builtins will not cause
+     the shell to exit.
+
+  17. When running in POSIX mode, a special builtin returning an error
+     status will not cause the shell to exit (*note Bash POSIX Mode::).
+
+  18. A failed 'exec' will not cause the shell to exit (*note Bourne
+     Shell Builtins::).
+
+  19. Parser syntax errors will not cause the shell to exit.
+
+  20. Simple spelling correction for directory arguments to the 'cd'
+     builtin is enabled by default (see the description of the 'cdspell'
+     option to the 'shopt' builtin in *note The Shopt Builtin::).
+
+  21. The shell will check the value of the 'TMOUT' variable and exit if
+     a command is not read within the specified number of seconds after
+     printing '$PS1' (*note Bash Variables::).
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Bash Conditional Expressions,  Next: Shell Arithmetic,  Prev: Interactive Shells,  Up: Bash Features
+
+6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions
+================================
+
+Conditional expressions are used by the '[[' compound command and the
+'test' and '[' builtin commands.  The 'test' and '[' commands determine
+their behavior based on the number of arguments; see the descriptions of
+those commands for any other command-specific actions.
+
+   Expressions may be unary or binary, and are formed from the following
+primaries.  Unary expressions are often used to examine the status of a
+file.  There are string operators and numeric comparison operators as
+well.  Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in
+expressions.  If the operating system on which Bash is running provides
+these special files, Bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them
+internally with this behavior: If the FILE argument to one of the
+primaries is of the form '/dev/fd/N', then file descriptor N is checked.
+If the FILE argument to one of the primaries is one of '/dev/stdin',
+'/dev/stdout', or '/dev/stderr', file descriptor 0, 1, or 2,
+respectively, is checked.
+
+   When used with '[[', the '<' and '>' operators sort lexicographically
+using the current locale.  The 'test' command uses ASCII ordering.
+
+   Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow
+symbolic links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the
+link itself.
+
+'-a FILE'
+     True if FILE exists.
+
+'-b FILE'
+     True if FILE exists and is a block special file.
+
+'-c FILE'
+     True if FILE exists and is a character special file.
+
+'-d FILE'
+     True if FILE exists and is a directory.
+
+'-e FILE'
+     True if FILE exists.
+
+'-f FILE'
+     True if FILE exists and is a regular file.
+
+'-g FILE'
+     True if FILE exists and its set-group-id bit is set.
+
+'-h FILE'
+     True if FILE exists and is a symbolic link.
+
+'-k FILE'
+     True if FILE exists and its "sticky" bit is set.
+
+'-p FILE'
+     True if FILE exists and is a named pipe (FIFO).
+
+'-r FILE'
+     True if FILE exists and is readable.
+
+'-s FILE'
+     True if FILE exists and has a size greater than zero.
+
+'-t FD'
+     True if file descriptor FD is open and refers to a terminal.
+
+'-u FILE'
+     True if FILE exists and its set-user-id bit is set.
+
+'-w FILE'
+     True if FILE exists and is writable.
+
+'-x FILE'
+     True if FILE exists and is executable.
+
+'-G FILE'
+     True if FILE exists and is owned by the effective group id.
+
+'-L FILE'
+     True if FILE exists and is a symbolic link.
+
+'-N FILE'
+     True if FILE exists and has been modified since it was last read.
+
+'-O FILE'
+     True if FILE exists and is owned by the effective user id.
+
+'-S FILE'
+     True if FILE exists and is a socket.
+
+'FILE1 -ef FILE2'
+     True if FILE1 and FILE2 refer to the same device and inode numbers.
+
+'FILE1 -nt FILE2'
+     True if FILE1 is newer (according to modification date) than FILE2,
+     or if FILE1 exists and FILE2 does not.
+
+'FILE1 -ot FILE2'
+     True if FILE1 is older than FILE2, or if FILE2 exists and FILE1
+     does not.
+
+'-o OPTNAME'
+     True if the shell option OPTNAME is enabled.  The list of options
+     appears in the description of the '-o' option to the 'set' builtin
+     (*note The Set Builtin::).
+
+'-v VARNAME'
+     True if the shell variable VARNAME is set (has been assigned a
+     value).
+
+'-R VARNAME'
+     True if the shell variable VARNAME is set and is a name reference.
+
+'-z STRING'
+     True if the length of STRING is zero.
+
+'-n STRING'
+'STRING'
+     True if the length of STRING is non-zero.
+
+'STRING1 == STRING2'
+'STRING1 = STRING2'
+     True if the strings are equal.  When used with the '[[' command,
+     this performs pattern matching as described above (*note
+     Conditional Constructs::).
+
+     '=' should be used with the 'test' command for POSIX conformance.
+
+'STRING1 != STRING2'
+     True if the strings are not equal.
+
+'STRING1 < STRING2'
+     True if STRING1 sorts before STRING2 lexicographically.
+
+'STRING1 > STRING2'
+     True if STRING1 sorts after STRING2 lexicographically.
+
+'ARG1 OP ARG2'
+     'OP' is one of '-eq', '-ne', '-lt', '-le', '-gt', or '-ge'.  These
+     arithmetic binary operators return true if ARG1 is equal to, not
+     equal to, less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or
+     greater than or equal to ARG2, respectively.  ARG1 and ARG2 may be
+     positive or negative integers.  When used with the '[[' command,
+     ARG1 and ARG2 are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (*note Shell
+     Arithmetic::).
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Shell Arithmetic,  Next: Aliases,  Prev: Bash Conditional Expressions,  Up: Bash Features
+
+6.5 Shell Arithmetic
+====================
+
+The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, as one of the
+shell expansions or by using the '((' compound command, the 'let'
+builtin, or the '-i' option to the 'declare' builtin.
+
+   Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check for
+overflow, though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error.  The
+operators and their precedence, associativity, and values are the same
+as in the C language.  The following list of operators is grouped into
+levels of equal-precedence operators.  The levels are listed in order of
+decreasing precedence.
+
+'ID++ ID--'
+     variable post-increment and post-decrement
+
+'++ID --ID'
+     variable pre-increment and pre-decrement
+
+'- +'
+     unary minus and plus
+
+'! ~'
+     logical and bitwise negation
+
+'**'
+     exponentiation
+
+'* / %'
+     multiplication, division, remainder
+
+'+ -'
+     addition, subtraction
+
+'<< >>'
+     left and right bitwise shifts
+
+'<= >= < >'
+     comparison
+
+'== !='
+     equality and inequality
+
+'&'
+     bitwise AND
+
+'^'
+     bitwise exclusive OR
+
+'|'
+     bitwise OR
+
+'&&'
+     logical AND
+
+'||'
+     logical OR
+
+'expr ? expr : expr'
+     conditional operator
+
+'= *= /= %= += -= <<= >>= &= ^= |='
+     assignment
+
+'expr1 , expr2'
+     comma
+
+   Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is
+performed before the expression is evaluated.  Within an expression,
+shell variables may also be referenced by name without using the
+parameter expansion syntax.  A shell variable that is null or unset
+evaluates to 0 when referenced by name without using the parameter
+expansion syntax.  The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic
+expression when it is referenced, or when a variable which has been
+given the INTEGER attribute using 'declare -i' is assigned a value.  A
+null value evaluates to 0.  A shell variable need not have its INTEGER
+attribute turned on to be used in an expression.
+
+   Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.  A
+leading '0x' or '0X' denotes hexadecimal.  Otherwise, numbers take the
+form [BASE'#']N, where the optional BASE is a decimal number between 2
+and 64 representing the arithmetic base, and N is a number in that base.
+If BASE'#' is omitted, then base 10 is used.  When specifying N, the
+digits greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters, the
+uppercase letters, '@', and '_', in that order.  If BASE is less than or
+equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase letters may be used interchangeably
+to represent numbers between 10 and 35.
+
+   Operators are evaluated in order of precedence.  Sub-expressions in
+parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules
+above.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Aliases,  Next: Arrays,  Prev: Shell Arithmetic,  Up: Bash Features
+
+6.6 Aliases
+===========
+
+ALIASES allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used as
+the first word of a simple command.  The shell maintains a list of
+aliases that may be set and unset with the 'alias' and 'unalias' builtin
+commands.
+
+   The first word of each simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see
+if it has an alias.  If so, that word is replaced by the text of the
+alias.  The characters '/', '$', '`', '=' and any of the shell
+metacharacters or quoting characters listed above may not appear in an
+alias name.  The replacement text may contain any valid shell input,
+including shell metacharacters.  The first word of the replacement text
+is tested for aliases, but a word that is identical to an alias being
+expanded is not expanded a second time.  This means that one may alias
+'ls' to '"ls -F"', for instance, and Bash does not try to recursively
+expand the replacement text.  If the last character of the alias value
+is a BLANK, then the next command word following the alias is also
+checked for alias expansion.
+
+   Aliases are created and listed with the 'alias' command, and removed
+with the 'unalias' command.
+
+   There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text, as
+in 'csh'.  If arguments are needed, a shell function should be used
+(*note Shell Functions::).
+
+   Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless
+the 'expand_aliases' shell option is set using 'shopt' (*note The Shopt
+Builtin::).
+
+   The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat
+confusing.  Bash always reads at least one complete line of input, and
+all lines that make up a compound command, before executing any of the
+commands on that line or the compound command.  Aliases are expanded
+when a command is read, not when it is executed.  Therefore, an alias
+definition appearing on the same line as another command does not take
+effect until the next line of input is read.  The commands following the
+alias definition on that line are not affected by the new alias.  This
+behavior is also an issue when functions are executed.  Aliases are
+expanded when a function definition is read, not when the function is
+executed, because a function definition is itself a command.  As a
+consequence, aliases defined in a function are not available until after
+that function is executed.  To be safe, always put alias definitions on
+a separate line, and do not use 'alias' in compound commands.
+
+   For almost every purpose, shell functions are preferred over aliases.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Arrays,  Next: The Directory Stack,  Prev: Aliases,  Up: Bash Features
+
+6.7 Arrays
+==========
+
+Bash provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables.
+Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the 'declare' builtin will
+explicitly declare an array.  There is no maximum limit on the size of
+an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned
+contiguously.  Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including
+arithmetic expressions (*note Shell Arithmetic::)) and are zero-based;
+associative arrays use arbitrary strings.  Unless otherwise noted,
+indexed array indices must be non-negative integers.
+
+   An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned
+to using the syntax
+     NAME[SUBSCRIPT]=VALUE
+
+The SUBSCRIPT is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate
+to a number.  To explicitly declare an array, use
+     declare -a NAME
+The syntax
+     declare -a NAME[SUBSCRIPT]
+is also accepted; the SUBSCRIPT is ignored.
+
+Associative arrays are created using
+     declare -A NAME.
+
+   Attributes may be specified for an array variable using the 'declare'
+and 'readonly' builtins.  Each attribute applies to all members of an
+array.
+
+   Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form
+     NAME=(VALUE1 VALUE2 ... )
+where each VALUE is of the form '[SUBSCRIPT]='STRING.  Indexed array
+assignments do not require anything but STRING.  When assigning to
+indexed arrays, if the optional subscript is supplied, that index is
+assigned to; otherwise the index of the element assigned is the last
+index assigned to by the statement plus one.  Indexing starts at zero.
+
+   When assigning to an associative array, the subscript is required.
+
+   This syntax is also accepted by the 'declare' builtin.  Individual
+array elements may be assigned to using the 'NAME[SUBSCRIPT]=VALUE'
+syntax introduced above.
+
+   When assigning to an indexed array, if NAME is subscripted by a
+negative number, that number is interpreted as relative to one greater
+than the maximum index of NAME, so negative indices count back from the
+end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last element.
+
+   Any element of an array may be referenced using '${NAME[SUBSCRIPT]}'.
+The braces are required to avoid conflicts with the shell's filename
+expansion operators.  If the SUBSCRIPT is '@' or '*', the word expands
+to all members of the array NAME.  These subscripts differ only when the
+word appears within double quotes.  If the word is double-quoted,
+'${NAME[*]}' expands to a single word with the value of each array
+member separated by the first character of the 'IFS' variable, and
+'${NAME[@]}' expands each element of NAME to a separate word.  When
+there are no array members, '${NAME[@]}' expands to nothing.  If the
+double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of the first
+parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original word, and
+the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last part of the
+original word.  This is analogous to the expansion of the special
+parameters '@' and '*'.  '${#NAME[SUBSCRIPT]}' expands to the length of
+'${NAME[SUBSCRIPT]}'.  If SUBSCRIPT is '@' or '*', the expansion is the
+number of elements in the array.  If the SUBSCRIPT used to reference an
+element of an indexed array evaluates to a number less than zero, it is
+interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of the
+array, so negative indices count back from the end of the array, and an
+index of -1 refers to the last element.
+
+   Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to
+referencing with a subscript of 0.  Any reference to a variable using a
+valid subscript is legal, and 'bash' will create an array if necessary.
+
+   An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned
+a value.  The null string is a valid value.
+
+   It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as
+the values.  ${!NAME[@]} and ${!NAME[*]} expand to the indices assigned
+in array variable NAME.  The treatment when in double quotes is similar
+to the expansion of the special parameters '@' and '*' within double
+quotes.
+
+   The 'unset' builtin is used to destroy arrays.  'unset
+NAME[SUBSCRIPT]' destroys the array element at index SUBSCRIPT.
+Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted as described
+above.  Unsetting the last element of an array variable does not unset
+the variable.  'unset NAME', where NAME is an array, removes the entire
+array.  A subscript of '*' or '@' also removes the entire array.
+
+   When using a variable name with a subscript as an argument to a
+command, such as with 'unset', without using the word expansion syntax
+described above, the argument is subject to the shell's filename
+expansion.  If filename expansion is not desired, the argument should be
+quoted.
+
+   The 'declare', 'local', and 'readonly' builtins each accept a '-a'
+option to specify an indexed array and a '-A' option to specify an
+associative array.  If both options are supplied, '-A' takes precedence.
+The 'read' builtin accepts a '-a' option to assign a list of words read
+from the standard input to an array, and can read values from the
+standard input into individual array elements.  The 'set' and 'declare'
+builtins display array values in a way that allows them to be reused as
+input.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: The Directory Stack,  Next: Controlling the Prompt,  Prev: Arrays,  Up: Bash Features
+
+6.8 The Directory Stack
+=======================
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Directory Stack Builtins::		Bash builtin commands to manipulate
+					the directory stack.
+
+The directory stack is a list of recently-visited directories.  The
+'pushd' builtin adds directories to the stack as it changes the current
+directory, and the 'popd' builtin removes specified directories from the
+stack and changes the current directory to the directory removed.  The
+'dirs' builtin displays the contents of the directory stack.  The
+current directory is always the "top" of the directory stack.
+
+   The contents of the directory stack are also visible as the value of
+the 'DIRSTACK' shell variable.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Directory Stack Builtins,  Up: The Directory Stack
+
+6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins
+------------------------------
+
+'dirs'
+          dirs [-clpv] [+N | -N]
+
+     Display the list of currently remembered directories.  Directories
+     are added to the list with the 'pushd' command; the 'popd' command
+     removes directories from the list.  The current directory is always
+     the first directory in the stack.
+
+     '-c'
+          Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the elements.
+     '-l'
+          Produces a listing using full pathnames; the default listing
+          format uses a tilde to denote the home directory.
+     '-p'
+          Causes 'dirs' to print the directory stack with one entry per
+          line.
+     '-v'
+          Causes 'dirs' to print the directory stack with one entry per
+          line, prefixing each entry with its index in the stack.
+     '+N'
+          Displays the Nth directory (counting from the left of the list
+          printed by 'dirs' when invoked without options), starting with
+          zero.
+     '-N'
+          Displays the Nth directory (counting from the right of the
+          list printed by 'dirs' when invoked without options), starting
+          with zero.
+
+'popd'
+          popd [-n] [+N | -N]
+
+     When no arguments are given, 'popd' removes the top directory from
+     the stack and performs a 'cd' to the new top directory.  The
+     elements are numbered from 0 starting at the first directory listed
+     with 'dirs'; that is, 'popd' is equivalent to 'popd +0'.
+
+     '-n'
+          Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing
+          directories from the stack, so that only the stack is
+          manipulated.
+     '+N'
+          Removes the Nth directory (counting from the left of the list
+          printed by 'dirs'), starting with zero.
+     '-N'
+          Removes the Nth directory (counting from the right of the list
+          printed by 'dirs'), starting with zero.
+
+'pushd'
+          pushd [-n] [+N | -N | DIR]
+
+     Save the current directory on the top of the directory stack and
+     then 'cd' to DIR.  With no arguments, 'pushd' exchanges the top two
+     directories and makes the new top the current directory.
+
+     '-n'
+          Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotating or
+          adding directories to the stack, so that only the stack is
+          manipulated.
+     '+N'
+          Brings the Nth directory (counting from the left of the list
+          printed by 'dirs', starting with zero) to the top of the list
+          by rotating the stack.
+     '-N'
+          Brings the Nth directory (counting from the right of the list
+          printed by 'dirs', starting with zero) to the top of the list
+          by rotating the stack.
+     'DIR'
+          Makes DIR be the top of the stack, making it the new current
+          directory as if it had been supplied as an argument to the
+          'cd' builtin.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Controlling the Prompt,  Next: The Restricted Shell,  Prev: The Directory Stack,  Up: Bash Features
+
+6.9 Controlling the Prompt
+==========================
+
+The value of the variable 'PROMPT_COMMAND' is examined just before Bash
+prints each primary prompt.  If 'PROMPT_COMMAND' is set and has a
+non-null value, then the value is executed just as if it had been typed
+on the command line.
+
+   In addition, the following table describes the special characters
+which can appear in the prompt variables 'PS0', 'PS1', 'PS2', and 'PS4':
+
+'\a'
+     A bell character.
+'\d'
+     The date, in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May 26").
+'\D{FORMAT}'
+     The FORMAT is passed to 'strftime'(3) and the result is inserted
+     into the prompt string; an empty FORMAT results in a
+     locale-specific time representation.  The braces are required.
+'\e'
+     An escape character.
+'\h'
+     The hostname, up to the first '.'.
+'\H'
+     The hostname.
+'\j'
+     The number of jobs currently managed by the shell.
+'\l'
+     The basename of the shell's terminal device name.
+'\n'
+     A newline.
+'\r'
+     A carriage return.
+'\s'
+     The name of the shell, the basename of '$0' (the portion following
+     the final slash).
+'\t'
+     The time, in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format.
+'\T'
+     The time, in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format.
+'\@'
+     The time, in 12-hour am/pm format.
+'\A'
+     The time, in 24-hour HH:MM format.
+'\u'
+     The username of the current user.
+'\v'
+     The version of Bash (e.g., 2.00)
+'\V'
+     The release of Bash, version + patchlevel (e.g., 2.00.0)
+'\w'
+     The current working directory, with '$HOME' abbreviated with a
+     tilde (uses the '$PROMPT_DIRTRIM' variable).
+'\W'
+     The basename of '$PWD', with '$HOME' abbreviated with a tilde.
+'\!'
+     The history number of this command.
+'\#'
+     The command number of this command.
+'\$'
+     If the effective uid is 0, '#', otherwise '$'.
+'\NNN'
+     The character whose ASCII code is the octal value NNN.
+'\\'
+     A backslash.
+'\['
+     Begin a sequence of non-printing characters.  This could be used to
+     embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt.
+'\]'
+     End a sequence of non-printing characters.
+
+   The command number and the history number are usually different: the
+history number of a command is its position in the history list, which
+may include commands restored from the history file (*note Bash History
+Facilities::), while the command number is the position in the sequence
+of commands executed during the current shell session.
+
+   After the string is decoded, it is expanded via parameter expansion,
+command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal, subject
+to the value of the 'promptvars' shell option (*note The Shopt
+Builtin::).
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: The Restricted Shell,  Next: Bash POSIX Mode,  Prev: Controlling the Prompt,  Up: Bash Features
+
+6.10 The Restricted Shell
+=========================
+
+If Bash is started with the name 'rbash', or the '--restricted' or '-r'
+option is supplied at invocation, the shell becomes restricted.  A
+restricted shell is used to set up an environment more controlled than
+the standard shell.  A restricted shell behaves identically to 'bash'
+with the exception that the following are disallowed or not performed:
+
+   * Changing directories with the 'cd' builtin.
+   * Setting or unsetting the values of the 'SHELL', 'PATH', 'ENV', or
+     'BASH_ENV' variables.
+   * Specifying command names containing slashes.
+   * Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the '.'
+     builtin command.
+   * Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the '-p'
+     option to the 'hash' builtin command.
+   * Importing function definitions from the shell environment at
+     startup.
+   * Parsing the value of 'SHELLOPTS' from the shell environment at
+     startup.
+   * Redirecting output using the '>', '>|', '<>', '>&', '&>', and '>>'
+     redirection operators.
+   * Using the 'exec' builtin to replace the shell with another command.
+   * Adding or deleting builtin commands with the '-f' and '-d' options
+     to the 'enable' builtin.
+   * Using the 'enable' builtin command to enable disabled shell
+     builtins.
+   * Specifying the '-p' option to the 'command' builtin.
+   * Turning off restricted mode with 'set +r' or 'set +o restricted'.
+
+   These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read.
+
+   When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed (*note
+Shell Scripts::), 'rbash' turns off any restrictions in the shell
+spawned to execute the script.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Bash POSIX Mode,  Prev: The Restricted Shell,  Up: Bash Features
+
+6.11 Bash POSIX Mode
+====================
+
+Starting Bash with the '--posix' command-line option or executing 'set
+-o posix' while Bash is running will cause Bash to conform more closely
+to the POSIX standard by changing the behavior to match that specified
+by POSIX in areas where the Bash default differs.
+
+   When invoked as 'sh', Bash enters POSIX mode after reading the
+startup files.
+
+   The following list is what's changed when 'POSIX mode' is in effect:
+
+  1. Bash ensures that the 'POSIXLY_CORRECT' variable is set.
+
+  2. When a command in the hash table no longer exists, Bash will
+     re-search '$PATH' to find the new location.  This is also available
+     with 'shopt -s checkhash'.
+
+  3. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job
+     exits with a non-zero status is 'Done(status)'.
+
+  4. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job
+     is stopped is 'Stopped(SIGNAME)', where SIGNAME is, for example,
+     'SIGTSTP'.
+
+  5. Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells.
+
+  6. Reserved words appearing in a context where reserved words are
+     recognized do not undergo alias expansion.
+
+  7. The POSIX 'PS1' and 'PS2' expansions of '!' to the history number
+     and '!!' to '!' are enabled, and parameter expansion is performed
+     on the values of 'PS1' and 'PS2' regardless of the setting of the
+     'promptvars' option.
+
+  8. The POSIX startup files are executed ('$ENV') rather than the
+     normal Bash files.
+
+  9. Tilde expansion is only performed on assignments preceding a
+     command name, rather than on all assignment statements on the line.
+
+  10. The default history file is '~/.sh_history' (this is the default
+     value of '$HISTFILE').
+
+  11. Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the
+     word in the redirection unless the shell is interactive.
+
+  12. Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in
+     the redirection.
+
+  13. Function names must be valid shell 'name's.  That is, they may not
+     contain characters other than letters, digits, and underscores, and
+     may not start with a digit.  Declaring a function with an invalid
+     name causes a fatal syntax error in non-interactive shells.
+
+  14. Function names may not be the same as one of the POSIX special
+     builtins.
+
+  15. POSIX special builtins are found before shell functions during
+     command lookup.
+
+  16. When printing shell function definitions (e.g., by 'type'), Bash
+     does not print the 'function' keyword.
+
+  17. Literal tildes that appear as the first character in elements of
+     the 'PATH' variable are not expanded as described above under *note
+     Tilde Expansion::.
+
+  18. The 'time' reserved word may be used by itself as a command.  When
+     used in this way, it displays timing statistics for the shell and
+     its completed children.  The 'TIMEFORMAT' variable controls the
+     format of the timing information.
+
+  19. When parsing and expanding a ${...} expansion that appears within
+     double quotes, single quotes are no longer special and cannot be
+     used to quote a closing brace or other special character, unless
+     the operator is one of those defined to perform pattern removal.
+     In this case, they do not have to appear as matched pairs.
+
+  20. The parser does not recognize 'time' as a reserved word if the
+     next token begins with a '-'.
+
+  21. The '!' character does not introduce history expansion within a
+     double-quoted string, even if the 'histexpand' option is enabled.
+
+  22. If a POSIX special builtin returns an error status, a
+     non-interactive shell exits.  The fatal errors are those listed in
+     the POSIX standard, and include things like passing incorrect
+     options, redirection errors, variable assignment errors for
+     assignments preceding the command name, and so on.
+
+  23. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
+     assignment error occurs when no command name follows the assignment
+     statements.  A variable assignment error occurs, for example, when
+     trying to assign a value to a readonly variable.
+
+  24. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
+     assignment error occurs in an assignment statement preceding a
+     special builtin, but not with any other simple command.
+
+  25. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the
+     iteration variable in a 'for' statement or the selection variable
+     in a 'select' statement is a readonly variable.
+
+  26. Non-interactive shells exit if FILENAME in '.'  FILENAME is not
+     found.
+
+  27. Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic
+     expansion results in an invalid expression.
+
+  28. Non-interactive shells exit if a parameter expansion error occurs.
+
+  29. Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script
+     read with the '.' or 'source' builtins, or in a string processed by
+     the 'eval' builtin.
+
+  30. Process substitution is not available.
+
+  31. While variable indirection is available, it may not be applied to
+     the '#' and '?' special parameters.
+
+  32. When expanding the '*' special parameter in a pattern context
+     where the expansion is double-quoted does not treat the '$*' as if
+     it were double-quoted.
+
+  33. Assignment statements preceding POSIX special builtins persist in
+     the shell environment after the builtin completes.
+
+  34. Assignment statements preceding shell function calls persist in
+     the shell environment after the function returns, as if a POSIX
+     special builtin command had been executed.
+
+  35. The 'command' builtin does not prevent builtins that take
+     assignment statements as arguments from expanding them as
+     assignment statements; when not in POSIX mode, assignment builtins
+     lose their assignment statement expansion properties when preceded
+     by 'command'.
+
+  36. The 'bg' builtin uses the required format to describe each job
+     placed in the background, which does not include an indication of
+     whether the job is the current or previous job.
+
+  37. The output of 'kill -l' prints all the signal names on a single
+     line, separated by spaces, without the 'SIG' prefix.
+
+  38. The 'kill' builtin does not accept signal names with a 'SIG'
+     prefix.
+
+  39. The 'export' and 'readonly' builtin commands display their output
+     in the format required by POSIX.
+
+  40. The 'trap' builtin displays signal names without the leading
+     'SIG'.
+
+  41. The 'trap' builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible
+     signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original
+     disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of
+     digits and is a valid signal number.  If users want to reset the
+     handler for a given signal to the original disposition, they should
+     use '-' as the first argument.
+
+  42. The '.' and 'source' builtins do not search the current directory
+     for the filename argument if it is not found by searching 'PATH'.
+
+  43. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the
+     'inherit_errexit' option, so subshells spawned to execute command
+     substitutions inherit the value of the '-e' option from the parent
+     shell.  When the 'inherit_errexit' option is not enabled, Bash
+     clears the '-e' option in such subshells.
+
+  44. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the 'shift_verbose'
+     option, so numeric arguments to 'shift' that exceed the number of
+     positional parameters will result in an error message.
+
+  45. When the 'alias' builtin displays alias definitions, it does not
+     display them with a leading 'alias ' unless the '-p' option is
+     supplied.
+
+  46. When the 'set' builtin is invoked without options, it does not
+     display shell function names and definitions.
+
+  47. When the 'set' builtin is invoked without options, it displays
+     variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell
+     metacharacters, even if the result contains nonprinting characters.
+
+  48. When the 'cd' builtin is invoked in LOGICAL mode, and the pathname
+     constructed from '$PWD' and the directory name supplied as an
+     argument does not refer to an existing directory, 'cd' will fail
+     instead of falling back to PHYSICAL mode.
+
+  49. When the 'cd' builtin cannot change a directory because the length
+     of the pathname constructed from '$PWD' and the directory name
+     supplied as an argument exceeds PATH_MAX when all symbolic links
+     are expanded, 'cd' will fail instead of attempting to use only the
+     supplied directory name.
+
+  50. The 'pwd' builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as
+     the current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file
+     system with the '-P' option.
+
+  51. When listing the history, the 'fc' builtin does not include an
+     indication of whether or not a history entry has been modified.
+
+  52. The default editor used by 'fc' is 'ed'.
+
+  53. The 'type' and 'command' builtins will not report a non-executable
+     file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to execute
+     such a file if it is the only so-named file found in '$PATH'.
+
+  54. The 'vi' editing mode will invoke the 'vi' editor directly when
+     the 'v' command is run, instead of checking '$VISUAL' and
+     '$EDITOR'.
+
+  55. When the 'xpg_echo' option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to
+     interpret any arguments to 'echo' as options.  Each argument is
+     displayed, after escape characters are converted.
+
+  56. The 'ulimit' builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the '-c'
+     and '-f' options.
+
+  57. The arrival of 'SIGCHLD' when a trap is set on 'SIGCHLD' does not
+     interrupt the 'wait' builtin and cause it to return immediately.
+     The trap command is run once for each child that exits.
+
+  58. The 'read' builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap
+     has been set.  If Bash receives a trapped signal while executing
+     'read', the trap handler executes and 'read' returns an exit status
+     greater than 128.
+
+  59. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list
+     of such statuses after the 'wait' builtin is used to obtain it.
+
+   There is other POSIX behavior that Bash does not implement by default
+even when in POSIX mode.  Specifically:
+
+  1. The 'fc' builtin checks '$EDITOR' as a program to edit history
+     entries if 'FCEDIT' is unset, rather than defaulting directly to
+     'ed'.  'fc' uses 'ed' if 'EDITOR' is unset.
+
+  2. As noted above, Bash requires the 'xpg_echo' option to be enabled
+     for the 'echo' builtin to be fully conformant.
+
+   Bash can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default, by
+specifying the '--enable-strict-posix-default' to 'configure' when
+building (*note Optional Features::).
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Job Control,  Next: Command Line Editing,  Prev: Bash Features,  Up: Top
+
+7 Job Control
+*************
+
+This chapter discusses what job control is, how it works, and how Bash
+allows you to access its facilities.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Job Control Basics::		How job control works.
+* Job Control Builtins::	Bash builtin commands used to interact
+				with job control.
+* Job Control Variables::	Variables Bash uses to customize job
+				control.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Job Control Basics,  Next: Job Control Builtins,  Up: Job Control
+
+7.1 Job Control Basics
+======================
+
+Job control refers to the ability to selectively stop (suspend) the
+execution of processes and continue (resume) their execution at a later
+point.  A user typically employs this facility via an interactive
+interface supplied jointly by the operating system kernel's terminal
+driver and Bash.
+
+   The shell associates a JOB with each pipeline.  It keeps a table of
+currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the 'jobs' command.
+When Bash starts a job asynchronously, it prints a line that looks like:
+     [1] 25647
+indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID of the
+last process in the pipeline associated with this job is 25647.  All of
+the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job.  Bash
+uses the JOB abstraction as the basis for job control.
+
+   To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job
+control, the operating system maintains the notion of a current terminal
+process group ID.  Members of this process group (processes whose
+process group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID)
+receive keyboard-generated signals such as 'SIGINT'.  These processes
+are said to be in the foreground.  Background processes are those whose
+process group ID differs from the terminal's; such processes are immune
+to keyboard-generated signals.  Only foreground processes are allowed to
+read from or, if the user so specifies with 'stty tostop', write to the
+terminal.  Background processes which attempt to read from (write to
+when 'stty tostop' is in effect) the terminal are sent a 'SIGTTIN'
+('SIGTTOU') signal by the kernel's terminal driver, which, unless
+caught, suspends the process.
+
+   If the operating system on which Bash is running supports job
+control, Bash contains facilities to use it.  Typing the SUSPEND
+character (typically '^Z', Control-Z) while a process is running causes
+that process to be stopped and returns control to Bash.  Typing the
+DELAYED SUSPEND character (typically '^Y', Control-Y) causes the process
+to be stopped when it attempts to read input from the terminal, and
+control to be returned to Bash.  The user then manipulates the state of
+this job, using the 'bg' command to continue it in the background, the
+'fg' command to continue it in the foreground, or the 'kill' command to
+kill it.  A '^Z' takes effect immediately, and has the additional side
+effect of causing pending output and typeahead to be discarded.
+
+   There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell.  The
+character '%' introduces a job specification (JOBSPEC).
+
+   Job number 'n' may be referred to as '%n'.  The symbols '%%' and '%+'
+refer to the shell's notion of the current job, which is the last job
+stopped while it was in the foreground or started in the background.  A
+single '%' (with no accompanying job specification) also refers to the
+current job.  The previous job may be referenced using '%-'.  If there
+is only a single job, '%+' and '%-' can both be used to refer to that
+job.  In output pertaining to jobs (e.g., the output of the 'jobs'
+command), the current job is always flagged with a '+', and the previous
+job with a '-'.
+
+   A job may also be referred to using a prefix of the name used to
+start it, or using a substring that appears in its command line.  For
+example, '%ce' refers to a stopped 'ce' job.  Using '%?ce', on the other
+hand, refers to any job containing the string 'ce' in its command line.
+If the prefix or substring matches more than one job, Bash reports an
+error.
+
+   Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: '%1'
+is a synonym for 'fg %1', bringing job 1 from the background into the
+foreground.  Similarly, '%1 &' resumes job 1 in the background,
+equivalent to 'bg %1'
+
+   The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state.  Normally,
+Bash waits until it is about to print a prompt before reporting changes
+in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other output.  If the '-b'
+option to the 'set' builtin is enabled, Bash reports such changes
+immediately (*note The Set Builtin::).  Any trap on 'SIGCHLD' is
+executed for each child process that exits.
+
+   If an attempt to exit Bash is made while jobs are stopped, (or
+running, if the 'checkjobs' option is enabled - see *note The Shopt
+Builtin::), the shell prints a warning message, and if the 'checkjobs'
+option is enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses.  The 'jobs'
+command may then be used to inspect their status.  If a second attempt
+to exit is made without an intervening command, Bash does not print
+another warning, and any stopped jobs are terminated.
+
+   When the shell is waiting for a job or process using the 'wait'
+builtin, and job control is enabled, 'wait' will return when the job
+changes state.  The '-f' option will force 'wait' to wait until the job
+or process terminates before returning.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Job Control Builtins,  Next: Job Control Variables,  Prev: Job Control Basics,  Up: Job Control
+
+7.2 Job Control Builtins
+========================
+
+'bg'
+          bg [JOBSPEC ...]
+
+     Resume each suspended job JOBSPEC in the background, as if it had
+     been started with '&'.  If JOBSPEC is not supplied, the current job
+     is used.  The return status is zero unless it is run when job
+     control is not enabled, or, when run with job control enabled, any
+     JOBSPEC was not found or specifies a job that was started without
+     job control.
+
+'fg'
+          fg [JOBSPEC]
+
+     Resume the job JOBSPEC in the foreground and make it the current
+     job.  If JOBSPEC is not supplied, the current job is used.  The
+     return status is that of the command placed into the foreground, or
+     non-zero if run when job control is disabled or, when run with job
+     control enabled, JOBSPEC does not specify a valid job or JOBSPEC
+     specifies a job that was started without job control.
+
+'jobs'
+          jobs [-lnprs] [JOBSPEC]
+          jobs -x COMMAND [ARGUMENTS]
+
+     The first form lists the active jobs.  The options have the
+     following meanings:
+
+     '-l'
+          List process IDs in addition to the normal information.
+
+     '-n'
+          Display information only about jobs that have changed status
+          since the user was last notified of their status.
+
+     '-p'
+          List only the process ID of the job's process group leader.
+
+     '-r'
+          Display only running jobs.
+
+     '-s'
+          Display only stopped jobs.
+
+     If JOBSPEC is given, output is restricted to information about that
+     job.  If JOBSPEC is not supplied, the status of all jobs is listed.
+
+     If the '-x' option is supplied, 'jobs' replaces any JOBSPEC found
+     in COMMAND or ARGUMENTS with the corresponding process group ID,
+     and executes COMMAND, passing it ARGUMENTs, returning its exit
+     status.
+
+'kill'
+          kill [-s SIGSPEC] [-n SIGNUM] [-SIGSPEC] JOBSPEC or PID
+          kill -l|-L [EXIT_STATUS]
+
+     Send a signal specified by SIGSPEC or SIGNUM to the process named
+     by job specification JOBSPEC or process ID PID.  SIGSPEC is either
+     a case-insensitive signal name such as 'SIGINT' (with or without
+     the 'SIG' prefix) or a signal number; SIGNUM is a signal number.
+     If SIGSPEC and SIGNUM are not present, 'SIGTERM' is used.  The '-l'
+     option lists the signal names.  If any arguments are supplied when
+     '-l' is given, the names of the signals corresponding to the
+     arguments are listed, and the return status is zero.  EXIT_STATUS
+     is a number specifying a signal number or the exit status of a
+     process terminated by a signal.  The '-L' option is equivalent to
+     '-l'.  The return status is zero if at least one signal was
+     successfully sent, or non-zero if an error occurs or an invalid
+     option is encountered.
+
+'wait'
+          wait [-fn] [JOBSPEC or PID ...]
+
+     Wait until the child process specified by each process ID PID or
+     job specification JOBSPEC exits and return the exit status of the
+     last command waited for.  If a job spec is given, all processes in
+     the job are waited for.  If no arguments are given, all currently
+     active child processes are waited for, and the return status is
+     zero.  If the '-n' option is supplied, 'wait' waits for any job to
+     terminate and returns its exit status.  If the '-f' option is
+     supplied, and job control is enabled, 'wait' forces each PID or
+     JOBSPEC to terminate before returning its status, intead of
+     returning when it changes status.  If neither JOBSPEC nor PID
+     specifies an active child process of the shell, the return status
+     is 127.
+
+'disown'
+          disown [-ar] [-h] [JOBSPEC ... | PID ... ]
+
+     Without options, remove each JOBSPEC from the table of active jobs.
+     If the '-h' option is given, the job is not removed from the table,
+     but is marked so that 'SIGHUP' is not sent to the job if the shell
+     receives a 'SIGHUP'.  If JOBSPEC is not present, and neither the
+     '-a' nor the '-r' option is supplied, the current job is used.  If
+     no JOBSPEC is supplied, the '-a' option means to remove or mark all
+     jobs; the '-r' option without a JOBSPEC argument restricts
+     operation to running jobs.
+
+'suspend'
+          suspend [-f]
+
+     Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a 'SIGCONT'
+     signal.  A login shell cannot be suspended; the '-f' option can be
+     used to override this and force the suspension.
+
+   When job control is not active, the 'kill' and 'wait' builtins do not
+accept JOBSPEC arguments.  They must be supplied process IDs.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Job Control Variables,  Prev: Job Control Builtins,  Up: Job Control
+
+7.3 Job Control Variables
+=========================
+
+'auto_resume'
+     This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and
+     job control.  If this variable exists then single word simple
+     commands without redirections are treated as candidates for
+     resumption of an existing job.  There is no ambiguity allowed; if
+     there is more than one job beginning with the string typed, then
+     the most recently accessed job will be selected.  The name of a
+     stopped job, in this context, is the command line used to start it.
+     If this variable is set to the value 'exact', the string supplied
+     must match the name of a stopped job exactly; if set to
+     'substring', the string supplied needs to match a substring of the
+     name of a stopped job.  The 'substring' value provides
+     functionality analogous to the '%?' job ID (*note Job Control
+     Basics::).  If set to any other value, the supplied string must be
+     a prefix of a stopped job's name; this provides functionality
+     analogous to the '%' job ID.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Command Line Editing,  Next: Using History Interactively,  Prev: Job Control,  Up: Top
+
+8 Command Line Editing
+**********************
+
+This chapter describes the basic features of the GNU command line
+editing interface.  Command line editing is provided by the Readline
+library, which is used by several different programs, including Bash.
+Command line editing is enabled by default when using an interactive
+shell, unless the '--noediting' option is supplied at shell invocation.
+Line editing is also used when using the '-e' option to the 'read'
+builtin command (*note Bash Builtins::).  By default, the line editing
+commands are similar to those of Emacs.  A vi-style line editing
+interface is also available.  Line editing can be enabled at any time
+using the '-o emacs' or '-o vi' options to the 'set' builtin command
+(*note The Set Builtin::), or disabled using the '+o emacs' or '+o vi'
+options to 'set'.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Introduction and Notation::	Notation used in this text.
+* Readline Interaction::	The minimum set of commands for editing a line.
+* Readline Init File::		Customizing Readline from a user's view.
+* Bindable Readline Commands::	A description of most of the Readline commands
+				available for binding
+* Readline vi Mode::		A short description of how to make Readline
+				behave like the vi editor.
+* Programmable Completion::	How to specify the possible completions for
+				a specific command.
+* Programmable Completion Builtins::	Builtin commands to specify how to
+				complete arguments for a particular command.
+* A Programmable Completion Example::	An example shell function for
+				generating possible completions.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Introduction and Notation,  Next: Readline Interaction,  Up: Command Line Editing
+
+8.1 Introduction to Line Editing
+================================
+
+The following paragraphs describe the notation used to represent
+keystrokes.
+
+   The text 'C-k' is read as 'Control-K' and describes the character
+produced when the <k> key is pressed while the Control key is depressed.
+
+   The text 'M-k' is read as 'Meta-K' and describes the character
+produced when the Meta key (if you have one) is depressed, and the <k>
+key is pressed.  The Meta key is labeled <ALT> on many keyboards.  On
+keyboards with two keys labeled <ALT> (usually to either side of the
+space bar), the <ALT> on the left side is generally set to work as a
+Meta key.  The <ALT> key on the right may also be configured to work as
+a Meta key or may be configured as some other modifier, such as a
+Compose key for typing accented characters.
+
+   If you do not have a Meta or <ALT> key, or another key working as a
+Meta key, the identical keystroke can be generated by typing <ESC>
+_first_, and then typing <k>.  Either process is known as "metafying"
+the <k> key.
+
+   The text 'M-C-k' is read as 'Meta-Control-k' and describes the
+character produced by "metafying" 'C-k'.
+
+   In addition, several keys have their own names.  Specifically, <DEL>,
+<ESC>, <LFD>, <SPC>, <RET>, and <TAB> all stand for themselves when seen
+in this text, or in an init file (*note Readline Init File::).  If your
+keyboard lacks a <LFD> key, typing <C-j> will produce the desired
+character.  The <RET> key may be labeled <Return> or <Enter> on some
+keyboards.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Readline Interaction,  Next: Readline Init File,  Prev: Introduction and Notation,  Up: Command Line Editing
+
+8.2 Readline Interaction
+========================
+
+Often during an interactive session you type in a long line of text,
+only to notice that the first word on the line is misspelled.  The
+Readline library gives you a set of commands for manipulating the text
+as you type it in, allowing you to just fix your typo, and not forcing
+you to retype the majority of the line.  Using these editing commands,
+you move the cursor to the place that needs correction, and delete or
+insert the text of the corrections.  Then, when you are satisfied with
+the line, you simply press <RET>.  You do not have to be at the end of
+the line to press <RET>; the entire line is accepted regardless of the
+location of the cursor within the line.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Readline Bare Essentials::	The least you need to know about Readline.
+* Readline Movement Commands::	Moving about the input line.
+* Readline Killing Commands::	How to delete text, and how to get it back!
+* Readline Arguments::		Giving numeric arguments to commands.
+* Searching::			Searching through previous lines.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Readline Bare Essentials,  Next: Readline Movement Commands,  Up: Readline Interaction
+
+8.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials
+------------------------------
+
+In order to enter characters into the line, simply type them.  The typed
+character appears where the cursor was, and then the cursor moves one
+space to the right.  If you mistype a character, you can use your erase
+character to back up and delete the mistyped character.
+
+   Sometimes you may mistype a character, and not notice the error until
+you have typed several other characters.  In that case, you can type
+'C-b' to move the cursor to the left, and then correct your mistake.
+Afterwards, you can move the cursor to the right with 'C-f'.
+
+   When you add text in the middle of a line, you will notice that
+characters to the right of the cursor are 'pushed over' to make room for
+the text that you have inserted.  Likewise, when you delete text behind
+the cursor, characters to the right of the cursor are 'pulled back' to
+fill in the blank space created by the removal of the text.  A list of
+the bare essentials for editing the text of an input line follows.
+
+'C-b'
+     Move back one character.
+'C-f'
+     Move forward one character.
+<DEL> or <Backspace>
+     Delete the character to the left of the cursor.
+'C-d'
+     Delete the character underneath the cursor.
+Printing characters
+     Insert the character into the line at the cursor.
+'C-_' or 'C-x C-u'
+     Undo the last editing command.  You can undo all the way back to an
+     empty line.
+
+(Depending on your configuration, the <Backspace> key be set to delete
+the character to the left of the cursor and the <DEL> key set to delete
+the character underneath the cursor, like 'C-d', rather than the
+character to the left of the cursor.)
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Readline Movement Commands,  Next: Readline Killing Commands,  Prev: Readline Bare Essentials,  Up: Readline Interaction
+
+8.2.2 Readline Movement Commands
+--------------------------------
+
+The above table describes the most basic keystrokes that you need in
+order to do editing of the input line.  For your convenience, many other
+commands have been added in addition to 'C-b', 'C-f', 'C-d', and <DEL>.
+Here are some commands for moving more rapidly about the line.
+
+'C-a'
+     Move to the start of the line.
+'C-e'
+     Move to the end of the line.
+'M-f'
+     Move forward a word, where a word is composed of letters and
+     digits.
+'M-b'
+     Move backward a word.
+'C-l'
+     Clear the screen, reprinting the current line at the top.
+
+   Notice how 'C-f' moves forward a character, while 'M-f' moves forward
+a word.  It is a loose convention that control keystrokes operate on
+characters while meta keystrokes operate on words.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Readline Killing Commands,  Next: Readline Arguments,  Prev: Readline Movement Commands,  Up: Readline Interaction
+
+8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands
+-------------------------------
+
+"Killing" text means to delete the text from the line, but to save it
+away for later use, usually by "yanking" (re-inserting) it back into the
+line.  ('Cut' and 'paste' are more recent jargon for 'kill' and 'yank'.)
+
+   If the description for a command says that it 'kills' text, then you
+can be sure that you can get the text back in a different (or the same)
+place later.
+
+   When you use a kill command, the text is saved in a "kill-ring".  Any
+number of consecutive kills save all of the killed text together, so
+that when you yank it back, you get it all.  The kill ring is not line
+specific; the text that you killed on a previously typed line is
+available to be yanked back later, when you are typing another line.
+
+   Here is the list of commands for killing text.
+
+'C-k'
+     Kill the text from the current cursor position to the end of the
+     line.
+
+'M-d'
+     Kill from the cursor to the end of the current word, or, if between
+     words, to the end of the next word.  Word boundaries are the same
+     as those used by 'M-f'.
+
+'M-<DEL>'
+     Kill from the cursor the start of the current word, or, if between
+     words, to the start of the previous word.  Word boundaries are the
+     same as those used by 'M-b'.
+
+'C-w'
+     Kill from the cursor to the previous whitespace.  This is different
+     than 'M-<DEL>' because the word boundaries differ.
+
+   Here is how to "yank" the text back into the line.  Yanking means to
+copy the most-recently-killed text from the kill buffer.
+
+'C-y'
+     Yank the most recently killed text back into the buffer at the
+     cursor.
+
+'M-y'
+     Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top.  You can only do this
+     if the prior command is 'C-y' or 'M-y'.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Readline Arguments,  Next: Searching,  Prev: Readline Killing Commands,  Up: Readline Interaction
+
+8.2.4 Readline Arguments
+------------------------
+
+You can pass numeric arguments to Readline commands.  Sometimes the
+argument acts as a repeat count, other times it is the sign of the
+argument that is significant.  If you pass a negative argument to a
+command which normally acts in a forward direction, that command will
+act in a backward direction.  For example, to kill text back to the
+start of the line, you might type 'M-- C-k'.
+
+   The general way to pass numeric arguments to a command is to type
+meta digits before the command.  If the first 'digit' typed is a minus
+sign ('-'), then the sign of the argument will be negative.  Once you
+have typed one meta digit to get the argument started, you can type the
+remainder of the digits, and then the command.  For example, to give the
+'C-d' command an argument of 10, you could type 'M-1 0 C-d', which will
+delete the next ten characters on the input line.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Searching,  Prev: Readline Arguments,  Up: Readline Interaction
+
+8.2.5 Searching for Commands in the History
+-------------------------------------------
+
+Readline provides commands for searching through the command history
+(*note Bash History Facilities::) for lines containing a specified
+string.  There are two search modes: "incremental" and
+"non-incremental".
+
+   Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the
+search string.  As each character of the search string is typed,
+Readline displays the next entry from the history matching the string
+typed so far.  An incremental search requires only as many characters as
+needed to find the desired history entry.  To search backward in the
+history for a particular string, type 'C-r'.  Typing 'C-s' searches
+forward through the history.  The characters present in the value of the
+'isearch-terminators' variable are used to terminate an incremental
+search.  If that variable has not been assigned a value, the <ESC> and
+'C-J' characters will terminate an incremental search.  'C-g' will abort
+an incremental search and restore the original line.  When the search is
+terminated, the history entry containing the search string becomes the
+current line.
+
+   To find other matching entries in the history list, type 'C-r' or
+'C-s' as appropriate.  This will search backward or forward in the
+history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far.  Any
+other key sequence bound to a Readline command will terminate the search
+and execute that command.  For instance, a <RET> will terminate the
+search and accept the line, thereby executing the command from the
+history list.  A movement command will terminate the search, make the
+last line found the current line, and begin editing.
+
+   Readline remembers the last incremental search string.  If two 'C-r's
+are typed without any intervening characters defining a new search
+string, any remembered search string is used.
+
+   Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before
+starting to search for matching history lines.  The search string may be
+typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Readline Init File,  Next: Bindable Readline Commands,  Prev: Readline Interaction,  Up: Command Line Editing
+
+8.3 Readline Init File
+======================
+
+Although the Readline library comes with a set of Emacs-like keybindings
+installed by default, it is possible to use a different set of
+keybindings.  Any user can customize programs that use Readline by
+putting commands in an "inputrc" file, conventionally in his home
+directory.  The name of this file is taken from the value of the shell
+variable 'INPUTRC'.  If that variable is unset, the default is
+'~/.inputrc'.  If that file does not exist or cannot be read, the
+ultimate default is '/etc/inputrc'.
+
+   When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, the init
+file is read, and the key bindings are set.
+
+   In addition, the 'C-x C-r' command re-reads this init file, thus
+incorporating any changes that you might have made to it.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Readline Init File Syntax::	Syntax for the commands in the inputrc file.
+
+* Conditional Init Constructs::	Conditional key bindings in the inputrc file.
+
+* Sample Init File::		An example inputrc file.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Readline Init File Syntax,  Next: Conditional Init Constructs,  Up: Readline Init File
+
+8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
+-------------------------------
+
+There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the Readline init file.
+Blank lines are ignored.  Lines beginning with a '#' are comments.
+Lines beginning with a '$' indicate conditional constructs (*note
+Conditional Init Constructs::).  Other lines denote variable settings
+and key bindings.
+
+Variable Settings
+     You can modify the run-time behavior of Readline by altering the
+     values of variables in Readline using the 'set' command within the
+     init file.  The syntax is simple:
+
+          set VARIABLE VALUE
+
+     Here, for example, is how to change from the default Emacs-like key
+     binding to use 'vi' line editing commands:
+
+          set editing-mode vi
+
+     Variable names and values, where appropriate, are recognized
+     without regard to case.  Unrecognized variable names are ignored.
+
+     Boolean variables (those that can be set to on or off) are set to
+     on if the value is null or empty, ON (case-insensitive), or 1.  Any
+     other value results in the variable being set to off.
+
+     The 'bind -V' command lists the current Readline variable names and
+     values.  *Note Bash Builtins::.
+
+     A great deal of run-time behavior is changeable with the following
+     variables.
+
+     'bell-style'
+          Controls what happens when Readline wants to ring the terminal
+          bell.  If set to 'none', Readline never rings the bell.  If
+          set to 'visible', Readline uses a visible bell if one is
+          available.  If set to 'audible' (the default), Readline
+          attempts to ring the terminal's bell.
+
+     'bind-tty-special-chars'
+          If set to 'on' (the default), Readline attempts to bind the
+          control characters treated specially by the kernel's terminal
+          driver to their Readline equivalents.
+
+     'blink-matching-paren'
+          If set to 'on', Readline attempts to briefly move the cursor
+          to an opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is
+          inserted.  The default is 'off'.
+
+     'colored-completion-prefix'
+          If set to 'on', when listing completions, Readline displays
+          the common prefix of the set of possible completions using a
+          different color.  The color definitions are taken from the
+          value of the 'LS_COLORS' environment variable.  The default is
+          'off'.
+
+     'colored-stats'
+          If set to 'on', Readline displays possible completions using
+          different colors to indicate their file type.  The color
+          definitions are taken from the value of the 'LS_COLORS'
+          environment variable.  The default is 'off'.
+
+     'comment-begin'
+          The string to insert at the beginning of the line when the
+          'insert-comment' command is executed.  The default value is
+          '"#"'.
+
+     'completion-display-width'
+          The number of screen columns used to display possible matches
+          when performing completion.  The value is ignored if it is
+          less than 0 or greater than the terminal screen width.  A
+          value of 0 will cause matches to be displayed one per line.
+          The default value is -1.
+
+     'completion-ignore-case'
+          If set to 'on', Readline performs filename matching and
+          completion in a case-insensitive fashion.  The default value
+          is 'off'.
+
+     'completion-map-case'
+          If set to 'on', and COMPLETION-IGNORE-CASE is enabled,
+          Readline treats hyphens ('-') and underscores ('_') as
+          equivalent when performing case-insensitive filename matching
+          and completion.  The default value is 'off'.
+
+     'completion-prefix-display-length'
+          The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of
+          possible completions that is displayed without modification.
+          When set to a value greater than zero, common prefixes longer
+          than this value are replaced with an ellipsis when displaying
+          possible completions.
+
+     'completion-query-items'
+          The number of possible completions that determines when the
+          user is asked whether the list of possibilities should be
+          displayed.  If the number of possible completions is greater
+          than this value, Readline will ask the user whether or not he
+          wishes to view them; otherwise, they are simply listed.  This
+          variable must be set to an integer value greater than or equal
+          to 0.  A negative value means Readline should never ask.  The
+          default limit is '100'.
+
+     'convert-meta'
+          If set to 'on', Readline will convert characters with the
+          eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the
+          eighth bit and prefixing an <ESC> character, converting them
+          to a meta-prefixed key sequence.  The default value is 'on',
+          but will be set to 'off' if the locale is one that contains
+          eight-bit characters.
+
+     'disable-completion'
+          If set to 'On', Readline will inhibit word completion.
+          Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if
+          they had been mapped to 'self-insert'.  The default is 'off'.
+
+     'echo-control-characters'
+          When set to 'on', on operating systems that indicate they
+          support it, readline echoes a character corresponding to a
+          signal generated from the keyboard.  The default is 'on'.
+
+     'editing-mode'
+          The 'editing-mode' variable controls which default set of key
+          bindings is used.  By default, Readline starts up in Emacs
+          editing mode, where the keystrokes are most similar to Emacs.
+          This variable can be set to either 'emacs' or 'vi'.
+
+     'emacs-mode-string'
+          If the SHOW-MODE-IN-PROMPT variable is enabled, this string is
+          displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
+          prompt when emacs editing mode is active.  The value is
+          expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and
+          control prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available.
+          Use the '\1' and '\2' escapes to begin and end sequences of
+          non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal
+          control sequence into the mode string.  The default is '@'.
+
+     'enable-bracketed-paste'
+          When set to 'On', Readline will configure the terminal in a
+          way that will enable it to insert each paste into the editing
+          buffer as a single string of characters, instead of treating
+          each character as if it had been read from the keyboard.  This
+          can prevent pasted characters from being interpreted as
+          editing commands.  The default is 'off'.
+
+     'enable-keypad'
+          When set to 'on', Readline will try to enable the application
+          keypad when it is called.  Some systems need this to enable
+          the arrow keys.  The default is 'off'.
+
+     'enable-meta-key'
+          When set to 'on', Readline will try to enable any meta
+          modifier key the terminal claims to support when it is called.
+          On many terminals, the meta key is used to send eight-bit
+          characters.  The default is 'on'.
+
+     'expand-tilde'
+          If set to 'on', tilde expansion is performed when Readline
+          attempts word completion.  The default is 'off'.
+
+     'history-preserve-point'
+          If set to 'on', the history code attempts to place the point
+          (the current cursor position) at the same location on each
+          history line retrieved with 'previous-history' or
+          'next-history'.  The default is 'off'.
+
+     'history-size'
+          Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history
+          list.  If set to zero, any existing history entries are
+          deleted and no new entries are saved.  If set to a value less
+          than zero, the number of history entries is not limited.  By
+          default, the number of history entries is not limited.  If an
+          attempt is made to set HISTORY-SIZE to a non-numeric value,
+          the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500.
+
+     'horizontal-scroll-mode'
+          This variable can be set to either 'on' or 'off'.  Setting it
+          to 'on' means that the text of the lines being edited will
+          scroll horizontally on a single screen line when they are
+          longer than the width of the screen, instead of wrapping onto
+          a new screen line.  By default, this variable is set to 'off'.
+
+     'input-meta'
+          If set to 'on', Readline will enable eight-bit input (it will
+          not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
+          regardless of what the terminal claims it can support.  The
+          default value is 'off', but Readline will set it to 'on' if
+          the locale contains eight-bit characters.  The name
+          'meta-flag' is a synonym for this variable.
+
+     'isearch-terminators'
+          The string of characters that should terminate an incremental
+          search without subsequently executing the character as a
+          command (*note Searching::).  If this variable has not been
+          given a value, the characters <ESC> and 'C-J' will terminate
+          an incremental search.
+
+     'keymap'
+          Sets Readline's idea of the current keymap for key binding
+          commands.  Built-in 'keymap' names are 'emacs',
+          'emacs-standard', 'emacs-meta', 'emacs-ctlx', 'vi', 'vi-move',
+          'vi-command', and 'vi-insert'.  'vi' is equivalent to
+          'vi-command' ('vi-move' is also a synonym); 'emacs' is
+          equivalent to 'emacs-standard'.  Applications may add
+          additional names.  The default value is 'emacs'.  The value of
+          the 'editing-mode' variable also affects the default keymap.
+
+     'keyseq-timeout'
+          Specifies the duration Readline will wait for a character when
+          reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a
+          complete key sequence using the input read so far, or can take
+          additional input to complete a longer key sequence).  If no
+          input is received within the timeout, Readline will use the
+          shorter but complete key sequence.  Readline uses this value
+          to determine whether or not input is available on the current
+          input source ('rl_instream' by default).  The value is
+          specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that
+          Readline will wait one second for additional input.  If this
+          variable is set to a value less than or equal to zero, or to a
+          non-numeric value, Readline will wait until another key is
+          pressed to decide which key sequence to complete.  The default
+          value is '500'.
+
+     'mark-directories'
+          If set to 'on', completed directory names have a slash
+          appended.  The default is 'on'.
+
+     'mark-modified-lines'
+          This variable, when set to 'on', causes Readline to display an
+          asterisk ('*') at the start of history lines which have been
+          modified.  This variable is 'off' by default.
+
+     'mark-symlinked-directories'
+          If set to 'on', completed names which are symbolic links to
+          directories have a slash appended (subject to the value of
+          'mark-directories').  The default is 'off'.
+
+     'match-hidden-files'
+          This variable, when set to 'on', causes Readline to match
+          files whose names begin with a '.' (hidden files) when
+          performing filename completion.  If set to 'off', the leading
+          '.' must be supplied by the user in the filename to be
+          completed.  This variable is 'on' by default.
+
+     'menu-complete-display-prefix'
+          If set to 'on', menu completion displays the common prefix of
+          the list of possible completions (which may be empty) before
+          cycling through the list.  The default is 'off'.
+
+     'output-meta'
+          If set to 'on', Readline will display characters with the
+          eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape
+          sequence.  The default is 'off', but Readline will set it to
+          'on' if the locale contains eight-bit characters.
+
+     'page-completions'
+          If set to 'on', Readline uses an internal 'more'-like pager to
+          display a screenful of possible completions at a time.  This
+          variable is 'on' by default.
+
+     'print-completions-horizontally'
+          If set to 'on', Readline will display completions with matches
+          sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down
+          the screen.  The default is 'off'.
+
+     'revert-all-at-newline'
+          If set to 'on', Readline will undo all changes to history
+          lines before returning when 'accept-line' is executed.  By
+          default, history lines may be modified and retain individual
+          undo lists across calls to 'readline'.  The default is 'off'.
+
+     'show-all-if-ambiguous'
+          This alters the default behavior of the completion functions.
+          If set to 'on', words which have more than one possible
+          completion cause the matches to be listed immediately instead
+          of ringing the bell.  The default value is 'off'.
+
+     'show-all-if-unmodified'
+          This alters the default behavior of the completion functions
+          in a fashion similar to SHOW-ALL-IF-AMBIGUOUS.  If set to
+          'on', words which have more than one possible completion
+          without any possible partial completion (the possible
+          completions don't share a common prefix) cause the matches to
+          be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.  The
+          default value is 'off'.
+
+     'show-mode-in-prompt'
+          If set to 'on', add a string to the beginning of the prompt
+          indicating the editing mode: emacs, vi command, or vi
+          insertion.  The mode strings are user-settable (e.g.,
+          EMACS-MODE-STRING).  The default value is 'off'.
+
+     'skip-completed-text'
+          If set to 'on', this alters the default completion behavior
+          when inserting a single match into the line.  It's only active
+          when performing completion in the middle of a word.  If
+          enabled, readline does not insert characters from the
+          completion that match characters after point in the word being
+          completed, so portions of the word following the cursor are
+          not duplicated.  For instance, if this is enabled, attempting
+          completion when the cursor is after the 'e' in 'Makefile' will
+          result in 'Makefile' rather than 'Makefilefile', assuming
+          there is a single possible completion.  The default value is
+          'off'.
+
+     'vi-cmd-mode-string'
+          If the SHOW-MODE-IN-PROMPT variable is enabled, this string is
+          displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
+          prompt when vi editing mode is active and in command mode.
+          The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set
+          of meta- and control prefixes and backslash escape sequences
+          is available.  Use the '\1' and '\2' escapes to begin and end
+          sequences of non-printing characters, which can be used to
+          embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.  The
+          default is '(cmd)'.
+
+     'vi-ins-mode-string'
+          If the SHOW-MODE-IN-PROMPT variable is enabled, this string is
+          displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
+          prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode.
+          The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set
+          of meta- and control prefixes and backslash escape sequences
+          is available.  Use the '\1' and '\2' escapes to begin and end
+          sequences of non-printing characters, which can be used to
+          embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.  The
+          default is '(ins)'.
+
+     'visible-stats'
+          If set to 'on', a character denoting a file's type is appended
+          to the filename when listing possible completions.  The
+          default is 'off'.
+
+Key Bindings
+     The syntax for controlling key bindings in the init file is simple.
+     First you need to find the name of the command that you want to
+     change.  The following sections contain tables of the command name,
+     the default keybinding, if any, and a short description of what the
+     command does.
+
+     Once you know the name of the command, simply place on a line in
+     the init file the name of the key you wish to bind the command to,
+     a colon, and then the name of the command.  There can be no space
+     between the key name and the colon - that will be interpreted as
+     part of the key name.  The name of the key can be expressed in
+     different ways, depending on what you find most comfortable.
+
+     In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound to a
+     string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a MACRO).
+
+     The 'bind -p' command displays Readline function names and bindings
+     in a format that can put directly into an initialization file.
+     *Note Bash Builtins::.
+
+     KEYNAME: FUNCTION-NAME or MACRO
+          KEYNAME is the name of a key spelled out in English.  For
+          example:
+               Control-u: universal-argument
+               Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word
+               Control-o: "> output"
+
+          In the example above, 'C-u' is bound to the function
+          'universal-argument', 'M-DEL' is bound to the function
+          'backward-kill-word', and 'C-o' is bound to run the macro
+          expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text
+          '> output' into the line).
+
+          A number of symbolic character names are recognized while
+          processing this key binding syntax: DEL, ESC, ESCAPE, LFD,
+          NEWLINE, RET, RETURN, RUBOUT, SPACE, SPC, and TAB.
+
+     "KEYSEQ": FUNCTION-NAME or MACRO
+          KEYSEQ differs from KEYNAME above in that strings denoting an
+          entire key sequence can be specified, by placing the key
+          sequence in double quotes.  Some GNU Emacs style key escapes
+          can be used, as in the following example, but the special
+          character names are not recognized.
+
+               "\C-u": universal-argument
+               "\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file
+               "\e[11~": "Function Key 1"
+
+          In the above example, 'C-u' is again bound to the function
+          'universal-argument' (just as it was in the first example),
+          ''C-x' 'C-r'' is bound to the function 're-read-init-file',
+          and '<ESC> <[> <1> <1> <~>' is bound to insert the text
+          'Function Key 1'.
+
+     The following GNU Emacs style escape sequences are available when
+     specifying key sequences:
+
+     '\C-'
+          control prefix
+     '\M-'
+          meta prefix
+     '\e'
+          an escape character
+     '\\'
+          backslash
+     '\"'
+          <">, a double quotation mark
+     '\''
+          <'>, a single quote or apostrophe
+
+     In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set
+     of backslash escapes is available:
+
+     '\a'
+          alert (bell)
+     '\b'
+          backspace
+     '\d'
+          delete
+     '\f'
+          form feed
+     '\n'
+          newline
+     '\r'
+          carriage return
+     '\t'
+          horizontal tab
+     '\v'
+          vertical tab
+     '\NNN'
+          the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN
+          (one to three digits)
+     '\xHH'
+          the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+          HH (one or two hex digits)
+
+     When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must be
+     used to indicate a macro definition.  Unquoted text is assumed to
+     be a function name.  In the macro body, the backslash escapes
+     described above are expanded.  Backslash will quote any other
+     character in the macro text, including '"' and '''.  For example,
+     the following binding will make ''C-x' \' insert a single '\' into
+     the line:
+          "\C-x\\": "\\"
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Conditional Init Constructs,  Next: Sample Init File,  Prev: Readline Init File Syntax,  Up: Readline Init File
+
+8.3.2 Conditional Init Constructs
+---------------------------------
+
+Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional
+compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings and
+variable settings to be performed as the result of tests.  There are
+four parser directives used.
+
+'$if'
+     The '$if' construct allows bindings to be made based on the editing
+     mode, the terminal being used, or the application using Readline.
+     The text of the test, after any comparison operator, extends to the
+     end of the line; unless otherwise noted, no characters are required
+     to isolate it.
+
+     'mode'
+          The 'mode=' form of the '$if' directive is used to test
+          whether Readline is in 'emacs' or 'vi' mode.  This may be used
+          in conjunction with the 'set keymap' command, for instance, to
+          set bindings in the 'emacs-standard' and 'emacs-ctlx' keymaps
+          only if Readline is starting out in 'emacs' mode.
+
+     'term'
+          The 'term=' form may be used to include terminal-specific key
+          bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the
+          terminal's function keys.  The word on the right side of the
+          '=' is tested against both the full name of the terminal and
+          the portion of the terminal name before the first '-'.  This
+          allows 'sun' to match both 'sun' and 'sun-cmd', for instance.
+
+     'version'
+          The 'version' test may be used to perform comparisons against
+          specific Readline versions.  The 'version' expands to the
+          current Readline version.  The set of comparison operators
+          includes '=' (and '=='), '!=', '<=', '>=', '<', and '>'.  The
+          version number supplied on the right side of the operator
+          consists of a major version number, an optional decimal point,
+          and an optional minor version (e.g., '7.1').  If the minor
+          version is omitted, it is assumed to be '0'.  The operator may
+          be separated from the string 'version' and from the version
+          number argument by whitespace.  The following example sets a
+          variable if the Readline version being used is 7.0 or newer:
+               $if version >= 7.0
+               set show-mode-in-prompt on
+               $endif
+
+     'application'
+          The APPLICATION construct is used to include
+          application-specific settings.  Each program using the
+          Readline library sets the APPLICATION NAME, and you can test
+          for a particular value.  This could be used to bind key
+          sequences to functions useful for a specific program.  For
+          instance, the following command adds a key sequence that
+          quotes the current or previous word in Bash:
+               $if Bash
+               # Quote the current or previous word
+               "\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\""
+               $endif
+
+     'variable'
+          The VARIABLE construct provides simple equality tests for
+          Readline variables and values.  The permitted comparison
+          operators are '=', '==', and '!='.  The variable name must be
+          separated from the comparison operator by whitespace; the
+          operator may be separated from the value on the right hand
+          side by whitespace.  Both string and boolean variables may be
+          tested.  Boolean variables must be tested against the values
+          ON and OFF.  The following example is equivalent to the
+          'mode=emacs' test described above:
+               $if editing-mode == emacs
+               set show-mode-in-prompt on
+               $endif
+
+'$endif'
+     This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an '$if'
+     command.
+
+'$else'
+     Commands in this branch of the '$if' directive are executed if the
+     test fails.
+
+'$include'
+     This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads
+     commands and bindings from that file.  For example, the following
+     directive reads from '/etc/inputrc':
+          $include /etc/inputrc
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Sample Init File,  Prev: Conditional Init Constructs,  Up: Readline Init File
+
+8.3.3 Sample Init File
+----------------------
+
+Here is an example of an INPUTRC file.  This illustrates key binding,
+variable assignment, and conditional syntax.
+
+     # This file controls the behaviour of line input editing for
+     # programs that use the GNU Readline library.  Existing
+     # programs include FTP, Bash, and GDB.
+     #
+     # You can re-read the inputrc file with C-x C-r.
+     # Lines beginning with '#' are comments.
+     #
+     # First, include any system-wide bindings and variable
+     # assignments from /etc/Inputrc
+     $include /etc/Inputrc
+
+     #
+     # Set various bindings for emacs mode.
+
+     set editing-mode emacs
+
+     $if mode=emacs
+
+     Meta-Control-h:	backward-kill-word	Text after the function name is ignored
+
+     #
+     # Arrow keys in keypad mode
+     #
+     #"\M-OD":        backward-char
+     #"\M-OC":        forward-char
+     #"\M-OA":        previous-history
+     #"\M-OB":        next-history
+     #
+     # Arrow keys in ANSI mode
+     #
+     "\M-[D":        backward-char
+     "\M-[C":        forward-char
+     "\M-[A":        previous-history
+     "\M-[B":        next-history
+     #
+     # Arrow keys in 8 bit keypad mode
+     #
+     #"\M-\C-OD":       backward-char
+     #"\M-\C-OC":       forward-char
+     #"\M-\C-OA":       previous-history
+     #"\M-\C-OB":       next-history
+     #
+     # Arrow keys in 8 bit ANSI mode
+     #
+     #"\M-\C-[D":       backward-char
+     #"\M-\C-[C":       forward-char
+     #"\M-\C-[A":       previous-history
+     #"\M-\C-[B":       next-history
+
+     C-q: quoted-insert
+
+     $endif
+
+     # An old-style binding.  This happens to be the default.
+     TAB: complete
+
+     # Macros that are convenient for shell interaction
+     $if Bash
+     # edit the path
+     "\C-xp": "PATH=${PATH}\e\C-e\C-a\ef\C-f"
+     # prepare to type a quoted word --
+     # insert open and close double quotes
+     # and move to just after the open quote
+     "\C-x\"": "\"\"\C-b"
+     # insert a backslash (testing backslash escapes
+     # in sequences and macros)
+     "\C-x\\": "\\"
+     # Quote the current or previous word
+     "\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\""
+     # Add a binding to refresh the line, which is unbound
+     "\C-xr": redraw-current-line
+     # Edit variable on current line.
+     "\M-\C-v": "\C-a\C-k$\C-y\M-\C-e\C-a\C-y="
+     $endif
+
+     # use a visible bell if one is available
+     set bell-style visible
+
+     # don't strip characters to 7 bits when reading
+     set input-meta on
+
+     # allow iso-latin1 characters to be inserted rather
+     # than converted to prefix-meta sequences
+     set convert-meta off
+
+     # display characters with the eighth bit set directly
+     # rather than as meta-prefixed characters
+     set output-meta on
+
+     # if there are more than 150 possible completions for
+     # a word, ask the user if he wants to see all of them
+     set completion-query-items 150
+
+     # For FTP
+     $if Ftp
+     "\C-xg": "get \M-?"
+     "\C-xt": "put \M-?"
+     "\M-.": yank-last-arg
+     $endif
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Bindable Readline Commands,  Next: Readline vi Mode,  Prev: Readline Init File,  Up: Command Line Editing
+
+8.4 Bindable Readline Commands
+==============================
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Commands For Moving::		Moving about the line.
+* Commands For History::	Getting at previous lines.
+* Commands For Text::		Commands for changing text.
+* Commands For Killing::	Commands for killing and yanking.
+* Numeric Arguments::		Specifying numeric arguments, repeat counts.
+* Commands For Completion::	Getting Readline to do the typing for you.
+* Keyboard Macros::		Saving and re-executing typed characters
+* Miscellaneous Commands::	Other miscellaneous commands.
+
+This section describes Readline commands that may be bound to key
+sequences.  You can list your key bindings by executing 'bind -P' or,
+for a more terse format, suitable for an INPUTRC file, 'bind -p'.
+(*Note Bash Builtins::.)  Command names without an accompanying key
+sequence are unbound by default.
+
+   In the following descriptions, "point" refers to the current cursor
+position, and "mark" refers to a cursor position saved by the 'set-mark'
+command.  The text between the point and mark is referred to as the
+"region".
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Commands For Moving,  Next: Commands For History,  Up: Bindable Readline Commands
+
+8.4.1 Commands For Moving
+-------------------------
+
+'beginning-of-line (C-a)'
+     Move to the start of the current line.
+
+'end-of-line (C-e)'
+     Move to the end of the line.
+
+'forward-char (C-f)'
+     Move forward a character.
+
+'backward-char (C-b)'
+     Move back a character.
+
+'forward-word (M-f)'
+     Move forward to the end of the next word.  Words are composed of
+     letters and digits.
+
+'backward-word (M-b)'
+     Move back to the start of the current or previous word.  Words are
+     composed of letters and digits.
+
+'shell-forward-word ()'
+     Move forward to the end of the next word.  Words are delimited by
+     non-quoted shell metacharacters.
+
+'shell-backward-word ()'
+     Move back to the start of the current or previous word.  Words are
+     delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters.
+
+'previous-screen-line ()'
+     Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the
+     previous physical screen line.  This will not have the desired
+     effect if the current Readline line does not take up more than one
+     physical line or if point is not greater than the length of the
+     prompt plus the screen width.
+
+'next-screen-line ()'
+     Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the
+     next physical screen line.  This will not have the desired effect
+     if the current Readline line does not take up more than one
+     physical line or if the length of the current Readline line is not
+     greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width.
+
+'clear-screen (C-l)'
+     Clear the screen and redraw the current line, leaving the current
+     line at the top of the screen.
+
+'redraw-current-line ()'
+     Refresh the current line.  By default, this is unbound.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Commands For History,  Next: Commands For Text,  Prev: Commands For Moving,  Up: Bindable Readline Commands
+
+8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
+-------------------------------------------
+
+'accept-line (Newline or Return)'
+     Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is.  If this line is
+     non-empty, add it to the history list according to the setting of
+     the 'HISTCONTROL' and 'HISTIGNORE' variables.  If this line is a
+     modified history line, then restore the history line to its
+     original state.
+
+'previous-history (C-p)'
+     Move 'back' through the history list, fetching the previous
+     command.
+
+'next-history (C-n)'
+     Move 'forward' through the history list, fetching the next command.
+
+'beginning-of-history (M-<)'
+     Move to the first line in the history.
+
+'end-of-history (M->)'
+     Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently
+     being entered.
+
+'reverse-search-history (C-r)'
+     Search backward starting at the current line and moving 'up'
+     through the history as necessary.  This is an incremental search.
+
+'forward-search-history (C-s)'
+     Search forward starting at the current line and moving 'down'
+     through the history as necessary.  This is an incremental search.
+
+'non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)'
+     Search backward starting at the current line and moving 'up'
+     through the history as necessary using a non-incremental search for
+     a string supplied by the user.  The search string may match
+     anywhere in a history line.
+
+'non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)'
+     Search forward starting at the current line and moving 'down'
+     through the history as necessary using a non-incremental search for
+     a string supplied by the user.  The search string may match
+     anywhere in a history line.
+
+'history-search-forward ()'
+     Search forward through the history for the string of characters
+     between the start of the current line and the point.  The search
+     string must match at the beginning of a history line.  This is a
+     non-incremental search.  By default, this command is unbound.
+
+'history-search-backward ()'
+     Search backward through the history for the string of characters
+     between the start of the current line and the point.  The search
+     string must match at the beginning of a history line.  This is a
+     non-incremental search.  By default, this command is unbound.
+
+'history-substring-search-forward ()'
+     Search forward through the history for the string of characters
+     between the start of the current line and the point.  The search
+     string may match anywhere in a history line.  This is a
+     non-incremental search.  By default, this command is unbound.
+
+'history-substring-search-backward ()'
+     Search backward through the history for the string of characters
+     between the start of the current line and the point.  The search
+     string may match anywhere in a history line.  This is a
+     non-incremental search.  By default, this command is unbound.
+
+'yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)'
+     Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the
+     second word on the previous line) at point.  With an argument N,
+     insert the Nth word from the previous command (the words in the
+     previous command begin with word 0).  A negative argument inserts
+     the Nth word from the end of the previous command.  Once the
+     argument N is computed, the argument is extracted as if the '!N'
+     history expansion had been specified.
+
+'yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)'
+     Insert last argument to the previous command (the last word of the
+     previous history entry).  With a numeric argument, behave exactly
+     like 'yank-nth-arg'.  Successive calls to 'yank-last-arg' move back
+     through the history list, inserting the last word (or the word
+     specified by the argument to the first call) of each line in turn.
+     Any numeric argument supplied to these successive calls determines
+     the direction to move through the history.  A negative argument
+     switches the direction through the history (back or forward).  The
+     history expansion facilities are used to extract the last argument,
+     as if the '!$' history expansion had been specified.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Commands For Text,  Next: Commands For Killing,  Prev: Commands For History,  Up: Bindable Readline Commands
+
+8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text
+--------------------------------
+
+'end-of-file (usually C-d)'
+     The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by
+     'stty'.  If this character is read when there are no characters on
+     the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, Readline
+     interprets it as the end of input and returns EOF.
+
+'delete-char (C-d)'
+     Delete the character at point.  If this function is bound to the
+     same character as the tty EOF character, as 'C-d' commonly is, see
+     above for the effects.
+
+'backward-delete-char (Rubout)'
+     Delete the character behind the cursor.  A numeric argument means
+     to kill the characters instead of deleting them.
+
+'forward-backward-delete-char ()'
+     Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the
+     end of the line, in which case the character behind the cursor is
+     deleted.  By default, this is not bound to a key.
+
+'quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)'
+     Add the next character typed to the line verbatim.  This is how to
+     insert key sequences like 'C-q', for example.
+
+'self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...)'
+     Insert yourself.
+
+'bracketed-paste-begin ()'
+     This function is intended to be bound to the "bracketed paste"
+     escape sequence sent by some terminals, and such a binding is
+     assigned by default.  It allows Readline to insert the pasted text
+     as a single unit without treating each character as if it had been
+     read from the keyboard.  The characters are inserted as if each one
+     was bound to 'self-insert' instead of executing any editing
+     commands.
+
+'transpose-chars (C-t)'
+     Drag the character before the cursor forward over the character at
+     the cursor, moving the cursor forward as well.  If the insertion
+     point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the last two
+     characters of the line.  Negative arguments have no effect.
+
+'transpose-words (M-t)'
+     Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving point
+     past that word as well.  If the insertion point is at the end of
+     the line, this transposes the last two words on the line.
+
+'upcase-word (M-u)'
+     Uppercase the current (or following) word.  With a negative
+     argument, uppercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor.
+
+'downcase-word (M-l)'
+     Lowercase the current (or following) word.  With a negative
+     argument, lowercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor.
+
+'capitalize-word (M-c)'
+     Capitalize the current (or following) word.  With a negative
+     argument, capitalize the previous word, but do not move the cursor.
+
+'overwrite-mode ()'
+     Toggle overwrite mode.  With an explicit positive numeric argument,
+     switches to overwrite mode.  With an explicit non-positive numeric
+     argument, switches to insert mode.  This command affects only
+     'emacs' mode; 'vi' mode does overwrite differently.  Each call to
+     'readline()' starts in insert mode.
+
+     In overwrite mode, characters bound to 'self-insert' replace the
+     text at point rather than pushing the text to the right.
+     Characters bound to 'backward-delete-char' replace the character
+     before point with a space.
+
+     By default, this command is unbound.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Commands For Killing,  Next: Numeric Arguments,  Prev: Commands For Text,  Up: Bindable Readline Commands
+
+8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
+-------------------------
+
+'kill-line (C-k)'
+     Kill the text from point to the end of the line.
+
+'backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)'
+     Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line.
+
+'unix-line-discard (C-u)'
+     Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line.
+
+'kill-whole-line ()'
+     Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.
+     By default, this is unbound.
+
+'kill-word (M-d)'
+     Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
+     words, to the end of the next word.  Word boundaries are the same
+     as 'forward-word'.
+
+'backward-kill-word (M-<DEL>)'
+     Kill the word behind point.  Word boundaries are the same as
+     'backward-word'.
+
+'shell-kill-word ()'
+     Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
+     words, to the end of the next word.  Word boundaries are the same
+     as 'shell-forward-word'.
+
+'shell-backward-kill-word ()'
+     Kill the word behind point.  Word boundaries are the same as
+     'shell-backward-word'.
+
+'unix-word-rubout (C-w)'
+     Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary.
+     The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
+
+'unix-filename-rubout ()'
+     Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash
+     character as the word boundaries.  The killed text is saved on the
+     kill-ring.
+
+'delete-horizontal-space ()'
+     Delete all spaces and tabs around point.  By default, this is
+     unbound.
+
+'kill-region ()'
+     Kill the text in the current region.  By default, this command is
+     unbound.
+
+'copy-region-as-kill ()'
+     Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer, so it can be yanked
+     right away.  By default, this command is unbound.
+
+'copy-backward-word ()'
+     Copy the word before point to the kill buffer.  The word boundaries
+     are the same as 'backward-word'.  By default, this command is
+     unbound.
+
+'copy-forward-word ()'
+     Copy the word following point to the kill buffer.  The word
+     boundaries are the same as 'forward-word'.  By default, this
+     command is unbound.
+
+'yank (C-y)'
+     Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point.
+
+'yank-pop (M-y)'
+     Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top.  You can only do this
+     if the prior command is 'yank' or 'yank-pop'.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Numeric Arguments,  Next: Commands For Completion,  Prev: Commands For Killing,  Up: Bindable Readline Commands
+
+8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments
+----------------------------------
+
+'digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--)'
+     Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new
+     argument.  'M--' starts a negative argument.
+
+'universal-argument ()'
+     This is another way to specify an argument.  If this command is
+     followed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus
+     sign, those digits define the argument.  If the command is followed
+     by digits, executing 'universal-argument' again ends the numeric
+     argument, but is otherwise ignored.  As a special case, if this
+     command is immediately followed by a character that is neither a
+     digit nor minus sign, the argument count for the next command is
+     multiplied by four.  The argument count is initially one, so
+     executing this function the first time makes the argument count
+     four, a second time makes the argument count sixteen, and so on.
+     By default, this is not bound to a key.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Commands For Completion,  Next: Keyboard Macros,  Prev: Numeric Arguments,  Up: Bindable Readline Commands
+
+8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
+-----------------------------------
+
+'complete (<TAB>)'
+     Attempt to perform completion on the text before point.  The actual
+     completion performed is application-specific.  Bash attempts
+     completion treating the text as a variable (if the text begins with
+     '$'), username (if the text begins with '~'), hostname (if the text
+     begins with '@'), or command (including aliases and functions) in
+     turn.  If none of these produces a match, filename completion is
+     attempted.
+
+'possible-completions (M-?)'
+     List the possible completions of the text before point.  When
+     displaying completions, Readline sets the number of columns used
+     for display to the value of 'completion-display-width', the value
+     of the environment variable 'COLUMNS', or the screen width, in that
+     order.
+
+'insert-completions (M-*)'
+     Insert all completions of the text before point that would have
+     been generated by 'possible-completions'.
+
+'menu-complete ()'
+     Similar to 'complete', but replaces the word to be completed with a
+     single match from the list of possible completions.  Repeated
+     execution of 'menu-complete' steps through the list of possible
+     completions, inserting each match in turn.  At the end of the list
+     of completions, the bell is rung (subject to the setting of
+     'bell-style') and the original text is restored.  An argument of N
+     moves N positions forward in the list of matches; a negative
+     argument may be used to move backward through the list.  This
+     command is intended to be bound to <TAB>, but is unbound by
+     default.
+
+'menu-complete-backward ()'
+     Identical to 'menu-complete', but moves backward through the list
+     of possible completions, as if 'menu-complete' had been given a
+     negative argument.
+
+'delete-char-or-list ()'
+     Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or
+     end of the line (like 'delete-char').  If at the end of the line,
+     behaves identically to 'possible-completions'.  This command is
+     unbound by default.
+
+'complete-filename (M-/)'
+     Attempt filename completion on the text before point.
+
+'possible-filename-completions (C-x /)'
+     List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it
+     as a filename.
+
+'complete-username (M-~)'
+     Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
+     username.
+
+'possible-username-completions (C-x ~)'
+     List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it
+     as a username.
+
+'complete-variable (M-$)'
+     Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a shell
+     variable.
+
+'possible-variable-completions (C-x $)'
+     List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it
+     as a shell variable.
+
+'complete-hostname (M-@)'
+     Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
+     hostname.
+
+'possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)'
+     List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it
+     as a hostname.
+
+'complete-command (M-!)'
+     Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
+     command name.  Command completion attempts to match the text
+     against aliases, reserved words, shell functions, shell builtins,
+     and finally executable filenames, in that order.
+
+'possible-command-completions (C-x !)'
+     List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it
+     as a command name.
+
+'dynamic-complete-history (M-<TAB>)'
+     Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text
+     against lines from the history list for possible completion
+     matches.
+
+'dabbrev-expand ()'
+     Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing the
+     text against lines from the history list for possible completion
+     matches.
+
+'complete-into-braces (M-{)'
+     Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible
+     completions enclosed within braces so the list is available to the
+     shell (*note Brace Expansion::).
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Keyboard Macros,  Next: Miscellaneous Commands,  Prev: Commands For Completion,  Up: Bindable Readline Commands
+
+8.4.7 Keyboard Macros
+---------------------
+
+'start-kbd-macro (C-x ()'
+     Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro.
+
+'end-kbd-macro (C-x ))'
+     Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro
+     and save the definition.
+
+'call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)'
+     Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the
+     characters in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard.
+
+'print-last-kbd-macro ()'
+     Print the last keboard macro defined in a format suitable for the
+     INPUTRC file.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Miscellaneous Commands,  Prev: Keyboard Macros,  Up: Bindable Readline Commands
+
+8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
+---------------------------------
+
+'re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)'
+     Read in the contents of the INPUTRC file, and incorporate any
+     bindings or variable assignments found there.
+
+'abort (C-g)'
+     Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell
+     (subject to the setting of 'bell-style').
+
+'do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-X, ...)'
+     If the metafied character X is upper case, run the command that is
+     bound to the corresponding metafied lower case character.  The
+     behavior is undefined if X is already lower case.
+
+'prefix-meta (<ESC>)'
+     Metafy the next character typed.  This is for keyboards without a
+     meta key.  Typing '<ESC> f' is equivalent to typing 'M-f'.
+
+'undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)'
+     Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.
+
+'revert-line (M-r)'
+     Undo all changes made to this line.  This is like executing the
+     'undo' command enough times to get back to the beginning.
+
+'tilde-expand (M-&)'
+     Perform tilde expansion on the current word.
+
+'set-mark (C-@)'
+     Set the mark to the point.  If a numeric argument is supplied, the
+     mark is set to that position.
+
+'exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)'
+     Swap the point with the mark.  The current cursor position is set
+     to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the
+     mark.
+
+'character-search (C-])'
+     A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of
+     that character.  A negative count searches for previous
+     occurrences.
+
+'character-search-backward (M-C-])'
+     A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence
+     of that character.  A negative count searches for subsequent
+     occurrences.
+
+'skip-csi-sequence ()'
+     Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as
+     those defined for keys like Home and End.  Such sequences begin
+     with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[.  If this
+     sequence is bound to "\e[", keys producing such sequences will have
+     no effect unless explicitly bound to a readline command, instead of
+     inserting stray characters into the editing buffer.  This is
+     unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[.
+
+'insert-comment (M-#)'
+     Without a numeric argument, the value of the 'comment-begin'
+     variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line.  If a
+     numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if the
+     characters at the beginning of the line do not match the value of
+     'comment-begin', the value is inserted, otherwise the characters in
+     'comment-begin' are deleted from the beginning of the line.  In
+     either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed.
+     The default value of 'comment-begin' causes this command to make
+     the current line a shell comment.  If a numeric argument causes the
+     comment character to be removed, the line will be executed by the
+     shell.
+
+'dump-functions ()'
+     Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the Readline
+     output stream.  If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is
+     formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an INPUTRC
+     file.  This command is unbound by default.
+
+'dump-variables ()'
+     Print all of the settable variables and their values to the
+     Readline output stream.  If a numeric argument is supplied, the
+     output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an
+     INPUTRC file.  This command is unbound by default.
+
+'dump-macros ()'
+     Print all of the Readline key sequences bound to macros and the
+     strings they output.  If a numeric argument is supplied, the output
+     is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an INPUTRC
+     file.  This command is unbound by default.
+
+'glob-complete-word (M-g)'
+     The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname
+     expansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended.  This pattern is
+     used to generate a list of matching file names for possible
+     completions.
+
+'glob-expand-word (C-x *)'
+     The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname
+     expansion, and the list of matching file names is inserted,
+     replacing the word.  If a numeric argument is supplied, a '*' is
+     appended before pathname expansion.
+
+'glob-list-expansions (C-x g)'
+     The list of expansions that would have been generated by
+     'glob-expand-word' is displayed, and the line is redrawn.  If a
+     numeric argument is supplied, a '*' is appended before pathname
+     expansion.
+
+'display-shell-version (C-x C-v)'
+     Display version information about the current instance of Bash.
+
+'shell-expand-line (M-C-e)'
+     Expand the line as the shell does.  This performs alias and history
+     expansion as well as all of the shell word expansions (*note Shell
+     Expansions::).
+
+'history-expand-line (M-^)'
+     Perform history expansion on the current line.
+
+'magic-space ()'
+     Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a space
+     (*note History Interaction::).
+
+'alias-expand-line ()'
+     Perform alias expansion on the current line (*note Aliases::).
+
+'history-and-alias-expand-line ()'
+     Perform history and alias expansion on the current line.
+
+'insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)'
+     A synonym for 'yank-last-arg'.
+
+'operate-and-get-next (C-o)'
+     Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line
+     relative to the current line from the history for editing.  A
+     numeric argument, if supplied, specifies the history entry to use
+     instead of the current line.
+
+'edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e)'
+     Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the
+     result as shell commands.  Bash attempts to invoke '$VISUAL',
+     '$EDITOR', and 'emacs' as the editor, in that order.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Readline vi Mode,  Next: Programmable Completion,  Prev: Bindable Readline Commands,  Up: Command Line Editing
+
+8.5 Readline vi Mode
+====================
+
+While the Readline library does not have a full set of 'vi' editing
+functions, it does contain enough to allow simple editing of the line.
+The Readline 'vi' mode behaves as specified in the POSIX standard.
+
+   In order to switch interactively between 'emacs' and 'vi' editing
+modes, use the 'set -o emacs' and 'set -o vi' commands (*note The Set
+Builtin::).  The Readline default is 'emacs' mode.
+
+   When you enter a line in 'vi' mode, you are already placed in
+'insertion' mode, as if you had typed an 'i'.  Pressing <ESC> switches
+you into 'command' mode, where you can edit the text of the line with
+the standard 'vi' movement keys, move to previous history lines with 'k'
+and subsequent lines with 'j', and so forth.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Programmable Completion,  Next: Programmable Completion Builtins,  Prev: Readline vi Mode,  Up: Command Line Editing
+
+8.6 Programmable Completion
+===========================
+
+When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for which
+a completion specification (a COMPSPEC) has been defined using the
+'complete' builtin (*note Programmable Completion Builtins::), the
+programmable completion facilities are invoked.
+
+   First, the command name is identified.  If a compspec has been
+defined for that command, the compspec is used to generate the list of
+possible completions for the word.  If the command word is the empty
+string (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty line), any
+compspec defined with the '-E' option to 'complete' is used.  If the
+command word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is
+searched for first.  If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an
+attempt is made to find a compspec for the portion following the final
+slash.  If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec
+defined with the '-D' option to 'complete' is used as the default.  If
+there is no default compspec, Bash attempts alias expansion on the
+command word as a final resort, and attempts to find a compspec for the
+command word from any successful expansion
+
+   Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of
+matching words.  If a compspec is not found, the default Bash completion
+described above (*note Commands For Completion::) is performed.
+
+   First, the actions specified by the compspec are used.  Only matches
+which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned.  When the
+'-f' or '-d' option is used for filename or directory name completion,
+the shell variable 'FIGNORE' is used to filter the matches.  *Note Bash
+Variables::, for a description of 'FIGNORE'.
+
+   Any completions specified by a filename expansion pattern to the '-G'
+option are generated next.  The words generated by the pattern need not
+match the word being completed.  The 'GLOBIGNORE' shell variable is not
+used to filter the matches, but the 'FIGNORE' shell variable is used.
+
+   Next, the string specified as the argument to the '-W' option is
+considered.  The string is first split using the characters in the 'IFS'
+special variable as delimiters.  Shell quoting is honored within the
+string, in order to provide a mechanism for the words to contain shell
+metacharacters or characters in the value of 'IFS'.  Each word is then
+expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable
+expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as described
+above (*note Shell Expansions::).  The results are split using the rules
+described above (*note Word Splitting::).  The results of the expansion
+are prefix-matched against the word being completed, and the matching
+words become the possible completions.
+
+   After these matches have been generated, any shell function or
+command specified with the '-F' and '-C' options is invoked.  When the
+command or function is invoked, the 'COMP_LINE', 'COMP_POINT',
+'COMP_KEY', and 'COMP_TYPE' variables are assigned values as described
+above (*note Bash Variables::).  If a shell function is being invoked,
+the 'COMP_WORDS' and 'COMP_CWORD' variables are also set.  When the
+function or command is invoked, the first argument ($1) is the name of
+the command whose arguments are being completed, the second argument
+($2) is the word being completed, and the third argument ($3) is the
+word preceding the word being completed on the current command line.  No
+filtering of the generated completions against the word being completed
+is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in generating
+the matches.
+
+   Any function specified with '-F' is invoked first.  The function may
+use any of the shell facilities, including the 'compgen' and 'compopt'
+builtins described below (*note Programmable Completion Builtins::), to
+generate the matches.  It must put the possible completions in the
+'COMPREPLY' array variable, one per array element.
+
+   Next, any command specified with the '-C' option is invoked in an
+environment equivalent to command substitution.  It should print a list
+of completions, one per line, to the standard output.  Backslash may be
+used to escape a newline, if necessary.
+
+   After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter
+specified with the '-X' option is applied to the list.  The filter is a
+pattern as used for pathname expansion; a '&' in the pattern is replaced
+with the text of the word being completed.  A literal '&' may be escaped
+with a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match.
+Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list.
+A leading '!' negates the pattern; in this case any completion not
+matching the pattern will be removed.  If the 'nocasematch' shell option
+(see the description of 'shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::) is
+enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic
+characters.
+
+   Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the '-P' and '-S'
+options are added to each member of the completion list, and the result
+is returned to the Readline completion code as the list of possible
+completions.
+
+   If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and
+the '-o dirnames' option was supplied to 'complete' when the compspec
+was defined, directory name completion is attempted.
+
+   If the '-o plusdirs' option was supplied to 'complete' when the
+compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any
+matches are added to the results of the other actions.
+
+   By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned
+to the completion code as the full set of possible completions.  The
+default Bash completions are not attempted, and the Readline default of
+filename completion is disabled.  If the '-o bashdefault' option was
+supplied to 'complete' when the compspec was defined, the default Bash
+completions are attempted if the compspec generates no matches.  If the
+'-o default' option was supplied to 'complete' when the compspec was
+defined, Readline's default completion will be performed if the compspec
+(and, if attempted, the default Bash completions) generate no matches.
+
+   When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired,
+the programmable completion functions force Readline to append a slash
+to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to
+the value of the MARK-DIRECTORIES Readline variable, regardless of the
+setting of the MARK-SYMLINKED-DIRECTORIES Readline variable.
+
+   There is some support for dynamically modifying completions.  This is
+most useful when used in combination with a default completion specified
+with '-D'.  It's possible for shell functions executed as completion
+handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by returning an
+exit status of 124.  If a shell function returns 124, and changes the
+compspec associated with the command on which completion is being
+attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is
+executed), programmable completion restarts from the beginning, with an
+attempt to find a new compspec for that command.  This allows a set of
+completions to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather
+than being loaded all at once.
+
+   For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each
+kept in a file corresponding to the name of the command, the following
+default completion function would load completions dynamically:
+
+     _completion_loader()
+     {
+         . "/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124
+     }
+     complete -D -F _completion_loader -o bashdefault -o default
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Programmable Completion Builtins,  Next: A Programmable Completion Example,  Prev: Programmable Completion,  Up: Command Line Editing
+
+8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins
+====================================
+
+Three builtin commands are available to manipulate the programmable
+completion facilities: one to specify how the arguments to a particular
+command are to be completed, and two to modify the completion as it is
+happening.
+
+'compgen'
+          compgen [OPTION] [WORD]
+
+     Generate possible completion matches for WORD according to the
+     OPTIONs, which may be any option accepted by the 'complete' builtin
+     with the exception of '-p' and '-r', and write the matches to the
+     standard output.  When using the '-F' or '-C' options, the various
+     shell variables set by the programmable completion facilities,
+     while available, will not have useful values.
+
+     The matches will be generated in the same way as if the
+     programmable completion code had generated them directly from a
+     completion specification with the same flags.  If WORD is
+     specified, only those completions matching WORD will be displayed.
+
+     The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, or
+     no matches were generated.
+
+'complete'
+          complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o COMP-OPTION] [-DEI] [-A ACTION] [-G GLOBPAT]
+          [-W WORDLIST] [-F FUNCTION] [-C COMMAND] [-X FILTERPAT]
+          [-P PREFIX] [-S SUFFIX] NAME [NAME ...]
+          complete -pr [-DEI] [NAME ...]
+
+     Specify how arguments to each NAME should be completed.  If the
+     '-p' option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing
+     completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them to
+     be reused as input.  The '-r' option removes a completion
+     specification for each NAME, or, if no NAMEs are supplied, all
+     completion specifications.  The '-D' option indicates that other
+     supplied options and actions should apply to the "default" command
+     completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for which no
+     completion has previously been defined.  The '-E' option indicates
+     that other supplied options and actions should apply to "empty"
+     command completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line.
+     The '-I' option indicates that other supplied options and actions
+     should apply to completion on the inital non-assignment word on the
+     line, or after a command delimiter such as ';' or '|', which is
+     usually command name completion.  If multiple options are supplied,
+     the '-D' option takes precedence over '-E', and both take
+     precedence over '-I'.  If any of '-D', '-E', or '-I' are supplied,
+     any other NAME arguments are ignored; these completions only apply
+     to the case specified by the option.
+
+     The process of applying these completion specifications when word
+     completion is attempted is described above (*note Programmable
+     Completion::).
+
+     Other options, if specified, have the following meanings.  The
+     arguments to the '-G', '-W', and '-X' options (and, if necessary,
+     the '-P' and '-S' options) should be quoted to protect them from
+     expansion before the 'complete' builtin is invoked.
+
+     '-o COMP-OPTION'
+          The COMP-OPTION controls several aspects of the compspec's
+          behavior beyond the simple generation of completions.
+          COMP-OPTION may be one of:
+
+          'bashdefault'
+               Perform the rest of the default Bash completions if the
+               compspec generates no matches.
+
+          'default'
+               Use Readline's default filename completion if the
+               compspec generates no matches.
+
+          'dirnames'
+               Perform directory name completion if the compspec
+               generates no matches.
+
+          'filenames'
+               Tell Readline that the compspec generates filenames, so
+               it can perform any filename-specific processing (like
+               adding a slash to directory names, quoting special
+               characters, or suppressing trailing spaces).  This option
+               is intended to be used with shell functions specified
+               with '-F'.
+
+          'noquote'
+               Tell Readline not to quote the completed words if they
+               are filenames (quoting filenames is the default).
+
+          'nosort'
+               Tell Readline not to sort the list of possible
+               completions alphabetically.
+
+          'nospace'
+               Tell Readline not to append a space (the default) to
+               words completed at the end of the line.
+
+          'plusdirs'
+               After any matches defined by the compspec are generated,
+               directory name completion is attempted and any matches
+               are added to the results of the other actions.
+
+     '-A ACTION'
+          The ACTION may be one of the following to generate a list of
+          possible completions:
+
+          'alias'
+               Alias names.  May also be specified as '-a'.
+
+          'arrayvar'
+               Array variable names.
+
+          'binding'
+               Readline key binding names (*note Bindable Readline
+               Commands::).
+
+          'builtin'
+               Names of shell builtin commands.  May also be specified
+               as '-b'.
+
+          'command'
+               Command names.  May also be specified as '-c'.
+
+          'directory'
+               Directory names.  May also be specified as '-d'.
+
+          'disabled'
+               Names of disabled shell builtins.
+
+          'enabled'
+               Names of enabled shell builtins.
+
+          'export'
+               Names of exported shell variables.  May also be specified
+               as '-e'.
+
+          'file'
+               File names.  May also be specified as '-f'.
+
+          'function'
+               Names of shell functions.
+
+          'group'
+               Group names.  May also be specified as '-g'.
+
+          'helptopic'
+               Help topics as accepted by the 'help' builtin (*note Bash
+               Builtins::).
+
+          'hostname'
+               Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by the
+               'HOSTFILE' shell variable (*note Bash Variables::).
+
+          'job'
+               Job names, if job control is active.  May also be
+               specified as '-j'.
+
+          'keyword'
+               Shell reserved words.  May also be specified as '-k'.
+
+          'running'
+               Names of running jobs, if job control is active.
+
+          'service'
+               Service names.  May also be specified as '-s'.
+
+          'setopt'
+               Valid arguments for the '-o' option to the 'set' builtin
+               (*note The Set Builtin::).
+
+          'shopt'
+               Shell option names as accepted by the 'shopt' builtin
+               (*note Bash Builtins::).
+
+          'signal'
+               Signal names.
+
+          'stopped'
+               Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active.
+
+          'user'
+               User names.  May also be specified as '-u'.
+
+          'variable'
+               Names of all shell variables.  May also be specified as
+               '-v'.
+
+     '-C COMMAND'
+          COMMAND is executed in a subshell environment, and its output
+          is used as the possible completions.
+
+     '-F FUNCTION'
+          The shell function FUNCTION is executed in the current shell
+          environment.  When it is executed, $1 is the name of the
+          command whose arguments are being completed, $2 is the word
+          being completed, and $3 is the word preceding the word being
+          completed, as described above (*note Programmable
+          Completion::).  When it finishes, the possible completions are
+          retrieved from the value of the 'COMPREPLY' array variable.
+
+     '-G GLOBPAT'
+          The filename expansion pattern GLOBPAT is expanded to generate
+          the possible completions.
+
+     '-P PREFIX'
+          PREFIX is added at the beginning of each possible completion
+          after all other options have been applied.
+
+     '-S SUFFIX'
+          SUFFIX is appended to each possible completion after all other
+          options have been applied.
+
+     '-W WORDLIST'
+          The WORDLIST is split using the characters in the 'IFS'
+          special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word is
+          expanded.  The possible completions are the members of the
+          resultant list which match the word being completed.
+
+     '-X FILTERPAT'
+          FILTERPAT is a pattern as used for filename expansion.  It is
+          applied to the list of possible completions generated by the
+          preceding options and arguments, and each completion matching
+          FILTERPAT is removed from the list.  A leading '!' in
+          FILTERPAT negates the pattern; in this case, any completion
+          not matching FILTERPAT is removed.
+
+     The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an
+     option other than '-p' or '-r' is supplied without a NAME argument,
+     an attempt is made to remove a completion specification for a NAME
+     for which no specification exists, or an error occurs adding a
+     completion specification.
+
+'compopt'
+          compopt [-o OPTION] [-DEI] [+o OPTION] [NAME]
+     Modify completion options for each NAME according to the OPTIONs,
+     or for the currently-executing completion if no NAMEs are supplied.
+     If no OPTIONs are given, display the completion options for each
+     NAME or the current completion.  The possible values of OPTION are
+     those valid for the 'complete' builtin described above.  The '-D'
+     option indicates that other supplied options should apply to the
+     "default" command completion; that is, completion attempted on a
+     command for which no completion has previously been defined.  The
+     '-E' option indicates that other supplied options should apply to
+     "empty" command completion; that is, completion attempted on a
+     blank line.  The '-I' option indicates that other supplied options
+     should apply to completion on the inital non-assignment word on the
+     line, or after a command delimiter such as ';' or '|', which is
+     usually command name completion.
+
+     If multiple options are supplied, the '-D' option takes precedence
+     over '-E', and both take precedence over '-I'
+
+     The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an
+     attempt is made to modify the options for a NAME for which no
+     completion specification exists, or an output error occurs.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: A Programmable Completion Example,  Prev: Programmable Completion Builtins,  Up: Command Line Editing
+
+8.8 A Programmable Completion Example
+=====================================
+
+The most common way to obtain additional completion functionality beyond
+the default actions 'complete' and 'compgen' provide is to use a shell
+function and bind it to a particular command using 'complete -F'.
+
+   The following function provides completions for the 'cd' builtin.  It
+is a reasonably good example of what shell functions must do when used
+for completion.  This function uses the word passed as '$2' to determine
+the directory name to complete.  You can also use the 'COMP_WORDS' array
+variable; the current word is indexed by the 'COMP_CWORD' variable.
+
+   The function relies on the 'complete' and 'compgen' builtins to do
+much of the work, adding only the things that the Bash 'cd' does beyond
+accepting basic directory names: tilde expansion (*note Tilde
+Expansion::), searching directories in $CDPATH, which is described above
+(*note Bourne Shell Builtins::), and basic support for the 'cdable_vars'
+shell option (*note The Shopt Builtin::).  '_comp_cd' modifies the value
+of IFS so that it contains only a newline to accommodate file names
+containing spaces and tabs - 'compgen' prints the possible completions
+it generates one per line.
+
+   Possible completions go into the COMPREPLY array variable, one
+completion per array element.  The programmable completion system
+retrieves the completions from there when the function returns.
+
+     # A completion function for the cd builtin
+     # based on the cd completion function from the bash_completion package
+     _comp_cd()
+     {
+         local IFS=$' \t\n'    # normalize IFS
+         local cur _skipdot _cdpath
+         local i j k
+
+         # Tilde expansion, which also expands tilde to full pathname
+         case "$2" in
+         \~*)    eval cur="$2" ;;
+         *)      cur=$2 ;;
+         esac
+
+         # no cdpath or absolute pathname -- straight directory completion
+         if [[ -z "${CDPATH:-}" ]] || [[ "$cur" == @(./*|../*|/*) ]]; then
+             # compgen prints paths one per line; could also use while loop
+             IFS=$'\n'
+             COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -d -- "$cur") )
+             IFS=$' \t\n'
+         # CDPATH+directories in the current directory if not in CDPATH
+         else
+             IFS=$'\n'
+             _skipdot=false
+             # preprocess CDPATH to convert null directory names to .
+             _cdpath=${CDPATH/#:/.:}
+             _cdpath=${_cdpath//::/:.:}
+             _cdpath=${_cdpath/%:/:.}
+             for i in ${_cdpath//:/$'\n'}; do
+                 if [[ $i -ef . ]]; then _skipdot=true; fi
+                 k="${#COMPREPLY[@]}"
+                 for j in $( compgen -d -- "$i/$cur" ); do
+                     COMPREPLY[k++]=${j#$i/}        # cut off directory
+                 done
+             done
+             $_skipdot || COMPREPLY+=( $(compgen -d -- "$cur") )
+             IFS=$' \t\n'
+         fi
+
+         # variable names if appropriate shell option set and no completions
+         if shopt -q cdable_vars && [[ ${#COMPREPLY[@]} -eq 0 ]]; then
+             COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -v -- "$cur") )
+         fi
+
+         return 0
+     }
+
+   We install the completion function using the '-F' option to
+'complete':
+
+     # Tell readline to quote appropriate and append slashes to directories;
+     # use the bash default completion for other arguments
+     complete -o filenames -o nospace -o bashdefault -F _comp_cd cd
+
+Since we'd like Bash and Readline to take care of some of the other
+details for us, we use several other options to tell Bash and Readline
+what to do.  The '-o filenames' option tells Readline that the possible
+completions should be treated as filenames, and quoted appropriately.
+That option will also cause Readline to append a slash to filenames it
+can determine are directories (which is why we might want to extend
+'_comp_cd' to append a slash if we're using directories found via
+CDPATH: Readline can't tell those completions are directories).  The '-o
+nospace' option tells Readline to not append a space character to the
+directory name, in case we want to append to it.  The '-o bashdefault'
+option brings in the rest of the "Bash default" completions - possible
+completion that Bash adds to the default Readline set.  These include
+things like command name completion, variable completion for words
+beginning with '{', completions containing pathname expansion patterns
+(*note Filename Expansion::), and so on.
+
+   Once installed using 'complete', '_comp_cd' will be called every time
+we attempt word completion for a 'cd' command.
+
+   Many more examples - an extensive collection of completions for most
+of the common GNU, Unix, and Linux commands - are available as part of
+the bash_completion project.  This is installed by default on many
+GNU/Linux distributions.  Originally written by Ian Macdonald, the
+project now lives at <http://bash-completion.alioth.debian.org/>.  There
+are ports for other systems such as Solaris and Mac OS X.
+
+   An older version of the bash_completion package is distributed with
+bash in the 'examples/complete' subdirectory.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Using History Interactively,  Next: Installing Bash,  Prev: Command Line Editing,  Up: Top
+
+9 Using History Interactively
+*****************************
+
+This chapter describes how to use the GNU History Library interactively,
+from a user's standpoint.  It should be considered a user's guide.  For
+information on using the GNU History Library in other programs, see the
+GNU Readline Library Manual.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Bash History Facilities::	How Bash lets you manipulate your command
+				history.
+* Bash History Builtins::	The Bash builtin commands that manipulate
+				the command history.
+* History Interaction::		What it feels like using History as a user.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Bash History Facilities,  Next: Bash History Builtins,  Up: Using History Interactively
+
+9.1 Bash History Facilities
+===========================
+
+When the '-o history' option to the 'set' builtin is enabled (*note The
+Set Builtin::), the shell provides access to the "command history", the
+list of commands previously typed.  The value of the 'HISTSIZE' shell
+variable is used as the number of commands to save in a history list.
+The text of the last '$HISTSIZE' commands (default 500) is saved.  The
+shell stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and
+variable expansion but after history expansion is performed, subject to
+the values of the shell variables 'HISTIGNORE' and 'HISTCONTROL'.
+
+   When the shell starts up, the history is initialized from the file
+named by the 'HISTFILE' variable (default '~/.bash_history').  The file
+named by the value of 'HISTFILE' is truncated, if necessary, to contain
+no more than the number of lines specified by the value of the
+'HISTFILESIZE' variable.  When a shell with history enabled exits, the
+last '$HISTSIZE' lines are copied from the history list to the file
+named by '$HISTFILE'.  If the 'histappend' shell option is set (*note
+Bash Builtins::), the lines are appended to the history file, otherwise
+the history file is overwritten.  If 'HISTFILE' is unset, or if the
+history file is unwritable, the history is not saved.  After saving the
+history, the history file is truncated to contain no more than
+'$HISTFILESIZE' lines.  If 'HISTFILESIZE' is unset, or set to null, a
+non-numeric value, or a numeric value less than zero, the history file
+is not truncated.
+
+   If the 'HISTTIMEFORMAT' is set, the time stamp information associated
+with each history entry is written to the history file, marked with the
+history comment character.  When the history file is read, lines
+beginning with the history comment character followed immediately by a
+digit are interpreted as timestamps for the following history entry.
+
+   The builtin command 'fc' may be used to list or edit and re-execute a
+portion of the history list.  The 'history' builtin may be used to
+display or modify the history list and manipulate the history file.
+When using command-line editing, search commands are available in each
+editing mode that provide access to the history list (*note Commands For
+History::).
+
+   The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history
+list.  The 'HISTCONTROL' and 'HISTIGNORE' variables may be set to cause
+the shell to save only a subset of the commands entered.  The 'cmdhist'
+shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each line
+of a multi-line command in the same history entry, adding semicolons
+where necessary to preserve syntactic correctness.  The 'lithist' shell
+option causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines
+instead of semicolons.  The 'shopt' builtin is used to set these
+options.  *Note The Shopt Builtin::, for a description of 'shopt'.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Bash History Builtins,  Next: History Interaction,  Prev: Bash History Facilities,  Up: Using History Interactively
+
+9.2 Bash History Builtins
+=========================
+
+Bash provides two builtin commands which manipulate the history list and
+history file.
+
+'fc'
+          fc [-e ENAME] [-lnr] [FIRST] [LAST]
+          fc -s [PAT=REP] [COMMAND]
+
+     The first form selects a range of commands from FIRST to LAST from
+     the history list and displays or edits and re-executes them.  Both
+     FIRST and LAST may be specified as a string (to locate the most
+     recent command beginning with that string) or as a number (an index
+     into the history list, where a negative number is used as an offset
+     from the current command number).  If LAST is not specified, it is
+     set to FIRST.  If FIRST is not specified, it is set to the previous
+     command for editing and -16 for listing.  If the '-l' flag is
+     given, the commands are listed on standard output.  The '-n' flag
+     suppresses the command numbers when listing.  The '-r' flag
+     reverses the order of the listing.  Otherwise, the editor given by
+     ENAME is invoked on a file containing those commands.  If ENAME is
+     not given, the value of the following variable expansion is used:
+     '${FCEDIT:-${EDITOR:-vi}}'.  This says to use the value of the
+     'FCEDIT' variable if set, or the value of the 'EDITOR' variable if
+     that is set, or 'vi' if neither is set.  When editing is complete,
+     the edited commands are echoed and executed.
+
+     In the second form, COMMAND is re-executed after each instance of
+     PAT in the selected command is replaced by REP.  COMMAND is
+     intepreted the same as FIRST above.
+
+     A useful alias to use with the 'fc' command is 'r='fc -s'', so that
+     typing 'r cc' runs the last command beginning with 'cc' and typing
+     'r' re-executes the last command (*note Aliases::).
+
+'history'
+          history [N]
+          history -c
+          history -d OFFSET
+          history -d START-END
+          history [-anrw] [FILENAME]
+          history -ps ARG
+
+     With no options, display the history list with line numbers.  Lines
+     prefixed with a '*' have been modified.  An argument of N lists
+     only the last N lines.  If the shell variable 'HISTTIMEFORMAT' is
+     set and not null, it is used as a format string for STRFTIME to
+     display the time stamp associated with each displayed history
+     entry.  No intervening blank is printed between the formatted time
+     stamp and the history line.
+
+     Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+
+     '-c'
+          Clear the history list.  This may be combined with the other
+          options to replace the history list completely.
+
+     '-d OFFSET'
+          Delete the history entry at position OFFSET.  If OFFSET is
+          positive, it should be specified as it appears when the
+          history is displayed.  If OFFSET is negative, it is
+          interpreted as relative to one greater than the last history
+          position, so negative indices count back from the end of the
+          history, and an index of '-1' refers to the current 'history
+          -d' command.
+
+     '-d START-END'
+          Delete the history entries between positions START and END,
+          inclusive.  Positive and negative values for START and END are
+          interpreted as described above.
+
+     '-a'
+          Append the new history lines to the history file.  These are
+          history lines entered since the beginning of the current Bash
+          session, but not already appended to the history file.
+
+     '-n'
+          Append the history lines not already read from the history
+          file to the current history list.  These are lines appended to
+          the history file since the beginning of the current Bash
+          session.
+
+     '-r'
+          Read the history file and append its contents to the history
+          list.
+
+     '-w'
+          Write out the current history list to the history file.
+
+     '-p'
+          Perform history substitution on the ARGs and display the
+          result on the standard output, without storing the results in
+          the history list.
+
+     '-s'
+          The ARGs are added to the end of the history list as a single
+          entry.
+
+     When any of the '-w', '-r', '-a', or '-n' options is used, if
+     FILENAME is given, then it is used as the history file.  If not,
+     then the value of the 'HISTFILE' variable is used.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: History Interaction,  Prev: Bash History Builtins,  Up: Using History Interactively
+
+9.3 History Expansion
+=====================
+
+The History library provides a history expansion feature that is similar
+to the history expansion provided by 'csh'.  This section describes the
+syntax used to manipulate the history information.
+
+   History expansions introduce words from the history list into the
+input stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments to
+a previous command into the current input line, or fix errors in
+previous commands quickly.
+
+   History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line is
+read, before the shell breaks it into words, and is performed on each
+line individually.  Bash attempts to inform the history expansion
+functions about quoting still in effect from previous lines.
+
+   History expansion takes place in two parts.  The first is to
+determine which line from the history list should be used during
+substitution.  The second is to select portions of that line for
+inclusion into the current one.  The line selected from the history is
+called the "event", and the portions of that line that are acted upon
+are called "words".  Various "modifiers" are available to manipulate the
+selected words.  The line is broken into words in the same fashion that
+Bash does, so that several words surrounded by quotes are considered one
+word.  History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the
+history expansion character, which is '!' by default.
+
+   History expansion implements shell-like quoting conventions: a
+backslash can be used to remove the special handling for the next
+character; single quotes enclose verbatim sequences of characters, and
+can be used to inhibit history expansion; and characters enclosed within
+double quotes may be subject to history expansion, since backslash can
+escape the history expansion character, but single quotes may not, since
+they are not treated specially within double quotes.
+
+   When using the shell, only '\' and ''' may be used to escape the
+history expansion character, but the history expansion character is also
+treated as quoted if it immediately precedes the closing double quote in
+a double-quoted string.
+
+   Several shell options settable with the 'shopt' builtin (*note The
+Shopt Builtin::) may be used to tailor the behavior of history
+expansion.  If the 'histverify' shell option is enabled, and Readline is
+being used, history substitutions are not immediately passed to the
+shell parser.  Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the Readline
+editing buffer for further modification.  If Readline is being used, and
+the 'histreedit' shell option is enabled, a failed history expansion
+will be reloaded into the Readline editing buffer for correction.  The
+'-p' option to the 'history' builtin command may be used to see what a
+history expansion will do before using it.  The '-s' option to the
+'history' builtin may be used to add commands to the end of the history
+list without actually executing them, so that they are available for
+subsequent recall.  This is most useful in conjunction with Readline.
+
+   The shell allows control of the various characters used by the
+history expansion mechanism with the 'histchars' variable, as explained
+above (*note Bash Variables::).  The shell uses the history comment
+character to mark history timestamps when writing the history file.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Event Designators::	How to specify which history line to use.
+* Word Designators::	Specifying which words are of interest.
+* Modifiers::		Modifying the results of substitution.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Event Designators,  Next: Word Designators,  Up: History Interaction
+
+9.3.1 Event Designators
+-----------------------
+
+An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the
+history list.  Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to
+the current position in the history list.
+
+'!'
+     Start a history substitution, except when followed by a space, tab,
+     the end of the line, '=' or '(' (when the 'extglob' shell option is
+     enabled using the 'shopt' builtin).
+
+'!N'
+     Refer to command line N.
+
+'!-N'
+     Refer to the command N lines back.
+
+'!!'
+     Refer to the previous command.  This is a synonym for '!-1'.
+
+'!STRING'
+     Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in
+     the history list starting with STRING.
+
+'!?STRING[?]'
+     Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in
+     the history list containing STRING.  The trailing '?' may be
+     omitted if the STRING is followed immediately by a newline.
+
+'^STRING1^STRING2^'
+     Quick Substitution.  Repeat the last command, replacing STRING1
+     with STRING2.  Equivalent to '!!:s/STRING1/STRING2/'.
+
+'!#'
+     The entire command line typed so far.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Word Designators,  Next: Modifiers,  Prev: Event Designators,  Up: History Interaction
+
+9.3.2 Word Designators
+----------------------
+
+Word designators are used to select desired words from the event.  A ':'
+separates the event specification from the word designator.  It may be
+omitted if the word designator begins with a '^', '$', '*', '-', or '%'.
+Words are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first word
+being denoted by 0 (zero).  Words are inserted into the current line
+separated by single spaces.
+
+   For example,
+
+'!!'
+     designates the preceding command.  When you type this, the
+     preceding command is repeated in toto.
+
+'!!:$'
+     designates the last argument of the preceding command.  This may be
+     shortened to '!$'.
+
+'!fi:2'
+     designates the second argument of the most recent command starting
+     with the letters 'fi'.
+
+   Here are the word designators:
+
+'0 (zero)'
+     The '0'th word.  For many applications, this is the command word.
+
+'N'
+     The Nth word.
+
+'^'
+     The first argument; that is, word 1.
+
+'$'
+     The last argument.
+
+'%'
+     The word matched by the most recent '?STRING?' search.
+
+'X-Y'
+     A range of words; '-Y' abbreviates '0-Y'.
+
+'*'
+     All of the words, except the '0'th.  This is a synonym for '1-$'.
+     It is not an error to use '*' if there is just one word in the
+     event; the empty string is returned in that case.
+
+'X*'
+     Abbreviates 'X-$'
+
+'X-'
+     Abbreviates 'X-$' like 'X*', but omits the last word.
+
+   If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the
+previous command is used as the event.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Modifiers,  Prev: Word Designators,  Up: History Interaction
+
+9.3.3 Modifiers
+---------------
+
+After the optional word designator, you can add a sequence of one or
+more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a ':'.
+
+'h'
+     Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head.
+
+'t'
+     Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail.
+
+'r'
+     Remove a trailing suffix of the form '.SUFFIX', leaving the
+     basename.
+
+'e'
+     Remove all but the trailing suffix.
+
+'p'
+     Print the new command but do not execute it.
+
+'q'
+     Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions.
+
+'x'
+     Quote the substituted words as with 'q', but break into words at
+     spaces, tabs, and newlines.
+
+'s/OLD/NEW/'
+     Substitute NEW for the first occurrence of OLD in the event line.
+     Any delimiter may be used in place of '/'.  The delimiter may be
+     quoted in OLD and NEW with a single backslash.  If '&' appears in
+     NEW, it is replaced by OLD.  A single backslash will quote the '&'.
+     The final delimiter is optional if it is the last character on the
+     input line.
+
+'&'
+     Repeat the previous substitution.
+
+'g'
+'a'
+     Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line.  Used in
+     conjunction with 's', as in 'gs/OLD/NEW/', or with '&'.
+
+'G'
+     Apply the following 's' modifier once to each word in the event.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Installing Bash,  Next: Reporting Bugs,  Prev: Using History Interactively,  Up: Top
+
+10 Installing Bash
+******************
+
+This chapter provides basic instructions for installing Bash on the
+various supported platforms.  The distribution supports the GNU
+operating systems, nearly every version of Unix, and several non-Unix
+systems such as BeOS and Interix.  Other independent ports exist for
+MS-DOS, OS/2, and Windows platforms.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Basic Installation::	Installation instructions.
+* Compilers and Options::	How to set special options for various
+				systems.
+* Compiling For Multiple Architectures::	How to compile Bash for more
+						than one kind of system from
+						the same source tree.
+* Installation Names::	How to set the various paths used by the installation.
+* Specifying the System Type::	How to configure Bash for a particular system.
+* Sharing Defaults::	How to share default configuration values among GNU
+			programs.
+* Operation Controls::	Options recognized by the configuration program.
+* Optional Features::	How to enable and disable optional features when
+			building Bash.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Basic Installation,  Next: Compilers and Options,  Up: Installing Bash
+
+10.1 Basic Installation
+=======================
+
+These are installation instructions for Bash.
+
+   The simplest way to compile Bash is:
+
+  1. 'cd' to the directory containing the source code and type
+     './configure' to configure Bash for your system.  If you're using
+     'csh' on an old version of System V, you might need to type 'sh
+     ./configure' instead to prevent 'csh' from trying to execute
+     'configure' itself.
+
+     Running 'configure' takes some time.  While running, it prints
+     messages telling which features it is checking for.
+
+  2. Type 'make' to compile Bash and build the 'bashbug' bug reporting
+     script.
+
+  3. Optionally, type 'make tests' to run the Bash test suite.
+
+  4. Type 'make install' to install 'bash' and 'bashbug'.  This will
+     also install the manual pages and Info file.
+
+   The 'configure' shell script attempts to guess correct values for
+various system-dependent variables used during compilation.  It uses
+those values to create a 'Makefile' in each directory of the package
+(the top directory, the 'builtins', 'doc', and 'support' directories,
+each directory under 'lib', and several others).  It also creates a
+'config.h' file containing system-dependent definitions.  Finally, it
+creates a shell script named 'config.status' that you can run in the
+future to recreate the current configuration, a file 'config.cache' that
+saves the results of its tests to speed up reconfiguring, and a file
+'config.log' containing compiler output (useful mainly for debugging
+'configure').  If at some point 'config.cache' contains results you
+don't want to keep, you may remove or edit it.
+
+   To find out more about the options and arguments that the 'configure'
+script understands, type
+
+     bash-4.2$ ./configure --help
+
+at the Bash prompt in your Bash source directory.
+
+   If you want to build Bash in a directory separate from the source
+directory - to build for multiple architectures, for example - just use
+the full path to the configure script.  The following commands will
+build bash in a directory under '/usr/local/build' from the source code
+in '/usr/local/src/bash-4.4':
+
+     mkdir /usr/local/build/bash-4.4
+     cd /usr/local/build/bash-4.4
+     bash /usr/local/src/bash-4.4/configure
+     make
+
+   See *note Compiling For Multiple Architectures:: for more information
+about building in a directory separate from the source.
+
+   If you need to do unusual things to compile Bash, please try to
+figure out how 'configure' could check whether or not to do them, and
+mail diffs or instructions to <bash-maintainers@gnu.org> so they can be
+considered for the next release.
+
+   The file 'configure.ac' is used to create 'configure' by a program
+called Autoconf.  You only need 'configure.ac' if you want to change it
+or regenerate 'configure' using a newer version of Autoconf.  If you do
+this, make sure you are using Autoconf version 2.50 or newer.
+
+   You can remove the program binaries and object files from the source
+code directory by typing 'make clean'.  To also remove the files that
+'configure' created (so you can compile Bash for a different kind of
+computer), type 'make distclean'.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Compilers and Options,  Next: Compiling For Multiple Architectures,  Prev: Basic Installation,  Up: Installing Bash
+
+10.2 Compilers and Options
+==========================
+
+Some systems require unusual options for compilation or linking that the
+'configure' script does not know about.  You can give 'configure'
+initial values for variables by setting them in the environment.  Using
+a Bourne-compatible shell, you can do that on the command line like
+this:
+
+     CC=c89 CFLAGS=-O2 LIBS=-lposix ./configure
+
+   On systems that have the 'env' program, you can do it like this:
+
+     env CPPFLAGS=-I/usr/local/include LDFLAGS=-s ./configure
+
+   The configuration process uses GCC to build Bash if it is available.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures,  Next: Installation Names,  Prev: Compilers and Options,  Up: Installing Bash
+
+10.3 Compiling For Multiple Architectures
+=========================================
+
+You can compile Bash for more than one kind of computer at the same
+time, by placing the object files for each architecture in their own
+directory.  To do this, you must use a version of 'make' that supports
+the 'VPATH' variable, such as GNU 'make'.  'cd' to the directory where
+you want the object files and executables to go and run the 'configure'
+script from the source directory (*note Basic Installation::).  You may
+need to supply the '--srcdir=PATH' argument to tell 'configure' where
+the source files are.  'configure' automatically checks for the source
+code in the directory that 'configure' is in and in '..'.
+
+   If you have to use a 'make' that does not supports the 'VPATH'
+variable, you can compile Bash for one architecture at a time in the
+source code directory.  After you have installed Bash for one
+architecture, use 'make distclean' before reconfiguring for another
+architecture.
+
+   Alternatively, if your system supports symbolic links, you can use
+the 'support/mkclone' script to create a build tree which has symbolic
+links back to each file in the source directory.  Here's an example that
+creates a build directory in the current directory from a source
+directory '/usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0':
+
+     bash /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0/support/mkclone -s /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0 .
+
+The 'mkclone' script requires Bash, so you must have already built Bash
+for at least one architecture before you can create build directories
+for other architectures.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Installation Names,  Next: Specifying the System Type,  Prev: Compiling For Multiple Architectures,  Up: Installing Bash
+
+10.4 Installation Names
+=======================
+
+By default, 'make install' will install into '/usr/local/bin',
+'/usr/local/man', etc.  You can specify an installation prefix other
+than '/usr/local' by giving 'configure' the option '--prefix=PATH', or
+by specifying a value for the 'DESTDIR' 'make' variable when running
+'make install'.
+
+   You can specify separate installation prefixes for
+architecture-specific files and architecture-independent files.  If you
+give 'configure' the option '--exec-prefix=PATH', 'make install' will
+use PATH as the prefix for installing programs and libraries.
+Documentation and other data files will still use the regular prefix.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Specifying the System Type,  Next: Sharing Defaults,  Prev: Installation Names,  Up: Installing Bash
+
+10.5 Specifying the System Type
+===============================
+
+There may be some features 'configure' can not figure out automatically,
+but need to determine by the type of host Bash will run on.  Usually
+'configure' can figure that out, but if it prints a message saying it
+can not guess the host type, give it the '--host=TYPE' option.  'TYPE'
+can either be a short name for the system type, such as 'sun4', or a
+canonical name with three fields: 'CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM' (e.g.,
+'i386-unknown-freebsd4.2').
+
+   See the file 'support/config.sub' for the possible values of each
+field.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Sharing Defaults,  Next: Operation Controls,  Prev: Specifying the System Type,  Up: Installing Bash
+
+10.6 Sharing Defaults
+=====================
+
+If you want to set default values for 'configure' scripts to share, you
+can create a site shell script called 'config.site' that gives default
+values for variables like 'CC', 'cache_file', and 'prefix'.  'configure'
+looks for 'PREFIX/share/config.site' if it exists, then
+'PREFIX/etc/config.site' if it exists.  Or, you can set the
+'CONFIG_SITE' environment variable to the location of the site script.
+A warning: the Bash 'configure' looks for a site script, but not all
+'configure' scripts do.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Operation Controls,  Next: Optional Features,  Prev: Sharing Defaults,  Up: Installing Bash
+
+10.7 Operation Controls
+=======================
+
+'configure' recognizes the following options to control how it operates.
+
+'--cache-file=FILE'
+     Use and save the results of the tests in FILE instead of
+     './config.cache'.  Set FILE to '/dev/null' to disable caching, for
+     debugging 'configure'.
+
+'--help'
+     Print a summary of the options to 'configure', and exit.
+
+'--quiet'
+'--silent'
+'-q'
+     Do not print messages saying which checks are being made.
+
+'--srcdir=DIR'
+     Look for the Bash source code in directory DIR.  Usually
+     'configure' can determine that directory automatically.
+
+'--version'
+     Print the version of Autoconf used to generate the 'configure'
+     script, and exit.
+
+   'configure' also accepts some other, not widely used, boilerplate
+options.  'configure --help' prints the complete list.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Optional Features,  Prev: Operation Controls,  Up: Installing Bash
+
+10.8 Optional Features
+======================
+
+The Bash 'configure' has a number of '--enable-FEATURE' options, where
+FEATURE indicates an optional part of Bash.  There are also several
+'--with-PACKAGE' options, where PACKAGE is something like 'bash-malloc'
+or 'purify'.  To turn off the default use of a package, use
+'--without-PACKAGE'.  To configure Bash without a feature that is
+enabled by default, use '--disable-FEATURE'.
+
+   Here is a complete list of the '--enable-' and '--with-' options that
+the Bash 'configure' recognizes.
+
+'--with-afs'
+     Define if you are using the Andrew File System from Transarc.
+
+'--with-bash-malloc'
+     Use the Bash version of 'malloc' in the directory 'lib/malloc'.
+     This is not the same 'malloc' that appears in GNU libc, but an
+     older version originally derived from the 4.2 BSD 'malloc'.  This
+     'malloc' is very fast, but wastes some space on each allocation.
+     This option is enabled by default.  The 'NOTES' file contains a
+     list of systems for which this should be turned off, and
+     'configure' disables this option automatically for a number of
+     systems.
+
+'--with-curses'
+     Use the curses library instead of the termcap library.  This should
+     be supplied if your system has an inadequate or incomplete termcap
+     database.
+
+'--with-gnu-malloc'
+     A synonym for '--with-bash-malloc'.
+
+'--with-installed-readline[=PREFIX]'
+     Define this to make Bash link with a locally-installed version of
+     Readline rather than the version in 'lib/readline'.  This works
+     only with Readline 5.0 and later versions.  If PREFIX is 'yes' or
+     not supplied, 'configure' uses the values of the make variables
+     'includedir' and 'libdir', which are subdirectories of 'prefix' by
+     default, to find the installed version of Readline if it is not in
+     the standard system include and library directories.  If PREFIX is
+     'no', Bash links with the version in 'lib/readline'.  If PREFIX is
+     set to any other value, 'configure' treats it as a directory
+     pathname and looks for the installed version of Readline in
+     subdirectories of that directory (include files in PREFIX/'include'
+     and the library in PREFIX/'lib').
+
+'--with-purify'
+     Define this to use the Purify memory allocation checker from
+     Rational Software.
+
+'--enable-minimal-config'
+     This produces a shell with minimal features, close to the
+     historical Bourne shell.
+
+   There are several '--enable-' options that alter how Bash is compiled
+and linked, rather than changing run-time features.
+
+'--enable-largefile'
+     Enable support for large files
+     (http://www.unix.org/version2/whatsnew/lfs20mar.html) if the
+     operating system requires special compiler options to build
+     programs which can access large files.  This is enabled by default,
+     if the operating system provides large file support.
+
+'--enable-profiling'
+     This builds a Bash binary that produces profiling information to be
+     processed by 'gprof' each time it is executed.
+
+'--enable-static-link'
+     This causes Bash to be linked statically, if 'gcc' is being used.
+     This could be used to build a version to use as root's shell.
+
+   The 'minimal-config' option can be used to disable all of the
+following options, but it is processed first, so individual options may
+be enabled using 'enable-FEATURE'.
+
+   All of the following options except for 'disabled-builtins',
+'direxpand-default', and 'xpg-echo-default' are enabled by default,
+unless the operating system does not provide the necessary support.
+
+'--enable-alias'
+     Allow alias expansion and include the 'alias' and 'unalias'
+     builtins (*note Aliases::).
+
+'--enable-arith-for-command'
+     Include support for the alternate form of the 'for' command that
+     behaves like the C language 'for' statement (*note Looping
+     Constructs::).
+
+'--enable-array-variables'
+     Include support for one-dimensional array shell variables (*note
+     Arrays::).
+
+'--enable-bang-history'
+     Include support for 'csh'-like history substitution (*note History
+     Interaction::).
+
+'--enable-brace-expansion'
+     Include 'csh'-like brace expansion ( 'b{a,b}c' ==> 'bac bbc' ).
+     See *note Brace Expansion::, for a complete description.
+
+'--enable-casemod-attributes'
+     Include support for case-modifying attributes in the 'declare'
+     builtin and assignment statements.  Variables with the UPPERCASE
+     attribute, for example, will have their values converted to
+     uppercase upon assignment.
+
+'--enable-casemod-expansion'
+     Include support for case-modifying word expansions.
+
+'--enable-command-timing'
+     Include support for recognizing 'time' as a reserved word and for
+     displaying timing statistics for the pipeline following 'time'
+     (*note Pipelines::).  This allows pipelines as well as shell
+     builtins and functions to be timed.
+
+'--enable-cond-command'
+     Include support for the '[[' conditional command.  (*note
+     Conditional Constructs::).
+
+'--enable-cond-regexp'
+     Include support for matching POSIX regular expressions using the
+     '=~' binary operator in the '[[' conditional command.  (*note
+     Conditional Constructs::).
+
+'--enable-coprocesses'
+     Include support for coprocesses and the 'coproc' reserved word
+     (*note Pipelines::).
+
+'--enable-debugger'
+     Include support for the bash debugger (distributed separately).
+
+'--enable-dev-fd-stat-broken'
+     If calling 'stat' on /dev/fd/N returns different results than
+     calling 'fstat' on file descriptor N, supply this option to enable
+     a workaround.  This has implications for conditional commands that
+     test file attributes.
+
+'--enable-direxpand-default'
+     Cause the 'direxpand' shell option (*note The Shopt Builtin::) to
+     be enabled by default when the shell starts.  It is normally
+     disabled by default.
+
+'--enable-directory-stack'
+     Include support for a 'csh'-like directory stack and the 'pushd',
+     'popd', and 'dirs' builtins (*note The Directory Stack::).
+
+'--enable-disabled-builtins'
+     Allow builtin commands to be invoked via 'builtin xxx' even after
+     'xxx' has been disabled using 'enable -n xxx'.  See *note Bash
+     Builtins::, for details of the 'builtin' and 'enable' builtin
+     commands.
+
+'--enable-dparen-arithmetic'
+     Include support for the '((...))' command (*note Conditional
+     Constructs::).
+
+'--enable-extended-glob'
+     Include support for the extended pattern matching features
+     described above under *note Pattern Matching::.
+
+'--enable-extended-glob-default'
+     Set the default value of the EXTGLOB shell option described above
+     under *note The Shopt Builtin:: to be enabled.
+
+'--enable-function-import'
+     Include support for importing function definitions exported by
+     another instance of the shell from the environment.  This option is
+     enabled by default.
+
+'--enable-glob-asciirange-default'
+     Set the default value of the GLOBASCIIRANGES shell option described
+     above under *note The Shopt Builtin:: to be enabled.  This controls
+     the behavior of character ranges when used in pattern matching
+     bracket expressions.
+
+'--enable-help-builtin'
+     Include the 'help' builtin, which displays help on shell builtins
+     and variables (*note Bash Builtins::).
+
+'--enable-history'
+     Include command history and the 'fc' and 'history' builtin commands
+     (*note Bash History Facilities::).
+
+'--enable-job-control'
+     This enables the job control features (*note Job Control::), if the
+     operating system supports them.
+
+'--enable-multibyte'
+     This enables support for multibyte characters if the operating
+     system provides the necessary support.
+
+'--enable-net-redirections'
+     This enables the special handling of filenames of the form
+     '/dev/tcp/HOST/PORT' and '/dev/udp/HOST/PORT' when used in
+     redirections (*note Redirections::).
+
+'--enable-process-substitution'
+     This enables process substitution (*note Process Substitution::) if
+     the operating system provides the necessary support.
+
+'--enable-progcomp'
+     Enable the programmable completion facilities (*note Programmable
+     Completion::).  If Readline is not enabled, this option has no
+     effect.
+
+'--enable-prompt-string-decoding'
+     Turn on the interpretation of a number of backslash-escaped
+     characters in the '$PS0', '$PS1', '$PS2', and '$PS4' prompt
+     strings.  See *note Controlling the Prompt::, for a complete list
+     of prompt string escape sequences.
+
+'--enable-readline'
+     Include support for command-line editing and history with the Bash
+     version of the Readline library (*note Command Line Editing::).
+
+'--enable-restricted'
+     Include support for a "restricted shell".  If this is enabled,
+     Bash, when called as 'rbash', enters a restricted mode.  See *note
+     The Restricted Shell::, for a description of restricted mode.
+
+'--enable-select'
+     Include the 'select' compound command, which allows the generation
+     of simple menus (*note Conditional Constructs::).
+
+'--enable-separate-helpfiles'
+     Use external files for the documentation displayed by the 'help'
+     builtin instead of storing the text internally.
+
+'--enable-single-help-strings'
+     Store the text displayed by the 'help' builtin as a single string
+     for each help topic.  This aids in translating the text to
+     different languages.  You may need to disable this if your compiler
+     cannot handle very long string literals.
+
+'--enable-strict-posix-default'
+     Make Bash POSIX-conformant by default (*note Bash POSIX Mode::).
+
+'--enable-usg-echo-default'
+     A synonym for '--enable-xpg-echo-default'.
+
+'--enable-xpg-echo-default'
+     Make the 'echo' builtin expand backslash-escaped characters by
+     default, without requiring the '-e' option.  This sets the default
+     value of the 'xpg_echo' shell option to 'on', which makes the Bash
+     'echo' behave more like the version specified in the Single Unix
+     Specification, version 3.  *Note Bash Builtins::, for a description
+     of the escape sequences that 'echo' recognizes.
+
+   The file 'config-top.h' contains C Preprocessor '#define' statements
+for options which are not settable from 'configure'.  Some of these are
+not meant to be changed; beware of the consequences if you do.  Read the
+comments associated with each definition for more information about its
+effect.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Reporting Bugs,  Next: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell,  Prev: Installing Bash,  Up: Top
+
+Appendix A Reporting Bugs
+*************************
+
+Please report all bugs you find in Bash.  But first, you should make
+sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest version
+of Bash.  The latest version of Bash is always available for FTP from
+<ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/>.
+
+   Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the
+'bashbug' command to submit a bug report.  If you have a fix, you are
+encouraged to mail that as well!  Suggestions and 'philosophical' bug
+reports may be mailed to <bug-bash@gnu.org> or posted to the Usenet
+newsgroup 'gnu.bash.bug'.
+
+   All bug reports should include:
+   * The version number of Bash.
+   * The hardware and operating system.
+   * The compiler used to compile Bash.
+   * A description of the bug behaviour.
+   * A short script or 'recipe' which exercises the bug and may be used
+     to reproduce it.
+
+'bashbug' inserts the first three items automatically into the template
+it provides for filing a bug report.
+
+   Please send all reports concerning this manual to <bug-bash@gnu.org>.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell,  Next: GNU Free Documentation License,  Prev: Reporting Bugs,  Up: Top
+
+Appendix B Major Differences From The Bourne Shell
+**************************************************
+
+Bash implements essentially the same grammar, parameter and variable
+expansion, redirection, and quoting as the Bourne Shell.  Bash uses the
+POSIX standard as the specification of how these features are to be
+implemented.  There are some differences between the traditional Bourne
+shell and Bash; this section quickly details the differences of
+significance.  A number of these differences are explained in greater
+depth in previous sections.  This section uses the version of 'sh'
+included in SVR4.2 (the last version of the historical Bourne shell) as
+the baseline reference.
+
+   * Bash is POSIX-conformant, even where the POSIX specification
+     differs from traditional 'sh' behavior (*note Bash POSIX Mode::).
+
+   * Bash has multi-character invocation options (*note Invoking
+     Bash::).
+
+   * Bash has command-line editing (*note Command Line Editing::) and
+     the 'bind' builtin.
+
+   * Bash provides a programmable word completion mechanism (*note
+     Programmable Completion::), and builtin commands 'complete',
+     'compgen', and 'compopt', to manipulate it.
+
+   * Bash has command history (*note Bash History Facilities::) and the
+     'history' and 'fc' builtins to manipulate it.  The Bash history
+     list maintains timestamp information and uses the value of the
+     'HISTTIMEFORMAT' variable to display it.
+
+   * Bash implements 'csh'-like history expansion (*note History
+     Interaction::).
+
+   * Bash has one-dimensional array variables (*note Arrays::), and the
+     appropriate variable expansions and assignment syntax to use them.
+     Several of the Bash builtins take options to act on arrays.  Bash
+     provides a number of built-in array variables.
+
+   * The '$'...'' quoting syntax, which expands ANSI-C backslash-escaped
+     characters in the text between the single quotes, is supported
+     (*note ANSI-C Quoting::).
+
+   * Bash supports the '$"..."' quoting syntax to do locale-specific
+     translation of the characters between the double quotes.  The '-D',
+     '--dump-strings', and '--dump-po-strings' invocation options list
+     the translatable strings found in a script (*note Locale
+     Translation::).
+
+   * Bash implements the '!' keyword to negate the return value of a
+     pipeline (*note Pipelines::).  Very useful when an 'if' statement
+     needs to act only if a test fails.  The Bash '-o pipefail' option
+     to 'set' will cause a pipeline to return a failure status if any
+     command fails.
+
+   * Bash has the 'time' reserved word and command timing (*note
+     Pipelines::).  The display of the timing statistics may be
+     controlled with the 'TIMEFORMAT' variable.
+
+   * Bash implements the 'for (( EXPR1 ; EXPR2 ; EXPR3 ))' arithmetic
+     for command, similar to the C language (*note Looping
+     Constructs::).
+
+   * Bash includes the 'select' compound command, which allows the
+     generation of simple menus (*note Conditional Constructs::).
+
+   * Bash includes the '[[' compound command, which makes conditional
+     testing part of the shell grammar (*note Conditional Constructs::),
+     including optional regular expression matching.
+
+   * Bash provides optional case-insensitive matching for the 'case' and
+     '[[' constructs.
+
+   * Bash includes brace expansion (*note Brace Expansion::) and tilde
+     expansion (*note Tilde Expansion::).
+
+   * Bash implements command aliases and the 'alias' and 'unalias'
+     builtins (*note Aliases::).
+
+   * Bash provides shell arithmetic, the '((' compound command (*note
+     Conditional Constructs::), and arithmetic expansion (*note Shell
+     Arithmetic::).
+
+   * Variables present in the shell's initial environment are
+     automatically exported to child processes.  The Bourne shell does
+     not normally do this unless the variables are explicitly marked
+     using the 'export' command.
+
+   * Bash supports the '+=' assignment operator, which appends to the
+     value of the variable named on the left hand side.
+
+   * Bash includes the POSIX pattern removal '%', '#', '%%' and '##'
+     expansions to remove leading or trailing substrings from variable
+     values (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::).
+
+   * The expansion '${#xx}', which returns the length of '${xx}', is
+     supported (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::).
+
+   * The expansion '${var:'OFFSET'[:'LENGTH']}', which expands to the
+     substring of 'var''s value of length LENGTH, beginning at OFFSET,
+     is present (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::).
+
+   * The expansion '${var/[/]'PATTERN'[/'REPLACEMENT']}', which matches
+     PATTERN and replaces it with REPLACEMENT in the value of 'var', is
+     available (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::).
+
+   * The expansion '${!PREFIX*}' expansion, which expands to the names
+     of all shell variables whose names begin with PREFIX, is available
+     (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::).
+
+   * Bash has INDIRECT variable expansion using '${!word}' (*note Shell
+     Parameter Expansion::).
+
+   * Bash can expand positional parameters beyond '$9' using '${NUM}'.
+
+   * The POSIX '$()' form of command substitution is implemented (*note
+     Command Substitution::), and preferred to the Bourne shell's '``'
+     (which is also implemented for backwards compatibility).
+
+   * Bash has process substitution (*note Process Substitution::).
+
+   * Bash automatically assigns variables that provide information about
+     the current user ('UID', 'EUID', and 'GROUPS'), the current host
+     ('HOSTTYPE', 'OSTYPE', 'MACHTYPE', and 'HOSTNAME'), and the
+     instance of Bash that is running ('BASH', 'BASH_VERSION', and
+     'BASH_VERSINFO').  *Note Bash Variables::, for details.
+
+   * The 'IFS' variable is used to split only the results of expansion,
+     not all words (*note Word Splitting::).  This closes a longstanding
+     shell security hole.
+
+   * The filename expansion bracket expression code uses '!' and '^' to
+     negate the set of characters between the brackets.  The Bourne
+     shell uses only '!'.
+
+   * Bash implements the full set of POSIX filename expansion operators,
+     including CHARACTER CLASSES, EQUIVALENCE CLASSES, and COLLATING
+     SYMBOLS (*note Filename Expansion::).
+
+   * Bash implements extended pattern matching features when the
+     'extglob' shell option is enabled (*note Pattern Matching::).
+
+   * It is possible to have a variable and a function with the same
+     name; 'sh' does not separate the two name spaces.
+
+   * Bash functions are permitted to have local variables using the
+     'local' builtin, and thus useful recursive functions may be written
+     (*note Bash Builtins::).
+
+   * Variable assignments preceding commands affect only that command,
+     even builtins and functions (*note Environment::).  In 'sh', all
+     variable assignments preceding commands are global unless the
+     command is executed from the file system.
+
+   * Bash performs filename expansion on filenames specified as operands
+     to input and output redirection operators (*note Redirections::).
+
+   * Bash contains the '<>' redirection operator, allowing a file to be
+     opened for both reading and writing, and the '&>' redirection
+     operator, for directing standard output and standard error to the
+     same file (*note Redirections::).
+
+   * Bash includes the '<<<' redirection operator, allowing a string to
+     be used as the standard input to a command.
+
+   * Bash implements the '[n]<&WORD' and '[n]>&WORD' redirection
+     operators, which move one file descriptor to another.
+
+   * Bash treats a number of filenames specially when they are used in
+     redirection operators (*note Redirections::).
+
+   * Bash can open network connections to arbitrary machines and
+     services with the redirection operators (*note Redirections::).
+
+   * The 'noclobber' option is available to avoid overwriting existing
+     files with output redirection (*note The Set Builtin::).  The '>|'
+     redirection operator may be used to override 'noclobber'.
+
+   * The Bash 'cd' and 'pwd' builtins (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::)
+     each take '-L' and '-P' options to switch between logical and
+     physical modes.
+
+   * Bash allows a function to override a builtin with the same name,
+     and provides access to that builtin's functionality within the
+     function via the 'builtin' and 'command' builtins (*note Bash
+     Builtins::).
+
+   * The 'command' builtin allows selective disabling of functions when
+     command lookup is performed (*note Bash Builtins::).
+
+   * Individual builtins may be enabled or disabled using the 'enable'
+     builtin (*note Bash Builtins::).
+
+   * The Bash 'exec' builtin takes additional options that allow users
+     to control the contents of the environment passed to the executed
+     command, and what the zeroth argument to the command is to be
+     (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::).
+
+   * Shell functions may be exported to children via the environment
+     using 'export -f' (*note Shell Functions::).
+
+   * The Bash 'export', 'readonly', and 'declare' builtins can take a
+     '-f' option to act on shell functions, a '-p' option to display
+     variables with various attributes set in a format that can be used
+     as shell input, a '-n' option to remove various variable
+     attributes, and 'name=value' arguments to set variable attributes
+     and values simultaneously.
+
+   * The Bash 'hash' builtin allows a name to be associated with an
+     arbitrary filename, even when that filename cannot be found by
+     searching the '$PATH', using 'hash -p' (*note Bourne Shell
+     Builtins::).
+
+   * Bash includes a 'help' builtin for quick reference to shell
+     facilities (*note Bash Builtins::).
+
+   * The 'printf' builtin is available to display formatted output
+     (*note Bash Builtins::).
+
+   * The Bash 'read' builtin (*note Bash Builtins::) will read a line
+     ending in '\' with the '-r' option, and will use the 'REPLY'
+     variable as a default if no non-option arguments are supplied.  The
+     Bash 'read' builtin also accepts a prompt string with the '-p'
+     option and will use Readline to obtain the line when given the '-e'
+     option.  The 'read' builtin also has additional options to control
+     input: the '-s' option will turn off echoing of input characters as
+     they are read, the '-t' option will allow 'read' to time out if
+     input does not arrive within a specified number of seconds, the
+     '-n' option will allow reading only a specified number of
+     characters rather than a full line, and the '-d' option will read
+     until a particular character rather than newline.
+
+   * The 'return' builtin may be used to abort execution of scripts
+     executed with the '.' or 'source' builtins (*note Bourne Shell
+     Builtins::).
+
+   * Bash includes the 'shopt' builtin, for finer control of shell
+     optional capabilities (*note The Shopt Builtin::), and allows these
+     options to be set and unset at shell invocation (*note Invoking
+     Bash::).
+
+   * Bash has much more optional behavior controllable with the 'set'
+     builtin (*note The Set Builtin::).
+
+   * The '-x' ('xtrace') option displays commands other than simple
+     commands when performing an execution trace (*note The Set
+     Builtin::).
+
+   * The 'test' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) is slightly
+     different, as it implements the POSIX algorithm, which specifies
+     the behavior based on the number of arguments.
+
+   * Bash includes the 'caller' builtin, which displays the context of
+     any active subroutine call (a shell function or a script executed
+     with the '.' or 'source' builtins).  This supports the bash
+     debugger.
+
+   * The 'trap' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) allows a 'DEBUG'
+     pseudo-signal specification, similar to 'EXIT'.  Commands specified
+     with a 'DEBUG' trap are executed before every simple command, 'for'
+     command, 'case' command, 'select' command, every arithmetic 'for'
+     command, and before the first command executes in a shell function.
+     The 'DEBUG' trap is not inherited by shell functions unless the
+     function has been given the 'trace' attribute or the 'functrace'
+     option has been enabled using the 'shopt' builtin.  The 'extdebug'
+     shell option has additional effects on the 'DEBUG' trap.
+
+     The 'trap' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) allows an 'ERR'
+     pseudo-signal specification, similar to 'EXIT' and 'DEBUG'.
+     Commands specified with an 'ERR' trap are executed after a simple
+     command fails, with a few exceptions.  The 'ERR' trap is not
+     inherited by shell functions unless the '-o errtrace' option to the
+     'set' builtin is enabled.
+
+     The 'trap' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) allows a
+     'RETURN' pseudo-signal specification, similar to 'EXIT' and
+     'DEBUG'.  Commands specified with an 'RETURN' trap are executed
+     before execution resumes after a shell function or a shell script
+     executed with '.' or 'source' returns.  The 'RETURN' trap is not
+     inherited by shell functions unless the function has been given the
+     'trace' attribute or the 'functrace' option has been enabled using
+     the 'shopt' builtin.
+
+   * The Bash 'type' builtin is more extensive and gives more
+     information about the names it finds (*note Bash Builtins::).
+
+   * The Bash 'umask' builtin permits a '-p' option to cause the output
+     to be displayed in the form of a 'umask' command that may be reused
+     as input (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::).
+
+   * Bash implements a 'csh'-like directory stack, and provides the
+     'pushd', 'popd', and 'dirs' builtins to manipulate it (*note The
+     Directory Stack::).  Bash also makes the directory stack visible as
+     the value of the 'DIRSTACK' shell variable.
+
+   * Bash interprets special backslash-escaped characters in the prompt
+     strings when interactive (*note Controlling the Prompt::).
+
+   * The Bash restricted mode is more useful (*note The Restricted
+     Shell::); the SVR4.2 shell restricted mode is too limited.
+
+   * The 'disown' builtin can remove a job from the internal shell job
+     table (*note Job Control Builtins::) or suppress the sending of
+     'SIGHUP' to a job when the shell exits as the result of a 'SIGHUP'.
+
+   * Bash includes a number of features to support a separate debugger
+     for shell scripts.
+
+   * The SVR4.2 shell has two privilege-related builtins ('mldmode' and
+     'priv') not present in Bash.
+
+   * Bash does not have the 'stop' or 'newgrp' builtins.
+
+   * Bash does not use the 'SHACCT' variable or perform shell
+     accounting.
+
+   * The SVR4.2 'sh' uses a 'TIMEOUT' variable like Bash uses 'TMOUT'.
+
+More features unique to Bash may be found in *note Bash Features::.
+
+B.1 Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell
+====================================================
+
+Since Bash is a completely new implementation, it does not suffer from
+many of the limitations of the SVR4.2 shell.  For instance:
+
+   * Bash does not fork a subshell when redirecting into or out of a
+     shell control structure such as an 'if' or 'while' statement.
+
+   * Bash does not allow unbalanced quotes.  The SVR4.2 shell will
+     silently insert a needed closing quote at 'EOF' under certain
+     circumstances.  This can be the cause of some hard-to-find errors.
+
+   * The SVR4.2 shell uses a baroque memory management scheme based on
+     trapping 'SIGSEGV'.  If the shell is started from a process with
+     'SIGSEGV' blocked (e.g., by using the 'system()' C library function
+     call), it misbehaves badly.
+
+   * In a questionable attempt at security, the SVR4.2 shell, when
+     invoked without the '-p' option, will alter its real and effective
+     UID and GID if they are less than some magic threshold value,
+     commonly 100.  This can lead to unexpected results.
+
+   * The SVR4.2 shell does not allow users to trap 'SIGSEGV', 'SIGALRM',
+     or 'SIGCHLD'.
+
+   * The SVR4.2 shell does not allow the 'IFS', 'MAILCHECK', 'PATH',
+     'PS1', or 'PS2' variables to be unset.
+
+   * The SVR4.2 shell treats '^' as the undocumented equivalent of '|'.
+
+   * Bash allows multiple option arguments when it is invoked ('-x -v');
+     the SVR4.2 shell allows only one option argument ('-xv').  In fact,
+     some versions of the shell dump core if the second argument begins
+     with a '-'.
+
+   * The SVR4.2 shell exits a script if any builtin fails; Bash exits a
+     script only if one of the POSIX special builtins fails, and only
+     for certain failures, as enumerated in the POSIX standard.
+
+   * The SVR4.2 shell behaves differently when invoked as 'jsh' (it
+     turns on job control).
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: GNU Free Documentation License,  Next: Indexes,  Prev: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell,  Up: Top
+
+Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License
+*****************************************
+
+                     Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
+
+     Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+     <http://fsf.org/>
+
+     Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
+     of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
+
+  0. PREAMBLE
+
+     The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
+     functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
+     assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
+     with or without modifying it, either commercially or
+     noncommercially.  Secondarily, this License preserves for the
+     author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not
+     being considered responsible for modifications made by others.
+
+     This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
+     works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.
+     It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
+     license designed for free software.
+
+     We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for
+     free software, because free software needs free documentation: a
+     free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms
+     that the software does.  But this License is not limited to
+     software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless
+     of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book.  We
+     recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
+     instruction or reference.
+
+  1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
+
+     This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium,
+     that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can
+     be distributed under the terms of this License.  Such a notice
+     grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration,
+     to use that work under the conditions stated herein.  The
+     "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work.  Any member
+     of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you".  You accept
+     the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way
+     requiring permission under copyright law.
+
+     A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
+     Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
+     modifications and/or translated into another language.
+
+     A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section
+     of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
+     publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
+     subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could
+     fall directly within that overall subject.  (Thus, if the Document
+     is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not
+     explain any mathematics.)  The relationship could be a matter of
+     historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or
+     of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position
+     regarding them.
+
+     The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose
+     titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the
+     notice that says that the Document is released under this License.
+     If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it
+     is not allowed to be designated as Invariant.  The Document may
+     contain zero Invariant Sections.  If the Document does not identify
+     any Invariant Sections then there are none.
+
+     The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are
+     listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice
+     that says that the Document is released under this License.  A
+     Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may
+     be at most 25 words.
+
+     A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
+     represented in a format whose specification is available to the
+     general public, that is suitable for revising the document
+     straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed
+     of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely
+     available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text
+     formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats
+     suitable for input to text formatters.  A copy made in an otherwise
+     Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has
+     been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by
+     readers is not Transparent.  An image format is not Transparent if
+     used for any substantial amount of text.  A copy that is not
+     "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
+
+     Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
+     ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format,
+     SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming
+     simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification.
+     Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG.
+     Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and
+     edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which
+     the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and
+     the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word
+     processors for output purposes only.
+
+     The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
+     plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the
+     material this License requires to appear in the title page.  For
+     works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title
+     Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the
+     work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
+
+     The "publisher" means any person or entity that distributes copies
+     of the Document to the public.
+
+     A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document
+     whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses
+     following text that translates XYZ in another language.  (Here XYZ
+     stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as
+     "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".)
+     To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the
+     Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according
+     to this definition.
+
+     The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice
+     which states that this License applies to the Document.  These
+     Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in
+     this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
+     implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and
+     has no effect on the meaning of this License.
+
+  2. VERBATIM COPYING
+
+     You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
+     commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
+     copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License
+     applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you
+     add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License.  You
+     may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading
+     or further copying of the copies you make or distribute.  However,
+     you may accept compensation in exchange for copies.  If you
+     distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the
+     conditions in section 3.
+
+     You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above,
+     and you may publicly display copies.
+
+  3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
+
+     If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly
+     have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and
+     the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must
+     enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all
+     these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and
+     Back-Cover Texts on the back cover.  Both covers must also clearly
+     and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies.  The
+     front cover must present the full title with all words of the title
+     equally prominent and visible.  You may add other material on the
+     covers in addition.  Copying with changes limited to the covers, as
+     long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these
+     conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.
+
+     If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
+     legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
+     reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto
+     adjacent pages.
+
+     If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
+     numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable
+     Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with
+     each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general
+     network-using public has access to download using public-standard
+     network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free
+     of added material.  If you use the latter option, you must take
+     reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque
+     copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will
+     remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one
+     year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or
+     through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.
+
+     It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of
+     the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies,
+     to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the
+     Document.
+
+  4. MODIFICATIONS
+
+     You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document
+     under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you
+     release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the
+     Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing
+     distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever
+     possesses a copy of it.  In addition, you must do these things in
+     the Modified Version:
+
+       A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title
+          distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous
+          versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the
+          History section of the Document).  You may use the same title
+          as a previous version if the original publisher of that
+          version gives permission.
+
+       B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or
+          entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in
+          the Modified Version, together with at least five of the
+          principal authors of the Document (all of its principal
+          authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you
+          from this requirement.
+
+       C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
+          Modified Version, as the publisher.
+
+       D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
+
+       E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
+          adjacent to the other copyright notices.
+
+       F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license
+          notice giving the public permission to use the Modified
+          Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in
+          the Addendum below.
+
+       G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
+          Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's
+          license notice.
+
+       H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
+
+       I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title,
+          and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new
+          authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the
+          Title Page.  If there is no section Entitled "History" in the
+          Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and
+          publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add
+          an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the
+          previous sentence.
+
+       J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document
+          for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and
+          likewise the network locations given in the Document for
+          previous versions it was based on.  These may be placed in the
+          "History" section.  You may omit a network location for a work
+          that was published at least four years before the Document
+          itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers
+          to gives permission.
+
+       K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
+          Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section
+          all the substance and tone of each of the contributor
+          acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
+
+       L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered
+          in their text and in their titles.  Section numbers or the
+          equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
+
+       M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements".  Such a section
+          may not be included in the Modified Version.
+
+       N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled
+          "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant
+          Section.
+
+       O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
+
+     If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
+     appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
+     material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate
+     some or all of these sections as invariant.  To do this, add their
+     titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's
+     license notice.  These titles must be distinct from any other
+     section titles.
+
+     You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
+     nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
+     parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text
+     has been approved by an organization as the authoritative
+     definition of a standard.
+
+     You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,
+     and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of
+     the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version.  Only one passage
+     of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
+     through arrangements made by) any one entity.  If the Document
+     already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added
+     by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on
+     behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old
+     one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added
+     the old one.
+
+     The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this
+     License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to
+     assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
+
+  5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
+
+     You may combine the Document with other documents released under
+     this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
+     modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all
+     of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
+     unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
+     combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all
+     their Warranty Disclaimers.
+
+     The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
+     multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
+     copy.  If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name
+     but different contents, make the title of each such section unique
+     by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the
+     original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a
+     unique number.  Make the same adjustment to the section titles in
+     the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the
+     combined work.
+
+     In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled
+     "History" in the various original documents, forming one section
+     Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled
+     "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications".  You
+     must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements."
+
+  6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
+
+     You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
+     documents released under this License, and replace the individual
+     copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
+     that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
+     rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents
+     in all other respects.
+
+     You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
+     distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert
+     a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
+     License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that
+     document.
+
+  7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
+
+     A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
+     separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a
+     storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the
+     copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the
+     legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual
+     works permit.  When the Document is included in an aggregate, this
+     License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which
+     are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
+
+     If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
+     copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half
+     of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed
+     on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
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+     the whole aggregate.
+
+  8. TRANSLATION
+
+     Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
+     distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
+     4.  Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
+     permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
+     translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
+     original versions of these Invariant Sections.  You may include a
+     translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
+     Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also
+     include the original English version of this License and the
+     original versions of those notices and disclaimers.  In case of a
+     disagreement between the translation and the original version of
+     this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will
+     prevail.
+
+     If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
+     "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to
+     Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the
+     actual title.
+
+  9. TERMINATION
+
+     You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
+     except as expressly provided under this License.  Any attempt
+     otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void,
+     and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
+
+     However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your
+     license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a)
+     provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and
+     finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the
+     copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some
+     reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.
+
+     Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
+     reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
+     violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
+     received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from
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+     after your receipt of the notice.
+
+     Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate
+     the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you
+     under this License.  If your rights have been terminated and not
+     permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the
+     same material does not give you any rights to use it.
+
+  10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
+
+     The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
+     the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time.  Such new
+     versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
+     differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.  See
+     <http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/>.
+
+     Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
+     number.  If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
+     version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you
+     have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
+     that specified version or of any later version that has been
+     published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.  If the
+     Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may
+     choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free
+     Software Foundation.  If the Document specifies that a proxy can
+     decide which future versions of this License can be used, that
+     proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently
+     authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.
+
+  11. RELICENSING
+
+     "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any
+     World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also
+     provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works.  A
+     public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server.
+     A "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the
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+     site.
+
+     "CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
+     license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit
+     corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco,
+     California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license
+     published by that same organization.
+
+     "Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or
+     in part, as part of another Document.
+
+     An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this
+     License, and if all works that were first published under this
+     License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently
+     incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover
+     texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior
+     to November 1, 2008.
+
+     The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the
+     site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1,
+     2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
+
+ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
+====================================================
+
+To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
+the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
+notices just after the title page:
+
+       Copyright (C)  YEAR  YOUR NAME.
+       Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
+       under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
+       or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
+       with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
+       Texts.  A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
+       Free Documentation License''.
+
+   If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover
+Texts, replace the "with...Texts."  line with this:
+
+         with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with
+         the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts
+         being LIST.
+
+   If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
+combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
+situation.
+
+   If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
+recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free
+software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit
+their use in free software.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Indexes,  Prev: GNU Free Documentation License,  Up: Top
+
+Appendix D Indexes
+******************
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Builtin Index::		Index of Bash builtin commands.
+* Reserved Word Index::		Index of Bash reserved words.
+* Variable Index::		Quick reference helps you find the
+				variable you want.
+* Function Index::		Index of bindable Readline functions.
+* Concept Index::		General index for concepts described in
+				this manual.
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Builtin Index,  Next: Reserved Word Index,  Up: Indexes
+
+D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands
+===================================
+
+
+* Menu:
+
+* .:                                     Bourne Shell Builtins.
+                                                              (line  17)
+* ::                                     Bourne Shell Builtins.
+                                                              (line  11)
+* [:                                     Bourne Shell Builtins.
+                                                              (line 269)
+* alias:                                 Bash Builtins.       (line  11)
+* bg:                                    Job Control Builtins.
+                                                              (line   7)
+* bind:                                  Bash Builtins.       (line  21)
+* break:                                 Bourne Shell Builtins.
+                                                              (line  36)
+* builtin:                               Bash Builtins.       (line 102)
+* caller:                                Bash Builtins.       (line 111)
+* cd:                                    Bourne Shell Builtins.
+                                                              (line  44)
+* command:                               Bash Builtins.       (line 128)
+* compgen:                               Programmable Completion Builtins.
+                                                              (line  12)
+* complete:                              Programmable Completion Builtins.
+                                                              (line  30)
+* compopt:                               Programmable Completion Builtins.
+                                                              (line 237)
+* continue:                              Bourne Shell Builtins.
+                                                              (line  85)
+* declare:                               Bash Builtins.       (line 148)
+* dirs:                                  Directory Stack Builtins.
+                                                              (line   7)
+* disown:                                Job Control Builtins.
+                                                              (line  92)
+* echo:                                  Bash Builtins.       (line 246)
+* enable:                                Bash Builtins.       (line 295)
+* eval:                                  Bourne Shell Builtins.
+                                                              (line  94)
+* exec:                                  Bourne Shell Builtins.
+                                                              (line 102)
+* exit:                                  Bourne Shell Builtins.
+                                                              (line 120)
+* export:                                Bourne Shell Builtins.
+                                                              (line 127)
+* fc:                                    Bash History Builtins.
+                                                              (line  10)
+* fg:                                    Job Control Builtins.
+                                                              (line  17)
+* getopts:                               Bourne Shell Builtins.
+                                                              (line 143)
+* hash:                                  Bourne Shell Builtins.
+                                                              (line 186)
+* help:                                  Bash Builtins.       (line 324)
+* history:                               Bash History Builtins.
+                                                              (line  40)
+* jobs:                                  Job Control Builtins.
+                                                              (line  27)
+* kill:                                  Job Control Builtins.
+                                                              (line  58)
+* let:                                   Bash Builtins.       (line 343)
+* local:                                 Bash Builtins.       (line 351)
+* logout:                                Bash Builtins.       (line 365)
+* mapfile:                               Bash Builtins.       (line 370)
+* popd:                                  Directory Stack Builtins.
+                                                              (line  35)
+* printf:                                Bash Builtins.       (line 416)
+* pushd:                                 Directory Stack Builtins.
+                                                              (line  53)
+* pwd:                                   Bourne Shell Builtins.
+                                                              (line 206)
+* read:                                  Bash Builtins.       (line 460)
+* readarray:                             Bash Builtins.       (line 554)
+* readonly:                              Bourne Shell Builtins.
+                                                              (line 216)
+* return:                                Bourne Shell Builtins.
+                                                              (line 235)
+* set:                                   The Set Builtin.     (line  11)
+* shift:                                 Bourne Shell Builtins.
+                                                              (line 256)
+* shopt:                                 The Shopt Builtin.   (line   9)
+* source:                                Bash Builtins.       (line 563)
+* suspend:                               Job Control Builtins.
+                                                              (line 104)
+* test:                                  Bourne Shell Builtins.
+                                                              (line 269)
+* times:                                 Bourne Shell Builtins.
+                                                              (line 348)
+* trap:                                  Bourne Shell Builtins.
+                                                              (line 354)
+* type:                                  Bash Builtins.       (line 568)
+* typeset:                               Bash Builtins.       (line 600)
+* ulimit:                                Bash Builtins.       (line 606)
+* umask:                                 Bourne Shell Builtins.
+                                                              (line 403)
+* unalias:                               Bash Builtins.       (line 705)
+* unset:                                 Bourne Shell Builtins.
+                                                              (line 421)
+* wait:                                  Job Control Builtins.
+                                                              (line  76)
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Reserved Word Index,  Next: Variable Index,  Prev: Builtin Index,  Up: Indexes
+
+D.2 Index of Shell Reserved Words
+=================================
+
+
+* Menu:
+
+* !:                                     Pipelines.           (line   9)
+* [[:                                    Conditional Constructs.
+                                                              (line 124)
+* ]]:                                    Conditional Constructs.
+                                                              (line 124)
+* {:                                     Command Grouping.    (line  21)
+* }:                                     Command Grouping.    (line  21)
+* case:                                  Conditional Constructs.
+                                                              (line  28)
+* do:                                    Looping Constructs.  (line  12)
+* done:                                  Looping Constructs.  (line  12)
+* elif:                                  Conditional Constructs.
+                                                              (line   7)
+* else:                                  Conditional Constructs.
+                                                              (line   7)
+* esac:                                  Conditional Constructs.
+                                                              (line  28)
+* fi:                                    Conditional Constructs.
+                                                              (line   7)
+* for:                                   Looping Constructs.  (line  32)
+* function:                              Shell Functions.     (line  13)
+* if:                                    Conditional Constructs.
+                                                              (line   7)
+* in:                                    Conditional Constructs.
+                                                              (line  28)
+* select:                                Conditional Constructs.
+                                                              (line  82)
+* then:                                  Conditional Constructs.
+                                                              (line   7)
+* time:                                  Pipelines.           (line   9)
+* until:                                 Looping Constructs.  (line  12)
+* while:                                 Looping Constructs.  (line  22)
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Variable Index,  Next: Function Index,  Prev: Reserved Word Index,  Up: Indexes
+
+D.3 Parameter and Variable Index
+================================
+
+
+* Menu:
+
+* !:                                     Special Parameters.  (line  56)
+* #:                                     Special Parameters.  (line  39)
+* $:                                     Special Parameters.  (line  51)
+* $!:                                    Special Parameters.  (line  57)
+* $#:                                    Special Parameters.  (line  40)
+* $$:                                    Special Parameters.  (line  52)
+* $*:                                    Special Parameters.  (line  10)
+* $-:                                    Special Parameters.  (line  47)
+* $0:                                    Special Parameters.  (line  62)
+* $?:                                    Special Parameters.  (line  43)
+* $@:                                    Special Parameters.  (line  23)
+* $_:                                    Special Parameters.  (line  71)
+* *:                                     Special Parameters.  (line   9)
+* -:                                     Special Parameters.  (line  46)
+* 0:                                     Special Parameters.  (line  61)
+* ?:                                     Special Parameters.  (line  42)
+* @:                                     Special Parameters.  (line  22)
+* _:                                     Special Parameters.  (line  70)
+* auto_resume:                           Job Control Variables.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* BASH:                                  Bash Variables.      (line  13)
+* BASHOPTS:                              Bash Variables.      (line  16)
+* BASHPID:                               Bash Variables.      (line  25)
+* BASH_ALIASES:                          Bash Variables.      (line  32)
+* BASH_ARGC:                             Bash Variables.      (line  41)
+* BASH_ARGV:                             Bash Variables.      (line  54)
+* BASH_ARGV0:                            Bash Variables.      (line  66)
+* BASH_CMDS:                             Bash Variables.      (line  74)
+* BASH_COMMAND:                          Bash Variables.      (line  83)
+* BASH_COMPAT:                           Bash Variables.      (line  88)
+* BASH_ENV:                              Bash Variables.      (line 103)
+* BASH_EXECUTION_STRING:                 Bash Variables.      (line 109)
+* BASH_LINENO:                           Bash Variables.      (line 112)
+* BASH_LOADABLES_PATH:                   Bash Variables.      (line 120)
+* BASH_REMATCH:                          Bash Variables.      (line 124)
+* BASH_SOURCE:                           Bash Variables.      (line 132)
+* BASH_SUBSHELL:                         Bash Variables.      (line 139)
+* BASH_VERSINFO:                         Bash Variables.      (line 144)
+* BASH_VERSION:                          Bash Variables.      (line 167)
+* BASH_XTRACEFD:                         Bash Variables.      (line 170)
+* bell-style:                            Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line  38)
+* bind-tty-special-chars:                Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line  45)
+* blink-matching-paren:                  Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line  50)
+* CDPATH:                                Bourne Shell Variables.
+                                                              (line   9)
+* CHILD_MAX:                             Bash Variables.      (line 181)
+* colored-completion-prefix:             Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line  55)
+* colored-stats:                         Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line  62)
+* COLUMNS:                               Bash Variables.      (line 188)
+* comment-begin:                         Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line  68)
+* completion-display-width:              Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line  73)
+* completion-ignore-case:                Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line  80)
+* completion-map-case:                   Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line  85)
+* completion-prefix-display-length:      Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line  91)
+* completion-query-items:                Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line  98)
+* COMPREPLY:                             Bash Variables.      (line 240)
+* COMP_CWORD:                            Bash Variables.      (line 194)
+* COMP_KEY:                              Bash Variables.      (line 223)
+* COMP_LINE:                             Bash Variables.      (line 200)
+* COMP_POINT:                            Bash Variables.      (line 205)
+* COMP_TYPE:                             Bash Variables.      (line 213)
+* COMP_WORDBREAKS:                       Bash Variables.      (line 227)
+* COMP_WORDS:                            Bash Variables.      (line 233)
+* convert-meta:                          Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 108)
+* COPROC:                                Bash Variables.      (line 246)
+* DIRSTACK:                              Bash Variables.      (line 250)
+* disable-completion:                    Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 116)
+* echo-control-characters:               Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 121)
+* editing-mode:                          Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 126)
+* EMACS:                                 Bash Variables.      (line 260)
+* emacs-mode-string:                     Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 132)
+* enable-bracketed-paste:                Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 142)
+* enable-keypad:                         Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 150)
+* ENV:                                   Bash Variables.      (line 265)
+* EPOCHREALTIME:                         Bash Variables.      (line 269)
+* EPOCHSECONDS:                          Bash Variables.      (line 277)
+* EUID:                                  Bash Variables.      (line 284)
+* EXECIGNORE:                            Bash Variables.      (line 288)
+* expand-tilde:                          Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 161)
+* FCEDIT:                                Bash Variables.      (line 301)
+* FIGNORE:                               Bash Variables.      (line 305)
+* FUNCNAME:                              Bash Variables.      (line 311)
+* FUNCNEST:                              Bash Variables.      (line 328)
+* GLOBIGNORE:                            Bash Variables.      (line 333)
+* GROUPS:                                Bash Variables.      (line 340)
+* histchars:                             Bash Variables.      (line 346)
+* HISTCMD:                               Bash Variables.      (line 361)
+* HISTCONTROL:                           Bash Variables.      (line 366)
+* HISTFILE:                              Bash Variables.      (line 382)
+* HISTFILESIZE:                          Bash Variables.      (line 386)
+* HISTIGNORE:                            Bash Variables.      (line 397)
+* history-preserve-point:                Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 165)
+* history-size:                          Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 171)
+* HISTSIZE:                              Bash Variables.      (line 417)
+* HISTTIMEFORMAT:                        Bash Variables.      (line 424)
+* HOME:                                  Bourne Shell Variables.
+                                                              (line  13)
+* horizontal-scroll-mode:                Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 180)
+* HOSTFILE:                              Bash Variables.      (line 432)
+* HOSTNAME:                              Bash Variables.      (line 443)
+* HOSTTYPE:                              Bash Variables.      (line 446)
+* IFS:                                   Bourne Shell Variables.
+                                                              (line  18)
+* IGNOREEOF:                             Bash Variables.      (line 449)
+* input-meta:                            Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 187)
+* INPUTRC:                               Bash Variables.      (line 459)
+* INSIDE_EMACS:                          Bash Variables.      (line 463)
+* isearch-terminators:                   Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 195)
+* keymap:                                Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 202)
+* LANG:                                  Bash Variables.      (line 469)
+* LC_ALL:                                Bash Variables.      (line 473)
+* LC_COLLATE:                            Bash Variables.      (line 477)
+* LC_CTYPE:                              Bash Variables.      (line 484)
+* LC_MESSAGES:                           Locale Translation.  (line  11)
+* LC_MESSAGES <1>:                       Bash Variables.      (line 489)
+* LC_NUMERIC:                            Bash Variables.      (line 493)
+* LC_TIME:                               Bash Variables.      (line 497)
+* LINENO:                                Bash Variables.      (line 501)
+* LINES:                                 Bash Variables.      (line 505)
+* MACHTYPE:                              Bash Variables.      (line 511)
+* MAIL:                                  Bourne Shell Variables.
+                                                              (line  22)
+* MAILCHECK:                             Bash Variables.      (line 515)
+* MAILPATH:                              Bourne Shell Variables.
+                                                              (line  27)
+* MAPFILE:                               Bash Variables.      (line 523)
+* mark-modified-lines:                   Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 232)
+* mark-symlinked-directories:            Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 237)
+* match-hidden-files:                    Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 242)
+* menu-complete-display-prefix:          Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 249)
+* meta-flag:                             Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 187)
+* OLDPWD:                                Bash Variables.      (line 527)
+* OPTARG:                                Bourne Shell Variables.
+                                                              (line  34)
+* OPTERR:                                Bash Variables.      (line 530)
+* OPTIND:                                Bourne Shell Variables.
+                                                              (line  38)
+* OSTYPE:                                Bash Variables.      (line 534)
+* output-meta:                           Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 254)
+* page-completions:                      Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 260)
+* PATH:                                  Bourne Shell Variables.
+                                                              (line  42)
+* PIPESTATUS:                            Bash Variables.      (line 537)
+* POSIXLY_CORRECT:                       Bash Variables.      (line 542)
+* PPID:                                  Bash Variables.      (line 552)
+* PROMPT_COMMAND:                        Bash Variables.      (line 556)
+* PROMPT_DIRTRIM:                        Bash Variables.      (line 560)
+* PS0:                                   Bash Variables.      (line 566)
+* PS1:                                   Bourne Shell Variables.
+                                                              (line  48)
+* PS2:                                   Bourne Shell Variables.
+                                                              (line  53)
+* PS3:                                   Bash Variables.      (line 571)
+* PS4:                                   Bash Variables.      (line 576)
+* PWD:                                   Bash Variables.      (line 584)
+* RANDOM:                                Bash Variables.      (line 587)
+* READLINE_LINE:                         Bash Variables.      (line 592)
+* READLINE_POINT:                        Bash Variables.      (line 596)
+* REPLY:                                 Bash Variables.      (line 600)
+* revert-all-at-newline:                 Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 270)
+* SECONDS:                               Bash Variables.      (line 603)
+* SHELL:                                 Bash Variables.      (line 609)
+* SHELLOPTS:                             Bash Variables.      (line 614)
+* SHLVL:                                 Bash Variables.      (line 623)
+* show-all-if-ambiguous:                 Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 276)
+* show-all-if-unmodified:                Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 282)
+* show-mode-in-prompt:                   Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 291)
+* skip-completed-text:                   Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 297)
+* TEXTDOMAIN:                            Locale Translation.  (line  11)
+* TEXTDOMAINDIR:                         Locale Translation.  (line  11)
+* TIMEFORMAT:                            Bash Variables.      (line 628)
+* TMOUT:                                 Bash Variables.      (line 666)
+* TMPDIR:                                Bash Variables.      (line 678)
+* UID:                                   Bash Variables.      (line 682)
+* vi-cmd-mode-string:                    Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 310)
+* vi-ins-mode-string:                    Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 321)
+* visible-stats:                         Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 332)
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Function Index,  Next: Concept Index,  Prev: Variable Index,  Up: Indexes
+
+D.4 Function Index
+==================
+
+
+* Menu:
+
+* abort (C-g):                           Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line  10)
+* accept-line (Newline or Return):       Commands For History.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* alias-expand-line ():                  Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line 125)
+* backward-char (C-b):                   Commands For Moving. (line  15)
+* backward-delete-char (Rubout):         Commands For Text.   (line  17)
+* backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout):       Commands For Killing.
+                                                              (line   9)
+* backward-kill-word (M-<DEL>):          Commands For Killing.
+                                                              (line  24)
+* backward-word (M-b):                   Commands For Moving. (line  22)
+* beginning-of-history (M-<):            Commands For History.
+                                                              (line  20)
+* beginning-of-line (C-a):               Commands For Moving. (line   6)
+* bracketed-paste-begin ():              Commands For Text.   (line  33)
+* call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e):           Keyboard Macros.     (line  13)
+* capitalize-word (M-c):                 Commands For Text.   (line  61)
+* character-search (C-]):                Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line  42)
+* character-search-backward (M-C-]):     Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line  47)
+* clear-screen (C-l):                    Commands For Moving. (line  48)
+* complete (<TAB>):                      Commands For Completion.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* complete-command (M-!):                Commands For Completion.
+                                                              (line  80)
+* complete-filename (M-/):               Commands For Completion.
+                                                              (line  49)
+* complete-hostname (M-@):               Commands For Completion.
+                                                              (line  72)
+* complete-into-braces (M-{):            Commands For Completion.
+                                                              (line 100)
+* complete-username (M-~):               Commands For Completion.
+                                                              (line  56)
+* complete-variable (M-$):               Commands For Completion.
+                                                              (line  64)
+* copy-backward-word ():                 Commands For Killing.
+                                                              (line  58)
+* copy-forward-word ():                  Commands For Killing.
+                                                              (line  63)
+* copy-region-as-kill ():                Commands For Killing.
+                                                              (line  54)
+* dabbrev-expand ():                     Commands For Completion.
+                                                              (line  95)
+* delete-char (C-d):                     Commands For Text.   (line  12)
+* delete-char-or-list ():                Commands For Completion.
+                                                              (line  43)
+* delete-horizontal-space ():            Commands For Killing.
+                                                              (line  46)
+* digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--):    Numeric Arguments.   (line   6)
+* display-shell-version (C-x C-v):       Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line 110)
+* do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-X, ...): Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line  14)
+* downcase-word (M-l):                   Commands For Text.   (line  57)
+* dump-functions ():                     Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line  74)
+* dump-macros ():                        Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line  86)
+* dump-variables ():                     Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line  80)
+* dynamic-complete-history (M-<TAB>):    Commands For Completion.
+                                                              (line  90)
+* edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e):    Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line 140)
+* end-kbd-macro (C-x )):                 Keyboard Macros.     (line   9)
+* end-of-file (usually C-d):             Commands For Text.   (line   6)
+* end-of-history (M->):                  Commands For History.
+                                                              (line  23)
+* end-of-line (C-e):                     Commands For Moving. (line   9)
+* exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x):     Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line  37)
+* forward-backward-delete-char ():       Commands For Text.   (line  21)
+* forward-char (C-f):                    Commands For Moving. (line  12)
+* forward-search-history (C-s):          Commands For History.
+                                                              (line  31)
+* forward-word (M-f):                    Commands For Moving. (line  18)
+* glob-complete-word (M-g):              Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line  92)
+* glob-expand-word (C-x *):              Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line  98)
+* glob-list-expansions (C-x g):          Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line 104)
+* history-and-alias-expand-line ():      Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line 128)
+* history-expand-line (M-^):             Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line 118)
+* history-search-backward ():            Commands For History.
+                                                              (line  53)
+* history-search-forward ():             Commands For History.
+                                                              (line  47)
+* history-substring-search-backward ():  Commands For History.
+                                                              (line  65)
+* history-substring-search-forward ():   Commands For History.
+                                                              (line  59)
+* insert-comment (M-#):                  Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line  61)
+* insert-completions (M-*):              Commands For Completion.
+                                                              (line  22)
+* insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_):     Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line 131)
+* kill-line (C-k):                       Commands For Killing.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* kill-region ():                        Commands For Killing.
+                                                              (line  50)
+* kill-whole-line ():                    Commands For Killing.
+                                                              (line  15)
+* kill-word (M-d):                       Commands For Killing.
+                                                              (line  19)
+* magic-space ():                        Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line 121)
+* menu-complete ():                      Commands For Completion.
+                                                              (line  26)
+* menu-complete-backward ():             Commands For Completion.
+                                                              (line  38)
+* next-history (C-n):                    Commands For History.
+                                                              (line  17)
+* next-screen-line ():                   Commands For Moving. (line  41)
+* non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n): Commands For History.
+                                                              (line  41)
+* non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p): Commands For History.
+                                                              (line  35)
+* operate-and-get-next (C-o):            Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line 134)
+* overwrite-mode ():                     Commands For Text.   (line  65)
+* possible-command-completions (C-x !):  Commands For Completion.
+                                                              (line  86)
+* possible-completions (M-?):            Commands For Completion.
+                                                              (line  15)
+* possible-filename-completions (C-x /): Commands For Completion.
+                                                              (line  52)
+* possible-hostname-completions (C-x @): Commands For Completion.
+                                                              (line  76)
+* possible-username-completions (C-x ~): Commands For Completion.
+                                                              (line  60)
+* possible-variable-completions (C-x $): Commands For Completion.
+                                                              (line  68)
+* prefix-meta (<ESC>):                   Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line  19)
+* previous-history (C-p):                Commands For History.
+                                                              (line  13)
+* previous-screen-line ():               Commands For Moving. (line  34)
+* print-last-kbd-macro ():               Keyboard Macros.     (line  17)
+* quoted-insert (C-q or C-v):            Commands For Text.   (line  26)
+* re-read-init-file (C-x C-r):           Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* redraw-current-line ():                Commands For Moving. (line  52)
+* reverse-search-history (C-r):          Commands For History.
+                                                              (line  27)
+* revert-line (M-r):                     Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line  26)
+* self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...):      Commands For Text.   (line  30)
+* set-mark (C-@):                        Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line  33)
+* shell-backward-kill-word ():           Commands For Killing.
+                                                              (line  33)
+* shell-backward-word ():                Commands For Moving. (line  30)
+* shell-expand-line (M-C-e):             Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line 113)
+* shell-forward-word ():                 Commands For Moving. (line  26)
+* shell-kill-word ():                    Commands For Killing.
+                                                              (line  28)
+* skip-csi-sequence ():                  Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line  52)
+* start-kbd-macro (C-x ():               Keyboard Macros.     (line   6)
+* tilde-expand (M-&):                    Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line  30)
+* transpose-chars (C-t):                 Commands For Text.   (line  42)
+* transpose-words (M-t):                 Commands For Text.   (line  48)
+* undo (C-_ or C-x C-u):                 Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line  23)
+* universal-argument ():                 Numeric Arguments.   (line  10)
+* unix-filename-rubout ():               Commands For Killing.
+                                                              (line  41)
+* unix-line-discard (C-u):               Commands For Killing.
+                                                              (line  12)
+* unix-word-rubout (C-w):                Commands For Killing.
+                                                              (line  37)
+* upcase-word (M-u):                     Commands For Text.   (line  53)
+* yank (C-y):                            Commands For Killing.
+                                                              (line  68)
+* yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_):            Commands For History.
+                                                              (line  80)
+* yank-nth-arg (M-C-y):                  Commands For History.
+                                                              (line  71)
+* yank-pop (M-y):                        Commands For Killing.
+                                                              (line  71)
+
+
+File: bash.info,  Node: Concept Index,  Prev: Function Index,  Up: Indexes
+
+D.5 Concept Index
+=================
+
+
+* Menu:
+
+* alias expansion:                       Aliases.             (line   6)
+* arithmetic evaluation:                 Shell Arithmetic.    (line   6)
+* arithmetic expansion:                  Arithmetic Expansion.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* arithmetic, shell:                     Shell Arithmetic.    (line   6)
+* arrays:                                Arrays.              (line   6)
+* background:                            Job Control Basics.  (line   6)
+* Bash configuration:                    Basic Installation.  (line   6)
+* Bash installation:                     Basic Installation.  (line   6)
+* Bourne shell:                          Basic Shell Features.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* brace expansion:                       Brace Expansion.     (line   6)
+* builtin:                               Definitions.         (line  17)
+* command editing:                       Readline Bare Essentials.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* command execution:                     Command Search and Execution.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* command expansion:                     Simple Command Expansion.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* command history:                       Bash History Facilities.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* command search:                        Command Search and Execution.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* command substitution:                  Command Substitution.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* command timing:                        Pipelines.           (line   9)
+* commands, compound:                    Compound Commands.   (line   6)
+* commands, conditional:                 Conditional Constructs.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* commands, grouping:                    Command Grouping.    (line   6)
+* commands, lists:                       Lists.               (line   6)
+* commands, looping:                     Looping Constructs.  (line   6)
+* commands, pipelines:                   Pipelines.           (line   6)
+* commands, shell:                       Shell Commands.      (line   6)
+* commands, simple:                      Simple Commands.     (line   6)
+* comments, shell:                       Comments.            (line   6)
+* completion builtins:                   Programmable Completion Builtins.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* configuration:                         Basic Installation.  (line   6)
+* control operator:                      Definitions.         (line  21)
+* coprocess:                             Coprocesses.         (line   6)
+* directory stack:                       The Directory Stack. (line   6)
+* editing command lines:                 Readline Bare Essentials.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* environment:                           Environment.         (line   6)
+* evaluation, arithmetic:                Shell Arithmetic.    (line   6)
+* event designators:                     Event Designators.   (line   6)
+* execution environment:                 Command Execution Environment.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* exit status:                           Definitions.         (line  26)
+* exit status <1>:                       Exit Status.         (line   6)
+* expansion:                             Shell Expansions.    (line   6)
+* expansion, arithmetic:                 Arithmetic Expansion.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* expansion, brace:                      Brace Expansion.     (line   6)
+* expansion, filename:                   Filename Expansion.  (line   9)
+* expansion, parameter:                  Shell Parameter Expansion.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* expansion, pathname:                   Filename Expansion.  (line   9)
+* expansion, tilde:                      Tilde Expansion.     (line   6)
+* expressions, arithmetic:               Shell Arithmetic.    (line   6)
+* expressions, conditional:              Bash Conditional Expressions.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* field:                                 Definitions.         (line  30)
+* filename:                              Definitions.         (line  35)
+* filename expansion:                    Filename Expansion.  (line   9)
+* foreground:                            Job Control Basics.  (line   6)
+* functions, shell:                      Shell Functions.     (line   6)
+* history builtins:                      Bash History Builtins.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* history events:                        Event Designators.   (line   8)
+* history expansion:                     History Interaction. (line   6)
+* history list:                          Bash History Facilities.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* History, how to use:                   A Programmable Completion Example.
+                                                              (line 113)
+* identifier:                            Definitions.         (line  51)
+* initialization file, readline:         Readline Init File.  (line   6)
+* installation:                          Basic Installation.  (line   6)
+* interaction, readline:                 Readline Interaction.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* interactive shell:                     Invoking Bash.       (line 131)
+* interactive shell <1>:                 Interactive Shells.  (line   6)
+* internationalization:                  Locale Translation.  (line   6)
+* job:                                   Definitions.         (line  38)
+* job control:                           Definitions.         (line  42)
+* job control <1>:                       Job Control Basics.  (line   6)
+* kill ring:                             Readline Killing Commands.
+                                                              (line  18)
+* killing text:                          Readline Killing Commands.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* localization:                          Locale Translation.  (line   6)
+* login shell:                           Invoking Bash.       (line 128)
+* matching, pattern:                     Pattern Matching.    (line   6)
+* metacharacter:                         Definitions.         (line  46)
+* name:                                  Definitions.         (line  51)
+* native languages:                      Locale Translation.  (line   6)
+* notation, readline:                    Readline Bare Essentials.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* operator, shell:                       Definitions.         (line  57)
+* parameter expansion:                   Shell Parameter Expansion.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* parameters:                            Shell Parameters.    (line   6)
+* parameters, positional:                Positional Parameters.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* parameters, special:                   Special Parameters.  (line   6)
+* pathname expansion:                    Filename Expansion.  (line   9)
+* pattern matching:                      Pattern Matching.    (line   6)
+* pipeline:                              Pipelines.           (line   6)
+* POSIX:                                 Definitions.         (line   9)
+* POSIX Mode:                            Bash POSIX Mode.     (line   6)
+* process group:                         Definitions.         (line  62)
+* process group ID:                      Definitions.         (line  66)
+* process substitution:                  Process Substitution.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* programmable completion:               Programmable Completion.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* prompting:                             Controlling the Prompt.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* quoting:                               Quoting.             (line   6)
+* quoting, ANSI:                         ANSI-C Quoting.      (line   6)
+* Readline, how to use:                  Job Control Variables.
+                                                              (line  23)
+* redirection:                           Redirections.        (line   6)
+* reserved word:                         Definitions.         (line  70)
+* restricted shell:                      The Restricted Shell.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* return status:                         Definitions.         (line  75)
+* shell arithmetic:                      Shell Arithmetic.    (line   6)
+* shell function:                        Shell Functions.     (line   6)
+* shell script:                          Shell Scripts.       (line   6)
+* shell variable:                        Shell Parameters.    (line   6)
+* shell, interactive:                    Interactive Shells.  (line   6)
+* signal:                                Definitions.         (line  78)
+* signal handling:                       Signals.             (line   6)
+* special builtin:                       Definitions.         (line  82)
+* special builtin <1>:                   Special Builtins.    (line   6)
+* startup files:                         Bash Startup Files.  (line   6)
+* suspending jobs:                       Job Control Basics.  (line   6)
+* tilde expansion:                       Tilde Expansion.     (line   6)
+* token:                                 Definitions.         (line  86)
+* translation, native languages:         Locale Translation.  (line   6)
+* variable, shell:                       Shell Parameters.    (line   6)
+* variables, readline:                   Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line  37)
+* word:                                  Definitions.         (line  90)
+* word splitting:                        Word Splitting.      (line   6)
+* yanking text:                          Readline Killing Commands.
+                                                              (line   6)
+
+
+
+Tag Table:
+Node: Top895
+Node: Introduction2813
+Node: What is Bash?3029
+Node: What is a shell?4143
+Node: Definitions6681
+Node: Basic Shell Features9632
+Node: Shell Syntax10851
+Node: Shell Operation11877
+Node: Quoting13170
+Node: Escape Character14470
+Node: Single Quotes14955
+Node: Double Quotes15303
+Node: ANSI-C Quoting16581
+Node: Locale Translation17840
+Node: Comments18736
+Node: Shell Commands19354
+Node: Simple Commands20226
+Node: Pipelines20857
+Node: Lists23789
+Node: Compound Commands25580
+Node: Looping Constructs26592
+Node: Conditional Constructs29087
+Node: Command Grouping40170
+Node: Coprocesses41649
+Node: GNU Parallel43552
+Node: Shell Functions47610
+Node: Shell Parameters54693
+Node: Positional Parameters59106
+Node: Special Parameters60006
+Node: Shell Expansions63760
+Node: Brace Expansion65883
+Node: Tilde Expansion68607
+Node: Shell Parameter Expansion71224
+Node: Command Substitution85680
+Node: Arithmetic Expansion87035
+Node: Process Substitution87967
+Node: Word Splitting89087
+Node: Filename Expansion91031
+Node: Pattern Matching93561
+Node: Quote Removal97547
+Node: Redirections97842
+Node: Executing Commands107400
+Node: Simple Command Expansion108070
+Node: Command Search and Execution110000
+Node: Command Execution Environment112376
+Node: Environment115360
+Node: Exit Status117019
+Node: Signals118689
+Node: Shell Scripts120656
+Node: Shell Builtin Commands123171
+Node: Bourne Shell Builtins125209
+Node: Bash Builtins145959
+Node: Modifying Shell Behavior174884
+Node: The Set Builtin175229
+Node: The Shopt Builtin185642
+Node: Special Builtins203284
+Node: Shell Variables204263
+Node: Bourne Shell Variables204700
+Node: Bash Variables206804
+Node: Bash Features237264
+Node: Invoking Bash238163
+Node: Bash Startup Files244176
+Node: Interactive Shells249279
+Node: What is an Interactive Shell?249689
+Node: Is this Shell Interactive?250338
+Node: Interactive Shell Behavior251153
+Node: Bash Conditional Expressions254640
+Node: Shell Arithmetic259217
+Node: Aliases262034
+Node: Arrays264654
+Node: The Directory Stack270020
+Node: Directory Stack Builtins270804
+Node: Controlling the Prompt273772
+Node: The Restricted Shell276538
+Node: Bash POSIX Mode278363
+Node: Job Control289296
+Node: Job Control Basics289756
+Node: Job Control Builtins294724
+Node: Job Control Variables299451
+Node: Command Line Editing300607
+Node: Introduction and Notation302278
+Node: Readline Interaction303901
+Node: Readline Bare Essentials305092
+Node: Readline Movement Commands306875
+Node: Readline Killing Commands307835
+Node: Readline Arguments309753
+Node: Searching310797
+Node: Readline Init File312983
+Node: Readline Init File Syntax314130
+Node: Conditional Init Constructs334569
+Node: Sample Init File338765
+Node: Bindable Readline Commands341882
+Node: Commands For Moving343086
+Node: Commands For History344935
+Node: Commands For Text349230
+Node: Commands For Killing352618
+Node: Numeric Arguments355099
+Node: Commands For Completion356238
+Node: Keyboard Macros360429
+Node: Miscellaneous Commands361116
+Node: Readline vi Mode367069
+Node: Programmable Completion367976
+Node: Programmable Completion Builtins375756
+Node: A Programmable Completion Example386449
+Node: Using History Interactively391689
+Node: Bash History Facilities392373
+Node: Bash History Builtins395378
+Node: History Interaction399909
+Node: Event Designators403529
+Node: Word Designators404748
+Node: Modifiers406385
+Node: Installing Bash407787
+Node: Basic Installation408924
+Node: Compilers and Options412182
+Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures412923
+Node: Installation Names414616
+Node: Specifying the System Type415434
+Node: Sharing Defaults416150
+Node: Operation Controls416823
+Node: Optional Features417781
+Node: Reporting Bugs428299
+Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell429493
+Node: GNU Free Documentation License446345
+Node: Indexes471522
+Node: Builtin Index471976
+Node: Reserved Word Index478803
+Node: Variable Index481251
+Node: Function Index497002
+Node: Concept Index510305
+
+End Tag Table
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+(File descriptor 1 is duplicated.)180 120 Q F1(/de)144 132 Q(v/stderr)
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+(he standard output and standard error are redirected as described)
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+(ord when it is used as the \214rst w)-.1 F .674
+(ord of a simple command.)-.1 F .394(The shell maintains a list of alia\
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+(\214rst w)4.48 F 1.98(ord of each simple command, if unquoted, is)-.1 F
+(check)108 343.2 Q .473(ed to see if it has an alias.)-.1 F .473
+(If so, that w)5.473 F .472(ord is replaced by the te)-.1 F .472
+(xt of the alias.)-.15 F .472(The characters)5.472 F F1(/)2.972 E F0(,)A
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+1.111(and an)3.611 F 3.611(yo)-.15 G 3.611(ft)-3.611 G 1.111(he shell)
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+(The \214rst)6.119 F -.1(wo)108 379.2 S .513(rd of the replacement te).1
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+(ord that is identical to an alias being e)-.1 F .514(xpanded is)-.15 F
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+(This means that one may alias)5.296 F F1(ls)2.796 E F0(to)2.796 E F1
+.296(ls \255F)2.796 F F0 2.796(,f)C .295(or instance, and)-2.796 F F1
+(bash)2.795 E F0 .295(does not try)2.795 F .542(to recursi)108 403.2 R
+-.15(ve)-.25 G .542(ly e).15 F .542(xpand the replacement te)-.15 F
+3.042(xt. If)-.15 F .543(the last character of the alias v)3.042 F .543
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+-3.043 F(xt)-.15 E(command w)108 415.2 Q(ord follo)-.1 E
+(wing the alias is also check)-.25 E(ed for alias e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15
+E(Aliases are created and listed with the)108 432 Q F1(alias)2.5 E F0
+(command, and remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith the)-2.5 E F1
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+108 460.8 Q F4(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.22
+(Aliases are not e)108 477.6 R 1.22
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+(shell option is set)3.72 F(using)108 489.6 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0
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+(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25
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+(there are no characters on the line, and point is at the be)144 496.8 R
+.592(ginning of the line, Readline interprets it)-.15 F
+(as the end of input and returns)144 508.8 Q F2(EOF)2.5 E F3(.)A F1
+(delete\255char \(C\255d\))108 520.8 Q F0 .441
+(Delete the character at point.)144 532.8 R .442
+(If this function is bound to the same character as the tty)5.441 F F1
+(EOF)2.942 E F0(char)2.942 E(-)-.2 E(acter)144 544.8 Q 2.5(,a)-.4 G(s)
+-2.5 E F1(C\255d)2.5 E F0(commonly is, see abo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.15 H
+(or the ef).15 E(fects.)-.25 E F1(backward\255delete\255char \(Rubout\))
+108 556.8 Q F0 .553(Delete the character behind the cursor)144 568.8 R
+5.553(.W)-.55 G .553(hen gi)-5.553 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.053(nan).15 G .553
+(umeric ar)-3.053 F .552(gument, sa)-.18 F .852 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .552
+(he deleted te).15 F .552(xt on)-.15 F(the kill ring.)144 580.8 Q F1
+-.25(fo)108 592.8 S(rward\255backward\255delete\255char).25 E F0 .473
+(Delete the character under the cursor)144 604.8 R 2.973(,u)-.4 G .474
+(nless the cursor is at the end of the line, in which case the)-2.973 F
+(character behind the cursor is deleted.)144 616.8 Q F1
+(quoted\255insert \(C\255q, C\255v\))108 628.8 Q F0 .779(Add the ne)144
+640.8 R .779(xt character typed to the line v)-.15 F 3.279
+(erbatim. This)-.15 F .779(is ho)3.279 F 3.279(wt)-.25 G 3.279(oi)-3.279
+G .779(nsert characters lik)-3.279 F(e)-.1 E F1(C\255q)3.278 E F0 3.278
+(,f)C(or)-3.278 E -.15(ex)144 652.8 S(ample.).15 E F1
+(tab\255insert \(C\255v T)108 664.8 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0
+(Insert a tab character)144 676.8 Q(.)-.55 E F1
+(self\255insert \(a, b, A, 1, !, ...\))108 688.8 Q F0
+(Insert the character typed.)144 700.8 Q(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q
+(2018 December 7)139.295 E(47)188.455 E 0 Cg EP
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+(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
+SF(transpose\255chars \(C\255t\))108 84 Q F0 .321
+(Drag the character before point forw)144 96 R .321(ard o)-.1 F -.15(ve)
+-.15 G 2.821(rt).15 G .321(he character at point, mo)-2.821 F .322
+(ving point forw)-.15 F .322(ard as well.)-.1 F 1.182
+(If point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the tw)144 108
+R 3.682(oc)-.1 G 1.182(haracters before point.)-3.682 F(Ne)6.182 E -.05
+(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ar)144 120 Q(guments ha)-.18 E .3
+-.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G(ect.).25 E F1
+(transpose\255w)108 132 Q(ords \(M\255t\))-.1 E F0 .023(Drag the w)144
+144 R .023(ord before point past the w)-.1 F .023(ord after point, mo)
+-.1 F .023(ving point o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.524(rt).15 G .024(hat w)
+-2.524 F .024(ord as well.)-.1 F .024(If point)5.024 F
+(is at the end of the line, this transposes the last tw)144 156 Q 2.5
+(ow)-.1 G(ords on the line.)-2.6 E F1(upcase\255w)108 168 Q
+(ord \(M\255u\))-.1 E F0 1.699(Uppercase the current \(or follo)144 180
+R 1.698(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.198(ord. W)-.1 F 1.698(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)
+-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.998 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.698
+(ument, uppercase the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 192 S(rd, b).1 E
+(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(do)108 204 Q
+(wncase\255w)-.1 E(ord \(M\255l\))-.1 E F0(Lo)144 216 Q 1.647
+(wercase the current \(or follo)-.25 F 1.647(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.147
+(ord. W)-.1 F 1.648(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.948 -.15
+(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.648(ument, lo).18 F 1.648(wercase the pre)
+-.25 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 228 S(rd, b).1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3
+-.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(capitalize\255w)108 240 Q
+(ord \(M\255c\))-.1 E F0 1.975(Capitalize the current \(or follo)144 252
+R 1.974(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.474(ord. W)-.1 F 1.974(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)
+-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.274 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.974
+(ument, capitalize the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 264 S(rd, b).1
+E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1 -.1(ove)108 276
+S(rwrite\255mode).1 E F0 -.8(To)144 288 S .437(ggle o).8 F -.15(ve)-.15
+G .437(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4(Wi)5.437 G .437(th an e).4 F .437
+(xplicit positi)-.15 F .738 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .438(umeric ar).15 F .438
+(gument, switches to o)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .438(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4
+(Wi)144 300 S .781(th an e).4 F .781(xplicit non-positi)-.15 F 1.081
+-.15(ve n)-.25 H .781(umeric ar).15 F .781
+(gument, switches to insert mode.)-.18 F .78(This command af)5.781 F
+(fects)-.25 E(only)144 312 Q F1(emacs)4.394 E F0(mode;)4.394 E F1(vi)
+4.394 E F0 1.894(mode does o)4.394 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.894(rwrite dif).15
+F(ferently)-.25 E 6.894(.E)-.65 G 1.894(ach call to)-6.894 F/F2 10
+/Times-Italic@0 SF -.37(re)4.395 G(adline\(\)).37 E F0 1.895
+(starts in insert)4.395 F 3.969(mode. In)144 324 R -.15(ove)3.969 G
+1.469(rwrite mode, characters bound to).15 F F1(self\255insert)3.969 E
+F0 1.468(replace the te)3.969 F 1.468(xt at point rather than)-.15 F
+.957(pushing the te)144 336 R .957(xt to the right.)-.15 F .958
+(Characters bound to)5.957 F F1(backward\255delete\255char)3.458 E F0
+.958(replace the character)3.458 F(before point with a space.)144 348 Q
+(By def)5 E(ault, this command is unbound.)-.1 E F1(Killing and Y)87
+364.8 Q(anking)-.85 E(kill\255line \(C\255k\))108 376.8 Q F0
+(Kill the te)144 388.8 Q(xt from point to the end of the line.)-.15 E F1
+(backward\255kill\255line \(C\255x Rubout\))108 400.8 Q F0(Kill backw)
+144 412.8 Q(ard to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E F1
+(unix\255line\255discard \(C\255u\))108 424.8 Q F0(Kill backw)144 436.8
+Q(ard from point to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E
+(The killed te)5 E(xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt)
+-2.5 G(he kill-ring.)-2.5 E F1(kill\255whole\255line)108 448.8 Q F0
+(Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.)144
+460.8 Q F1(kill\255w)108 472.8 Q(ord \(M\255d\))-.1 E F0 .729
+(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 484.8 R .728
+(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .728(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F .728
+(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 496.8 S
+(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1 -.25(fo)2.5 G
+(rward\255w).25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(backward\255kill\255w)108 508.8 Q
+(ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F0(Kill the w)144 520.8 Q(ord behind point.)
+-.1 E -.8(Wo)5 G(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1
+(backward\255w)2.5 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(shell\255kill\255w)108 532.8 Q
+(ord)-.1 E F0 .728(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 544.8
+R .729(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .729(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F
+.729(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 556.8 S
+(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1(shell\255f)2.5 E
+(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(shell\255backward\255kill\255w)
+108 568.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0 3.025(Kill the w)144 580.8 R 3.025
+(ord behind point.)-.1 F -.8(Wo)8.025 G 3.025
+(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 F F1(shell\255back-)
+5.525 E(ward\255w)144 592.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(unix\255w)108 604.8 Q
+(ord\255rubout \(C\255w\))-.1 E F0 .364(Kill the w)144 616.8 R .364
+(ord behind point, using white space as a w)-.1 F .365(ord boundary)-.1
+F 5.365(.T)-.65 G .365(he killed te)-5.365 F .365(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15
+(ve)-.2 G 2.865(do).15 G 2.865(nt)-2.865 G(he)-2.865 E(kill-ring.)144
+628.8 Q F1(unix\255\214lename\255rubout)108 640.8 Q F0 .167(Kill the w)
+144 652.8 R .166
+(ord behind point, using white space and the slash character as the w)
+-.1 F .166(ord boundaries.)-.1 F(The)5.166 E(killed te)144 664.8 Q
+(xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(he kill-ring.)
+-2.5 E F1(delete\255horizontal\255space \(M\255\\\))108 676.8 Q F0
+(Delete all spaces and tabs around point.)144 688.8 Q F1(kill\255r)108
+700.8 Q(egion)-.18 E F0(Kill the te)144 712.8 Q(xt in the current re)
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+(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0
+SF(copy\255r)108 84 Q(egion\255as\255kill)-.18 E F0(Cop)144 96 Q 2.5(yt)
+-.1 G(he te)-2.5 E(xt in the re)-.15 E(gion to the kill b)-.15 E(uf)-.2
+E(fer)-.25 E(.)-.55 E F1(copy\255backward\255w)108 108 Q(ord)-.1 E F0
+(Cop)144 120 Q 4.8(yt)-.1 G 2.3(he w)-4.8 F 2.3
+(ord before point to the kill b)-.1 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 7.301(.T)-.55
+G 2.301(he w)-7.301 F 2.301(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1
+(back-)4.801 E(ward\255w)144 132 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(copy\255f)108 144
+Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 156 Q 4.508(yt)-.1 G 2.008
+(he w)-4.508 F 2.008(ord follo)-.1 F 2.008(wing point to the kill b)-.25
+F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 7.007(.T)-.55 G 2.007(he w)-7.007 F 2.007
+(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1 -.25(fo)4.507 G -.37(r-).25 G
+(ward\255w)144 168 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(yank \(C\255y\))108 180 Q F0 -1
+(Ya)144 192 S(nk the top of the kill ring into the b)1 E(uf)-.2 E
+(fer at point.)-.25 E F1(yank\255pop \(M\255y\))108 204 Q F0
+(Rotate the kill ring, and yank the ne)144 216 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5
+(op. Only)-2.5 F -.1(wo)2.5 G(rks follo).1 E(wing)-.25 E F1(yank)2.5 E
+F0(or)2.5 E F1(yank\255pop)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Numeric Ar)87 232.8 Q
+(guments)-.1 E(digit\255ar)108 244.8 Q
+(gument \(M\2550, M\2551, ..., M\255\255\))-.1 E F0 .367
+(Add this digit to the ar)144 256.8 R .367
+(gument already accumulating, or start a ne)-.18 F 2.867(wa)-.25 G -.18
+(rg)-2.867 G 2.867(ument. M\255\255).18 F .367(starts a ne)2.867 F -.05
+(ga)-.15 G(-).05 E(ti)144 268.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G
+(ument.).18 E F1(uni)108 280.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1
+E F0 .779(This is another w)144 292.8 R .779(ay to specify an ar)-.1 F
+3.279(gument. If)-.18 F .779(this command is follo)3.279 F .778
+(wed by one or more digits,)-.25 F 1.376
+(optionally with a leading minus sign, those digits de\214ne the ar)144
+304.8 R 3.876(gument. If)-.18 F 1.376(the command is fol-)3.876 F(lo)144
+316.8 Q 1.17(wed by digits, e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(uni)
+3.67 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(ag)3.67 E 1.17
+(ain ends the numeric ar)-.05 F 1.17(gument, b)-.18 F 1.17(ut is other)
+-.2 F(-)-.2 E .898(wise ignored.)144 328.8 R .898
+(As a special case, if this command is immediately follo)5.898 F .898
+(wed by a character that is)-.25 F 1.23
+(neither a digit nor minus sign, the ar)144 340.8 R 1.23
+(gument count for the ne)-.18 F 1.23(xt command is multiplied by four)
+-.15 F(.)-.55 E .822(The ar)144 352.8 R .822
+(gument count is initially one, so e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .823
+(cuting this function the \214rst time mak).15 F .823(es the ar)-.1 F
+(gument)-.18 E(count four)144 364.8 Q 2.5(,as)-.4 G(econd time mak)-2.5
+E(es the ar)-.1 E(gument count sixteen, and so on.)-.18 E F1(Completing)
+87 381.6 Q(complete \(T)108 393.6 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 1.137
+(Attempt to perform completion on the te)144 405.6 R 1.137
+(xt before point.)-.15 F F1(Bash)6.137 E F0 1.137
+(attempts completion treating the)3.637 F(te)144 417.6 Q .532(xt as a v)
+-.15 F .532(ariable \(if the te)-.25 F .532(xt be)-.15 F .533(gins with)
+-.15 F F1($)3.033 E F0 .533(\), username \(if the te)B .533(xt be)-.15 F
+.533(gins with)-.15 F F1(~)3.033 E F0 .533(\), hostname \(if the)B(te)
+144 429.6 Q .702(xt be)-.15 F .702(gins with)-.15 F F1(@)3.202 E F0 .701
+(\), or command \(including aliases and functions\) in turn.)B .701
+(If none of these pro-)5.701 F
+(duces a match, \214lename completion is attempted.)144 441.6 Q F1
+(possible\255completions \(M\255?\))108 453.6 Q F0
+(List the possible completions of the te)144 465.6 Q(xt before point.)
+-.15 E F1(insert\255completions \(M\255*\))108 477.6 Q F0 .783
+(Insert all completions of the te)144 489.6 R .783
+(xt before point that w)-.15 F .783(ould ha)-.1 F 1.083 -.15(ve b)-.2 H
+.783(een generated by).15 F F1(possible\255com-)3.283 E(pletions)144
+501.6 Q F0(.)A F1(menu\255complete)108 513.6 Q F0 .929(Similar to)144
+525.6 R F1(complete)3.429 E F0 3.429(,b)C .929(ut replaces the w)-3.629
+F .929(ord to be completed with a single match from the list of)-.1 F
+1.193(possible completions.)144 537.6 R 1.193(Repeated e)6.193 F -.15
+(xe)-.15 G 1.193(cution of).15 F F1(menu\255complete)3.694 E F0 1.194
+(steps through the list of possible)3.694 F .829
+(completions, inserting each match in turn.)144 549.6 R .828
+(At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung)5.828 F .727
+(\(subject to the setting of)144 561.6 R F1(bell\255style)3.227 E F0
+3.227(\)a)C .727(nd the original te)-3.227 F .727(xt is restored.)-.15 F
+.727(An ar)5.727 F .727(gument of)-.18 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)3.227
+E F0(mo)3.227 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(s).15 E F2(n)3.228 E F0 1.73
+(positions forw)144 573.6 R 1.73(ard in the list of matches; a ne)-.1 F
+-.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.03 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.73
+(ument may be used to mo).18 F 2.03 -.15(ve b)-.15 H(ackw).15 E(ard)-.1
+E(through the list.)144 585.6 Q(This command is intended to be bound to)
+5 E F1 -.9(TA)2.5 G(B).9 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut is unbound by def)-2.7 E
+(ault.)-.1 E F1(menu\255complete\255backward)108 597.6 Q F0 .82
+(Identical to)144 609.6 R F1(menu\255complete)3.32 E F0 3.32(,b)C .82
+(ut mo)-3.52 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.32(sb).15 G(ackw)-3.32 E .82
+(ard through the list of possible completions, as if)-.1 F F1
+(menu\255complete)144 621.6 Q F0(had been gi)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5
+(nan).15 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-2.5 H(ti).15 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg)
+.15 G 2.5(ument. This).18 F(command is unbound by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E
+F1(delete\255char\255or\255list)108 633.6 Q F0 .234
+(Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the be)144 645.6 R
+.234(ginning or end of the line \(lik)-.15 F(e)-.1 E F1(delete\255char)
+2.734 E F0(\).)A .425(If at the end of the line, beha)144 657.6 R -.15
+(ve)-.2 G 2.925(si).15 G .425(dentically to)-2.925 F F1
+(possible\255completions)2.925 E F0 5.425(.T)C .425
+(his command is unbound)-5.425 F(by def)144 669.6 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1
+(complete\255\214lename \(M\255/\))108 681.6 Q F0
+(Attempt \214lename completion on the te)144 693.6 Q(xt before point.)
+-.15 E F1(possible\255\214lename\255completions \(C\255x /\))108 705.6 Q
+F0(List the possible completions of the te)144 717.6 Q
+(xt before point, treating it as a \214lename.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72
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+SF(complete\255user)108 84 Q(name \(M\255~\))-.15 E F0
+(Attempt completion on the te)144 96 Q
+(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(possible\255user)
+108 108 Q(name\255completions \(C\255x ~\))-.15 E F0
+(List the possible completions of the te)144 120 Q
+(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(complete\255v)108
+132 Q(ariable \(M\255$\))-.1 E F0(Attempt completion on the te)144 144 Q
+(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1
+(possible\255v)108 156 Q(ariable\255completions \(C\255x $\))-.1 E F0
+(List the possible completions of the te)144 168 Q
+(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1
+(complete\255hostname \(M\255@\))108 180 Q F0
+(Attempt completion on the te)144 192 Q
+(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1
+(possible\255hostname\255completions \(C\255x @\))108 204 Q F0
+(List the possible completions of the te)144 216 Q
+(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1
+(complete\255command \(M\255!\))108 228 Q F0 .581
+(Attempt completion on the te)144 240 R .581
+(xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 F .58
+(Command comple-)5.58 F .715(tion attempts to match the te)144 252 R
+.715(xt ag)-.15 F .715(ainst aliases, reserv)-.05 F .715(ed w)-.15 F
+.715(ords, shell functions, shell b)-.1 F .715(uiltins, and)-.2 F
+(\214nally e)144 264 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G
+(cutable \214lenames, in that order).15 E(.)-.55 E F1
+(possible\255command\255completions \(C\255x !\))108 276 Q F0
+(List the possible completions of the te)144 288 Q
+(xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 E F1
+(dynamic\255complete\255history \(M\255T)108 300 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 .425
+(Attempt completion on the te)144 312 R .425
+(xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .425(xt ag)-.15 F .424
+(ainst lines from the history list)-.05 F
+(for possible completion matches.)144 324 Q F1(dab)108 336 Q(br)-.1 E
+-.15(ev)-.18 G(\255expand).15 E F0 .61
+(Attempt menu completion on the te)144 348 R .611
+(xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .611(xt ag)-.15 F .611
+(ainst lines from the his-)-.05 F
+(tory list for possible completion matches.)144 360 Q F1
+(complete\255into\255braces \(M\255{\))108 372 Q F0 .4(Perform \214lena\
+me completion and insert the list of possible completions enclosed with\
+in braces so)144 384 R(the list is a)144 396 Q -.25(va)-.2 G
+(ilable to the shell \(see).25 E F1(Brace Expansion)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E
+-.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1 -.25(Ke)87 412.8 S(yboard Macr).25 E(os)-.18
+E(start\255kbd\255macr)108 424.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x \()-2.5 E(\))
+.833 E F0(Be)144 436.8 Q(gin sa)-.15 E
+(ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G
+(board macro.).15 E F1(end\255kbd\255macr)108 448.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G
+(C\255x \))-2.5 E(\)).833 E F0(Stop sa)144 460.8 Q
+(ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G
+(board macro and store the de\214nition.).15 E F1
+(call\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 472.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x e\))-2.5
+E F0(Re-e)144 484.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G .999(cute the last k).15 F -.15(ey)
+-.1 G .999(board macro de\214ned, by making the characters in the macro\
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+(causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.)
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+-.25 F .26(ariable name, or)-.25 F F1<ad66>2.76 E F0 .26
+(is supplied with a)2.76 F F2(name)144.36 393.6 Q F0
+(that is not a function.)2.68 E F1 -.18(re)108 410.4 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15
+E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .021(Causes a function to stop e)144 422.4 R
+-.15(xe)-.15 G .021(cuting and return the v).15 F .021
+(alue speci\214ed by)-.25 F F2(n)2.88 E F0 .02(to its caller)2.76 F 5.02
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+(the return status is that of the last command e)144 434.4 R -.15(xe)
+-.15 G .597(cuted in the function body).15 F 5.597(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.597 E
+F1 -.18(re)3.097 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .597(is e)3.097 F -.15(xe)-.15
+G(cuted).15 E 1.239(by a trap handler)144 446.4 R 3.738(,t)-.4 G 1.238
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+(oprocess at a time.).15 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 December 7)139.295
+E(81)188.455 E 0 Cg EP
+%%Trailer
+end
+%%EOF
diff --git a/doc/bashbug.0 b/doc/bashbug.0
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e40eed3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/bashbug.0
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+BASHBUG(1)                  General Commands Manual                 BASHBUG(1)
+
+
+
+NNAAMMEE
+       bashbug - report a bug in bash
+
+SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS
+       bbaasshhbbuugg [_-_-_v_e_r_s_i_o_n] [_-_-_h_e_l_p] [_e_m_a_i_l_-_a_d_d_r_e_s_s]
+
+DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN
+       bbaasshhbbuugg is a shell script to help the user compose and mail bug reports
+       concerning bash in a standard format.  bbaasshhbbuugg invokes the editor spec-
+       ified by the environment variable EEDDIITTOORR on a temporary copy of the bug
+       report format outline. The user must fill in the appropriate fields and
+       exit  the  editor.   bbaasshhbbuugg  then  mails  the completed report to _b_u_g_-
+       _b_a_s_h_@_g_n_u_._o_r_g, or _e_m_a_i_l_-_a_d_d_r_e_s_s.  If the report cannot be mailed, it  is
+       saved in the file _d_e_a_d_._b_a_s_h_b_u_g in the invoking user's home directory.
+
+       The  bug report format outline consists of several sections.  The first
+       section provides information about the machine, operating  system,  the
+       bash  version,  and  the  compilation  environment.  The second section
+       should be filled in with a description of the bug.  The  third  section
+       should  be  a  description  of  how to reproduce the bug.  The optional
+       fourth section is for a proposed fix.  Fixes are encouraged.
+
+EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT
+       bbaasshhbbuugg will utilize the following environment variables if they exist:
+
+       EEDDIITTOORR Specifies the preferred editor. If EEDDIITTOORR is  not  set,  bbaasshhbbuugg
+              attempts  to  locate  a number of alternative editors, including
+              eemmaaccss, and defaults to vvii.
+
+       HHOOMMEE   Directory in which the failed bug report is saved  if  the  mail
+              fails.
+
+       TTMMPPDDIIRR Directory in which to create temporary files and directories.
+
+SSEEEE AALLSSOO
+       _b_a_s_h(1)
+
+AAUUTTHHOORRSS
+       Brian Fox, Free Software Foundation
+       bfox@gnu.org
+
+       Chet Ramey, Case Western Reserve University
+       chet@po.cwru.edu
+
+
+
+GNU Bash-4.4                   2016 February 15                     BASHBUG(1)
diff --git a/doc/bashbug.1 b/doc/bashbug.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..61d9122
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/bashbug.1
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+.\"
+.\" MAN PAGE COMMENTS to
+.\"
+.\"     Chet Ramey
+.\"     Case Western Reserve University
+.\"     chet@po.cwru.edu
+.\"
+.\"     Last Change: Mon Feb 15 14:42:40 EST 2016
+.\"
+.TH BASHBUG 1 "2016 February 15" "GNU Bash-4.4"
+.SH NAME
+bashbug \- report a bug in bash
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+\fBbashbug\fP [\fI--version\fP] [\fI--help\fP] [\fIemail-address\fP]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.B bashbug
+is a shell script to help the user compose and mail bug reports
+concerning bash in a standard format.
+.B bashbug
+invokes the editor specified by the environment variable
+.SM
+.B EDITOR
+on a temporary copy of the bug report format outline. The user must
+fill in the appropriate fields and exit the editor.
+.B bashbug
+then mails the completed report to \fIbug-bash@gnu.org\fP, or
+\fIemail-address\fP.  If the report cannot be mailed, it is saved in the
+file \fIdead.bashbug\fP in the invoking user's home directory.
+.PP
+The bug report format outline consists of several sections.  The first
+section provides information about the machine, operating system, the
+bash version, and the compilation environment.  The second section
+should be filled in with a description of the bug.  The third section
+should be a description of how to reproduce the bug.  The optional
+fourth section is for a proposed fix.  Fixes are encouraged.
+.SH ENVIRONMENT
+.B bashbug
+will utilize the following environment variables if they exist:
+.TP
+.B EDITOR
+Specifies the preferred editor. If
+.SM
+.B EDITOR
+is not set,
+.B bashbug
+attempts to locate a number of alternative editors, including
+.BR emacs ,
+and defaults to \fBvi\fP.
+.TP
+.B HOME
+Directory in which the failed bug report is saved if the mail fails.
+.TP
+.B TMPDIR
+Directory in which to create temporary files and directories.
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.TP
+\fIbash\fP(1)
+.SH AUTHORS
+Brian Fox, Free Software Foundation
+.br
+bfox@gnu.org
+.PP
+Chet Ramey, Case Western Reserve University
+.br
+chet@po.cwru.edu
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diff --git a/doc/bashref.dvi b/doc/bashref.dvi
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+<!-- This text is a brief description of the features that are present in
+the Bash shell (version 5.0, 7 December 2018).
+
+This is Edition 5.0, last updated 7 December 2018,
+of The GNU Bash Reference Manual,
+for Bash, Version 5.0.
+
+Copyright (C) 1988-2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
+under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
+any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
+Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
+A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
+"GNU Free Documentation License". -->
+<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 6.5, http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ -->
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
+<title>Bash Reference Manual</title>
+
+<meta name="description" content="Bash Reference Manual">
+<meta name="keywords" content="Bash Reference Manual">
+<meta name="resource-type" content="document">
+<meta name="distribution" content="global">
+<meta name="Generator" content="makeinfo">
+<link href="#Top" rel="start" title="Top">
+<link href="#Indexes" rel="index" title="Indexes">
+<link href="#SEC_Contents" rel="contents" title="Table of Contents">
+<link href="dir.html#Top" rel="up" title="(dir)">
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+<body lang="en">
+<h1 class="settitle" align="center">Bash Reference Manual</h1>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<a name="SEC_Contents"></a>
+<h2 class="contents-heading">Table of Contents</h2>
+
+<div class="contents">
+
+<ul class="no-bullet">
+  <li><a name="toc-Introduction-1" href="#Introduction">1 Introduction</a>
+  <ul class="no-bullet">
+    <li><a name="toc-What-is-Bash_003f-1" href="#What-is-Bash_003f">1.1 What is Bash?</a></li>
+    <li><a name="toc-What-is-a-shell_003f-1" href="#What-is-a-shell_003f">1.2 What is a shell?</a></li>
+  </ul></li>
+  <li><a name="toc-Definitions-1" href="#Definitions">2 Definitions</a></li>
+  <li><a name="toc-Basic-Shell-Features-1" href="#Basic-Shell-Features">3 Basic Shell Features</a>
+  <ul class="no-bullet">
+    <li><a name="toc-Shell-Syntax-1" href="#Shell-Syntax">3.1 Shell Syntax</a>
+    <ul class="no-bullet">
+      <li><a name="toc-Shell-Operation-1" href="#Shell-Operation">3.1.1 Shell Operation</a></li>
+      <li><a name="toc-Quoting-1" href="#Quoting">3.1.2 Quoting</a>
+      <ul class="no-bullet">
+        <li><a name="toc-Escape-Character-1" href="#Escape-Character">3.1.2.1 Escape Character</a></li>
+        <li><a name="toc-Single-Quotes-1" href="#Single-Quotes">3.1.2.2 Single Quotes</a></li>
+        <li><a name="toc-Double-Quotes-1" href="#Double-Quotes">3.1.2.3 Double Quotes</a></li>
+        <li><a name="toc-ANSI_002dC-Quoting-1" href="#ANSI_002dC-Quoting">3.1.2.4 ANSI-C Quoting</a></li>
+        <li><a name="toc-Locale_002dSpecific-Translation" href="#Locale-Translation">3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation</a></li>
+      </ul></li>
+      <li><a name="toc-Comments-1" href="#Comments">3.1.3 Comments</a></li>
+    </ul></li>
+    <li><a name="toc-Shell-Commands-1" href="#Shell-Commands">3.2 Shell Commands</a>
+    <ul class="no-bullet">
+      <li><a name="toc-Simple-Commands-1" href="#Simple-Commands">3.2.1 Simple Commands</a></li>
+      <li><a name="toc-Pipelines-1" href="#Pipelines">3.2.2 Pipelines</a></li>
+      <li><a name="toc-Lists-of-Commands" href="#Lists">3.2.3 Lists of Commands</a></li>
+      <li><a name="toc-Compound-Commands-1" href="#Compound-Commands">3.2.4 Compound Commands</a>
+      <ul class="no-bullet">
+        <li><a name="toc-Looping-Constructs-1" href="#Looping-Constructs">3.2.4.1 Looping Constructs</a></li>
+        <li><a name="toc-Conditional-Constructs-1" href="#Conditional-Constructs">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</a></li>
+        <li><a name="toc-Grouping-Commands" href="#Command-Grouping">3.2.4.3 Grouping Commands</a></li>
+      </ul></li>
+      <li><a name="toc-Coprocesses-1" href="#Coprocesses">3.2.5 Coprocesses</a></li>
+      <li><a name="toc-GNU-Parallel-1" href="#GNU-Parallel">3.2.6 GNU Parallel</a></li>
+    </ul></li>
+    <li><a name="toc-Shell-Functions-1" href="#Shell-Functions">3.3 Shell Functions</a></li>
+    <li><a name="toc-Shell-Parameters-1" href="#Shell-Parameters">3.4 Shell Parameters</a>
+    <ul class="no-bullet">
+      <li><a name="toc-Positional-Parameters-1" href="#Positional-Parameters">3.4.1 Positional Parameters</a></li>
+      <li><a name="toc-Special-Parameters-1" href="#Special-Parameters">3.4.2 Special Parameters</a></li>
+    </ul></li>
+    <li><a name="toc-Shell-Expansions-1" href="#Shell-Expansions">3.5 Shell Expansions</a>
+    <ul class="no-bullet">
+      <li><a name="toc-Brace-Expansion-1" href="#Brace-Expansion">3.5.1 Brace Expansion</a></li>
+      <li><a name="toc-Tilde-Expansion-1" href="#Tilde-Expansion">3.5.2 Tilde Expansion</a></li>
+      <li><a name="toc-Shell-Parameter-Expansion-1" href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</a></li>
+      <li><a name="toc-Command-Substitution-1" href="#Command-Substitution">3.5.4 Command Substitution</a></li>
+      <li><a name="toc-Arithmetic-Expansion-1" href="#Arithmetic-Expansion">3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion</a></li>
+      <li><a name="toc-Process-Substitution-1" href="#Process-Substitution">3.5.6 Process Substitution</a></li>
+      <li><a name="toc-Word-Splitting-1" href="#Word-Splitting">3.5.7 Word Splitting</a></li>
+      <li><a name="toc-Filename-Expansion-1" href="#Filename-Expansion">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</a>
+      <ul class="no-bullet">
+        <li><a name="toc-Pattern-Matching-1" href="#Pattern-Matching">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</a></li>
+      </ul></li>
+      <li><a name="toc-Quote-Removal-1" href="#Quote-Removal">3.5.9 Quote Removal</a></li>
+    </ul></li>
+    <li><a name="toc-Redirections-1" href="#Redirections">3.6 Redirections</a>
+    <ul class="no-bullet">
+      <li><a name="toc-Redirecting-Input" href="#Redirecting-Input">3.6.1 Redirecting Input</a></li>
+      <li><a name="toc-Redirecting-Output" href="#Redirecting-Output">3.6.2 Redirecting Output</a></li>
+      <li><a name="toc-Appending-Redirected-Output" href="#Appending-Redirected-Output">3.6.3 Appending Redirected Output</a></li>
+      <li><a name="toc-Redirecting-Standard-Output-and-Standard-Error" href="#Redirecting-Standard-Output-and-Standard-Error">3.6.4 Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error</a></li>
+      <li><a name="toc-Appending-Standard-Output-and-Standard-Error" href="#Appending-Standard-Output-and-Standard-Error">3.6.5 Appending Standard Output and Standard Error</a></li>
+      <li><a name="toc-Here-Documents" href="#Here-Documents">3.6.6 Here Documents</a></li>
+      <li><a name="toc-Here-Strings" href="#Here-Strings">3.6.7 Here Strings</a></li>
+      <li><a name="toc-Duplicating-File-Descriptors" href="#Duplicating-File-Descriptors">3.6.8 Duplicating File Descriptors</a></li>
+      <li><a name="toc-Moving-File-Descriptors" href="#Moving-File-Descriptors">3.6.9 Moving File Descriptors</a></li>
+      <li><a name="toc-Opening-File-Descriptors-for-Reading-and-Writing" href="#Opening-File-Descriptors-for-Reading-and-Writing">3.6.10 Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing</a></li>
+    </ul></li>
+    <li><a name="toc-Executing-Commands-1" href="#Executing-Commands">3.7 Executing Commands</a>
+    <ul class="no-bullet">
+      <li><a name="toc-Simple-Command-Expansion-1" href="#Simple-Command-Expansion">3.7.1 Simple Command Expansion</a></li>
+      <li><a name="toc-Command-Search-and-Execution-1" href="#Command-Search-and-Execution">3.7.2 Command Search and Execution</a></li>
+      <li><a name="toc-Command-Execution-Environment-1" href="#Command-Execution-Environment">3.7.3 Command Execution Environment</a></li>
+      <li><a name="toc-Environment-1" href="#Environment">3.7.4 Environment</a></li>
+      <li><a name="toc-Exit-Status-1" href="#Exit-Status">3.7.5 Exit Status</a></li>
+      <li><a name="toc-Signals-1" href="#Signals">3.7.6 Signals</a></li>
+    </ul></li>
+    <li><a name="toc-Shell-Scripts-1" href="#Shell-Scripts">3.8 Shell Scripts</a></li>
+  </ul></li>
+  <li><a name="toc-Shell-Builtin-Commands-1" href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands">4 Shell Builtin Commands</a>
+  <ul class="no-bullet">
+    <li><a name="toc-Bourne-Shell-Builtins-1" href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</a></li>
+    <li><a name="toc-Bash-Builtin-Commands" href="#Bash-Builtins">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</a></li>
+    <li><a name="toc-Modifying-Shell-Behavior-1" href="#Modifying-Shell-Behavior">4.3 Modifying Shell Behavior</a>
+    <ul class="no-bullet">
+      <li><a name="toc-The-Set-Builtin-1" href="#The-Set-Builtin">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</a></li>
+      <li><a name="toc-The-Shopt-Builtin-1" href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</a></li>
+    </ul></li>
+    <li><a name="toc-Special-Builtins-1" href="#Special-Builtins">4.4 Special Builtins</a></li>
+  </ul></li>
+  <li><a name="toc-Shell-Variables-1" href="#Shell-Variables">5 Shell Variables</a>
+  <ul class="no-bullet">
+    <li><a name="toc-Bourne-Shell-Variables-1" href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</a></li>
+    <li><a name="toc-Bash-Variables-1" href="#Bash-Variables">5.2 Bash Variables</a></li>
+  </ul></li>
+  <li><a name="toc-Bash-Features-2" href="#Bash-Features">6 Bash Features</a>
+  <ul class="no-bullet">
+    <li><a name="toc-Invoking-Bash-1" href="#Invoking-Bash">6.1 Invoking Bash</a></li>
+    <li><a name="toc-Bash-Startup-Files-1" href="#Bash-Startup-Files">6.2 Bash Startup Files</a></li>
+    <li><a name="toc-Interactive-Shells-1" href="#Interactive-Shells">6.3 Interactive Shells</a>
+    <ul class="no-bullet">
+      <li><a name="toc-What-is-an-Interactive-Shell_003f-1" href="#What-is-an-Interactive-Shell_003f">6.3.1 What is an Interactive Shell?</a></li>
+      <li><a name="toc-Is-this-Shell-Interactive_003f-1" href="#Is-this-Shell-Interactive_003f">6.3.2 Is this Shell Interactive?</a></li>
+      <li><a name="toc-Interactive-Shell-Behavior-1" href="#Interactive-Shell-Behavior">6.3.3 Interactive Shell Behavior</a></li>
+    </ul></li>
+    <li><a name="toc-Bash-Conditional-Expressions-1" href="#Bash-Conditional-Expressions">6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions</a></li>
+    <li><a name="toc-Shell-Arithmetic-1" href="#Shell-Arithmetic">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</a></li>
+    <li><a name="toc-Aliases-1" href="#Aliases">6.6 Aliases</a></li>
+    <li><a name="toc-Arrays-1" href="#Arrays">6.7 Arrays</a></li>
+    <li><a name="toc-The-Directory-Stack-1" href="#The-Directory-Stack">6.8 The Directory Stack</a>
+    <ul class="no-bullet">
+      <li><a name="toc-Directory-Stack-Builtins-1" href="#Directory-Stack-Builtins">6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins</a></li>
+    </ul></li>
+    <li><a name="toc-Controlling-the-Prompt-1" href="#Controlling-the-Prompt">6.9 Controlling the Prompt</a></li>
+    <li><a name="toc-The-Restricted-Shell-1" href="#The-Restricted-Shell">6.10 The Restricted Shell</a></li>
+    <li><a name="toc-Bash-POSIX-Mode-1" href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</a></li>
+  </ul></li>
+  <li><a name="toc-Job-Control-1" href="#Job-Control">7 Job Control</a>
+  <ul class="no-bullet">
+    <li><a name="toc-Job-Control-Basics-1" href="#Job-Control-Basics">7.1 Job Control Basics</a></li>
+    <li><a name="toc-Job-Control-Builtins-1" href="#Job-Control-Builtins">7.2 Job Control Builtins</a></li>
+    <li><a name="toc-Job-Control-Variables-1" href="#Job-Control-Variables">7.3 Job Control Variables</a></li>
+  </ul></li>
+  <li><a name="toc-Command-Line-Editing-1" href="#Command-Line-Editing">8 Command Line Editing</a>
+  <ul class="no-bullet">
+    <li><a name="toc-Introduction-to-Line-Editing" href="#Introduction-and-Notation">8.1 Introduction to Line Editing</a></li>
+    <li><a name="toc-Readline-Interaction-1" href="#Readline-Interaction">8.2 Readline Interaction</a>
+    <ul class="no-bullet">
+      <li><a name="toc-Readline-Bare-Essentials-1" href="#Readline-Bare-Essentials">8.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials</a></li>
+      <li><a name="toc-Readline-Movement-Commands-1" href="#Readline-Movement-Commands">8.2.2 Readline Movement Commands</a></li>
+      <li><a name="toc-Readline-Killing-Commands-1" href="#Readline-Killing-Commands">8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands</a></li>
+      <li><a name="toc-Readline-Arguments-1" href="#Readline-Arguments">8.2.4 Readline Arguments</a></li>
+      <li><a name="toc-Searching-for-Commands-in-the-History" href="#Searching">8.2.5 Searching for Commands in the History</a></li>
+    </ul></li>
+    <li><a name="toc-Readline-Init-File-1" href="#Readline-Init-File">8.3 Readline Init File</a>
+    <ul class="no-bullet">
+      <li><a name="toc-Readline-Init-File-Syntax-1" href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</a></li>
+      <li><a name="toc-Conditional-Init-Constructs-1" href="#Conditional-Init-Constructs">8.3.2 Conditional Init Constructs</a></li>
+      <li><a name="toc-Sample-Init-File-1" href="#Sample-Init-File">8.3.3 Sample Init File</a></li>
+    </ul></li>
+    <li><a name="toc-Bindable-Readline-Commands-1" href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands">8.4 Bindable Readline Commands</a>
+    <ul class="no-bullet">
+      <li><a name="toc-Commands-For-Moving-1" href="#Commands-For-Moving">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</a></li>
+      <li><a name="toc-Commands-For-Manipulating-The-History" href="#Commands-For-History">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</a></li>
+      <li><a name="toc-Commands-For-Changing-Text" href="#Commands-For-Text">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</a></li>
+      <li><a name="toc-Killing-And-Yanking" href="#Commands-For-Killing">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</a></li>
+      <li><a name="toc-Specifying-Numeric-Arguments" href="#Numeric-Arguments">8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</a></li>
+      <li><a name="toc-Letting-Readline-Type-For-You" href="#Commands-For-Completion">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</a></li>
+      <li><a name="toc-Keyboard-Macros-1" href="#Keyboard-Macros">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</a></li>
+      <li><a name="toc-Some-Miscellaneous-Commands" href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
+    </ul></li>
+    <li><a name="toc-Readline-vi-Mode-1" href="#Readline-vi-Mode">8.5 Readline vi Mode</a></li>
+    <li><a name="toc-Programmable-Completion-1" href="#Programmable-Completion">8.6 Programmable Completion</a></li>
+    <li><a name="toc-Programmable-Completion-Builtins-1" href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</a></li>
+    <li><a name="toc-A-Programmable-Completion-Example-1" href="#A-Programmable-Completion-Example">8.8 A Programmable Completion Example</a></li>
+  </ul></li>
+  <li><a name="toc-Using-History-Interactively-1" href="#Using-History-Interactively">9 Using History Interactively</a>
+  <ul class="no-bullet">
+    <li><a name="toc-Bash-History-Facilities-1" href="#Bash-History-Facilities">9.1 Bash History Facilities</a></li>
+    <li><a name="toc-Bash-History-Builtins-1" href="#Bash-History-Builtins">9.2 Bash History Builtins</a></li>
+    <li><a name="toc-History-Expansion" href="#History-Interaction">9.3 History Expansion</a>
+    <ul class="no-bullet">
+      <li><a name="toc-Event-Designators-1" href="#Event-Designators">9.3.1 Event Designators</a></li>
+      <li><a name="toc-Word-Designators-1" href="#Word-Designators">9.3.2 Word Designators</a></li>
+      <li><a name="toc-Modifiers-1" href="#Modifiers">9.3.3 Modifiers</a></li>
+    </ul></li>
+  </ul></li>
+  <li><a name="toc-Installing-Bash-1" href="#Installing-Bash">10 Installing Bash</a>
+  <ul class="no-bullet">
+    <li><a name="toc-Basic-Installation-1" href="#Basic-Installation">10.1 Basic Installation</a></li>
+    <li><a name="toc-Compilers-and-Options-1" href="#Compilers-and-Options">10.2 Compilers and Options</a></li>
+    <li><a name="toc-Compiling-For-Multiple-Architectures-1" href="#Compiling-For-Multiple-Architectures">10.3 Compiling For Multiple Architectures</a></li>
+    <li><a name="toc-Installation-Names-1" href="#Installation-Names">10.4 Installation Names</a></li>
+    <li><a name="toc-Specifying-the-System-Type-1" href="#Specifying-the-System-Type">10.5 Specifying the System Type</a></li>
+    <li><a name="toc-Sharing-Defaults-1" href="#Sharing-Defaults">10.6 Sharing Defaults</a></li>
+    <li><a name="toc-Operation-Controls-1" href="#Operation-Controls">10.7 Operation Controls</a></li>
+    <li><a name="toc-Optional-Features-1" href="#Optional-Features">10.8 Optional Features</a></li>
+  </ul></li>
+  <li><a name="toc-Reporting-Bugs-1" href="#Reporting-Bugs">Appendix A Reporting Bugs</a></li>
+  <li><a name="toc-Major-Differences-From-The-Bourne-Shell-1" href="#Major-Differences-From-The-Bourne-Shell">Appendix B Major Differences From The Bourne Shell</a>
+  <ul class="no-bullet">
+    <li><a name="toc-Implementation-Differences-From-The-SVR4_002e2-Shell" href="#Implementation-Differences-From-The-SVR4_002e2-Shell">B.1 Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell</a></li>
+  </ul></li>
+  <li><a name="toc-GNU-Free-Documentation-License-1" href="#GNU-Free-Documentation-License">Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License</a></li>
+  <li><a name="toc-Indexes-1" href="#Indexes">Appendix D Indexes</a>
+  <ul class="no-bullet">
+    <li><a name="toc-Index-of-Shell-Builtin-Commands" href="#Builtin-Index">D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands</a></li>
+    <li><a name="toc-Index-of-Shell-Reserved-Words" href="#Reserved-Word-Index">D.2 Index of Shell Reserved Words</a></li>
+    <li><a name="toc-Parameter-and-Variable-Index" href="#Variable-Index">D.3 Parameter and Variable Index</a></li>
+    <li><a name="toc-Function-Index-1" href="#Function-Index">D.4 Function Index</a></li>
+    <li><a name="toc-Concept-Index-1" href="#Concept-Index">D.5 Concept Index</a></li>
+  </ul></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+
+<a name="Top"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="n" rel="next">Introduction</a>, Previous: <a href="dir.html#Top" accesskey="p" rel="prev">(dir)</a>, Up: <a href="dir.html#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">(dir)</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Bash-Features-1"></a>
+<h1 class="top">Bash Features</h1>
+
+<p>This text is a brief description of the features that are present in
+the Bash shell (version 5.0, 7 December 2018).
+The Bash home page is <a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/">http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/</a>.
+</p>
+<p>This is Edition 5.0, last updated 7 December 2018,
+of <cite>The GNU Bash Reference Manual</cite>,
+for <code>Bash</code>, Version 5.0.
+</p>
+<p>Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some
+features that only appear in Bash.  Some of the shells that Bash has
+borrowed concepts from are the Bourne Shell (<samp>sh</samp>), the Korn Shell
+(<samp>ksh</samp>), and the C-shell (<samp>csh</samp> and its successor,
+<samp>tcsh</samp>).  The following menu breaks the features up into
+categories, noting which features were inspired by other shells and
+which are specific to Bash.
+</p>
+<p>This manual is meant as a brief introduction to features found in
+Bash.  The Bash manual page should be used as the definitive
+reference on shell behavior.
+</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="1">Introduction</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">An introduction to the shell.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="2">Definitions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Some definitions used in the rest of this
+				manual.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="3">Basic Shell Features</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The shell &quot;building blocks&quot;.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands" accesskey="4">Shell Builtin Commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Commands that are a part of the shell.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Shell-Variables" accesskey="5">Shell Variables</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Variables used or set by Bash.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="6">Bash Features</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Features found only in Bash.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Job-Control" accesskey="7">Job Control</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">What job control is and how Bash allows you
+				to use it.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="8">Command Line Editing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Chapter describing the command line
+				editing features.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Using-History-Interactively" accesskey="9">Using History Interactively</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Command History Expansion
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Installing-Bash">Installing Bash</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to build and install Bash on your system.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Reporting-Bugs">Reporting Bugs</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to report bugs in Bash.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Major-Differences-From-The-Bourne-Shell">Major Differences From The Bourne Shell</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">A terse list of the differences
+						between Bash and historical
+						versions of /bin/sh.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#GNU-Free-Documentation-License">GNU Free Documentation License</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Copying and sharing this documentation.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Various indexes for this manual.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Introduction"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Definitions</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Introduction-1"></a>
+<h2 class="chapter">1 Introduction</h2>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#What-is-Bash_003f" accesskey="1">What is Bash?</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">A short description of Bash.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#What-is-a-shell_003f" accesskey="2">What is a shell?</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">A brief introduction to shells.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="What-is-Bash_003f"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#What-is-a-shell_003f" accesskey="n" rel="next">What is a shell?</a>, Up: <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Introduction</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="What-is-Bash_003f-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">1.1 What is Bash?</h3>
+
+<p>Bash is the shell, or command language interpreter,
+for the <small>GNU</small> operating system.
+The name is an acronym for the &lsquo;<samp>Bourne-Again SHell</samp>&rsquo;,
+a pun on Stephen Bourne, the author of the direct ancestor of
+the current Unix shell <code>sh</code>, 
+which appeared in the Seventh Edition Bell Labs Research version
+of Unix.
+</p>
+<p>Bash is largely compatible with <code>sh</code> and incorporates useful
+features from the Korn shell <code>ksh</code> and the C shell <code>csh</code>.
+It is intended to be a conformant implementation of the <small>IEEE</small>
+<small>POSIX</small> Shell and Tools portion of the <small>IEEE</small> <small>POSIX</small>
+specification (<small>IEEE</small> Standard 1003.1).
+It offers functional improvements over <code>sh</code> for both interactive and
+programming use.
+</p>
+<p>While the <small>GNU</small> operating system provides other shells, including
+a version of <code>csh</code>, Bash is the default shell.
+Like other <small>GNU</small> software, Bash is quite portable.  It currently runs
+on nearly every version of Unix and a few other operating systems -
+independently-supported ports exist for <small>MS-DOS</small>, <small>OS/2</small>,
+and Windows platforms.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="What-is-a-shell_003f"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#What-is-Bash_003f" accesskey="p" rel="prev">What is Bash?</a>, Up: <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Introduction</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="What-is-a-shell_003f-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">1.2 What is a shell?</h3>
+
+<p>At its base, a shell is simply a macro processor that executes
+commands.  The term macro processor means functionality where text
+and symbols are expanded to create larger expressions.
+</p>
+<p>A Unix shell is both a command interpreter and a programming
+language.  As a command interpreter, the shell provides the user
+interface to the rich set of <small>GNU</small> utilities.  The programming
+language features allow these utilities to be combined.
+Files containing commands can be created, and become
+commands themselves.  These new commands have the same status as
+system commands in directories such as <samp>/bin</samp>, allowing users
+or groups to establish custom environments to automate their common
+tasks.
+</p>
+<p>Shells may be used interactively or non-interactively.  In
+interactive mode, they accept input typed from the keyboard.
+When executing non-interactively, shells execute commands read
+from a file.
+</p>
+<p>A shell allows execution of <small>GNU</small> commands, both synchronously and
+asynchronously.
+The shell waits for synchronous commands to complete before accepting
+more input; asynchronous commands continue to execute in parallel
+with the shell while it reads and executes additional commands.
+The <em>redirection</em> constructs permit
+fine-grained control of the input and output of those commands.
+Moreover, the shell allows control over the contents of commands&rsquo;
+environments.
+</p>
+<p>Shells also provide a small set of built-in
+commands (<em>builtins</em>) implementing functionality impossible
+or inconvenient to obtain via separate utilities.
+For example, <code>cd</code>, <code>break</code>, <code>continue</code>, and
+<code>exec</code> cannot be implemented outside of the shell because
+they directly manipulate the shell itself.
+The <code>history</code>, <code>getopts</code>, <code>kill</code>, or <code>pwd</code>
+builtins, among others, could be implemented in separate utilities,
+but they are more convenient to use as builtin commands.
+All of the shell builtins are described in
+subsequent sections.
+</p>
+<p>While executing commands is essential, most of the power (and
+complexity) of shells is due to their embedded programming
+languages.  Like any high-level language, the shell provides
+variables, flow control constructs, quoting, and functions. 
+</p>
+<p>Shells offer features geared specifically for
+interactive use rather than to augment the programming language. 
+These interactive features include job control, command line
+editing, command history and aliases.  Each of these features is
+described in this manual.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Definitions"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="n" rel="next">Basic Shell Features</a>, Previous: <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Introduction</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Definitions-1"></a>
+<h2 class="chapter">2 Definitions</h2>
+<p>These definitions are used throughout the remainder of this manual.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>POSIX</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-POSIX"></a>
+<p>A family of open system standards based on Unix.  Bash
+is primarily concerned with the Shell and Utilities portion of the
+<small>POSIX</small> 1003.1 standard. 
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>blank</code></dt>
+<dd><p>A space or tab character.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>builtin</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-builtin-1"></a>
+<p>A command that is implemented internally by the shell itself, rather
+than by an executable program somewhere in the file system.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>control operator</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-control-operator"></a>
+<p>A <code>token</code> that performs a control function.  It is a <code>newline</code>
+or one of the following:
+&lsquo;<samp>||</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>&amp;&amp;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>;;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>;&amp;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>;;&amp;</samp>&rsquo;,
+&lsquo;<samp>|</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>|&amp;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>(</samp>&rsquo;, or &lsquo;<samp>)</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>exit status</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-exit-status"></a>
+<p>The value returned by a command to its caller.  The value is restricted
+to eight bits, so the maximum value is 255.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>field</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-field"></a>
+<p>A unit of text that is the result of one of the shell expansions.  After
+expansion, when executing a command, the resulting fields are used as
+the command name and arguments.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>filename</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-filename"></a>
+<p>A string of characters used to identify a file.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>job</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-job"></a>
+<p>A set of processes comprising a pipeline, and any processes descended
+from it, that are all in the same process group.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>job control</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-job-control"></a>
+<p>A mechanism by which users can selectively stop (suspend) and restart
+(resume) execution of processes.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>metacharacter</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-metacharacter"></a>
+<p>A character that, when unquoted, separates words.  A metacharacter is
+a <code>space</code>, <code>tab</code>, <code>newline</code>, or one of the following characters:
+&lsquo;<samp>|</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>(</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>)</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>&lt;</samp>&rsquo;, or
+&lsquo;<samp>&gt;</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>name</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-name"></a>
+<a name="index-identifier"></a>
+<p>A <code>word</code> consisting solely of letters, numbers, and underscores,
+and beginning with a letter or underscore.  <code>Name</code>s are used as
+shell variable and function names.
+Also referred to as an <code>identifier</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>operator</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-operator_002c-shell"></a>
+<p>A <code>control operator</code> or a <code>redirection operator</code>.
+See <a href="#Redirections">Redirections</a>, for a list of redirection operators.
+Operators contain at least one unquoted <code>metacharacter</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>process group</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-process-group"></a>
+<p>A collection of related processes each having the same process
+group <small>ID</small>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>process group ID</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-process-group-ID"></a>
+<p>A unique identifier that represents a <code>process group</code>
+during its lifetime.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>reserved word</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-reserved-word"></a>
+<p>A <code>word</code> that has a special meaning to the shell.  Most reserved
+words introduce shell flow control constructs, such as <code>for</code> and
+<code>while</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>return status</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-return-status"></a>
+<p>A synonym for <code>exit status</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>signal</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-signal"></a>
+<p>A mechanism by which a process may be notified by the kernel
+of an event occurring in the system.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>special builtin</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-special-builtin"></a>
+<p>A shell builtin command that has been classified as special by the
+<small>POSIX</small> standard.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>token</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-token"></a>
+<p>A sequence of characters considered a single unit by the shell.
+It is either a <code>word</code> or an <code>operator</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>word</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-word"></a>
+<p>A sequence of characters treated as a unit by the shell.
+Words may not include unquoted <code>metacharacters</code>.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Basic-Shell-Features"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Builtin Commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Definitions</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Basic-Shell-Features-1"></a>
+<h2 class="chapter">3 Basic Shell Features</h2>
+<a name="index-Bourne-shell"></a>
+
+<p>Bash is an acronym for &lsquo;<samp>Bourne-Again SHell</samp>&rsquo;.
+The Bourne shell is
+the traditional Unix shell originally written by Stephen Bourne.
+All of the Bourne shell builtin commands are available in Bash,
+The rules for evaluation and quoting are taken from the <small>POSIX</small>
+specification for the &lsquo;standard&rsquo; Unix shell.
+</p>
+<p>This chapter briefly summarizes the shell&rsquo;s &lsquo;building blocks&rsquo;:
+commands, control structures, shell functions, shell <i>parameters</i>,
+shell expansions,
+<i>redirections</i>, which are a way to direct input and output from
+and to named files, and how the shell executes commands.
+</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Shell-Syntax" accesskey="1">Shell Syntax</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">What your input means to the shell.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="2">Shell Commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The types of commands you can use.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Shell-Functions" accesskey="3">Shell Functions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Grouping commands by name.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Shell-Parameters" accesskey="4">Shell Parameters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How the shell stores values.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="5">Shell Expansions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How Bash expands parameters and the various
+				expansions available.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Redirections" accesskey="6">Redirections</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">A way to control where input and output go.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Executing-Commands" accesskey="7">Executing Commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">What happens when you run a command.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Shell-Scripts" accesskey="8">Shell Scripts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Executing files of shell commands.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Shell-Syntax"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Basic Shell Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Shell-Syntax-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">3.1 Shell Syntax</h3>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Shell-Operation" accesskey="1">Shell Operation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The basic operation of the shell.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Quoting" accesskey="2">Quoting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to remove the special meaning from characters.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Comments" accesskey="3">Comments</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to specify comments.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>When the shell reads input, it proceeds through a
+sequence of operations.  If the input indicates the beginning of a
+comment, the shell ignores the comment symbol (&lsquo;<samp>#</samp>&rsquo;), and the rest
+of that line.
+</p>                                
+<p>Otherwise, roughly speaking,  the shell reads its input and
+divides the input into words and operators, employing the quoting rules
+to select which meanings to assign various words and characters.
+</p>
+<p>The shell then parses these tokens into commands and other constructs,
+removes the special meaning of certain words or characters, expands
+others, redirects input and output as needed, executes the specified
+command, waits for the command&rsquo;s exit status, and makes that exit status
+available for further inspection or processing.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Shell-Operation"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Quoting" accesskey="n" rel="next">Quoting</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Syntax" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Syntax</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Shell-Operation-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.1.1 Shell Operation</h4>
+
+<p>The following is a brief description of the shell&rsquo;s operation when it
+reads and executes a command.  Basically, the shell does the
+following:
+</p>
+<ol>
+<li> Reads its input from a file (see <a href="#Shell-Scripts">Shell Scripts</a>), from a string
+supplied as an argument to the <samp>-c</samp> invocation option
+(see <a href="#Invoking-Bash">Invoking Bash</a>), or from the user&rsquo;s terminal.
+
+</li><li> Breaks the input into words and operators, obeying the quoting rules
+described in <a href="#Quoting">Quoting</a>.  These tokens are separated by
+<code>metacharacters</code>.  Alias expansion is performed by this step
+(see <a href="#Aliases">Aliases</a>).
+
+</li><li> Parses the tokens into simple and compound commands
+(see <a href="#Shell-Commands">Shell Commands</a>).
+
+</li><li> Performs the various shell expansions (see <a href="#Shell-Expansions">Shell Expansions</a>), breaking
+the expanded tokens into lists of filenames (see <a href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a>)
+and commands and arguments.
+
+</li><li> Performs any necessary redirections (see <a href="#Redirections">Redirections</a>) and removes
+the redirection operators and their operands from the argument list.
+
+</li><li> Executes the command (see <a href="#Executing-Commands">Executing Commands</a>).
+
+</li><li> Optionally waits for the command to complete and collects its exit
+status (see <a href="#Exit-Status">Exit Status</a>).
+
+</li></ol>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Quoting"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Comments" accesskey="n" rel="next">Comments</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Operation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Operation</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Syntax" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Syntax</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Quoting-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.1.2 Quoting</h4>
+<a name="index-quoting"></a>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Escape-Character" accesskey="1">Escape Character</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to remove the special meaning from a single
+			character.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Single-Quotes" accesskey="2">Single Quotes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to inhibit all interpretation of a sequence
+			of characters.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Double-Quotes" accesskey="3">Double Quotes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to suppress most of the interpretation of a
+			sequence of characters.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#ANSI_002dC-Quoting" accesskey="4">ANSI-C Quoting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to expand ANSI-C sequences in quoted strings.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Locale-Translation" accesskey="5">Locale Translation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to translate strings into different languages.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Quoting is used to remove the special meaning of certain
+characters or words to the shell.  Quoting can be used to
+disable special treatment for special characters, to prevent
+reserved words from being recognized as such, and to prevent
+parameter expansion.
+</p>
+<p>Each of the shell metacharacters (see <a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a>)
+has special meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to
+represent itself.
+When the command history expansion facilities are being used
+(see <a href="#History-Interaction">History Interaction</a>), the
+<var>history expansion</var> character, usually &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo;, must be quoted
+to prevent history expansion.  See <a href="#Bash-History-Facilities">Bash History Facilities</a>, for
+more details concerning history expansion.
+</p>
+<p>There are three quoting mechanisms: the
+<var>escape character</var>, single quotes, and double quotes.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Escape-Character"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Single-Quotes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Single Quotes</a>, Up: <a href="#Quoting" accesskey="u" rel="up">Quoting</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Escape-Character-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsubsection">3.1.2.1 Escape Character</h4>
+<p>A non-quoted backslash &lsquo;<samp>\</samp>&rsquo; is the Bash escape character.
+It preserves the literal value of the next character that follows,
+with the exception of <code>newline</code>.  If a <code>\newline</code> pair
+appears, and the backslash itself is not quoted, the <code>\newline</code>
+is treated as a line continuation (that is, it is removed from
+the input stream and effectively ignored).
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Single-Quotes"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Double-Quotes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Double Quotes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Escape-Character" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Escape Character</a>, Up: <a href="#Quoting" accesskey="u" rel="up">Quoting</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Single-Quotes-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsubsection">3.1.2.2 Single Quotes</h4>
+
+<p>Enclosing characters in single quotes (&lsquo;<samp>'</samp>&rsquo;) preserves the literal value
+of each character within the quotes.  A single quote may not occur
+between single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Double-Quotes"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#ANSI_002dC-Quoting" accesskey="n" rel="next">ANSI-C Quoting</a>, Previous: <a href="#Single-Quotes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Single Quotes</a>, Up: <a href="#Quoting" accesskey="u" rel="up">Quoting</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Double-Quotes-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsubsection">3.1.2.3 Double Quotes</h4>
+
+<p>Enclosing characters in double quotes (&lsquo;<samp>&quot;</samp>&rsquo;) preserves the literal value
+of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of
+&lsquo;<samp>$</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>`</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>\</samp>&rsquo;,
+and, when history expansion is enabled, &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo;.
+When the shell is in
+<small>POSIX</small> mode (see <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>),
+the &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo; has no special meaning
+within double quotes, even when history expansion is enabled.
+The characters &lsquo;<samp>$</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>`</samp>&rsquo;
+retain their special meaning within double quotes (see <a href="#Shell-Expansions">Shell Expansions</a>).
+The backslash retains its special meaning only when followed by one of
+the following characters:
+&lsquo;<samp>$</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>`</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>&quot;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>\</samp>&rsquo;, or <code>newline</code>.
+Within double quotes, backslashes that are followed by one of these
+characters are removed.  Backslashes preceding characters without a
+special meaning are left unmodified.
+A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with
+a backslash.
+If enabled, history expansion will be performed unless an &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo;
+appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash.
+The backslash preceding the &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo; is not removed.
+</p>
+<p>The special parameters &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; have special meaning
+when in double quotes (see <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>).
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="ANSI_002dC-Quoting"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Locale-Translation" accesskey="n" rel="next">Locale Translation</a>, Previous: <a href="#Double-Quotes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Double Quotes</a>, Up: <a href="#Quoting" accesskey="u" rel="up">Quoting</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="ANSI_002dC-Quoting-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsubsection">3.1.2.4 ANSI-C Quoting</h4>
+<a name="index-quoting_002c-ANSI"></a>
+
+<p>Words of the form <code>$'<var>string</var>'</code> are treated specially.  The
+word expands to <var>string</var>, with backslash-escaped characters replaced
+as specified by the ANSI C standard.  Backslash escape sequences, if
+present, are decoded as follows:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>\a</code></dt>
+<dd><p>alert (bell)
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\b</code></dt>
+<dd><p>backspace
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\e</code></dt>
+<dt><code>\E</code></dt>
+<dd><p>an escape character (not ANSI C)
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\f</code></dt>
+<dd><p>form feed
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\n</code></dt>
+<dd><p>newline
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\r</code></dt>
+<dd><p>carriage return
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\t</code></dt>
+<dd><p>horizontal tab
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\v</code></dt>
+<dd><p>vertical tab
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\\</code></dt>
+<dd><p>backslash
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\'</code></dt>
+<dd><p>single quote
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\&quot;</code></dt>
+<dd><p>double quote
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\?</code></dt>
+<dd><p>question mark
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\<var>nnn</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value <var>nnn</var>
+(one to three octal digits)
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\x<var>HH</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value <var>HH</var>
+(one or two hex digits)
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\u<var>HHHH</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+<var>HHHH</var> (one to four hex digits)
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\U<var>HHHHHHHH</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+<var>HHHHHHHH</var> (one to eight hex digits)
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\c<var>x</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>a control-<var>x</var> character
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not
+been present.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Locale-Translation"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#ANSI_002dC-Quoting" accesskey="p" rel="prev">ANSI-C Quoting</a>, Up: <a href="#Quoting" accesskey="u" rel="up">Quoting</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Locale_002dSpecific-Translation"></a>
+<h4 class="subsubsection">3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation</h4>
+<a name="index-localization"></a>
+<a name="index-internationalization"></a>
+<a name="index-native-languages"></a>
+<a name="index-translation_002c-native-languages"></a>
+
+<p>A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign (&lsquo;<samp>$</samp>&rsquo;) will cause
+the string to be translated according to the current locale.
+If the current locale is <code>C</code> or <code>POSIX</code>, the dollar sign
+is ignored.
+If the string is translated and replaced, the replacement is
+double-quoted.
+</p>
+<a name="index-LC_005fMESSAGES"></a>
+<a name="index-TEXTDOMAIN"></a>
+<a name="index-TEXTDOMAINDIR"></a>
+<p>Some systems use the message catalog selected by the <code>LC_MESSAGES</code>
+shell variable.  Others create the name of the message catalog from the
+value of the <code>TEXTDOMAIN</code> shell variable, possibly adding a
+suffix of &lsquo;<samp>.mo</samp>&rsquo;.  If you use the <code>TEXTDOMAIN</code> variable, you
+may need to set the <code>TEXTDOMAINDIR</code> variable to the location of
+the message catalog files.  Still others use both variables in this
+fashion:
+<code>TEXTDOMAINDIR</code>/<code>LC_MESSAGES</code>/LC_MESSAGES/<code>TEXTDOMAIN</code>.mo.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Comments"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Quoting" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Quoting</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Syntax" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Syntax</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Comments-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.1.3 Comments</h4>
+<a name="index-comments_002c-shell"></a>
+
+<p>In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the
+<code>interactive_comments</code> option to the <code>shopt</code>
+builtin is enabled (see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>),
+a word beginning with &lsquo;<samp>#</samp>&rsquo;
+causes that word and all remaining characters on that line to
+be ignored.  An interactive shell without the <code>interactive_comments</code>
+option enabled does not allow comments.  The <code>interactive_comments</code>
+option is on by default in interactive shells.
+See <a href="#Interactive-Shells">Interactive Shells</a>, for a description of what makes
+a shell interactive.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Shell-Commands"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Shell-Functions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Functions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Syntax" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Syntax</a>, Up: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Basic Shell Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Shell-Commands-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">3.2 Shell Commands</h3>
+<a name="index-commands_002c-shell"></a>
+
+<p>A simple shell command such as <code>echo a b c</code> consists of the command
+itself followed by arguments, separated by spaces.
+</p>
+<p>More complex shell commands are composed of simple commands arranged together
+in a variety of ways: in a pipeline in which the output of one command
+becomes the input of a second, in a loop or conditional construct, or in
+some other grouping.
+</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Simple-Commands" accesskey="1">Simple Commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The most common type of command.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Pipelines" accesskey="2">Pipelines</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Connecting the input and output of several
+				commands.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Lists" accesskey="3">Lists</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to execute commands sequentially.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Compound-Commands" accesskey="4">Compound Commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Shell commands for control flow.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Coprocesses" accesskey="5">Coprocesses</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Two-way communication between commands.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#GNU-Parallel" accesskey="6">GNU Parallel</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Running commands in parallel.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Simple-Commands"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Pipelines" accesskey="n" rel="next">Pipelines</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Simple-Commands-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.2.1 Simple Commands</h4>
+<a name="index-commands_002c-simple"></a>
+
+<p>A simple command is the kind of command encountered most often.
+It&rsquo;s just a sequence of words separated by <code>blank</code>s, terminated
+by one of the shell&rsquo;s control operators (see <a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a>).  The
+first word generally specifies a command to be executed, with the
+rest of the words being that command&rsquo;s arguments.
+</p>
+<p>The return status (see <a href="#Exit-Status">Exit Status</a>) of a simple command is
+its exit status as provided
+by the <small>POSIX</small> 1003.1 <code>waitpid</code> function, or 128+<var>n</var> if
+the command was terminated by signal <var>n</var>.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Pipelines"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Lists" accesskey="n" rel="next">Lists</a>, Previous: <a href="#Simple-Commands" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Simple Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Pipelines-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.2.2 Pipelines</h4>
+<a name="index-pipeline"></a>
+<a name="index-commands_002c-pipelines"></a>
+
+<p>A <code>pipeline</code> is a sequence of one or more commands separated by
+one of the control operators &lsquo;<samp>|</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>|&amp;</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<a name="index-time"></a>
+<a name="index-_0021"></a>
+<a name="index-command-timing"></a>
+<p>The format for a pipeline is
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">[time [-p]] [!] <var>command1</var> [ | or |&amp; <var>command2</var> ] &hellip;
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The output of each command in the pipeline is connected via a pipe
+to the input of the next command.
+That is, each command reads the previous command&rsquo;s output.  This
+connection is performed before any redirections specified by the
+command.
+</p>
+<p>If &lsquo;<samp>|&amp;</samp>&rsquo; is used, <var>command1</var>&rsquo;s standard error, in addition to
+its standard output, is connected to
+<var>command2</var>&rsquo;s standard input through the pipe;
+it is shorthand for <code>2&gt;&amp;1 |</code>.
+This implicit redirection of the standard error to the standard output is
+performed after any redirections specified by the command.
+</p>
+<p>The reserved word <code>time</code> causes timing statistics
+to be printed for the pipeline once it finishes.
+The statistics currently consist of elapsed (wall-clock) time and
+user and system time consumed by the command&rsquo;s execution.
+The <samp>-p</samp> option changes the output format to that specified
+by <small>POSIX</small>.
+When the shell is in <small>POSIX</small> mode (see <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>),
+it does not recognize <code>time</code> as a reserved word if the next
+token begins with a &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;.
+The <code>TIMEFORMAT</code> variable may be set to a format string that
+specifies how the timing information should be displayed.
+See <a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>, for a description of the available formats.
+The use of <code>time</code> as a reserved word permits the timing of
+shell builtins, shell functions, and pipelines.  An external
+<code>time</code> command cannot time these easily.
+</p>
+<p>When the shell is in <small>POSIX</small> mode (see <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>), <code>time</code>
+may be followed by a newline.  In this case, the shell displays the
+total user and system time consumed by the shell and its children.
+The <code>TIMEFORMAT</code> variable may be used to specify the format of
+the time information.
+</p>
+<p>If the pipeline is not executed asynchronously (see <a href="#Lists">Lists</a>), the
+shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to complete.
+</p>
+<p>Each command in a pipeline is executed in its own subshell, which is a
+separate process (see <a href="#Command-Execution-Environment">Command Execution Environment</a>).
+If the <code>lastpipe</code> option is enabled using the <code>shopt</code> builtin
+(see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>),
+the last element of a pipeline may be run by the shell process.
+</p>
+<p>The exit
+status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last command in the
+pipeline, unless the <code>pipefail</code> option is enabled
+(see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
+If <code>pipefail</code> is enabled, the pipeline&rsquo;s return status is the
+value of the last (rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero status,
+or zero if all commands exit successfully.
+If the reserved word &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo; precedes the pipeline, the
+exit status is the logical negation of the exit status as described
+above.
+The shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to terminate before
+returning a value.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Lists"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Compound-Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Compound Commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#Pipelines" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Pipelines</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Lists-of-Commands"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.2.3 Lists of Commands</h4>
+<a name="index-commands_002c-lists"></a>
+
+<p>A <code>list</code> is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one
+of the operators &lsquo;<samp>;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>&amp;&amp;</samp>&rsquo;, or &lsquo;<samp>||</samp>&rsquo;,
+and optionally terminated by one of &lsquo;<samp>;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo;, or a
+<code>newline</code>.
+</p>
+<p>Of these list operators, &lsquo;<samp>&amp;&amp;</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>||</samp>&rsquo;
+have equal precedence, followed by &lsquo;<samp>;</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo;,
+which have equal precedence.
+</p>
+<p>A sequence of one or more newlines may appear in a <code>list</code>
+to delimit commands, equivalent to a semicolon.
+</p>
+<p>If a command is terminated by the control operator &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo;,
+the shell executes the command asynchronously in a subshell.
+This is known as executing the command in the <var>background</var>,
+and these are referred to as <var>asynchronous</var> commands.
+The shell does not wait for the command to finish, and the return
+status is 0 (true).
+When job control is not active (see <a href="#Job-Control">Job Control</a>),
+the standard input for asynchronous commands, in the absence of any
+explicit redirections, is redirected from <code>/dev/null</code>.
+</p>
+<p>Commands separated by a &lsquo;<samp>;</samp>&rsquo; are executed sequentially; the shell
+waits for each command to terminate in turn.  The return status is the
+exit status of the last command executed.
+</p>
+<p><small>AND</small> and <small>OR</small> lists are sequences of one or more pipelines
+separated by the control operators &lsquo;<samp>&amp;&amp;</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>||</samp>&rsquo;,
+respectively.  <small>AND</small> and <small>OR</small> lists are executed with left
+associativity.
+</p>
+<p>An <small>AND</small> list has the form
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><var>command1</var> &amp;&amp; <var>command2</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p><var>command2</var> is executed if, and only if, <var>command1</var>
+returns an exit status of zero (success).
+</p>
+<p>An <small>OR</small> list has the form
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><var>command1</var> || <var>command2</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p><var>command2</var> is executed if, and only if, <var>command1</var>
+returns a non-zero exit status.
+</p>
+<p>The return status of
+<small>AND</small> and <small>OR</small> lists is the exit status of the last command
+executed in the list.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Compound-Commands"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Coprocesses" accesskey="n" rel="next">Coprocesses</a>, Previous: <a href="#Lists" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Lists</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Compound-Commands-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.2.4 Compound Commands</h4>
+<a name="index-commands_002c-compound"></a>
+
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Looping-Constructs" accesskey="1">Looping Constructs</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Shell commands for iterative action.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Conditional-Constructs" accesskey="2">Conditional Constructs</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Shell commands for conditional execution.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Command-Grouping" accesskey="3">Command Grouping</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Ways to group commands.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Compound commands are the shell programming language constructs.
+Each construct begins with a reserved word or control operator and is
+terminated by a corresponding reserved word or operator.
+Any redirections (see <a href="#Redirections">Redirections</a>) associated with a compound command
+apply to all commands within that compound command unless explicitly overridden.
+</p>
+<p>In most cases a list of commands in a compound command&rsquo;s description may be
+separated from the rest of the command by one or more newlines, and may be
+followed by a newline in place of a semicolon.
+</p>
+<p>Bash provides looping constructs, conditional commands, and mechanisms
+to group commands and execute them as a unit.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Looping-Constructs"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Conditional-Constructs" accesskey="n" rel="next">Conditional Constructs</a>, Up: <a href="#Compound-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Compound Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Looping-Constructs-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsubsection">3.2.4.1 Looping Constructs</h4>
+<a name="index-commands_002c-looping"></a>
+
+<p>Bash supports the following looping constructs.
+</p>
+<p>Note that wherever a &lsquo;<samp>;</samp>&rsquo; appears in the description of a
+command&rsquo;s syntax, it may be replaced with one or more newlines.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>until</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-until"></a>
+<a name="index-do"></a>
+<a name="index-done"></a>
+<p>The syntax of the <code>until</code> command is:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">until <var>test-commands</var>; do <var>consequent-commands</var>; done
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Execute <var>consequent-commands</var> as long as
+<var>test-commands</var> has an exit status which is not zero.
+The return status is the exit status of the last command executed
+in <var>consequent-commands</var>, or zero if none was executed.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>while</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-while"></a>
+<p>The syntax of the <code>while</code> command is:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">while <var>test-commands</var>; do <var>consequent-commands</var>; done
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Execute <var>consequent-commands</var> as long as
+<var>test-commands</var> has an exit status of zero.
+The return status is the exit status of the last command executed
+in <var>consequent-commands</var>, or zero if none was executed.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>for</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-for"></a>
+<p>The syntax of the <code>for</code> command is:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">for <var>name</var> [ [in [<var>words</var> &hellip;] ] ; ] do <var>commands</var>; done
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Expand <var>words</var> (see <a href="#Shell-Expansions">Shell Expansions</a>), and execute <var>commands</var>
+once for each member
+in the resultant list, with <var>name</var> bound to the current member.
+If &lsquo;<samp>in <var>words</var></samp>&rsquo; is not present, the <code>for</code> command
+executes the <var>commands</var> once for each positional parameter that is
+set, as if &lsquo;<samp>in &quot;$@&quot;</samp>&rsquo; had been specified
+(see <a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a>).
+</p>
+<p>The return status is the exit status of the last command that executes.
+If there are no items in the expansion of <var>words</var>, no commands are
+executed, and the return status is zero.
+</p>
+<p>An alternate form of the <code>for</code> command is also supported:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">for (( <var>expr1</var> ; <var>expr2</var> ; <var>expr3</var> )) ; do <var>commands</var> ; done
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>First, the arithmetic expression <var>expr1</var> is evaluated according
+to the rules described below (see <a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a>).
+The arithmetic expression <var>expr2</var> is then evaluated repeatedly
+until it evaluates to zero.   
+Each time <var>expr2</var> evaluates to a non-zero value, <var>commands</var> are
+executed and the arithmetic expression <var>expr3</var> is evaluated.       
+If any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1.
+The return value is the exit status of the last command in <var>commands</var>
+that is executed, or false if any of the expressions is invalid.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>The <code>break</code> and <code>continue</code> builtins (see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>)
+may be used to control loop execution.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Conditional-Constructs"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Command-Grouping" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Grouping</a>, Previous: <a href="#Looping-Constructs" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Looping Constructs</a>, Up: <a href="#Compound-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Compound Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Conditional-Constructs-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsubsection">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</h4>
+<a name="index-commands_002c-conditional"></a>
+
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>if</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-if"></a>
+<a name="index-then"></a>
+<a name="index-else"></a>
+<a name="index-elif"></a>
+<a name="index-fi"></a>
+<p>The syntax of the <code>if</code> command is:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">if <var>test-commands</var>; then
+  <var>consequent-commands</var>;
+[elif <var>more-test-commands</var>; then
+  <var>more-consequents</var>;]
+[else <var>alternate-consequents</var>;]
+fi
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <var>test-commands</var> list is executed, and if its return status is zero,
+the <var>consequent-commands</var> list is executed.
+If <var>test-commands</var> returns a non-zero status, each <code>elif</code> list
+is executed in turn, and if its exit status is zero,
+the corresponding <var>more-consequents</var> is executed and the   
+command completes.
+If &lsquo;<samp>else <var>alternate-consequents</var></samp>&rsquo; is present, and
+the final command in the final <code>if</code> or <code>elif</code> clause
+has a non-zero exit status, then <var>alternate-consequents</var> is executed.
+The return status is the exit status of the last command executed, or
+zero if no condition tested true.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>case</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-case"></a>
+<a name="index-in"></a>
+<a name="index-esac"></a>
+<p>The syntax of the <code>case</code> command is:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">case <var>word</var> in
+    [ [(] <var>pattern</var> [| <var>pattern</var>]&hellip;) <var>command-list</var> ;;]&hellip;
+esac
+</pre></div>
+
+<p><code>case</code> will selectively execute the <var>command-list</var> corresponding to
+the first <var>pattern</var> that matches <var>word</var>.
+The match is performed according
+to the rules described below in <a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>.
+If the <code>nocasematch</code> shell option
+(see the description of <code>shopt</code> in <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>)
+is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+of alphabetic characters.
+The &lsquo;<samp>|</samp>&rsquo; is used to separate multiple patterns, and the &lsquo;<samp>)</samp>&rsquo;
+operator terminates a pattern list.
+A list of patterns and an associated command-list is known
+as a <var>clause</var>.
+</p>
+<p>Each clause must be terminated with &lsquo;<samp>;;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>;&amp;</samp>&rsquo;, or &lsquo;<samp>;;&amp;</samp>&rsquo;.
+The <var>word</var> undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command
+substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal
+(see <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>)
+before matching is
+attempted.  Each <var>pattern</var> undergoes tilde expansion, parameter
+expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.
+</p>
+<p>There may be an arbitrary number of <code>case</code> clauses, each terminated
+by a &lsquo;<samp>;;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>;&amp;</samp>&rsquo;, or &lsquo;<samp>;;&amp;</samp>&rsquo;.
+The first pattern that matches determines the
+command-list that is executed.
+It&rsquo;s a common idiom to use &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; as the final pattern to define the
+default case, since that pattern will always match.
+</p>
+<p>Here is an example using <code>case</code> in a script that could be used to
+describe one interesting feature of an animal:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">echo -n &quot;Enter the name of an animal: &quot;
+read ANIMAL
+echo -n &quot;The $ANIMAL has &quot;
+case $ANIMAL in
+  horse | dog | cat) echo -n &quot;four&quot;;;
+  man | kangaroo ) echo -n &quot;two&quot;;;
+  *) echo -n &quot;an unknown number of&quot;;;
+esac
+echo &quot; legs.&quot;
+</pre></div>
+
+
+<p>If the &lsquo;<samp>;;</samp>&rsquo; operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempted after
+the first pattern match.
+Using &lsquo;<samp>;&amp;</samp>&rsquo;  in place of &lsquo;<samp>;;</samp>&rsquo; causes execution to continue with
+the <var>command-list</var> associated with the next clause, if any.
+Using &lsquo;<samp>;;&amp;</samp>&rsquo; in place of &lsquo;<samp>;;</samp>&rsquo; causes the shell to test the patterns
+in the next clause, if any, and execute any associated <var>command-list</var>
+on a successful match.
+</p>
+<p>The return status is zero if no <var>pattern</var> is matched.  Otherwise, the
+return status is the exit status of the <var>command-list</var> executed.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>select</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-select"></a>
+
+<p>The <code>select</code> construct allows the easy generation of menus.
+It has almost the same syntax as the <code>for</code> command:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">select <var>name</var> [in <var>words</var> &hellip;]; do <var>commands</var>; done
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The list of words following <code>in</code> is expanded, generating a list
+of items.  The set of expanded words is printed on the standard
+error output stream, each preceded by a number.  If the
+&lsquo;<samp>in <var>words</var></samp>&rsquo; is omitted, the positional parameters are printed,
+as if &lsquo;<samp>in &quot;$@&quot;</samp>&rsquo; had been specified.
+The <code>PS3</code> prompt is then displayed and a line is read from the
+standard input.
+If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of the displayed
+words, then the value of <var>name</var> is set to that word.
+If the line is empty, the words and prompt are displayed again.
+If <code>EOF</code> is read, the <code>select</code> command completes.
+Any other value read causes <var>name</var> to be set to null.
+The line read is saved in the variable <code>REPLY</code>.
+</p>
+<p>The <var>commands</var> are executed after each selection until a
+<code>break</code> command is executed, at which
+point the <code>select</code> command completes.
+</p>
+<p>Here is an example that allows the user to pick a filename from the
+current directory, and displays the name and index of the file
+selected.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">select fname in *;
+do
+	echo you picked $fname \($REPLY\)
+	break;
+done
+</pre></div>
+
+</dd>
+<dt><code>((&hellip;))</code></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">(( <var>expression</var> ))
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The arithmetic <var>expression</var> is evaluated according to the rules
+described below (see <a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a>).
+If the value of the expression is non-zero, the return status is 0;
+otherwise the return status is 1.  This is exactly equivalent to
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">let &quot;<var>expression</var>&quot;
+</pre></div>
+<p>See <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>, for a full description of the <code>let</code> builtin.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>[[&hellip;]]</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_005b_005b"></a>
+<a name="index-_005d_005d"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">[[ <var>expression</var> ]]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of
+the conditional expression <var>expression</var>.
+Expressions are composed of the primaries described below in
+<a href="#Bash-Conditional-Expressions">Bash Conditional Expressions</a>.
+Word splitting and filename expansion are not performed on the words
+between the <code>[[</code> and <code>]]</code>; tilde expansion, parameter and
+variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process
+substitution, and quote removal are performed.
+Conditional operators such as &lsquo;<samp>-f</samp>&rsquo; must be unquoted to be recognized
+as primaries.
+</p>
+<p>When used with <code>[[</code>, the &lsquo;<samp>&lt;</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>&gt;</samp>&rsquo; operators sort
+lexicographically using the current locale.
+</p>
+<p>When the &lsquo;<samp>==</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>!=</samp>&rsquo; operators are used, the string to the
+right of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according
+to the rules described below in <a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>,
+as if the <code>extglob</code> shell option were enabled.
+The &lsquo;<samp>=</samp>&rsquo; operator is identical to &lsquo;<samp>==</samp>&rsquo;.
+If the <code>nocasematch</code> shell option
+(see the description of <code>shopt</code> in <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>)
+is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+of alphabetic characters.
+The return value is 0 if the string matches (&lsquo;<samp>==</samp>&rsquo;) or does not
+match (&lsquo;<samp>!=</samp>&rsquo;) the pattern, and 1 otherwise.
+Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted portion
+to be matched as a string.
+</p>
+<p>An additional binary operator, &lsquo;<samp>=~</samp>&rsquo;, is available, with the same
+precedence as &lsquo;<samp>==</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>!=</samp>&rsquo;.
+When it is used, the string to the right of the operator is considered
+a <small>POSIX</small> extended regular expression and matched accordingly
+(as in <i>regex</i>3)).
+The return value is 0 if the string matches
+the pattern, and 1 otherwise.
+If the regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional
+expression&rsquo;s return value is 2.
+If the <code>nocasematch</code> shell option
+(see the description of <code>shopt</code> in <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>)
+is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+of alphabetic characters.
+Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted portion
+to be matched as a string.
+Bracket expressions in regular expressions must be treated carefully,
+since normal quoting characters lose their meanings between brackets.
+If the pattern is stored in a shell variable, quoting the variable
+expansion forces the entire pattern to be matched as a string.
+Substrings matched by parenthesized subexpressions within the regular
+expression are saved in the array variable <code>BASH_REMATCH</code>.
+The element of <code>BASH_REMATCH</code> with index 0 is the portion of the string
+matching the entire regular expression.
+The element of <code>BASH_REMATCH</code> with index <var>n</var> is the portion of the
+string matching the <var>n</var>th parenthesized subexpression.
+</p>
+<p>For example, the following will match a line
+(stored in the shell variable <var>line</var>)
+if there is a sequence of characters in the value consisting of
+any number, including zero, of 
+space characters, zero or one instances of &lsquo;<samp>a</samp>&rsquo;, then a &lsquo;<samp>b</samp>&rsquo;:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">[[ $line =~ [[:space:]]*?(a)b ]]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>That means values like &lsquo;<samp>aab</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>  aaaaaab</samp>&rsquo; will match, as
+will a line containing a &lsquo;<samp>b</samp>&rsquo; anywhere in its value.
+</p>
+<p>Storing the regular expression in a shell variable is often a useful
+way to avoid problems with quoting characters that are special to the
+shell.
+It is sometimes difficult to specify a regular expression literally
+without using quotes, or to keep track of the quoting used by regular
+expressions while paying attention to the shell&rsquo;s quote removal.
+Using a shell variable to store the pattern decreases these problems.
+For example, the following is equivalent to the above:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">pattern='[[:space:]]*?(a)b'
+[[ $line =~ $pattern ]]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>If you want to match a character that&rsquo;s special to the regular expression
+grammar, it has to be quoted to remove its special meaning.
+This means that in the pattern &lsquo;<samp>xxx.txt</samp>&rsquo;, the &lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo; matches any
+character in the string (its usual regular expression meaning), but in the
+pattern &lsquo;<samp>&quot;xxx.txt&quot;</samp>&rsquo; it can only match a literal &lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo;.
+Shell programmers should take special care with backslashes, since backslashes
+are used both by the shell and regular expressions to remove the special
+meaning from the following character.
+The following two sets of commands are <em>not</em> equivalent:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">pattern='\.'
+
+[[ . =~ $pattern ]]
+[[ . =~ \. ]]
+
+[[ . =~ &quot;$pattern&quot; ]]
+[[ . =~ '\.' ]]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The first two matches will succeed, but the second two will not, because
+in the second two the backslash will be part of the pattern to be matched.
+In the first two examples, the backslash removes the special meaning from
+&lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo;, so the literal &lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo; matches.
+If the string in the first examples were anything other than &lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo;, say
+&lsquo;<samp>a</samp>&rsquo;, the pattern would not match, because the quoted &lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo; in the
+pattern loses its special meaning of matching any single character.
+</p>
+<p>Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed
+in decreasing order of precedence:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>( <var>expression</var> )</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Returns the value of <var>expression</var>.
+This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>! <var>expression</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>expression</var> is false.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code><var>expression1</var> &amp;&amp; <var>expression2</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if both <var>expression1</var> and <var>expression2</var> are true.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code><var>expression1</var> || <var>expression2</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if either <var>expression1</var> or <var>expression2</var> is true.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>The <code>&amp;&amp;</code> and <code>||</code> operators do not evaluate <var>expression2</var> if the
+value of <var>expression1</var> is sufficient to determine the return
+value of the entire conditional expression.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Command-Grouping"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Conditional-Constructs" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Conditional Constructs</a>, Up: <a href="#Compound-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Compound Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Grouping-Commands"></a>
+<h4 class="subsubsection">3.2.4.3 Grouping Commands</h4>
+<a name="index-commands_002c-grouping"></a>
+
+<p>Bash provides two ways to group a list of commands to be executed
+as a unit.  When commands are grouped, redirections may be applied
+to the entire command list.  For example, the output of all the
+commands in the list may be redirected to a single stream.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>()</code></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">( <var>list</var> )
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Placing a list of commands between parentheses causes a subshell
+environment to be created (see <a href="#Command-Execution-Environment">Command Execution Environment</a>), and each
+of the commands in <var>list</var> to be executed in that subshell.  Since the
+<var>list</var> is executed in a subshell, variable assignments do not remain in
+effect after the subshell completes. 
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>{}</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_007b"></a>
+<a name="index-_007d"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">{ <var>list</var>; }
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Placing a list of commands between curly braces causes the list to
+be executed in the current shell context.  No subshell is created.
+The semicolon (or newline) following <var>list</var> is required.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>In addition to the creation of a subshell, there is a subtle difference
+between these two constructs due to historical reasons.  The braces
+are <code>reserved words</code>, so they must be separated from the <var>list</var>
+by <code>blank</code>s or other shell metacharacters.
+The parentheses are <code>operators</code>, and are
+recognized as separate tokens by the shell even if they are not separated
+from the <var>list</var> by whitespace.
+</p>
+<p>The exit status of both of these constructs is the exit status of
+<var>list</var>.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Coprocesses"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#GNU-Parallel" accesskey="n" rel="next">GNU Parallel</a>, Previous: <a href="#Compound-Commands" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Compound Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Coprocesses-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.2.5 Coprocesses</h4>
+<a name="index-coprocess"></a>
+
+<p>A <code>coprocess</code> is a shell command preceded by the <code>coproc</code>
+reserved word.
+A coprocess is executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command
+had been terminated with the &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo; control operator, with a two-way pipe
+established between the executing shell and the coprocess.
+</p>
+<p>The format for a coprocess is:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">coproc [<var>NAME</var>] <var>command</var> [<var>redirections</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>This creates a coprocess named <var>NAME</var>.
+If <var>NAME</var> is not supplied, the default name is <var>COPROC</var>.
+<var>NAME</var> must not be supplied if <var>command</var> is a simple
+command (see <a href="#Simple-Commands">Simple Commands</a>); otherwise, it is interpreted as
+the first word of the simple command.
+</p>
+<p>When the coprocess is executed, the shell creates an array variable
+(see <a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>)
+named <code>NAME</code> in the context of the executing shell.
+The standard output of <var>command</var>
+is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell,
+and that file descriptor is assigned to <code>NAME</code>[0].
+The standard input of <var>command</var>
+is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell,
+and that file descriptor is assigned to <code>NAME</code>[1].
+This pipe is established before any redirections specified by the
+command (see <a href="#Redirections">Redirections</a>).
+The file descriptors can be utilized as arguments to shell commands
+and redirections using standard word expansions.
+Other than those created to execute command and process substitutions,
+the file descriptors are not available in subshells.
+</p>
+<p>The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is
+available as the value of the variable <code>NAME</code>_PID.
+The <code>wait</code>
+builtin command may be used to wait for the coprocess to terminate.
+</p>
+<p>Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command,
+the <code>coproc</code> command always returns success.
+The return status of a coprocess is the exit status of <var>command</var>.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="GNU-Parallel"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Coprocesses" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Coprocesses</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="GNU-Parallel-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.2.6 GNU Parallel</h4>
+
+<p>There are ways to run commands in parallel that are not built into Bash.
+GNU Parallel is a tool to do just that.
+</p>
+<p>GNU Parallel, as its name suggests, can be used to build and run commands
+in parallel.  You may run the same command with different arguments, whether
+they are filenames, usernames, hostnames, or lines read from files.  GNU
+Parallel provides shorthand references to many of the most common operations
+(input lines, various portions of the input line, different ways to specify
+the input source, and so on).  Parallel can replace <code>xargs</code> or feed
+commands from its input sources to several different instances of Bash.
+</p>
+<p>For a complete description, refer to the GNU Parallel documentation.  A few
+examples should provide a brief introduction to its use.
+</p>
+<p>For example, it is easy to replace <code>xargs</code> to gzip all html files in the
+current directory and its subdirectories:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">find . -type f -name '*.html' -print | parallel gzip
+</pre></div>
+<p>If you need to protect special characters such as newlines in file names,
+use find&rsquo;s <samp>-print0</samp> option and parallel&rsquo;s <samp>-0</samp> option.
+</p>
+<p>You can use Parallel to move files from the current directory when the
+number of files is too large to process with one <code>mv</code> invocation:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">ls | parallel mv {} destdir
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>As you can see, the {} is replaced with each line read from standard input.
+While using <code>ls</code> will work in most instances, it is not sufficient to
+deal with all filenames.
+If you need to accommodate special characters in filenames, you can use
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">find . -depth 1 \! -name '.*' -print0 | parallel -0 mv {} destdir
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>as alluded to above.
+</p>
+<p>This will run as many <code>mv</code> commands as there are files in the current
+directory.
+You can emulate a parallel <code>xargs</code> by adding the <samp>-X</samp> option:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">find . -depth 1 \! -name '.*' -print0 | parallel -0 -X mv {} destdir
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>GNU Parallel can replace certain common idioms that operate on lines read
+from a file (in this case, filenames listed one per line):
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">	while IFS= read -r x; do
+		do-something1 &quot;$x&quot; &quot;config-$x&quot;
+		do-something2 &lt; &quot;$x&quot;
+	done &lt; file | process-output
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>with a more compact syntax reminiscent of lambdas:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">cat list | parallel &quot;do-something1 {} config-{} ; do-something2 &lt; {}&quot; |
+           process-output
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Parallel provides a built-in mechanism to remove filename extensions, which
+lends itself to batch file transformations or renaming:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">ls *.gz | parallel -j+0 &quot;zcat {} | bzip2 &gt;{.}.bz2 &amp;&amp; rm {}&quot;
+</pre></div>
+<p>This will recompress all files in the current directory with names ending
+in .gz using bzip2, running one job per CPU (-j+0) in parallel.
+(We use <code>ls</code> for brevity here; using <code>find</code> as above is more
+robust in the face of filenames containing unexpected characters.)
+Parallel can take arguments from the command line; the above can also be
+written as
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">parallel &quot;zcat {} | bzip2 &gt;{.}.bz2 &amp;&amp; rm {}&quot; ::: *.gz
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>If a command generates output, you may want to preserve the input order in
+the output.  For instance, the following command
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">{
+    echo foss.org.my ;
+    echo debian.org ;
+    echo freenetproject.org ;
+} | parallel traceroute
+</pre></div>
+<p>will display as output the traceroute invocation that finishes first.
+Adding the <samp>-k</samp> option 
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">{
+    echo foss.org.my ;
+    echo debian.org ;
+    echo freenetproject.org ;
+} | parallel -k traceroute
+</pre></div>
+<p>will ensure that the output of <code>traceroute foss.org.my</code> is displayed first.
+</p>
+<p>Finally, Parallel can be used to run a sequence of shell commands in parallel,
+similar to &lsquo;<samp>cat file | bash</samp>&rsquo;.
+It is not uncommon to take a list of filenames, create a series of shell
+commands to operate on them, and feed that list of commands to a shell.
+Parallel can speed this up.  Assuming that <samp>file</samp> contains a list of
+shell commands, one per line,
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">parallel -j 10 &lt; file
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>will evaluate the commands using the shell (since no explicit command is
+supplied as an argument), in blocks of ten shell jobs at a time.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Shell-Functions"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Shell-Parameters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Parameters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Basic Shell Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Shell-Functions-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">3.3 Shell Functions</h3>
+<a name="index-shell-function"></a>
+<a name="index-functions_002c-shell"></a>
+
+<p>Shell functions are a way to group commands for later execution
+using a single name for the group.  They are executed just like
+a &quot;regular&quot; command.
+When the name of a shell function is used as a simple command name,
+the list of commands associated with that function name is executed.
+Shell functions are executed in the current
+shell context; no new process is created to interpret them.
+</p>
+<p>Functions are declared using this syntax:
+<a name="index-function"></a>
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><var>name</var> () <var>compound-command</var> [ <var>redirections</var> ]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>or
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">function <var>name</var> [()] <var>compound-command</var> [ <var>redirections</var> ]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>This defines a shell function named <var>name</var>.  The reserved
+word <code>function</code> is optional.
+If the <code>function</code> reserved
+word is supplied, the parentheses are optional.
+The <var>body</var> of the function is the compound command
+<var>compound-command</var> (see <a href="#Compound-Commands">Compound Commands</a>).
+That command is usually a <var>list</var> enclosed between { and }, but
+may be any compound command listed above,
+with one exception: If the <code>function</code> reserved word is used, but the
+parentheses are not supplied, the braces are required.                   
+<var>compound-command</var> is executed whenever <var>name</var> is specified as the
+name of a command.
+When the shell is in <small>POSIX</small> mode (see <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>),
+<var>name</var> may not be the same as one of the special builtins
+(see <a href="#Special-Builtins">Special Builtins</a>).
+Any redirections (see <a href="#Redirections">Redirections</a>) associated with the shell function
+are performed when the function is executed.
+</p>
+<p>A function definition may be deleted using the <samp>-f</samp> option to the
+<code>unset</code> builtin (see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
+</p>
+<p>The exit status of a function definition is zero unless a syntax error
+occurs or a readonly function with the same name already exists.
+When executed, the exit status of a function is the exit status of the
+last command executed in the body.
+</p>
+<p>Note that for historical reasons, in the most common usage the curly braces
+that surround the body of the function must be separated from the body by
+<code>blank</code>s or newlines.
+This is because the braces are reserved words and are only recognized
+as such when they are separated from the command list
+by whitespace or another shell metacharacter.
+Also, when using the braces, the <var>list</var> must be terminated by a semicolon,
+a &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo;, or a newline.
+</p>
+<p>When a function is executed, the arguments to the
+function become the positional parameters
+during its execution (see <a href="#Positional-Parameters">Positional Parameters</a>).
+The special parameter &lsquo;<samp>#</samp>&rsquo; that expands to the number of
+positional parameters is updated to reflect the change.
+Special parameter <code>0</code> is unchanged.
+The first element of the <code>FUNCNAME</code> variable is set to the
+name of the function while the function is executing.
+</p>
+<p>All other aspects of the shell execution
+environment are identical between a function and its caller
+with these exceptions:
+the <code>DEBUG</code> and <code>RETURN</code> traps
+are not inherited unless the function has been given the
+<code>trace</code> attribute using the <code>declare</code> builtin or
+the <code>-o functrace</code> option has been enabled with
+the <code>set</code> builtin,
+(in which case all functions inherit the <code>DEBUG</code> and <code>RETURN</code> traps),
+and the <code>ERR</code> trap is not inherited unless the <code>-o errtrace</code>
+shell option has been enabled.
+See <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>, for the description of the
+<code>trap</code> builtin.
+</p>
+<p>The <code>FUNCNEST</code> variable, if set to a numeric value greater
+than 0, defines a maximum function nesting level.  Function
+invocations that exceed the limit cause the entire command to
+abort.
+</p>
+<p>If the builtin command <code>return</code>
+is executed in a function, the function completes and
+execution resumes with the next command after the function
+call.
+Any command associated with the <code>RETURN</code> trap is executed
+before execution resumes.
+When a function completes, the values of the
+positional parameters and the special parameter &lsquo;<samp>#</samp>&rsquo;
+are restored to the values they had prior to the function&rsquo;s
+execution.  If a numeric argument is given to <code>return</code>,
+that is the function&rsquo;s return status; otherwise the function&rsquo;s
+return status is the exit status of the last command executed
+before the <code>return</code>.
+</p>
+<p>Variables local to the function may be declared with the
+<code>local</code> builtin.  These variables are visible only to
+the function and the commands it invokes.  This is particularly
+important when a shell function calls other functions.
+</p>
+<p>Local variables &quot;shadow&quot; variables with the same name declared at
+previous scopes.  For instance, a local variable declared in a function
+hides a global variable of the same name: references and assignments
+refer to the local variable, leaving the global variable unmodified.
+When the function returns, the global variable is once again visible.
+</p>
+<p>The shell uses <var>dynamic scoping</var> to control a variable&rsquo;s visibility
+within functions.
+With dynamic scoping, visible variables and their values
+are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused execution
+to reach the current function.
+The value of a variable that a function sees depends
+on its value within its caller, if any, whether that caller is
+the &quot;global&quot; scope or another shell function.
+This is also the value that a local variable
+declaration &quot;shadows&quot;, and the value that is restored when the function
+returns.
+</p>
+<p>For example, if a variable <var>var</var> is declared as local in function
+<var>func1</var>, and <var>func1</var> calls another function <var>func2</var>,
+references to <var>var</var> made from within <var>func2</var> will resolve to the
+local variable <var>var</var> from <var>func1</var>, shadowing any global variable
+named <var>var</var>.
+</p>
+<p>The following script demonstrates this behavior.
+When executed, the script displays
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">In func2, var = func1 local
+</pre></div>
+
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">func1()
+{
+    local var='func1 local'
+    func2
+}
+
+func2()
+{
+    echo &quot;In func2, var = $var&quot;
+}
+
+var=global
+func1
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <code>unset</code> builtin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a  
+variable is local to the current scope, <code>unset</code> will unset it;         
+otherwise the unset will refer to the variable found in any calling scope 
+as described above.
+If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it will remain so
+until it is reset in that scope or until the function returns.
+Once the function returns, any instance of the variable at a previous
+scope will become visible.
+If the unset acts on a variable at a previous scope, any instance of a   
+variable with that name that had been shadowed will become visible.
+</p>
+<p>Function names and definitions may be listed with the
+<samp>-f</samp> option to the <code>declare</code> (<code>typeset</code>)
+builtin command (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+The <samp>-F</samp> option to <code>declare</code> or <code>typeset</code>
+will list the function names only
+(and optionally the source file and line number, if the <code>extdebug</code>
+shell option is enabled).
+Functions may be exported so that subshells
+automatically have them defined with the
+<samp>-f</samp> option to the <code>export</code> builtin
+(see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
+</p>
+<p>Functions may be recursive.
+The <code>FUNCNEST</code> variable may be used to limit the depth of the
+function call stack and restrict the number of function invocations.
+By default, no limit is placed on the number of recursive  calls.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Shell-Parameters"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Expansions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Functions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Functions</a>, Up: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Basic Shell Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Shell-Parameters-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">3.4 Shell Parameters</h3>
+<a name="index-parameters"></a>
+<a name="index-variable_002c-shell"></a>
+<a name="index-shell-variable"></a>
+
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Positional-Parameters" accesskey="1">Positional Parameters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The shell&rsquo;s command-line arguments.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Special-Parameters" accesskey="2">Special Parameters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Parameters denoted by special characters.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>A <var>parameter</var> is an entity that stores values.
+It can be a <code>name</code>, a number, or one of the special characters
+listed below.
+A <var>variable</var> is a parameter denoted by a <code>name</code>.
+A variable has a <var>value</var> and zero or more <var>attributes</var>.
+Attributes are assigned using the <code>declare</code> builtin command
+(see the description of the <code>declare</code> builtin in <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+</p>
+<p>A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value.  The null string is
+a valid value.  Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using
+the <code>unset</code> builtin command.
+</p>
+<p>A variable may be assigned to by a statement of the form
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><var>name</var>=[<var>value</var>]
+</pre></div>
+<p>If <var>value</var>
+is not given, the variable is assigned the null string.  All
+<var>value</var>s undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
+command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote
+removal (detailed below).  If the variable has its <code>integer</code>
+attribute set, then <var>value</var> 
+is evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the <code>$((&hellip;))</code>
+expansion is not used (see <a href="#Arithmetic-Expansion">Arithmetic Expansion</a>).
+Word splitting is not performed, with the exception
+of <code>&quot;$@&quot;</code> as explained below.
+Filename expansion is not performed.
+Assignment statements may also appear as arguments to the
+<code>alias</code>, 
+<code>declare</code>, <code>typeset</code>, <code>export</code>, <code>readonly</code>,
+and <code>local</code> builtin commands (<var>declaration</var> commands).
+When in <small>POSIX</small> mode (see <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>), these builtins may appear
+in a command after one or more instances of the <code>command</code> builtin
+and retain these assignment statement properties.
+</p>
+<p>In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value  
+to a shell variable or array index (see <a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>), the &lsquo;<samp>+=</samp>&rsquo;
+operator can be used to   
+append to or add to the variable&rsquo;s previous value.
+This includes arguments to builtin commands such as <code>declare</code> that
+accept assignment statements (<var>declaration</var> commands).
+When &lsquo;<samp>+=</samp>&rsquo; is applied to a variable for which the <var>integer</var> attribute
+has been set, <var>value</var> is evaluated as an arithmetic expression and
+added to the variable&rsquo;s current value, which is also evaluated.
+When &lsquo;<samp>+=</samp>&rsquo; is applied to an array variable using compound assignment
+(see <a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>), the
+variable&rsquo;s value is not unset (as it is when using &lsquo;<samp>=</samp>&rsquo;), and new
+values are appended to the array beginning at one greater than the array&rsquo;s
+maximum index (for indexed arrays),  or added as additional key-value pairs
+in an associative array.
+When applied to a string-valued variable, <var>value</var> is expanded and
+appended to the variable&rsquo;s value.
+</p>
+<p>A variable can be assigned the <var>nameref</var> attribute using the
+<samp>-n</samp> option to the <code>declare</code> or <code>local</code> builtin commands
+(see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>)
+to create a <var>nameref</var>, or a reference to another variable.
+This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly.
+Whenever the nameref variable is referenced, assigned to, unset, or has
+its attributes modified (other than using or changing the nameref
+attribute itself), the
+operation is actually performed on the variable specified by the nameref
+variable&rsquo;s value.
+A nameref is commonly used within shell functions to refer to a variable
+whose name is passed as an argument to the function.
+For instance, if a variable name is passed to a shell function as its first
+argument, running
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">declare -n ref=$1
+</pre></div>
+<p>inside the function creates a nameref variable <var>ref</var> whose value is
+the variable name passed as the first argument.
+References and assignments to <var>ref</var>, and changes to its attributes,
+are treated as references, assignments, and attribute modifications
+to the variable whose name was passed as <code>$1</code>.
+</p>
+<p>If the control variable in a <code>for</code> loop has the nameref attribute,
+the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a name reference
+will be established for each word in the list, in turn, when the loop is
+executed.
+Array variables cannot be given the nameref attribute.
+However, nameref variables can reference array variables and subscripted
+array variables.
+Namerefs can be unset using the <samp>-n</samp> option to the <code>unset</code> builtin
+(see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
+Otherwise, if <code>unset</code> is executed with the name of a nameref variable
+as an argument, the variable referenced by the nameref variable will be unset.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Positional-Parameters"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Special-Parameters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Special Parameters</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Parameters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Parameters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Positional-Parameters-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.4.1 Positional Parameters</h4>
+<a name="index-parameters_002c-positional"></a>
+
+<p>A <var>positional parameter</var> is a parameter denoted by one or more
+digits, other than the single digit <code>0</code>.  Positional parameters are
+assigned from the shell&rsquo;s arguments when it is invoked,
+and may be reassigned using the <code>set</code> builtin command.
+Positional parameter <code>N</code> may be referenced as <code>${N}</code>, or
+as <code>$N</code> when <code>N</code> consists of a single digit.
+Positional parameters may not be assigned to with assignment statements.
+The <code>set</code> and <code>shift</code> builtins are used to set and
+unset them (see <a href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands">Shell Builtin Commands</a>).
+The positional parameters are
+temporarily replaced when a shell function is executed
+(see <a href="#Shell-Functions">Shell Functions</a>).
+</p>
+<p>When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single
+digit is expanded, it must be enclosed in braces.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Special-Parameters"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Positional-Parameters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Positional Parameters</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Parameters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Parameters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Special-Parameters-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.4.2 Special Parameters</h4>
+<a name="index-parameters_002c-special"></a>
+
+<p>The shell treats several parameters specially.  These parameters may
+only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>*</code>
+<a name="index-_002a"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_0024_002a"></a>
+<p>($*) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.
+When the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional parameter
+expands to a separate word.
+In contexts where it is performed, those words
+are subject to further word splitting and pathname expansion.
+When the expansion occurs within double quotes, it expands to a single word
+with the value of each parameter separated by the first character of the
+<code>IFS</code> special variable.  That is, <code>&quot;$*&quot;</code> is equivalent
+to <code>&quot;$1<var>c</var>$2<var>c</var>&hellip;&quot;</code>, where <var>c</var>
+is the first character of the value of the <code>IFS</code>
+variable.
+If <code>IFS</code> is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces.
+If <code>IFS</code> is null, the parameters are joined without intervening
+separators.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>@</code>
+<a name="index-_0040"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_0024_0040"></a>
+<p>($@) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.
+In contexts where word splitting is performed, this expands each
+positional parameter to a separate word; if not within double
+quotes, these words are subject to word splitting.
+In contexts where word splitting is not performed,
+this expands to a single word
+with each positional parameter separated by a space.
+When the
+expansion occurs within double quotes, and word splitting is performed,
+each parameter expands to a
+separate word.  That is, <code>&quot;$@&quot;</code> is equivalent to
+<code>&quot;$1&quot; &quot;$2&quot; &hellip;</code>.
+If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of
+the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original
+word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last
+part of the original word.
+When there are no positional parameters, <code>&quot;$@&quot;</code> and
+<code>$@</code>
+expand to nothing (i.e., they are removed).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>#</code>
+<a name="index-_0023"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_0024_0023"></a>
+<p>($#) Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>?</code>
+<a name="index-_003f"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_0024_003f"></a>
+<p>($?) Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed foreground
+pipeline.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-</code>
+<a name="index-_002d"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_0024_002d"></a>
+<p>($-, a hyphen.)  Expands to the current option flags as specified upon
+invocation, by the <code>set</code>
+builtin command, or those set by the shell itself
+(such as the <samp>-i</samp> option).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>$</code>
+<a name="index-_0024"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_0024_0024"></a>
+<p>($$) Expands to the process <small>ID</small> of the shell.  In a <code>()</code> subshell, it
+expands to the process <small>ID</small> of the invoking shell, not the subshell.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>!</code>
+<a name="index-_0021-1"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_0024_0021"></a>
+<p>($!) Expands to the process <small>ID</small> of the job most recently placed into the
+background, whether executed as an asynchronous command or using
+the <code>bg</code> builtin (see <a href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>0</code>
+<a name="index-0"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_00240"></a>
+<p>($0) Expands to the name of the shell or shell script.  This is set at
+shell initialization.  If Bash is invoked with a file of commands
+(see <a href="#Shell-Scripts">Shell Scripts</a>), <code>$0</code> is set to the name of that file.
+If Bash is started with the <samp>-c</samp> option (see <a href="#Invoking-Bash">Invoking Bash</a>),
+then <code>$0</code> is set to the first argument after the string to be
+executed, if one is present.  Otherwise, it is set
+to the filename used to invoke Bash, as given by argument zero.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>_</code>
+<a name="index-_005f"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_0024_005f"></a>
+<p>($_, an underscore.)
+At shell startup, set to the absolute pathname used to invoke the
+shell or shell script being executed as passed in the environment
+or argument list.
+Subsequently, expands to the last argument to the previous simple
+command executed in the foreground, after expansion. 
+Also set to the full pathname used to invoke each command executed
+and placed in the environment exported to that command.
+When checking mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail file.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Shell-Expansions"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Redirections" accesskey="n" rel="next">Redirections</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Parameters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Parameters</a>, Up: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Basic Shell Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Shell-Expansions-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">3.5 Shell Expansions</h3>
+<a name="index-expansion"></a>
+
+<p>Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into
+<code>token</code>s.  There are seven kinds of expansion performed:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li> brace expansion
+</li><li> tilde expansion
+</li><li> parameter and variable expansion
+</li><li> command substitution
+</li><li> arithmetic expansion
+</li><li> word splitting
+</li><li> filename expansion
+</li></ul>
+
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Brace-Expansion" accesskey="1">Brace Expansion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Expansion of expressions within braces.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Tilde-Expansion" accesskey="2">Tilde Expansion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Expansion of the ~ character.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion" accesskey="3">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How Bash expands variables to their values.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Command-Substitution" accesskey="4">Command Substitution</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Using the output of a command as an argument.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Arithmetic-Expansion" accesskey="5">Arithmetic Expansion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to use arithmetic in shell expansions.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Process-Substitution" accesskey="6">Process Substitution</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">A way to write and read to and from a
+				command.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Word-Splitting" accesskey="7">Word Splitting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How the results of expansion are split into separate
+			arguments.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Filename-Expansion" accesskey="8">Filename Expansion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">A shorthand for specifying filenames matching patterns.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Quote-Removal" accesskey="9">Quote Removal</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How and when quote characters are removed from
+			words.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The order of expansions is:
+brace expansion;
+tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion,
+and command substitution (done in a left-to-right fashion);
+word splitting;
+and filename expansion.
+</p>
+<p>On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion
+available: <var>process substitution</var>.
+This is performed at the
+same time as tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and
+command substitution.
+</p>
+<p>After these expansions are performed, quote characters present in the
+original word are removed unless they have been quoted themselves
+(<var>quote removal</var>).
+</p>
+<p>Only brace expansion, word splitting, and filename expansion
+can increase the number of words of the expansion; other expansions
+expand a single word to a single word.
+The only exceptions to this are the expansions of
+<code>&quot;$@&quot;</code> and <code>$*</code> (see <a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a>), and
+<code>&quot;${<var>name</var>[@]}&quot;</code> and <code>${<var>name</var>[*]}</code>
+(see <a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>).
+</p>
+<p>After all expansions, <code>quote removal</code> (see <a href="#Quote-Removal">Quote Removal</a>)
+is performed.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Brace-Expansion"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Tilde-Expansion" accesskey="n" rel="next">Tilde Expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Brace-Expansion-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.5.1 Brace Expansion</h4>
+<a name="index-brace-expansion"></a>
+<a name="index-expansion_002c-brace"></a>
+
+<p>Brace expansion is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be generated.
+This mechanism is similar to
+<var>filename expansion</var> (see <a href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a>),
+but the filenames generated need not exist.
+Patterns to be brace expanded take the form of an optional <var>preamble</var>,
+followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a sequence expression
+between a pair of braces,
+followed by an optional <var>postscript</var>.
+The preamble is prefixed to each string contained within the braces, and
+the postscript is then appended to each resulting string, expanding left
+to right.
+</p>
+<p>Brace expansions may be nested.
+The results of each expanded string are not sorted; left to right order
+is preserved.
+For example,
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">bash$ echo a{d,c,b}e
+ade ace abe
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>A sequence expression takes the form <code>{<var>x</var>..<var>y</var>[..<var>incr</var>]}</code>,
+where <var>x</var> and <var>y</var> are either integers or single characters,
+and <var>incr</var>, an optional increment, is an integer.
+When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each number between
+<var>x</var> and <var>y</var>, inclusive.
+Supplied integers may be prefixed with &lsquo;<samp>0</samp>&rsquo; to force each term to have the
+same width.
+When either <var>x</var> or <var>y</var> begins with a zero, the shell
+attempts to force all generated terms to contain the same number of digits,
+zero-padding where necessary.
+When characters are supplied, the expression expands to each character
+lexicographically between <var>x</var> and <var>y</var>, inclusive,
+using the default C locale.
+Note that both <var>x</var> and <var>y</var> must be of the same type.
+When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference between
+each term.  The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate.
+</p>
+<p>Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions,
+and any characters special to other expansions are preserved
+in the result.  It is strictly textual.  Bash
+does not apply any syntactic interpretation to the context of the
+expansion or the text between the braces.
+</p>
+<p>A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening
+and closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid
+sequence expression.
+Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged.
+</p>
+<p>A { or &lsquo;<samp>,</samp>&rsquo; may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its
+being considered part of a brace expression.
+To avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string &lsquo;<samp>${</samp>&rsquo;
+is not considered eligible for brace expansion,
+and inhibits brace expansion until the closing &lsquo;<samp>}</samp>&rsquo;..
+</p>
+<p>This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common
+prefix of the strings to be generated is longer than in the
+above example:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,new,dist,bugs}
+</pre></div>
+<p>or
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}}
+</pre></div>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Tilde-Expansion"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>, Previous: <a href="#Brace-Expansion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Brace Expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Tilde-Expansion-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.5.2 Tilde Expansion</h4>
+<a name="index-tilde-expansion"></a>
+<a name="index-expansion_002c-tilde"></a>
+
+<p>If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character (&lsquo;<samp>~</samp>&rsquo;), all of the
+characters up to the first unquoted slash (or all characters,
+if there is no unquoted slash) are considered a <var>tilde-prefix</var>.
+If none of the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the
+characters in the tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a
+possible <var>login name</var>.
+If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the
+value of the <code>HOME</code> shell variable.
+If <code>HOME</code> is unset, the home directory of the user executing the
+shell is substituted instead.
+Otherwise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory
+associated with the specified login name.
+</p>
+<p>If the tilde-prefix is &lsquo;<samp>~+</samp>&rsquo;, the value of
+the shell variable <code>PWD</code> replaces the tilde-prefix.
+If the tilde-prefix is &lsquo;<samp>~-</samp>&rsquo;, the value of the shell variable
+<code>OLDPWD</code>, if it is set, is substituted.
+</p>
+<p>If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a
+number <var>N</var>, optionally prefixed by a &lsquo;<samp>+</samp>&rsquo; or a &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;,
+the tilde-prefix is replaced with the
+corresponding element from the directory stack, as it would be displayed
+by the <code>dirs</code> builtin invoked with the characters following tilde
+in the tilde-prefix as an argument (see <a href="#The-Directory-Stack">The Directory Stack</a>).
+If the tilde-prefix, sans the tilde, consists of a number without a
+leading &lsquo;<samp>+</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>+</samp>&rsquo; is assumed.
+</p>
+<p>If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the word is
+left unchanged.
+</p>
+<p>Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes immediately
+following a &lsquo;<samp>:</samp>&rsquo; or the first &lsquo;<samp>=</samp>&rsquo;.
+In these cases, tilde expansion is also performed.
+Consequently, one may use filenames with tildes in assignments to
+<code>PATH</code>, <code>MAILPATH</code>, and <code>CDPATH</code>,
+and the shell assigns the expanded value.
+</p>
+<p>The following table shows how Bash treats unquoted tilde-prefixes:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>~</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The value of <code>$HOME</code>
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>~/foo</code></dt>
+<dd><p><samp>$HOME/foo</samp>
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>~fred/foo</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The subdirectory <code>foo</code> of the home directory of the user
+<code>fred</code>
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>~+/foo</code></dt>
+<dd><p><samp>$PWD/foo</samp>
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>~-/foo</code></dt>
+<dd><p><samp>${OLDPWD-'~-'}/foo</samp>
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>~<var>N</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>The string that would be displayed by &lsquo;<samp>dirs +<var>N</var></samp>&rsquo;
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>~+<var>N</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>The string that would be displayed by &lsquo;<samp>dirs +<var>N</var></samp>&rsquo;
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>~-<var>N</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>The string that would be displayed by &lsquo;<samp>dirs -<var>N</var></samp>&rsquo;
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>Bash also performs tilde expansion on words satisfying the conditions of
+variable assignments (see <a href="#Shell-Parameters">Shell Parameters</a>)
+when they appear as arguments to simple commands.
+Bash does not do this, except for the <var>declaration</var> commands listed
+above, when in <small>POSIX</small> mode.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Shell-Parameter-Expansion"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Command-Substitution" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Substitution</a>, Previous: <a href="#Tilde-Expansion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Tilde Expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Shell-Parameter-Expansion-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</h4>
+<a name="index-parameter-expansion"></a>
+<a name="index-expansion_002c-parameter"></a>
+
+<p>The &lsquo;<samp>$</samp>&rsquo; character introduces parameter expansion,
+command substitution, or arithmetic expansion.  The parameter name
+or symbol to be expanded may be enclosed in braces, which
+are optional but serve to protect the variable to be expanded from
+characters immediately following it which could be
+interpreted as part of the name.
+</p>
+<p>When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first &lsquo;<samp>}</samp>&rsquo;
+not escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an
+embedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter
+expansion.
+</p>
+<p>The basic form of parameter expansion is ${<var>parameter</var>}.
+The value of <var>parameter</var> is substituted.
+The <var>parameter</var> is a shell parameter as described above
+(see <a href="#Shell-Parameters">Shell Parameters</a>) or an array reference (see <a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>).
+The braces are required when <var>parameter</var>
+is a positional parameter with more than one digit,
+or when <var>parameter</var> is followed by a character that is not to be
+interpreted as part of its name.
+</p>
+<p>If the first character of <var>parameter</var> is an exclamation point (!),
+and <var>parameter</var> is not a <var>nameref</var>,
+it introduces a level of indirection.
+Bash uses the value formed by expanding the rest of
+<var>parameter</var> as the new <var>parameter</var>; this is then
+expanded and that value is used in the rest of the expansion, rather
+than the expansion of the original <var>parameter</var>.
+This is known as <code>indirect expansion</code>.
+The value is subject to tilde expansion,
+parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.
+If <var>parameter</var> is a nameref, this expands to the name of the
+variable referenced by <var>parameter</var> instead of performing the
+complete indirect expansion.
+The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${!<var>prefix</var>*}
+and ${!<var>name</var>[@]}
+described below.
+The exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to
+introduce indirection.
+</p>
+<p>In each of the cases below, <var>word</var> is subject to tilde expansion,
+parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.
+</p>
+<p>When not performing substring expansion, using the form described
+below (e.g., &lsquo;<samp>:-</samp>&rsquo;), Bash tests for a parameter that is unset or null.
+Omitting the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset.
+Put another way, if the colon is included,
+the operator tests for both <var>parameter</var>&rsquo;s existence and that its value
+is not null; if the colon is omitted, the operator tests only for existence.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>:-<var>word</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If <var>parameter</var> is unset or null, the expansion of
+<var>word</var> is substituted.  Otherwise, the value of
+<var>parameter</var> is substituted.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>:=<var>word</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If <var>parameter</var>
+is unset or null, the expansion of <var>word</var>
+is assigned to <var>parameter</var>.
+The value of <var>parameter</var> is then substituted. 
+Positional parameters and special parameters may not be assigned to
+in this way.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>:?<var>word</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If <var>parameter</var>
+is null or unset, the expansion of <var>word</var> (or a message
+to that effect if <var>word</var>
+is not present) is written to the standard error and the shell, if it
+is not interactive, exits.  Otherwise, the value of <var>parameter</var> is
+substituted.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>:+<var>word</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If <var>parameter</var>
+is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the expansion of
+<var>word</var> is substituted.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>:<var>offset</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>:<var>offset</var>:<var>length</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><p>This is referred to as Substring Expansion.
+It expands to up to <var>length</var> characters of the value of <var>parameter</var>
+starting at the character specified by <var>offset</var>.
+If <var>parameter</var> is &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo;, an indexed array subscripted by
+&lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;, or an associative array name, the results differ as
+described below.
+If <var>length</var> is omitted, it expands to the substring of the value of
+<var>parameter</var> starting at the character specified by <var>offset</var>
+and extending to the end of the value.
+<var>length</var> and <var>offset</var> are arithmetic expressions
+(see <a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a>).
+</p>
+<p>If <var>offset</var> evaluates to a number less than zero, the value
+is used as an offset in characters
+from the end of the value of <var>parameter</var>.
+If <var>length</var> evaluates to a number less than zero,
+it is interpreted as an offset in characters
+from the end of the value of <var>parameter</var> rather than
+a number of characters, and the expansion is the characters between
+<var>offset</var> and that result.
+Note that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by at least
+one space to avoid being confused with the &lsquo;<samp>:-</samp>&rsquo; expansion.
+</p>
+<p>Here are some examples illustrating substring expansion on parameters and
+subscripted arrays:
+</p>
+<pre class="verbatim">$ string=01234567890abcdefgh
+$ echo ${string:7}
+7890abcdefgh
+$ echo ${string:7:0}
+
+$ echo ${string:7:2}
+78
+$ echo ${string:7:-2}
+7890abcdef
+$ echo ${string: -7}
+bcdefgh
+$ echo ${string: -7:0}
+
+$ echo ${string: -7:2}
+bc
+$ echo ${string: -7:-2}
+bcdef
+$ set -- 01234567890abcdefgh
+$ echo ${1:7}
+7890abcdefgh
+$ echo ${1:7:0}
+
+$ echo ${1:7:2}
+78
+$ echo ${1:7:-2}
+7890abcdef
+$ echo ${1: -7}
+bcdefgh
+$ echo ${1: -7:0}
+
+$ echo ${1: -7:2}
+bc
+$ echo ${1: -7:-2}
+bcdef
+$ array[0]=01234567890abcdefgh
+$ echo ${array[0]:7}
+7890abcdefgh
+$ echo ${array[0]:7:0}
+
+$ echo ${array[0]:7:2}
+78
+$ echo ${array[0]:7:-2}
+7890abcdef
+$ echo ${array[0]: -7}
+bcdefgh
+$ echo ${array[0]: -7:0}
+
+$ echo ${array[0]: -7:2}
+bc
+$ echo ${array[0]: -7:-2}
+bcdef
+</pre>
+<p>If <var>parameter</var> is &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo;, the result is <var>length</var> positional
+parameters beginning at <var>offset</var>.
+A negative <var>offset</var> is taken relative to one greater than the greatest
+positional parameter, so an offset of -1 evaluates to the last positional
+parameter.
+It is an expansion error if <var>length</var> evaluates to a number less than zero.
+</p>
+<p>The following examples illustrate substring expansion using positional
+parameters:
+</p>
+<pre class="verbatim">$ set -- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
+$ echo ${@:7}
+7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
+$ echo ${@:7:0}
+
+$ echo ${@:7:2}
+7 8
+$ echo ${@:7:-2}
+bash: -2: substring expression &lt; 0
+$ echo ${@: -7:2}
+b c
+$ echo ${@:0}
+./bash 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
+$ echo ${@:0:2}
+./bash 1
+$ echo ${@: -7:0}
+
+</pre>
+<p>If <var>parameter</var> is an indexed array name subscripted
+by &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;, the result is the <var>length</var>
+members of the array beginning with <code>${<var>parameter</var>[<var>offset</var>]}</code>.
+A negative <var>offset</var> is taken relative to one greater than the maximum
+index of the specified array.
+It is an expansion error if <var>length</var> evaluates to a number less than zero.
+</p>
+<p>These examples show how you can use substring expansion with indexed
+arrays:
+</p>
+<pre class="verbatim">$ array=(0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h)
+$ echo ${array[@]:7}
+7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
+$ echo ${array[@]:7:2}
+7 8
+$ echo ${array[@]: -7:2}
+b c
+$ echo ${array[@]: -7:-2}
+bash: -2: substring expression &lt; 0
+$ echo ${array[@]:0}
+0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
+$ echo ${array[@]:0:2}
+0 1
+$ echo ${array[@]: -7:0}
+
+</pre>
+<p>Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces undefined
+results.
+</p>
+<p>Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters
+are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by default.
+If <var>offset</var> is 0, and the positional parameters are used, <code>$@</code> is
+prefixed to the list.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>${!<var>prefix</var>*}</code></dt>
+<dt><code>${!<var>prefix</var>@}</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Expands to the names of variables whose names begin with <var>prefix</var>,
+separated by the first character of the <code>IFS</code> special variable.
+When &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each
+variable name expands to a separate word.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>${!<var>name</var>[@]}</code></dt>
+<dt><code>${!<var>name</var>[*]}</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If <var>name</var> is an array variable, expands to the list of array indices
+(keys) assigned in <var>name</var>.
+If <var>name</var> is not an array, expands to 0 if <var>name</var> is set and null
+otherwise.
+When &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each
+key expands to a separate word.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>${#<var>parameter</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The length in characters of the expanded value of <var>parameter</var> is
+substituted.
+If <var>parameter</var> is &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo;, the value substituted
+is the number of positional parameters.
+If <var>parameter</var> is an array name subscripted by &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo;, 
+the value substituted is the number of elements in the array.
+If <var>parameter</var>
+is an indexed array name subscripted by a negative number, that number is
+interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of
+<var>parameter</var>, so negative indices count back from the end of the
+array, and an index of -1 references the last element.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>#<var>word</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>##<var>word</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The <var>word</var>
+is expanded to produce a pattern and matched according to the rules
+described below (see <a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>).  If the pattern matches
+the beginning of the expanded value of <var>parameter</var>,
+then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of <var>parameter</var>
+with the shortest matching pattern (the &lsquo;<samp>#</samp>&rsquo; case) or the
+longest matching pattern (the &lsquo;<samp>##</samp>&rsquo; case) deleted.
+If <var>parameter</var> is &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;,
+the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional
+parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+If <var>parameter</var> is an array variable subscripted with
+&lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;,
+the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the
+array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>%<var>word</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>%%<var>word</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The <var>word</var>
+is expanded to produce a pattern and matched according to the rules
+described below (see <a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>).  If the pattern matches
+If the pattern matches a trailing portion of the expanded value of
+<var>parameter</var>, then the result of the expansion is the value of
+<var>parameter</var> with the shortest matching pattern (the &lsquo;<samp>%</samp>&rsquo; case)
+or the longest matching pattern (the &lsquo;<samp>%%</samp>&rsquo; case) deleted.
+If <var>parameter</var> is &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;,
+the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional
+parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+If <var>parameter</var>
+is an array variable subscripted with &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;,
+the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the
+array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>/<var>pattern</var>/<var>string</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>The <var>pattern</var> is expanded to produce a pattern just as in
+filename expansion.
+<var>Parameter</var> is expanded and the longest match of <var>pattern</var>
+against its value is replaced with <var>string</var>.
+The match is performed according to the rules described below
+(see <a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>).
+If <var>pattern</var> begins with &lsquo;<samp>/</samp>&rsquo;, all matches of <var>pattern</var> are
+replaced with <var>string</var>.  Normally only the first match is replaced.
+If <var>pattern</var> begins with &lsquo;<samp>#</samp>&rsquo;, it must match at the beginning
+of the expanded value of <var>parameter</var>.
+If <var>pattern</var> begins with &lsquo;<samp>%</samp>&rsquo;, it must match at the end
+of the expanded value of <var>parameter</var>.
+If <var>string</var> is null, matches of <var>pattern</var> are deleted
+and the <code>/</code> following <var>pattern</var> may be omitted.
+If the <code>nocasematch</code> shell option   
+(see the description of <code>shopt</code> in <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>)
+is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case   
+of alphabetic characters.
+If <var>parameter</var> is &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;,
+the substitution operation is applied to each positional
+parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+If <var>parameter</var>
+is an array variable subscripted with &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;,
+the substitution operation is applied to each member of the
+array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>^<var>pattern</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>^^<var>pattern</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>,<var>pattern</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>,,<var>pattern</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><p>This expansion modifies the case of alphabetic characters in <var>parameter</var>.
+The <var>pattern</var> is expanded to produce a pattern just as in
+filename expansion.
+Each character in the expanded value of <var>parameter</var> is tested against
+<var>pattern</var>, and, if it matches the pattern, its case is converted.
+The pattern should not attempt to match more than one character.
+The &lsquo;<samp>^</samp>&rsquo; operator converts lowercase letters matching <var>pattern</var>
+to uppercase; the &lsquo;<samp>,</samp>&rsquo; operator converts matching uppercase letters
+to lowercase.
+The &lsquo;<samp>^^</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>,,</samp>&rsquo; expansions convert each matched character in the
+expanded value; the &lsquo;<samp>^</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>,</samp>&rsquo; expansions match and convert only
+the first character in the expanded value.
+If <var>pattern</var> is omitted, it is treated like a &lsquo;<samp>?</samp>&rsquo;, which matches
+every character.
+If <var>parameter</var> is &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;,
+the case modification operation is applied to each positional
+parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+If <var>parameter</var>
+is an array variable subscripted with &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;,
+the case modification operation is applied to each member of the
+array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>@<var>operator</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The expansion is either a transformation of the value of <var>parameter</var>
+or information about <var>parameter</var> itself, depending on the value of
+<var>operator</var>.  Each <var>operator</var> is a single letter:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>Q</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The expansion is a string that is the value of <var>parameter</var> quoted in a
+format that can be reused as input.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>E</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The expansion is a string that is the value of <var>parameter</var> with backslash
+escape sequences expanded as with the <code>$'&hellip;'</code> quoting mechanism.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>P</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The expansion is a string that is the result of expanding the value of
+<var>parameter</var> as if it were a prompt string (see <a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt">Controlling the Prompt</a>).
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>A</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The expansion is a string in the form of
+an assignment statement or <code>declare</code> command that, if
+evaluated, will recreate <var>parameter</var> with its attributes and value.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>a</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The expansion is a string consisting of flag values representing
+<var>parameter</var>&rsquo;s attributes.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>If <var>parameter</var> is &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;,
+the operation is applied to each positional
+parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+If <var>parameter</var>
+is an array variable subscripted with &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;,
+the operation is applied to each member of the
+array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+</p>
+<p>The result of the expansion is subject to word splitting and pathname
+expansion as described below.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Command-Substitution"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Arithmetic-Expansion" accesskey="n" rel="next">Arithmetic Expansion</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Command-Substitution-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.5.4 Command Substitution</h4>
+<a name="index-command-substitution"></a>
+
+<p>Command substitution allows the output of a command to replace
+the command itself.
+Command substitution occurs when a command is enclosed as follows:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">$(<var>command</var>)
+</pre></div>
+<p>or
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">`<var>command</var>`
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Bash performs the expansion by executing <var>command</var> in a subshell environment
+and replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the
+command, with any trailing newlines deleted.
+Embedded newlines are not deleted, but they may be removed during
+word splitting.
+The command substitution <code>$(cat <var>file</var>)</code> can be
+replaced by the equivalent but faster <code>$(&lt; <var>file</var>)</code>.
+</p>
+<p>When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used,
+backslash retains its literal meaning except when followed by
+&lsquo;<samp>$</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>`</samp>&rsquo;, or &lsquo;<samp>\</samp>&rsquo;. 
+The first backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the
+command substitution.
+When using the <code>$(<var>command</var>)</code> form, all characters between
+the parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially.
+</p>
+<p>Command substitutions may be nested.  To nest when using the backquoted
+form, escape the inner backquotes with backslashes.
+</p>
+<p>If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and
+filename expansion are not performed on the results.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Arithmetic-Expansion"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Process-Substitution" accesskey="n" rel="next">Process Substitution</a>, Previous: <a href="#Command-Substitution" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Command Substitution</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Arithmetic-Expansion-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion</h4>
+<a name="index-expansion_002c-arithmetic"></a>
+<a name="index-arithmetic-expansion"></a>
+
+<p>Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression
+and the substitution of the result.  The format for arithmetic expansion is:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">$(( <var>expression</var> ))
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The expression is treated as if it were within double quotes, but
+a double quote inside the parentheses is not treated specially.
+All tokens in the expression undergo parameter and variable expansion,
+command substitution, and quote removal.
+The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be evaluated.
+Arithmetic expansions may be nested. 
+</p>
+<p>The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below
+(see <a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a>).
+If the expression is invalid, Bash prints a message indicating
+failure to the standard error and no substitution occurs.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Process-Substitution"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Word-Splitting" accesskey="n" rel="next">Word Splitting</a>, Previous: <a href="#Arithmetic-Expansion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Arithmetic Expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Process-Substitution-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.5.6 Process Substitution</h4>
+<a name="index-process-substitution"></a>
+
+<p>Process substitution allows a process&rsquo;s input or output to be
+referred to using a filename.
+It takes the form of 
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">&lt;(<var>list</var>)
+</pre></div>
+<p>or
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">&gt;(<var>list</var>)
+</pre></div>
+<p>The process <var>list</var> is run asynchronously, and its input or output 
+appears as a filename.
+This filename is
+passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the
+expansion.
+If the <code>&gt;(<var>list</var>)</code> form is used, writing to
+the file will provide input for <var>list</var>.  If the
+<code>&lt;(<var>list</var>)</code> form is used, the file passed as an
+argument should be read to obtain the output of <var>list</var>.
+Note that no space may appear between the <code>&lt;</code> or <code>&gt;</code>
+and the left parenthesis, otherwise the construct would be interpreted
+as a redirection.
+Process substitution is supported on systems that support named
+pipes (<small>FIFO</small>s) or the <samp>/dev/fd</samp> method of naming open files.
+</p>
+<p>When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with
+parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
+expansion.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Word-Splitting"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Filename-Expansion" accesskey="n" rel="next">Filename Expansion</a>, Previous: <a href="#Process-Substitution" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Process Substitution</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Word-Splitting-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.5.7 Word Splitting</h4>
+<a name="index-word-splitting"></a>
+
+<p>The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command substitution,
+and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double quotes for
+word splitting.
+</p>
+<p>The shell treats each character of <code>$IFS</code> as a delimiter, and splits
+the results of the other expansions into words using these characters
+as field terminators.
+If <code>IFS</code> is unset, or its value is exactly <code>&lt;space&gt;&lt;tab&gt;&lt;newline&gt;</code>,
+the default, then sequences of
+<code> &lt;space&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;tab&gt;</code>, and <code>&lt;newline&gt;</code>
+at the beginning and end of the results of the previous
+expansions are ignored, and any sequence of <code>IFS</code>
+characters not at the beginning or end serves to delimit words.
+If <code>IFS</code> has a value other than the default, then sequences of
+the whitespace characters <code>space</code>, <code>tab</code>, and <code>newline</code>
+are ignored at the beginning and end of the
+word, as long as the whitespace character is in the
+value of <code>IFS</code> (an <code>IFS</code> whitespace character).
+Any character in <code>IFS</code> that is not <code>IFS</code>
+whitespace, along with any adjacent <code>IFS</code>
+whitespace characters, delimits a field.  A sequence of <code>IFS</code>
+whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter.
+If the value of <code>IFS</code> is null, no word splitting occurs.
+</p>
+<p>Explicit null arguments (<code>&quot;&quot;</code> or <code>''</code>) are retained
+and passed to commands as empty strings.
+Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the expansion of
+parameters that have no values, are removed.
+If a parameter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a
+null argument results and is retained
+and passed to a command as an empty string.
+When a quoted null argument appears as part of a word whose expansion is
+non-null, the null argument is removed.
+That is, the word
+<code>-d''</code> becomes <code>-d</code> after word splitting and
+null argument removal.
+</p>
+<p>Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting
+is performed.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Filename-Expansion"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Quote-Removal" accesskey="n" rel="next">Quote Removal</a>, Previous: <a href="#Word-Splitting" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Word Splitting</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Filename-Expansion-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</h4>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Pattern-Matching" accesskey="1">Pattern Matching</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How the shell matches patterns.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+<a name="index-expansion_002c-filename"></a>
+<a name="index-expansion_002c-pathname"></a>
+<a name="index-filename-expansion"></a>
+<a name="index-pathname-expansion"></a>
+
+<p>After word splitting, unless the <samp>-f</samp> option has been set
+(see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>), Bash scans each word for the characters
+&lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>?</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp>[</samp>&rsquo;.
+If one of these characters appears, then the word is
+regarded as a <var>pattern</var>,
+and replaced with an alphabetically sorted list of
+filenames matching the pattern (see <a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>).
+If no matching filenames are found,
+and the shell option <code>nullglob</code> is disabled, the word is left
+unchanged.
+If the <code>nullglob</code> option is set, and no matches are found, the word
+is removed.
+If the <code>failglob</code> shell option is set, and no matches are found,
+an error message is printed and the command is not executed.
+If the shell option <code>nocaseglob</code> is enabled, the match is performed
+without regard to the case of alphabetic characters.
+</p>
+<p>When a pattern is used for filename expansion, the character &lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo;
+at the start of a filename or immediately following a slash
+must be matched explicitly, unless the shell option <code>dotglob</code> is set.
+The filenames &lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>..</samp>&rsquo; must always be matched explicitly,
+even if <code>dotglob</code> is set.
+In other cases, the &lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo; character is not treated specially.
+</p>
+<p>When matching a filename, the slash character must always be
+matched explicitly by a slash in the pattern, but in other matching
+contexts it can be matched by a special pattern character as described
+below (see <a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>).
+</p>
+<p>See the description of <code>shopt</code> in <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>,
+for a description of the <code>nocaseglob</code>, <code>nullglob</code>,
+<code>failglob</code>, and <code>dotglob</code> options.
+</p>
+<p>The <code>GLOBIGNORE</code>
+shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file names matching a
+pattern.  If <code>GLOBIGNORE</code>
+is set, each matching file name that also matches one of the patterns in
+<code>GLOBIGNORE</code> is removed from the list of matches.
+If the <code>nocaseglob</code> option is set, the matching against the patterns in
+<code>GLOBIGNORE</code> is performed without regard to case.
+The filenames
+<samp>.</samp> and <samp>..</samp>
+are always ignored when <code>GLOBIGNORE</code>
+is set and not null.
+However, setting <code>GLOBIGNORE</code> to a non-null value has the effect of
+enabling the <code>dotglob</code>
+shell option, so all other filenames beginning with a
+&lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo; will match.
+To get the old behavior of ignoring filenames beginning with a
+&lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo;, make &lsquo;<samp>.*</samp>&rsquo; one of the patterns in <code>GLOBIGNORE</code>.
+The <code>dotglob</code> option is disabled when <code>GLOBIGNORE</code>
+is unset.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Pattern-Matching"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Up: <a href="#Filename-Expansion" accesskey="u" rel="up">Filename Expansion</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Pattern-Matching-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsubsection">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</h4>
+<a name="index-pattern-matching"></a>
+<a name="index-matching_002c-pattern"></a>
+
+<p>Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern
+characters described below, matches itself.
+The <small>NUL</small> character may not occur in a pattern.
+A backslash escapes the following character; the
+escaping backslash is discarded when matching.
+The special pattern characters must be quoted if they are to be matched
+literally.
+</p>
+<p>The special pattern characters have the following meanings:
+</p><dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>*</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Matches any string, including the null string.
+When the <code>globstar</code> shell option is enabled, and &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; is used in
+a filename expansion context, two adjacent &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;s used as a single
+pattern will match all files and zero or more directories and
+subdirectories.
+If followed by a &lsquo;<samp>/</samp>&rsquo;, two adjacent &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;s will match only
+directories and subdirectories.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>?</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Matches any single character.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>[&hellip;]</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Matches any one of the enclosed characters.  A pair of characters
+separated by a hyphen denotes a <var>range expression</var>;
+any character that falls between those two characters, inclusive,
+using the current locale&rsquo;s collating sequence and character set,
+is matched.  If the first character following the
+&lsquo;<samp>[</samp>&rsquo; is a &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo;  or a &lsquo;<samp>^</samp>&rsquo;
+then any character not enclosed is matched.  A &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;
+may be matched by including it as the first or last character
+in the set.  A &lsquo;<samp>]</samp>&rsquo; may be matched by including it as the first
+character in the set.
+The sorting order of characters in range expressions is determined by
+the current locale and the values of the
+<code>LC_COLLATE</code> and <code>LC_ALL</code> shell variables, if set.
+</p>
+<p>For example, in the default C locale, &lsquo;<samp>[a-dx-z]</samp>&rsquo; is equivalent to
+&lsquo;<samp>[abcdxyz]</samp>&rsquo;.  Many locales sort characters in dictionary order, and in
+these locales &lsquo;<samp>[a-dx-z]</samp>&rsquo; is typically not equivalent to &lsquo;<samp>[abcdxyz]</samp>&rsquo;;
+it might be equivalent to &lsquo;<samp>[aBbCcDdxXyYz]</samp>&rsquo;, for example.  To obtain
+the traditional interpretation of ranges in bracket expressions, you can
+force the use of the C locale by setting the <code>LC_COLLATE</code> or
+<code>LC_ALL</code> environment variable to the value &lsquo;<samp>C</samp>&rsquo;, or enable the
+<code>globasciiranges</code> shell option.
+</p>
+<p>Within &lsquo;<samp>[</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>]</samp>&rsquo;, <var>character classes</var> can be specified
+using the syntax
+<code>[:</code><var>class</var><code>:]</code>, where <var>class</var> is one of the
+following classes defined in the <small>POSIX</small> standard:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">alnum   alpha   ascii   blank   cntrl   digit   graph   lower
+print   punct   space   upper   word    xdigit
+</pre></div>
+<p>A character class matches any character belonging to that class.
+The <code>word</code> character class matches letters, digits, and the character
+&lsquo;<samp>_</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>Within &lsquo;<samp>[</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>]</samp>&rsquo;, an <var>equivalence class</var> can be
+specified using the syntax <code>[=</code><var>c</var><code>=]</code>, which
+matches all characters with the same collation weight (as defined
+by the current locale) as the character <var>c</var>.
+</p>
+<p>Within &lsquo;<samp>[</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>]</samp>&rsquo;, the syntax <code>[.</code><var>symbol</var><code>.]</code>
+matches the collating symbol <var>symbol</var>.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>If the <code>extglob</code> shell option is enabled using the <code>shopt</code>
+builtin, several extended pattern matching operators are recognized.
+In the following description, a <var>pattern-list</var> is a list of one
+or more patterns separated by a &lsquo;<samp>|</samp>&rsquo;.
+Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the following
+sub-patterns:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>?(<var>pattern-list</var>)</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>*(<var>pattern-list</var>)</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>+(<var>pattern-list</var>)</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>@(<var>pattern-list</var>)</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Matches one of the given patterns.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>!(<var>pattern-list</var>)</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Matches anything except one of the given patterns.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>Complicated extended pattern matching against long strings is slow,
+especially when the patterns contain alternations and the strings
+contain multiple matches.
+Using separate matches against shorter strings, or using arrays of
+strings instead of a single long string, may be faster.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Quote-Removal"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Filename-Expansion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Filename Expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Quote-Removal-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.5.9 Quote Removal</h4>
+
+<p>After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the
+characters &lsquo;<samp>\</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>'</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp>&quot;</samp>&rsquo; that did not
+result from one of the above expansions are removed.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Redirections"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Executing-Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Executing Commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Expansions</a>, Up: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Basic Shell Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Redirections-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">3.6 Redirections</h3>
+<a name="index-redirection"></a>
+
+<p>Before a command is executed, its input and output
+may be <var>redirected</var>
+using a special notation interpreted by the shell.
+Redirection allows commands&rsquo; file handles to be
+duplicated, opened, closed,
+made to refer to different files,
+and can change the files the command reads from and writes to.
+Redirection may also be used to modify file handles in the
+current shell execution environment.  The following redirection
+operators may precede or appear anywhere within a
+simple command or may follow a command.
+Redirections are processed in the order they appear, from
+left to right.
+</p>
+<p>Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number
+may instead be preceded by a word of the form {<var>varname</var>}.
+In this case, for each redirection operator except
+&gt;&amp;- and &lt;&amp;-, the shell will allocate a file descriptor greater
+than 10 and assign it to {<var>varname</var>}.  If &gt;&amp;- or &lt;&amp;- is preceded
+by {<var>varname</var>}, the value of <var>varname</var> defines the file
+descriptor to close.
+If {<var>varname</var>} is supplied, the redirection persists beyond
+the scope of the command, allowing the shell programmer to manage
+the file descriptor himself.
+</p>
+<p>In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is
+omitted, and the first character of the redirection operator is
+&lsquo;<samp>&lt;</samp>&rsquo;, the redirection refers to the standard input (file
+descriptor 0).  If the first character of the redirection operator
+is &lsquo;<samp>&gt;</samp>&rsquo;, the redirection refers to the standard output (file
+descriptor 1).
+</p>
+<p>The word following the redirection operator in the following
+descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion,
+tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
+expansion, quote removal, filename expansion, and word splitting.
+If it expands to more than one word, Bash reports an error.
+</p>
+<p>Note that the order of redirections is significant.  For example,
+the command
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">ls &gt; <var>dirlist</var> 2&gt;&amp;1
+</pre></div>
+<p>directs both standard output (file descriptor 1) and standard error
+(file descriptor 2) to the file <var>dirlist</var>, while the command
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">ls 2&gt;&amp;1 &gt; <var>dirlist</var>
+</pre></div>
+<p>directs only the standard output to file <var>dirlist</var>,
+because the standard error was made a copy of the standard output
+before the standard output was redirected to <var>dirlist</var>.
+</p>
+<p>Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in
+redirections, as described in the following table.
+If the operating system on which Bash is running provides these
+special files, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them
+internally with the behavior described below.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>/dev/fd/<var>fd</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>If <var>fd</var> is a valid integer, file descriptor <var>fd</var> is duplicated.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>/dev/stdin</code></dt>
+<dd><p>File descriptor 0 is duplicated.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>/dev/stdout</code></dt>
+<dd><p>File descriptor 1 is duplicated.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>/dev/stderr</code></dt>
+<dd><p>File descriptor 2 is duplicated.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>/dev/tcp/<var>host</var>/<var>port</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>If <var>host</var> is a valid hostname or Internet address, and <var>port</var>
+is an integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open
+the corresponding TCP socket.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>/dev/udp/<var>host</var>/<var>port</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>If <var>host</var> is a valid hostname or Internet address, and <var>port</var>
+is an integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open 
+the corresponding UDP socket.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail.
+</p>
+<p>Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with
+care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses
+internally.
+</p>
+<a name="Redirecting-Input"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.6.1 Redirecting Input</h4>
+<p>Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from
+the expansion of <var>word</var>
+to be opened for reading on file descriptor <code>n</code>,
+or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if <code>n</code>
+is not specified.
+</p>
+<p>The general format for redirecting input is:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">[<var>n</var>]&lt;<var>word</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<a name="Redirecting-Output"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.6.2 Redirecting Output</h4>
+<p>Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from
+the expansion of <var>word</var>
+to be opened for writing on file descriptor <var>n</var>,
+or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if <var>n</var>
+is not specified.  If the file does not exist it is created;
+if it does exist it is truncated to zero size.
+</p>
+<p>The general format for redirecting output is:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">[<var>n</var>]&gt;[|]<var>word</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>If the redirection operator is &lsquo;<samp>&gt;</samp>&rsquo;, and the <code>noclobber</code>
+option to the <code>set</code> builtin has been enabled, the redirection
+will fail if the file whose name results from the expansion of
+<var>word</var> exists and is a regular file.
+If the redirection operator is &lsquo;<samp>&gt;|</samp>&rsquo;, or the redirection operator is
+&lsquo;<samp>&gt;</samp>&rsquo; and the <code>noclobber</code> option is not enabled, the redirection
+is attempted even if the file named by <var>word</var> exists.
+</p>
+<a name="Appending-Redirected-Output"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.6.3 Appending Redirected Output</h4>
+<p>Redirection of output in this fashion
+causes the file whose name results from
+the expansion of <var>word</var>
+to be opened for appending on file descriptor <var>n</var>,
+or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if <var>n</var>
+is not specified.  If the file does not exist it is created.
+</p>
+<p>The general format for appending output is:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">[<var>n</var>]&gt;&gt;<var>word</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<a name="Redirecting-Standard-Output-and-Standard-Error"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.6.4 Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error</h4>
+<p>This construct allows both the
+standard output (file descriptor 1) and
+the standard error output (file descriptor 2)
+to be redirected to the file whose name is the
+expansion of <var>word</var>.
+</p>
+<p>There are two formats for redirecting standard output and
+standard error:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">&amp;&gt;<var>word</var>
+</pre></div>
+<p>and
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">&gt;&amp;<var>word</var>
+</pre></div>
+<p>Of the two forms, the first is preferred.
+This is semantically equivalent to
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">&gt;<var>word</var> 2&gt;&amp;1
+</pre></div>
+<p>When using the second form, <var>word</var> may not expand to a number or
+&lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;.  If it does, other redirection operators apply
+(see Duplicating File Descriptors below) for compatibility reasons.
+</p>
+<a name="Appending-Standard-Output-and-Standard-Error"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.6.5 Appending Standard Output and Standard Error</h4>
+<p>This construct allows both the
+standard output (file descriptor 1) and
+the standard error output (file descriptor 2)
+to be appended to the file whose name is the
+expansion of <var>word</var>.
+</p>
+<p>The format for appending standard output and standard error is:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">&amp;&gt;&gt;<var>word</var>
+</pre></div>
+<p>This is semantically equivalent to
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">&gt;&gt;<var>word</var> 2&gt;&amp;1
+</pre></div>
+<p>(see Duplicating File Descriptors below).
+</p>
+<a name="Here-Documents"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.6.6 Here Documents</h4>
+<p>This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the
+current source until a line containing only <var>word</var>
+(with no trailing blanks) is seen.  All of
+the lines read up to that point are then used as the standard
+input (or file descriptor <var>n</var> if <var>n</var> is specified) for a command.
+</p>
+<p>The format of here-documents is:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">[<var>n</var>]&lt;&lt;[-]<var>word</var>
+        <var>here-document</var>
+<var>delimiter</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution,
+arithmetic expansion, or filename expansion is performed on
+<var>word</var>.  If any part of <var>word</var> is quoted, the
+<var>delimiter</var> is the result of quote removal on <var>word</var>,
+and the lines in the here-document are not expanded.
+If <var>word</var> is unquoted,
+all lines of the here-document are subjected to
+parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion,
+the character sequence <code>\newline</code> is ignored, and &lsquo;<samp>\</samp>&rsquo;
+must be used to quote the characters
+&lsquo;<samp>\</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>$</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp>`</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>If the redirection operator is &lsquo;<samp>&lt;&lt;-</samp>&rsquo;,
+then all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines and the
+line containing <var>delimiter</var>.
+This allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a
+natural fashion.
+</p>
+<a name="Here-Strings"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.6.7 Here Strings</h4>
+<p>A variant of here documents, the format is:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">[<var>n</var>]&lt;&lt;&lt; <var>word</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <var>word</var> undergoes
+tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
+command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal.
+Pathname expansion and word splitting are not performed.
+The result is supplied as a single string,
+with a newline appended,
+to the command on its
+standard input (or file descriptor <var>n</var> if <var>n</var> is specified).
+</p>
+<a name="Duplicating-File-Descriptors"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.6.8 Duplicating File Descriptors</h4>
+<p>The redirection operator
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">[<var>n</var>]&lt;&amp;<var>word</var>
+</pre></div>
+<p>is used to duplicate input file descriptors.
+If <var>word</var>
+expands to one or more digits, the file descriptor denoted by <var>n</var>
+is made to be a copy of that file descriptor.
+If the digits in <var>word</var> do not specify a file descriptor open for
+input, a redirection error occurs.
+If <var>word</var>
+evaluates to &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;, file descriptor <var>n</var> is closed.
+If <var>n</var> is not specified, the standard input (file descriptor 0) is used.
+</p>
+<p>The operator
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">[<var>n</var>]&gt;&amp;<var>word</var>
+</pre></div>
+<p>is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors.  If
+<var>n</var> is not specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used.
+If the digits in <var>word</var> do not specify a file descriptor open for
+output, a redirection error occurs.
+If <var>word</var>
+evaluates to &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;, file descriptor <var>n</var> is closed.
+As a special case, if <var>n</var> is omitted, and <var>word</var> does not
+expand to one or more digits or &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;, the standard output and standard
+error are redirected as described previously.
+</p>
+<a name="Moving-File-Descriptors"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.6.9 Moving File Descriptors</h4>
+<p>The redirection operator
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">[<var>n</var>]&lt;&amp;<var>digit</var>-
+</pre></div>
+<p>moves the file descriptor <var>digit</var> to file descriptor <var>n</var>,
+or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if <var>n</var> is not specified.
+<var>digit</var> is closed after being duplicated to <var>n</var>.
+</p>
+<p>Similarly, the redirection operator
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">[<var>n</var>]&gt;&amp;<var>digit</var>-
+</pre></div>
+<p>moves the file descriptor <var>digit</var> to file descriptor <var>n</var>,
+or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if <var>n</var> is not specified.
+</p>
+<a name="Opening-File-Descriptors-for-Reading-and-Writing"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.6.10 Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing</h4>
+<p>The redirection operator
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">[<var>n</var>]&lt;&gt;<var>word</var>
+</pre></div>
+<p>causes the file whose name is the expansion of <var>word</var>
+to be opened for both reading and writing on file descriptor
+<var>n</var>, or on file descriptor 0 if <var>n</var>
+is not specified.  If the file does not exist, it is created.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Executing-Commands"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Shell-Scripts" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Scripts</a>, Previous: <a href="#Redirections" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Redirections</a>, Up: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Basic Shell Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Executing-Commands-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">3.7 Executing Commands</h3>
+
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Simple-Command-Expansion" accesskey="1">Simple Command Expansion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How Bash expands simple commands before
+				executing them.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Command-Search-and-Execution" accesskey="2">Command Search and Execution</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How Bash finds commands and runs them.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Command-Execution-Environment" accesskey="3">Command Execution Environment</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The environment in which Bash
+					executes commands that are not
+					shell builtins.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Environment" accesskey="4">Environment</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The environment given to a command.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Exit-Status" accesskey="5">Exit Status</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The status returned by commands and how Bash
+			interprets it.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Signals" accesskey="6">Signals</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">What happens when Bash or a command it runs
+			receives a signal.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Simple-Command-Expansion"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Command-Search-and-Execution" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Search and Execution</a>, Up: <a href="#Executing-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Executing Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Simple-Command-Expansion-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.7.1 Simple Command Expansion</h4>
+<a name="index-command-expansion"></a>
+
+<p>When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following
+expansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right.
+</p>
+<ol>
+<li> The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments (those
+preceding the command name) and redirections are saved for later
+processing.
+
+</li><li> The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are
+expanded (see <a href="#Shell-Expansions">Shell Expansions</a>).
+If any words remain after expansion, the first word
+is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words are
+the arguments.
+
+</li><li> Redirections are performed as described above (see <a href="#Redirections">Redirections</a>).
+
+</li><li> The text after the &lsquo;<samp>=</samp>&rsquo; in each variable assignment undergoes tilde
+expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion,
+and quote removal before being assigned to the variable.
+</li></ol>
+
+<p>If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current
+shell environment.  Otherwise, the variables are added to the environment
+of the executed command and do not affect the current shell environment.
+If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a readonly variable,
+an error occurs, and the command exits with a non-zero status.
+</p>
+<p>If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not
+affect the current shell environment.  A redirection error causes the
+command to exit with a non-zero status.
+</p>
+<p>If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as
+described below.  Otherwise, the command exits.  If one of the expansions
+contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command is
+the exit status of the last command substitution performed.  If there
+were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status of zero.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Command-Search-and-Execution"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Command-Execution-Environment" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Execution Environment</a>, Previous: <a href="#Simple-Command-Expansion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Simple Command Expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Executing-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Executing Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Command-Search-and-Execution-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.7.2 Command Search and Execution</h4>
+<a name="index-command-execution"></a>
+<a name="index-command-search"></a>
+
+<p>After a command has been split into words, if it results in a
+simple command and an optional list of arguments, the following
+actions are taken.
+</p>
+<ol>
+<li> If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to
+locate it.  If there exists a shell function by that name, that
+function is invoked as described in <a href="#Shell-Functions">Shell Functions</a>.
+
+</li><li> If the name does not match a function, the shell searches for
+it in the list of shell builtins.  If a match is found, that
+builtin is invoked.
+
+</li><li> If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin,
+and contains no slashes, Bash searches each element of
+<code>$PATH</code> for a directory containing an executable file
+by that name.  Bash uses a hash table to remember the full
+pathnames of executable files to avoid multiple <code>PATH</code> searches
+(see the description of <code>hash</code> in <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
+A full search of the directories in <code>$PATH</code>
+is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table.
+If the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell
+function named <code>command_not_found_handle</code>.
+If that function exists, it is invoked in a separate execution environment
+with the original command and
+the original command&rsquo;s arguments as its arguments, and the function&rsquo;s
+exit status becomes the exit status of that subshell.
+If that function is not defined, the shell prints an error
+message and returns an exit status of 127.
+
+</li><li> If the search is successful, or if the command name contains
+one or more slashes, the shell executes the named program in
+a separate execution environment.
+Argument 0 is set to the name given, and the remaining arguments
+to the command are set to the arguments supplied, if any.
+
+</li><li> If this execution fails because the file is not in executable
+format, and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a
+<var>shell script</var> and the shell executes it as described in
+<a href="#Shell-Scripts">Shell Scripts</a>.
+
+</li><li> If the command was not begun asynchronously, the shell waits for
+the command to complete and collects its exit status.
+
+</li></ol>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Command-Execution-Environment"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Environment" accesskey="n" rel="next">Environment</a>, Previous: <a href="#Command-Search-and-Execution" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Command Search and Execution</a>, Up: <a href="#Executing-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Executing Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Command-Execution-Environment-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.7.3 Command Execution Environment</h4>
+<a name="index-execution-environment"></a>
+
+<p>The shell has an <var>execution environment</var>, which consists of the
+following:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li> open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
+redirections supplied to the <code>exec</code> builtin
+
+</li><li> the current working directory as set by <code>cd</code>, <code>pushd</code>, or
+<code>popd</code>, or inherited by the shell at invocation
+
+</li><li> the file creation mode mask as set by <code>umask</code> or inherited from
+the shell&rsquo;s parent
+
+</li><li> current traps set by <code>trap</code>
+
+</li><li> shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with <code>set</code>
+or inherited from the shell&rsquo;s parent in the environment
+
+</li><li> shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the shell&rsquo;s
+parent in the environment
+
+</li><li> options enabled at invocation (either by default or with command-line
+arguments) or by <code>set</code>
+
+</li><li> options enabled by <code>shopt</code> (see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>)
+
+</li><li> shell aliases defined with <code>alias</code> (see <a href="#Aliases">Aliases</a>)
+
+</li><li> various process <small>ID</small>s, including those of background jobs
+(see <a href="#Lists">Lists</a>), the value of <code>$$</code>, and the value of
+<code>$PPID</code>
+
+</li></ul>
+
+<p>When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function
+is to be executed, it
+is invoked in a separate execution environment that consists of
+the following.  Unless otherwise noted, the values are inherited
+from the shell.
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li> the shell&rsquo;s open files, plus any modifications and additions specified
+by redirections to the command
+
+</li><li> the current working directory
+
+</li><li> the file creation mode mask
+
+</li><li> shell variables and functions marked for export, along with variables
+exported for the command, passed in the environment (see <a href="#Environment">Environment</a>)
+
+</li><li> traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from the
+shell&rsquo;s parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored
+
+</li></ul>
+
+<p>A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the
+shell&rsquo;s execution environment.
+</p>
+<p>Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses,
+and asynchronous commands are invoked in a
+subshell environment that is a duplicate of the shell environment,
+except that traps caught by the shell are reset to the values
+that the shell inherited from its parent at invocation.  Builtin
+commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline are also executed
+in a subshell environment.  Changes made to the subshell environment
+cannot affect the shell&rsquo;s execution environment.
+</p>
+<p>Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of
+the <samp>-e</samp> option from the parent shell.  When not in <small>POSIX</small> mode,
+Bash clears the <samp>-e</samp> option in such subshells.
+</p>
+<p>If a command is followed by a &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo; and job control is not active, the
+default standard input for the command is the empty file <samp>/dev/null</samp>.
+Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the calling
+shell as modified by redirections.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Environment"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Exit-Status" accesskey="n" rel="next">Exit Status</a>, Previous: <a href="#Command-Execution-Environment" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Command Execution Environment</a>, Up: <a href="#Executing-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Executing Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Environment-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.7.4 Environment</h4>
+<a name="index-environment"></a>
+
+<p>When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings
+called the <var>environment</var>.
+This is a list of name-value pairs, of the form <code>name=value</code>.
+</p>
+<p>Bash provides several ways to manipulate the environment.
+On invocation, the shell scans its own environment and
+creates a parameter for each name found, automatically marking
+it for <var>export</var>
+to child processes.  Executed commands inherit the environment.
+The <code>export</code> and &lsquo;<samp>declare -x</samp>&rsquo;
+commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and
+deleted from the environment.  If the value of a parameter
+in the environment is modified, the new value becomes part
+of the environment, replacing the old.  The environment
+inherited by any executed command consists of the shell&rsquo;s
+initial environment, whose values may be modified in the shell,
+less any pairs removed by the <code>unset</code> and &lsquo;<samp>export -n</samp>&rsquo;
+commands, plus any additions via the <code>export</code> and
+&lsquo;<samp>declare -x</samp>&rsquo; commands.
+</p>
+<p>The environment for any simple command
+or function may be augmented temporarily by prefixing it with
+parameter assignments, as described in <a href="#Shell-Parameters">Shell Parameters</a>.
+These assignment statements affect only the environment seen
+by that command.
+</p>
+<p>If the <samp>-k</samp> option is set (see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>), then all
+parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command,
+not just those that precede the command name.
+</p>
+<p>When Bash invokes an external command, the variable &lsquo;<samp>$_</samp>&rsquo;
+is set to the full pathname of the command and passed to that
+command in its environment.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Exit-Status"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Signals" accesskey="n" rel="next">Signals</a>, Previous: <a href="#Environment" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Environment</a>, Up: <a href="#Executing-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Executing Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Exit-Status-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.7.5 Exit Status</h4>
+<a name="index-exit-status-1"></a>
+
+<p>The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the
+<var>waitpid</var> system call or equivalent function.  Exit statuses    
+fall between 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may
+use values above 125 specially.  Exit statuses from shell builtins and
+compound commands are also limited to this range.  Under certain
+circumstances, the shell will use special values to indicate specific
+failure modes.
+</p>
+<p>For the shell&rsquo;s purposes, a command which exits with a
+zero exit status has succeeded.
+A non-zero exit status indicates failure.
+This seemingly counter-intuitive scheme is used so there
+is one well-defined way to indicate success and a variety of
+ways to indicate various failure modes.
+When a command terminates on a fatal signal whose number is <var>N</var>,
+Bash uses the value 128+<var>N</var> as the exit status.
+</p>
+<p>If a command is not found, the child process created to
+execute it returns a status of 127.  If a command is found  
+but is not executable, the return status is 126.
+</p>
+<p>If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection,
+the exit status is greater than zero.
+</p>
+<p>The exit status is used by the Bash conditional commands
+(see <a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a>) and some of the list
+constructs (see <a href="#Lists">Lists</a>).
+</p>
+<p>All of the Bash builtins return an exit status of zero if they succeed
+and a non-zero status on failure, so they may be used by the
+conditional and list constructs.
+All builtins return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage,
+generally invalid options or missing arguments.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Signals"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Exit-Status" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Exit Status</a>, Up: <a href="#Executing-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Executing Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Signals-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.7.6 Signals</h4>
+<a name="index-signal-handling"></a>
+
+<p>When Bash is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores
+<code>SIGTERM</code> (so that &lsquo;<samp>kill 0</samp>&rsquo; does not kill an interactive shell),
+and <code>SIGINT</code>
+is caught and handled (so that the <code>wait</code> builtin is interruptible).
+When Bash receives a <code>SIGINT</code>, it breaks out of any executing loops.
+In all cases, Bash ignores <code>SIGQUIT</code>.
+If job control is in effect (see <a href="#Job-Control">Job Control</a>), Bash
+ignores <code>SIGTTIN</code>, <code>SIGTTOU</code>, and <code>SIGTSTP</code>.
+</p>
+<p>Non-builtin commands started by Bash have signal handlers set to the
+values inherited by the shell from its parent.
+When job control is not in effect, asynchronous commands
+ignore <code>SIGINT</code> and <code>SIGQUIT</code> in addition to these inherited
+handlers.
+Commands run as a result of
+command substitution ignore the keyboard-generated job control signals
+<code>SIGTTIN</code>, <code>SIGTTOU</code>, and <code>SIGTSTP</code>.
+</p>
+<p>The shell exits by default upon receipt of a <code>SIGHUP</code>.
+Before exiting, an interactive shell resends the <code>SIGHUP</code> to
+all jobs, running or stopped.
+Stopped jobs are sent <code>SIGCONT</code> to ensure that they receive
+the <code>SIGHUP</code>.
+To prevent the shell from sending the <code>SIGHUP</code> signal to a
+particular job, it should be removed
+from the jobs table with the <code>disown</code>
+builtin (see <a href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a>) or marked
+to not receive <code>SIGHUP</code> using <code>disown -h</code>.
+</p>
+<p>If the  <code>huponexit</code> shell option has been set with <code>shopt</code>
+(see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>), Bash sends a <code>SIGHUP</code> to all jobs when
+an interactive login shell exits.
+</p>
+<p>If Bash is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal
+for which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until
+the command completes.
+When Bash is waiting for an asynchronous
+command via the <code>wait</code> builtin, the reception of a signal for
+which a trap has been set will cause the <code>wait</code> builtin to return
+immediately with an exit status greater than 128, immediately after
+which the trap is executed.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Shell-Scripts"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Executing-Commands" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Executing Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Basic Shell Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Shell-Scripts-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">3.8 Shell Scripts</h3>
+<a name="index-shell-script"></a>
+
+<p>A shell script is a text file containing shell commands.  When such
+a file is used as the first non-option argument when invoking Bash,
+and neither the <samp>-c</samp> nor <samp>-s</samp> option is supplied
+(see <a href="#Invoking-Bash">Invoking Bash</a>), 
+Bash reads and executes commands from the file, then exits.  This
+mode of operation creates a non-interactive shell.  The shell first
+searches for the file in the current directory, and looks in the
+directories in <code>$PATH</code> if not found there.
+</p>
+<p>When Bash runs
+a shell script, it sets the special parameter <code>0</code> to the name
+of the file, rather than the name of the shell, and the positional
+parameters are set to the remaining arguments, if any are given.
+If no additional arguments are supplied, the positional parameters
+are unset.
+</p>
+<p>A shell script may be made executable by using the <code>chmod</code> command
+to turn on the execute bit.  When Bash finds such a file while
+searching the <code>$PATH</code> for a command, it spawns a subshell to
+execute it.  In other words, executing
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">filename <var>arguments</var>
+</pre></div>
+<p>is equivalent to executing
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">bash filename <var>arguments</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>if <code>filename</code> is an executable shell script.
+This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as if a
+new shell had been invoked to interpret the script, with the
+exception that the locations of commands remembered by the parent
+(see the description of <code>hash</code> in <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>)
+are retained by the child.
+</p>
+<p>Most versions of Unix make this a part of the operating system&rsquo;s command
+execution mechanism.  If the first line of a script begins with
+the two characters &lsquo;<samp>#!</samp>&rsquo;, the remainder of the line specifies
+an interpreter for the program.
+Thus, you can specify Bash, <code>awk</code>, Perl, or some other
+interpreter and write the rest of the script file in that language.
+</p>
+<p>The arguments to the interpreter
+consist of a single optional argument following the interpreter
+name on the first line of the script file, followed by the name of
+the script file, followed by the rest of the arguments.  Bash
+will perform this action on operating systems that do not handle it
+themselves.  Note that some older versions of Unix limit the interpreter
+name and argument to a maximum of 32 characters.
+</p>
+<p>Bash scripts often begin with <code>#! /bin/bash</code> (assuming that
+Bash has been installed in <samp>/bin</samp>), since this ensures that
+Bash will be used to interpret the script, even if it is executed
+under another shell.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Shell-Builtin-Commands"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Shell-Variables" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Variables</a>, Previous: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Basic Shell Features</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Shell-Builtin-Commands-1"></a>
+<h2 class="chapter">4 Shell Builtin Commands</h2>
+
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins" accesskey="1">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Builtin commands inherited from the Bourne
+				Shell.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Bash-Builtins" accesskey="2">Bash Builtins</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Table of builtins specific to Bash.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Modifying-Shell-Behavior" accesskey="3">Modifying Shell Behavior</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Builtins to modify shell attributes and
+				optional behavior.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Special-Builtins" accesskey="4">Special Builtins</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Builtin commands classified specially by
+				POSIX.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Builtin commands are contained within the shell itself.
+When the name of a builtin command is used as the first word of
+a simple command (see <a href="#Simple-Commands">Simple Commands</a>), the shell executes
+the command directly, without invoking another program.
+Builtin commands are necessary to implement functionality impossible
+or inconvenient to obtain with separate utilities.
+</p>
+<p>This section briefly describes the builtins which Bash inherits from
+the Bourne Shell, as well as the builtin commands which are unique
+to or have been extended in Bash.
+</p>
+<p>Several builtin commands are described in other chapters: builtin
+commands which provide the Bash interface to the job control
+facilities (see <a href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a>), the directory stack
+(see <a href="#Directory-Stack-Builtins">Directory Stack Builtins</a>), the command history
+(see <a href="#Bash-History-Builtins">Bash History Builtins</a>), and the programmable completion
+facilities (see <a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins">Programmable Completion Builtins</a>).
+</p>
+<p>Many of the builtins have been extended by <small>POSIX</small> or Bash.
+</p>
+<p>Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented as accepting
+options preceded by &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo; accepts &lsquo;<samp>--</samp>&rsquo;
+to signify the end of the options.
+The <code>:</code>, <code>true</code>, <code>false</code>, and <code>test</code>/<code>[</code>
+builtins do not accept options and do not treat &lsquo;<samp>--</samp>&rsquo; specially.
+The <code>exit</code>, <code>logout</code>, <code>return</code>,
+<code>break</code>, <code>continue</code>, <code>let</code>,
+and <code>shift</code> builtins accept and process arguments beginning
+with &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo; without requiring &lsquo;<samp>--</samp>&rsquo;.
+Other builtins that accept arguments but are not specified as accepting
+options interpret arguments beginning with &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo; as invalid options and
+require &lsquo;<samp>--</samp>&rsquo; to prevent this interpretation.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Bourne-Shell-Builtins"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Bash-Builtins" accesskey="n" rel="next">Bash Builtins</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Builtin Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Bourne-Shell-Builtins-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</h3>
+
+<p>The following shell builtin commands are inherited from the Bourne Shell.
+These commands are implemented as specified by the <small>POSIX</small> standard.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>:    <span class="roman">(a colon)</span></code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_003a"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">: [<var>arguments</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Do nothing beyond expanding <var>arguments</var> and performing redirections.
+The return status is zero.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>.    <span class="roman">(a period)</span></code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_002e"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">. <var>filename</var> [<var>arguments</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Read and execute commands from the <var>filename</var> argument in the
+current shell context.  If <var>filename</var> does not contain a slash,
+the <code>PATH</code> variable is used to find <var>filename</var>.
+When Bash is not in <small>POSIX</small> mode, the current directory is searched
+if <var>filename</var> is not found in <code>$PATH</code>.
+If any <var>arguments</var> are supplied, they become the positional
+parameters when <var>filename</var> is executed.  Otherwise the positional
+parameters are unchanged.
+If the <samp>-T</samp> option is enabled, <code>source</code> inherits any trap on
+<code>DEBUG</code>; if it is not, any <code>DEBUG</code> trap string is saved and
+restored around the call to <code>source</code>, and <code>source</code> unsets the
+<code>DEBUG</code> trap while it executes.
+If <samp>-T</samp> is not set, and the sourced file changes
+the <code>DEBUG</code> trap, the new value is retained when <code>source</code> completes.
+The return status is the exit status of the last command executed, or
+zero if no commands are executed.  If <var>filename</var> is not found, or
+cannot be read, the return status is non-zero.
+This builtin is equivalent to <code>source</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>break</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-break"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">break [<var>n</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Exit from a <code>for</code>, <code>while</code>, <code>until</code>, or <code>select</code> loop.
+If <var>n</var> is supplied, the <var>n</var>th enclosing loop is exited.
+<var>n</var> must be greater than or equal to 1.
+The return status is zero unless <var>n</var> is not greater than or equal to 1.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>cd</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-cd"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@] [<var>directory</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Change the current working directory to <var>directory</var>.
+If <var>directory</var> is not supplied, the value of the <code>HOME</code>
+shell variable is used.
+Any additional arguments following <var>directory</var> are ignored.
+If the shell variable
+<code>CDPATH</code> exists, it is used as a search path:
+each directory name in <code>CDPATH</code> is searched for
+<var>directory</var>, with alternative directory names in <code>CDPATH</code>
+separated by a colon (&lsquo;<samp>:</samp>&rsquo;).
+If <var>directory</var> begins with a slash, <code>CDPATH</code> is not used.
+</p>
+<p>The <samp>-P</samp> option means to not follow symbolic links: symbolic links
+are resolved while <code>cd</code> is traversing <var>directory</var> and before
+processing an instance of &lsquo;<samp>..</samp>&rsquo; in <var>directory</var>.
+</p>
+<p>By default, or when the <samp>-L</samp> option is supplied, symbolic links
+in <var>directory</var> are resolved after <code>cd</code> processes an instance
+of &lsquo;<samp>..</samp>&rsquo; in <var>directory</var>.
+</p>
+<p>If &lsquo;<samp>..</samp>&rsquo; appears in <var>directory</var>, it is processed by removing the
+immediately preceding pathname component, back to a slash or the beginning
+of <var>directory</var>.
+</p>
+<p>If the <samp>-e</samp> option is supplied with <samp>-P</samp>
+and the current working directory cannot be successfully determined
+after a successful directory change, <code>cd</code> will return an unsuccessful
+status.
+</p>
+<p>On systems that support it, the <samp>-@</samp> option presents the extended
+attributes associated with a file as a directory.              
+</p>
+<p>If <var>directory</var> is &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;, it is converted to <code>$OLDPWD</code>
+before the directory change is attempted.
+</p>
+<p>If a non-empty directory name from <code>CDPATH</code> is used, or if
+&lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo; is the first argument, and the directory change is
+successful, the absolute pathname of the new working directory is
+written to the standard output.
+</p>
+<p>The return status is zero if the directory is successfully changed,
+non-zero otherwise.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>continue</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-continue"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">continue [<var>n</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Resume the next iteration of an enclosing <code>for</code>, <code>while</code>,
+<code>until</code>, or <code>select</code> loop.
+If <var>n</var> is supplied, the execution of the <var>n</var>th enclosing loop
+is resumed.
+<var>n</var> must be greater than or equal to 1.
+The return status is zero unless <var>n</var> is not greater than or equal to 1.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>eval</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-eval"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">eval [<var>arguments</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The arguments are concatenated together into a single command, which is
+then read and executed, and its exit status returned as the exit status
+of <code>eval</code>.
+If there are no arguments or only empty arguments, the return status is
+zero.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>exec</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-exec"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">exec [-cl] [-a <var>name</var>] [<var>command</var> [<var>arguments</var>]]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>If <var>command</var>
+is supplied, it replaces the shell without creating a new process.
+If the <samp>-l</samp> option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the
+beginning of the zeroth argument passed to <var>command</var>.
+This is what the <code>login</code> program does.
+The <samp>-c</samp> option causes <var>command</var> to be executed with an empty
+environment.
+If <samp>-a</samp> is supplied, the shell passes <var>name</var> as the zeroth
+argument to <var>command</var>.
+If <var>command</var>
+cannot be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits,
+unless the <code>execfail</code> shell option
+is enabled.  In that case, it returns failure.
+An interactive shell returns failure if the file cannot be executed.
+A subshell exits unconditionally if <code>exec</code> fails.
+If no <var>command</var> is specified, redirections may be used to affect
+the current shell environment.  If there are no redirection errors, the
+return status is zero; otherwise the return status is non-zero.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>exit</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-exit"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">exit [<var>n</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Exit the shell, returning a status of <var>n</var> to the shell&rsquo;s parent.
+If <var>n</var> is omitted, the exit status is that of the last command executed.
+Any trap on <code>EXIT</code> is executed before the shell terminates.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>export</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-export"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">export [-fn] [-p] [<var>name</var>[=<var>value</var>]]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Mark each <var>name</var> to be passed to child processes
+in the environment.  If the <samp>-f</samp> option is supplied, the <var>name</var>s
+refer to shell functions; otherwise the names refer to shell variables.
+The <samp>-n</samp> option means to no longer mark each <var>name</var> for export.
+If no <var>names</var> are supplied, or if the <samp>-p</samp> option is given, a
+list of names of all exported variables is displayed.
+The <samp>-p</samp> option displays output in a form that may be reused as input.
+If a variable name is followed by =<var>value</var>, the value of
+the variable is set to <var>value</var>.
+</p>
+<p>The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied, one of
+the names is not a valid shell variable name, or <samp>-f</samp> is supplied
+with a name that is not a shell function.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>getopts</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-getopts"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">getopts <var>optstring</var> <var>name</var> [<var>args</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p><code>getopts</code> is used by shell scripts to parse positional parameters.
+<var>optstring</var> contains the option characters to be recognized; if a
+character is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an
+argument, which should be separated from it by whitespace.
+The colon (&lsquo;<samp>:</samp>&rsquo;) and question mark (&lsquo;<samp>?</samp>&rsquo;) may not be
+used as option characters.
+Each time it is invoked, <code>getopts</code>
+places the next option in the shell variable <var>name</var>, initializing
+<var>name</var> if it does not exist,
+and the index of the next argument to be processed into the
+variable <code>OPTIND</code>.
+<code>OPTIND</code> is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a shell script
+is invoked.
+When an option requires an argument,
+<code>getopts</code> places that argument into the variable <code>OPTARG</code>.
+The shell does not reset <code>OPTIND</code> automatically; it must be manually
+reset between multiple calls to <code>getopts</code> within the same shell
+invocation if a new set of parameters is to be used.
+</p>
+<p>When the end of options is encountered, <code>getopts</code> exits with a
+return value greater than zero.
+<code>OPTIND</code> is set to the index of the first non-option argument,
+and <var>name</var> is set to &lsquo;<samp>?</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p><code>getopts</code>
+normally parses the positional parameters, but if more arguments are
+given in <var>args</var>, <code>getopts</code> parses those instead.
+</p>
+<p><code>getopts</code> can report errors in two ways.  If the first character of
+<var>optstring</var> is a colon, <var>silent</var>
+error reporting is used.  In normal operation, diagnostic messages
+are printed when invalid options or missing option arguments are
+encountered.
+If the variable <code>OPTERR</code>
+is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed, even if the first
+character of <code>optstring</code> is not a colon.
+</p>
+<p>If an invalid option is seen,
+<code>getopts</code> places &lsquo;<samp>?</samp>&rsquo; into <var>name</var> and, if not silent,
+prints an error message and unsets <code>OPTARG</code>.
+If <code>getopts</code> is silent, the option character found is placed in
+<code>OPTARG</code> and no diagnostic message is printed.
+</p>
+<p>If a required argument is not found, and <code>getopts</code>
+is not silent, a question mark (&lsquo;<samp>?</samp>&rsquo;) is placed in <var>name</var>,
+<code>OPTARG</code> is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed.
+If <code>getopts</code> is silent, then a colon (&lsquo;<samp>:</samp>&rsquo;) is placed in
+<var>name</var> and <code>OPTARG</code> is set to the option character found.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>hash</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-hash"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">hash [-r] [-p <var>filename</var>] [-dt] [<var>name</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Each time <code>hash</code> is invoked, it remembers the full pathnames of the
+commands specified as <var>name</var> arguments,
+so they need not be searched for on subsequent invocations.
+The commands are found by searching through the directories listed in
+<code>$PATH</code>.
+Any previously-remembered pathname is discarded.
+The <samp>-p</samp> option inhibits the path search, and <var>filename</var> is
+used as the location of <var>name</var>.
+The <samp>-r</samp> option causes the shell to forget all remembered locations.
+The <samp>-d</samp> option causes the shell to forget the remembered location
+of each <var>name</var>.
+If the <samp>-t</samp> option is supplied, the full pathname to which each
+<var>name</var> corresponds is printed.  If multiple <var>name</var> arguments are
+supplied with <samp>-t</samp>, the <var>name</var> is printed before the hashed
+full pathname.
+The <samp>-l</samp> option causes output to be displayed in a format
+that may be reused as input.
+If no arguments are given, or if only <samp>-l</samp> is supplied,
+information about remembered commands is printed.
+The return status is zero unless a <var>name</var> is not found or an invalid
+option is supplied.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>pwd</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-pwd"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">pwd [-LP]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.
+If the <samp>-P</samp> option is supplied, the pathname printed will not
+contain symbolic links.
+If the <samp>-L</samp> option is supplied, the pathname printed may contain
+symbolic links.
+The return status is zero unless an error is encountered while
+determining the name of the current directory or an invalid option
+is supplied.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>readonly</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-readonly"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">readonly [-aAf] [-p] [<var>name</var>[=<var>value</var>]] &hellip;
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Mark each <var>name</var> as readonly.
+The values of these names may not be changed by subsequent assignment.
+If the <samp>-f</samp> option is supplied, each <var>name</var> refers to a shell
+function.
+The <samp>-a</samp> option means each <var>name</var> refers to an indexed
+array variable; the <samp>-A</samp> option means each <var>name</var> refers
+to an associative array variable.
+If both options are supplied, <samp>-A</samp> takes precedence.
+If no <var>name</var> arguments are given, or if the <samp>-p</samp>
+option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed.
+The other options may be used to restrict the output to a subset of
+the set of readonly names.
+The <samp>-p</samp> option causes output to be displayed in a format that
+may be reused as input.
+If a variable name is followed by =<var>value</var>, the value of
+the variable is set to <var>value</var>.
+The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied, one of
+the <var>name</var> arguments is not a valid shell variable or function name,
+or the <samp>-f</samp> option is supplied with a name that is not a shell function.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>return</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-return"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">return [<var>n</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Cause a shell function to stop executing and return the value <var>n</var>
+to its caller.
+If <var>n</var> is not supplied, the return value is the exit status of the
+last command executed in the function.
+If <code>return</code> is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to
+determine the status is the last command executed before the trap handler.
+If <code>return</code> is executed during a <code>DEBUG</code> trap, the last command
+used to determine the status is the last command executed by the trap
+handler before <code>return</code> was invoked.
+<code>return</code> may also be used to terminate execution of a script
+being executed with the <code>.</code> (<code>source</code>) builtin,
+returning either <var>n</var> or
+the exit status of the last command executed within the script as the exit
+status of the script.
+If <var>n</var> is supplied, the return value is its least significant
+8 bits.
+Any command associated with the <code>RETURN</code> trap is executed
+before execution resumes after the function or script.
+The return status is non-zero if <code>return</code> is supplied a non-numeric
+argument or is used outside a function
+and not during the execution of a script by <code>.</code> or <code>source</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>shift</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-shift"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">shift [<var>n</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Shift the positional parameters to the left by <var>n</var>.
+The positional parameters from <var>n</var>+1 &hellip; <code>$#</code> are
+renamed to <code>$1</code> &hellip; <code>$#</code>-<var>n</var>.
+Parameters represented by the numbers <code>$#</code> to <code>$#</code>-<var>n</var>+1
+are unset.
+<var>n</var> must be a non-negative number less than or equal to <code>$#</code>.
+If <var>n</var> is zero or greater than <code>$#</code>, the positional parameters
+are not changed.
+If <var>n</var> is not supplied, it is assumed to be 1.
+The return status is zero unless <var>n</var> is greater than <code>$#</code> or
+less than zero, non-zero otherwise.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>test</code></dt>
+<dt><code>[</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-test"></a>
+<a name="index-_005b"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">test <var>expr</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Evaluate a conditional expression <var>expr</var> and return a status of 0
+(true) or 1 (false).
+Each operator and operand must be a separate argument.
+Expressions are composed of the primaries described below in
+<a href="#Bash-Conditional-Expressions">Bash Conditional Expressions</a>.
+<code>test</code> does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore
+an argument of <samp>--</samp> as signifying the end of options.
+</p>
+<p>When the <code>[</code> form is used, the last argument to the command must
+be a <code>]</code>.
+</p>
+<p>Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed in
+decreasing order of precedence.
+The evaluation depends on the number of arguments; see below.
+Operator precedence is used when there are five or more arguments.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>! <var>expr</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>expr</var> is false.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>( <var>expr</var> )</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Returns the value of <var>expr</var>.
+This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code><var>expr1</var> -a <var>expr2</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if both <var>expr1</var> and <var>expr2</var> are true.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code><var>expr1</var> -o <var>expr2</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if either <var>expr1</var> or <var>expr2</var> is true.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>The <code>test</code> and <code>[</code> builtins evaluate conditional
+expressions using a set of rules based on the number of arguments.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt>0 arguments</dt>
+<dd><p>The expression is false.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt>1 argument</dt>
+<dd><p>The expression is true if, and only if, the argument is not null.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt>2 arguments</dt>
+<dd><p>If the first argument is &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo;, the expression is true if and
+only if the second argument is null.
+If the first argument is one of the unary conditional operators
+(see <a href="#Bash-Conditional-Expressions">Bash Conditional Expressions</a>), the expression
+is true if the unary test is true.
+If the first argument is not a valid unary operator, the expression is
+false.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt>3 arguments</dt>
+<dd><p>The following conditions are applied in the order listed.
+</p>
+<ol>
+<li> If the second argument is one of the binary conditional
+operators (see <a href="#Bash-Conditional-Expressions">Bash Conditional Expressions</a>), the
+result of the expression is the result of the binary test using the
+first and third arguments as operands.
+The &lsquo;<samp>-a</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>-o</samp>&rsquo; operators are considered binary operators
+when there are three arguments.
+</li><li> If the first argument is &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo;, the value is the negation of
+the two-argument test using the second and third arguments.
+</li><li> If the first argument is exactly &lsquo;<samp>(</samp>&rsquo; and the third argument is
+exactly &lsquo;<samp>)</samp>&rsquo;, the result is the one-argument test of the second
+argument.
+</li><li> Otherwise, the expression is false.
+</li></ol>
+
+</dd>
+<dt>4 arguments</dt>
+<dd><p>If the first argument is &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo;, the result is the negation of
+the three-argument expression composed of the remaining arguments.
+Otherwise, the expression is parsed and evaluated according to
+precedence using the rules listed above.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt>5 or more arguments</dt>
+<dd><p>The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence
+using the rules listed above.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>When used with <code>test</code> or &lsquo;<samp>[</samp>&rsquo;, the &lsquo;<samp>&lt;</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>&gt;</samp>&rsquo;
+operators sort lexicographically using ASCII ordering.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>times</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-times"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">times
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Print out the user and system times used by the shell and its children.
+The return status is zero.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>trap</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-trap"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">trap [-lp] [<var>arg</var>] [<var>sigspec</var> &hellip;]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The commands in <var>arg</var> are to be read and executed when the
+shell receives signal <var>sigspec</var>.  If <var>arg</var> is absent (and
+there is a single <var>sigspec</var>) or
+equal to &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;, each specified signal&rsquo;s disposition is reset
+to the value it had when the shell was started.
+If <var>arg</var> is the null string, then the signal specified by
+each <var>sigspec</var> is ignored by the shell and commands it invokes.
+If <var>arg</var> is not present and <samp>-p</samp> has been supplied,
+the shell displays the trap commands associated with each <var>sigspec</var>.
+If no arguments are supplied, or
+only <samp>-p</samp> is given, <code>trap</code> prints the list of commands
+associated with each signal number in a form that may be reused as
+shell input.
+The <samp>-l</samp> option causes the shell to print a list of signal names
+and their corresponding numbers.
+Each <var>sigspec</var> is either a signal name or a signal number.
+Signal names are case insensitive and the <code>SIG</code> prefix is optional.
+</p>
+<p>If a <var>sigspec</var>
+is <code>0</code> or <code>EXIT</code>, <var>arg</var> is executed when the shell exits.
+If a <var>sigspec</var> is <code>DEBUG</code>, the command <var>arg</var> is executed
+before every simple command, <code>for</code> command, <code>case</code> command,
+<code>select</code> command, every arithmetic <code>for</code> command, and before
+the first command executes in a shell function.
+Refer to the description of the <code>extdebug</code> option to the
+<code>shopt</code> builtin (see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>) for details of its
+effect on the <code>DEBUG</code> trap.
+If a <var>sigspec</var> is <code>RETURN</code>, the command <var>arg</var> is executed
+each time a shell function or a script executed with the <code>.</code> or
+<code>source</code> builtins finishes executing.
+</p>
+<p>If a <var>sigspec</var> is <code>ERR</code>, the command <var>arg</var> 
+is executed whenever
+a pipeline (which may consist of a single simple
+command), a list, or a compound command returns a
+non-zero exit status,
+subject to the following conditions.
+The <code>ERR</code> trap is not executed if the failed command is part of the
+command list immediately following an <code>until</code> or <code>while</code> keyword,
+part of the test following the <code>if</code> or <code>elif</code> reserved words,
+part of a command executed in a <code>&amp;&amp;</code> or <code>||</code> list
+except the command following the final <code>&amp;&amp;</code> or <code>||</code>,
+any command in a pipeline but the last,
+or if the command&rsquo;s return
+status is being inverted using <code>!</code>.
+These are the same conditions obeyed by the <code>errexit</code> (<samp>-e</samp>)
+option.
+</p>
+<p>Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.
+Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to their original
+values in a subshell or subshell environment when one is created.
+</p>
+<p>The return status is zero unless a <var>sigspec</var> does not specify a
+valid signal.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>umask</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-umask"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">umask [-p] [-S] [<var>mode</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Set the shell process&rsquo;s file creation mask to <var>mode</var>.  If
+<var>mode</var> begins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number;
+if not, it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar
+to that accepted by the <code>chmod</code> command.  If <var>mode</var> is
+omitted, the current value of the mask is printed.  If the <samp>-S</samp>
+option is supplied without a <var>mode</var> argument, the mask is printed
+in a symbolic format.
+If the  <samp>-p</samp> option is supplied, and <var>mode</var>
+is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.
+The return status is zero if the mode is successfully changed or if
+no <var>mode</var> argument is supplied, and non-zero otherwise.
+</p>
+<p>Note that when the mode is interpreted as an octal number, each number
+of the umask is subtracted from <code>7</code>.  Thus, a umask of <code>022</code>
+results in permissions of <code>755</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>unset</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-unset"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">unset [-fnv] [<var>name</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Remove each variable or function <var>name</var>.
+If the <samp>-v</samp> option is given, each
+<var>name</var> refers to a shell variable and that variable is removed.
+If the <samp>-f</samp> option is given, the <var>name</var>s refer to shell
+functions, and the function definition is removed.
+If the <samp>-n</samp> option is supplied, and <var>name</var> is a variable with
+the <var>nameref</var> attribute, <var>name</var> will be unset rather than the
+variable it references.
+<samp>-n</samp> has no effect if the <samp>-f</samp> option is supplied.
+If no options are supplied, each <var>name</var> refers to a variable; if
+there is no variable by that name, any function with that name is
+unset.
+Readonly variables and functions may not be unset.
+The return status is zero unless a <var>name</var> is readonly.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Bash-Builtins"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Modifying-Shell-Behavior" accesskey="n" rel="next">Modifying Shell Behavior</a>, Previous: <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Builtin Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Bash-Builtin-Commands"></a>
+<h3 class="section">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</h3>
+
+<p>This section describes builtin commands which are unique to
+or have been extended in Bash.
+Some of these commands are specified in the <small>POSIX</small> standard.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>alias</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-alias"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">alias [-p] [<var>name</var>[=<var>value</var>] &hellip;]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Without arguments or with the <samp>-p</samp> option, <code>alias</code> prints
+the list of aliases on the standard output in a form that allows
+them to be reused as input.
+If arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each <var>name</var>
+whose <var>value</var> is given.  If no <var>value</var> is given, the name
+and value of the alias is printed.
+Aliases are described in <a href="#Aliases">Aliases</a>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>bind</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-bind"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">bind [-m <var>keymap</var>] [-lpsvPSVX]
+bind [-m <var>keymap</var>] [-q <var>function</var>] [-u <var>function</var>] [-r <var>keyseq</var>]
+bind [-m <var>keymap</var>] -f <var>filename</var>
+bind [-m <var>keymap</var>] -x <var>keyseq:shell-command</var>
+bind [-m <var>keymap</var>] <var>keyseq:function-name</var>
+bind [-m <var>keymap</var>] <var>keyseq:readline-command</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Display current Readline (see <a href="#Command-Line-Editing">Command Line Editing</a>)
+key and function bindings,
+bind a key sequence to a Readline function or macro,
+or set a Readline variable.
+Each non-option argument is a command as it would appear in a
+Readline initialization file (see <a href="#Readline-Init-File">Readline Init File</a>),
+but each binding or command must be passed as a separate argument;  e.g.,
+&lsquo;<samp>&quot;\C-x\C-r&quot;:re-read-init-file</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>-m <var>keymap</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Use <var>keymap</var> as the keymap to be affected by
+the subsequent bindings.  Acceptable <var>keymap</var>
+names are
+<code>emacs</code>,
+<code>emacs-standard</code>,
+<code>emacs-meta</code>,
+<code>emacs-ctlx</code>,
+<code>vi</code>,
+<code>vi-move</code>,
+<code>vi-command</code>, and
+<code>vi-insert</code>.
+<code>vi</code> is equivalent to <code>vi-command</code> (<code>vi-move</code> is also a
+synonym); <code>emacs</code> is equivalent to <code>emacs-standard</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-l</code></dt>
+<dd><p>List the names of all Readline functions.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-p</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Display Readline function names and bindings in such a way that they
+can be used as input or in a Readline initialization file.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-P</code></dt>
+<dd><p>List current Readline function names and bindings.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-v</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Display Readline variable names and values in such a way that they
+can be used as input or in a Readline initialization file.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-V</code></dt>
+<dd><p>List current Readline variable names and values.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-s</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output
+in such a way that they can be used as input or in a Readline
+initialization file.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-S</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-f <var>filename</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Read key bindings from <var>filename</var>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-q <var>function</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Query about which keys invoke the named <var>function</var>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-u <var>function</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Unbind all keys bound to the named <var>function</var>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-r <var>keyseq</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Remove any current binding for <var>keyseq</var>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-x <var>keyseq:shell-command</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Cause <var>shell-command</var> to be executed whenever <var>keyseq</var> is
+entered.
+When <var>shell-command</var> is executed, the shell sets the
+<code>READLINE_LINE</code> variable to the contents of the Readline line
+buffer and the <code>READLINE_POINT</code> variable to the current location
+of the insertion point.
+If the executed command changes the value of <code>READLINE_LINE</code> or
+<code>READLINE_POINT</code>, those new values will be reflected in the
+editing state.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-X</code></dt>
+<dd><p>List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the associated commands
+in a format that can be reused as input.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied or an
+error occurs.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>builtin</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-builtin"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">builtin [<var>shell-builtin</var> [<var>args</var>]]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Run a shell builtin, passing it <var>args</var>, and return its exit status.
+This is useful when defining a shell function with the same
+name as a shell builtin, retaining the functionality of the builtin within
+the function.
+The return status is non-zero if <var>shell-builtin</var> is not a shell
+builtin command.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>caller</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-caller"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">caller [<var>expr</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell function or
+a script executed with the <code>.</code> or <code>source</code> builtins).
+</p>
+<p>Without <var>expr</var>, <code>caller</code> displays the line number and source
+filename of the current subroutine call.
+If a non-negative integer is supplied as <var>expr</var>, <code>caller</code>
+displays the line number, subroutine name, and source file corresponding
+to that position in the current execution call stack.  This extra
+information may be used, for example, to print a stack trace.  The
+current frame is frame 0.
+</p>
+<p>The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a subroutine
+call or <var>expr</var> does not correspond to a valid position in the
+call stack.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>command</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-command"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">command [-pVv] <var>command</var> [<var>arguments</var> &hellip;]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Runs <var>command</var> with <var>arguments</var> ignoring any shell function
+named <var>command</var>.
+Only shell builtin commands or commands found by searching the
+<code>PATH</code> are executed.
+If there is a shell function named <code>ls</code>, running &lsquo;<samp>command ls</samp>&rsquo;
+within the function will execute the external command <code>ls</code>
+instead of calling the function recursively.
+The <samp>-p</samp> option means to use a default value for <code>PATH</code>
+that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities.
+The return status in this case is 127 if <var>command</var> cannot be
+found or an error occurred, and the exit status of <var>command</var>
+otherwise.
+</p>
+<p>If either the <samp>-V</samp> or <samp>-v</samp> option is supplied, a
+description of <var>command</var> is printed.  The <samp>-v</samp> option
+causes a single word indicating the command or file name used to
+invoke <var>command</var> to be displayed; the <samp>-V</samp> option produces
+a more verbose description.  In this case, the return status is
+zero if <var>command</var> is found, and non-zero if not.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>declare</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-declare"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">declare [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] [<var>name</var>[=<var>value</var>] &hellip;]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Declare variables and give them attributes.  If no <var>name</var>s
+are given, then display the values of variables instead. 
+</p>
+<p>The <samp>-p</samp> option will display the attributes and values of each
+<var>name</var>.
+When <samp>-p</samp> is used with <var>name</var> arguments, additional options,
+other than <samp>-f</samp> and <samp>-F</samp>, are ignored.
+</p>
+<p>When <samp>-p</samp> is supplied without <var>name</var> arguments, <code>declare</code>
+will display the attributes and values of all variables having the
+attributes specified by the additional options.
+If no other options are supplied with <samp>-p</samp>, <code>declare</code> will
+display the attributes and values of all shell variables.  The <samp>-f</samp>
+option will restrict the display to shell functions.
+</p>
+<p>The <samp>-F</samp> option inhibits the display of function definitions;
+only the function name and attributes are printed.
+If the <code>extdebug</code> shell option is enabled using <code>shopt</code>
+(see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>), the source file name and line number where
+each <var>name</var> is defined are displayed as well.
+<samp>-F</samp> implies <samp>-f</samp>.
+</p>
+<p>The <samp>-g</samp> option forces variables to be created or modified at
+the global scope, even when <code>declare</code> is executed in a shell function.
+It is ignored in all other cases.
+</p>
+<p>The following options can be used to restrict output to variables with
+the specified attributes or to give variables attributes:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>-a</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Each <var>name</var> is an indexed array variable (see <a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-A</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Each <var>name</var> is an associative array variable (see <a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-f</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Use function names only.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-i</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The variable is to be treated as
+an integer; arithmetic evaluation (see <a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a>) is
+performed when the variable is assigned a value.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-l</code></dt>
+<dd><p>When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case characters are
+converted to lower-case.
+The upper-case attribute is disabled.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-n</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Give each <var>name</var> the <var>nameref</var> attribute, making
+it a name reference to another variable.
+That other variable is defined by the value of <var>name</var>.
+All references, assignments, and attribute modifications
+to <var>name</var>, except for those using or changing the
+<samp>-n</samp> attribute itself, are performed on the variable referenced by
+<var>name</var>&rsquo;s value.
+The nameref attribute cannot be applied to array variables.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-r</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Make <var>name</var>s readonly.  These names cannot then be assigned values
+by subsequent assignment statements or unset.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-t</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Give each <var>name</var> the <code>trace</code> attribute.
+Traced functions inherit the <code>DEBUG</code> and <code>RETURN</code> traps from
+the calling shell.
+The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-u</code></dt>
+<dd><p>When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case characters are
+converted to upper-case.
+The lower-case attribute is disabled.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-x</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Mark each <var>name</var> for export to subsequent commands via
+the environment.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>Using &lsquo;<samp>+</samp>&rsquo; instead of &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo; turns off the attribute instead,
+with the exceptions that &lsquo;<samp>+a</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>+A</samp>&rsquo;
+may not be used to destroy array variables and &lsquo;<samp>+r</samp>&rsquo; will not
+remove the readonly attribute.
+When used in a function, <code>declare</code> makes each <var>name</var> local,
+as with the <code>local</code> command, unless the <samp>-g</samp> option is used.
+If a variable name is followed by =<var>value</var>, the value of the variable
+is set to <var>value</var>.
+</p>
+<p>When using <samp>-a</samp> or <samp>-A</samp> and the compound assignment syntax to 
+create array variables, additional attributes do not take effect until
+subsequent assignments.
+</p>
+<p>The return status is zero unless an invalid option is encountered,
+an attempt is made to define a function using &lsquo;<samp>-f foo=bar</samp>&rsquo;,
+an attempt is made to assign a value to a readonly variable,
+an attempt is made to assign a value to an array variable without
+using the compound assignment syntax (see <a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>),
+one of the <var>names</var> is not a valid shell variable name,
+an attempt is made to turn off readonly status for a readonly variable,
+an attempt is made to turn off array status for an array variable,
+or an attempt is made to display a non-existent function with <samp>-f</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>echo</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-echo"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">echo [-neE] [<var>arg</var> &hellip;]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Output the <var>arg</var>s, separated by spaces, terminated with a
+newline.
+The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs.
+If <samp>-n</samp> is specified, the trailing newline is suppressed.
+If the <samp>-e</samp> option is given, interpretation of the following
+backslash-escaped characters is enabled.
+The <samp>-E</samp> option disables the interpretation of these escape characters,
+even on systems where they are interpreted by default.
+The <code>xpg_echo</code> shell option may be used to
+dynamically determine whether or not <code>echo</code> expands these
+escape characters by default.
+<code>echo</code> does not interpret <samp>--</samp> to mean the end of options.
+</p>
+<p><code>echo</code> interprets the following escape sequences:
+</p><dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>\a</code></dt>
+<dd><p>alert (bell)
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\b</code></dt>
+<dd><p>backspace
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\c</code></dt>
+<dd><p>suppress further output
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\e</code></dt>
+<dt><code>\E</code></dt>
+<dd><p>escape
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\f</code></dt>
+<dd><p>form feed
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\n</code></dt>
+<dd><p>new line
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\r</code></dt>
+<dd><p>carriage return
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\t</code></dt>
+<dd><p>horizontal tab
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\v</code></dt>
+<dd><p>vertical tab
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\\</code></dt>
+<dd><p>backslash
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\0<var>nnn</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value <var>nnn</var>
+(zero to three octal digits)
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\x<var>HH</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value <var>HH</var>
+(one or two hex digits)
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\u<var>HHHH</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+<var>HHHH</var> (one to four hex digits)
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\U<var>HHHHHHHH</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+<var>HHHHHHHH</var> (one to eight hex digits)
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+</dd>
+<dt><code>enable</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-enable"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f <var>filename</var>] [<var>name</var> &hellip;]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Enable and disable builtin shell commands.
+Disabling a builtin allows a disk command which has the same name
+as a shell builtin to be executed without specifying a full pathname,
+even though the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands.
+If <samp>-n</samp> is used, the <var>name</var>s become disabled.  Otherwise
+<var>name</var>s are enabled.  For example, to use the <code>test</code> binary
+found via <code>$PATH</code> instead of the shell builtin version, type
+&lsquo;<samp>enable -n test</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>If the <samp>-p</samp> option is supplied, or no <var>name</var> arguments appear,
+a list of shell builtins is printed.  With no other arguments, the list
+consists of all enabled shell builtins.
+The <samp>-a</samp> option means to list
+each builtin with an indication of whether or not it is enabled. 
+</p>
+<p>The <samp>-f</samp> option means to load the new builtin command <var>name</var>
+from shared object <var>filename</var>, on systems that support dynamic loading.
+The <samp>-d</samp> option will delete a builtin loaded with <samp>-f</samp>.
+</p>
+<p>If there are no options, a list of the shell builtins is displayed.
+The <samp>-s</samp> option restricts <code>enable</code> to the <small>POSIX</small> special
+builtins.  If <samp>-s</samp> is used with <samp>-f</samp>, the new builtin becomes
+a special builtin (see <a href="#Special-Builtins">Special Builtins</a>).
+</p>
+<p>The return status is zero unless a <var>name</var> is not a shell builtin
+or there is an error loading a new builtin from a shared object.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>help</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-help"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">help [-dms] [<var>pattern</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Display helpful information about builtin commands.
+If <var>pattern</var> is specified, <code>help</code> gives detailed help
+on all commands matching <var>pattern</var>, otherwise a list of
+the builtins is printed.
+</p>
+<p>Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>-d</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Display a short description of each <var>pattern</var>
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>-m</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Display the description of each <var>pattern</var> in a manpage-like format
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>-s</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Display only a short usage synopsis for each <var>pattern</var>
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>The return status is zero unless no command matches <var>pattern</var>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>let</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-let"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">let <var>expression</var> [<var>expression</var> &hellip;]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <code>let</code> builtin allows arithmetic to be performed on shell
+variables.  Each <var>expression</var> is evaluated according to the
+rules given below in <a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a>.  If the
+last <var>expression</var> evaluates to 0, <code>let</code> returns 1;
+otherwise 0 is returned.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>local</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-local"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">local [<var>option</var>] <var>name</var>[=<var>value</var>] &hellip;
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>For each argument, a local variable named <var>name</var> is created,
+and assigned <var>value</var>.
+The <var>option</var> can be any of the options accepted by <code>declare</code>.
+<code>local</code> can only be used within a function; it makes the variable
+<var>name</var> have a visible scope restricted to that function and its
+children.
+If <var>name</var> is &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;, the set of shell options is made local to the
+function in which <code>local</code> is invoked: shell options changed using
+the <code>set</code> builtin inside the function are restored to their original
+values when the function returns.
+The return status is zero unless <code>local</code> is used outside
+a function, an invalid <var>name</var> is supplied, or <var>name</var> is a
+readonly variable.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>logout</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-logout"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">logout [<var>n</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Exit a login shell, returning a status of <var>n</var> to the shell&rsquo;s
+parent.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>mapfile</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-mapfile"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">mapfile [-d <var>delim</var>] [-n <var>count</var>] [-O <var>origin</var>] [-s <var>count</var>]
+    [-t] [-u <var>fd</var>] [-C <var>callback</var>] [-c <var>quantum</var>] [<var>array</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable <var>array</var>,
+or from file descriptor <var>fd</var>
+if the <samp>-u</samp> option is supplied.
+The variable <code>MAPFILE</code> is the default <var>array</var>.
+Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>-d</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The first character of <var>delim</var> is used to terminate each input line,
+rather than newline.
+If <var>delim</var> is the empty string, <code>mapfile</code> will terminate a line
+when it reads a NUL character.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>-n</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Copy at most <var>count</var> lines.  If <var>count</var> is 0, all lines are copied.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>-O</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Begin assigning to <var>array</var> at index <var>origin</var>.
+The default index is 0.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>-s</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Discard the first <var>count</var> lines read.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>-t</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Remove a trailing <var>delim</var> (default newline) from each line read.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>-u</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Read lines from file descriptor <var>fd</var> instead of the standard input.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>-C</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Evaluate <var>callback</var> each time <var>quantum</var> lines are read.
+The <samp>-c</samp> option specifies <var>quantum</var>.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>-c</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Specify the number of lines read between each call to <var>callback</var>.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>If <samp>-C</samp> is specified without <samp>-c</samp>,
+the default quantum is 5000.
+When <var>callback</var>  is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next
+array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that element
+as additional arguments.
+<var>callback</var> is evaluated after the line is read but before the
+array element is assigned.
+</p>
+<p>If not supplied with an explicit origin, <code>mapfile</code> will clear <var>array</var>
+before assigning to it.
+</p>
+<p><code>mapfile</code> returns successfully unless an invalid option or option
+argument is supplied, <var>array</var> is invalid or unassignable, or <var>array</var>
+is not an indexed array.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>printf</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-printf"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">printf [-v <var>var</var>] <var>format</var> [<var>arguments</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Write the formatted <var>arguments</var> to the standard output under the
+control of the <var>format</var>.
+The <samp>-v</samp> option causes the output to be assigned to the variable
+<var>var</var> rather than being printed to the standard output.
+</p>
+<p>The <var>format</var> is a character string which contains three types of objects:
+plain characters, which are simply copied to standard output, character
+escape sequences, which are converted and copied to the standard output, and
+format specifications, each of which causes printing of the next successive
+<var>argument</var>.
+In addition to the standard <code>printf(1)</code> formats, <code>printf</code>
+interprets the following extensions:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>%b</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Causes <code>printf</code> to expand backslash escape sequences in the
+corresponding <var>argument</var> in the same way as <code>echo -e</code>
+(see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>%q</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Causes <code>printf</code> to output the
+corresponding <var>argument</var> in a format that can be reused as shell input.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>%(<var>datefmt</var>)T</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Causes <code>printf</code> to output the date-time string resulting from using
+<var>datefmt</var> as a format string for <code>strftime</code>(3).
+The corresponding <var>argument</var> is an integer representing the number of
+seconds since the epoch.
+Two special argument values may be used: -1 represents the current
+time, and -2 represents the time the shell was invoked.
+If no argument is specified, conversion behaves as if -1 had been given.
+This is an exception to the usual <code>printf</code> behavior.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C language constants,
+except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and if the leading
+character is a single or double quote, the value is the ASCII value of
+the following character.
+</p>
+<p>The <var>format</var> is reused as necessary to consume all of the <var>arguments</var>.
+If the <var>format</var> requires more <var>arguments</var> than are supplied, the
+extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or null string, as
+appropriate, had been supplied.  The return value is zero on success,
+non-zero on failure.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>read</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-read"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">read [-ers] [-a <var>aname</var>] [-d <var>delim</var>] [-i <var>text</var>] [-n <var>nchars</var>]
+    [-N <var>nchars</var>] [-p <var>prompt</var>] [-t <var>timeout</var>] [-u <var>fd</var>] [<var>name</var> &hellip;]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>One line is read from the standard input, or from the file descriptor
+<var>fd</var> supplied as an argument to the <samp>-u</samp> option,
+split into words as described above in <a href="#Word-Splitting">Word Splitting</a>,
+and the first word
+is assigned to the first <var>name</var>, the second word to the second <var>name</var>,
+and so on.
+If there are more words than names,
+the remaining words and their intervening delimiters are assigned
+to the last <var>name</var>.
+If there are fewer words read from the input stream than names,
+the remaining names are assigned empty values.
+The characters in the value of the <code>IFS</code> variable
+are used to split the line into words using the same rules the shell
+uses for expansion (described above in <a href="#Word-Splitting">Word Splitting</a>).
+The backslash character &lsquo;<samp>\</samp>&rsquo; may be used to remove any special
+meaning for the next character read and for line continuation.
+If no names are supplied, the line read is assigned to the
+variable <code>REPLY</code>.
+The exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, <code>read</code>
+times out (in which case the status is greater than 128),
+a variable assignment error (such as assigning to a readonly variable) occurs,
+or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to <samp>-u</samp>.
+</p>
+<p>Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>-a <var>aname</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array variable
+<var>aname</var>, starting at 0.
+All elements are removed from <var>aname</var> before the assignment.
+Other <var>name</var> arguments are ignored.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-d <var>delim</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>The first character of <var>delim</var> is used to terminate the input line,
+rather than newline.
+If <var>delim</var> is the empty string, <code>read</code> will terminate a line
+when it reads a NUL character.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-e</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Readline (see <a href="#Command-Line-Editing">Command Line Editing</a>) is used to obtain the line.
+Readline uses the current (or default, if line editing was not previously
+active) editing settings, but uses Readline&rsquo;s default filename completion.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-i <var>text</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>If Readline is being used to read the line, <var>text</var> is placed into
+the editing buffer before editing begins.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-n <var>nchars</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p><code>read</code> returns after reading <var>nchars</var> characters rather than
+waiting for a complete line of input, but honors a delimiter if fewer
+than <var>nchars</var> characters are read before the delimiter.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-N <var>nchars</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p><code>read</code> returns after reading exactly <var>nchars</var> characters rather
+than waiting for a complete line of input, unless EOF is encountered or
+<code>read</code> times out.
+Delimiter characters encountered in the input are
+not treated specially and do not cause <code>read</code> to return until
+<var>nchars</var> characters are read.
+The result is not split on the characters in <code>IFS</code>; the intent is
+that the variable is assigned exactly the characters read
+(with the exception of backslash; see the <samp>-r</samp> option below).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-p <var>prompt</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Display <var>prompt</var>, without a trailing newline, before attempting
+to read any input.
+The prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-r</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If this option is given, backslash does not act as an escape character.
+The backslash is considered to be part of the line.
+In particular, a backslash-newline pair may not then be used as a line
+continuation.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-s</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Silent mode.  If input is coming from a terminal, characters are
+not echoed.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-t <var>timeout</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Cause <code>read</code> to time out and return failure if a complete line of
+input (or a specified number of characters)
+is not read within <var>timeout</var> seconds.
+<var>timeout</var>  may be a decimal number with a fractional portion following
+the decimal point.
+This option is only effective if <code>read</code> is reading input from a
+terminal, pipe, or other special file; it has no effect when reading
+from regular files.
+If <code>read</code> times out, <code>read</code> saves any partial input read into
+the specified variable <var>name</var>.
+If <var>timeout</var> is 0, <code>read</code> returns immediately, without trying to
+read and data.  The exit status is 0 if input is available on
+the specified file descriptor, non-zero otherwise.
+The exit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-u <var>fd</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Read input from file descriptor <var>fd</var>.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+</dd>
+<dt><code>readarray</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-readarray"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">readarray [-d <var>delim</var>] [-n <var>count</var>] [-O <var>origin</var>] [-s <var>count</var>]
+    [-t] [-u <var>fd</var>] [-C <var>callback</var>] [-c <var>quantum</var>] [<var>array</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable <var>array</var>,
+or from file descriptor <var>fd</var>
+if the <samp>-u</samp> option is supplied.
+</p>
+<p>A synonym for <code>mapfile</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>source</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-source"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">source <var>filename</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>A synonym for <code>.</code> (see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>type</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-type"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">type [-afptP] [<var>name</var> &hellip;]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>For each <var>name</var>, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a
+command name.
+</p>
+<p>If the <samp>-t</samp> option is used, <code>type</code> prints a single word
+which is one of &lsquo;<samp>alias</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>function</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>builtin</samp>&rsquo;,
+&lsquo;<samp>file</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>keyword</samp>&rsquo;,
+if <var>name</var> is an alias, shell function, shell builtin,
+disk file, or shell reserved word, respectively.
+If the <var>name</var> is not found, then nothing is printed, and
+<code>type</code> returns a failure status.
+</p>
+<p>If the <samp>-p</samp> option is used, <code>type</code> either returns the name
+of the disk file that would be executed, or nothing if <samp>-t</samp>
+would not return &lsquo;<samp>file</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>The <samp>-P</samp> option forces a path search for each <var>name</var>, even if
+<samp>-t</samp> would not return &lsquo;<samp>file</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>If a command is hashed, <samp>-p</samp> and <samp>-P</samp> print the hashed value,
+which is not necessarily the file that appears first in <code>$PATH</code>.
+</p>
+<p>If the <samp>-a</samp> option is used, <code>type</code> returns all of the places
+that contain an executable named <var>file</var>.
+This includes aliases and functions, if and only if the <samp>-p</samp> option
+is not also used.
+</p>
+<p>If the <samp>-f</samp> option is used, <code>type</code> does not attempt to find
+shell functions, as with the <code>command</code> builtin.
+</p>
+<p>The return status is zero if all of the <var>names</var> are found, non-zero
+if any are not found.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>typeset</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-typeset"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">typeset [-afFgrxilnrtux] [-p] [<var>name</var>[=<var>value</var>] &hellip;]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <code>typeset</code> command is supplied for compatibility with the Korn
+shell.
+It is a synonym for the <code>declare</code> builtin command.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>ulimit</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-ulimit"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">ulimit [-HSabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPT] [<var>limit</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p><code>ulimit</code> provides control over the resources available to processes
+started by the shell, on systems that allow such control.  If an
+option is given, it is interpreted as follows:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>-S</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Change and report the soft limit associated with a resource.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-H</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Change and report the hard limit associated with a resource.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-a</code></dt>
+<dd><p>All current limits are reported.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-b</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum socket buffer size.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-c</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum size of core files created.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-d</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum size of a process&rsquo;s data segment.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-e</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum scheduling priority (&quot;nice&quot;).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-f</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum size of files written by the shell and its children.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-i</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum number of pending signals.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-k</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-l</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum size that may be locked into memory.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-m</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor this limit).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-n</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems do not
+allow this value to be set).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-p</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The pipe buffer size.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-q</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-r</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum real-time scheduling priority.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-s</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum stack size.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-t</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-u</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum number of processes available to a single user.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-v</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell, and, on
+some systems, to its children.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-x</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum number of file locks.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-P</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum number of pseudoterminals.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-T</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum number of threads.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>If <var>limit</var> is given, and the <samp>-a</samp> option is not used,
+<var>limit</var> is the new value of the specified resource.
+The special <var>limit</var> values <code>hard</code>, <code>soft</code>, and
+<code>unlimited</code> stand for the current hard limit, the current soft limit,
+and no limit, respectively.
+A hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set;
+a soft limit may be increased up to the value of the hard limit.
+Otherwise, the current value of the soft limit for the specified resource
+is printed, unless the <samp>-H</samp> option is supplied.
+When setting new limits, if neither <samp>-H</samp> nor <samp>-S</samp> is supplied,
+both the hard and soft limits are set.
+If no option is given, then <samp>-f</samp> is assumed.  Values are in 1024-byte
+increments, except for <samp>-t</samp>, which is in seconds; <samp>-p</samp>,
+which is in units of 512-byte blocks;
+<samp>-P</samp>,
+<samp>-T</samp>,
+<samp>-b</samp>,
+<samp>-k</samp>,
+<samp>-n</samp> and <samp>-u</samp>, which are unscaled values;
+and, when in <small>POSIX</small> Mode (see <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>),
+<samp>-c</samp> and <samp>-f</samp>, which are in 512-byte increments.
+</p>
+<p>The return status is zero unless an invalid option or argument is supplied,
+or an error occurs while setting a new limit.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>unalias</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-unalias"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">unalias [-a] [<var>name</var> &hellip; ]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Remove each <var>name</var> from the list of aliases.  If <samp>-a</samp> is
+supplied, all aliases are removed.
+Aliases are described in <a href="#Aliases">Aliases</a>.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Modifying-Shell-Behavior"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Special-Builtins" accesskey="n" rel="next">Special Builtins</a>, Previous: <a href="#Bash-Builtins" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bash Builtins</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Builtin Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Modifying-Shell-Behavior-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">4.3 Modifying Shell Behavior</h3>
+ 
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#The-Set-Builtin" accesskey="1">The Set Builtin</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Change the values of shell attributes and
+				positional parameters.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin" accesskey="2">The Shopt Builtin</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Modify shell optional behavior.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="The-Set-Builtin"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin" accesskey="n" rel="next">The Shopt Builtin</a>, Up: <a href="#Modifying-Shell-Behavior" accesskey="u" rel="up">Modifying Shell Behavior</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="The-Set-Builtin-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</h4>
+
+<p>This builtin is so complicated that it deserves its own section.  <code>set</code>
+allows you to change the values of shell options and set the positional
+parameters, or to display the names and values of shell variables.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>set</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-set"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">set [--abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [-o <var>option-name</var>] [<var>argument</var> &hellip;]
+set [+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [+o <var>option-name</var>] [<var>argument</var> &hellip;]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>If no options or arguments are supplied, <code>set</code> displays the names
+and values of all shell variables and functions, sorted according to the
+current locale, in a format that may be reused as input
+for setting or resetting the currently-set variables.
+Read-only variables cannot be reset.
+In <small>POSIX</small> mode, only shell variables are listed.
+</p>
+<p>When options are supplied, they set or unset shell attributes.
+Options, if specified, have the following meanings:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>-a</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Each variable or function that is created or modified is given the
+export attribute and marked for export to the environment of
+subsequent commands.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-b</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Cause the status of terminated background jobs to be reported
+immediately, rather than before printing the next primary prompt.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-e</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Exit immediately if
+a pipeline (see <a href="#Pipelines">Pipelines</a>), which may consist of a single simple command
+(see <a href="#Simple-Commands">Simple Commands</a>),
+a list (see <a href="#Lists">Lists</a>),
+or a compound command (see <a href="#Compound-Commands">Compound Commands</a>)
+returns a non-zero status.
+The shell does not exit if the command that fails is part of the
+command list immediately following a <code>while</code> or <code>until</code> keyword,
+part of the test in an <code>if</code> statement,
+part of any command executed in a <code>&amp;&amp;</code> or <code>||</code> list except
+the command following the final <code>&amp;&amp;</code> or <code>||</code>,
+any command in a pipeline but the last,
+or if the command&rsquo;s return status is being inverted with <code>!</code>.
+If a compound command other than a subshell
+returns a non-zero status because a command failed
+while <samp>-e</samp> was being ignored, the shell does not exit.
+A trap on <code>ERR</code>, if set, is executed before the shell exits.
+</p>
+<p>This option applies to the shell environment and each subshell environment
+separately (see <a href="#Command-Execution-Environment">Command Execution Environment</a>), and may cause
+subshells to exit before executing all the commands in the subshell.
+</p>
+<p>If a compound command or shell function executes in a context where
+<samp>-e</samp> is being ignored,
+none of the commands executed within the compound command or function body
+will be affected by the <samp>-e</samp> setting, even if <samp>-e</samp> is set
+and a command returns a failure status.
+If a compound command or shell function sets <samp>-e</samp> while executing in
+a context where <samp>-e</samp> is ignored, that setting will not have any
+effect until the compound command or the command containing the function
+call completes.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-f</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Disable filename expansion (globbing).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-h</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Locate and remember (hash) commands as they are looked up for execution.
+This option is enabled by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-k</code></dt>
+<dd><p>All arguments in the form of assignment statements are placed
+in the environment for a command, not just those that precede
+the command name.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-m</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Job control is enabled (see <a href="#Job-Control">Job Control</a>).
+All processes run in a separate process group.
+When a background job completes, the shell prints a line
+containing its exit status.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-n</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Read commands but do not execute them.
+This may be used to check a script for syntax errors.
+This option is ignored by interactive shells.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-o <var>option-name</var></code></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Set the option corresponding to <var>option-name</var>:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>allexport</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-a</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>braceexpand</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-B</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>emacs</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Use an <code>emacs</code>-style line editing interface (see <a href="#Command-Line-Editing">Command Line Editing</a>).
+This also affects the editing interface used for <code>read -e</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>errexit</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-e</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>errtrace</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-E</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>functrace</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-T</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>hashall</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-h</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>histexpand</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-H</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>history</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Enable command history, as described in <a href="#Bash-History-Facilities">Bash History Facilities</a>.
+This option is on by default in interactive shells.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>ignoreeof</code></dt>
+<dd><p>An interactive shell will not exit upon reading EOF.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>keyword</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-k</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>monitor</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-m</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>noclobber</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-C</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>noexec</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-n</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>noglob</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-f</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>nolog</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Currently ignored.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>notify</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-b</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>nounset</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-u</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>onecmd</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-t</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>physical</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-P</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>pipefail</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, the return value of a pipeline is the value of the last
+(rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all
+commands in the pipeline exit successfully.
+This option is disabled by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>posix</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation differs
+from the <small>POSIX</small> standard to match the standard
+(see <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>).
+This is intended to make Bash behave as a strict superset of that
+standard.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>privileged</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-p</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>verbose</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-v</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>vi</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Use a <code>vi</code>-style line editing interface.
+This also affects the editing interface used for <code>read -e</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>xtrace</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-x</code>.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-p</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Turn on privileged mode.
+In this mode, the <code>$BASH_ENV</code> and <code>$ENV</code> files are not
+processed, shell functions are not inherited from the environment,
+and the <code>SHELLOPTS</code>, <code>BASHOPTS</code>, <code>CDPATH</code> and <code>GLOBIGNORE</code>
+variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored.
+If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the
+real user (group) id, and the <samp>-p</samp> option is not supplied, these actions
+are taken and the effective user id is set to the real user id.
+If the <samp>-p</samp> option is supplied at startup, the effective user id is
+not reset.
+Turning this option off causes the effective user
+and group ids to be set to the real user and group ids.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-t</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Exit after reading and executing one command.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-u</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Treat unset variables and parameters other than the special parameters
+&lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; as an error when performing parameter expansion.
+An error message will be written to the standard error, and a non-interactive
+shell will exit.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-v</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Print shell input lines as they are read.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-x</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Print a trace of simple commands, <code>for</code> commands, <code>case</code>
+commands, <code>select</code> commands, and arithmetic <code>for</code> commands
+and their arguments or associated word lists after they are
+expanded and before they are executed.  The value of the <code>PS4</code>
+variable is expanded and the resultant value is printed before
+the command and its expanded arguments.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-B</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The shell will perform brace expansion (see <a href="#Brace-Expansion">Brace Expansion</a>).
+This option is on by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-C</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Prevent output redirection using &lsquo;<samp>&gt;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>&gt;&amp;</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp>&lt;&gt;</samp>&rsquo;
+from overwriting existing files.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-E</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, any trap on <code>ERR</code> is inherited by shell functions, command
+substitutions, and commands executed in a subshell environment.
+The <code>ERR</code> trap is normally not inherited in such cases.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-H</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Enable &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo; style history substitution (see <a href="#History-Interaction">History Interaction</a>).
+This option is on by default for interactive shells.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-P</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, do not resolve symbolic links when performing commands such as
+<code>cd</code> which change the current directory.  The physical directory
+is used instead.  By default, Bash follows
+the logical chain of directories when performing commands
+which change the current directory.
+</p>
+<p>For example, if <samp>/usr/sys</samp> is a symbolic link to <samp>/usr/local/sys</samp>
+then:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">$ cd /usr/sys; echo $PWD
+/usr/sys
+$ cd ..; pwd
+/usr
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>If <code>set -P</code> is on, then:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">$ cd /usr/sys; echo $PWD
+/usr/local/sys
+$ cd ..; pwd
+/usr/local
+</pre></div>
+
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-T</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, any trap on <code>DEBUG</code> and <code>RETURN</code> are inherited by
+shell functions, command substitutions, and commands executed
+in a subshell environment.
+The <code>DEBUG</code> and <code>RETURN</code> traps are normally not inherited
+in such cases.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If no arguments follow this option, then the positional parameters are
+unset.  Otherwise, the positional parameters are set to the
+<var>arguments</var>, even if some of them begin with a &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Signal the end of options, cause all remaining <var>arguments</var>
+to be assigned to the positional parameters.  The <samp>-x</samp>
+and <samp>-v</samp>  options are turned off.
+If there are no arguments, the positional parameters remain unchanged.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>Using &lsquo;<samp>+</samp>&rsquo; rather than &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo; causes these options to be
+turned off.  The options can also be used upon invocation of the
+shell.  The current set of options may be found in <code>$-</code>.
+</p>
+<p>The remaining N <var>arguments</var> are positional parameters and are
+assigned, in order, to <code>$1</code>, <code>$2</code>, &hellip;  <code>$N</code>.
+The special parameter <code>#</code> is set to N.
+</p>
+<p>The return status is always zero unless an invalid option is supplied.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="The-Shopt-Builtin"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#The-Set-Builtin" accesskey="p" rel="prev">The Set Builtin</a>, Up: <a href="#Modifying-Shell-Behavior" accesskey="u" rel="up">Modifying Shell Behavior</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="The-Shopt-Builtin-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</h4>
+
+<p>This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>shopt</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-shopt"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [<var>optname</var> &hellip;]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behavior.
+The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the
+<samp>-o</samp> option is used, those available with the <samp>-o</samp>
+option to the <code>set</code> builtin command (see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
+With no options, or with the <samp>-p</samp> option, a list of all settable
+options is displayed, with an indication of whether or not each is set;
+if <var>optnames</var> are supplied, the output is restricted to those options.
+The <samp>-p</samp> option causes output to be displayed in a form that
+may be reused as input.
+Other options have the following meanings:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>-s</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Enable (set) each <var>optname</var>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-u</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Disable (unset) each <var>optname</var>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-q</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Suppresses normal output; the return status
+indicates whether the <var>optname</var> is set or unset.
+If multiple <var>optname</var> arguments are given with <samp>-q</samp>,
+the return status is zero if all <var>optnames</var> are enabled;
+non-zero otherwise.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-o</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Restricts the values of
+<var>optname</var> to be those defined for the <samp>-o</samp> option to the
+<code>set</code> builtin (see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>If either <samp>-s</samp> or <samp>-u</samp>
+is used with no <var>optname</var> arguments, <code>shopt</code> shows only
+those options which are set or unset, respectively.
+</p>
+<p>Unless otherwise noted, the <code>shopt</code> options are disabled (off)
+by default.
+</p>
+<p>The return status when listing options is zero if all <var>optnames</var>
+are enabled, non-zero otherwise.  When setting or unsetting options,
+the return status is zero unless an <var>optname</var> is not a valid shell
+option.
+</p>
+<p>The list of <code>shopt</code> options is:
+</p><dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>assoc_expand_once</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of associative array
+subscripts during arithmetic expression evaluation, while executing
+builtins that can perform variable assignments,
+and while executing builtins that perform array dereferencing.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>autocd</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is executed as if
+it were the argument to the <code>cd</code> command.
+This option is only used by interactive shells.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>cdable_vars</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If this is set, an argument to the <code>cd</code> builtin command that
+is not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable whose
+value is the directory to change to.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>cdspell</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a
+<code>cd</code> command will be corrected.
+The errors checked for are transposed characters,
+a missing character, and a character too many.
+If a correction is found, the corrected path is printed,
+and the command proceeds.
+This option is only used by interactive shells.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>checkhash</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If this is set, Bash checks that a command found in the hash
+table exists before trying to execute it.  If a hashed command no
+longer exists, a normal path search is performed.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>checkjobs</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash lists the status of any stopped and running jobs before
+exiting an interactive shell.  If any jobs are running, this causes
+the exit to be deferred until a second exit is attempted without an
+intervening command (see <a href="#Job-Control">Job Control</a>).
+The shell always postpones exiting if any jobs are stopped.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>checkwinsize</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash checks the window size after each external (non-builtin)
+command and, if necessary, updates the values of    
+<code>LINES</code> and <code>COLUMNS</code>.
+This option is enabled by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>cmdhist</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash
+attempts to save all lines of a multiple-line
+command in the same history entry.  This allows
+easy re-editing of multi-line commands.
+This option is enabled by default, but only has an effect if command
+history is enabled (see <a href="#Bash-History-Facilities">Bash History Facilities</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>compat31</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash
+changes its behavior to that of version 3.1 with respect to quoted
+arguments to the conditional command&rsquo;s &lsquo;<samp>=~</samp>&rsquo; operator
+and with respect to locale-specific
+string comparison when using the <code>[[</code>
+conditional command&rsquo;s &lsquo;<samp>&lt;</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>&gt;</samp>&rsquo; operators.
+Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII collation and strcmp(3);
+bash-4.1 and later use the current locale&rsquo;s collation sequence and strcoll(3).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>compat32</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash
+changes its behavior to that of version 3.2 with respect to locale-specific
+string comparison when using the <code>[[</code>
+conditional command&rsquo;s &lsquo;<samp>&lt;</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>&gt;</samp>&rsquo; operators (see previous item)
+and the effect of interrupting a command list.
+Bash versions 3.2 and earlier continue with the next command in the list
+after one terminates due to an interrupt.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>compat40</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash
+changes its behavior to that of version 4.0 with respect to locale-specific
+string comparison when using the <code>[[</code>
+conditional command&rsquo;s &lsquo;<samp>&lt;</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>&gt;</samp>&rsquo; operators (see description
+of <code>compat31</code>)
+and the effect of interrupting a command list.
+Bash versions 4.0 and later interrupt the list as if the shell received the
+interrupt; previous versions continue with the next command in the list.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>compat41</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash, when in <small>POSIX</small> mode, treats a single quote in a double-quoted
+parameter expansion as a special character.  The single quotes must match
+(an even number) and the characters between the single quotes are considered
+quoted.  This is the behavior of <small>POSIX</small> mode through version 4.1.
+The default Bash behavior remains as in previous versions.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>compat42</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash
+does not process the replacement string in the pattern substitution word
+expansion using quote removal.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>compat43</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash
+does not print a warning message if an attempt is made to use a quoted compound
+array assignment as an argument to <code>declare</code>,
+makes word expansion errors
+non-fatal errors that cause the current command to fail (the default behavior is
+to make them fatal errors that cause the shell to exit),
+and does not reset the
+loop state when a shell function is executed (this allows <code>break</code> or
+<code>continue</code> in a shell function to affect loops in the caller&rsquo;s context).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>compat44</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash
+saves the positional parameters to BASH_ARGV and BASH_ARGC before they are
+used, regardless of whether or not extended debugging mode is enabled.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>complete_fullquote</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash
+quotes all shell metacharacters in filenames and directory names when
+performing completion.
+If not set, Bash
+removes metacharacters such as the dollar sign from the set of
+characters that will be quoted in completed filenames
+when these metacharacters appear in shell variable references in words to be
+completed.
+This means that dollar signs in variable names that expand to directories
+will not be quoted;
+however, any dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted, either.
+This is active only when bash is using backslashes to quote completed
+filenames.
+This variable is set by default, which is the default Bash behavior in
+versions through 4.2.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>direxpand</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash
+replaces directory names with the results of word expansion when performing
+filename completion.  This changes the contents of the readline editing
+buffer.
+If not set, Bash attempts to preserve what the user typed.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>dirspell</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash
+attempts spelling correction on directory names during word completion 
+if the directory name initially supplied does not exist.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>dotglob</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash includes filenames beginning with a &lsquo;.&rsquo; in
+the results of filename expansion.
+The filenames &lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>..</samp>&rsquo; must always be matched explicitly,
+even if <code>dotglob</code> is set.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>execfail</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If this is set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if
+it cannot execute the file specified as an argument to the <code>exec</code>
+builtin command.  An interactive shell does not exit if <code>exec</code>
+fails.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>expand_aliases</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, aliases are expanded as described below under Aliases,
+<a href="#Aliases">Aliases</a>.
+This option is enabled by default for interactive shells.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>extdebug</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set at shell invocation, arrange to execute the debugger profile
+before the shell starts, identical to the <samp>--debugger</samp> option.
+If set after invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled:
+</p>
+<ol>
+<li> The <samp>-F</samp> option to the <code>declare</code> builtin (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>)
+displays the source file name and line number corresponding to each function
+name supplied as an argument.
+
+</li><li> If the command run by the <code>DEBUG</code> trap returns a non-zero value, the
+next command is skipped and not executed.
+
+</li><li> If the command run by the <code>DEBUG</code> trap returns a value of 2, and the
+shell is executing in a subroutine (a shell function or a shell script
+executed by the <code>.</code> or <code>source</code> builtins), the shell simulates
+a call to <code>return</code>.
+
+</li><li> <code>BASH_ARGC</code> and <code>BASH_ARGV</code> are updated as described in their
+descriptions (see <a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>).
+
+</li><li> Function tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and
+subshells invoked with <code>( <var>command</var> )</code> inherit the
+<code>DEBUG</code> and <code>RETURN</code> traps.
+
+</li><li> Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and
+subshells invoked with <code>( <var>command</var> )</code> inherit the
+<code>ERR</code> trap.
+</li></ol>
+
+</dd>
+<dt><code>extglob</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, the extended pattern matching features described above
+(see <a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>) are enabled.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>extquote</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, <code>$'<var>string</var>'</code> and <code>$&quot;<var>string</var>&quot;</code> quoting is  
+performed within <code>${<var>parameter</var>}</code> expansions                     
+enclosed in double quotes.  This option is enabled by default. 
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>failglob</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during filename expansion
+result in an expansion error.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>force_fignore</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, the suffixes specified by the <code>FIGNORE</code> shell variable
+cause words to be ignored when performing word completion even if
+the ignored words are the only possible completions.
+See <a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>, for a description of <code>FIGNORE</code>.
+This option is enabled by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>globasciiranges</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, range expressions used in pattern matching bracket expressions
+(see <a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>)
+behave as if in the traditional C locale when performing
+comparisons.  That is, the current locale&rsquo;s collating sequence
+is not taken into account, so
+&lsquo;<samp>b</samp>&rsquo; will not collate between &lsquo;<samp>A</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>B</samp>&rsquo;,
+and upper-case and lower-case ASCII characters will collate together.   
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>globstar</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, the pattern &lsquo;<samp>**</samp>&rsquo; used in a filename expansion context will
+match all files and zero or more directories and subdirectories.
+If the pattern is followed by a &lsquo;<samp>/</samp>&rsquo;, only directories and
+subdirectories match.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>gnu_errfmt</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, shell error messages are written in the standard <small>GNU</small> error
+message format.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>histappend</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, the history list is appended to the file named by the value
+of the <code>HISTFILE</code>
+variable when the shell exits, rather than overwriting the file.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>histreedit</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, and Readline
+is being used, a user is given the opportunity to re-edit a
+failed history substitution.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>histverify</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, and Readline
+is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately
+passed to the shell parser.  Instead, the resulting line is loaded into
+the Readline editing buffer, allowing further modification.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>hostcomplete</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will attempt to perform
+hostname completion when a word containing a &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; is being
+completed (see <a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a>).  This option is enabled
+by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>huponexit</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash will send <code>SIGHUP</code> to all jobs when an interactive
+login shell exits (see <a href="#Signals">Signals</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>inherit_errexit</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, command substitution inherits the value of the <code>errexit</code> option,
+instead of unsetting it in the subshell environment.
+This option is enabled when <small>POSIX</small> mode is enabled.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>interactive_comments</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Allow a word beginning with &lsquo;<samp>#</samp>&rsquo;
+to cause that word and all remaining characters on that
+line to be ignored in an interactive shell.
+This option is enabled by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>lastpipe</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs the last command of
+a pipeline not executed in the background in the current shell environment.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>lithist</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If enabled, and the <code>cmdhist</code>
+option is enabled, multi-line commands are saved to the history with
+embedded newlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>localvar_inherit</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, local variables inherit the value and attributes of a variable of
+the same name that exists at a previous scope before any new value is
+assigned.  The <var>nameref</var> attribute is not inherited.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>localvar_unset</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, calling <code>unset</code> on local variables in previous function scopes
+marks them so subsequent lookups find them unset until that function
+returns. This is identical to the behavior of unsetting local variables
+at the current function scope.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>login_shell</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell
+(see <a href="#Invoking-Bash">Invoking Bash</a>).
+The value may not be changed.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>mailwarn</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, and a file that Bash is checking for mail has been
+accessed since the last time it was checked, the message
+<code>&quot;The mail in <var>mailfile</var> has been read&quot;</code> is displayed.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>no_empty_cmd_completion</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will not attempt to search
+the <code>PATH</code> for possible completions when completion is attempted
+on an empty line.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>nocaseglob</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash matches filenames in a case-insensitive fashion when
+performing filename expansion.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>nocasematch</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion when
+performing matching while executing <code>case</code> or <code>[[</code>
+conditional commands,
+when performing pattern substitution word expansions,
+or when filtering possible completions as part of programmable completion.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>nullglob</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash allows filename patterns which match no
+files to expand to a null string, rather than themselves.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>progcomp</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, the programmable completion facilities
+(see <a href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a>) are enabled.
+This option is enabled by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>progcomp_alias</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, and programmable completion is enabled, Bash treats a command
+name that doesn&rsquo;t have any completions as a possible alias and attempts
+alias expansion. If it has an alias, Bash attempts programmable
+completion using the command word resulting from the expanded alias.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>promptvars</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, prompt strings undergo
+parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
+expansion, and quote removal after being expanded
+as described below (see <a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt">Controlling the Prompt</a>).
+This option is enabled by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>restricted_shell</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode
+(see <a href="#The-Restricted-Shell">The Restricted Shell</a>).
+The value may not be changed.
+This is not reset when the startup files are executed, allowing
+the startup files to discover whether or not a shell is restricted.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>shift_verbose</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If this is set, the <code>shift</code>
+builtin prints an error message when the shift count exceeds the
+number of positional parameters.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>sourcepath</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, the <code>source</code> builtin uses the value of <code>PATH</code>
+to find the directory containing the file supplied as an argument.
+This option is enabled by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>xpg_echo</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, the <code>echo</code> builtin expands backslash-escape sequences
+by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>The return status when listing options is zero if all <var>optnames</var>
+are enabled, non-zero otherwise.
+When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an
+<var>optname</var> is not a valid shell option.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Special-Builtins"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Modifying-Shell-Behavior" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Modifying Shell Behavior</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Builtin Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Special-Builtins-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">4.4 Special Builtins</h3>
+<a name="index-special-builtin-1"></a>
+
+<p>For historical reasons, the <small>POSIX</small> standard has classified
+several builtin commands as <em>special</em>.
+When Bash is executing in <small>POSIX</small> mode, the special builtins
+differ from other builtin commands in three respects:
+</p>
+<ol>
+<li> Special builtins are found before shell functions during command lookup.
+
+</li><li> If a special builtin returns an error status, a non-interactive shell exits.
+
+</li><li> Assignment statements preceding the command stay in effect in the shell
+environment after the command completes.
+</li></ol>
+
+<p>When Bash is not executing in <small>POSIX</small> mode, these builtins behave no
+differently than the rest of the Bash builtin commands.
+The Bash <small>POSIX</small> mode is described in <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>. 
+</p>
+<p>These are the <small>POSIX</small> special builtins:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">break : . continue eval exec exit export readonly return set<!-- /@w -->
+shift trap unset<!-- /@w -->
+</pre></div>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Shell-Variables"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="n" rel="next">Bash Features</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Builtin Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Shell-Variables-1"></a>
+<h2 class="chapter">5 Shell Variables</h2>
+
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables" accesskey="1">Bourne Shell Variables</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Variables which Bash uses in the same way
+				as the Bourne Shell.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Bash-Variables" accesskey="2">Bash Variables</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">List of variables that exist in Bash.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>This chapter describes the shell variables that Bash uses.
+Bash automatically assigns default values to a number of variables.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Bourne-Shell-Variables"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Bash-Variables" accesskey="n" rel="next">Bash Variables</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Variables" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Variables</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Bourne-Shell-Variables-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</h3>
+
+<p>Bash uses certain shell variables in the same way as the Bourne shell.
+In some cases, Bash assigns a default value to the variable.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>CDPATH</code>
+<a name="index-CDPATH"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A colon-separated list of directories used as a search path for
+the <code>cd</code> builtin command.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>HOME</code>
+<a name="index-HOME"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The current user&rsquo;s home directory; the default for the <code>cd</code> builtin
+command.
+The value of this variable is also used by tilde expansion
+(see <a href="#Tilde-Expansion">Tilde Expansion</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>IFS</code>
+<a name="index-IFS"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A list of characters that separate fields; used when the shell splits
+words as part of expansion.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>MAIL</code>
+<a name="index-MAIL"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>If this parameter is set to a filename or directory name
+and the <code>MAILPATH</code> variable
+is not set, Bash informs the user of the arrival of mail in
+the specified file or Maildir-format directory.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>MAILPATH</code>
+<a name="index-MAILPATH"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A colon-separated list of filenames which the shell periodically checks
+for new mail.
+Each list entry can specify the message that is printed when new mail
+arrives in the mail file by separating the filename from the message with
+a &lsquo;<samp>?</samp>&rsquo;.
+When used in the text of the message, <code>$_</code> expands to the name of
+the current mail file.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>OPTARG</code>
+<a name="index-OPTARG"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The value of the last option argument processed by the <code>getopts</code> builtin.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>OPTIND</code>
+<a name="index-OPTIND"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The index of the last option argument processed by the <code>getopts</code> builtin.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>PATH</code>
+<a name="index-PATH"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for
+commands.
+A zero-length (null) directory name in the value of <code>PATH</code> indicates the
+current directory.
+A null directory name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial
+or trailing colon.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>PS1</code>
+<a name="index-PS1"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The primary prompt string.  The default value is &lsquo;<samp>\s-\v\$ </samp>&rsquo;.
+See <a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt">Controlling the Prompt</a>, for the complete list of escape
+sequences that are expanded before <code>PS1</code> is displayed.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>PS2</code>
+<a name="index-PS2"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The secondary prompt string.  The default value is &lsquo;<samp>&gt; </samp>&rsquo;.
+<code>PS2</code> is expanded in the same way as <code>PS1</code> before being
+displayed.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Bash-Variables"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bourne Shell Variables</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Variables" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Variables</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Bash-Variables-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">5.2 Bash Variables</h3>
+
+<p>These variables are set or used by Bash, but other shells
+do not normally treat them specially.
+</p>
+<p>A few variables used by Bash are described in different chapters:
+variables for controlling the job control facilities
+(see <a href="#Job-Control-Variables">Job Control Variables</a>).
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>BASH</code>
+<a name="index-BASH"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The full pathname used to execute the current instance of Bash.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASHOPTS</code>
+<a name="index-BASHOPTS"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A colon-separated list of enabled shell options.  Each word in
+the list is a valid argument for the <samp>-s</samp> option to the
+<code>shopt</code> builtin command (see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>).
+The options appearing in <code>BASHOPTS</code> are those reported
+as &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo; by &lsquo;<samp>shopt</samp>&rsquo;.
+If this variable is in the environment when Bash
+starts up, each shell option in the list will be enabled before
+reading any startup files.  This variable is readonly.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASHPID</code>
+<a name="index-BASHPID"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Expands to the process ID of the current Bash process.
+This differs from <code>$$</code> under certain circumstances, such as subshells
+that do not require Bash to be re-initialized.
+Assignments to <code>BASHPID</code> have no effect.
+If <code>BASHPID</code>
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_ALIASES</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fALIASES"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal
+list of aliases as maintained by the <code>alias</code> builtin.
+(see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
+Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; however,
+unsetting array elements currently does not cause aliases to be removed
+from the alias list.
+If <code>BASH_ALIASES</code>
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_ARGC</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fARGC"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in each
+frame of the current bash execution call stack.  The number of
+parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or script executed
+with <code>.</code> or <code>source</code>) is at the top of the stack.  When a
+subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed is pushed onto
+<code>BASH_ARGC</code>.
+The shell sets <code>BASH_ARGC</code> only when in extended debugging mode
+(see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>
+for a description of the <code>extdebug</code> option to the <code>shopt</code>
+builtin).
+Setting <code>extdebug</code> after the shell has started to execute a script,
+or referencing this variable when <code>extdebug</code> is not set,
+may result in inconsistent values.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_ARGV</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fARGV"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An array variable containing all of the parameters in the current bash
+execution call stack.  The final parameter of the last subroutine call
+is at the top of the stack; the first parameter of the initial call is
+at the bottom.  When a subroutine is executed, the parameters supplied
+are pushed onto <code>BASH_ARGV</code>.
+The shell sets <code>BASH_ARGV</code> only when in extended debugging mode
+(see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>
+for a description of the <code>extdebug</code> option to the <code>shopt</code>
+builtin).
+Setting <code>extdebug</code> after the shell has started to execute a script,
+or referencing this variable when <code>extdebug</code> is not set,
+may result in inconsistent values.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_ARGV0</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fARGV0"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>When referenced, this variable expands to the name of the shell or shell
+script (identical to <code>$0</code>; See <a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a>,
+for the description of special parameter 0).
+Assignment to <code>BASH_ARGV0</code>
+causes the value assigned to also be assigned to <code>$0</code>.
+If <code>BASH_ARGV0</code>
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_CMDS</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fCMDS"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal
+hash table of commands as maintained by the <code>hash</code> builtin
+(see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
+Elements added to this array appear in the hash table; however,
+unsetting array elements currently does not cause command names to be removed
+from the hash table.
+If <code>BASH_CMDS</code>
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_COMMAND</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fCOMMAND"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The command currently being executed or about to be executed, unless the
+shell is executing a command as the result of a trap,
+in which case it is the command executing at the time of the trap.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_COMPAT</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fCOMPAT"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The value is used to set the shell&rsquo;s compatibility level.
+See <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>, for a description of the various compatibility
+levels and their effects.
+The value may be a decimal number (e.g., 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42)
+corresponding to the desired compatibility level.
+If <code>BASH_COMPAT</code> is unset or set to the empty string, the compatibility
+level is set to the default for the current version.
+If <code>BASH_COMPAT</code> is set to a value that is not one of the valid
+compatibility levels, the shell prints an error message and sets the
+compatibility level to the default for the current version.
+The valid compatibility levels correspond to the compatibility options
+accepted by the <code>shopt</code> builtin described above (for example,
+<var>compat42</var> means that 4.2 and 42 are valid values).
+The current version is also a valid value.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_ENV</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fENV"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>If this variable is set when Bash is invoked to execute a shell
+script, its value is expanded and used as the name of a startup file
+to read before executing the script.  See <a href="#Bash-Startup-Files">Bash Startup Files</a>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_EXECUTION_STRING</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fEXECUTION_005fSTRING"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The command argument to the <samp>-c</samp> invocation option.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_LINENO</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fLINENO"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source files
+where each corresponding member of <var>FUNCNAME</var> was invoked.
+<code>${BASH_LINENO[$i]}</code> is the line number in the source file
+(<code>${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}</code>) where
+<code>${FUNCNAME[$i]}</code> was called (or <code>${BASH_LINENO[$i-1]}</code> if
+referenced within another shell function). 
+Use <code>LINENO</code> to obtain the current line number.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_LOADABLES_PATH</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fLOADABLES_005fPATH"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for
+dynamically loadable builtins specified by the
+<code>enable</code> command.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_REMATCH</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fREMATCH"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An array variable whose members are assigned by the &lsquo;<samp>=~</samp>&rsquo; binary
+operator to the <code>[[</code> conditional command
+(see <a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a>).
+The element with index 0 is the portion of the string
+matching the entire regular expression.
+The element with index <var>n</var> is the portion of the
+string matching the <var>n</var>th parenthesized subexpression.
+This variable is read-only.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_SOURCE</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fSOURCE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An array variable whose members are the source filenames where the
+corresponding shell function names in the <code>FUNCNAME</code> array
+variable are defined.
+The shell function <code>${FUNCNAME[$i]}</code> is defined in the file
+<code>${BASH_SOURCE[$i]}</code> and called from <code>${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}</code>
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_SUBSHELL</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fSUBSHELL"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell environment when
+the shell begins executing in that environment.
+The initial value is 0.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_VERSINFO</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fVERSINFO"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A readonly array variable (see <a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>)
+whose members hold version information for this instance of Bash.
+The values assigned to the array members are as follows:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>BASH_VERSINFO[0]</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The major version number (the <var>release</var>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_VERSINFO[1]</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The minor version number (the <var>version</var>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_VERSINFO[2]</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The patch level.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_VERSINFO[3]</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The build version.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_VERSINFO[4]</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The release status (e.g., <var>beta1</var>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_VERSINFO[5]</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The value of <code>MACHTYPE</code>.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_VERSION</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fVERSION"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The version number of the current instance of Bash.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_XTRACEFD</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fXTRACEFD"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, Bash
+will write the trace output generated when &lsquo;<samp>set -x</samp>&rsquo;
+is enabled to that file descriptor.
+This allows tracing output to be separated from diagnostic and error
+messages.
+The file descriptor is closed when <code>BASH_XTRACEFD</code> is unset or assigned
+a new value.
+Unsetting <code>BASH_XTRACEFD</code> or assigning it the empty string causes the
+trace output to be sent to the standard error.
+Note that setting <code>BASH_XTRACEFD</code> to 2 (the standard error file
+descriptor) and then unsetting it will result in the standard error
+being closed.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>CHILD_MAX</code>
+<a name="index-CHILD_005fMAX"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to remember.
+Bash will not allow this value to be decreased below a <small>POSIX</small>-mandated
+minimum, and there is a maximum value (currently 8192) that this may
+not exceed.
+The minimum value is system-dependent.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>COLUMNS</code>
+<a name="index-COLUMNS"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Used by the <code>select</code> command to determine the terminal width
+when printing selection lists.
+Automatically set if the <code>checkwinsize</code> option is enabled
+(see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>), or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a
+<code>SIGWINCH</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>COMP_CWORD</code>
+<a name="index-COMP_005fCWORD"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An index into <code>${COMP_WORDS}</code> of the word containing the current
+cursor position.
+This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the
+programmable completion facilities (see <a href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>COMP_LINE</code>
+<a name="index-COMP_005fLINE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The current command line.
+This variable is available only in shell functions and external
+commands invoked by the
+programmable completion facilities (see <a href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>COMP_POINT</code>
+<a name="index-COMP_005fPOINT"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The index of the current cursor position relative to the beginning of
+the current command.
+If the current cursor position is at the end of the current command,
+the value of this variable is equal to <code>${#COMP_LINE}</code>.
+This variable is available only in shell functions and external
+commands invoked by the
+programmable completion facilities (see <a href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>COMP_TYPE</code>
+<a name="index-COMP_005fTYPE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of completion attempted
+that caused a completion function to be called:
+<var>TAB</var>, for normal completion,
+&lsquo;<samp>?</samp>&rsquo;, for listing completions after successive tabs,
+&lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo;, for listing alternatives on partial word completion,
+&lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo;, to list completions if the word is not unmodified,
+or
+&lsquo;<samp>%</samp>&rsquo;, for menu completion.
+This variable is available only in shell functions and external
+commands invoked by the
+programmable completion facilities (see <a href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>COMP_KEY</code>
+<a name="index-COMP_005fKEY"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The key (or final key of a key sequence) used to invoke the current
+completion function.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>COMP_WORDBREAKS</code>
+<a name="index-COMP_005fWORDBREAKS"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The set of characters that the Readline library treats as word
+separators when performing word completion.
+If <code>COMP_WORDBREAKS</code> is unset, it loses its special properties,
+even if it is subsequently reset.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>COMP_WORDS</code>
+<a name="index-COMP_005fWORDS"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An array variable consisting of the individual
+words in the current command line.
+The line is split into words as Readline would split it, using
+<code>COMP_WORDBREAKS</code> as described above.
+This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the
+programmable completion facilities (see <a href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>COMPREPLY</code>
+<a name="index-COMPREPLY"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An array variable from which Bash reads the possible completions
+generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable completion
+facility (see <a href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a>).
+Each array element contains one possible completion.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>COPROC</code>
+<a name="index-COPROC"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An array variable created to hold the file descriptors
+for output from and input to an unnamed coprocess (see <a href="#Coprocesses">Coprocesses</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>DIRSTACK</code>
+<a name="index-DIRSTACK"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An array variable containing the current contents of the directory stack.
+Directories appear in the stack in the order they are displayed by the
+<code>dirs</code> builtin.
+Assigning to members of this array variable may be used to modify
+directories already in the stack, but the <code>pushd</code> and <code>popd</code>
+builtins must be used to add and remove directories.
+Assignment to this variable will not change the current directory.
+If <code>DIRSTACK</code> is unset, it loses its special properties, even if
+it is subsequently reset.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>EMACS</code>
+<a name="index-EMACS"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>If Bash finds this variable in the environment when the shell
+starts with value &lsquo;<samp>t</samp>&rsquo;, it assumes that the shell is running in an
+Emacs shell buffer and disables line editing.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>ENV</code>
+<a name="index-ENV"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Similar to <code>BASH_ENV</code>; used when the shell is invoked in
+<small>POSIX</small> Mode (see <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>EPOCHREALTIME</code>
+<a name="index-EPOCHREALTIME"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of seconds
+since the Unix Epoch as a floating point value with micro-second granularity
+(see the documentation for the C library function <var>time</var> for the
+definition of Epoch).
+Assignments to <code>EPOCHREALTIME</code> are ignored.
+If <code>EPOCHREALTIME</code> is unset, it loses its special properties, even if
+it is subsequently reset.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>EPOCHSECONDS</code>
+<a name="index-EPOCHSECONDS"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of seconds
+since the Unix Epoch (see the documentation for the C library function
+<var>time</var> for the definition of Epoch).
+Assignments to <code>EPOCHSECONDS</code> are ignored.
+If <code>EPOCHSECONDS</code> is unset, it loses its special properties, even if
+it is subsequently reset.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>EUID</code>
+<a name="index-EUID"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The numeric effective user id of the current user.  This variable
+is readonly.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>EXECIGNORE</code>
+<a name="index-EXECIGNORE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A colon-separated list of shell patterns (see <a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>)
+defining the list of filenames to be ignored by command search using
+<code>PATH</code>.
+Files whose full pathnames match one of these patterns are not considered
+executable files for the purposes of completion and command execution
+via <code>PATH</code> lookup.
+This does not affect the behavior of the <code>[</code>, <code>test</code>, and <code>[[</code>
+commands.
+Full pathnames in the command hash table are not subject to <code>EXECIGNORE</code>.
+Use this variable to ignore shared library files that have the executable
+bit set, but are not executable files.
+The pattern matching honors the setting of the <code>extglob</code> shell 
+option.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>FCEDIT</code>
+<a name="index-FCEDIT"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The editor used as a default by the <samp>-e</samp> option to the <code>fc</code>
+builtin command.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>FIGNORE</code>
+<a name="index-FIGNORE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing
+filename completion.
+A filename whose suffix matches one of the entries in 
+<code>FIGNORE</code>
+is excluded from the list of matched filenames.  A sample
+value is &lsquo;<samp>.o:~</samp>&rsquo;
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>FUNCNAME</code>
+<a name="index-FUNCNAME"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An array variable containing the names of all shell functions
+currently in the execution call stack.
+The element with index 0 is the name of any currently-executing
+shell function.
+The bottom-most element (the one with the highest index)
+is <code>&quot;main&quot;</code>.
+This variable exists only when a shell function is executing.
+Assignments to <code>FUNCNAME</code> have no effect.
+If <code>FUNCNAME</code> is unset, it loses its special properties, even if
+it is subsequently reset.
+</p>
+<p>This variable can be used with <code>BASH_LINENO</code> and <code>BASH_SOURCE</code>.
+Each element of <code>FUNCNAME</code> has corresponding elements in
+<code>BASH_LINENO</code> and <code>BASH_SOURCE</code> to describe the call stack.
+For instance, <code>${FUNCNAME[$i]}</code> was called from the file
+<code>${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}</code> at line number <code>${BASH_LINENO[$i]}</code>.
+The <code>caller</code> builtin displays the current call stack using this
+information.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>FUNCNEST</code>
+<a name="index-FUNCNEST"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum function
+nesting level.  Function invocations that exceed this nesting level
+will cause the current command to abort.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>GLOBIGNORE</code>
+<a name="index-GLOBIGNORE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of file names to
+be ignored by filename expansion.
+If a file name matched by a filename expansion pattern also matches one
+of the patterns in <code>GLOBIGNORE</code>, it is removed from the list
+of matches.
+The pattern matching honors the setting of the <code>extglob</code> shell
+option.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>GROUPS</code>
+<a name="index-GROUPS"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An array variable containing the list of groups of which the current    
+user is a member.
+Assignments to <code>GROUPS</code> have no effect.
+If <code>GROUPS</code> is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>histchars</code>
+<a name="index-histchars"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Up to three characters which control history expansion, quick
+substitution, and tokenization (see <a href="#History-Interaction">History Interaction</a>).
+The first character is the
+<var>history expansion</var> character, that is, the character which signifies the
+start of a history expansion, normally &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo;.  The second character is the
+character which signifies &lsquo;quick substitution&rsquo; when seen as the first
+character on a line, normally &lsquo;<samp>^</samp>&rsquo;.  The optional third character is the
+character which indicates that the remainder of the line is a comment when
+found as the first character of a word, usually &lsquo;<samp>#</samp>&rsquo;.  The history
+comment character causes history substitution to be skipped for the
+remaining words on the line.  It does not necessarily cause the shell
+parser to treat the rest of the line as a comment.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>HISTCMD</code>
+<a name="index-HISTCMD"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The history number, or index in the history list, of the current
+command.  If <code>HISTCMD</code> is unset, it loses its special properties,
+even if it is subsequently reset.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>HISTCONTROL</code>
+<a name="index-HISTCONTROL"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are saved on
+the history list.
+If the list of values includes &lsquo;<samp>ignorespace</samp>&rsquo;, lines which begin
+with a space character are not saved in the history list.
+A value of &lsquo;<samp>ignoredups</samp>&rsquo; causes lines which match the previous
+history entry to not be saved.
+A value of &lsquo;<samp>ignoreboth</samp>&rsquo; is shorthand for
+&lsquo;<samp>ignorespace</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>ignoredups</samp>&rsquo;.
+A value of &lsquo;<samp>erasedups</samp>&rsquo; causes all previous lines matching the
+current line to be removed from the history list before that line
+is saved.
+Any value not in the above list is ignored.
+If <code>HISTCONTROL</code> is unset, or does not include a valid value, 
+all lines read by the shell parser are saved on the history list, 
+subject to the value of <code>HISTIGNORE</code>.
+The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are
+not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
+<code>HISTCONTROL</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>HISTFILE</code>
+<a name="index-HISTFILE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The name of the file to which the command history is saved.  The
+default value is <samp>~/.bash_history</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>HISTFILESIZE</code>
+<a name="index-HISTFILESIZE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum number of lines contained in the history file.
+When this variable is assigned a value, the history file is truncated,
+if necessary, to contain no more than that number of lines
+by removing the oldest entries.
+The history file is also truncated to this size after
+writing it when a shell exits.
+If the value is 0, the history file is truncated to zero size.
+Non-numeric values and numeric values less than zero inhibit truncation.
+The shell sets the default value to the value of <code>HISTSIZE</code>
+after reading any startup files.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>HISTIGNORE</code>
+<a name="index-HISTIGNORE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command
+lines should be saved on the history list.  Each pattern is
+anchored at the beginning of the line and must match the complete
+line (no implicit &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; is appended).  Each pattern is tested
+against the line after the checks specified by <code>HISTCONTROL</code>
+are applied.  In addition to the normal shell pattern matching
+characters, &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo; matches the previous history line.  &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo;
+may be escaped using a backslash; the backslash is removed
+before attempting a match. 
+The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are
+not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
+<code>HISTIGNORE</code>.
+The pattern matching honors the setting of the <code>extglob</code> shell
+option.
+</p>
+<p><code>HISTIGNORE</code> subsumes the function of <code>HISTCONTROL</code>.  A
+pattern of &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo; is identical to <code>ignoredups</code>, and a
+pattern of &lsquo;<samp>[ ]*</samp>&rsquo; is identical to <code>ignorespace</code>. 
+Combining these two patterns, separating them with a colon,
+provides the functionality of <code>ignoreboth</code>. 
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>HISTSIZE</code>
+<a name="index-HISTSIZE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum number of commands to remember on the history list.
+If the value is 0, commands are not saved in the history list.
+Numeric values less than zero result in every command being saved
+on the history list (there is no limit).
+The shell sets the default value to 500 after reading any startup files.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>HISTTIMEFORMAT</code>
+<a name="index-HISTTIMEFORMAT"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format string
+for <var>strftime</var> to print the time stamp associated with each history
+entry displayed by the <code>history</code> builtin.
+If this variable is set, time stamps are written to the history file so
+they may be preserved across shell sessions.
+This uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from
+other history lines.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>HOSTFILE</code>
+<a name="index-HOSTFILE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Contains the name of a file in the same format as <samp>/etc/hosts</samp> that
+should be read when the shell needs to complete a hostname.
+The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while the shell
+is running;
+the next time hostname completion is attempted after the
+value is changed, Bash adds the contents of the new file to the
+existing list.
+If <code>HOSTFILE</code> is set, but has no value, or does not name a readable file,
+Bash attempts to read 
+<samp>/etc/hosts</samp> to obtain the list of possible hostname completions.
+When <code>HOSTFILE</code> is unset, the hostname list is cleared.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>HOSTNAME</code>
+<a name="index-HOSTNAME"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The name of the current host.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>HOSTTYPE</code>
+<a name="index-HOSTTYPE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A string describing the machine Bash is running on.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>IGNOREEOF</code>
+<a name="index-IGNOREEOF"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Controls the action of the shell on receipt of an <code>EOF</code> character
+as the sole input.  If set, the value denotes the number
+of consecutive <code>EOF</code> characters that can be read as the
+first character on an input line
+before the shell will exit.  If the variable exists but does not
+have a numeric value, or has no value, then the default is 10.
+If the variable does not exist, then <code>EOF</code> signifies the end of 
+input to the shell.  This is only in effect for interactive shells.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>INPUTRC</code>
+<a name="index-INPUTRC"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The name of the Readline initialization file, overriding the default
+of <samp>~/.inputrc</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>INSIDE_EMACS</code>
+<a name="index-INSIDE_005fEMACS"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>If Bash finds this variable in the environment when the shell
+starts, it assumes that the shell is running in an Emacs shell buffer
+and may disable line editing depending on the value of <code>TERM</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>LANG</code>
+<a name="index-LANG"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Used to determine the locale category for any category not specifically
+selected with a variable starting with <code>LC_</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>LC_ALL</code>
+<a name="index-LC_005fALL"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>This variable overrides the value of <code>LANG</code> and any other
+<code>LC_</code> variable specifying a locale category.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>LC_COLLATE</code>
+<a name="index-LC_005fCOLLATE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>This variable determines the collation order used when sorting the
+results of filename expansion, and
+determines the behavior of range expressions, equivalence classes,
+and collating sequences within filename expansion and pattern matching
+(see <a href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>LC_CTYPE</code>
+<a name="index-LC_005fCTYPE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>This variable determines the interpretation of characters and the
+behavior of character classes within filename expansion and pattern
+matching (see <a href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>LC_MESSAGES</code>
+<a name="index-LC_005fMESSAGES-1"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>This variable determines the locale used to translate double-quoted
+strings preceded by a &lsquo;<samp>$</samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Locale-Translation">Locale Translation</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>LC_NUMERIC</code>
+<a name="index-LC_005fNUMERIC"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>LC_TIME</code>
+<a name="index-LC_005fTIME"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>This variable determines the locale category used for data and time
+formatting.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>LINENO</code>
+<a name="index-LINENO"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The line number in the script or shell function currently executing.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>LINES</code>
+<a name="index-LINES"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Used by the <code>select</code> command to determine the column length
+for printing selection lists.
+Automatically set if the <code>checkwinsize</code> option is enabled
+(see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>), or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a
+<code>SIGWINCH</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>MACHTYPE</code>
+<a name="index-MACHTYPE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A string that fully describes the system type on which Bash
+is executing, in the standard <small>GNU</small> <var>cpu-company-system</var> format.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>MAILCHECK</code>
+<a name="index-MAILCHECK"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>How often (in seconds) that the shell should check for mail in the
+files specified in the <code>MAILPATH</code> or <code>MAIL</code> variables.
+The default is 60 seconds.  When it is time to check
+for mail, the shell does so before displaying the primary prompt.
+If this variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number
+greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>MAPFILE</code>
+<a name="index-MAPFILE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An array variable created to hold the text read by the
+<code>mapfile</code> builtin when no variable name is supplied.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>OLDPWD</code>
+<a name="index-OLDPWD"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The previous working directory as set by the <code>cd</code> builtin.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>OPTERR</code>
+<a name="index-OPTERR"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>If set to the value 1, Bash displays error messages
+generated by the <code>getopts</code> builtin command.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>OSTYPE</code>
+<a name="index-OSTYPE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A string describing the operating system Bash is running on.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>PIPESTATUS</code>
+<a name="index-PIPESTATUS"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An array variable (see <a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>)
+containing a list of exit status values from the processes
+in the most-recently-executed foreground pipeline (which may
+contain only a single command).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>POSIXLY_CORRECT</code>
+<a name="index-POSIXLY_005fCORRECT"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>If this variable is in the environment when Bash starts, the shell
+enters <small>POSIX</small> mode (see <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>) before reading the
+startup files, as if the <samp>--posix</samp> invocation option had been supplied.
+If it is set while the shell is running, Bash enables <small>POSIX</small> mode,
+as if the command
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><code>set -o posix</code>
+</pre></div>
+<p>had been executed.
+When the shell enters <small>POSIX</small> mode, it sets this variable if it was
+not already set.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>PPID</code>
+<a name="index-PPID"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The process <small>ID</small> of the shell&rsquo;s parent process.  This variable
+is readonly.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>PROMPT_COMMAND</code>
+<a name="index-PROMPT_005fCOMMAND"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>If set, the value is interpreted as a command to execute
+before the printing of each primary prompt (<code>$PS1</code>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>PROMPT_DIRTRIM</code>
+<a name="index-PROMPT_005fDIRTRIM"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the number of
+trailing directory components to retain when expanding the <code>\w</code> and
+<code>\W</code> prompt string escapes (see <a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt">Controlling the Prompt</a>).
+Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>PS0</code>
+<a name="index-PS0"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The value of this parameter is expanded like <var>PS1</var>
+and displayed by interactive shells after reading a command
+and before the command is executed.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>PS3</code>
+<a name="index-PS3"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The value of this variable is used as the prompt for the
+<code>select</code> command.  If this variable is not set, the
+<code>select</code> command prompts with &lsquo;<samp>#? </samp>&rsquo;
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>PS4</code>
+<a name="index-PS4"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The value of this parameter is expanded like <var>PS1</var>
+and the expanded value is the prompt printed before the command line
+is echoed when the <samp>-x</samp> option is set (see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
+The first character of the expanded value is replicated multiple times,
+as necessary, to indicate multiple levels of indirection.
+The default is &lsquo;<samp>+ </samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>PWD</code>
+<a name="index-PWD"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The current working directory as set by the <code>cd</code> builtin.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>RANDOM</code>
+<a name="index-RANDOM"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Each time this parameter is referenced, a random integer
+between 0 and 32767 is generated.  Assigning a value to this
+variable seeds the random number generator.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>READLINE_LINE</code>
+<a name="index-READLINE_005fLINE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The contents of the Readline line buffer, for use
+with &lsquo;<samp>bind -x</samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>READLINE_POINT</code>
+<a name="index-READLINE_005fPOINT"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The position of the insertion point in the Readline line buffer, for use
+with &lsquo;<samp>bind -x</samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>REPLY</code>
+<a name="index-REPLY"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The default variable for the <code>read</code> builtin.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>SECONDS</code>
+<a name="index-SECONDS"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>This variable expands to the number of seconds since the
+shell was started.  Assignment to this variable resets
+the count to the value assigned, and the expanded value
+becomes the value assigned plus the number of seconds
+since the assignment.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>SHELL</code>
+<a name="index-SHELL"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The full pathname to the shell is kept in this environment variable.
+If it is not set when the shell starts,
+Bash assigns to it the full pathname of the current user&rsquo;s login shell.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>SHELLOPTS</code>
+<a name="index-SHELLOPTS"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A colon-separated list of enabled shell options.  Each word in
+the list is a valid argument for the <samp>-o</samp> option to the
+<code>set</code> builtin command (see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
+The options appearing in <code>SHELLOPTS</code> are those reported
+as &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo; by &lsquo;<samp>set -o</samp>&rsquo;.
+If this variable is in the environment when Bash
+starts up, each shell option in the list will be enabled before
+reading any startup files.  This variable is readonly.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>SHLVL</code>
+<a name="index-SHLVL"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Incremented by one each time a new instance of Bash is started.  This is
+intended to be a count of how deeply your Bash shells are nested.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>TIMEFORMAT</code>
+<a name="index-TIMEFORMAT"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The value of this parameter is used as a format string specifying
+how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the <code>time</code>
+reserved word should be displayed.
+The &lsquo;<samp>%</samp>&rsquo; character introduces an
+escape sequence that is expanded to a time value or other
+information.
+The escape sequences and their meanings are as
+follows; the braces denote optional portions. 
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>%%</code></dt>
+<dd><p>A literal &lsquo;<samp>%</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>%[<var>p</var>][l]R</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The elapsed time in seconds. 
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>%[<var>p</var>][l]U</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode. 
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>%[<var>p</var>][l]S</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode. 
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>%P</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R. 
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>The optional <var>p</var> is a digit specifying the precision, the number of
+fractional digits after a decimal point.
+A value of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.
+At most three places after the decimal point may be specified; values
+of <var>p</var> greater than 3 are changed to 3.
+If <var>p</var> is not specified, the value 3 is used. 
+</p>
+<p>The optional <code>l</code> specifies a longer format, including minutes, of
+the form <var>MM</var>m<var>SS</var>.<var>FF</var>s.
+The value of <var>p</var> determines whether or not the fraction is included. 
+</p>
+<p>If this variable is not set, Bash acts as if it had the value
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><code>$'\nreal\t%3lR\nuser\t%3lU\nsys\t%3lS'</code>
+</pre></div>
+<p>If the value is null, no timing information is displayed.
+A trailing newline is added when the format string is displayed.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>TMOUT</code>
+<a name="index-TMOUT"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>If set to a value greater than zero, <code>TMOUT</code> is treated as the
+default timeout for the <code>read</code> builtin (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+The <code>select</code> command (see <a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a>) terminates
+if input does not arrive after <code>TMOUT</code> seconds when input is coming
+from a terminal.
+</p>
+<p>In an interactive shell, the value is interpreted as
+the number of seconds to wait for a line of input after issuing
+the primary prompt.
+Bash
+terminates after waiting for that number of seconds if a complete
+line of input does not arrive.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>TMPDIR</code>
+<a name="index-TMPDIR"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash uses its value as the name of a directory in which
+Bash creates temporary files for the shell&rsquo;s use.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>UID</code>
+<a name="index-UID"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The numeric real user id of the current user.  This variable is readonly.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Bash-Features"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Job-Control" accesskey="n" rel="next">Job Control</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Variables" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Variables</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Bash-Features-2"></a>
+<h2 class="chapter">6 Bash Features</h2>
+
+<p>This chapter describes features unique to Bash.
+</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Invoking-Bash" accesskey="1">Invoking Bash</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Command line options that you can give
+				to Bash.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Bash-Startup-Files" accesskey="2">Bash Startup Files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">When and how Bash executes scripts.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Interactive-Shells" accesskey="3">Interactive Shells</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">What an interactive shell is.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Bash-Conditional-Expressions" accesskey="4">Bash Conditional Expressions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Primitives used in composing expressions for
+				the <code>test</code> builtin.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Shell-Arithmetic" accesskey="5">Shell Arithmetic</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Arithmetic on shell variables.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Aliases" accesskey="6">Aliases</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Substituting one command for another.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Arrays" accesskey="7">Arrays</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Array Variables.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#The-Directory-Stack" accesskey="8">The Directory Stack</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">History of visited directories.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt" accesskey="9">Controlling the Prompt</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Customizing the various prompt strings.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#The-Restricted-Shell">The Restricted Shell</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">A more controlled mode of shell execution.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Making Bash behave more closely to what
+				the POSIX standard specifies.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Invoking-Bash"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Bash-Startup-Files" accesskey="n" rel="next">Bash Startup Files</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Invoking-Bash-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">6.1 Invoking Bash</h3>
+
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">bash [long-opt] [-ir] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o <var>option</var>]
+    [-O <var>shopt_option</var>] [<var>argument</var> &hellip;]
+bash [long-opt] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o <var>option</var>]
+    [-O <var>shopt_option</var>] -c <var>string</var> [<var>argument</var> &hellip;]
+bash [long-opt] -s [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o <var>option</var>]
+    [-O <var>shopt_option</var>] [<var>argument</var> &hellip;]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>All of the single-character options used with the <code>set</code> builtin
+(see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>) can be used as options when the shell is invoked.
+In addition, there are several multi-character
+options that you can use.  These options must appear on the command
+line before the single-character options to be recognized. 
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>--debugger</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell
+starts.  Turns on extended debugging mode (see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>
+for a description of the <code>extdebug</code> option to the <code>shopt</code>
+builtin).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--dump-po-strings</code></dt>
+<dd><p>A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by &lsquo;<samp>$</samp>&rsquo;
+is printed on the standard output
+in the <small>GNU</small> <code>gettext</code> PO (portable object) file format.
+Equivalent to <samp>-D</samp> except for the output format.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--dump-strings</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Equivalent to <samp>-D</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--help</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Display a usage message on standard output and exit successfully.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--init-file <var>filename</var></code></dt>
+<dt><code>--rcfile <var>filename</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Execute commands from <var>filename</var> (instead of <samp>~/.bashrc</samp>)
+in an interactive shell.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--login</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Equivalent to <samp>-l</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--noediting</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Do not use the <small>GNU</small> Readline library (see <a href="#Command-Line-Editing">Command Line Editing</a>)
+to read  command lines when the shell is interactive.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--noprofile</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Don&rsquo;t load the system-wide startup file <samp>/etc/profile</samp>
+or any of the personal initialization files
+<samp>~/.bash_profile</samp>, <samp>~/.bash_login</samp>, or <samp>~/.profile</samp>
+when Bash is invoked as a login shell.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--norc</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Don&rsquo;t read the <samp>~/.bashrc</samp> initialization file in an
+interactive shell.  This is on by default if the shell is
+invoked as <code>sh</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--posix</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation differs
+from the <small>POSIX</small> standard to match the standard.  This
+is intended to make Bash behave as a strict superset of that
+standard.  See <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>, for a description of the Bash
+<small>POSIX</small> mode.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--restricted</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Make the shell a restricted shell (see <a href="#The-Restricted-Shell">The Restricted Shell</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--verbose</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Equivalent to <samp>-v</samp>.  Print shell input lines as they&rsquo;re read.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--version</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Show version information for this instance of
+Bash on the standard output and exit successfully.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>There are several single-character options that may be supplied at
+invocation which are not available with the <code>set</code> builtin.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>-c</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Read and execute commands from the first non-option argument
+<var>command_string</var>, then exit. 
+If there are arguments after the <var>command_string</var>,
+the first argument is assigned to <code>$0</code>
+and any remaining arguments are assigned to the positional parameters.
+The assignment to <code>$0</code> sets the name of the shell, which is used
+in warning and error messages.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-i</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Force the shell to run interactively.  Interactive shells are
+described in <a href="#Interactive-Shells">Interactive Shells</a>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-l</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Make this shell act as if it had been directly invoked by login.
+When the shell is interactive, this is equivalent to starting a
+login shell with &lsquo;<samp>exec -l bash</samp>&rsquo;.
+When the shell is not interactive, the login shell startup files will
+be executed.
+&lsquo;<samp>exec bash -l</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>exec bash --login</samp>&rsquo;
+will replace the current shell with a Bash login shell.
+See <a href="#Bash-Startup-Files">Bash Startup Files</a>, for a description of the special behavior
+of a login shell.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-r</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Make the shell a restricted shell (see <a href="#The-Restricted-Shell">The Restricted Shell</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-s</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If this option is present, or if no arguments remain after option
+processing, then commands are read from the standard input.
+This option allows the positional parameters to be set
+when invoking an interactive shell or when reading input
+through a pipe.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-D</code></dt>
+<dd><p>A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by &lsquo;<samp>$</samp>&rsquo;
+is printed on the standard output.
+These are the strings that
+are subject to language translation when the current locale
+is not <code>C</code> or <code>POSIX</code> (see <a href="#Locale-Translation">Locale Translation</a>).
+This implies the <samp>-n</samp> option; no commands will be executed.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>[-+]O [<var>shopt_option</var>]</code></dt>
+<dd><p><var>shopt_option</var> is one of the shell options accepted by the
+<code>shopt</code> builtin (see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>).
+If <var>shopt_option</var> is present, <samp>-O</samp> sets the value of that option;
+<samp>+O</samp> unsets it.  
+If <var>shopt_option</var> is not supplied, the names and values of the shell
+options accepted by <code>shopt</code> are printed on the standard output.
+If the invocation option is <samp>+O</samp>, the output is displayed in a format
+that may be reused as input.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--</code></dt>
+<dd><p>A <code>--</code> signals the end of options and disables further option
+processing.
+Any arguments after the <code>--</code> are treated as filenames and arguments.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<a name="index-login-shell"></a>
+<p>A <em>login</em> shell is one whose first character of argument zero is
+&lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;, or one invoked with the <samp>--login</samp> option.
+</p>
+<a name="index-interactive-shell"></a>
+<p>An <em>interactive</em> shell is one started without non-option arguments,
+unless <samp>-s</samp> is specified,
+without specifying the <samp>-c</samp> option, and whose input and output are both
+connected to terminals (as determined by <code>isatty(3)</code>), or one
+started with the <samp>-i</samp> option.  See <a href="#Interactive-Shells">Interactive Shells</a>, for more
+information.
+</p>
+<p>If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the
+<samp>-c</samp> nor the <samp>-s</samp>
+option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed to
+be the name of a file containing shell commands (see <a href="#Shell-Scripts">Shell Scripts</a>).
+When Bash is invoked in this fashion, <code>$0</code>
+is set to the name of the file, and the positional parameters
+are set to the remaining arguments.
+Bash reads and executes commands from this file, then exits.   
+Bash&rsquo;s exit status is the exit status of the last command executed
+in the script.  If no commands are executed, the exit status is 0.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Bash-Startup-Files"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Interactive-Shells" accesskey="n" rel="next">Interactive Shells</a>, Previous: <a href="#Invoking-Bash" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Invoking Bash</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Bash-Startup-Files-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">6.2 Bash Startup Files</h3>
+<a name="index-startup-files"></a>
+
+<p>This section describes how Bash executes its startup files.
+If any of the files exist but cannot be read, Bash reports an error.
+Tildes are expanded in filenames as described above under
+Tilde Expansion (see <a href="#Tilde-Expansion">Tilde Expansion</a>).
+</p>
+<p>Interactive shells are described in <a href="#Interactive-Shells">Interactive Shells</a>.
+</p>
+<a name="Invoked-as-an-interactive-login-shell_002c-or-with-_002d_002dlogin"></a>
+<h4 class="subsubheading">Invoked as an interactive login shell, or with <samp>--login</samp></h4>
+
+<p>When Bash is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a
+non-interactive shell with the <samp>--login</samp> option, it first reads and
+executes commands from the file <samp>/etc/profile</samp>, if that file exists.
+After reading that file, it looks for <samp>~/.bash_profile</samp>,
+<samp>~/.bash_login</samp>, and <samp>~/.profile</samp>, in that order, and reads
+and executes commands from the first one that exists and is readable.
+The <samp>--noprofile</samp> option may be used when the shell is started to
+inhibit this behavior.
+</p>
+<p>When an interactive login shell exits,
+or a non-interactive login shell executes the <code>exit</code> builtin command,
+Bash reads and executes commands from
+the file <samp>~/.bash_logout</samp>, if it exists.
+</p>
+<a name="Invoked-as-an-interactive-non_002dlogin-shell"></a>
+<h4 class="subsubheading">Invoked as an interactive non-login shell</h4>
+
+<p>When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, Bash
+reads and executes commands from <samp>~/.bashrc</samp>, if that file exists.
+This may be inhibited by using the <samp>--norc</samp> option.
+The <samp>--rcfile <var>file</var></samp> option will force Bash to read and
+execute commands from <var>file</var> instead of <samp>~/.bashrc</samp>.
+</p>
+<p>So, typically, your <samp>~/.bash_profile</samp> contains the line
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><code>if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then . ~/.bashrc; fi</code>
+</pre></div>
+<p>after (or before) any login-specific initializations.
+</p>
+<a name="Invoked-non_002dinteractively"></a>
+<h4 class="subsubheading">Invoked non-interactively</h4>
+
+<p>When Bash is started non-interactively, to run a shell script,
+for example, it looks for the variable <code>BASH_ENV</code> in the environment,
+expands its value if it appears there, and uses the expanded value as
+the name of a file to read and execute.  Bash behaves as if the
+following command were executed:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><code>if [ -n &quot;$BASH_ENV&quot; ]; then . &quot;$BASH_ENV&quot;; fi</code>
+</pre></div>
+<p>but the value of the <code>PATH</code> variable is not used to search for the
+filename.
+</p>
+<p>As noted above, if a non-interactive shell is invoked with the
+<samp>--login</samp> option, Bash attempts to read and execute commands from the
+login shell startup files. 
+</p>
+<a name="Invoked-with-name-sh"></a>
+<h4 class="subsubheading">Invoked with name <code>sh</code></h4>
+
+<p>If Bash is invoked with the name <code>sh</code>, it tries to mimic the
+startup behavior of historical versions of <code>sh</code> as closely as
+possible, while conforming to the <small>POSIX</small> standard as well.
+</p>
+<p>When invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-interactive
+shell with the <samp>--login</samp> option, it first attempts to read
+and execute commands from <samp>/etc/profile</samp> and <samp>~/.profile</samp>, in
+that order.
+The <samp>--noprofile</samp> option may be used to inhibit this behavior.
+When invoked as an interactive shell with the name <code>sh</code>, Bash
+looks for the variable <code>ENV</code>, expands its value if it is defined,
+and uses the expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute.
+Since a shell invoked as <code>sh</code> does not attempt to read and execute
+commands from any other startup files, the <samp>--rcfile</samp> option has
+no effect.
+A non-interactive shell invoked with the name <code>sh</code> does not attempt
+to read any other startup files.
+</p>
+<p>When invoked as <code>sh</code>, Bash enters <small>POSIX</small> mode after
+the startup files are read.
+</p>
+<a name="Invoked-in-POSIX-mode"></a>
+<h4 class="subsubheading">Invoked in <small>POSIX</small> mode</h4>
+
+<p>When Bash is started in <small>POSIX</small> mode, as with the
+<samp>--posix</samp> command line option, it follows the <small>POSIX</small> standard
+for startup files.
+In this mode, interactive shells expand the <code>ENV</code> variable
+and commands are read and executed from the file whose name is the
+expanded value.
+No other startup files are read.
+</p>
+<a name="Invoked-by-remote-shell-daemon"></a>
+<h4 class="subsubheading">Invoked by remote shell daemon</h4>
+
+<p>Bash attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input
+connected to a network connection, as when executed by the remote shell
+daemon, usually <code>rshd</code>, or the secure shell daemon <code>sshd</code>.
+If Bash determines it is being run in
+this fashion, it reads and executes commands from <samp>~/.bashrc</samp>, if that
+file exists and is readable.
+It will not do this if invoked as <code>sh</code>.
+The <samp>--norc</samp> option may be used to inhibit this behavior, and the
+<samp>--rcfile</samp> option may be used to force another file to be read, but
+neither <code>rshd</code> nor <code>sshd</code> generally invoke the shell with those
+options or allow them to be specified.
+</p>
+<a name="Invoked-with-unequal-effective-and-real-UID_002fGIDs"></a>
+<h4 class="subsubheading">Invoked with unequal effective and real <small>UID/GID</small>s</h4>
+
+<p>If Bash is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the
+real user (group) id, and the <samp>-p</samp> option is not supplied, no startup
+files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment,
+the <code>SHELLOPTS</code>, <code>BASHOPTS</code>, <code>CDPATH</code>, and <code>GLOBIGNORE</code>
+variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored, and the effective
+user id is set to the real user id.
+If the <samp>-p</samp> option is supplied at invocation, the startup behavior is
+the same, but the effective user id is not reset.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Interactive-Shells"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Bash-Conditional-Expressions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Bash Conditional Expressions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Bash-Startup-Files" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bash Startup Files</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Interactive-Shells-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">6.3 Interactive Shells</h3>
+<a name="index-interactive-shell-1"></a>
+<a name="index-shell_002c-interactive"></a>
+
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#What-is-an-Interactive-Shell_003f" accesskey="1">What is an Interactive Shell?</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">What determines whether a shell is Interactive.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Is-this-Shell-Interactive_003f" accesskey="2">Is this Shell Interactive?</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to tell if a shell is interactive.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Interactive-Shell-Behavior" accesskey="3">Interactive Shell Behavior</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">What changes in a interactive shell?
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="What-is-an-Interactive-Shell_003f"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Is-this-Shell-Interactive_003f" accesskey="n" rel="next">Is this Shell Interactive?</a>, Up: <a href="#Interactive-Shells" accesskey="u" rel="up">Interactive Shells</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="What-is-an-Interactive-Shell_003f-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">6.3.1 What is an Interactive Shell?</h4>
+
+<p>An interactive shell
+is one started without non-option arguments, unless <samp>-s</samp> is
+specified, without specifying the <samp>-c</samp> option, and
+whose input and error output are both
+connected to terminals (as determined by <code>isatty(3)</code>),
+or one started with the <samp>-i</samp> option.
+</p>
+<p>An interactive shell generally reads from and writes to a user&rsquo;s
+terminal.
+</p>
+<p>The <samp>-s</samp> invocation option may be used to set the positional parameters
+when an interactive shell is started.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Is-this-Shell-Interactive_003f"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Interactive-Shell-Behavior" accesskey="n" rel="next">Interactive Shell Behavior</a>, Previous: <a href="#What-is-an-Interactive-Shell_003f" accesskey="p" rel="prev">What is an Interactive Shell?</a>, Up: <a href="#Interactive-Shells" accesskey="u" rel="up">Interactive Shells</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Is-this-Shell-Interactive_003f-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">6.3.2 Is this Shell Interactive?</h4>
+
+<p>To determine within a startup script whether or not Bash is
+running interactively,
+test the value of the &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo; special parameter.
+It contains <code>i</code> when the shell is interactive.  For example:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">case &quot;$-&quot; in
+*i*)	echo This shell is interactive ;;
+*)	echo This shell is not interactive ;;
+esac
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Alternatively, startup scripts may examine the variable
+<code>PS1</code>; it is unset in non-interactive shells, and set in
+interactive shells.  Thus:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">if [ -z &quot;$PS1&quot; ]; then
+        echo This shell is not interactive
+else
+        echo This shell is interactive
+fi
+</pre></div>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Interactive-Shell-Behavior"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Is-this-Shell-Interactive_003f" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Is this Shell Interactive?</a>, Up: <a href="#Interactive-Shells" accesskey="u" rel="up">Interactive Shells</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Interactive-Shell-Behavior-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">6.3.3 Interactive Shell Behavior</h4>
+
+<p>When the shell is running interactively, it changes its behavior in
+several ways.
+</p>
+<ol>
+<li> Startup files are read and executed as described in <a href="#Bash-Startup-Files">Bash Startup Files</a>.
+
+</li><li> Job Control (see <a href="#Job-Control">Job Control</a>) is enabled by default.  When job
+control is in effect, Bash ignores the keyboard-generated job control
+signals <code>SIGTTIN</code>, <code>SIGTTOU</code>, and <code>SIGTSTP</code>.
+
+</li><li> Bash expands and displays <code>PS1</code> before reading the first line
+of a command, and expands and displays <code>PS2</code> before reading the
+second and subsequent lines of a multi-line command.
+Bash expands and displays <code>PS0</code> after it reads a command but before
+executing it.
+See <a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt">Controlling the Prompt</a>, for a complete list of prompt
+string escape sequences.
+
+</li><li> Bash executes the value of the <code>PROMPT_COMMAND</code> variable as a command
+before printing the primary prompt, <code>$PS1</code>
+(see <a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>).
+
+</li><li> Readline (see <a href="#Command-Line-Editing">Command Line Editing</a>) is used to read commands from
+the user&rsquo;s terminal.
+
+</li><li> Bash inspects the value of the <code>ignoreeof</code> option to <code>set -o</code>
+instead of exiting immediately when it receives an <code>EOF</code> on its
+standard input when reading a command (see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
+
+</li><li> Command history (see <a href="#Bash-History-Facilities">Bash History Facilities</a>)
+and history expansion (see <a href="#History-Interaction">History Interaction</a>)
+are enabled by default.
+Bash will save the command history to the file named by <code>$HISTFILE</code>
+when a shell with history enabled exits.
+
+</li><li> Alias expansion (see <a href="#Aliases">Aliases</a>) is performed by default.
+
+</li><li> In the absence of any traps, Bash ignores <code>SIGTERM</code>
+(see <a href="#Signals">Signals</a>).
+
+</li><li> In the absence of any traps, <code>SIGINT</code> is caught and handled
+(see <a href="#Signals">Signals</a>).
+<code>SIGINT</code> will interrupt some shell builtins.
+
+</li><li> An interactive login shell sends a <code>SIGHUP</code> to all jobs on exit
+if the <code>huponexit</code> shell option has been enabled (see <a href="#Signals">Signals</a>).
+
+</li><li> The <samp>-n</samp> invocation option is ignored, and &lsquo;<samp>set -n</samp>&rsquo; has
+no effect (see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash will check for mail periodically, depending on the values of the
+<code>MAIL</code>, <code>MAILPATH</code>, and <code>MAILCHECK</code> shell variables
+(see <a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>).
+
+</li><li> Expansion errors due to references to unbound shell variables after
+&lsquo;<samp>set -u</samp>&rsquo; has been enabled will not cause the shell to exit
+(see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
+
+</li><li> The shell will not exit on expansion errors caused by <var>var</var> being unset
+or null in <code>${<var>var</var>:?<var>word</var>}</code> expansions
+(see <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>).
+
+</li><li> Redirection errors encountered by shell builtins will not cause the
+shell to exit.
+
+</li><li> When running in <small>POSIX</small> mode, a special builtin returning an error
+status will not cause the shell to exit (see <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>).
+
+</li><li> A failed <code>exec</code> will not cause the shell to exit
+(see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
+
+</li><li> Parser syntax errors will not cause the shell to exit.
+
+</li><li> Simple spelling correction for directory arguments to the <code>cd</code>
+builtin is enabled by default (see the description of the <code>cdspell</code>
+option to the <code>shopt</code> builtin in <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>).
+
+</li><li> The shell will check the value of the <code>TMOUT</code> variable and exit
+if a command is not read within the specified number of seconds after
+printing <code>$PS1</code> (see <a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>).
+
+</li></ol>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Bash-Conditional-Expressions"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Shell-Arithmetic" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Arithmetic</a>, Previous: <a href="#Interactive-Shells" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Interactive Shells</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Bash-Conditional-Expressions-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions</h3>
+<a name="index-expressions_002c-conditional"></a>
+
+<p>Conditional expressions are used by the <code>[[</code> compound command
+and the <code>test</code> and <code>[</code> builtin commands. The <code>test</code>
+and <code>[</code> commands determine their behavior based on the number
+of arguments; see the descriptions of those commands for any other
+command-specific actions.
+</p>
+<p>Expressions may be unary or binary,
+and are formed from the following primaries.
+Unary expressions are often used to examine the status of a file.
+There are string operators and numeric comparison operators as well.
+Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in
+expressions.
+If the operating system on which Bash is running provides these
+special files, Bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them
+internally with this behavior:
+If the <var>file</var> argument to one of the primaries is of the form
+<samp>/dev/fd/<var>N</var></samp>, then file descriptor <var>N</var> is checked.
+If the <var>file</var> argument to one of the primaries is one of
+<samp>/dev/stdin</samp>, <samp>/dev/stdout</samp>, or <samp>/dev/stderr</samp>, file
+descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, is checked.
+</p>
+<p>When used with <code>[[</code>, the &lsquo;<samp>&lt;</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>&gt;</samp>&rsquo; operators sort
+lexicographically using the current locale.
+The <code>test</code> command uses ASCII ordering.
+</p>
+<p>Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow symbolic
+links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link itself.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>-a <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-b <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is a block special file.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-c <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is a character special file.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-d <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is a directory.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-e <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-f <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is a regular file.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-g <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and its set-group-id bit is set.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-h <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is a symbolic link.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-k <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and its &quot;sticky&quot; bit is set.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-p <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is a named pipe (FIFO).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-r <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is readable.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-s <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and has a size greater than zero.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-t <var>fd</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if file descriptor <var>fd</var> is open and refers to a terminal.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-u <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and its set-user-id bit is set.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-w <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is writable.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-x <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is executable.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-G <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is owned by the effective group id.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-L <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is a symbolic link.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-N <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and has been modified since it was last read.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-O <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is owned by the effective user id.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-S <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is a socket.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code><var>file1</var> -ef <var>file2</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file1</var> and <var>file2</var> refer to the same device and
+inode numbers.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code><var>file1</var> -nt <var>file2</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file1</var> is newer (according to modification date)
+than <var>file2</var>, or if <var>file1</var> exists and <var>file2</var> does not.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code><var>file1</var> -ot <var>file2</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file1</var> is older than <var>file2</var>,
+or if <var>file2</var> exists and <var>file1</var> does not.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-o <var>optname</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if the shell option <var>optname</var> is enabled.
+The list of options appears in the description of the <samp>-o</samp>
+option to the <code>set</code> builtin (see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-v <var>varname</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if the shell variable <var>varname</var> is set (has been assigned a value).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-R <var>varname</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if the shell variable <var>varname</var> is set and is a name reference.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-z <var>string</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if the length of <var>string</var> is zero.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-n <var>string</var></code></dt>
+<dt><code><var>string</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if the length of <var>string</var> is non-zero.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code><var>string1</var> == <var>string2</var></code></dt>
+<dt><code><var>string1</var> = <var>string2</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if the strings are equal.
+When used with the <code>[[</code> command, this performs pattern matching as
+described above (see <a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a>).
+</p>
+<p>&lsquo;<samp>=</samp>&rsquo; should be used with the <code>test</code> command for <small>POSIX</small> conformance.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code><var>string1</var> != <var>string2</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if the strings are not equal.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code><var>string1</var> &lt; <var>string2</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>string1</var> sorts before <var>string2</var> lexicographically.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code><var>string1</var> &gt; <var>string2</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>string1</var> sorts after <var>string2</var> lexicographically.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code><var>arg1</var> OP <var>arg2</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p><code>OP</code> is one of 
+&lsquo;<samp>-eq</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>-ne</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>-lt</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>-le</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>-gt</samp>&rsquo;, or &lsquo;<samp>-ge</samp>&rsquo;.
+These arithmetic binary operators return true if <var>arg1</var>
+is equal to, not equal to, less than, less than or equal to,
+greater than, or greater than or equal to <var>arg2</var>,
+respectively.  <var>Arg1</var> and <var>arg2</var>
+may be positive or negative integers.
+When used with the <code>[[</code> command, <var>Arg1</var> and <var>Arg2</var>
+are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (see <a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a>).
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Shell-Arithmetic"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Aliases" accesskey="n" rel="next">Aliases</a>, Previous: <a href="#Bash-Conditional-Expressions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bash Conditional Expressions</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Shell-Arithmetic-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</h3>
+<a name="index-arithmetic_002c-shell"></a>
+<a name="index-shell-arithmetic"></a>
+<a name="index-expressions_002c-arithmetic"></a>
+<a name="index-evaluation_002c-arithmetic"></a>
+<a name="index-arithmetic-evaluation"></a>
+
+<p>The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, as one of
+the shell expansions or by using the <code>((</code> compound command, the
+<code>let</code> builtin, or the <samp>-i</samp> option to the <code>declare</code> builtin.
+</p>
+<p>Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check for overflow,
+though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error.
+The operators and their precedence, associativity, and values
+are the same as in the C language.
+The following list of operators is grouped into levels of
+equal-precedence operators.
+The levels are listed in order of decreasing precedence. 
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code><var>id</var>++ <var>id</var>--</code></dt>
+<dd><p>variable post-increment and post-decrement 
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>++<var>id</var> --<var>id</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>variable pre-increment and pre-decrement
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>- +</code></dt>
+<dd><p>unary minus and plus
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>! ~</code></dt>
+<dd><p>logical and bitwise negation
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>**</code></dt>
+<dd><p>exponentiation
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>* / %</code></dt>
+<dd><p>multiplication, division, remainder
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>+ -</code></dt>
+<dd><p>addition, subtraction
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>&lt;&lt; &gt;&gt;</code></dt>
+<dd><p>left and right bitwise shifts
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>&lt;= &gt;= &lt; &gt;</code></dt>
+<dd><p>comparison
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>== !=</code></dt>
+<dd><p>equality and inequality
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>&amp;</code></dt>
+<dd><p>bitwise AND
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>^</code></dt>
+<dd><p>bitwise exclusive OR
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>|</code></dt>
+<dd><p>bitwise OR
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>&amp;&amp;</code></dt>
+<dd><p>logical AND
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>||</code></dt>
+<dd><p>logical OR
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>expr ? expr : expr</code></dt>
+<dd><p>conditional operator
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>= *= /= %= += -= &lt;&lt;= &gt;&gt;= &amp;= ^= |=</code></dt>
+<dd><p>assignment
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>expr1 , expr2</code></dt>
+<dd><p>comma
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is
+performed before the expression is evaluated. 
+Within an expression, shell variables may also be referenced by name
+without using the parameter expansion syntax.
+A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to 0 when referenced
+by name without using the parameter expansion syntax.
+The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression
+when it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the  
+<var>integer</var> attribute using &lsquo;<samp>declare -i</samp>&rsquo; is assigned a value.
+A null value evaluates to 0.
+A shell variable need not have its <var>integer</var> attribute turned on
+to be used in an expression.
+</p>
+<p>Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.
+A leading &lsquo;<samp>0x</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>0X</samp>&rsquo; denotes hexadecimal.  Otherwise,
+numbers take the form [<var>base</var><code>#</code>]<var>n</var>, where the optional <var>base</var>
+is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic
+base, and <var>n</var> is a number in that base.
+If <var>base</var><code>#</code> is omitted, then base 10 is used.
+When specifying <var>n</var>,
+the digits greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters,
+the uppercase letters, &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp>_</samp>&rsquo;, in that order.
+If <var>base</var> is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase
+letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers between 10
+and 35.
+</p>
+<p>Operators are evaluated in order of precedence.  Sub-expressions in
+parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence
+rules above.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Aliases"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Arrays" accesskey="n" rel="next">Arrays</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Arithmetic" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Arithmetic</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Aliases-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">6.6 Aliases</h3>
+<a name="index-alias-expansion"></a>
+
+<p><var>Aliases</var> allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used
+as the first word of a simple command.
+The shell maintains a list of aliases that may be set and unset with
+the <code>alias</code> and <code>unalias</code> builtin commands.
+</p>
+<p>The first word of each simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see
+if it has an alias.
+If so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias.
+The characters &lsquo;<samp>/</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>$</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>`</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>=</samp>&rsquo; and any of the
+shell metacharacters or quoting characters listed above may not appear
+in an alias name.
+The replacement text may contain any valid
+shell input, including shell metacharacters.
+The first word of the replacement text is tested for
+aliases, but a word that is identical to an alias being expanded
+is not expanded a second time.
+This means that one may alias <code>ls</code> to <code>&quot;ls -F&quot;</code>,
+for instance, and Bash does not try to recursively expand the
+replacement text.
+If the last character of the alias value is a
+<var>blank</var>, then the next command word following the
+alias is also checked for alias expansion.
+</p>
+<p>Aliases are created and listed with the <code>alias</code>
+command, and removed with the <code>unalias</code> command.
+</p>
+<p>There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text,
+as in <code>csh</code>.
+If arguments are needed, a shell function should be used
+(see <a href="#Shell-Functions">Shell Functions</a>).
+</p>
+<p>Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive,
+unless the <code>expand_aliases</code> shell option is set using
+<code>shopt</code> (see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>).
+</p>
+<p>The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are
+somewhat confusing. Bash
+always reads at least one complete line of input,
+and all lines that make up a compound command,
+before executing any of the commands on that line or the compound command.
+Aliases are expanded when a
+command is read, not when it is executed.  Therefore, an
+alias definition appearing on the same line as another
+command does not take effect until the next line of input is read.
+The commands following the alias definition
+on that line are not affected by the new alias.
+This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed.
+Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read,
+not when the function is executed, because a function definition
+is itself a command.  As a consequence, aliases
+defined in a function are not available until after that
+function is executed.  To be safe, always put
+alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use <code>alias</code>
+in compound commands.
+</p>
+<p>For almost every purpose, shell functions are preferred over aliases.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Arrays"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#The-Directory-Stack" accesskey="n" rel="next">The Directory Stack</a>, Previous: <a href="#Aliases" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Aliases</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Arrays-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">6.7 Arrays</h3>
+<a name="index-arrays"></a>
+
+<p>Bash provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables.
+Any variable may be used as an indexed array;
+the <code>declare</code> builtin will explicitly declare an array.
+There is no maximum
+limit on the size of an array, nor any requirement that members
+be indexed or assigned contiguously.
+Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including arithmetic
+expressions (see <a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a>)) and are zero-based;
+associative arrays use arbitrary strings.
+Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non-negative integers.
+</p>
+<p>An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to
+using the syntax
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><var>name</var>[<var>subscript</var>]=<var>value</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <var>subscript</var>
+is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number.
+To explicitly declare an array, use
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">declare -a <var>name</var>
+</pre></div>
+<p>The syntax
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">declare -a <var>name</var>[<var>subscript</var>]
+</pre></div>
+<p>is also accepted; the <var>subscript</var> is ignored.
+</p>
+<p>Associative arrays are created using
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">declare -A <var>name</var>.
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Attributes may be
+specified for an array variable using the <code>declare</code> and
+<code>readonly</code> builtins.  Each attribute applies to all members of
+an array.
+</p>
+<p>Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><var>name</var>=(<var>value1</var> <var>value2</var> &hellip; )
+</pre></div>
+<p>where each
+<var>value</var> is of the form <code>[<var>subscript</var>]=</code><var>string</var>.
+Indexed array assignments do not require anything but <var>string</var>.
+When assigning to indexed arrays, if
+the optional subscript is supplied, that index is assigned to;
+otherwise the index of the element assigned is the last index assigned
+to by the statement plus one.  Indexing starts at zero.
+</p>
+<p>When assigning to an associative array, the subscript is required.
+</p>
+<p>This syntax is also accepted by the <code>declare</code>
+builtin.  Individual array elements may be assigned to using the
+<code><var>name</var>[<var>subscript</var>]=<var>value</var></code> syntax introduced above.
+</p>
+<p>When assigning to an indexed array, if <var>name</var>
+is subscripted by a negative number, that number is
+interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of
+<var>name</var>, so negative indices count back from the end of the
+array, and an index of -1 references the last element.
+</p>
+<p>Any element of an array may be referenced using
+<code>${<var>name</var>[<var>subscript</var>]}</code>.
+The braces are required to avoid
+conflicts with the shell&rsquo;s filename expansion operators.  If the
+<var>subscript</var> is &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;, the word expands to all members
+of the array <var>name</var>.  These subscripts differ only when the word
+appears within double quotes.
+If the word is double-quoted,
+<code>${<var>name</var>[*]}</code> expands to a single word with
+the value of each array member separated by the first character of the
+<code>IFS</code> variable, and <code>${<var>name</var>[@]}</code> expands each element of
+<var>name</var> to a separate word.  When there are no array members,
+<code>${<var>name</var>[@]}</code> expands to nothing.
+If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of
+the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original
+word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last
+part of the original word.
+This is analogous to the
+expansion of the special parameters &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;. 
+<code>${#<var>name</var>[<var>subscript</var>]}</code> expands to the length of
+<code>${<var>name</var>[<var>subscript</var>]}</code>.
+If <var>subscript</var> is &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; or
+&lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;, the expansion is the number of elements in the array. 
+If the <var>subscript</var>
+used to reference an element of an indexed array
+evaluates to a number less than zero, it is
+interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of the array,
+so negative indices count back from the end of the array,
+and an index of -1 refers to the last element.
+</p>
+<p>Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to
+referencing with a subscript of 0.
+Any reference to a variable using a valid subscript is legal, and
+<code>bash</code> will create an array if necessary.
+</p>
+<p>An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a
+value.  The null string is a valid value.
+</p>
+<p>It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as the values.
+${!<var>name</var>[@]} and ${!<var>name</var>[*]} expand to the indices
+assigned in array variable <var>name</var>.
+The treatment when in double quotes is similar to the expansion of the
+special parameters &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; within double quotes.
+</p>
+<p>The <code>unset</code> builtin is used to destroy arrays.
+<code>unset <var>name</var>[<var>subscript</var>]</code>
+destroys the array element at index <var>subscript</var>.
+Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted as described above.
+Unsetting the last element of an array variable does not unset the variable.
+<code>unset <var>name</var></code>, where <var>name</var> is an array, removes the
+entire array.  A subscript of &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; also removes the
+entire array.
+</p>
+<p>When using a variable name with a subscript as an argument to a command,
+such as with <code>unset</code>, without using the word expansion syntax
+described above, the argument is subject to the shell&rsquo;s filename expansion.
+If filename expansion is not desired, the argument should be quoted.
+</p>
+<p>The <code>declare</code>, <code>local</code>, and <code>readonly</code>
+builtins each accept a <samp>-a</samp> option to specify an indexed
+array and a <samp>-A</samp> option to specify an associative array.
+If both options are supplied, <samp>-A</samp> takes precedence.
+The <code>read</code> builtin accepts a <samp>-a</samp>
+option to assign a list of words read from the standard input
+to an array, and can read values from the standard input into
+individual array elements.  The <code>set</code> and <code>declare</code>
+builtins display array values in a way that allows them to be
+reused as input.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="The-Directory-Stack"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt" accesskey="n" rel="next">Controlling the Prompt</a>, Previous: <a href="#Arrays" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Arrays</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="The-Directory-Stack-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">6.8 The Directory Stack</h3>
+<a name="index-directory-stack"></a>
+
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Directory-Stack-Builtins" accesskey="1">Directory Stack Builtins</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Bash builtin commands to manipulate
+					the directory stack.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The directory stack is a list of recently-visited directories.  The
+<code>pushd</code> builtin adds directories to the stack as it changes
+the current directory, and the <code>popd</code> builtin removes specified
+directories from the stack and changes the current directory to
+the directory removed.  The <code>dirs</code> builtin displays the contents
+of the directory stack.  The current directory is always the &quot;top&quot;
+of the directory stack.
+</p>
+<p>The contents of the directory stack are also visible
+as the value of the <code>DIRSTACK</code> shell variable.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Directory-Stack-Builtins"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Up: <a href="#The-Directory-Stack" accesskey="u" rel="up">The Directory Stack</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Directory-Stack-Builtins-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins</h4>
+
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>dirs</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-dirs"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">dirs [-clpv] [+<var>N</var> | -<var>N</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Display the list of currently remembered directories.  Directories
+are added to the list with the <code>pushd</code> command; the
+<code>popd</code> command removes directories from the list.
+The current directory is always the first directory in the stack.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>-c</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the elements.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>-l</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Produces a listing using full pathnames;
+the default listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>-p</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Causes <code>dirs</code> to print the directory stack with one entry per
+line.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>-v</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Causes <code>dirs</code> to print the directory stack with one entry per
+line, prefixing each entry with its index in the stack.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>+<var>N</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Displays the <var>N</var>th directory (counting from the left of the
+list printed by <code>dirs</code> when invoked without options), starting
+with zero.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>-<var>N</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Displays the <var>N</var>th directory (counting from the right of the
+list printed by <code>dirs</code> when invoked without options), starting
+with zero.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+</dd>
+<dt><code>popd</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-popd"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">popd [-n] [+<var>N</var> | -<var>N</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>When no arguments are given, <code>popd</code>
+removes the top directory from the stack and
+performs a <code>cd</code> to the new top directory.
+The elements are numbered from 0 starting at the first directory
+listed with <code>dirs</code>; that is, <code>popd</code> is equivalent to <code>popd +0</code>.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>-n</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing directories
+from the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>+<var>N</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Removes the <var>N</var>th directory (counting from the left of the
+list printed by <code>dirs</code>), starting with zero.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>-<var>N</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Removes the <var>N</var>th directory (counting from the right of the
+list printed by <code>dirs</code>), starting with zero.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<a name="index-pushd"></a>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>pushd</code></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">pushd [-n] [<var>+N</var> | <var>-N</var> | <var>dir</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Save the current directory on the top of the directory stack
+and then <code>cd</code> to <var>dir</var>.
+With no arguments, <code>pushd</code> exchanges the top two directories
+and makes the new top the current directory.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>-n</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotating or
+adding directories to the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>+<var>N</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Brings the <var>N</var>th directory (counting from the left of the
+list printed by <code>dirs</code>, starting with zero) to the top of
+the list by rotating the stack.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>-<var>N</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Brings the <var>N</var>th directory (counting from the right of the
+list printed by <code>dirs</code>, starting with zero) to the top of
+the list by rotating the stack.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code><var>dir</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Makes <var>dir</var> be the top of the stack, making
+it the new current directory as if it had been supplied as an argument
+to the <code>cd</code> builtin.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Controlling-the-Prompt"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#The-Restricted-Shell" accesskey="n" rel="next">The Restricted Shell</a>, Previous: <a href="#The-Directory-Stack" accesskey="p" rel="prev">The Directory Stack</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Controlling-the-Prompt-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">6.9 Controlling the Prompt</h3>
+<a name="index-prompting"></a>
+
+<p>The value of the variable <code>PROMPT_COMMAND</code> is examined just before
+Bash prints each primary prompt.  If <code>PROMPT_COMMAND</code> is set and
+has a non-null value, then the
+value is executed just as if it had been typed on the command line.
+</p>
+<p>In addition, the following table describes the special characters which
+can appear in the prompt variables <code>PS0</code>, <code>PS1</code>, <code>PS2</code>, and
+<code>PS4</code>:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>\a</code></dt>
+<dd><p>A bell character.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\d</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The date, in &quot;Weekday Month Date&quot; format (e.g., &quot;Tue May 26&quot;).
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\D{<var>format</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The <var>format</var> is passed to <code>strftime</code>(3) and the result is inserted
+into the prompt string; an empty <var>format</var> results in a locale-specific
+time representation.  The braces are required.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\e</code></dt>
+<dd><p>An escape character.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\h</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The hostname, up to the first &lsquo;.&rsquo;.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\H</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The hostname.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\j</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The number of jobs currently managed by the shell.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\l</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The basename of the shell&rsquo;s terminal device name.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\n</code></dt>
+<dd><p>A newline.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\r</code></dt>
+<dd><p>A carriage return.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\s</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The name of the shell, the basename of <code>$0</code> (the portion
+following the final slash).
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\t</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The time, in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\T</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The time, in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\@</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The time, in 12-hour am/pm format.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\A</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The time, in 24-hour HH:MM format.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\u</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The username of the current user.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\v</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The version of Bash (e.g., 2.00)          
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\V</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The release of Bash, version + patchlevel (e.g., 2.00.0)
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\w</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The current working directory, with <code>$HOME</code> abbreviated with a tilde
+(uses the <code>$PROMPT_DIRTRIM</code> variable).
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\W</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The basename of <code>$PWD</code>, with <code>$HOME</code> abbreviated with a tilde.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\!</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The history number of this command.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\#</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The command number of this command.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\$</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If the effective uid is 0, <code>#</code>, otherwise <code>$</code>.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\<var>nnn</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>The character whose ASCII code is the octal value <var>nnn</var>.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\\</code></dt>
+<dd><p>A backslash.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\[</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Begin a sequence of non-printing characters.  This could be used to
+embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\]</code></dt>
+<dd><p>End a sequence of non-printing characters.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>The command number and the history number are usually different:
+the history number of a command is its position in the history
+list, which may include commands restored from the history file
+(see <a href="#Bash-History-Facilities">Bash History Facilities</a>), while the command number is
+the position in the sequence of commands executed during the current
+shell session.
+</p>
+<p>After the string is decoded, it is expanded via
+parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
+expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of the
+<code>promptvars</code> shell option (see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>).
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="The-Restricted-Shell"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode" accesskey="n" rel="next">Bash POSIX Mode</a>, Previous: <a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Controlling the Prompt</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="The-Restricted-Shell-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">6.10 The Restricted Shell</h3>
+<a name="index-restricted-shell"></a>
+
+<p>If Bash is started with the name <code>rbash</code>, or the
+<samp>--restricted</samp>
+or
+<samp>-r</samp>
+option is supplied at invocation, the shell becomes restricted.
+A restricted shell is used to
+set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell.
+A restricted shell behaves identically to <code>bash</code>
+with the exception that the following are disallowed or not performed:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li> Changing directories with the <code>cd</code> builtin.
+</li><li> Setting or unsetting the values of the <code>SHELL</code>, <code>PATH</code>,
+<code>ENV</code>, or <code>BASH_ENV</code> variables.
+</li><li> Specifying command names containing slashes.
+</li><li> Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the <code>.</code>
+builtin command.
+</li><li> Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the <samp>-p</samp>
+option to the <code>hash</code> builtin command.
+</li><li> Importing function definitions from the shell environment at startup.
+</li><li> Parsing the value of <code>SHELLOPTS</code> from the shell environment at startup.
+</li><li> Redirecting output using the &lsquo;<samp>&gt;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>&gt;|</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>&lt;&gt;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>&gt;&amp;</samp>&rsquo;,
+&lsquo;<samp>&amp;&gt;</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp>&gt;&gt;</samp>&rsquo; redirection operators.
+</li><li> Using the <code>exec</code> builtin to replace the shell with another command.
+</li><li> Adding or deleting builtin commands with the
+<samp>-f</samp> and <samp>-d</samp> options to the <code>enable</code> builtin.
+</li><li> Using the <code>enable</code> builtin command to enable disabled shell builtins.
+</li><li> Specifying the <samp>-p</samp> option to the <code>command</code> builtin.
+</li><li> Turning off restricted mode with &lsquo;<samp>set +r</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>set +o restricted</samp>&rsquo;.
+</li></ul>
+
+<p>These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read.
+</p>
+<p>When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed
+(see <a href="#Shell-Scripts">Shell Scripts</a>), <code>rbash</code> turns off any restrictions in
+the shell spawned to execute the script.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Bash-POSIX-Mode"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#The-Restricted-Shell" accesskey="p" rel="prev">The Restricted Shell</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Bash-POSIX-Mode-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</h3>
+<a name="index-POSIX-Mode"></a>
+
+<p>Starting Bash with the <samp>--posix</samp> command-line option or executing
+&lsquo;<samp>set -o posix</samp>&rsquo; while Bash is running will cause Bash to conform more
+closely to the <small>POSIX</small> standard by changing the behavior to
+match that specified by <small>POSIX</small> in areas where the Bash default differs.
+</p>
+<p>When invoked as <code>sh</code>, Bash enters <small>POSIX</small> mode after reading the
+startup files.
+</p>
+<p>The following list is what&rsquo;s changed when &lsquo;<small>POSIX</small> mode&rsquo; is in effect:
+</p>
+<ol>
+<li> Bash ensures that the <code>POSIXLY_CORRECT</code> variable is set.
+
+</li><li> When a command in the hash table no longer exists, Bash will re-search
+<code>$PATH</code> to find the new location.  This is also available with
+&lsquo;<samp>shopt -s checkhash</samp>&rsquo;.
+
+</li><li> The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job
+exits with a non-zero status is &lsquo;Done(status)&rsquo;.
+
+</li><li> The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job
+is stopped is &lsquo;Stopped(<var>signame</var>)&rsquo;, where <var>signame</var> is, for
+example, <code>SIGTSTP</code>.
+
+</li><li> Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells.
+
+</li><li> Reserved words appearing in a context where reserved words are recognized
+do not undergo alias expansion.
+
+</li><li> The <small>POSIX</small> <code>PS1</code> and <code>PS2</code> expansions of &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo; to
+the history number and &lsquo;<samp>!!</samp>&rsquo; to &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo; are enabled,
+and parameter expansion is performed on the values of <code>PS1</code> and
+<code>PS2</code> regardless of the setting of the <code>promptvars</code> option.
+
+</li><li> The <small>POSIX</small> startup files are executed (<code>$ENV</code>) rather than
+the normal Bash files.
+
+</li><li> Tilde expansion is only performed on assignments preceding a command
+name, rather than on all assignment statements on the line.
+
+</li><li> The default history file is <samp>~/.sh_history</samp> (this is the
+default value of <code>$HISTFILE</code>).
+
+</li><li> Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the word
+in the redirection unless the shell is interactive.
+
+</li><li> Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in the
+redirection.
+
+</li><li> Function names must be valid shell <code>name</code>s.  That is, they may not
+contain characters other than letters, digits, and underscores, and
+may not start with a digit.  Declaring a function with an invalid name
+causes a fatal syntax error in non-interactive shells.
+
+</li><li> Function names may not be the same as one of the <small>POSIX</small> special
+builtins.
+
+</li><li> <small>POSIX</small> special builtins are found before shell functions
+during command lookup.
+
+</li><li> When printing shell function definitions (e.g., by <code>type</code>), Bash does
+not print the <code>function</code> keyword.
+
+</li><li> Literal tildes that appear as the first character in elements of
+the <code>PATH</code> variable are not expanded as described above
+under <a href="#Tilde-Expansion">Tilde Expansion</a>.
+
+</li><li> The <code>time</code> reserved word may be used by itself as a command.  When
+used in this way, it displays timing statistics for the shell and its
+completed children.  The <code>TIMEFORMAT</code> variable controls the format
+of the timing information.
+
+</li><li> When parsing and expanding a ${&hellip;} expansion that appears within
+double quotes, single quotes are no longer special and cannot be used to
+quote a closing brace or other special character, unless the operator is
+one of those defined to perform pattern removal.  In this case, they do
+not have to appear as matched pairs.
+
+</li><li> The parser does not recognize <code>time</code> as a reserved word if the next
+token begins with a &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;.
+
+</li><li> The &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo; character does not introduce history expansion within a
+double-quoted string, even if the <code>histexpand</code> option is enabled.
+
+</li><li> If a <small>POSIX</small> special builtin returns an error status, a
+non-interactive shell exits.  The fatal errors are those listed in
+the <small>POSIX</small> standard, and include things like passing incorrect options,
+redirection errors, variable assignment errors for assignments preceding
+the command name, and so on.
+
+</li><li> A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
+assignment error occurs when no command name follows the assignment
+statements.
+A variable assignment error occurs, for example, when trying to assign
+a value to a readonly variable.
+
+</li><li> A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
+assignment error occurs in an assignment statement preceding a special
+builtin, but not with any other simple command.
+
+</li><li> A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the iteration
+variable in a <code>for</code> statement or the selection variable in a
+<code>select</code> statement is a readonly variable.
+
+</li><li> Non-interactive shells exit if <var>filename</var> in <code>.</code> <var>filename</var>
+is not found.
+
+</li><li> Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic expansion
+results in an invalid expression.
+
+</li><li> Non-interactive shells exit if a parameter expansion error occurs.
+
+</li><li> Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script read
+with the <code>.</code> or <code>source</code> builtins, or in a string processed by
+the <code>eval</code> builtin.
+
+</li><li> Process substitution is not available.
+
+</li><li> While variable indirection is available, it may not be applied to the
+&lsquo;<samp>#</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>?</samp>&rsquo; special parameters.
+
+</li><li> When expanding the &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; special parameter in a pattern context where the
+expansion is double-quoted does not treat the <code>$*</code> as if it were
+double-quoted.
+
+</li><li> Assignment statements preceding <small>POSIX</small> special builtins
+persist in the shell environment after the builtin completes.
+
+</li><li> Assignment statements preceding shell function calls persist in the
+shell environment after the function returns, as if a <small>POSIX</small>
+special builtin command had been executed.
+
+</li><li> The <code>command</code> builtin does not prevent builtins that take assignment
+statements as arguments from expanding them as assignment statements;
+when not in <small>POSIX</small> mode, assignment builtins lose their assignment
+statement expansion properties when preceded by <code>command</code>.
+
+</li><li> The <code>bg</code> builtin uses the required format to describe each job placed
+in the background, which does not include an indication of whether the job
+is the current or previous job.
+
+</li><li> The output of &lsquo;<samp>kill -l</samp>&rsquo; prints all the signal names on a single line,
+separated by spaces, without the &lsquo;<samp>SIG</samp>&rsquo; prefix.
+
+</li><li> The <code>kill</code> builtin does not accept signal names with a &lsquo;<samp>SIG</samp>&rsquo;
+prefix.
+
+</li><li> The <code>export</code> and <code>readonly</code> builtin commands display their
+output in the format required by <small>POSIX</small>.
+
+</li><li> The <code>trap</code> builtin displays signal names without the leading
+<code>SIG</code>.
+
+</li><li> The <code>trap</code> builtin doesn&rsquo;t check the first argument for a possible
+signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original
+disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of digits and
+is a valid signal number.  If users want to reset the handler for a given
+signal to the original disposition, they should use &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo; as the
+first argument.
+
+</li><li> The <code>.</code> and <code>source</code> builtins do not search the current directory
+for the filename argument if it is not found by searching <code>PATH</code>.
+
+</li><li> Enabling <small>POSIX</small> mode has the effect of setting the
+<code>inherit_errexit</code> option, so
+subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of
+the <samp>-e</samp> option from the parent shell.
+When the <code>inherit_errexit</code> option is not enabled,
+Bash clears the <samp>-e</samp> option in such subshells.
+
+</li><li> Enabling <small>POSIX</small> mode has the effect of setting the
+<code>shift_verbose</code> option, so numeric arguments to <code>shift</code>
+that exceed the number of positional parameters will result in an
+error message.
+
+</li><li> When the <code>alias</code> builtin displays alias definitions, it does not
+display them with a leading &lsquo;<samp>alias </samp>&rsquo; unless the <samp>-p</samp> option
+is supplied.
+
+</li><li> When the <code>set</code> builtin is invoked without options, it does not display
+shell function names and definitions.
+
+</li><li> When the <code>set</code> builtin is invoked without options, it displays
+variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell metacharacters,
+even if the result contains nonprinting characters.
+
+</li><li> When the <code>cd</code> builtin is invoked in <var>logical</var> mode, and the pathname
+constructed from <code>$PWD</code> and the directory name supplied as an argument
+does not refer to an existing directory, <code>cd</code> will fail instead of
+falling back to <var>physical</var> mode.
+
+</li><li> When the <code>cd</code> builtin cannot change a directory because the
+length of the pathname 
+constructed from <code>$PWD</code> and the directory name supplied as an argument
+exceeds <var>PATH_MAX</var> when all symbolic links are expanded, <code>cd</code> will
+fail instead of attempting to use only the supplied directory name.
+
+</li><li> The <code>pwd</code> builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as the
+current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file system with the
+<samp>-P</samp> option.
+
+</li><li> When listing the history, the <code>fc</code> builtin does not include an
+indication of whether or not a history entry has been modified.
+
+</li><li> The default editor used by <code>fc</code> is <code>ed</code>.
+
+</li><li> The <code>type</code> and <code>command</code> builtins will not report a non-executable
+file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to execute such a
+file if it is the only so-named file found in <code>$PATH</code>.
+
+</li><li> The <code>vi</code> editing mode will invoke the <code>vi</code> editor directly when
+the &lsquo;<samp>v</samp>&rsquo; command is run, instead of checking <code>$VISUAL</code> and
+<code>$EDITOR</code>.
+
+</li><li> When the <code>xpg_echo</code> option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to interpret
+any arguments to <code>echo</code> as options.  Each argument is displayed, after
+escape characters are converted.
+
+</li><li> The <code>ulimit</code> builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the <samp>-c</samp>
+and <samp>-f</samp> options.
+
+</li><li> The arrival of <code>SIGCHLD</code>  when a trap is set on <code>SIGCHLD</code> does
+not interrupt the <code>wait</code> builtin and cause it to return immediately.
+The trap command is run once for each child that exits.
+
+</li><li> The <code>read</code> builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap
+has been set.
+If Bash receives a trapped signal while executing <code>read</code>, the trap
+handler executes and <code>read</code> returns an exit status greater than 128.
+
+</li><li> Bash removes an exited background process&rsquo;s status from the list of such
+statuses after the <code>wait</code> builtin is used to obtain it.
+
+</li></ol>
+
+<p>There is other <small>POSIX</small> behavior that Bash does not implement by
+default even when in <small>POSIX</small> mode.
+Specifically:
+</p>
+<ol>
+<li> The <code>fc</code> builtin checks <code>$EDITOR</code> as a program to edit history
+entries if <code>FCEDIT</code> is unset, rather than defaulting directly to
+<code>ed</code>.  <code>fc</code> uses <code>ed</code> if <code>EDITOR</code> is unset.
+
+</li><li> As noted above, Bash requires the <code>xpg_echo</code> option to be enabled for
+the <code>echo</code> builtin to be fully conformant.
+
+</li></ol>
+
+<p>Bash can be configured to be <small>POSIX</small>-conformant by default, by specifying
+the <samp>--enable-strict-posix-default</samp> to <code>configure</code> when building
+(see <a href="#Optional-Features">Optional Features</a>).
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Job-Control"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Line Editing</a>, Previous: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bash Features</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Job-Control-1"></a>
+<h2 class="chapter">7 Job Control</h2>
+
+<p>This chapter discusses what job control is, how it works, and how
+Bash allows you to access its facilities.
+</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Job-Control-Basics" accesskey="1">Job Control Basics</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How job control works.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Job-Control-Builtins" accesskey="2">Job Control Builtins</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Bash builtin commands used to interact
+				with job control.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Job-Control-Variables" accesskey="3">Job Control Variables</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Variables Bash uses to customize job
+				control.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Job-Control-Basics"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Job-Control-Builtins" accesskey="n" rel="next">Job Control Builtins</a>, Up: <a href="#Job-Control" accesskey="u" rel="up">Job Control</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Job-Control-Basics-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">7.1 Job Control Basics</h3>
+<a name="index-job-control-1"></a>
+<a name="index-foreground"></a>
+<a name="index-background"></a>
+<a name="index-suspending-jobs"></a>
+
+<p>Job control
+refers to the ability to selectively stop (suspend)
+the execution of processes and continue (resume)
+their execution at a later point.  A user typically employs
+this facility via an interactive interface supplied jointly
+by the operating system kernel&rsquo;s terminal driver and Bash.
+</p>
+<p>The shell associates a <var>job</var> with each pipeline.  It keeps a
+table of currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the
+<code>jobs</code> command.  When Bash starts a job
+asynchronously, it prints a line that looks
+like:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">[1] 25647
+</pre></div>
+<p>indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process <small>ID</small>
+of the last process in the pipeline associated with this job is
+25647.  All of the processes in a single pipeline are members of
+the same job.  Bash uses the <var>job</var> abstraction as the
+basis for job control. 
+</p>
+<p>To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job
+control, the operating system maintains the notion of a current terminal
+process group <small>ID</small>.  Members of this process group (processes whose
+process group <small>ID</small> is equal to the current terminal process group
+<small>ID</small>) receive keyboard-generated signals such as <code>SIGINT</code>. 
+These processes are said to be in the foreground.  Background
+processes are those whose process group <small>ID</small> differs from the
+terminal&rsquo;s; such processes are immune to keyboard-generated
+signals.  Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or, if
+the user so specifies with <code>stty tostop</code>, write to the terminal.
+Background processes which attempt to
+read from (write to when <code>stty tostop</code> is in effect) the
+terminal are sent a <code>SIGTTIN</code> (<code>SIGTTOU</code>)
+signal by the kernel&rsquo;s terminal driver,
+which, unless caught, suspends the process. 
+</p>
+<p>If the operating system on which Bash is running supports
+job control, Bash contains facilities to use it.  Typing the
+<var>suspend</var> character (typically &lsquo;<samp>^Z</samp>&rsquo;, Control-Z) while a
+process is running causes that process to be stopped and returns
+control to Bash.  Typing the <var>delayed suspend</var> character
+(typically &lsquo;<samp>^Y</samp>&rsquo;, Control-Y) causes the process to be stopped
+when it attempts to read input from the terminal, and control to
+be returned to Bash.  The user then manipulates the state of
+this job, using the <code>bg</code> command to continue it in the
+background, the <code>fg</code> command to continue it in the
+foreground, or the <code>kill</code> command to kill it.  A &lsquo;<samp>^Z</samp>&rsquo;
+takes effect immediately, and has the additional side effect of
+causing pending output and typeahead to be discarded. 
+</p>
+<p>There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell.  The
+character &lsquo;<samp>%</samp>&rsquo; introduces a job specification (<var>jobspec</var>).
+</p>
+<p>Job number <code>n</code> may be referred to as &lsquo;<samp>%n</samp>&rsquo;.
+The symbols &lsquo;<samp>%%</samp>&rsquo; and  &lsquo;<samp>%+</samp>&rsquo; refer to the shell&rsquo;s notion of the
+current job, which is the last job stopped while it was in the foreground
+or started in the background.
+A single &lsquo;<samp>%</samp>&rsquo; (with no accompanying job specification) also refers
+to the current job.
+The previous job may be referenced using &lsquo;<samp>%-</samp>&rsquo;.
+If there is only a single job, &lsquo;<samp>%+</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>%-</samp>&rsquo; can both be used
+to refer to that job.
+In output pertaining to jobs (e.g., the output of the <code>jobs</code>
+command), the current job is always flagged with a &lsquo;<samp>+</samp>&rsquo;, and the
+previous job with a &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;. 
+</p>
+<p>A job may also be referred to
+using a prefix of the name used to start it, or using a substring
+that appears in its command line.  For example, &lsquo;<samp>%ce</samp>&rsquo; refers
+to a stopped <code>ce</code> job.  Using &lsquo;<samp>%?ce</samp>&rsquo;, on the
+other hand, refers to any job containing the string &lsquo;<samp>ce</samp>&rsquo; in
+its command line.  If the prefix or substring matches more than one job,
+Bash reports an error.
+</p>
+<p>Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground:
+&lsquo;<samp>%1</samp>&rsquo; is a synonym for &lsquo;<samp>fg %1</samp>&rsquo;, bringing job 1 from the
+background into the foreground.  Similarly, &lsquo;<samp>%1 &amp;</samp>&rsquo; resumes
+job 1 in the background, equivalent to &lsquo;<samp>bg %1</samp>&rsquo;
+</p>
+<p>The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. 
+Normally, Bash waits until it is about to print a prompt
+before reporting changes in a job&rsquo;s status so as to not interrupt
+any other output.
+If the <samp>-b</samp> option to the <code>set</code> builtin is enabled,
+Bash reports such changes immediately (see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
+Any trap on <code>SIGCHLD</code> is executed for each child process
+that exits.
+</p>
+<p>If an attempt to exit Bash is made while jobs are stopped, (or running, if
+the <code>checkjobs</code> option is enabled &ndash; see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>), the
+shell prints a warning message, and if the <code>checkjobs</code> option is
+enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses.
+The <code>jobs</code> command may then be used to inspect their status.
+If a second attempt to exit is made without an intervening command,
+Bash does not print another warning, and any stopped jobs are terminated.
+</p>
+<p>When the shell is waiting for a job or process using the <code>wait</code>
+builtin, and job control is enabled, <code>wait</code> will return when the
+job changes state. The <samp>-f</samp> option will force <code>wait</code> to wait
+until the job or process terminates before returning.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Job-Control-Builtins"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Job-Control-Variables" accesskey="n" rel="next">Job Control Variables</a>, Previous: <a href="#Job-Control-Basics" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Job Control Basics</a>, Up: <a href="#Job-Control" accesskey="u" rel="up">Job Control</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Job-Control-Builtins-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">7.2 Job Control Builtins</h3>
+
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>bg</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-bg"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">bg [<var>jobspec</var> &hellip;]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Resume each suspended job <var>jobspec</var> in the background, as if it
+had been started with &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo;.
+If <var>jobspec</var> is not supplied, the current job is used.
+The return status is zero unless it is run when job control is not
+enabled, or, when run with job control enabled, any
+<var>jobspec</var> was not found or specifies a job
+that was started without job control.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>fg</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-fg"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">fg [<var>jobspec</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Resume the job <var>jobspec</var> in the foreground and make it the current job.
+If <var>jobspec</var> is not supplied, the current job is used.
+The return status is that of the command placed into the foreground,
+or non-zero if run when job control is disabled or, when run with
+job control enabled, <var>jobspec</var> does not specify a valid job or
+<var>jobspec</var> specifies a job that was started without job control.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>jobs</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-jobs"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">jobs [-lnprs] [<var>jobspec</var>]
+jobs -x <var>command</var> [<var>arguments</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The first form lists the active jobs.  The options have the
+following meanings:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>-l</code></dt>
+<dd><p>List process <small>ID</small>s in addition to the normal information.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-n</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Display information only about jobs that have changed status since
+the user was last notified of their status.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-p</code></dt>
+<dd><p>List only the process <small>ID</small> of the job&rsquo;s process group leader.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-r</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Display only running jobs.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-s</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Display only stopped jobs.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>If <var>jobspec</var> is given,
+output is restricted to information about that job. 
+If <var>jobspec</var> is not supplied, the status of all jobs is
+listed.
+</p>
+<p>If the <samp>-x</samp> option is supplied, <code>jobs</code> replaces any
+<var>jobspec</var> found in <var>command</var> or <var>arguments</var> with the
+corresponding process group <small>ID</small>, and executes <var>command</var>,
+passing it <var>argument</var>s, returning its exit status. 
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>kill</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-kill"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">kill [-s <var>sigspec</var>] [-n <var>signum</var>] [-<var>sigspec</var>] <var>jobspec</var> or <var>pid</var>
+kill -l|-L [<var>exit_status</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Send a signal specified by <var>sigspec</var> or <var>signum</var> to the process
+named by job specification <var>jobspec</var> or process <small>ID</small> <var>pid</var>.
+<var>sigspec</var> is either a case-insensitive signal name such as
+<code>SIGINT</code> (with or without the <code>SIG</code> prefix)
+or a signal number; <var>signum</var> is a signal number.
+If <var>sigspec</var> and <var>signum</var> are not present, <code>SIGTERM</code> is used.
+The <samp>-l</samp> option lists the signal names.
+If any arguments are supplied when <samp>-l</samp> is given, the names of the
+signals corresponding to the arguments are listed, and the return status
+is zero.
+<var>exit_status</var> is a number specifying a signal number or the exit
+status of a process terminated by a signal.
+The <samp>-L</samp> option is equivalent to <samp>-l</samp>.
+The return status is zero if at least one signal was successfully sent,
+or non-zero if an error occurs or an invalid option is encountered.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>wait</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-wait"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">wait [-fn] [<var>jobspec</var> or <var>pid</var> &hellip;]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Wait until the child process specified by each process <small>ID</small> <var>pid</var>
+or job specification <var>jobspec</var> exits and return the exit status of the
+last command waited for.
+If a job spec is given, all processes in the job are waited for.
+If no arguments are given, all currently active child processes are
+waited for, and the return status is zero.
+If the <samp>-n</samp> option is supplied, <code>wait</code> waits for any job to
+terminate and returns its exit status.
+If the <samp>-f</samp> option is supplied, and job control is enabled,
+<code>wait</code> forces each <var>pid</var> or <var>jobspec</var> to terminate before
+returning its status, intead of returning when it changes status.
+If neither <var>jobspec</var> nor <var>pid</var> specifies an active child process
+of the shell, the return status is 127.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>disown</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-disown"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">disown [-ar] [-h] [<var>jobspec</var> &hellip; | <var>pid</var> &hellip; ]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Without options, remove each <var>jobspec</var> from the table of
+active jobs.
+If the <samp>-h</samp> option is given, the job is not removed from the table,
+but is marked so that <code>SIGHUP</code> is not sent to the job if the shell
+receives a <code>SIGHUP</code>.
+If <var>jobspec</var> is not present, and neither the <samp>-a</samp> nor the
+<samp>-r</samp> option is supplied, the current job is used.
+If no <var>jobspec</var> is supplied, the <samp>-a</samp> option means to remove or
+mark all jobs; the <samp>-r</samp> option without a <var>jobspec</var>
+argument restricts operation to running jobs.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>suspend</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-suspend"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">suspend [-f]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a
+<code>SIGCONT</code> signal.
+A login shell cannot be suspended; the <samp>-f</samp>
+option can be used to override this and force the suspension.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>When job control is not active, the <code>kill</code> and <code>wait</code>
+builtins do not accept <var>jobspec</var> arguments.  They must be
+supplied process <small>ID</small>s.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Job-Control-Variables"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Job-Control-Builtins" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Job Control Builtins</a>, Up: <a href="#Job-Control" accesskey="u" rel="up">Job Control</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Job-Control-Variables-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">7.3 Job Control Variables</h3>
+
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>auto_resume</code>
+<a name="index-auto_005fresume"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and
+job control.  If this variable exists then single word simple
+commands without redirections are treated as candidates for resumption
+of an existing job.  There is no ambiguity allowed; if there is
+more than one job beginning with the string typed, then
+the most recently accessed job will be selected.
+The name of a stopped job, in this context, is the command line
+used to start it.  If this variable is set to the value &lsquo;<samp>exact</samp>&rsquo;,
+the string supplied must match the name of a stopped job exactly;
+if set to &lsquo;<samp>substring</samp>&rsquo;,
+the string supplied needs to match a substring of the name of a
+stopped job.  The &lsquo;<samp>substring</samp>&rsquo; value provides functionality
+analogous to the &lsquo;<samp>%?</samp>&rsquo; job <small>ID</small> (see <a href="#Job-Control-Basics">Job Control Basics</a>).
+If set to any other value, the supplied string must
+be a prefix of a stopped job&rsquo;s name; this provides functionality
+analogous to the &lsquo;<samp>%</samp>&rsquo; job <small>ID</small>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<a name="index-Readline_002c-how-to-use"></a>
+
+
+
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Command-Line-Editing"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Using-History-Interactively" accesskey="n" rel="next">Using History Interactively</a>, Previous: <a href="#Job-Control" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Job Control</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Command-Line-Editing-1"></a>
+<h2 class="chapter">8 Command Line Editing</h2>
+
+<p>This chapter describes the basic features of the <small>GNU</small>
+command line editing interface.
+Command line editing is provided by the Readline library, which is
+used by several different programs, including Bash.
+Command line editing is enabled by default when using an interactive shell,
+unless the <samp>--noediting</samp> option is supplied at shell invocation.
+Line editing is also used when using the <samp>-e</samp> option to the
+<code>read</code> builtin command (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs.
+A vi-style line editing interface is also available.
+Line editing can be enabled at any time using the <samp>-o emacs</samp> or
+<samp>-o vi</samp> options to the <code>set</code> builtin command
+(see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>), or disabled using the <samp>+o emacs</samp> or 
+<samp>+o vi</samp> options to <code>set</code>.
+</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Introduction-and-Notation" accesskey="1">Introduction and Notation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Notation used in this text.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Readline-Interaction" accesskey="2">Readline Interaction</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The minimum set of commands for editing a line.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Readline-Init-File" accesskey="3">Readline Init File</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Customizing Readline from a user&rsquo;s view.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="4">Bindable Readline Commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">A description of most of the Readline commands
+				available for binding
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Readline-vi-Mode" accesskey="5">Readline vi Mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">A short description of how to make Readline
+				behave like the vi editor.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Programmable-Completion" accesskey="6">Programmable Completion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to specify the possible completions for
+				a specific command.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins" accesskey="7">Programmable Completion Builtins</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Builtin commands to specify how to
+				complete arguments for a particular command.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#A-Programmable-Completion-Example" accesskey="8">A Programmable Completion Example</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">An example shell function for
+				generating possible completions.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Introduction-and-Notation"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Readline-Interaction" accesskey="n" rel="next">Readline Interaction</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command Line Editing</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Introduction-to-Line-Editing"></a>
+<h3 class="section">8.1 Introduction to Line Editing</h3>
+
+<p>The following paragraphs describe the notation used to represent
+keystrokes.
+</p>
+<p>The text <kbd>C-k</kbd> is read as &lsquo;Control-K&rsquo; and describes the character
+produced when the <tt class="key">k</tt> key is pressed while the Control key
+is depressed.
+</p>
+<p>The text <kbd>M-k</kbd> is read as &lsquo;Meta-K&rsquo; and describes the character
+produced when the Meta key (if you have one) is depressed, and the <tt class="key">k</tt>
+key is pressed.
+The Meta key is labeled <tt class="key">ALT</tt> on many keyboards.
+On keyboards with two keys labeled <tt class="key">ALT</tt> (usually to either side of
+the space bar), the <tt class="key">ALT</tt> on the left side is generally set to
+work as a Meta key.
+The <tt class="key">ALT</tt> key on the right may also be configured to work as a
+Meta key or may be configured as some other modifier, such as a
+Compose key for typing accented characters.
+</p>
+<p>If you do not have a Meta or <tt class="key">ALT</tt> key, or another key working as
+a Meta key, the identical keystroke can be generated by typing <tt class="key">ESC</tt>
+<em>first</em>, and then typing <tt class="key">k</tt>.
+Either process is known as <em>metafying</em> the <tt class="key">k</tt> key.
+</p>
+<p>The text <kbd>M-C-k</kbd> is read as &lsquo;Meta-Control-k&rsquo; and describes the
+character produced by <em>metafying</em> <kbd>C-k</kbd>.
+</p>
+<p>In addition, several keys have their own names.  Specifically,
+<tt class="key">DEL</tt>, <tt class="key">ESC</tt>, <tt class="key">LFD</tt>, <tt class="key">SPC</tt>, <tt class="key">RET</tt>, and <tt class="key">TAB</tt> all
+stand for themselves when seen in this text, or in an init file
+(see <a href="#Readline-Init-File">Readline Init File</a>).
+If your keyboard lacks a <tt class="key">LFD</tt> key, typing <tt class="key">C-j</tt> will
+produce the desired character.
+The <tt class="key">RET</tt> key may be labeled <tt class="key">Return</tt> or <tt class="key">Enter</tt> on
+some keyboards.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Readline-Interaction"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Readline-Init-File" accesskey="n" rel="next">Readline Init File</a>, Previous: <a href="#Introduction-and-Notation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Introduction and Notation</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command Line Editing</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Readline-Interaction-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">8.2 Readline Interaction</h3>
+<a name="index-interaction_002c-readline"></a>
+
+<p>Often during an interactive session you type in a long line of text,
+only to notice that the first word on the line is misspelled.  The
+Readline library gives you a set of commands for manipulating the text
+as you type it in, allowing you to just fix your typo, and not forcing
+you to retype the majority of the line.  Using these editing commands,
+you move the cursor to the place that needs correction, and delete or
+insert the text of the corrections.  Then, when you are satisfied with
+the line, you simply press <tt class="key">RET</tt>.  You do not have to be at the
+end of the line to press <tt class="key">RET</tt>; the entire line is accepted
+regardless of the location of the cursor within the line.
+</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Readline-Bare-Essentials" accesskey="1">Readline Bare Essentials</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The least you need to know about Readline.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Readline-Movement-Commands" accesskey="2">Readline Movement Commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Moving about the input line.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Readline-Killing-Commands" accesskey="3">Readline Killing Commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to delete text, and how to get it back!
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Readline-Arguments" accesskey="4">Readline Arguments</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Giving numeric arguments to commands.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Searching" accesskey="5">Searching</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Searching through previous lines.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Readline-Bare-Essentials"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Readline-Movement-Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Readline Movement Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Readline-Interaction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Readline Interaction</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Readline-Bare-Essentials-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials</h4>
+<a name="index-notation_002c-readline"></a>
+<a name="index-command-editing"></a>
+<a name="index-editing-command-lines"></a>
+
+<p>In order to enter characters into the line, simply type them.  The typed
+character appears where the cursor was, and then the cursor moves one
+space to the right.  If you mistype a character, you can use your
+erase character to back up and delete the mistyped character.
+</p>
+<p>Sometimes you may mistype a character, and
+not notice the error until you have typed several other characters.  In
+that case, you can type <kbd>C-b</kbd> to move the cursor to the left, and then
+correct your mistake.  Afterwards, you can move the cursor to the right
+with <kbd>C-f</kbd>.
+</p>
+<p>When you add text in the middle of a line, you will notice that characters
+to the right of the cursor are &lsquo;pushed over&rsquo; to make room for the text
+that you have inserted.  Likewise, when you delete text behind the cursor,
+characters to the right of the cursor are &lsquo;pulled back&rsquo; to fill in the
+blank space created by the removal of the text.  A list of the bare
+essentials for editing the text of an input line follows.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><kbd>C-b</kbd></dt>
+<dd><p>Move back one character.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><kbd>C-f</kbd></dt>
+<dd><p>Move forward one character.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><tt class="key">DEL</tt> or <tt class="key">Backspace</tt></dt>
+<dd><p>Delete the character to the left of the cursor.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><kbd>C-d</kbd></dt>
+<dd><p>Delete the character underneath the cursor.
+</p></dd>
+<dt>Printing&nbsp;characters<!-- /@w --></dt>
+<dd><p>Insert the character into the line at the cursor.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><kbd>C-_</kbd> or <kbd>C-x C-u</kbd></dt>
+<dd><p>Undo the last editing command.  You can undo all the way back to an
+empty line.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>(Depending on your configuration, the <tt class="key">Backspace</tt> key be set to
+delete the character to the left of the cursor and the <tt class="key">DEL</tt> key set
+to delete the character underneath the cursor, like <kbd>C-d</kbd>, rather
+than the character to the left of the cursor.)
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Readline-Movement-Commands"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Readline-Killing-Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Readline Killing Commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#Readline-Bare-Essentials" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Readline Bare Essentials</a>, Up: <a href="#Readline-Interaction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Readline Interaction</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Readline-Movement-Commands-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.2.2 Readline Movement Commands</h4>
+
+
+<p>The above table describes the most basic keystrokes that you need
+in order to do editing of the input line.  For your convenience, many
+other commands have been added in addition to <kbd>C-b</kbd>, <kbd>C-f</kbd>,
+<kbd>C-d</kbd>, and <tt class="key">DEL</tt>.  Here are some commands for moving more rapidly
+about the line.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><kbd>C-a</kbd></dt>
+<dd><p>Move to the start of the line.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><kbd>C-e</kbd></dt>
+<dd><p>Move to the end of the line.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><kbd>M-f</kbd></dt>
+<dd><p>Move forward a word, where a word is composed of letters and digits.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><kbd>M-b</kbd></dt>
+<dd><p>Move backward a word.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><kbd>C-l</kbd></dt>
+<dd><p>Clear the screen, reprinting the current line at the top.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>Notice how <kbd>C-f</kbd> moves forward a character, while <kbd>M-f</kbd> moves
+forward a word.  It is a loose convention that control keystrokes
+operate on characters while meta keystrokes operate on words.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Readline-Killing-Commands"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Readline-Arguments" accesskey="n" rel="next">Readline Arguments</a>, Previous: <a href="#Readline-Movement-Commands" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Readline Movement Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Readline-Interaction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Readline Interaction</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Readline-Killing-Commands-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands</h4>
+
+<a name="index-killing-text"></a>
+<a name="index-yanking-text"></a>
+
+<p><em>Killing</em> text means to delete the text from the line, but to save
+it away for later use, usually by <em>yanking</em> (re-inserting)
+it back into the line.
+(&lsquo;Cut&rsquo; and &lsquo;paste&rsquo; are more recent jargon for &lsquo;kill&rsquo; and &lsquo;yank&rsquo;.)
+</p>
+<p>If the description for a command says that it &lsquo;kills&rsquo; text, then you can
+be sure that you can get the text back in a different (or the same)
+place later.
+</p>
+<p>When you use a kill command, the text is saved in a <em>kill-ring</em>.
+Any number of consecutive kills save all of the killed text together, so
+that when you yank it back, you get it all.  The kill
+ring is not line specific; the text that you killed on a previously
+typed line is available to be yanked back later, when you are typing
+another line.
+<a name="index-kill-ring"></a>
+</p>
+<p>Here is the list of commands for killing text.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><kbd>C-k</kbd></dt>
+<dd><p>Kill the text from the current cursor position to the end of the line.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><kbd>M-d</kbd></dt>
+<dd><p>Kill from the cursor to the end of the current word, or, if between
+words, to the end of the next word.
+Word boundaries are the same as those used by <kbd>M-f</kbd>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><kbd>M-<span class="key">DEL</span></kbd></dt>
+<dd><p>Kill from the cursor the start of the current word, or, if between
+words, to the start of the previous word.
+Word boundaries are the same as those used by <kbd>M-b</kbd>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><kbd>C-w</kbd></dt>
+<dd><p>Kill from the cursor to the previous whitespace.  This is different than
+<kbd>M-<span class="key">DEL</span></kbd> because the word boundaries differ.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>Here is how to <em>yank</em> the text back into the line.  Yanking
+means to copy the most-recently-killed text from the kill buffer.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><kbd>C-y</kbd></dt>
+<dd><p>Yank the most recently killed text back into the buffer at the cursor.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><kbd>M-y</kbd></dt>
+<dd><p>Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top.  You can only do this if
+the prior command is <kbd>C-y</kbd> or <kbd>M-y</kbd>.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Readline-Arguments"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Searching" accesskey="n" rel="next">Searching</a>, Previous: <a href="#Readline-Killing-Commands" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Readline Killing Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Readline-Interaction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Readline Interaction</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Readline-Arguments-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.2.4 Readline Arguments</h4>
+
+<p>You can pass numeric arguments to Readline commands.  Sometimes the
+argument acts as a repeat count, other times it is the <i>sign</i> of the
+argument that is significant.  If you pass a negative argument to a
+command which normally acts in a forward direction, that command will
+act in a backward direction.  For example, to kill text back to the
+start of the line, you might type &lsquo;<samp>M-- C-k</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>The general way to pass numeric arguments to a command is to type meta
+digits before the command.  If the first &lsquo;digit&rsquo; typed is a minus
+sign (&lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;), then the sign of the argument will be negative.  Once
+you have typed one meta digit to get the argument started, you can type
+the remainder of the digits, and then the command.  For example, to give
+the <kbd>C-d</kbd> command an argument of 10, you could type &lsquo;<samp>M-1 0 C-d</samp>&rsquo;,
+which will delete the next ten characters on the input line.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Searching"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Readline-Arguments" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Readline Arguments</a>, Up: <a href="#Readline-Interaction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Readline Interaction</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Searching-for-Commands-in-the-History"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.2.5 Searching for Commands in the History</h4>
+
+<p>Readline provides commands for searching through the command history
+(see <a href="#Bash-History-Facilities">Bash History Facilities</a>)
+for lines containing a specified string.
+There are two search modes:  <em>incremental</em> and <em>non-incremental</em>.
+</p>
+<p>Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the
+search string.
+As each character of the search string is typed, Readline displays
+the next entry from the history matching the string typed so far.
+An incremental search requires only as many characters as needed to
+find the desired history entry.
+To search backward in the history for a particular string, type
+<kbd>C-r</kbd>.  Typing <kbd>C-s</kbd> searches forward through the history.
+The characters present in the value of the <code>isearch-terminators</code> variable
+are used to terminate an incremental search.
+If that variable has not been assigned a value, the <tt class="key">ESC</tt> and
+<kbd>C-J</kbd> characters will terminate an incremental search.
+<kbd>C-g</kbd> will abort an incremental search and restore the original line.
+When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the
+search string becomes the current line.
+</p>
+<p>To find other matching entries in the history list, type <kbd>C-r</kbd> or
+<kbd>C-s</kbd> as appropriate.
+This will search backward or forward in the history for the next
+entry matching the search string typed so far.
+Any other key sequence bound to a Readline command will terminate
+the search and execute that command.
+For instance, a <tt class="key">RET</tt> will terminate the search and accept
+the line, thereby executing the command from the history list.
+A movement command will terminate the search, make the last line found
+the current line, and begin editing.
+</p>
+<p>Readline remembers the last incremental search string.  If two
+<kbd>C-r</kbd>s are typed without any intervening characters defining a new
+search string, any remembered search string is used.
+</p>
+<p>Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting
+to search for matching history lines.  The search string may be
+typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Readline-Init-File"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Bindable Readline Commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#Readline-Interaction" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Readline Interaction</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command Line Editing</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Readline-Init-File-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">8.3 Readline Init File</h3>
+<a name="index-initialization-file_002c-readline"></a>
+
+<p>Although the Readline library comes with a set of Emacs-like
+keybindings installed by default, it is possible to use a different set
+of keybindings.
+Any user can customize programs that use Readline by putting
+commands in an <em>inputrc</em> file, conventionally in his home directory.
+The name of this
+file is taken from the value of the shell variable <code>INPUTRC</code>.  If
+that variable is unset, the default is <samp>~/.inputrc</samp>.  If that
+file does not exist or cannot be read, the ultimate default is
+<samp>/etc/inputrc</samp>.
+</p>
+<p>When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, the
+init file is read, and the key bindings are set.
+</p>
+<p>In addition, the <code>C-x C-r</code> command re-reads this init file, thus
+incorporating any changes that you might have made to it.
+</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax" accesskey="1">Readline Init File Syntax</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Syntax for the commands in the inputrc file.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
+
+</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Conditional-Init-Constructs" accesskey="2">Conditional Init Constructs</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Conditional key bindings in the inputrc file.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
+
+</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Sample-Init-File" accesskey="3">Sample Init File</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">An example inputrc file.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Readline-Init-File-Syntax"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Conditional-Init-Constructs" accesskey="n" rel="next">Conditional Init Constructs</a>, Up: <a href="#Readline-Init-File" accesskey="u" rel="up">Readline Init File</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Readline-Init-File-Syntax-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</h4>
+
+<p>There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the
+Readline init file.  Blank lines are ignored.
+Lines beginning with a &lsquo;<samp>#</samp>&rsquo; are comments.
+Lines beginning with a &lsquo;<samp>$</samp>&rsquo; indicate conditional
+constructs (see <a href="#Conditional-Init-Constructs">Conditional Init Constructs</a>).  Other lines
+denote variable settings and key bindings.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt>Variable Settings</dt>
+<dd><p>You can modify the run-time behavior of Readline by
+altering the values of variables in Readline
+using the <code>set</code> command within the init file.
+The syntax is simple:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">set <var>variable</var> <var>value</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Here, for example, is how to
+change from the default Emacs-like key binding to use
+<code>vi</code> line editing commands:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">set editing-mode vi
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Variable names and values, where appropriate, are recognized without regard
+to case.  Unrecognized variable names are ignored.
+</p>
+<p>Boolean variables (those that can be set to on or off) are set to on if
+the value is null or empty, <var>on</var> (case-insensitive), or 1.  Any other
+value results in the variable being set to off.
+</p>
+<p>The <code>bind&nbsp;<span class="nolinebreak">-V</span></code><!-- /@w --> command lists the current Readline variable names
+and values.  See <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>.
+</p>
+<p>A great deal of run-time behavior is changeable with the following
+variables.
+</p>
+<a name="index-variables_002c-readline"></a>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>bell-style</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-bell_002dstyle"></a>
+<p>Controls what happens when Readline wants to ring the terminal bell.
+If set to &lsquo;<samp>none</samp>&rsquo;, Readline never rings the bell.  If set to
+&lsquo;<samp>visible</samp>&rsquo;, Readline uses a visible bell if one is available.
+If set to &lsquo;<samp>audible</samp>&rsquo; (the default), Readline attempts to ring
+the terminal&rsquo;s bell.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>bind-tty-special-chars</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-bind_002dtty_002dspecial_002dchars"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo; (the default), Readline attempts to bind the control
+characters   treated specially by the kernel&rsquo;s terminal driver to their
+Readline equivalents.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>blink-matching-paren</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-blink_002dmatching_002dparen"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, Readline attempts to briefly move the cursor to an
+opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is inserted.  The default
+is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>colored-completion-prefix</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-colored_002dcompletion_002dprefix"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, when listing completions, Readline displays the
+common prefix of the set of possible completions using a different color.
+The color definitions are taken from the value of the <code>LS_COLORS</code>
+environment variable.
+The default is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>colored-stats</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-colored_002dstats"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, Readline displays possible completions using different
+colors to indicate their file type.
+The color definitions are taken from the value of the <code>LS_COLORS</code>
+environment variable.
+The default is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>comment-begin</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-comment_002dbegin"></a>
+<p>The string to insert at the beginning of the line when the
+<code>insert-comment</code> command is executed.  The default value
+is <code>&quot;#&quot;</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>completion-display-width</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-completion_002ddisplay_002dwidth"></a>
+<p>The number of screen columns used to display possible matches
+when performing completion.
+The value is ignored if it is less than 0 or greater than the terminal
+screen width.
+A value of 0 will cause matches to be displayed one per line.
+The default value is -1.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>completion-ignore-case</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-completion_002dignore_002dcase"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, Readline performs filename matching and completion
+in a case-insensitive fashion.
+The default value is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>completion-map-case</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-completion_002dmap_002dcase"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, and <var>completion-ignore-case</var> is enabled, Readline
+treats hyphens (&lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;) and underscores (&lsquo;<samp>_</samp>&rsquo;) as equivalent when
+performing case-insensitive filename matching and completion.
+The default value is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>completion-prefix-display-length</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-completion_002dprefix_002ddisplay_002dlength"></a>
+<p>The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of possible
+completions that is displayed without modification.  When set to a
+value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than this value are
+replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>completion-query-items</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-completion_002dquery_002ditems"></a>
+<p>The number of possible completions that determines when the user is
+asked whether the list of possibilities should be displayed.
+If the number of possible completions is greater than this value,
+Readline will ask the user whether or not he wishes to view
+them; otherwise, they are simply listed.
+This variable must be set to an integer value greater than or equal to 0.
+A negative value means Readline should never ask.
+The default limit is <code>100</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>convert-meta</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-convert_002dmeta"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, Readline will convert characters with the
+eighth bit set to an <small>ASCII</small> key sequence by stripping the eighth
+bit and prefixing an <tt class="key">ESC</tt> character, converting them to a
+meta-prefixed key sequence.  The default value is &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, but
+will be set to &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo; if the locale is one that contains
+eight-bit characters.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>disable-completion</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-disable_002dcompletion"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>On</samp>&rsquo;, Readline will inhibit word completion.
+Completion  characters will be inserted into the line as if they had
+been mapped to <code>self-insert</code>.  The default is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>echo-control-characters</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-echo_002dcontrol_002dcharacters"></a>
+<p>When set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, on operating systems that indicate they support it,
+readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal generated from the
+keyboard.  The default is &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>editing-mode</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-editing_002dmode"></a>
+<p>The <code>editing-mode</code> variable controls which default set of
+key bindings is used.  By default, Readline starts up in Emacs editing
+mode, where the keystrokes are most similar to Emacs.  This variable can be
+set to either &lsquo;<samp>emacs</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>vi</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>emacs-mode-string</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-emacs_002dmode_002dstring"></a>
+<p>If the <var>show-mode-in-prompt</var> variable is enabled,
+this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
+prompt when emacs editing mode is active.  The value is expanded like a
+key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and
+backslash escape sequences is available.
+Use the &lsquo;<samp>\1</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>\2</samp>&rsquo; escapes to begin and end sequences of
+non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
+sequence into the mode string.
+The default is &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>enable-bracketed-paste</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-enable_002dbracketed_002dpaste"></a>
+<p>When set to &lsquo;<samp>On</samp>&rsquo;, Readline will configure the terminal in a way
+that will enable it to insert each paste into the editing buffer as a
+single string of characters, instead of treating each character as if
+it had been read from the keyboard.  This can prevent pasted characters
+from being interpreted as editing commands.  The default is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>enable-keypad</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-enable_002dkeypad"></a>
+<p>When set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, Readline will try to enable the application
+keypad when it is called.  Some systems need this to enable the
+arrow keys.  The default is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>enable-meta-key</code></dt>
+<dd><p>When set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, Readline will try to enable any meta modifier
+key the terminal claims to support when it is called.  On many terminals,
+the meta key is used to send eight-bit characters.
+The default is &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>expand-tilde</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-expand_002dtilde"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, tilde expansion is performed when Readline
+attempts word completion.  The default is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>history-preserve-point</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-history_002dpreserve_002dpoint"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, the history code attempts to place the point (the
+current cursor position) at the
+same location on each history line retrieved with <code>previous-history</code>
+or <code>next-history</code>.  The default is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>history-size</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-history_002dsize"></a>
+<p>Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history list.
+If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted and no new entries
+are saved.
+If set to a value less than zero, the number of history entries is not
+limited.
+By default, the number of history entries is not limited.
+If an attempt is made to set <var>history-size</var> to a non-numeric value,
+the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>horizontal-scroll-mode</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-horizontal_002dscroll_002dmode"></a>
+<p>This variable can be set to either &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.  Setting it
+to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo; means that the text of the lines being edited will scroll
+horizontally on a single screen line when they are longer than the width
+of the screen, instead of wrapping onto a new screen line.  By default,
+this variable is set to &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>input-meta</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-input_002dmeta"></a>
+<a name="index-meta_002dflag"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, Readline will enable eight-bit input (it
+will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
+regardless of what the terminal claims it can support.  The
+default value is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;, but Readline will set it to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo; if the 
+locale contains eight-bit characters.
+The name <code>meta-flag</code> is a synonym for this variable.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>isearch-terminators</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-isearch_002dterminators"></a>
+<p>The string of characters that should terminate an incremental search without
+subsequently executing the character as a command (see <a href="#Searching">Searching</a>).
+If this variable has not been given a value, the characters <tt class="key">ESC</tt> and
+<kbd>C-J</kbd> will terminate an incremental search.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>keymap</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-keymap"></a>
+<p>Sets Readline&rsquo;s idea of the current keymap for key binding commands.
+Built-in <code>keymap</code> names are
+<code>emacs</code>,
+<code>emacs-standard</code>,
+<code>emacs-meta</code>,
+<code>emacs-ctlx</code>,
+<code>vi</code>,
+<code>vi-move</code>,
+<code>vi-command</code>, and
+<code>vi-insert</code>.
+<code>vi</code> is equivalent to <code>vi-command</code> (<code>vi-move</code> is also a
+synonym); <code>emacs</code> is equivalent to <code>emacs-standard</code>.
+Applications may add additional names.
+The default value is <code>emacs</code>.
+The value of the <code>editing-mode</code> variable also affects the
+default keymap.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>keyseq-timeout</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Specifies the duration Readline will wait for a character when reading an
+ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete key sequence using
+the input read so far, or can take additional input to complete a longer
+key sequence).
+If no input is received within the timeout, Readline will use the shorter
+but complete key sequence.
+Readline uses this value to determine whether or not input is
+available on the current input source (<code>rl_instream</code> by default).
+The value is specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that
+Readline will wait one second for additional input.
+If this variable is set to a value less than or equal to zero, or to a
+non-numeric value, Readline will wait until another key is pressed to
+decide which key sequence to complete.
+The default value is <code>500</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>mark-directories</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, completed directory names have a slash
+appended.  The default is &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>mark-modified-lines</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-mark_002dmodified_002dlines"></a>
+<p>This variable, when set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, causes Readline to display an
+asterisk (&lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;) at the start of history lines which have been modified.
+This variable is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo; by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>mark-symlinked-directories</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-mark_002dsymlinked_002ddirectories"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, completed names which are symbolic links
+to directories have a slash appended (subject to the value of
+<code>mark-directories</code>).
+The default is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>match-hidden-files</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-match_002dhidden_002dfiles"></a>
+<p>This variable, when set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, causes Readline to match files whose
+names begin with a &lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo; (hidden files) when performing filename
+completion.
+If set to &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;, the leading &lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo; must be
+supplied by the user in the filename to be completed.
+This variable is &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo; by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>menu-complete-display-prefix</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-menu_002dcomplete_002ddisplay_002dprefix"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, menu completion displays the common prefix of the
+list of possible completions (which may be empty) before cycling through
+the list.  The default is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>output-meta</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-output_002dmeta"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, Readline will display characters with the
+eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape
+sequence.
+The default is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;, but Readline will set it to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo; if the
+locale contains eight-bit characters.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>page-completions</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-page_002dcompletions"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, Readline uses an internal <code>more</code>-like pager
+to display a screenful of possible completions at a time.
+This variable is &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo; by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>print-completions-horizontally</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, Readline will display completions with matches
+sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen.
+The default is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>revert-all-at-newline</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-revert_002dall_002dat_002dnewline"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, Readline will undo all changes to history lines
+before returning when <code>accept-line</code> is executed.  By default,
+history lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists across
+calls to <code>readline</code>.  The default is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>show-all-if-ambiguous</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-show_002dall_002dif_002dambiguous"></a>
+<p>This alters the default behavior of the completion functions.  If
+set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, 
+words which have more than one possible completion cause the
+matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.
+The default value is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>show-all-if-unmodified</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-show_002dall_002dif_002dunmodified"></a>
+<p>This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in
+a fashion similar to <var>show-all-if-ambiguous</var>.
+If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, 
+words which have more than one possible completion without any
+possible partial completion (the possible completions don&rsquo;t share
+a common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately instead
+of ringing the bell.
+The default value is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>show-mode-in-prompt</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-show_002dmode_002din_002dprompt"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, add a string to the beginning of the prompt
+indicating the editing mode: emacs, vi command, or vi insertion.
+The mode strings are user-settable (e.g., <var>emacs-mode-string</var>).
+The default value is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>skip-completed-text</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-skip_002dcompleted_002dtext"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, this alters the default completion behavior when
+inserting a single match into the line.  It&rsquo;s only active when
+performing completion in the middle of a word.  If enabled, readline
+does not insert characters from the completion that match characters
+after point in the word being completed, so portions of the word
+following the cursor are not duplicated.
+For instance, if this is enabled, attempting completion when the cursor
+is after the &lsquo;<samp>e</samp>&rsquo; in &lsquo;<samp>Makefile</samp>&rsquo; will result in &lsquo;<samp>Makefile</samp>&rsquo;
+rather than &lsquo;<samp>Makefilefile</samp>&rsquo;, assuming there is a single possible
+completion.
+The default value is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>vi-cmd-mode-string</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-vi_002dcmd_002dmode_002dstring"></a>
+<p>If the <var>show-mode-in-prompt</var> variable is enabled,
+this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
+prompt when vi editing mode is active and in command mode.
+The value is expanded like a
+key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and
+backslash escape sequences is available.
+Use the &lsquo;<samp>\1</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>\2</samp>&rsquo; escapes to begin and end sequences of
+non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
+sequence into the mode string.
+The default is &lsquo;<samp>(cmd)</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>vi-ins-mode-string</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-vi_002dins_002dmode_002dstring"></a>
+<p>If the <var>show-mode-in-prompt</var> variable is enabled,
+this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
+prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode.
+The value is expanded like a
+key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and
+backslash escape sequences is available.
+Use the &lsquo;<samp>\1</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>\2</samp>&rsquo; escapes to begin and end sequences of
+non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
+sequence into the mode string.
+The default is &lsquo;<samp>(ins)</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>visible-stats</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-visible_002dstats"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, a character denoting a file&rsquo;s type
+is appended to the filename when listing possible
+completions.  The default is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+</dd>
+<dt>Key Bindings</dt>
+<dd><p>The syntax for controlling key bindings in the init file is
+simple.  First you need to find the name of the command that you
+want to change.  The following sections contain tables of the command
+name, the default keybinding, if any, and a short description of what
+the command does.
+</p>
+<p>Once you know the name of the command, simply place on a line
+in the init file the name of the key
+you wish to bind the command to, a colon, and then the name of the
+command.
+There can be no space between the key name and the colon &ndash; that will be
+interpreted as part of the key name.
+The name of the key can be expressed in different ways, depending on
+what you find most comfortable.
+</p>
+<p>In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound
+to a string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a <var>macro</var>).
+</p>
+<p>The <code>bind&nbsp;<span class="nolinebreak">-p</span></code><!-- /@w --> command displays Readline function names and
+bindings in a format that can put directly into an initialization file.
+See <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><var>keyname</var>:&nbsp;<var><span class="nolinebreak">function-name</span></var>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<var>macro</var><!-- /@w --></dt>
+<dd><p><var>keyname</var> is the name of a key spelled out in English.  For example:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">Control-u: universal-argument
+Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word
+Control-o: &quot;&gt; output&quot;
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>In the example above, <kbd>C-u</kbd> is bound to the function
+<code>universal-argument</code>,
+<kbd>M-DEL</kbd> is bound to the function <code>backward-kill-word</code>, and
+<kbd>C-o</kbd> is bound to run the macro
+expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text
+&lsquo;<samp>&gt; output</samp>&rsquo; into the line).
+</p>
+<p>A number of symbolic character names are recognized while
+processing this key binding syntax:
+<var>DEL</var>,
+<var>ESC</var>,
+<var>ESCAPE</var>,
+<var>LFD</var>,
+<var>NEWLINE</var>,
+<var>RET</var>,
+<var>RETURN</var>,
+<var>RUBOUT</var>,
+<var>SPACE</var>,
+<var>SPC</var>,
+and
+<var>TAB</var>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt>&quot;<var>keyseq</var>&quot;:&nbsp;<var><span class="nolinebreak">function-name</span></var>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<var>macro</var><!-- /@w --></dt>
+<dd><p><var>keyseq</var> differs from <var>keyname</var> above in that strings
+denoting an entire key sequence can be specified, by placing
+the key sequence in double quotes.  Some <small>GNU</small> Emacs style key
+escapes can be used, as in the following example, but the
+special character names are not recognized.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">&quot;\C-u&quot;: universal-argument
+&quot;\C-x\C-r&quot;: re-read-init-file
+&quot;\e[11~&quot;: &quot;Function Key 1&quot;
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>In the above example, <kbd>C-u</kbd> is again bound to the function
+<code>universal-argument</code> (just as it was in the first example),
+&lsquo;<samp><kbd>C-x</kbd> <kbd>C-r</kbd></samp>&rsquo; is bound to the function <code>re-read-init-file</code>,
+and &lsquo;<samp><span class="key">ESC</span> <span class="key">[</span> <span class="key">1</span> <span class="key">1</span> <span class="key">~</span></samp>&rsquo; is bound to insert
+the text &lsquo;<samp>Function Key 1</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>The following <small>GNU</small> Emacs style escape sequences are available when
+specifying key sequences:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code><kbd>\C-</kbd></code></dt>
+<dd><p>control prefix
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code><kbd>\M-</kbd></code></dt>
+<dd><p>meta prefix
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code><kbd>\e</kbd></code></dt>
+<dd><p>an escape character
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code><kbd>\\</kbd></code></dt>
+<dd><p>backslash
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code><kbd>\&quot;</kbd></code></dt>
+<dd><p><tt class="key">&quot;</tt>, a double quotation mark
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code><kbd>\'</kbd></code></dt>
+<dd><p><tt class="key">'</tt>, a single quote or apostrophe
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>In addition to the <small>GNU</small> Emacs style escape sequences, a second
+set of backslash escapes is available:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>\a</code></dt>
+<dd><p>alert (bell)
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\b</code></dt>
+<dd><p>backspace
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\d</code></dt>
+<dd><p>delete
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\f</code></dt>
+<dd><p>form feed
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\n</code></dt>
+<dd><p>newline
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\r</code></dt>
+<dd><p>carriage return
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\t</code></dt>
+<dd><p>horizontal tab
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\v</code></dt>
+<dd><p>vertical tab
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\<var>nnn</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value <var>nnn</var>
+(one to three digits)
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\x<var>HH</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value <var>HH</var>
+(one or two hex digits)
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must
+be used to indicate a macro definition.
+Unquoted text is assumed to be a function name.
+In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above are expanded.
+Backslash will quote any other character in the macro text,
+including &lsquo;<samp>&quot;</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>'</samp>&rsquo;.
+For example, the following binding will make &lsquo;<samp><kbd>C-x</kbd> \</samp>&rsquo;
+insert a single &lsquo;<samp>\</samp>&rsquo; into the line:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">&quot;\C-x\\&quot;: &quot;\\&quot;
+</pre></div>
+
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Conditional-Init-Constructs"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Sample-Init-File" accesskey="n" rel="next">Sample Init File</a>, Previous: <a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Readline Init File Syntax</a>, Up: <a href="#Readline-Init-File" accesskey="u" rel="up">Readline Init File</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Conditional-Init-Constructs-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.3.2 Conditional Init Constructs</h4>
+
+<p>Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional
+compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key
+bindings and variable settings to be performed as the result
+of tests.  There are four parser directives used.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>$if</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The <code>$if</code> construct allows bindings to be made based on the
+editing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using
+Readline.  The text of the test, after any comparison operator,
+extends to the end of the line;
+unless otherwise noted, no characters are required to isolate it.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>mode</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The <code>mode=</code> form of the <code>$if</code> directive is used to test
+whether Readline is in <code>emacs</code> or <code>vi</code> mode.
+This may be used in conjunction
+with the &lsquo;<samp>set keymap</samp>&rsquo; command, for instance, to set bindings in
+the <code>emacs-standard</code> and <code>emacs-ctlx</code> keymaps only if
+Readline is starting out in <code>emacs</code> mode.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>term</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The <code>term=</code> form may be used to include terminal-specific
+key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the
+terminal&rsquo;s function keys.  The word on the right side of the
+&lsquo;<samp>=</samp>&rsquo; is tested against both the full name of the terminal and
+the portion of the terminal name before the first &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;.  This
+allows <code>sun</code> to match both <code>sun</code> and <code>sun-cmd</code>,
+for instance.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>version</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The <code>version</code> test may be used to perform comparisons against
+specific Readline versions.
+The <code>version</code> expands to the current Readline version.
+The set of comparison operators includes
+&lsquo;<samp>=</samp>&rsquo; (and &lsquo;<samp>==</samp>&rsquo;), &lsquo;<samp>!=</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>&lt;=</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>&gt;=</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>&lt;</samp>&rsquo;,
+and &lsquo;<samp>&gt;</samp>&rsquo;.
+The version number supplied on the right side of the operator consists
+of a major version number, an optional decimal point, and an optional
+minor version (e.g., &lsquo;<samp>7.1</samp>&rsquo;). If the minor version is omitted, it
+is assumed to be &lsquo;<samp>0</samp>&rsquo;.
+The operator may be separated from the string <code>version</code> and
+from the version number argument by whitespace.
+The following example sets a variable if the Readline version being used
+is 7.0 or newer:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">$if version &gt;= 7.0
+set show-mode-in-prompt on
+$endif
+</pre></div>
+
+</dd>
+<dt><code>application</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The <var>application</var> construct is used to include
+application-specific settings.  Each program using the Readline
+library sets the <var>application name</var>, and you can test for
+a particular value. 
+This could be used to bind key sequences to functions useful for
+a specific program.  For instance, the following command adds a
+key sequence that quotes the current or previous word in Bash:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">$if Bash
+# Quote the current or previous word
+&quot;\C-xq&quot;: &quot;\eb\&quot;\ef\&quot;&quot;
+$endif
+</pre></div>
+
+</dd>
+<dt><code>variable</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The <var>variable</var> construct provides simple equality tests for Readline
+variables and values.
+The permitted comparison operators are &lsquo;<samp>=</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>==</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp>!=</samp>&rsquo;.
+The variable name must be separated from the comparison operator by
+whitespace; the operator may be separated from the value on the right hand
+side by whitespace.
+Both string and boolean variables may be tested. Boolean variables must be
+tested against the values <var>on</var> and <var>off</var>.
+The following example is equivalent to the <code>mode=emacs</code> test described
+above:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">$if editing-mode == emacs
+set show-mode-in-prompt on
+$endif
+</pre></div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+</dd>
+<dt><code>$endif</code></dt>
+<dd><p>This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an
+<code>$if</code> command.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>$else</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Commands in this branch of the <code>$if</code> directive are executed if
+the test fails.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>$include</code></dt>
+<dd><p>This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads commands
+and bindings from that file.
+For example, the following directive reads from <samp>/etc/inputrc</samp>:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">$include /etc/inputrc
+</pre></div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Sample-Init-File"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Conditional-Init-Constructs" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Conditional Init Constructs</a>, Up: <a href="#Readline-Init-File" accesskey="u" rel="up">Readline Init File</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Sample-Init-File-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.3.3 Sample Init File</h4>
+
+<p>Here is an example of an <var>inputrc</var> file.  This illustrates key
+binding, variable assignment, and conditional syntax.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example"># This file controls the behaviour of line input editing for
+# programs that use the GNU Readline library.  Existing
+# programs include FTP, Bash, and GDB.
+#
+# You can re-read the inputrc file with C-x C-r.
+# Lines beginning with '#' are comments.
+#
+# First, include any system-wide bindings and variable
+# assignments from /etc/Inputrc
+$include /etc/Inputrc
+
+#
+# Set various bindings for emacs mode.
+
+set editing-mode emacs 
+
+$if mode=emacs
+
+Meta-Control-h:	backward-kill-word	Text after the function name is ignored
+
+#
+# Arrow keys in keypad mode
+#
+#&quot;\M-OD&quot;:        backward-char
+#&quot;\M-OC&quot;:        forward-char
+#&quot;\M-OA&quot;:        previous-history
+#&quot;\M-OB&quot;:        next-history
+#
+# Arrow keys in ANSI mode
+#
+&quot;\M-[D&quot;:        backward-char
+&quot;\M-[C&quot;:        forward-char
+&quot;\M-[A&quot;:        previous-history
+&quot;\M-[B&quot;:        next-history
+#
+# Arrow keys in 8 bit keypad mode
+#
+#&quot;\M-\C-OD&quot;:       backward-char
+#&quot;\M-\C-OC&quot;:       forward-char
+#&quot;\M-\C-OA&quot;:       previous-history
+#&quot;\M-\C-OB&quot;:       next-history
+#
+# Arrow keys in 8 bit ANSI mode
+#
+#&quot;\M-\C-[D&quot;:       backward-char
+#&quot;\M-\C-[C&quot;:       forward-char
+#&quot;\M-\C-[A&quot;:       previous-history
+#&quot;\M-\C-[B&quot;:       next-history
+
+C-q: quoted-insert
+
+$endif
+
+# An old-style binding.  This happens to be the default.
+TAB: complete
+
+# Macros that are convenient for shell interaction
+$if Bash
+# edit the path
+&quot;\C-xp&quot;: &quot;PATH=${PATH}\e\C-e\C-a\ef\C-f&quot;
+# prepare to type a quoted word --
+# insert open and close double quotes
+# and move to just after the open quote
+&quot;\C-x\&quot;&quot;: &quot;\&quot;\&quot;\C-b&quot;
+# insert a backslash (testing backslash escapes
+# in sequences and macros)
+&quot;\C-x\\&quot;: &quot;\\&quot;
+# Quote the current or previous word
+&quot;\C-xq&quot;: &quot;\eb\&quot;\ef\&quot;&quot;
+# Add a binding to refresh the line, which is unbound
+&quot;\C-xr&quot;: redraw-current-line
+# Edit variable on current line.
+&quot;\M-\C-v&quot;: &quot;\C-a\C-k$\C-y\M-\C-e\C-a\C-y=&quot;
+$endif
+
+# use a visible bell if one is available
+set bell-style visible
+
+# don't strip characters to 7 bits when reading
+set input-meta on
+
+# allow iso-latin1 characters to be inserted rather
+# than converted to prefix-meta sequences
+set convert-meta off
+
+# display characters with the eighth bit set directly
+# rather than as meta-prefixed characters
+set output-meta on
+
+# if there are more than 150 possible completions for
+# a word, ask the user if he wants to see all of them
+set completion-query-items 150
+
+# For FTP
+$if Ftp
+&quot;\C-xg&quot;: &quot;get \M-?&quot;
+&quot;\C-xt&quot;: &quot;put \M-?&quot;
+&quot;\M-.&quot;: yank-last-arg
+$endif
+</pre></div>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Bindable-Readline-Commands"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Readline-vi-Mode" accesskey="n" rel="next">Readline vi Mode</a>, Previous: <a href="#Readline-Init-File" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Readline Init File</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command Line Editing</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Bindable-Readline-Commands-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">8.4 Bindable Readline Commands</h3>
+
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Commands-For-Moving" accesskey="1">Commands For Moving</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Moving about the line.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Commands-For-History" accesskey="2">Commands For History</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Getting at previous lines.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Commands-For-Text" accesskey="3">Commands For Text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Commands for changing text.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Commands-For-Killing" accesskey="4">Commands For Killing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Commands for killing and yanking.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Numeric-Arguments" accesskey="5">Numeric Arguments</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Specifying numeric arguments, repeat counts.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Commands-For-Completion" accesskey="6">Commands For Completion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Getting Readline to do the typing for you.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Keyboard-Macros" accesskey="7">Keyboard Macros</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Saving and re-executing typed characters
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands" accesskey="8">Miscellaneous Commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Other miscellaneous commands.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>This section describes Readline commands that may be bound to key
+sequences.
+You can list your key bindings by executing
+<code>bind&nbsp;<span class="nolinebreak">-P</span></code><!-- /@w --> or, for a more terse format, suitable for an
+<var>inputrc</var> file, <code>bind&nbsp;<span class="nolinebreak">-p</span></code><!-- /@w -->.  (See <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>.)
+Command names without an accompanying key sequence are unbound by default.
+</p>
+<p>In the following descriptions, <em>point</em> refers to the current cursor
+position, and <em>mark</em> refers to a cursor position saved by the
+<code>set-mark</code> command.
+The text between the point and mark is referred to as the <em>region</em>.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Commands-For-Moving"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Commands-For-History" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands For History</a>, Up: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Commands-For-Moving-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</h4>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>beginning-of-line (C-a)</code>
+<a name="index-beginning_002dof_002dline-_0028C_002da_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Move to the start of the current line.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>end-of-line (C-e)</code>
+<a name="index-end_002dof_002dline-_0028C_002de_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Move to the end of the line.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>forward-char (C-f)</code>
+<a name="index-forward_002dchar-_0028C_002df_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Move forward a character.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>backward-char (C-b)</code>
+<a name="index-backward_002dchar-_0028C_002db_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Move back a character.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>forward-word (M-f)</code>
+<a name="index-forward_002dword-_0028M_002df_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Move forward to the end of the next word.
+Words are composed of letters and digits.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>backward-word (M-b)</code>
+<a name="index-backward_002dword-_0028M_002db_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Move back to the start of the current or previous word.
+Words are composed of letters and digits.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>shell-forward-word ()</code>
+<a name="index-shell_002dforward_002dword-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Move forward to the end of the next word.
+Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>shell-backward-word ()</code>
+<a name="index-shell_002dbackward_002dword-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Move back to the start of the current or previous word.
+Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>previous-screen-line ()</code>
+<a name="index-previous_002dscreen_002dline-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the previous
+physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect if the current
+Readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if point is not
+greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>next-screen-line ()</code>
+<a name="index-next_002dscreen_002dline-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the next
+physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect if the current
+Readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if the length
+of the current Readline line is not greater than the length of the prompt
+plus the screen width.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>clear-screen (C-l)</code>
+<a name="index-clear_002dscreen-_0028C_002dl_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Clear the screen and redraw the current line,
+leaving the current line at the top of the screen.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>redraw-current-line ()</code>
+<a name="index-redraw_002dcurrent_002dline-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Refresh the current line.  By default, this is unbound.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Commands-For-History"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Commands-For-Text" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands For Text</a>, Previous: <a href="#Commands-For-Moving" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Commands For Moving</a>, Up: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Commands-For-Manipulating-The-History"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</h4>
+
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>accept-line (Newline or Return)</code>
+<a name="index-accept_002dline-_0028Newline-or-Return_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is.
+If this line is
+non-empty, add it to the history list according to the setting of
+the <code>HISTCONTROL</code> and <code>HISTIGNORE</code> variables.
+If this line is a modified history line, then restore the history line
+to its original state.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>previous-history (C-p)</code>
+<a name="index-previous_002dhistory-_0028C_002dp_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Move &lsquo;back&rsquo; through the history list, fetching the previous command.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>next-history (C-n)</code>
+<a name="index-next_002dhistory-_0028C_002dn_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Move &lsquo;forward&rsquo; through the history list, fetching the next command.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>beginning-of-history (M-&lt;)</code>
+<a name="index-beginning_002dof_002dhistory-_0028M_002d_003c_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Move to the first line in the history.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>end-of-history (M-&gt;)</code>
+<a name="index-end_002dof_002dhistory-_0028M_002d_003e_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently
+being entered.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>reverse-search-history (C-r)</code>
+<a name="index-reverse_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028C_002dr_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Search backward starting at the current line and moving &lsquo;up&rsquo; through
+the history as necessary.  This is an incremental search.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>forward-search-history (C-s)</code>
+<a name="index-forward_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028C_002ds_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Search forward starting at the current line and moving &lsquo;down&rsquo; through
+the history as necessary.  This is an incremental search.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)</code>
+<a name="index-non_002dincremental_002dreverse_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028M_002dp_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Search backward starting at the current line and moving &lsquo;up&rsquo;
+through the history as necessary using a non-incremental search
+for a string supplied by the user.
+The search string may match anywhere in a history line.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)</code>
+<a name="index-non_002dincremental_002dforward_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028M_002dn_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Search forward starting at the current line and moving &lsquo;down&rsquo;
+through the history as necessary using a non-incremental search
+for a string supplied by the user.
+The search string may match anywhere in a history line.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>history-search-forward ()</code>
+<a name="index-history_002dsearch_002dforward-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Search forward through the history for the string of characters
+between the start of the current line and the point.
+The search string must match at the beginning of a history line.
+This is a non-incremental search.
+By default, this command is unbound.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>history-search-backward ()</code>
+<a name="index-history_002dsearch_002dbackward-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Search backward through the history for the string of characters
+between the start of the current line and the point.
+The search string must match at the beginning of a history line.
+This is a non-incremental search.
+By default, this command is unbound.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>history-substring-search-forward ()</code>
+<a name="index-history_002dsubstring_002dsearch_002dforward-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Search forward through the history for the string of characters
+between the start of the current line and the point.
+The search string may match anywhere in a history line.
+This is a non-incremental search.
+By default, this command is unbound.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>history-substring-search-backward ()</code>
+<a name="index-history_002dsubstring_002dsearch_002dbackward-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Search backward through the history for the string of characters
+between the start of the current line and the point.
+The search string may match anywhere in a history line.
+This is a non-incremental search.
+By default, this command is unbound.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)</code>
+<a name="index-yank_002dnth_002darg-_0028M_002dC_002dy_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually
+the second word on the previous line) at point.
+With an argument <var>n</var>,
+insert the <var>n</var>th word from the previous command (the words
+in the previous command begin with word 0).  A negative argument
+inserts the <var>n</var>th word from the end of the previous command.
+Once the argument <var>n</var> is computed, the argument is extracted
+as if the &lsquo;<samp>!<var>n</var></samp>&rsquo; history expansion had been specified.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)</code>
+<a name="index-yank_002dlast_002darg-_0028M_002d_002e-or-M_002d_005f_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Insert last argument to the previous command (the last word of the
+previous history entry).
+With a numeric argument, behave exactly like <code>yank-nth-arg</code>.
+Successive calls to <code>yank-last-arg</code> move back through the history
+list, inserting the last word (or the word specified by the argument to
+the first call) of each line in turn.
+Any numeric argument supplied to these successive calls determines
+the direction to move through the history.  A negative argument switches
+the direction through the history (back or forward).
+The history expansion facilities are used to extract the last argument,
+as if the &lsquo;<samp>!$</samp>&rsquo; history expansion had been specified.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Commands-For-Text"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Commands-For-Killing" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands For Killing</a>, Previous: <a href="#Commands-For-History" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Commands For History</a>, Up: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Commands-For-Changing-Text"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</h4>
+
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code><i>end-of-file</i> (usually C-d)</code>
+<a name="index-end_002dof_002dfile-_0028usually-C_002dd_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by
+<code>stty</code>.  If this character is read when there are no characters
+on the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, Readline
+interprets it as the end of input and returns <small>EOF</small>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>delete-char (C-d)</code>
+<a name="index-delete_002dchar-_0028C_002dd_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Delete the character at point.  If this function is bound to the
+same character as the tty <small>EOF</small> character, as <kbd>C-d</kbd>
+commonly is, see above for the effects.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>backward-delete-char (Rubout)</code>
+<a name="index-backward_002ddelete_002dchar-_0028Rubout_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Delete the character behind the cursor.  A numeric argument means
+to kill the characters instead of deleting them.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>forward-backward-delete-char ()</code>
+<a name="index-forward_002dbackward_002ddelete_002dchar-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the
+end of the line, in which case the character behind the cursor is
+deleted.  By default, this is not bound to a key.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)</code>
+<a name="index-quoted_002dinsert-_0028C_002dq-or-C_002dv_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Add the next character typed to the line verbatim.  This is
+how to insert key sequences like <kbd>C-q</kbd>, for example.
+</p>
+
+</dd>
+<dt><code>self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, &hellip;)</code>
+<a name="index-self_002dinsert-_0028a_002c-b_002c-A_002c-1_002c-_0021_002c-_2026_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Insert yourself.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>bracketed-paste-begin ()</code>
+<a name="index-bracketed_002dpaste_002dbegin-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>This function is intended to be bound to the &quot;bracketed paste&quot; escape
+sequence sent by some terminals, and such a binding is assigned by default.
+It allows Readline to insert the pasted text as a single unit without treating
+each character as if it had been read from the keyboard.  The characters
+are inserted as if each one was bound to <code>self-insert</code> instead of
+executing any editing commands.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>transpose-chars (C-t)</code>
+<a name="index-transpose_002dchars-_0028C_002dt_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Drag the character before the cursor forward over
+the character at the cursor, moving the
+cursor forward as well.  If the insertion point
+is at the end of the line, then this
+transposes the last two characters of the line.
+Negative arguments have no effect.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>transpose-words (M-t)</code>
+<a name="index-transpose_002dwords-_0028M_002dt_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Drag the word before point past the word after point,
+moving point past that word as well.
+If the insertion point is at the end of the line, this transposes
+the last two words on the line.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>upcase-word (M-u)</code>
+<a name="index-upcase_002dword-_0028M_002du_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Uppercase the current (or following) word.  With a negative argument,
+uppercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>downcase-word (M-l)</code>
+<a name="index-downcase_002dword-_0028M_002dl_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Lowercase the current (or following) word.  With a negative argument,
+lowercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>capitalize-word (M-c)</code>
+<a name="index-capitalize_002dword-_0028M_002dc_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Capitalize the current (or following) word.  With a negative argument,
+capitalize the previous word, but do not move the cursor.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>overwrite-mode ()</code>
+<a name="index-overwrite_002dmode-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Toggle overwrite mode.  With an explicit positive numeric argument,
+switches to overwrite mode.  With an explicit non-positive numeric
+argument, switches to insert mode.  This command affects only
+<code>emacs</code> mode; <code>vi</code> mode does overwrite differently.
+Each call to <code>readline()</code> starts in insert mode.
+</p>
+<p>In overwrite mode, characters bound to <code>self-insert</code> replace
+the text at point rather than pushing the text to the right.
+Characters bound to <code>backward-delete-char</code> replace the character
+before point with a space.
+</p>
+<p>By default, this command is unbound.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Commands-For-Killing"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Numeric-Arguments" accesskey="n" rel="next">Numeric Arguments</a>, Previous: <a href="#Commands-For-Text" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Commands For Text</a>, Up: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Killing-And-Yanking"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</h4>
+
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>kill-line (C-k)</code>
+<a name="index-kill_002dline-_0028C_002dk_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Kill the text from point to the end of the line.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)</code>
+<a name="index-backward_002dkill_002dline-_0028C_002dx-Rubout_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>unix-line-discard (C-u)</code>
+<a name="index-unix_002dline_002ddiscard-_0028C_002du_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>kill-whole-line ()</code>
+<a name="index-kill_002dwhole_002dline-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.
+By default, this is unbound.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>kill-word (M-d)</code>
+<a name="index-kill_002dword-_0028M_002dd_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
+words, to the end of the next word.
+Word boundaries are the same as <code>forward-word</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>backward-kill-word (M-<span class="key">DEL</span>)</code>
+<a name="index-backward_002dkill_002dword-_0028M_002dDEL_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Kill the word behind point.
+Word boundaries are the same as <code>backward-word</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>shell-kill-word ()</code>
+<a name="index-shell_002dkill_002dword-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
+words, to the end of the next word.
+Word boundaries are the same as <code>shell-forward-word</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>shell-backward-kill-word ()</code>
+<a name="index-shell_002dbackward_002dkill_002dword-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Kill the word behind point.
+Word boundaries are the same as <code>shell-backward-word</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>unix-word-rubout (C-w)</code>
+<a name="index-unix_002dword_002drubout-_0028C_002dw_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary.
+The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>unix-filename-rubout ()</code>
+<a name="index-unix_002dfilename_002drubout-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash character
+as the word boundaries.
+The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>delete-horizontal-space ()</code>
+<a name="index-delete_002dhorizontal_002dspace-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Delete all spaces and tabs around point.  By default, this is unbound.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>kill-region ()</code>
+<a name="index-kill_002dregion-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Kill the text in the current region.
+By default, this command is unbound.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>copy-region-as-kill ()</code>
+<a name="index-copy_002dregion_002das_002dkill-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer, so it can be yanked
+right away.  By default, this command is unbound.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>copy-backward-word ()</code>
+<a name="index-copy_002dbackward_002dword-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Copy the word before point to the kill buffer.
+The word boundaries are the same as <code>backward-word</code>.
+By default, this command is unbound.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>copy-forward-word ()</code>
+<a name="index-copy_002dforward_002dword-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Copy the word following point to the kill buffer.
+The word boundaries are the same as <code>forward-word</code>.
+By default, this command is unbound.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>yank (C-y)</code>
+<a name="index-yank-_0028C_002dy_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>yank-pop (M-y)</code>
+<a name="index-yank_002dpop-_0028M_002dy_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top.  You can only do this if
+the prior command is <code>yank</code> or <code>yank-pop</code>.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Numeric-Arguments"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Commands-For-Completion" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands For Completion</a>, Previous: <a href="#Commands-For-Killing" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Commands For Killing</a>, Up: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Specifying-Numeric-Arguments"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</h4>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>digit-argument (<kbd>M-0</kbd>, <kbd>M-1</kbd>, &hellip; <kbd>M--</kbd>)</code>
+<a name="index-digit_002dargument-_0028M_002d0_002c-M_002d1_002c-_2026-M_002d_002d_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new
+argument.  <kbd>M--</kbd> starts a negative argument.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>universal-argument ()</code>
+<a name="index-universal_002dargument-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>This is another way to specify an argument.
+If this command is followed by one or more digits, optionally with a
+leading minus sign, those digits define the argument.
+If the command is followed by digits, executing <code>universal-argument</code>
+again ends the numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored.
+As a special case, if this command is immediately followed by a
+character that is neither a digit nor minus sign, the argument count
+for the next command is multiplied by four.
+The argument count is initially one, so executing this function the
+first time makes the argument count four, a second time makes the
+argument count sixteen, and so on.
+By default, this is not bound to a key.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Commands-For-Completion"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Keyboard-Macros" accesskey="n" rel="next">Keyboard Macros</a>, Previous: <a href="#Numeric-Arguments" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Numeric Arguments</a>, Up: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Letting-Readline-Type-For-You"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</h4>
+
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>complete (<span class="key">TAB</span>)</code>
+<a name="index-complete-_0028TAB_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Attempt to perform completion on the text before point.
+The actual completion performed is application-specific.
+Bash attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the
+text begins with &lsquo;<samp>$</samp>&rsquo;), username (if the text begins with
+&lsquo;<samp>~</samp>&rsquo;), hostname (if the text begins with &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo;), or
+command (including aliases and functions) in turn.  If none 
+of these produces a match, filename completion is attempted.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>possible-completions (M-?)</code>
+<a name="index-possible_002dcompletions-_0028M_002d_003f_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>List the possible completions of the text before point.
+When displaying completions, Readline sets the number of columns used
+for display to the value of <code>completion-display-width</code>, the value of
+the environment variable <code>COLUMNS</code>, or the screen width, in that order.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>insert-completions (M-*)</code>
+<a name="index-insert_002dcompletions-_0028M_002d_002a_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Insert all completions of the text before point that would have
+been generated by <code>possible-completions</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>menu-complete ()</code>
+<a name="index-menu_002dcomplete-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Similar to <code>complete</code>, but replaces the word to be completed
+with a single match from the list of possible completions.
+Repeated execution of <code>menu-complete</code> steps through the list
+of possible completions, inserting each match in turn.
+At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung
+(subject to the setting of <code>bell-style</code>)
+and the original text is restored.
+An argument of <var>n</var> moves <var>n</var> positions forward in the list
+of matches; a negative argument may be used to move backward
+through the list.
+This command is intended to be bound to <tt class="key">TAB</tt>, but is unbound
+by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>menu-complete-backward ()</code>
+<a name="index-menu_002dcomplete_002dbackward-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Identical to <code>menu-complete</code>, but moves backward through the list
+of possible completions, as if <code>menu-complete</code> had been given a
+negative argument.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>delete-char-or-list ()</code>
+<a name="index-delete_002dchar_002dor_002dlist-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or
+end of the line (like <code>delete-char</code>).
+If at the end of the line, behaves identically to
+<code>possible-completions</code>.
+This command is unbound by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>complete-filename (M-/)</code>
+<a name="index-complete_002dfilename-_0028M_002d_002f_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Attempt filename completion on the text before point.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>possible-filename-completions (C-x /)</code>
+<a name="index-possible_002dfilename_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_002f_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>List the possible completions of the text before point,
+treating it as a filename.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>complete-username (M-~)</code>
+<a name="index-complete_002dusername-_0028M_002d_007e_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Attempt completion on the text before point, treating
+it as a username.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>possible-username-completions (C-x ~)</code>
+<a name="index-possible_002dusername_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_007e_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>List the possible completions of the text before point,
+treating it as a username.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>complete-variable (M-$)</code>
+<a name="index-complete_002dvariable-_0028M_002d_0024_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Attempt completion on the text before point, treating
+it as a shell variable.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>possible-variable-completions (C-x $)</code>
+<a name="index-possible_002dvariable_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_0024_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>List the possible completions of the text before point,
+treating it as a shell variable.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>complete-hostname (M-@)</code>
+<a name="index-complete_002dhostname-_0028M_002d_0040_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Attempt completion on the text before point, treating
+it as a hostname.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)</code>
+<a name="index-possible_002dhostname_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_0040_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>List the possible completions of the text before point,
+treating it as a hostname.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>complete-command (M-!)</code>
+<a name="index-complete_002dcommand-_0028M_002d_0021_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Attempt completion on the text before point, treating
+it as a command name.  Command completion attempts to
+match the text against aliases, reserved words, shell
+functions, shell builtins, and finally executable filenames,
+in that order.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>possible-command-completions (C-x !)</code>
+<a name="index-possible_002dcommand_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_0021_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>List the possible completions of the text before point,
+treating it as a command name.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>dynamic-complete-history (M-<span class="key">TAB</span>)</code>
+<a name="index-dynamic_002dcomplete_002dhistory-_0028M_002dTAB_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing
+the text against lines from the history list for possible
+completion matches.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>dabbrev-expand ()</code>
+<a name="index-dabbrev_002dexpand-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing
+the text against lines from the history list for possible
+completion matches.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>complete-into-braces (M-{)</code>
+<a name="index-complete_002dinto_002dbraces-_0028M_002d_007b_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible completions
+enclosed within braces so the list is available to the shell
+(see <a href="#Brace-Expansion">Brace Expansion</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Keyboard-Macros"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Miscellaneous Commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#Commands-For-Completion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Commands For Completion</a>, Up: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Keyboard-Macros-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</h4>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>start-kbd-macro (C-x ()</code>
+<a name="index-start_002dkbd_002dmacro-_0028C_002dx-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>end-kbd-macro (C-x ))</code>
+<a name="index-end_002dkbd_002dmacro-_0028C_002dx-_0029_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro
+and save the definition.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)</code>
+<a name="index-call_002dlast_002dkbd_002dmacro-_0028C_002dx-e_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the characters
+in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>print-last-kbd-macro ()</code>
+<a name="index-print_002dlast_002dkbd_002dmacro-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Print the last keboard macro defined in a format suitable for the
+<var>inputrc</var> file.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Miscellaneous-Commands"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Keyboard-Macros" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Keyboard Macros</a>, Up: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Some-Miscellaneous-Commands"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</h4>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)</code>
+<a name="index-re_002dread_002dinit_002dfile-_0028C_002dx-C_002dr_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Read in the contents of the <var>inputrc</var> file, and incorporate
+any bindings or variable assignments found there.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>abort (C-g)</code>
+<a name="index-abort-_0028C_002dg_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Abort the current editing command and
+ring the terminal&rsquo;s bell (subject to the setting of
+<code>bell-style</code>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-<var>x</var>, &hellip;)</code>
+<a name="index-do_002dlowercase_002dversion-_0028M_002dA_002c-M_002dB_002c-M_002dx_002c-_2026_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>If the metafied character <var>x</var> is upper case, run the command
+that is bound to the corresponding metafied lower case character.
+The behavior is undefined if <var>x</var> is already lower case.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>prefix-meta (<span class="key">ESC</span>)</code>
+<a name="index-prefix_002dmeta-_0028ESC_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Metafy the next character typed.  This is for keyboards
+without a meta key.  Typing &lsquo;<samp><span class="key">ESC</span> f</samp>&rsquo; is equivalent to typing
+<kbd>M-f</kbd>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)</code>
+<a name="index-undo-_0028C_002d_005f-or-C_002dx-C_002du_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>revert-line (M-r)</code>
+<a name="index-revert_002dline-_0028M_002dr_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Undo all changes made to this line.  This is like executing the <code>undo</code>
+command enough times to get back to the beginning.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>tilde-expand (M-&amp;)</code>
+<a name="index-tilde_002dexpand-_0028M_002d_0026_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Perform tilde expansion on the current word.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>set-mark (C-@)</code>
+<a name="index-set_002dmark-_0028C_002d_0040_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Set the mark to the point.  If a
+numeric argument is supplied, the mark is set to that position.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)</code>
+<a name="index-exchange_002dpoint_002dand_002dmark-_0028C_002dx-C_002dx_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Swap the point with the mark.  The current cursor position is set to
+the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the mark.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>character-search (C-])</code>
+<a name="index-character_002dsearch-_0028C_002d_005d_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of that
+character.  A negative count searches for previous occurrences.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>character-search-backward (M-C-])</code>
+<a name="index-character_002dsearch_002dbackward-_0028M_002dC_002d_005d_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence
+of that character.  A negative count searches for subsequent
+occurrences.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>skip-csi-sequence ()</code>
+<a name="index-skip_002dcsi_002dsequence-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as those
+defined for keys like Home and End.  Such sequences begin with a
+Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[.  If this sequence is
+bound to &quot;\e[&quot;, keys producing such sequences will have no effect
+unless explicitly bound to a readline command, instead of inserting
+stray characters into the editing buffer.  This is unbound by default,
+but usually bound to ESC-[.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>insert-comment (M-#)</code>
+<a name="index-insert_002dcomment-_0028M_002d_0023_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Without a numeric argument, the value of the <code>comment-begin</code>
+variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line.
+If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle:  if
+the characters at the beginning of the line do not match the value
+of <code>comment-begin</code>, the value is inserted, otherwise
+the characters in <code>comment-begin</code> are deleted from the beginning of
+the line.
+In either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed.
+The default value of <code>comment-begin</code> causes this command
+to make the current line a shell comment.
+If a numeric argument causes the comment character to be removed, the line
+will be executed by the shell.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>dump-functions ()</code>
+<a name="index-dump_002dfunctions-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the
+Readline output stream.  If a numeric argument is supplied,
+the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
+of an <var>inputrc</var> file.  This command is unbound by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>dump-variables ()</code>
+<a name="index-dump_002dvariables-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Print all of the settable variables and their values to the
+Readline output stream.  If a numeric argument is supplied,
+the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
+of an <var>inputrc</var> file.  This command is unbound by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>dump-macros ()</code>
+<a name="index-dump_002dmacros-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Print all of the Readline key sequences bound to macros and the
+strings they output.  If a numeric argument is supplied,
+the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
+of an <var>inputrc</var> file.  This command is unbound by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>glob-complete-word (M-g)</code>
+<a name="index-glob_002dcomplete_002dword-_0028M_002dg_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion,
+with an asterisk implicitly appended.  This pattern is used to
+generate a list of matching file names for possible completions.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>glob-expand-word (C-x *)</code>
+<a name="index-glob_002dexpand_002dword-_0028C_002dx-_002a_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion,
+and the list of matching file names is inserted, replacing the word.
+If a numeric argument is supplied, a &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; is appended before
+pathname expansion.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>glob-list-expansions (C-x g)</code>
+<a name="index-glob_002dlist_002dexpansions-_0028C_002dx-g_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The list of expansions that would have been generated by
+<code>glob-expand-word</code> is displayed, and the line is redrawn.
+If a numeric argument is supplied, a &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; is appended before
+pathname expansion.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>display-shell-version (C-x C-v)</code>
+<a name="index-display_002dshell_002dversion-_0028C_002dx-C_002dv_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Display version information about the current instance of Bash.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>shell-expand-line (M-C-e)</code>
+<a name="index-shell_002dexpand_002dline-_0028M_002dC_002de_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Expand the line as the shell does.
+This performs alias and history expansion as well as all of the shell
+word expansions (see <a href="#Shell-Expansions">Shell Expansions</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>history-expand-line (M-^)</code>
+<a name="index-history_002dexpand_002dline-_0028M_002d_005e_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Perform history expansion on the current line.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>magic-space ()</code>
+<a name="index-magic_002dspace-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a space
+(see <a href="#History-Interaction">History Interaction</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>alias-expand-line ()</code>
+<a name="index-alias_002dexpand_002dline-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Perform alias expansion on the current line (see <a href="#Aliases">Aliases</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>history-and-alias-expand-line ()</code>
+<a name="index-history_002dand_002dalias_002dexpand_002dline-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Perform history and alias expansion on the current line.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)</code>
+<a name="index-insert_002dlast_002dargument-_0028M_002d_002e-or-M_002d_005f_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A synonym for <code>yank-last-arg</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>operate-and-get-next (C-o)</code>
+<a name="index-operate_002dand_002dget_002dnext-_0028C_002do_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line
+relative to the current line from the history for editing.
+A numeric argument, if supplied, specifies the history entry to use instead
+of the current line.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e)</code>
+<a name="index-edit_002dand_002dexecute_002dcommand-_0028C_002dx-C_002de_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the result as shell
+commands.
+Bash attempts to invoke
+<code>$VISUAL</code>, <code>$EDITOR</code>, and <code>emacs</code>
+as the editor, in that order.
+</p>
+
+
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Readline-vi-Mode"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Programmable-Completion" accesskey="n" rel="next">Programmable Completion</a>, Previous: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bindable Readline Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command Line Editing</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Readline-vi-Mode-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">8.5 Readline vi Mode</h3>
+
+<p>While the Readline library does not have a full set of <code>vi</code>
+editing functions, it does contain enough to allow simple editing
+of the line.  The Readline <code>vi</code> mode behaves as specified in
+the <small>POSIX</small> standard.
+</p>
+<p>In order to switch interactively between <code>emacs</code> and <code>vi</code>
+editing modes, use the &lsquo;<samp>set -o emacs</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>set -o vi</samp>&rsquo;
+commands (see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
+The Readline default is <code>emacs</code> mode.
+</p>
+<p>When you enter a line in <code>vi</code> mode, you are already placed in
+&lsquo;insertion&rsquo; mode, as if you had typed an &lsquo;<samp>i</samp>&rsquo;.  Pressing <tt class="key">ESC</tt>
+switches you into &lsquo;command&rsquo; mode, where you can edit the text of the
+line with the standard <code>vi</code> movement keys, move to previous
+history lines with &lsquo;<samp>k</samp>&rsquo; and subsequent lines with &lsquo;<samp>j</samp>&rsquo;, and
+so forth.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Programmable-Completion"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins" accesskey="n" rel="next">Programmable Completion Builtins</a>, Previous: <a href="#Readline-vi-Mode" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Readline vi Mode</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command Line Editing</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Programmable-Completion-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">8.6 Programmable Completion</h3>
+<a name="index-programmable-completion"></a>
+
+<p>When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for
+which a completion specification (a <var>compspec</var>) has been defined
+using the <code>complete</code> builtin (see <a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins">Programmable Completion Builtins</a>),
+the programmable completion facilities are invoked. 
+</p>
+<p>First, the command name is identified.
+If a compspec has been defined for that command, the
+compspec is used to generate the list of possible completions for the word.
+If the command word is the empty string (completion attempted at the
+beginning of an empty line), any compspec defined with
+the <samp>-E</samp> option to <code>complete</code> is used.
+If the command word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full
+pathname is searched for first.
+If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an attempt is made to
+find a compspec for the portion following the final slash.
+If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec defined with
+the <samp>-D</samp> option to <code>complete</code> is used as the default.
+If there is no default compspec, Bash attempts alias expansion
+on the command word as a final resort, and attempts to find a compspec
+for the command word from any successful expansion 
+</p>
+<p>Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of
+matching words.
+If a compspec is not found, the default Bash completion
+described above (see <a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a>) is performed.
+</p>
+<p>First, the actions specified by the compspec are used.
+Only matches which are prefixed by the word being completed are
+returned.
+When the <samp>-f</samp> or <samp>-d</samp> option is used for filename or
+directory name completion, the shell variable <code>FIGNORE</code> is
+used to filter the matches.
+See <a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>, for a description of <code>FIGNORE</code>.
+</p>
+<p>Any completions specified by a filename expansion pattern to the
+<samp>-G</samp> option are generated next.
+The words generated by the pattern need not match the word being completed.
+The <code>GLOBIGNORE</code> shell variable is not used to filter the matches,
+but the <code>FIGNORE</code> shell variable is used.
+</p>
+<p>Next, the string specified as the argument to the <samp>-W</samp> option
+is considered.
+The string is first split using the characters in the <code>IFS</code>
+special variable as delimiters.
+Shell quoting is honored within the string, in order to provide a
+mechanism for the words to contain shell metacharacters or characters
+in the value of <code>IFS</code>.
+Each word is then expanded using
+brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
+command substitution, and arithmetic expansion,
+as described above (see <a href="#Shell-Expansions">Shell Expansions</a>).
+The results are split using the rules described above
+(see <a href="#Word-Splitting">Word Splitting</a>).
+The results of the expansion are prefix-matched against the word being
+completed, and the matching words become the possible completions.
+</p>
+<p>After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command
+specified with the <samp>-F</samp> and <samp>-C</samp> options is invoked.
+When the command or function is invoked, the <code>COMP_LINE</code>,
+<code>COMP_POINT</code>, <code>COMP_KEY</code>, and <code>COMP_TYPE</code> variables are
+assigned values as described above (see <a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>).
+If a shell function is being invoked, the <code>COMP_WORDS</code> and
+<code>COMP_CWORD</code> variables are also set.
+When the function or command is invoked, the first argument ($1) is the
+name of the command whose arguments are being completed, the
+second argument ($2) is the word being completed, and the third argument
+($3) is the word preceding the word being completed on the current command
+line.
+No filtering of the generated completions against the word being completed
+is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in generating
+the matches.
+</p>
+<p>Any function specified with <samp>-F</samp> is invoked first.
+The function may use any of the shell facilities, including the
+<code>compgen</code> and <code>compopt</code> builtins described below
+(see <a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins">Programmable Completion Builtins</a>), to generate the matches.
+It must put the possible completions in the <code>COMPREPLY</code> array
+variable, one per array element.
+</p>
+<p>Next, any command specified with the <samp>-C</samp> option is invoked
+in an environment equivalent to command substitution.
+It should print a list of completions, one per line, to
+the standard output.
+Backslash may be used to escape a newline, if necessary.
+</p>
+<p>After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter
+specified with the <samp>-X</samp> option is applied to the list.
+The filter is a pattern as used for pathname expansion; a &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo;
+in the pattern is replaced with the text of the word being completed.
+A literal &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo; may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash
+is removed before attempting a match.
+Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list.
+A leading &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo; negates the pattern; in this case any completion
+not matching the pattern will be removed.
+If the <code>nocasematch</code> shell option
+(see the description of <code>shopt</code> in <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>)
+is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+of alphabetic characters.
+</p>
+<p>Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the <samp>-P</samp> and <samp>-S</samp>
+options are added to each member of the completion list, and the result is
+returned to the Readline completion code as the list of possible
+completions.
+</p>
+<p>If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the
+<samp>-o dirnames</samp> option was supplied to <code>complete</code> when the
+compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted. 
+</p>
+<p>If the <samp>-o plusdirs</samp> option was supplied to <code>complete</code> when
+the compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any
+matches are added to the results of the other actions.
+</p>
+<p>By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned to
+the completion code as the full set of possible completions.
+The default Bash completions are not attempted, and the Readline default
+of filename completion is disabled.
+If the <samp>-o bashdefault</samp> option was supplied to <code>complete</code> when
+the compspec was defined, the default Bash completions are attempted
+if the compspec generates no matches.
+If the <samp>-o default</samp> option was supplied to <code>complete</code> when the
+compspec was defined, Readline&rsquo;s default completion will be performed
+if the compspec (and, if attempted, the default Bash completions)
+generate no matches.
+</p>
+<p>When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired,
+the programmable completion functions force Readline to append a slash
+to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to
+the value of the <var>mark-directories</var> Readline variable, regardless
+of the setting of the <var>mark-symlinked-directories</var> Readline variable.
+</p>
+<p>There is some support for dynamically modifying completions.  This is
+most useful when used in combination with a default completion specified
+with <samp>-D</samp>.  It&rsquo;s possible for shell functions executed as completion
+handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by returning an
+exit status of 124.  If a shell function returns 124, and changes
+the compspec associated with the command on which completion is being
+attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is executed),
+programmable completion restarts from the beginning, with an
+attempt to find a new compspec for that command.  This allows a set of
+completions to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather than
+being loaded all at once.
+</p>
+<p>For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each kept in a
+file corresponding to the name of the command, the following default
+completion function would load completions dynamically:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">_completion_loader()
+{
+    . &quot;/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh&quot; &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1 &amp;&amp; return 124
+}
+complete -D -F _completion_loader -o bashdefault -o default
+</pre></div>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Programmable-Completion-Builtins"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#A-Programmable-Completion-Example" accesskey="n" rel="next">A Programmable Completion Example</a>, Previous: <a href="#Programmable-Completion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Programmable Completion</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command Line Editing</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Programmable-Completion-Builtins-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</h3>
+<a name="index-completion-builtins"></a>
+
+<p>Three builtin commands are available to manipulate the programmable completion
+facilities: one to specify how the arguments to a particular command are to
+be completed, and two to modify the completion as it is happening.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>compgen</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-compgen"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><code>compgen [<var>option</var>] [<var>word</var>]</code>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Generate possible completion matches for <var>word</var> according to
+the <var>option</var>s, which may be any option accepted by the
+<code>complete</code>
+builtin with the exception of <samp>-p</samp> and <samp>-r</samp>, and write
+the matches to the standard output.
+When using the <samp>-F</samp> or <samp>-C</samp> options, the various shell variables
+set by the programmable completion facilities, while available, will not
+have useful values.
+</p>
+<p>The matches will be generated in the same way as if the programmable
+completion code had generated them directly from a completion specification
+with the same flags.
+If <var>word</var> is specified, only those completions matching <var>word</var>
+will be displayed.
+</p>
+<p>The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, or no
+matches were generated.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>complete</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-complete"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><code>complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o <var>comp-option</var>] [-DEI] [-A <var>action</var>] [-G <var>globpat</var>]
+[-W <var>wordlist</var>] [-F <var>function</var>] [-C <var>command</var>] [-X <var>filterpat</var>]
+[-P <var>prefix</var>] [-S <var>suffix</var>] <var>name</var> [<var>name</var> &hellip;]</code>
+<code>complete -pr [-DEI] [<var>name</var> &hellip;]</code>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Specify how arguments to each <var>name</var> should be completed.
+If the <samp>-p</samp> option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing
+completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them to be
+reused as input.
+The <samp>-r</samp> option removes a completion specification for
+each <var>name</var>, or, if no <var>name</var>s are supplied, all
+completion specifications.
+The <samp>-D</samp> option indicates that other supplied options and actions should
+apply to the &ldquo;default&rdquo; command completion; that is, completion attempted
+on a command for which no completion has previously been defined.
+The <samp>-E</samp> option indicates that other supplied options and actions should
+apply to &ldquo;empty&rdquo; command completion; that is, completion attempted on a 
+blank line.
+The <samp>-I</samp> option indicates that other supplied options and actions should
+apply to completion on the inital non-assignment word on the line, or after a
+command delimiter such as &lsquo;<samp>;</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>|</samp>&rsquo;, which is usually command
+name completion.
+If multiple options are supplied, the <samp>-D</samp> option takes precedence
+over <samp>-E</samp>, and both take precedence over <samp>-I</samp>.
+If any of <samp>-D</samp>, <samp>-E</samp>, or <samp>-I</samp> are supplied, any other
+<var>name</var> arguments are ignored; these completions only apply to the case
+specified by the option.
+</p>
+<p>The process of applying these completion specifications when word completion
+is attempted is described above (see <a href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a>).
+</p>
+<p>Other options, if specified, have the following meanings.
+The arguments to the <samp>-G</samp>, <samp>-W</samp>, and <samp>-X</samp> options
+(and, if necessary, the <samp>-P</samp> and <samp>-S</samp> options)
+should be quoted to protect them from expansion before the
+<code>complete</code> builtin is invoked.
+</p>
+
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>-o <var>comp-option</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>The <var>comp-option</var> controls several aspects of the compspec&rsquo;s behavior
+beyond the simple generation of completions.
+<var>comp-option</var> may be one of: 
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>bashdefault</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Perform the rest of the default Bash completions if the compspec
+generates no matches.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>default</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Use Readline&rsquo;s default filename completion if the compspec generates
+no matches.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>dirnames</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Perform directory name completion if the compspec generates no matches.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>filenames</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Tell Readline that the compspec generates filenames, so it can perform any
+filename-specific processing (like adding a slash to directory names,
+quoting special characters, or suppressing trailing spaces).
+This option is intended to be used with shell functions specified
+with <samp>-F</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>noquote</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Tell Readline not to quote the completed words if they are filenames
+(quoting filenames is the default).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>nosort</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Tell Readline not to sort the list of possible completions alphabetically.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>nospace</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Tell Readline not to append a space (the default) to words completed at
+the end of the line.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>plusdirs</code></dt>
+<dd><p>After any matches defined by the compspec are generated, 
+directory name completion is attempted and any
+matches are added to the results of the other actions.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-A <var>action</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>The <var>action</var> may be one of the following to generate a list of possible
+completions:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>alias</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Alias names.  May also be specified as <samp>-a</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>arrayvar</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Array variable names.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>binding</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Readline key binding names (see <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands">Bindable Readline Commands</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>builtin</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Names of shell builtin commands.  May also be specified as <samp>-b</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>command</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Command names.  May also be specified as <samp>-c</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>directory</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Directory names.  May also be specified as <samp>-d</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>disabled</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Names of disabled shell builtins.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>enabled</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Names of enabled shell builtins.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>export</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Names of exported shell variables.  May also be specified as <samp>-e</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>file</code></dt>
+<dd><p>File names.  May also be specified as <samp>-f</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>function</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Names of shell functions.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>group</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Group names.  May also be specified as <samp>-g</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>helptopic</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Help topics as accepted by the <code>help</code> builtin (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>hostname</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by the
+<code>HOSTFILE</code> shell variable (see <a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>job</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Job names, if job control is active.  May also be specified as <samp>-j</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>keyword</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Shell reserved words.  May also be specified as <samp>-k</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>running</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Names of running jobs, if job control is active.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>service</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Service names.  May also be specified as <samp>-s</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>setopt</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Valid arguments for the <samp>-o</samp> option to the <code>set</code> builtin
+(see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>shopt</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Shell option names as accepted by the <code>shopt</code> builtin
+(see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>signal</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Signal names.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>stopped</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>user</code></dt>
+<dd><p>User names.  May also be specified as <samp>-u</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>variable</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Names of all shell variables.  May also be specified as <samp>-v</samp>.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-C <var>command</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p><var>command</var> is executed in a subshell environment, and its output is
+used as the possible completions.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-F <var>function</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>The shell function <var>function</var> is executed in the current shell
+environment.
+When it is executed, $1 is the name of the command whose arguments are
+being completed, $2 is the word being completed, and $3 is the word
+preceding the word being completed, as described above
+(see <a href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a>).
+When it finishes, the possible completions are retrieved from the value
+of the <code>COMPREPLY</code> array variable.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-G <var>globpat</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>The filename expansion pattern <var>globpat</var> is expanded to generate
+the possible completions.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-P <var>prefix</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p><var>prefix</var> is added at the beginning of each possible completion
+after all other options have been applied.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-S <var>suffix</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p><var>suffix</var> is appended to each possible completion
+after all other options have been applied.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-W <var>wordlist</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>The <var>wordlist</var> is split using the characters in the
+<code>IFS</code> special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word
+is expanded.
+The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which
+match the word being completed.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-X <var>filterpat</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p><var>filterpat</var> is a pattern as used for filename expansion.
+It is applied to the list of possible completions generated by the
+preceding options and arguments, and each completion matching
+<var>filterpat</var> is removed from the list.
+A leading &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo; in <var>filterpat</var> negates the pattern; in this
+case, any completion not matching <var>filterpat</var> is removed.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an option
+other than <samp>-p</samp> or <samp>-r</samp> is supplied without a <var>name</var>
+argument, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification for
+a <var>name</var> for which no specification exists, or
+an error occurs adding a completion specification.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>compopt</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-compopt"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><code>compopt</code> [-o <var>option</var>] [-DEI] [+o <var>option</var>] [<var>name</var>]
+</pre></div>
+<p>Modify completion options for each <var>name</var> according to the
+<var>option</var>s, or for the currently-executing completion if no <var>name</var>s
+are supplied.
+If no <var>option</var>s are given, display the completion options for each
+<var>name</var> or the current completion.
+The possible values of <var>option</var> are those valid for the <code>complete</code>
+builtin described above.
+The <samp>-D</samp> option indicates that other supplied options should
+apply to the &ldquo;default&rdquo; command completion; that is, completion attempted
+on a command for which no completion has previously been defined.
+The <samp>-E</samp> option indicates that other supplied options should
+apply to &ldquo;empty&rdquo; command completion; that is, completion attempted on a 
+blank line.
+The <samp>-I</samp> option indicates that other supplied options should
+apply to completion on the inital non-assignment word on the line, or after a
+command delimiter such as &lsquo;<samp>;</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>|</samp>&rsquo;, which is usually command
+name completion.
+</p>
+<p>If multiple options are supplied, the <samp>-D</samp> option takes precedence
+over <samp>-E</samp>, and both take precedence over <samp>-I</samp>
+</p>
+<p>The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an attempt
+is made to modify the options for a <var>name</var> for which no completion
+specification exists, or an output error occurs.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="A-Programmable-Completion-Example"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Programmable Completion Builtins</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command Line Editing</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="A-Programmable-Completion-Example-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">8.8 A Programmable Completion Example</h3>
+
+<p>The most common way to obtain additional completion functionality beyond
+the default actions <code>complete</code> and <code>compgen</code> provide is to use
+a shell function and bind it to a particular command using <code>complete -F</code>.
+</p>
+<p>The following function provides completions for the <code>cd</code> builtin.
+It is a reasonably good example of what shell functions must do when
+used for completion.  This function uses the word passed as <code>$2</code>
+to determine the directory name to complete.  You can also use the
+<code>COMP_WORDS</code> array variable; the current word is indexed by the
+<code>COMP_CWORD</code> variable.
+</p>
+<p>The function relies on the <code>complete</code> and <code>compgen</code> builtins
+to do much of the work, adding only the things that the Bash <code>cd</code>
+does beyond accepting basic directory names:
+tilde expansion (see <a href="#Tilde-Expansion">Tilde Expansion</a>),
+searching directories in <var>$CDPATH</var>, which is described above
+(see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>),
+and basic support for the <code>cdable_vars</code> shell option
+(see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>).
+<code>_comp_cd</code> modifies the value of <var>IFS</var> so that it contains only
+a newline to accommodate file names containing spaces and tabs &ndash;
+<code>compgen</code> prints the possible completions it generates one per line.
+</p>
+<p>Possible completions go into the <var>COMPREPLY</var> array variable, one
+completion per array element.  The programmable completion system retrieves
+the completions from there when the function returns.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example"># A completion function for the cd builtin
+# based on the cd completion function from the bash_completion package
+_comp_cd()
+{
+    local IFS=$' \t\n'    # normalize IFS
+    local cur _skipdot _cdpath
+    local i j k
+
+    # Tilde expansion, which also expands tilde to full pathname
+    case &quot;$2&quot; in
+    \~*)    eval cur=&quot;$2&quot; ;;
+    *)      cur=$2 ;;
+    esac
+
+    # no cdpath or absolute pathname -- straight directory completion
+    if [[ -z &quot;${CDPATH:-}&quot; ]] || [[ &quot;$cur&quot; == @(./*|../*|/*) ]]; then
+        # compgen prints paths one per line; could also use while loop
+        IFS=$'\n'
+        COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -d -- &quot;$cur&quot;) )
+        IFS=$' \t\n'
+    # CDPATH+directories in the current directory if not in CDPATH
+    else
+        IFS=$'\n'
+        _skipdot=false
+        # preprocess CDPATH to convert null directory names to .
+        _cdpath=${CDPATH/#:/.:}
+        _cdpath=${_cdpath//::/:.:}
+        _cdpath=${_cdpath/%:/:.}
+        for i in ${_cdpath//:/$'\n'}; do
+            if [[ $i -ef . ]]; then _skipdot=true; fi
+            k=&quot;${#COMPREPLY[@]}&quot;
+            for j in $( compgen -d -- &quot;$i/$cur&quot; ); do
+                COMPREPLY[k++]=${j#$i/}        # cut off directory
+            done
+        done
+        $_skipdot || COMPREPLY+=( $(compgen -d -- &quot;$cur&quot;) )
+        IFS=$' \t\n'
+    fi
+
+    # variable names if appropriate shell option set and no completions
+    if shopt -q cdable_vars &amp;&amp; [[ ${#COMPREPLY[@]} -eq 0 ]]; then
+        COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -v -- &quot;$cur&quot;) )
+    fi
+
+    return 0
+}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>We install the completion function using the <samp>-F</samp> option to
+<code>complete</code>:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example"># Tell readline to quote appropriate and append slashes to directories;
+# use the bash default completion for other arguments
+complete -o filenames -o nospace -o bashdefault -F _comp_cd cd
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Since we&rsquo;d like Bash and Readline to take care of some
+of the other details for us, we use several other options to tell Bash
+and Readline what to do.  The <samp>-o filenames</samp> option tells Readline
+that the possible completions should be treated as filenames, and quoted
+appropriately.  That option will also cause Readline to append a slash to
+filenames it can determine are directories (which is why we might want to
+extend <code>_comp_cd</code> to append a slash if we&rsquo;re using directories found
+via <var>CDPATH</var>: Readline can&rsquo;t tell those completions are directories).
+The <samp>-o nospace</samp> option tells Readline to not append a space
+character to the directory name, in case we want to append to it.
+The <samp>-o bashdefault</samp> option brings in the rest of the &quot;Bash default&quot;
+completions &ndash; possible completion that Bash adds to the default Readline
+set.  These include things like command name completion, variable completion
+for words beginning with &lsquo;<samp>{</samp>&rsquo;, completions containing pathname
+expansion patterns (see <a href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a>), and so on.
+</p>
+<p>Once installed using <code>complete</code>, <code>_comp_cd</code> will be called every
+time we attempt word completion for a <code>cd</code> command.
+</p>
+<p>Many more examples &ndash; an extensive collection of completions for most of
+the common GNU, Unix, and Linux commands &ndash; are available as part of the
+bash_completion project.  This is installed by default on many GNU/Linux
+distributions.  Originally written by Ian Macdonald, the project now lives
+at <a href="http://bash-completion.alioth.debian.org/">http://bash-completion.alioth.debian.org/</a>.  There are ports for
+other systems such as Solaris and Mac OS X.
+</p>
+<p>An older version of the bash_completion package is distributed with bash
+in the <samp>examples/complete</samp> subdirectory.
+</p>
+<a name="index-History_002c-how-to-use"></a>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Using-History-Interactively"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Installing-Bash" accesskey="n" rel="next">Installing Bash</a>, Previous: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Command Line Editing</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Using-History-Interactively-1"></a>
+<h2 class="chapter">9 Using History Interactively</h2>
+
+
+<p>This chapter describes how to use the <small>GNU</small> History Library
+interactively, from a user&rsquo;s standpoint.
+It should be considered a user&rsquo;s guide.
+For information on using the <small>GNU</small> History Library in other programs,
+see the <small>GNU</small> Readline Library Manual.
+</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Bash-History-Facilities" accesskey="1">Bash History Facilities</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How Bash lets you manipulate your command
+				history.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Bash-History-Builtins" accesskey="2">Bash History Builtins</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The Bash builtin commands that manipulate
+				the command history.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#History-Interaction" accesskey="3">History Interaction</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">What it feels like using History as a user.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Bash-History-Facilities"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Bash-History-Builtins" accesskey="n" rel="next">Bash History Builtins</a>, Up: <a href="#Using-History-Interactively" accesskey="u" rel="up">Using History Interactively</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Bash-History-Facilities-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">9.1 Bash History Facilities</h3>
+<a name="index-command-history"></a>
+<a name="index-history-list"></a>
+
+<p>When the <samp>-o history</samp> option to the <code>set</code> builtin
+is enabled (see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>),
+the shell provides access to the <em>command history</em>,
+the list of commands previously typed.
+The value of the <code>HISTSIZE</code> shell variable is used as the
+number of commands to save in a history list.
+The text of the last <code>$HISTSIZE</code>
+commands (default 500) is saved.
+The shell stores each command in the history list prior to
+parameter and variable expansion
+but after history expansion is performed, subject to the
+values of the shell variables
+<code>HISTIGNORE</code> and <code>HISTCONTROL</code>.
+</p>
+<p>When the shell starts up, the history is initialized from the
+file named by the <code>HISTFILE</code> variable (default <samp>~/.bash_history</samp>).
+The file named by the value of <code>HISTFILE</code> is truncated, if
+necessary, to contain no more than the number of lines specified by
+the value of the <code>HISTFILESIZE</code> variable.
+When a shell with history enabled exits, the last
+<code>$HISTSIZE</code> lines are copied from the history list to the file
+named by <code>$HISTFILE</code>.
+If the <code>histappend</code> shell option is set (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>),
+the lines are appended to the history file,
+otherwise the history file is overwritten.
+If <code>HISTFILE</code>
+is unset, or if the history file is unwritable, the history is not saved.
+After saving the history, the history file is truncated
+to contain no more than <code>$HISTFILESIZE</code> lines.
+If <code>HISTFILESIZE</code> is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, or
+a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not truncated.
+</p>
+<p>If the <code>HISTTIMEFORMAT</code> is set, the time stamp information
+associated with each history entry is written to the history file,
+marked with the history comment character.
+When the history file is read, lines beginning with the history
+comment character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted
+as timestamps for the following history entry.
+</p>
+<p>The builtin command <code>fc</code> may be used to list or edit and re-execute
+a portion of the history list.
+The <code>history</code> builtin may be used to display or modify the history
+list and manipulate the history file.
+When using command-line editing, search commands
+are available in each editing mode that provide access to the
+history list (see <a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a>).
+</p>
+<p>The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history
+list.  The <code>HISTCONTROL</code> and <code>HISTIGNORE</code>
+variables may be set to cause the shell to save only a subset of the
+commands entered.
+The <code>cmdhist</code>
+shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each
+line of a multi-line command in the same history entry, adding
+semicolons where necessary to preserve syntactic correctness.
+The <code>lithist</code>
+shell option causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines
+instead of semicolons.
+The <code>shopt</code> builtin is used to set these options.
+See <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>, for a description of <code>shopt</code>.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Bash-History-Builtins"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#History-Interaction" accesskey="n" rel="next">History Interaction</a>, Previous: <a href="#Bash-History-Facilities" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bash History Facilities</a>, Up: <a href="#Using-History-Interactively" accesskey="u" rel="up">Using History Interactively</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Bash-History-Builtins-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">9.2 Bash History Builtins</h3>
+<a name="index-history-builtins"></a>
+
+<p>Bash provides two builtin commands which manipulate the
+history list and history file.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>fc</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-fc"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><code>fc [-e <var>ename</var>] [-lnr] [<var>first</var>] [<var>last</var>]</code>
+<code>fc -s [<var>pat</var>=<var>rep</var>] [<var>command</var>]</code>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The first form selects a range of commands from <var>first</var> to
+<var>last</var> from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes
+them.
+Both <var>first</var> and
+<var>last</var> may be specified as a string (to locate the most recent
+command beginning with that string) or as a number (an index into the
+history list, where a negative number is used as an offset from the
+current command number).  If <var>last</var> is not specified, it is set to
+<var>first</var>.  If <var>first</var> is not specified, it is set to the previous
+command for editing and -16 for listing.  If the <samp>-l</samp> flag is
+given, the commands are listed on standard output.  The <samp>-n</samp> flag
+suppresses the command numbers when listing.  The <samp>-r</samp> flag
+reverses the order of the listing.  Otherwise, the editor given by
+<var>ename</var> is invoked on a file containing those commands.  If
+<var>ename</var> is not given, the value of the following variable expansion
+is used: <code>${FCEDIT:-${EDITOR:-vi}}</code>.  This says to use the
+value of the <code>FCEDIT</code> variable if set, or the value of the
+<code>EDITOR</code> variable if that is set, or <code>vi</code> if neither is set.
+When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and executed.
+</p>
+<p>In the second form, <var>command</var> is re-executed after each instance
+of <var>pat</var> in the selected command is replaced by <var>rep</var>.
+<var>command</var> is intepreted the same as <var>first</var> above.
+</p>
+<p>A useful alias to use with the <code>fc</code> command is <code>r='fc -s'</code>, so
+that typing &lsquo;<samp>r cc</samp>&rsquo; runs the last command beginning with <code>cc</code>
+and typing &lsquo;<samp>r</samp>&rsquo; re-executes the last command (see <a href="#Aliases">Aliases</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>history</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-history"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">history [<var>n</var>]
+history -c
+history -d <var>offset</var>
+history -d <var>start</var>-<var>end</var>
+history [-anrw] [<var>filename</var>]
+history -ps <var>arg</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>With no options, display the history list with line numbers.
+Lines prefixed with a &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; have been modified.
+An argument of <var>n</var> lists only the last <var>n</var> lines.
+If the shell variable <code>HISTTIMEFORMAT</code> is set and not null,
+it is used as a format string for <var>strftime</var> to display
+the time stamp associated with each displayed history entry.
+No intervening blank is printed between the formatted time stamp
+and the history line.
+</p>
+<p>Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>-c</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Clear the history list.  This may be combined
+with the other options to replace the history list completely.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-d <var>offset</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Delete the history entry at position <var>offset</var>.
+If <var>offset</var> is positive, it should be specified as it appears when
+the history is displayed.
+If <var>offset</var> is negative, it is interpreted as relative to one greater
+than the last history position, so negative indices count back from the
+end of the history, and an index of &lsquo;<samp>-1</samp>&rsquo; refers to the current
+<code>history -d</code> command.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-d <var>start</var>-<var>end</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Delete the history entries between positions <var>start</var> and <var>end</var>,
+inclusive.  Positive and negative values for <var>start</var> and <var>end</var>
+are interpreted as described above.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-a</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Append the new history lines to the history file.
+These are history lines entered since the beginning of the current
+Bash session, but not already appended to the history file.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-n</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Append the history lines not already read from the history file
+to the current history list.  These are lines appended to the history
+file since the beginning of the current Bash session.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-r</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Read the history file and append its contents to
+the history list.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-w</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Write out the current history list to the history file.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-p</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Perform history substitution on the <var>arg</var>s and display the result
+on the standard output, without storing the results in the history list.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-s</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The <var>arg</var>s are added to the end of
+the history list as a single entry.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>When any of the <samp>-w</samp>, <samp>-r</samp>, <samp>-a</samp>, or <samp>-n</samp> options is
+used, if <var>filename</var>
+is given, then it is used as the history file.  If not, then
+the value of the <code>HISTFILE</code> variable is used.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="History-Interaction"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Bash-History-Builtins" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bash History Builtins</a>, Up: <a href="#Using-History-Interactively" accesskey="u" rel="up">Using History Interactively</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="History-Expansion"></a>
+<h3 class="section">9.3 History Expansion</h3>
+<a name="index-history-expansion"></a>
+
+<p>The History library provides a history expansion feature that is similar
+to the history expansion provided by <code>csh</code>.  This section
+describes the syntax used to manipulate the history information.
+</p>
+<p>History expansions introduce words from the history list into
+the input stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the
+arguments to a previous command into the current input line, or
+fix errors in previous commands quickly.
+</p>
+<p>History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line
+is read, before the shell breaks it into words, and is performed
+on each line individually.  Bash attempts to inform the history
+expansion functions about quoting still in effect from previous lines.
+</p>
+<p>History expansion takes place in two parts.  The first is to determine
+which line from the history list should be used during substitution.
+The second is to select portions of that line for inclusion into the
+current one.  The line selected from the history is called the
+<em>event</em>, and the portions of that line that are acted upon are
+called <em>words</em>.  Various <em>modifiers</em> are available to manipulate
+the selected words.  The line is broken into words in the same fashion
+that Bash does, so that several words
+surrounded by quotes are considered one word.
+History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the
+history expansion character, which is &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo; by default.
+</p>
+<p>History expansion implements shell-like quoting conventions:
+a backslash can be used to remove the special handling for the next character;
+single quotes enclose verbatim sequences of characters, and can be used to
+inhibit history expansion;
+and characters enclosed within double quotes may be subject to history
+expansion, since backslash can escape the history expansion character,
+but single quotes may not, since they are not treated specially within
+double quotes.
+</p>
+<p>When using the shell, only &lsquo;<samp>\</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>'</samp>&rsquo; may be used to escape the
+history expansion character, but the history expansion character is
+also treated as quoted if it immediately precedes the closing double quote
+in a double-quoted string. 
+</p>
+<p>Several shell options settable with the <code>shopt</code>
+builtin (see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>) may be used to tailor
+the behavior of history expansion.  If the
+<code>histverify</code> shell option is enabled, and Readline
+is being used, history substitutions are not immediately passed to
+the shell parser.
+Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the Readline
+editing buffer for further modification.
+If Readline is being used, and the <code>histreedit</code>
+shell option is enabled, a failed history expansion will be
+reloaded into the Readline editing buffer for correction.
+The <samp>-p</samp> option to the <code>history</code> builtin command
+may be used to see what a history expansion will do before using it.
+The <samp>-s</samp> option to the <code>history</code> builtin may be used to
+add commands to the end of the history list without actually executing
+them, so that they are available for subsequent recall.
+This is most useful in conjunction with Readline.
+</p>
+<p>The shell allows control of the various characters used by the
+history expansion mechanism with the <code>histchars</code> variable,
+as explained above (see <a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>).  The shell uses
+the history comment character to mark history timestamps when
+writing the history file.
+</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Event-Designators" accesskey="1">Event Designators</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to specify which history line to use.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Word-Designators" accesskey="2">Word Designators</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Specifying which words are of interest.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Modifiers" accesskey="3">Modifiers</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Modifying the results of substitution.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Event-Designators"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Word-Designators" accesskey="n" rel="next">Word Designators</a>, Up: <a href="#History-Interaction" accesskey="u" rel="up">History Interaction</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Event-Designators-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">9.3.1 Event Designators</h4>
+<a name="index-event-designators"></a>
+
+<p>An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the
+history list.
+Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to the current
+position in the history list.
+<a name="index-history-events"></a>
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>!</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Start a history substitution, except when followed by a space, tab,
+the end of the line, &lsquo;<samp>=</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>(</samp>&rsquo; (when the
+<code>extglob</code> shell option is enabled using the <code>shopt</code> builtin).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>!<var>n</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Refer to command line <var>n</var>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>!-<var>n</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Refer to the command <var>n</var> lines back.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>!!</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Refer to the previous command.  This is a synonym for &lsquo;<samp>!-1</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>!<var>string</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Refer to the most recent command
+preceding the current position in the history list
+starting with <var>string</var>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>!?<var>string</var>[?]</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Refer to the most recent command
+preceding the current position in the history list
+containing <var>string</var>.
+The trailing
+&lsquo;<samp>?</samp>&rsquo; may be omitted if the <var>string</var> is followed immediately by
+a newline.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>^<var>string1</var>^<var>string2</var>^</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Quick Substitution.  Repeat the last command, replacing <var>string1</var>
+with <var>string2</var>.  Equivalent to
+<code>!!:s/<var>string1</var>/<var>string2</var>/</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>!#</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The entire command line typed so far.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Word-Designators"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Modifiers" accesskey="n" rel="next">Modifiers</a>, Previous: <a href="#Event-Designators" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Event Designators</a>, Up: <a href="#History-Interaction" accesskey="u" rel="up">History Interaction</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Word-Designators-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">9.3.2 Word Designators</h4>
+
+<p>Word designators are used to select desired words from the event.
+A &lsquo;<samp>:</samp>&rsquo; separates the event specification from the word designator.  It
+may be omitted if the word designator begins with a &lsquo;<samp>^</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>$</samp>&rsquo;,
+&lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;, or &lsquo;<samp>%</samp>&rsquo;.  Words are numbered from the beginning
+of the line, with the first word being denoted by 0 (zero).  Words are
+inserted into the current line separated by single spaces.
+</p>
+<p>For example,
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>!!</code></dt>
+<dd><p>designates the preceding command.  When you type this, the preceding
+command is repeated in toto.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>!!:$</code></dt>
+<dd><p>designates the last argument of the preceding command.  This may be
+shortened to <code>!$</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>!fi:2</code></dt>
+<dd><p>designates the second argument of the most recent command starting with
+the letters <code>fi</code>.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>Here are the word designators:
+</p> 
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>0 (zero)</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The <code>0</code>th word.  For many applications, this is the command word.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code><var>n</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>The <var>n</var>th word.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>^</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The first argument; that is, word 1.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>$</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The last argument.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>%</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The word matched by the most recent &lsquo;<samp>?<var>string</var>?</samp>&rsquo; search.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code><var>x</var>-<var>y</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>A range of words; &lsquo;<samp>-<var>y</var></samp>&rsquo; abbreviates &lsquo;<samp>0-<var>y</var></samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>*</code></dt>
+<dd><p>All of the words, except the <code>0</code>th.  This is a synonym for &lsquo;<samp>1-$</samp>&rsquo;.
+It is not an error to use &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; if there is just one word in the event;
+the empty string is returned in that case.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code><var>x</var>*</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Abbreviates &lsquo;<samp><var>x</var>-$</samp>&rsquo;
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code><var>x</var>-</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Abbreviates &lsquo;<samp><var>x</var>-$</samp>&rsquo; like &lsquo;<samp><var>x</var>*</samp>&rsquo;, but omits the last word.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the
+previous command is used as the event.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Modifiers"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Word-Designators" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Word Designators</a>, Up: <a href="#History-Interaction" accesskey="u" rel="up">History Interaction</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Modifiers-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">9.3.3 Modifiers</h4>
+
+<p>After the optional word designator, you can add a sequence of one or more
+of the following modifiers, each preceded by a &lsquo;<samp>:</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>h</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>t</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>r</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Remove a trailing suffix of the form &lsquo;<samp>.<var>suffix</var></samp>&rsquo;, leaving
+the basename.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>e</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Remove all but the trailing suffix.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>p</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Print the new command but do not execute it.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>q</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>x</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Quote the substituted words as with &lsquo;<samp>q</samp>&rsquo;,
+but break into words at spaces, tabs, and newlines.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>s/<var>old</var>/<var>new</var>/</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Substitute <var>new</var> for the first occurrence of <var>old</var> in the
+event line.  Any delimiter may be used in place of &lsquo;<samp>/</samp>&rsquo;.
+The delimiter may be quoted in <var>old</var> and <var>new</var>
+with a single backslash.  If &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo; appears in <var>new</var>,
+it is replaced by <var>old</var>.  A single backslash will quote
+the &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo;.  The final delimiter is optional if it is the last
+character on the input line.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>&amp;</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Repeat the previous substitution.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>g</code></dt>
+<dt><code>a</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line.  Used in
+conjunction with &lsquo;<samp>s</samp>&rsquo;, as in <code>gs/<var>old</var>/<var>new</var>/</code>,
+or with &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>G</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Apply the following &lsquo;<samp>s</samp>&rsquo; modifier once to each word in the event.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Installing-Bash"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Reporting-Bugs" accesskey="n" rel="next">Reporting Bugs</a>, Previous: <a href="#Using-History-Interactively" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Using History Interactively</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Installing-Bash-1"></a>
+<h2 class="chapter">10 Installing Bash</h2>
+
+<p>This chapter provides basic instructions for installing Bash on
+the various supported platforms.  The distribution supports the
+<small>GNU</small> operating systems, nearly every version of Unix, and several
+non-Unix systems such as BeOS and Interix.
+Other independent ports exist for
+<small>MS-DOS</small>, <small>OS/2</small>, and Windows platforms.
+</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Basic-Installation" accesskey="1">Basic Installation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Installation instructions.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Compilers-and-Options" accesskey="2">Compilers and Options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to set special options for various
+				systems.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Compiling-For-Multiple-Architectures" accesskey="3">Compiling For Multiple Architectures</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to compile Bash for more
+						than one kind of system from
+						the same source tree.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Installation-Names" accesskey="4">Installation Names</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to set the various paths used by the installation.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Specifying-the-System-Type" accesskey="5">Specifying the System Type</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to configure Bash for a particular system.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Sharing-Defaults" accesskey="6">Sharing Defaults</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to share default configuration values among GNU
+			programs.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Operation-Controls" accesskey="7">Operation Controls</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Options recognized by the configuration program.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Optional-Features" accesskey="8">Optional Features</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to enable and disable optional features when
+			building Bash.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Basic-Installation"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Compilers-and-Options" accesskey="n" rel="next">Compilers and Options</a>, Up: <a href="#Installing-Bash" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installing Bash</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Basic-Installation-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">10.1 Basic Installation</h3>
+<a name="index-installation"></a>
+<a name="index-configuration"></a>
+<a name="index-Bash-installation"></a>
+<a name="index-Bash-configuration"></a>
+
+<p>These are installation instructions for Bash.
+</p>
+<p>The simplest way to compile Bash is:
+</p>
+<ol>
+<li> <code>cd</code> to the directory containing the source code and type
+&lsquo;<samp>./configure</samp>&rsquo; to configure Bash for your system.  If you&rsquo;re
+using <code>csh</code> on an old version of System V, you might need to
+type &lsquo;<samp>sh ./configure</samp>&rsquo; instead to prevent <code>csh</code> from trying
+to execute <code>configure</code> itself.
+
+<p>Running <code>configure</code> takes some time.
+While running, it prints messages telling which features it is
+checking for.
+</p>
+</li><li> Type &lsquo;<samp>make</samp>&rsquo; to compile Bash and build the <code>bashbug</code> bug
+reporting script.
+
+</li><li> Optionally, type &lsquo;<samp>make tests</samp>&rsquo; to run the Bash test suite.
+
+</li><li> Type &lsquo;<samp>make install</samp>&rsquo; to install <code>bash</code> and <code>bashbug</code>.
+This will also install the manual pages and Info file.
+
+</li></ol>
+
+<p>The <code>configure</code> shell script attempts to guess correct
+values for various system-dependent variables used during
+compilation.  It uses those values to create a <samp>Makefile</samp> in
+each directory of the package (the top directory, the
+<samp>builtins</samp>, <samp>doc</samp>, and <samp>support</samp> directories,
+each directory under <samp>lib</samp>, and several others).  It also creates a
+<samp>config.h</samp> file containing system-dependent definitions. 
+Finally, it creates a shell script named <code>config.status</code> that you
+can run in the future to recreate the current configuration, a
+file <samp>config.cache</samp> that saves the results of its tests to
+speed up reconfiguring, and a file <samp>config.log</samp> containing
+compiler output (useful mainly for debugging <code>configure</code>). 
+If at some point
+<samp>config.cache</samp> contains results you don&rsquo;t want to keep, you
+may remove or edit it. 
+</p>
+<p>To find out more about the options and arguments that the
+<code>configure</code> script understands, type 
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">bash-4.2$ ./configure --help
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>at the Bash prompt in your Bash source directory.
+</p>
+<p>If you want to build Bash in a directory separate from the source
+directory &ndash; to build for multiple architectures, for example &ndash;
+just use the full path to the configure script. The following commands
+will build bash in a directory under <samp>/usr/local/build</samp> from
+the source code in <samp>/usr/local/src/bash-4.4</samp>:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">mkdir /usr/local/build/bash-4.4
+cd /usr/local/build/bash-4.4
+bash /usr/local/src/bash-4.4/configure
+make
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>See <a href="#Compiling-For-Multiple-Architectures">Compiling For Multiple Architectures</a> for more information
+about building in a directory separate from the source.
+</p>
+<p>If you need to do unusual things to compile Bash, please
+try to figure out how <code>configure</code> could check whether or not
+to do them, and mail diffs or instructions to
+<a href="mailto:bash-maintainers@gnu.org">bash-maintainers@gnu.org</a> so they can be
+considered for the next release.
+</p>
+<p>The file <samp>configure.ac</samp> is used to create <code>configure</code>
+by a program called Autoconf.  You only need
+<samp>configure.ac</samp> if you want to change it or regenerate
+<code>configure</code> using a newer version of Autoconf.  If
+you do this, make sure you are using Autoconf version 2.50 or
+newer.
+</p>
+<p>You can remove the program binaries and object files from the
+source code directory by typing &lsquo;<samp>make clean</samp>&rsquo;.  To also remove the
+files that <code>configure</code> created (so you can compile Bash for
+a different kind of computer), type &lsquo;<samp>make distclean</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Compilers-and-Options"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Compiling-For-Multiple-Architectures" accesskey="n" rel="next">Compiling For Multiple Architectures</a>, Previous: <a href="#Basic-Installation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Basic Installation</a>, Up: <a href="#Installing-Bash" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installing Bash</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Compilers-and-Options-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">10.2 Compilers and Options</h3>
+
+<p>Some systems require unusual options for compilation or linking
+that the <code>configure</code> script does not know about.  You can
+give <code>configure</code> initial values for variables by setting
+them in the environment.  Using a Bourne-compatible shell, you
+can do that on the command line like this:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">CC=c89 CFLAGS=-O2 LIBS=-lposix ./configure
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>On systems that have the <code>env</code> program, you can do it like this:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">env CPPFLAGS=-I/usr/local/include LDFLAGS=-s ./configure
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The configuration process uses GCC to build Bash if it
+is available.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Compiling-For-Multiple-Architectures"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Installation-Names" accesskey="n" rel="next">Installation Names</a>, Previous: <a href="#Compilers-and-Options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Compilers and Options</a>, Up: <a href="#Installing-Bash" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installing Bash</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Compiling-For-Multiple-Architectures-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">10.3 Compiling For Multiple Architectures</h3>
+
+<p>You can compile Bash for more than one kind of computer at the
+same time, by placing the object files for each architecture in their
+own directory.  To do this, you must use a version of <code>make</code> that
+supports the <code>VPATH</code> variable, such as GNU <code>make</code>.
+<code>cd</code> to the
+directory where you want the object files and executables to go and run
+the <code>configure</code> script from the source directory
+(see <a href="#Basic-Installation">Basic Installation</a>).
+You may need to
+supply the <samp>--srcdir=PATH</samp> argument to tell <code>configure</code> where the
+source files are.  <code>configure</code> automatically checks for the
+source code in the directory that <code>configure</code> is in and in &lsquo;..&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>If you have to use a <code>make</code> that does not supports the <code>VPATH</code>
+variable, you can compile Bash for one architecture at a
+time in the source code directory.  After you have installed
+Bash for one architecture, use &lsquo;<samp>make distclean</samp>&rsquo; before
+reconfiguring for another architecture.
+</p>
+<p>Alternatively, if your system supports symbolic links, you can use the
+<samp>support/mkclone</samp> script to create a build tree which has
+symbolic links back to each file in the source directory.  Here&rsquo;s an
+example that creates a build directory in the current directory from a
+source directory <samp>/usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0</samp>:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">bash /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0/support/mkclone -s /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0 .
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <code>mkclone</code> script requires Bash, so you must have already built
+Bash for at least one architecture before you can create build
+directories for other architectures.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Installation-Names"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Specifying-the-System-Type" accesskey="n" rel="next">Specifying the System Type</a>, Previous: <a href="#Compiling-For-Multiple-Architectures" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Compiling For Multiple Architectures</a>, Up: <a href="#Installing-Bash" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installing Bash</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Installation-Names-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">10.4 Installation Names</h3>
+
+<p>By default, &lsquo;<samp>make install</samp>&rsquo; will install into
+<samp>/usr/local/bin</samp>, <samp>/usr/local/man</samp>, etc.  You can
+specify an installation prefix other than <samp>/usr/local</samp> by
+giving <code>configure</code> the option <samp>--prefix=<var>PATH</var></samp>,
+or by specifying a value for the <code>DESTDIR</code> &lsquo;<samp>make</samp>&rsquo;
+variable when running &lsquo;<samp>make install</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>You can specify separate installation prefixes for
+architecture-specific files and architecture-independent files. 
+If you give <code>configure</code> the option
+<samp>--exec-prefix=<var>PATH</var></samp>, &lsquo;<samp>make install</samp>&rsquo; will use
+<var>PATH</var> as the prefix for installing programs and libraries.
+Documentation and other data files will still use the regular prefix. 
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Specifying-the-System-Type"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Sharing-Defaults" accesskey="n" rel="next">Sharing Defaults</a>, Previous: <a href="#Installation-Names" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Installation Names</a>, Up: <a href="#Installing-Bash" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installing Bash</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Specifying-the-System-Type-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">10.5 Specifying the System Type</h3>
+
+<p>There may be some features <code>configure</code> can not figure out
+automatically, but need to determine by the type of host Bash
+will run on.  Usually <code>configure</code> can figure that
+out, but if it prints a message saying it can not guess the host
+type, give it the <samp>--host=TYPE</samp> option.  &lsquo;<samp>TYPE</samp>&rsquo; can
+either be a short name for the system type, such as &lsquo;<samp>sun4</samp>&rsquo;,
+or a canonical name with three fields: &lsquo;<samp>CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM</samp>&rsquo;
+(e.g., &lsquo;<samp>i386-unknown-freebsd4.2</samp>&rsquo;).
+</p>
+<p>See the file <samp>support/config.sub</samp> for the possible
+values of each field. 
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Sharing-Defaults"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Operation-Controls" accesskey="n" rel="next">Operation Controls</a>, Previous: <a href="#Specifying-the-System-Type" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Specifying the System Type</a>, Up: <a href="#Installing-Bash" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installing Bash</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Sharing-Defaults-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">10.6 Sharing Defaults</h3>
+
+<p>If you want to set default values for <code>configure</code> scripts to
+share, you can create a site shell script called
+<code>config.site</code> that gives default values for variables like
+<code>CC</code>, <code>cache_file</code>, and <code>prefix</code>.  <code>configure</code>
+looks for <samp>PREFIX/share/config.site</samp> if it exists, then
+<samp>PREFIX/etc/config.site</samp> if it exists.  Or, you can set the
+<code>CONFIG_SITE</code> environment variable to the location of the site
+script.  A warning: the Bash <code>configure</code> looks for a site script,
+but not all <code>configure</code> scripts do.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Operation-Controls"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Optional-Features" accesskey="n" rel="next">Optional Features</a>, Previous: <a href="#Sharing-Defaults" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Sharing Defaults</a>, Up: <a href="#Installing-Bash" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installing Bash</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Operation-Controls-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">10.7 Operation Controls</h3>
+
+<p><code>configure</code> recognizes the following options to control how it
+operates.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>--cache-file=<var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Use and save the results of the tests in
+<var>file</var> instead of <samp>./config.cache</samp>.  Set <var>file</var> to
+<samp>/dev/null</samp> to disable caching, for debugging
+<code>configure</code>. 
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--help</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Print a summary of the options to <code>configure</code>, and exit.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--quiet</code></dt>
+<dt><code>--silent</code></dt>
+<dt><code>-q</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Do not print messages saying which checks are being made.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--srcdir=<var>dir</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Look for the Bash source code in directory <var>dir</var>.  Usually
+<code>configure</code> can determine that directory automatically.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--version</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Print the version of Autoconf used to generate the <code>configure</code>
+script, and exit.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p><code>configure</code> also accepts some other, not widely used, boilerplate
+options.  &lsquo;<samp>configure --help</samp>&rsquo; prints the complete list.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Optional-Features"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Operation-Controls" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Operation Controls</a>, Up: <a href="#Installing-Bash" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installing Bash</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Optional-Features-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">10.8 Optional Features</h3>
+
+<p>The Bash <code>configure</code> has a number of <samp>--enable-<var>feature</var></samp>
+options, where <var>feature</var> indicates an optional part of Bash.
+There are also several <samp>--with-<var>package</var></samp> options,
+where <var>package</var> is something like &lsquo;<samp>bash-malloc</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>purify</samp>&rsquo;.
+To turn off the default use of a package, use
+<samp>--without-<var>package</var></samp>.  To configure Bash without a feature
+that is enabled by default, use <samp>--disable-<var>feature</var></samp>.
+</p>
+<p>Here is a complete list of the <samp>--enable-</samp> and
+<samp>--with-</samp> options that the Bash <code>configure</code> recognizes. 
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>--with-afs</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Define if you are using the Andrew File System from Transarc.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--with-bash-malloc</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Use the Bash version of
+<code>malloc</code> in the directory <samp>lib/malloc</samp>.  This is not the same
+<code>malloc</code> that appears in <small>GNU</small> libc, but an older version
+originally derived from the 4.2 <small>BSD</small> <code>malloc</code>.  This <code>malloc</code>
+is very fast, but wastes some space on each allocation.
+This option is enabled by default.
+The <samp>NOTES</samp> file contains a list of systems for
+which this should be turned off, and <code>configure</code> disables this
+option automatically for a number of systems.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--with-curses</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Use the curses library instead of the termcap library.  This should
+be supplied if your system has an inadequate or incomplete termcap
+database.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--with-gnu-malloc</code></dt>
+<dd><p>A synonym for <code>--with-bash-malloc</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--with-installed-readline[=<var>PREFIX</var>]</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Define this to make Bash link with a locally-installed version of Readline
+rather than the version in <samp>lib/readline</samp>.  This works only with
+Readline 5.0 and later versions.  If <var>PREFIX</var> is <code>yes</code> or not
+supplied, <code>configure</code> uses the values of the make variables
+<code>includedir</code> and <code>libdir</code>, which are subdirectories of <code>prefix</code>
+by default, to find the installed version of Readline if it is not in
+the standard system include and library directories.
+If <var>PREFIX</var> is <code>no</code>, Bash links with the version in
+<samp>lib/readline</samp>.
+If <var>PREFIX</var> is set to any other value, <code>configure</code> treats it as
+a directory pathname and looks for
+the installed version of Readline in subdirectories of that directory
+(include files in <var>PREFIX</var>/<code>include</code> and the library in
+<var>PREFIX</var>/<code>lib</code>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--with-purify</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Define this to use the Purify memory allocation checker from Rational
+Software.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-minimal-config</code></dt>
+<dd><p>This produces a shell with minimal features, close to the historical
+Bourne shell.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>There are several <samp>--enable-</samp> options that alter how Bash is
+compiled and linked, rather than changing run-time features.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>--enable-largefile</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Enable support for <a href="http://www.unix.org/version2/whatsnew/lfs20mar.html">large files</a> if the operating system requires special compiler options
+to build programs which can access large files.  This is enabled by
+default, if the operating system provides large file support.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-profiling</code></dt>
+<dd><p>This builds a Bash binary that produces profiling information to be
+processed by <code>gprof</code> each time it is executed.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-static-link</code></dt>
+<dd><p>This causes Bash to be linked statically, if <code>gcc</code> is being used.
+This could be used to build a version to use as root&rsquo;s shell.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>The &lsquo;<samp>minimal-config</samp>&rsquo; option can be used to disable all of
+the following options, but it is processed first, so individual
+options may be enabled using &lsquo;<samp>enable-<var>feature</var></samp>&rsquo;. 
+</p>
+<p>All of the following options except for &lsquo;<samp>disabled-builtins</samp>&rsquo;,
+&lsquo;<samp>direxpand-default</samp>&rsquo;, and
+&lsquo;<samp>xpg-echo-default</samp>&rsquo; are
+enabled by default, unless the operating system does not provide the
+necessary support.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>--enable-alias</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Allow alias expansion and include the <code>alias</code> and <code>unalias</code>
+builtins (see <a href="#Aliases">Aliases</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-arith-for-command</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include support for the alternate form of the <code>for</code> command
+that behaves like the C language <code>for</code> statement
+(see <a href="#Looping-Constructs">Looping Constructs</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-array-variables</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include support for one-dimensional array shell variables
+(see <a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-bang-history</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include support for <code>csh</code>-like history substitution
+(see <a href="#History-Interaction">History Interaction</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-brace-expansion</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include <code>csh</code>-like brace expansion
+( <code>b{a,b}c</code> &rarr; <code>bac bbc</code> ).
+See <a href="#Brace-Expansion">Brace Expansion</a>, for a complete description.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-casemod-attributes</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include support for case-modifying attributes in the <code>declare</code> builtin
+and assignment statements.  Variables with the <var>uppercase</var> attribute,
+for example, will have their values converted to uppercase upon assignment.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-casemod-expansion</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include support for case-modifying word expansions.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-command-timing</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include support for recognizing <code>time</code> as a reserved word and for
+displaying timing statistics for the pipeline following <code>time</code>
+(see <a href="#Pipelines">Pipelines</a>).
+This allows pipelines as well as shell builtins and functions to be timed.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-cond-command</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include support for the <code>[[</code> conditional command.
+(see <a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-cond-regexp</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include support for matching <small>POSIX</small> regular expressions using the
+&lsquo;<samp>=~</samp>&rsquo; binary operator in the <code>[[</code> conditional command.
+(see <a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-coprocesses</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include support for coprocesses and the <code>coproc</code> reserved word
+(see <a href="#Pipelines">Pipelines</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-debugger</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include support for the bash debugger (distributed separately).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-dev-fd-stat-broken</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If calling <code>stat</code> on /dev/fd/<var>N</var> returns different results than
+calling <code>fstat</code> on file descriptor <var>N</var>, supply this option to
+enable a workaround.
+This has implications for conditional commands that test file attributes.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-direxpand-default</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Cause the <code>direxpand</code> shell option (see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>)
+to be enabled by default when the shell starts.
+It is normally disabled by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-directory-stack</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include support for a <code>csh</code>-like directory stack and the
+<code>pushd</code>, <code>popd</code>, and <code>dirs</code> builtins
+(see <a href="#The-Directory-Stack">The Directory Stack</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-disabled-builtins</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Allow builtin commands to be invoked via &lsquo;<samp>builtin xxx</samp>&rsquo;
+even after <code>xxx</code> has been disabled using &lsquo;<samp>enable -n xxx</samp>&rsquo;.
+See <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>, for details of the <code>builtin</code> and
+<code>enable</code> builtin commands.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-dparen-arithmetic</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include support for the <code>((&hellip;))</code> command
+(see <a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-extended-glob</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include support for the extended pattern matching features described
+above under <a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-extended-glob-default</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Set the default value of the <var>extglob</var> shell option described
+above under <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a> to be enabled.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-function-import</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include support for importing function definitions exported by another
+instance of the shell from the environment.  This option is enabled by
+default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-glob-asciirange-default</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Set the default value of the <var>globasciiranges</var> shell option described
+above under <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a> to be enabled.
+This controls the behavior of character ranges when used in pattern matching
+bracket expressions.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-help-builtin</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include the <code>help</code> builtin, which displays help on shell builtins and
+variables (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-history</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include command history and the <code>fc</code> and <code>history</code>
+builtin commands (see <a href="#Bash-History-Facilities">Bash History Facilities</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-job-control</code></dt>
+<dd><p>This enables the job control features (see <a href="#Job-Control">Job Control</a>),
+if the operating system supports them.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-multibyte</code></dt>
+<dd><p>This enables support for multibyte characters if the operating
+system provides the necessary support.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-net-redirections</code></dt>
+<dd><p>This enables the special handling of filenames of the form
+<code>/dev/tcp/<var>host</var>/<var>port</var></code> and
+<code>/dev/udp/<var>host</var>/<var>port</var></code>
+when used in redirections (see <a href="#Redirections">Redirections</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-process-substitution</code></dt>
+<dd><p>This enables process substitution (see <a href="#Process-Substitution">Process Substitution</a>) if
+the operating system provides the necessary support.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-progcomp</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Enable the programmable completion facilities
+(see <a href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a>).
+If Readline is not enabled, this option has no effect.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-prompt-string-decoding</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Turn on the interpretation of a number of backslash-escaped characters
+in the <code>$PS0</code>, <code>$PS1</code>, <code>$PS2</code>, and <code>$PS4</code> prompt
+strings.  See <a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt">Controlling the Prompt</a>, for a complete list of prompt
+string escape sequences.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-readline</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include support for command-line editing and history with the Bash
+version of the Readline library (see <a href="#Command-Line-Editing">Command Line Editing</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-restricted</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include support for a <em>restricted shell</em>.  If this is enabled, Bash,
+when called as <code>rbash</code>, enters a restricted mode.  See
+<a href="#The-Restricted-Shell">The Restricted Shell</a>, for a description of restricted mode.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-select</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include the <code>select</code> compound command, which allows the generation of
+simple menus (see <a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-separate-helpfiles</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Use external files for the documentation displayed by the <code>help</code> builtin
+instead of storing the text internally.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-single-help-strings</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Store the text displayed by the <code>help</code> builtin as a single string for
+each help topic.  This aids in translating the text to different languages.
+You may need to disable this if your compiler cannot handle very long string
+literals.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-strict-posix-default</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Make Bash <small>POSIX</small>-conformant by default (see <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-usg-echo-default</code></dt>
+<dd><p>A synonym for <code>--enable-xpg-echo-default</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-xpg-echo-default</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Make the <code>echo</code> builtin expand backslash-escaped characters by default,
+without requiring the <samp>-e</samp> option.
+This sets the default value of the <code>xpg_echo</code> shell option to <code>on</code>,
+which makes the Bash <code>echo</code> behave more like the version specified in
+the Single Unix Specification, version 3.
+See <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>, for a description of the escape sequences that
+<code>echo</code> recognizes.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>The file <samp>config-top.h</samp> contains C Preprocessor
+&lsquo;<samp>#define</samp>&rsquo; statements for options which are not settable from
+<code>configure</code>.
+Some of these are not meant to be changed; beware of the consequences if
+you do.
+Read the comments associated with each definition for more
+information about its effect.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Reporting-Bugs"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Major-Differences-From-The-Bourne-Shell" accesskey="n" rel="next">Major Differences From The Bourne Shell</a>, Previous: <a href="#Installing-Bash" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Installing Bash</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Reporting-Bugs-1"></a>
+<h2 class="appendix">Appendix A Reporting Bugs</h2>
+
+<p>Please report all bugs you find in Bash.
+But first, you should
+make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest
+version of Bash.
+The latest version of Bash is always available for FTP from
+<a href="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/">ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/</a>.
+</p>
+<p>Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the
+<code>bashbug</code> command to submit a bug report.
+If you have a fix, you are encouraged to mail that as well!
+Suggestions and &lsquo;philosophical&rsquo; bug reports may be mailed
+to <a href="mailto:bug-bash@gnu.org">bug-bash@gnu.org</a> or posted to the Usenet
+newsgroup <code>gnu.bash.bug</code>.
+</p>
+<p>All bug reports should include:
+</p><ul>
+<li> The version number of Bash.
+</li><li> The hardware and operating system.
+</li><li> The compiler used to compile Bash.
+</li><li> A description of the bug behaviour.
+</li><li> A short script or &lsquo;recipe&rsquo; which exercises the bug and may be used
+to reproduce it.
+</li></ul>
+
+<p><code>bashbug</code> inserts the first three items automatically into
+the template it provides for filing a bug report.
+</p>
+<p>Please send all reports concerning this manual to
+<a href="mailto:bug-bash@gnu.org">bug-bash@gnu.org</a>.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Major-Differences-From-The-Bourne-Shell"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#GNU-Free-Documentation-License" accesskey="n" rel="next">GNU Free Documentation License</a>, Previous: <a href="#Reporting-Bugs" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Reporting Bugs</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Major-Differences-From-The-Bourne-Shell-1"></a>
+<h2 class="appendix">Appendix B Major Differences From The Bourne Shell</h2>
+
+<p>Bash implements essentially the same grammar, parameter and
+variable expansion, redirection, and quoting as the Bourne Shell. 
+Bash uses the <small>POSIX</small> standard as the specification of
+how these features are to be implemented.  There are some
+differences between the traditional Bourne shell and Bash; this
+section quickly details the differences of significance.  A
+number of these differences are explained in greater depth in
+previous sections.
+This section uses the version of <code>sh</code> included in SVR4.2 (the
+last version of the historical Bourne shell) as the baseline reference.
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li> Bash is <small>POSIX</small>-conformant, even where the <small>POSIX</small> specification
+differs from traditional <code>sh</code> behavior (see <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash has multi-character invocation options (see <a href="#Invoking-Bash">Invoking Bash</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash has command-line editing (see <a href="#Command-Line-Editing">Command Line Editing</a>) and
+the <code>bind</code> builtin.
+
+</li><li> Bash provides a programmable word completion mechanism
+(see <a href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a>), and builtin commands
+<code>complete</code>, <code>compgen</code>, and <code>compopt</code>, to
+manipulate it.
+
+</li><li> Bash has command history (see <a href="#Bash-History-Facilities">Bash History Facilities</a>) and the
+<code>history</code> and <code>fc</code> builtins to manipulate it.
+The Bash history list maintains timestamp information and uses the
+value of the <code>HISTTIMEFORMAT</code> variable to display it.
+
+</li><li> Bash implements <code>csh</code>-like history expansion
+(see <a href="#History-Interaction">History Interaction</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash has one-dimensional array variables (see <a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>), and the
+appropriate variable expansions and assignment syntax to use them.
+Several of the Bash builtins take options to act on arrays.
+Bash provides a number of built-in array variables.
+
+</li><li> The <code>$'&hellip;'</code> quoting syntax, which expands ANSI-C
+backslash-escaped characters in the text between the single quotes,
+is supported (see <a href="#ANSI_002dC-Quoting">ANSI-C Quoting</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash supports the <code>$&quot;&hellip;&quot;</code> quoting syntax to do
+locale-specific translation of the characters between the double
+quotes.  The <samp>-D</samp>, <samp>--dump-strings</samp>, and <samp>--dump-po-strings</samp>
+invocation options list the translatable strings found in a script
+(see <a href="#Locale-Translation">Locale Translation</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash implements the <code>!</code> keyword to negate the return value of
+a pipeline (see <a href="#Pipelines">Pipelines</a>).
+Very useful when an <code>if</code> statement needs to act only if a test fails.
+The Bash &lsquo;<samp>-o pipefail</samp>&rsquo; option to <code>set</code> will cause a pipeline to
+return a failure status if any command fails.
+
+</li><li> Bash has the <code>time</code> reserved word and command timing (see <a href="#Pipelines">Pipelines</a>).
+The display of the timing statistics may be controlled with the
+<code>TIMEFORMAT</code> variable.
+
+</li><li> Bash implements the <code>for (( <var>expr1</var> ; <var>expr2</var> ; <var>expr3</var> ))</code>
+arithmetic for command, similar to the C language (see <a href="#Looping-Constructs">Looping Constructs</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash includes the <code>select</code> compound command, which allows the
+generation of simple menus (see <a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash includes the <code>[[</code> compound command, which makes conditional
+testing part of the shell grammar (see <a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a>), including
+optional regular expression matching.
+
+</li><li> Bash provides optional case-insensitive matching for the <code>case</code> and
+<code>[[</code> constructs.
+
+</li><li> Bash includes brace expansion (see <a href="#Brace-Expansion">Brace Expansion</a>) and tilde
+expansion (see <a href="#Tilde-Expansion">Tilde Expansion</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash implements command aliases and the <code>alias</code> and <code>unalias</code>
+builtins (see <a href="#Aliases">Aliases</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash provides shell arithmetic, the <code>((</code> compound command
+(see <a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a>),
+and arithmetic expansion (see <a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a>).
+
+</li><li> Variables present in the shell&rsquo;s initial environment are automatically
+exported to child processes.  The Bourne shell does not normally do
+this unless the variables are explicitly marked using the <code>export</code>
+command.
+
+</li><li> Bash supports the &lsquo;<samp>+=</samp>&rsquo; assignment operator, which appends to the value
+of the variable named on the left hand side.
+
+</li><li> Bash includes the <small>POSIX</small> pattern removal &lsquo;<samp>%</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>#</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>%%</samp>&rsquo;
+and &lsquo;<samp>##</samp>&rsquo; expansions to remove leading or trailing substrings from
+variable values (see <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>).
+
+</li><li> The expansion <code>${#xx}</code>, which returns the length of <code>${xx}</code>,
+is supported (see <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>).
+
+</li><li> The expansion <code>${var:</code><var>offset</var><code>[:</code><var>length</var><code>]}</code>,
+which expands to the substring of <code>var</code>&rsquo;s value of length
+<var>length</var>, beginning at <var>offset</var>, is present
+(see <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>).
+
+</li><li> The expansion
+<code>${var/[/]</code><var>pattern</var><code>[/</code><var>replacement</var><code>]}</code>,
+which matches <var>pattern</var> and replaces it with <var>replacement</var> in
+the value of <code>var</code>, is available (see <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>).
+
+</li><li> The expansion <code>${!<var>prefix</var>*}</code> expansion, which expands to
+the names of all shell variables whose names begin with <var>prefix</var>,
+is available (see <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash has <var>indirect</var> variable expansion using <code>${!word}</code>
+(see <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash can expand positional parameters beyond <code>$9</code> using
+<code>${<var>num</var>}</code>.
+
+</li><li> The <small>POSIX</small> <code>$()</code> form of command substitution
+is implemented (see <a href="#Command-Substitution">Command Substitution</a>),
+and preferred to the Bourne shell&rsquo;s <code>``</code> (which
+is also implemented for backwards compatibility).
+
+</li><li> Bash has process substitution (see <a href="#Process-Substitution">Process Substitution</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash automatically assigns variables that provide information about the
+current user (<code>UID</code>, <code>EUID</code>, and <code>GROUPS</code>), the current host
+(<code>HOSTTYPE</code>, <code>OSTYPE</code>, <code>MACHTYPE</code>, and <code>HOSTNAME</code>),
+and the instance of Bash that is running (<code>BASH</code>,
+<code>BASH_VERSION</code>, and <code>BASH_VERSINFO</code>).  See <a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>,
+for details.
+
+</li><li> The <code>IFS</code> variable is used to split only the results of expansion,
+not all words (see <a href="#Word-Splitting">Word Splitting</a>).
+This closes a longstanding shell security hole.
+
+</li><li> The filename expansion bracket expression code uses &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>^</samp>&rsquo;
+to negate the set of characters between the brackets.
+The Bourne shell uses only &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo;.
+
+</li><li> Bash implements the full set of <small>POSIX</small> filename expansion operators,
+including <var>character classes</var>, <var>equivalence classes</var>, and
+<var>collating symbols</var> (see <a href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash implements extended pattern matching features when the <code>extglob</code>
+shell option is enabled (see <a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>).
+
+</li><li> It is possible to have a variable and a function with the same name;
+<code>sh</code> does not separate the two name spaces.
+
+</li><li> Bash functions are permitted to have local variables using the
+<code>local</code> builtin, and thus useful recursive functions may be written
+(see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+
+</li><li> Variable assignments preceding commands affect only that command, even
+builtins and functions (see <a href="#Environment">Environment</a>).
+In <code>sh</code>, all variable assignments 
+preceding commands are global unless the command is executed from the
+file system.
+
+</li><li> Bash performs filename expansion on filenames specified as operands
+to input and output redirection operators (see <a href="#Redirections">Redirections</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash contains the &lsquo;<samp>&lt;&gt;</samp>&rsquo; redirection operator, allowing a file to be
+opened for both reading and writing, and the &lsquo;<samp>&amp;&gt;</samp>&rsquo; redirection
+operator, for directing standard output and standard error to the same
+file (see <a href="#Redirections">Redirections</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash includes the &lsquo;<samp>&lt;&lt;&lt;</samp>&rsquo; redirection operator, allowing a string to
+be used as the standard input to a command.
+
+</li><li> Bash implements the &lsquo;<samp>[n]&lt;&amp;<var>word</var></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>[n]&gt;&amp;<var>word</var></samp>&rsquo;
+redirection operators, which move one file descriptor to another.
+
+</li><li> Bash treats a number of filenames specially when they are
+used in redirection operators (see <a href="#Redirections">Redirections</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash can open network connections to arbitrary machines and services
+with the redirection operators (see <a href="#Redirections">Redirections</a>).
+
+</li><li> The <code>noclobber</code> option is available to avoid overwriting existing
+files with output redirection (see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
+The &lsquo;<samp>&gt;|</samp>&rsquo; redirection operator may be used to override <code>noclobber</code>.
+
+</li><li> The Bash <code>cd</code> and <code>pwd</code> builtins (see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>)
+each take <samp>-L</samp> and <samp>-P</samp> options to switch between logical and
+physical modes.
+
+</li><li> Bash allows a function to override a builtin with the same name, and provides
+access to that builtin&rsquo;s functionality within the function via the
+<code>builtin</code> and <code>command</code> builtins (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+
+</li><li> The <code>command</code> builtin allows selective disabling of functions
+when command lookup is performed (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+
+</li><li> Individual builtins may be enabled or disabled using the <code>enable</code>
+builtin (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+
+</li><li> The Bash <code>exec</code> builtin takes additional options that allow users
+to control the contents of the environment passed to the executed
+command, and what the zeroth argument to the command is to be
+(see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
+
+</li><li> Shell functions may be exported to children via the environment
+using <code>export -f</code> (see <a href="#Shell-Functions">Shell Functions</a>).
+
+</li><li> The Bash <code>export</code>, <code>readonly</code>, and <code>declare</code> builtins can
+take a <samp>-f</samp> option to act on shell functions, a <samp>-p</samp> option to
+display variables with various attributes set in a format that can be
+used as shell input, a <samp>-n</samp> option to remove various variable
+attributes, and &lsquo;<samp>name=value</samp>&rsquo; arguments to set variable attributes
+and values simultaneously.
+
+</li><li> The Bash <code>hash</code> builtin allows a name to be associated with
+an arbitrary filename, even when that filename cannot be found by
+searching the <code>$PATH</code>, using &lsquo;<samp>hash -p</samp>&rsquo;
+(see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash includes a <code>help</code> builtin for quick reference to shell
+facilities (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+
+</li><li> The <code>printf</code> builtin is available to display formatted output
+(see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+
+</li><li> The Bash <code>read</code> builtin (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>)
+will read a line ending in &lsquo;<samp>\</samp>&rsquo; with
+the <samp>-r</samp> option, and will use the <code>REPLY</code> variable as a
+default if no non-option arguments are supplied.
+The Bash <code>read</code> builtin
+also accepts a prompt string with the <samp>-p</samp> option and will use
+Readline to obtain the line when given the <samp>-e</samp> option.
+The <code>read</code> builtin also has additional options to control input:
+the <samp>-s</samp> option will turn off echoing of input characters as
+they are read, the <samp>-t</samp> option will allow <code>read</code> to time out
+if input does not arrive within a specified number of seconds, the
+<samp>-n</samp> option will allow reading only a specified number of
+characters rather than a full line, and the <samp>-d</samp> option will read
+until a particular character rather than newline.
+
+</li><li> The <code>return</code> builtin may be used to abort execution of scripts
+executed with the <code>.</code> or <code>source</code> builtins
+(see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash includes the <code>shopt</code> builtin, for finer control of shell
+optional capabilities (see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>), and allows these options
+to be set and unset at shell invocation (see <a href="#Invoking-Bash">Invoking Bash</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash has much more optional behavior controllable with the <code>set</code>
+builtin (see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
+
+</li><li> The &lsquo;<samp>-x</samp>&rsquo; (<samp>xtrace</samp>) option displays commands other than
+simple commands when performing an execution trace
+(see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
+
+</li><li> The <code>test</code> builtin (see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>)
+is slightly different, as it implements the <small>POSIX</small> algorithm,
+which specifies the behavior based on the number of arguments.
+
+</li><li> Bash includes the <code>caller</code> builtin, which displays the context of
+any active subroutine call (a shell function or a script executed with
+the <code>.</code> or <code>source</code> builtins).  This supports the bash
+debugger.
+
+</li><li> The <code>trap</code> builtin (see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>) allows a
+<code>DEBUG</code> pseudo-signal specification, similar to <code>EXIT</code>.
+Commands specified with a <code>DEBUG</code> trap are executed before every
+simple command, <code>for</code> command, <code>case</code> command,
+<code>select</code> command, every arithmetic <code>for</code> command, and before
+the first command executes in a shell function.
+The <code>DEBUG</code> trap is not inherited by shell functions unless the
+function has been given the <code>trace</code> attribute or the
+<code>functrace</code> option has been enabled using the <code>shopt</code> builtin.
+The <code>extdebug</code> shell option has additional effects on the
+<code>DEBUG</code> trap.
+
+<p>The <code>trap</code> builtin (see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>) allows an
+<code>ERR</code> pseudo-signal specification, similar to <code>EXIT</code> and <code>DEBUG</code>.
+Commands specified with an <code>ERR</code> trap are executed after a simple
+command fails, with a few exceptions.
+The <code>ERR</code> trap is not inherited by shell functions unless the
+<code>-o errtrace</code> option to the <code>set</code> builtin is enabled.
+</p>
+<p>The <code>trap</code> builtin (see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>) allows a
+<code>RETURN</code> pseudo-signal specification, similar to
+<code>EXIT</code> and <code>DEBUG</code>.
+Commands specified with an <code>RETURN</code> trap are executed before
+execution resumes after a shell function or a shell script executed with
+<code>.</code> or <code>source</code> returns.
+The <code>RETURN</code> trap is not inherited by shell functions unless the
+function has been given the <code>trace</code> attribute or the
+<code>functrace</code> option has been enabled using the <code>shopt</code> builtin.
+</p>
+</li><li> The Bash <code>type</code> builtin is more extensive and gives more information
+about the names it finds (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+
+</li><li> The Bash <code>umask</code> builtin permits a <samp>-p</samp> option to cause
+the output to be displayed in the form of a <code>umask</code> command
+that may be reused as input (see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash implements a <code>csh</code>-like directory stack, and provides the
+<code>pushd</code>, <code>popd</code>, and <code>dirs</code> builtins to manipulate it
+(see <a href="#The-Directory-Stack">The Directory Stack</a>).
+Bash also makes the directory stack visible as the value of the
+<code>DIRSTACK</code> shell variable.
+
+</li><li> Bash interprets special backslash-escaped characters in the prompt
+strings when interactive (see <a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt">Controlling the Prompt</a>).
+
+</li><li> The Bash restricted mode is more useful (see <a href="#The-Restricted-Shell">The Restricted Shell</a>);
+the SVR4.2 shell restricted mode is too limited.
+
+</li><li> The <code>disown</code> builtin can remove a job from the internal shell
+job table (see <a href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a>) or suppress the sending
+of <code>SIGHUP</code> to a job when the shell exits as the result of a
+<code>SIGHUP</code>.
+
+</li><li> Bash includes a number of features to support a separate debugger for
+shell scripts.
+
+</li><li> The SVR4.2 shell has two privilege-related builtins
+(<code>mldmode</code> and <code>priv</code>) not present in Bash.
+
+</li><li> Bash does not have the <code>stop</code> or <code>newgrp</code> builtins.
+
+</li><li> Bash does not use the <code>SHACCT</code> variable or perform shell accounting.
+
+</li><li> The SVR4.2 <code>sh</code> uses a <code>TIMEOUT</code> variable like Bash uses
+<code>TMOUT</code>.
+
+</li></ul>
+
+<p>More features unique to Bash may be found in <a href="#Bash-Features">Bash Features</a>.
+</p>
+
+<a name="Implementation-Differences-From-The-SVR4_002e2-Shell"></a>
+<h3 class="appendixsec">B.1 Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell</h3>
+
+<p>Since Bash is a completely new implementation, it does not suffer from
+many of the limitations of the SVR4.2 shell.  For instance:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li> Bash does not fork a subshell when redirecting into or out of
+a shell control structure such as  an <code>if</code> or <code>while</code>
+statement.
+
+</li><li> Bash does not allow unbalanced quotes.  The SVR4.2 shell will silently
+insert a needed closing quote at <code>EOF</code> under certain circumstances.
+This can be the cause of some hard-to-find errors.
+
+</li><li> The SVR4.2 shell uses a baroque memory management scheme based on
+trapping <code>SIGSEGV</code>.  If the shell is started from a process with
+<code>SIGSEGV</code> blocked (e.g., by using the <code>system()</code> C library
+function call), it misbehaves badly.
+
+</li><li> In a questionable attempt at security, the SVR4.2 shell,
+when invoked without the <samp>-p</samp> option, will alter its real
+and effective <small>UID</small> and <small>GID</small> if they are less than some
+magic threshold value, commonly 100.
+This can lead to unexpected results.
+
+</li><li> The SVR4.2 shell does not allow users to trap <code>SIGSEGV</code>,
+<code>SIGALRM</code>, or <code>SIGCHLD</code>.
+
+</li><li> The SVR4.2 shell does not allow the <code>IFS</code>, <code>MAILCHECK</code>,
+<code>PATH</code>, <code>PS1</code>, or <code>PS2</code> variables to be unset.
+
+</li><li> The SVR4.2 shell treats &lsquo;<samp>^</samp>&rsquo; as the undocumented equivalent of
+&lsquo;<samp>|</samp>&rsquo;.
+
+</li><li> Bash allows multiple option arguments when it is invoked (<code>-x -v</code>);
+the SVR4.2 shell allows only one option argument (<code>-xv</code>).  In
+fact, some versions of the shell dump core if the second argument begins
+with a &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;.
+
+</li><li> The SVR4.2 shell exits a script if any builtin fails; Bash exits
+a script only if one of the <small>POSIX</small> special builtins fails, and
+only for certain failures, as enumerated in the <small>POSIX</small> standard.
+
+</li><li> The SVR4.2 shell behaves differently when invoked as <code>jsh</code>
+(it turns on job control).
+</li></ul>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="GNU-Free-Documentation-License"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Indexes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Major-Differences-From-The-Bourne-Shell" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Major Differences From The Bourne Shell</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="GNU-Free-Documentation-License-1"></a>
+<h2 class="appendix">Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License</h2>
+
+<div align="center">Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
+</div>
+
+<div class="display">
+<pre class="display">Copyright &copy; 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+<a href="http://fsf.org/">http://fsf.org/</a>
+
+Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
+of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
+</pre></div>
+
+<ol start="0">
+<li> PREAMBLE
+
+<p>The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
+functional and useful document <em>free</em> in the sense of freedom: to
+assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
+with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
+Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way
+to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible
+for modifications made by others.
+</p>
+<p>This License is a kind of &ldquo;copyleft&rdquo;, which means that derivative
+works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.  It
+complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
+license designed for free software.
+</p>
+<p>We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
+software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
+program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
+software does.  But this License is not limited to software manuals;
+it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
+whether it is published as a printed book.  We recommend this License
+principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
+</p>
+</li><li> APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
+
+<p>This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that
+contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be
+distributed under the terms of this License.  Such a notice grants a
+world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that
+work under the conditions stated herein.  The &ldquo;Document&rdquo;, below,
+refers to any such manual or work.  Any member of the public is a
+licensee, and is addressed as &ldquo;you&rdquo;.  You accept the license if you
+copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission
+under copyright law.
+</p>
+<p>A &ldquo;Modified Version&rdquo; of the Document means any work containing the
+Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
+modifications and/or translated into another language.
+</p>
+<p>A &ldquo;Secondary Section&rdquo; is a named appendix or a front-matter section
+of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
+publishers or authors of the Document to the Document&rsquo;s overall
+subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall
+directly within that overall subject.  (Thus, if the Document is in
+part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain
+any mathematics.)  The relationship could be a matter of historical
+connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
+commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
+them.
+</p>
+<p>The &ldquo;Invariant Sections&rdquo; are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
+are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
+that says that the Document is released under this License.  If a
+section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not
+allowed to be designated as Invariant.  The Document may contain zero
+Invariant Sections.  If the Document does not identify any Invariant
+Sections then there are none.
+</p>
+<p>The &ldquo;Cover Texts&rdquo; are certain short passages of text that are listed,
+as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
+the Document is released under this License.  A Front-Cover Text may
+be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
+</p>
+<p>A &ldquo;Transparent&rdquo; copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
+represented in a format whose specification is available to the
+general public, that is suitable for revising the document
+straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
+pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
+drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
+for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input
+to text formatters.  A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file
+format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart
+or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.
+An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount
+of text.  A copy that is not &ldquo;Transparent&rdquo; is called &ldquo;Opaque&rdquo;.
+</p>
+<p>Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
+<small>ASCII</small> without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input
+format, <acronym>SGML</acronym> or <acronym>XML</acronym> using a publicly available
+<acronym>DTD</acronym>, and standard-conforming simple <acronym>HTML</acronym>,
+PostScript or <acronym>PDF</acronym> designed for human modification.  Examples
+of transparent image formats include <acronym>PNG</acronym>, <acronym>XCF</acronym> and
+<acronym>JPG</acronym>.  Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be
+read and edited only by proprietary word processors, <acronym>SGML</acronym> or
+<acronym>XML</acronym> for which the <acronym>DTD</acronym> and/or processing tools are
+not generally available, and the machine-generated <acronym>HTML</acronym>,
+PostScript or <acronym>PDF</acronym> produced by some word processors for
+output purposes only.
+</p>
+<p>The &ldquo;Title Page&rdquo; means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
+plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
+this License requires to appear in the title page.  For works in
+formats which do not have any title page as such, &ldquo;Title Page&rdquo; means
+the text near the most prominent appearance of the work&rsquo;s title,
+preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
+</p>
+<p>The &ldquo;publisher&rdquo; means any person or entity that distributes copies
+of the Document to the public.
+</p>
+<p>A section &ldquo;Entitled XYZ&rdquo; means a named subunit of the Document whose
+title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following
+text that translates XYZ in another language.  (Here XYZ stands for a
+specific section name mentioned below, such as &ldquo;Acknowledgements&rdquo;,
+&ldquo;Dedications&rdquo;, &ldquo;Endorsements&rdquo;, or &ldquo;History&rdquo;.)  To &ldquo;Preserve the Title&rdquo;
+of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a
+section &ldquo;Entitled XYZ&rdquo; according to this definition.
+</p>
+<p>The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which
+states that this License applies to the Document.  These Warranty
+Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this
+License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
+implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has
+no effect on the meaning of this License.
+</p>
+</li><li> VERBATIM COPYING
+
+<p>You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
+commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
+copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
+to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
+conditions whatsoever to those of this License.  You may not use
+technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
+copying of the copies you make or distribute.  However, you may accept
+compensation in exchange for copies.  If you distribute a large enough
+number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
+</p>
+<p>You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
+you may publicly display copies.
+</p>
+</li><li> COPYING IN QUANTITY
+
+<p>If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have
+printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the
+Document&rsquo;s license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the
+copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
+Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
+the back cover.  Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
+you as the publisher of these copies.  The front cover must present
+the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
+visible.  You may add other material on the covers in addition.
+Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
+the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
+as verbatim copying in other respects.
+</p>
+<p>If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
+legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
+reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
+pages.
+</p>
+<p>If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
+more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
+copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
+a computer-network location from which the general network-using
+public has access to download using public-standard network protocols
+a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.
+If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps,
+when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure
+that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
+location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an
+Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that
+edition to the public.
+</p>
+<p>It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
+Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
+them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
+</p>
+</li><li> MODIFICATIONS
+
+<p>You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
+the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
+the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
+Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
+and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
+of it.  In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
+</p>
+<ol type="A" start="1">
+<li> Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
+from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
+(which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
+of the Document).  You may use the same title as a previous version
+if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
+
+</li><li> List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
+responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
+Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
+Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),
+unless they release you from this requirement.
+
+</li><li> State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
+Modified Version, as the publisher.
+
+</li><li> Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
+
+</li><li> Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
+adjacent to the other copyright notices.
+
+</li><li> Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
+giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
+terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
+
+</li><li> Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
+and required Cover Texts given in the Document&rsquo;s license notice.
+
+</li><li> Include an unaltered copy of this License.
+
+</li><li> Preserve the section Entitled &ldquo;History&rdquo;, Preserve its Title, and add
+to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
+publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page.  If
+there is no section Entitled &ldquo;History&rdquo; in the Document, create one
+stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
+given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
+Version as stated in the previous sentence.
+
+</li><li> Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
+public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
+the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
+it was based on.  These may be placed in the &ldquo;History&rdquo; section.
+You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
+least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
+publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
+
+</li><li> For any section Entitled &ldquo;Acknowledgements&rdquo; or &ldquo;Dedications&rdquo;, Preserve
+the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the
+substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or
+dedications given therein.
+
+</li><li> Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
+unaltered in their text and in their titles.  Section numbers
+or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
+
+</li><li> Delete any section Entitled &ldquo;Endorsements&rdquo;.  Such a section
+may not be included in the Modified Version.
+
+</li><li> Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled &ldquo;Endorsements&rdquo; or
+to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
+
+</li><li> Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
+</li></ol>
+
+<p>If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
+appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
+copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
+of these sections as invariant.  To do this, add their titles to the
+list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version&rsquo;s license notice.
+These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
+</p>
+<p>You may add a section Entitled &ldquo;Endorsements&rdquo;, provided it contains
+nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
+parties&mdash;for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
+been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
+standard.
+</p>
+<p>You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
+passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
+of Cover Texts in the Modified Version.  Only one passage of
+Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
+through arrangements made by) any one entity.  If the Document already
+includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
+by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,
+you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
+permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
+</p>
+<p>The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
+give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
+imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
+</p>
+</li><li> COMBINING DOCUMENTS
+
+<p>You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
+License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
+versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
+Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
+list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
+license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
+</p>
+<p>The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
+multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
+copy.  If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
+different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
+adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
+author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
+Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
+Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
+</p>
+<p>In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled &ldquo;History&rdquo;
+in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled
+&ldquo;History&rdquo;; likewise combine any sections Entitled &ldquo;Acknowledgements&rdquo;,
+and any sections Entitled &ldquo;Dedications&rdquo;.  You must delete all
+sections Entitled &ldquo;Endorsements.&rdquo;
+</p>
+</li><li> COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
+
+<p>You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
+released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this
+License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in
+the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for
+verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
+</p>
+<p>You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute
+it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this
+License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all
+other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
+</p>
+</li><li> AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
+
+<p>A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
+and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
+distribution medium, is called an &ldquo;aggregate&rdquo; if the copyright
+resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights
+of the compilation&rsquo;s users beyond what the individual works permit.
+When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not
+apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves
+derivative works of the Document.
+</p>
+<p>If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
+copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of
+the entire aggregate, the Document&rsquo;s Cover Texts may be placed on
+covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
+electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form.
+Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole
+aggregate.
+</p>
+</li><li> TRANSLATION
+
+<p>Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
+distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
+Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
+permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
+translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
+original versions of these Invariant Sections.  You may include a
+translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
+Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include
+the original English version of this License and the original versions
+of those notices and disclaimers.  In case of a disagreement between
+the translation and the original version of this License or a notice
+or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
+</p>
+<p>If a section in the Document is Entitled &ldquo;Acknowledgements&rdquo;,
+&ldquo;Dedications&rdquo;, or &ldquo;History&rdquo;, the requirement (section 4) to Preserve
+its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual
+title.
+</p>
+</li><li> TERMINATION
+
+<p>You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
+except as expressly provided under this License.  Any attempt
+otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and
+will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
+</p>
+<p>However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license
+from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally,
+unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally
+terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder
+fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to
+60 days after the cessation.
+</p>
+<p>Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
+reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
+violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
+received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that
+copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after
+your receipt of the notice.
+</p>
+<p>Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the
+licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under
+this License.  If your rights have been terminated and not permanently
+reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does
+not give you any rights to use it.
+</p>
+</li><li> FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
+
+<p>The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions
+of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time.  Such new
+versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
+differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.  See
+<a href="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/">http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/</a>.
+</p>
+<p>Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
+If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
+License &ldquo;or any later version&rdquo; applies to it, you have the option of
+following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
+of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
+Free Software Foundation.  If the Document does not specify a version
+number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
+as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.  If the Document
+specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this
+License can be used, that proxy&rsquo;s public statement of acceptance of a
+version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the
+Document.
+</p>
+</li><li> RELICENSING
+
+<p>&ldquo;Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site&rdquo; (or &ldquo;MMC Site&rdquo;) means any
+World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also
+provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works.  A
+public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server.  A
+&ldquo;Massive Multiauthor Collaboration&rdquo; (or &ldquo;MMC&rdquo;) contained in the
+site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC
+site.
+</p>
+<p>&ldquo;CC-BY-SA&rdquo; means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
+license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit
+corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco,
+California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license
+published by that same organization.
+</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Incorporate&rdquo; means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or
+in part, as part of another Document.
+</p>
+<p>An MMC is &ldquo;eligible for relicensing&rdquo; if it is licensed under this
+License, and if all works that were first published under this License
+somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole
+or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections,
+and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.
+</p>
+<p>The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site
+under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009,
+provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
+</p>
+</li></ol>
+
+<a name="ADDENDUM_003a-How-to-use-this-License-for-your-documents"></a>
+<h3 class="heading">ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents</h3>
+
+<p>To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
+the License in the document and put the following copyright and
+license notices just after the title page:
+</p>
+<div class="smallexample">
+<pre class="smallexample">  Copyright (C)  <var>year</var>  <var>your name</var>.
+  Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
+  under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
+  or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
+  with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
+  Texts.  A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
+  Free Documentation License''.
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
+replace the &ldquo;with&hellip;Texts.&rdquo; line with this:
+</p>
+<div class="smallexample">
+<pre class="smallexample">    with the Invariant Sections being <var>list their titles</var>, with
+    the Front-Cover Texts being <var>list</var>, and with the Back-Cover Texts
+    being <var>list</var>.
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
+combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
+situation.
+</p>
+<p>If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
+recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
+free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
+to permit their use in free software.
+</p>
+
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Indexes"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#GNU-Free-Documentation-License" accesskey="p" rel="prev">GNU Free Documentation License</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Indexes-1"></a>
+<h2 class="appendix">Appendix D Indexes</h2>
+
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Builtin-Index" accesskey="1">Builtin Index</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Index of Bash builtin commands.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Reserved-Word-Index" accesskey="2">Reserved Word Index</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Index of Bash reserved words.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Variable-Index" accesskey="3">Variable Index</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Quick reference helps you find the
+				variable you want.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Function-Index" accesskey="4">Function Index</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Index of bindable Readline functions.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="5">Concept Index</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">General index for concepts described in
+				this manual.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Builtin-Index"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Reserved-Word-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Reserved Word Index</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Index-of-Shell-Builtin-Commands"></a>
+<h3 class="appendixsec">D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands</h3>
+<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_symbol-1"><b>.</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_symbol-2"><b>:</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_symbol-3"><b>[</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<br>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-G"><b>G</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-J"><b>J</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-K"><b>K</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+</td></tr></table>
+<table class="index-bt" border="0">
+<tr><td></td><th align="left">Index Entry</th><td>&nbsp;</td><th align="left"> Section</th></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_symbol-1">.</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002e"><code>.</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_symbol-2">:</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_003a"><code>:</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_symbol-3">[</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005b"><code>[</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-A">A</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-alias"><code>alias</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-B">B</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bg"><code>bg</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bind"><code>bind</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-break"><code>break</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-builtin"><code>builtin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-C">C</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-caller"><code>caller</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cd"><code>cd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-command"><code>command</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-compgen"><code>compgen</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins">Programmable Completion Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-complete"><code>complete</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins">Programmable Completion Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-compopt"><code>compopt</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins">Programmable Completion Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-continue"><code>continue</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-D">D</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-declare"><code>declare</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dirs"><code>dirs</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directory-Stack-Builtins">Directory Stack Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-disown"><code>disown</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-E">E</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-echo"><code>echo</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enable"><code>enable</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eval"><code>eval</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-exec"><code>exec</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-exit"><code>exit</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-export"><code>export</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-F">F</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fc"><code>fc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-History-Builtins">Bash History Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fg"><code>fg</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-G">G</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-getopts"><code>getopts</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-H">H</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hash"><code>hash</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-help"><code>help</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-history"><code>history</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-History-Builtins">Bash History Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-J">J</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-jobs"><code>jobs</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-K">K</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kill"><code>kill</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-L">L</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-let"><code>let</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-local"><code>local</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-logout"><code>logout</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-M">M</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mapfile"><code>mapfile</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-P">P</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-popd"><code>popd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directory-Stack-Builtins">Directory Stack Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-printf"><code>printf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pushd"><code>pushd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directory-Stack-Builtins">Directory Stack Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pwd"><code>pwd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-R">R</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-read"><code>read</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-readarray"><code>readarray</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-readonly"><code>readonly</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-return"><code>return</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-S">S</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-set"><code>set</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shift"><code>shift</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shopt"><code>shopt</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-source"><code>source</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-suspend"><code>suspend</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-T">T</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-test"><code>test</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-times"><code>times</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-trap"><code>trap</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-type"><code>type</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typeset"><code>typeset</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-U">U</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ulimit"><code>ulimit</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-umask"><code>umask</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unalias"><code>unalias</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unset"><code>unset</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-W">W</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-wait"><code>wait</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+</table>
+<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_symbol-1"><b>.</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_symbol-2"><b>:</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_symbol-3"><b>[</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<br>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-G"><b>G</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-J"><b>J</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-K"><b>K</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Reserved-Word-Index"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Variable-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Variable Index</a>, Previous: <a href="#Builtin-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Builtin Index</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Index-of-Shell-Reserved-Words"></a>
+<h3 class="appendixsec">D.2 Index of Shell Reserved Words</h3>
+<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-1"><b>!</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-2"><b>[</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-3"><b>]</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-4"><b>{</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-5"><b>}</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<br>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+</td></tr></table>
+<table class="index-rw" border="0">
+<tr><td></td><th align="left">Index Entry</th><td>&nbsp;</td><th align="left"> Section</th></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-1">!</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0021"><code>!</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Pipelines">Pipelines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-2">[</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005b_005b"><code>[[</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-3">]</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005d_005d"><code>]]</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-4">{</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_007b"><code>{</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-Grouping">Command Grouping</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-5">}</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_007d"><code>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-Grouping">Command Grouping</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-C">C</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-case"><code>case</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-D">D</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-do"><code>do</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Looping-Constructs">Looping Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-done"><code>done</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Looping-Constructs">Looping Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-E">E</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-elif"><code>elif</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-else"><code>else</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-esac"><code>esac</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-F">F</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fi"><code>fi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-for"><code>for</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Looping-Constructs">Looping Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-function"><code>function</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-Functions">Shell Functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-I">I</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-if"><code>if</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-in"><code>in</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-S">S</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-select"><code>select</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-T">T</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-then"><code>then</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-time"><code>time</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Pipelines">Pipelines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-U">U</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-until"><code>until</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Looping-Constructs">Looping Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-W">W</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-while"><code>while</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Looping-Constructs">Looping Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+</table>
+<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-1"><b>!</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-2"><b>[</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-3"><b>]</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-4"><b>{</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-5"><b>}</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<br>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Variable-Index"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Function-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Function Index</a>, Previous: <a href="#Reserved-Word-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Reserved Word Index</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Parameter-and-Variable-Index"></a>
+<h3 class="appendixsec">D.3 Parameter and Variable Index</h3>
+<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-1"><b>!</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-2"><b>#</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-3"><b>$</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-4"><b>*</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-5"><b>-</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-6"><b>0</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-7"><b>?</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-8"><b>@</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-9"><b>_</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<br>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-G"><b>G</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-K"><b>K</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-V"><b>V</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+</td></tr></table>
+<table class="index-vr" border="0">
+<tr><td></td><th align="left">Index Entry</th><td>&nbsp;</td><th align="left"> Section</th></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_symbol-1">!</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0021-1"><code>!</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_symbol-2">#</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0023"><code>#</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_symbol-3">$</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0024"><code>$</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0024_0021"><code>$!</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0024_0023"><code>$#</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0024_0024"><code>$$</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0024_002a"><code>$*</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0024_002d"><code>$-</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_00240"><code>$0</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0024_003f"><code>$?</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0024_0040"><code>$@</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0024_005f"><code>$_</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_symbol-4">*</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a"><code>*</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_symbol-5">-</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d"><code>-</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_symbol-6">0</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-0"><code>0</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_symbol-7">?</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_003f"><code>?</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_symbol-8">@</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0040"><code>@</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_symbol-9">_</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005f"><code>_</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-A">A</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-auto_005fresume"><code>auto_resume</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Job-Control-Variables">Job Control Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-B">B</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH"><code>BASH</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASHOPTS"><code>BASHOPTS</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASHPID"><code>BASHPID</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fALIASES"><code>BASH_ALIASES</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fARGC"><code>BASH_ARGC</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fARGV"><code>BASH_ARGV</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fARGV0"><code>BASH_ARGV0</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fCMDS"><code>BASH_CMDS</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fCOMMAND"><code>BASH_COMMAND</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fCOMPAT"><code>BASH_COMPAT</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fENV"><code>BASH_ENV</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fEXECUTION_005fSTRING"><code>BASH_EXECUTION_STRING</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fLINENO"><code>BASH_LINENO</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fLOADABLES_005fPATH"><code>BASH_LOADABLES_PATH</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fREMATCH"><code>BASH_REMATCH</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fSOURCE"><code>BASH_SOURCE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fSUBSHELL"><code>BASH_SUBSHELL</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fVERSINFO"><code>BASH_VERSINFO</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fVERSION"><code>BASH_VERSION</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fXTRACEFD"><code>BASH_XTRACEFD</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bell_002dstyle"><code>bell-style</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bind_002dtty_002dspecial_002dchars"><code>bind-tty-special-chars</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-blink_002dmatching_002dparen"><code>blink-matching-paren</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-C">C</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-CDPATH"><code>CDPATH</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-CHILD_005fMAX"><code>CHILD_MAX</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-colored_002dcompletion_002dprefix"><code>colored-completion-prefix</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-colored_002dstats"><code>colored-stats</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-COLUMNS"><code>COLUMNS</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-comment_002dbegin"><code>comment-begin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-completion_002ddisplay_002dwidth"><code>completion-display-width</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-completion_002dignore_002dcase"><code>completion-ignore-case</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-completion_002dmap_002dcase"><code>completion-map-case</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-completion_002dprefix_002ddisplay_002dlength"><code>completion-prefix-display-length</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-completion_002dquery_002ditems"><code>completion-query-items</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-COMPREPLY"><code>COMPREPLY</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-COMP_005fCWORD"><code>COMP_CWORD</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-COMP_005fKEY"><code>COMP_KEY</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-COMP_005fLINE"><code>COMP_LINE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-COMP_005fPOINT"><code>COMP_POINT</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-COMP_005fTYPE"><code>COMP_TYPE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-COMP_005fWORDBREAKS"><code>COMP_WORDBREAKS</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-COMP_005fWORDS"><code>COMP_WORDS</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-convert_002dmeta"><code>convert-meta</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-COPROC"><code>COPROC</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-D">D</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-DIRSTACK"><code>DIRSTACK</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-disable_002dcompletion"><code>disable-completion</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-E">E</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-echo_002dcontrol_002dcharacters"><code>echo-control-characters</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-editing_002dmode"><code>editing-mode</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-EMACS"><code>EMACS</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-emacs_002dmode_002dstring"><code>emacs-mode-string</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enable_002dbracketed_002dpaste"><code>enable-bracketed-paste</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enable_002dkeypad"><code>enable-keypad</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ENV"><code>ENV</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-EPOCHREALTIME"><code>EPOCHREALTIME</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-EPOCHSECONDS"><code>EPOCHSECONDS</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-EUID"><code>EUID</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-EXECIGNORE"><code>EXECIGNORE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expand_002dtilde"><code>expand-tilde</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-F">F</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-FCEDIT"><code>FCEDIT</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-FIGNORE"><code>FIGNORE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-FUNCNAME"><code>FUNCNAME</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-FUNCNEST"><code>FUNCNEST</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-G">G</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-GLOBIGNORE"><code>GLOBIGNORE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-GROUPS"><code>GROUPS</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-H">H</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-histchars"><code>histchars</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-HISTCMD"><code>HISTCMD</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-HISTCONTROL"><code>HISTCONTROL</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-HISTFILE"><code>HISTFILE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-HISTFILESIZE"><code>HISTFILESIZE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-HISTIGNORE"><code>HISTIGNORE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-history_002dpreserve_002dpoint"><code>history-preserve-point</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-history_002dsize"><code>history-size</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-HISTSIZE"><code>HISTSIZE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-HISTTIMEFORMAT"><code>HISTTIMEFORMAT</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-HOME"><code>HOME</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-horizontal_002dscroll_002dmode"><code>horizontal-scroll-mode</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-HOSTFILE"><code>HOSTFILE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-HOSTNAME"><code>HOSTNAME</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-HOSTTYPE"><code>HOSTTYPE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-I">I</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-IFS"><code>IFS</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-IGNOREEOF"><code>IGNOREEOF</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-input_002dmeta"><code>input-meta</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-INPUTRC"><code>INPUTRC</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-INSIDE_005fEMACS"><code>INSIDE_EMACS</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-isearch_002dterminators"><code>isearch-terminators</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-K">K</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-keymap"><code>keymap</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-L">L</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LANG"><code>LANG</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LC_005fALL"><code>LC_ALL</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LC_005fCOLLATE"><code>LC_COLLATE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LC_005fCTYPE"><code>LC_CTYPE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LC_005fMESSAGES"><code>LC_MESSAGES</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Locale-Translation">Locale Translation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LC_005fMESSAGES-1"><code>LC_MESSAGES</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LC_005fNUMERIC"><code>LC_NUMERIC</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LC_005fTIME"><code>LC_TIME</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LINENO"><code>LINENO</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LINES"><code>LINES</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-M">M</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MACHTYPE"><code>MACHTYPE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MAIL"><code>MAIL</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MAILCHECK"><code>MAILCHECK</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MAILPATH"><code>MAILPATH</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MAPFILE"><code>MAPFILE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mark_002dmodified_002dlines"><code>mark-modified-lines</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mark_002dsymlinked_002ddirectories"><code>mark-symlinked-directories</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-match_002dhidden_002dfiles"><code>match-hidden-files</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-menu_002dcomplete_002ddisplay_002dprefix"><code>menu-complete-display-prefix</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-meta_002dflag"><code>meta-flag</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-O">O</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-OLDPWD"><code>OLDPWD</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-OPTARG"><code>OPTARG</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-OPTERR"><code>OPTERR</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-OPTIND"><code>OPTIND</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-OSTYPE"><code>OSTYPE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-output_002dmeta"><code>output-meta</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-P">P</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page_002dcompletions"><code>page-completions</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PATH"><code>PATH</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PIPESTATUS"><code>PIPESTATUS</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-POSIXLY_005fCORRECT"><code>POSIXLY_CORRECT</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PPID"><code>PPID</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PROMPT_005fCOMMAND"><code>PROMPT_COMMAND</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PROMPT_005fDIRTRIM"><code>PROMPT_DIRTRIM</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PS0"><code>PS0</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PS1"><code>PS1</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PS2"><code>PS2</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PS3"><code>PS3</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PS4"><code>PS4</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PWD"><code>PWD</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-R">R</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-RANDOM"><code>RANDOM</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-READLINE_005fLINE"><code>READLINE_LINE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-READLINE_005fPOINT"><code>READLINE_POINT</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-REPLY"><code>REPLY</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-revert_002dall_002dat_002dnewline"><code>revert-all-at-newline</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-S">S</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-SECONDS"><code>SECONDS</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-SHELL"><code>SHELL</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-SHELLOPTS"><code>SHELLOPTS</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-SHLVL"><code>SHLVL</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-show_002dall_002dif_002dambiguous"><code>show-all-if-ambiguous</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-show_002dall_002dif_002dunmodified"><code>show-all-if-unmodified</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-show_002dmode_002din_002dprompt"><code>show-mode-in-prompt</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-skip_002dcompleted_002dtext"><code>skip-completed-text</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-T">T</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXTDOMAIN"><code>TEXTDOMAIN</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Locale-Translation">Locale Translation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXTDOMAINDIR"><code>TEXTDOMAINDIR</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Locale-Translation">Locale Translation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TIMEFORMAT"><code>TIMEFORMAT</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TMOUT"><code>TMOUT</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TMPDIR"><code>TMPDIR</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-U">U</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-UID"><code>UID</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-V">V</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vi_002dcmd_002dmode_002dstring"><code>vi-cmd-mode-string</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vi_002dins_002dmode_002dstring"><code>vi-ins-mode-string</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-visible_002dstats"><code>visible-stats</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+</table>
+<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-1"><b>!</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-2"><b>#</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-3"><b>$</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-4"><b>*</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-5"><b>-</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-6"><b>0</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-7"><b>?</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-8"><b>@</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-9"><b>_</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<br>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-G"><b>G</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-K"><b>K</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-V"><b>V</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Function-Index"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Concept Index</a>, Previous: <a href="#Variable-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Variable Index</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Function-Index-1"></a>
+<h3 class="appendixsec">D.4 Function Index</h3>
+<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-G"><b>G</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-K"><b>K</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-N"><b>N</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-Y"><b>Y</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+</td></tr></table>
+<table class="index-fn" border="0">
+<tr><td></td><th align="left">Index Entry</th><td>&nbsp;</td><th align="left"> Section</th></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-A">A</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-abort-_0028C_002dg_0029"><code>abort (C-g)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accept_002dline-_0028Newline-or-Return_0029"><code>accept-line (Newline or Return)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-alias_002dexpand_002dline-_0028_0029"><code>alias-expand-line ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-B">B</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-backward_002dchar-_0028C_002db_0029"><code>backward-char (C-b)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-backward_002ddelete_002dchar-_0028Rubout_0029"><code>backward-delete-char (Rubout)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-backward_002dkill_002dline-_0028C_002dx-Rubout_0029"><code>backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-backward_002dkill_002dword-_0028M_002dDEL_0029"><code>backward-kill-word (M-<span class="key">DEL</span>)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-backward_002dword-_0028M_002db_0029"><code>backward-word (M-b)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-beginning_002dof_002dhistory-_0028M_002d_003c_0029"><code>beginning-of-history (M-&lt;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-beginning_002dof_002dline-_0028C_002da_0029"><code>beginning-of-line (C-a)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bracketed_002dpaste_002dbegin-_0028_0029"><code>bracketed-paste-begin ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-C">C</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-call_002dlast_002dkbd_002dmacro-_0028C_002dx-e_0029"><code>call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Keyboard-Macros">Keyboard Macros</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-capitalize_002dword-_0028M_002dc_0029"><code>capitalize-word (M-c)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-character_002dsearch-_0028C_002d_005d_0029"><code>character-search (C-])</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-character_002dsearch_002dbackward-_0028M_002dC_002d_005d_0029"><code>character-search-backward (M-C-])</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-clear_002dscreen-_0028C_002dl_0029"><code>clear-screen (C-l)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-complete-_0028TAB_0029"><code>complete (<span class="key">TAB</span>)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-complete_002dcommand-_0028M_002d_0021_0029"><code>complete-command (M-!)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-complete_002dfilename-_0028M_002d_002f_0029"><code>complete-filename (M-/)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-complete_002dhostname-_0028M_002d_0040_0029"><code>complete-hostname (M-@)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-complete_002dinto_002dbraces-_0028M_002d_007b_0029"><code>complete-into-braces (M-{)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-complete_002dusername-_0028M_002d_007e_0029"><code>complete-username (M-~)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-complete_002dvariable-_0028M_002d_0024_0029"><code>complete-variable (M-$)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-copy_002dbackward_002dword-_0028_0029"><code>copy-backward-word ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-copy_002dforward_002dword-_0028_0029"><code>copy-forward-word ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-copy_002dregion_002das_002dkill-_0028_0029"><code>copy-region-as-kill ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-D">D</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dabbrev_002dexpand-_0028_0029"><code>dabbrev-expand ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-delete_002dchar-_0028C_002dd_0029"><code>delete-char (C-d)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-delete_002dchar_002dor_002dlist-_0028_0029"><code>delete-char-or-list ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-delete_002dhorizontal_002dspace-_0028_0029"><code>delete-horizontal-space ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-digit_002dargument-_0028M_002d0_002c-M_002d1_002c-_2026-M_002d_002d_0029"><code>digit-argument (<kbd>M-0</kbd>, <kbd>M-1</kbd>, &hellip; <kbd>M--</kbd>)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Numeric-Arguments">Numeric Arguments</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-display_002dshell_002dversion-_0028C_002dx-C_002dv_0029"><code>display-shell-version (C-x C-v)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-do_002dlowercase_002dversion-_0028M_002dA_002c-M_002dB_002c-M_002dx_002c-_2026_0029"><code>do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-<var>x</var>, &hellip;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-downcase_002dword-_0028M_002dl_0029"><code>downcase-word (M-l)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dump_002dfunctions-_0028_0029"><code>dump-functions ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dump_002dmacros-_0028_0029"><code>dump-macros ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dump_002dvariables-_0028_0029"><code>dump-variables ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dynamic_002dcomplete_002dhistory-_0028M_002dTAB_0029"><code>dynamic-complete-history (M-<span class="key">TAB</span>)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-E">E</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-edit_002dand_002dexecute_002dcommand-_0028C_002dx-C_002de_0029"><code>edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-end_002dkbd_002dmacro-_0028C_002dx-_0029_0029"><code>end-kbd-macro (C-x ))</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Keyboard-Macros">Keyboard Macros</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-end_002dof_002dfile-_0028usually-C_002dd_0029"><code><i>end-of-file</i> (usually C-d)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-end_002dof_002dhistory-_0028M_002d_003e_0029"><code>end-of-history (M-&gt;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-end_002dof_002dline-_0028C_002de_0029"><code>end-of-line (C-e)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-exchange_002dpoint_002dand_002dmark-_0028C_002dx-C_002dx_0029"><code>exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-F">F</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-forward_002dbackward_002ddelete_002dchar-_0028_0029"><code>forward-backward-delete-char ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-forward_002dchar-_0028C_002df_0029"><code>forward-char (C-f)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-forward_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028C_002ds_0029"><code>forward-search-history (C-s)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-forward_002dword-_0028M_002df_0029"><code>forward-word (M-f)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-G">G</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glob_002dcomplete_002dword-_0028M_002dg_0029"><code>glob-complete-word (M-g)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glob_002dexpand_002dword-_0028C_002dx-_002a_0029"><code>glob-expand-word (C-x *)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glob_002dlist_002dexpansions-_0028C_002dx-g_0029"><code>glob-list-expansions (C-x g)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-H">H</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-history_002dand_002dalias_002dexpand_002dline-_0028_0029"><code>history-and-alias-expand-line ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-history_002dexpand_002dline-_0028M_002d_005e_0029"><code>history-expand-line (M-^)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-history_002dsearch_002dbackward-_0028_0029"><code>history-search-backward ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-history_002dsearch_002dforward-_0028_0029"><code>history-search-forward ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-history_002dsubstring_002dsearch_002dbackward-_0028_0029"><code>history-substring-search-backward ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-history_002dsubstring_002dsearch_002dforward-_0028_0029"><code>history-substring-search-forward ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-I">I</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-insert_002dcomment-_0028M_002d_0023_0029"><code>insert-comment (M-#)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-insert_002dcompletions-_0028M_002d_002a_0029"><code>insert-completions (M-*)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-insert_002dlast_002dargument-_0028M_002d_002e-or-M_002d_005f_0029"><code>insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-K">K</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kill_002dline-_0028C_002dk_0029"><code>kill-line (C-k)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kill_002dregion-_0028_0029"><code>kill-region ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kill_002dwhole_002dline-_0028_0029"><code>kill-whole-line ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kill_002dword-_0028M_002dd_0029"><code>kill-word (M-d)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-M">M</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-magic_002dspace-_0028_0029"><code>magic-space ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-menu_002dcomplete-_0028_0029"><code>menu-complete ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-menu_002dcomplete_002dbackward-_0028_0029"><code>menu-complete-backward ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-N">N</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-next_002dhistory-_0028C_002dn_0029"><code>next-history (C-n)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-next_002dscreen_002dline-_0028_0029"><code>next-screen-line ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-non_002dincremental_002dforward_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028M_002dn_0029"><code>non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-non_002dincremental_002dreverse_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028M_002dp_0029"><code>non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-O">O</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-operate_002dand_002dget_002dnext-_0028C_002do_0029"><code>operate-and-get-next (C-o)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overwrite_002dmode-_0028_0029"><code>overwrite-mode ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-P">P</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-possible_002dcommand_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_0021_0029"><code>possible-command-completions (C-x !)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-possible_002dcompletions-_0028M_002d_003f_0029"><code>possible-completions (M-?)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-possible_002dfilename_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_002f_0029"><code>possible-filename-completions (C-x /)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-possible_002dhostname_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_0040_0029"><code>possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-possible_002dusername_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_007e_0029"><code>possible-username-completions (C-x ~)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-possible_002dvariable_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_0024_0029"><code>possible-variable-completions (C-x $)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-prefix_002dmeta-_0028ESC_0029"><code>prefix-meta (<span class="key">ESC</span>)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-previous_002dhistory-_0028C_002dp_0029"><code>previous-history (C-p)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-previous_002dscreen_002dline-_0028_0029"><code>previous-screen-line ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-print_002dlast_002dkbd_002dmacro-_0028_0029"><code>print-last-kbd-macro ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Keyboard-Macros">Keyboard Macros</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-Q">Q</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quoted_002dinsert-_0028C_002dq-or-C_002dv_0029"><code>quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-R">R</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-re_002dread_002dinit_002dfile-_0028C_002dx-C_002dr_0029"><code>re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-redraw_002dcurrent_002dline-_0028_0029"><code>redraw-current-line ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reverse_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028C_002dr_0029"><code>reverse-search-history (C-r)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-revert_002dline-_0028M_002dr_0029"><code>revert-line (M-r)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-S">S</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-self_002dinsert-_0028a_002c-b_002c-A_002c-1_002c-_0021_002c-_2026_0029"><code>self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, &hellip;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-set_002dmark-_0028C_002d_0040_0029"><code>set-mark (C-@)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shell_002dbackward_002dkill_002dword-_0028_0029"><code>shell-backward-kill-word ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shell_002dbackward_002dword-_0028_0029"><code>shell-backward-word ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shell_002dexpand_002dline-_0028M_002dC_002de_0029"><code>shell-expand-line (M-C-e)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shell_002dforward_002dword-_0028_0029"><code>shell-forward-word ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shell_002dkill_002dword-_0028_0029"><code>shell-kill-word ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-skip_002dcsi_002dsequence-_0028_0029"><code>skip-csi-sequence ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-start_002dkbd_002dmacro-_0028C_002dx-_0028_0029"><code>start-kbd-macro (C-x ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Keyboard-Macros">Keyboard Macros</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-T">T</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tilde_002dexpand-_0028M_002d_0026_0029"><code>tilde-expand (M-&amp;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-transpose_002dchars-_0028C_002dt_0029"><code>transpose-chars (C-t)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-transpose_002dwords-_0028M_002dt_0029"><code>transpose-words (M-t)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-U">U</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-undo-_0028C_002d_005f-or-C_002dx-C_002du_0029"><code>undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-universal_002dargument-_0028_0029"><code>universal-argument ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Numeric-Arguments">Numeric Arguments</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unix_002dfilename_002drubout-_0028_0029"><code>unix-filename-rubout ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unix_002dline_002ddiscard-_0028C_002du_0029"><code>unix-line-discard (C-u)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unix_002dword_002drubout-_0028C_002dw_0029"><code>unix-word-rubout (C-w)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-upcase_002dword-_0028M_002du_0029"><code>upcase-word (M-u)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-Y">Y</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-yank-_0028C_002dy_0029"><code>yank (C-y)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-yank_002dlast_002darg-_0028M_002d_002e-or-M_002d_005f_0029"><code>yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-yank_002dnth_002darg-_0028M_002dC_002dy_0029"><code>yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-yank_002dpop-_0028M_002dy_0029"><code>yank-pop (M-y)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+</table>
+<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-G"><b>G</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-K"><b>K</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-N"><b>N</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-Y"><b>Y</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Concept-Index"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Function-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Function Index</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Concept-Index-1"></a>
+<h3 class="appendixsec">D.5 Concept Index</h3>
+<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-J"><b>J</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-K"><b>K</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-N"><b>N</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-V"><b>V</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-Y"><b>Y</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+</td></tr></table>
+<table class="index-cp" border="0">
+<tr><td></td><th align="left">Index Entry</th><td>&nbsp;</td><th align="left"> Section</th></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-A">A</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-alias-expansion">alias expansion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Aliases">Aliases</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arithmetic-evaluation">arithmetic evaluation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arithmetic-expansion">arithmetic expansion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arithmetic-Expansion">Arithmetic Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arithmetic_002c-shell">arithmetic, shell</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arrays">arrays</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-B">B</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-background">background</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Job-Control-Basics">Job Control Basics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Bash-configuration">Bash configuration</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Basic-Installation">Basic Installation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Bash-installation">Bash installation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Basic-Installation">Basic Installation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Bourne-shell">Bourne shell</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Basic-Shell-Features">Basic Shell Features</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-brace-expansion">brace expansion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Brace-Expansion">Brace Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-builtin-1">builtin</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-C">C</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-command-editing">command editing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Bare-Essentials">Readline Bare Essentials</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-command-execution">command execution</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-Search-and-Execution">Command Search and Execution</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-command-expansion">command expansion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Simple-Command-Expansion">Simple Command Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-command-history">command history</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-History-Facilities">Bash History Facilities</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-command-search">command search</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-Search-and-Execution">Command Search and Execution</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-command-substitution">command substitution</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-Substitution">Command Substitution</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-command-timing">command timing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Pipelines">Pipelines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-compound">commands, compound</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Compound-Commands">Compound Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-conditional">commands, conditional</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-grouping">commands, grouping</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-Grouping">Command Grouping</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-lists">commands, lists</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lists">Lists</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-looping">commands, looping</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Looping-Constructs">Looping Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-pipelines">commands, pipelines</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Pipelines">Pipelines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-shell">commands, shell</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-Commands">Shell Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-simple">commands, simple</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Simple-Commands">Simple Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-comments_002c-shell">comments, shell</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Comments">Comments</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-completion-builtins">completion builtins</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins">Programmable Completion Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-configuration">configuration</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Basic-Installation">Basic Installation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-control-operator">control operator</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-coprocess">coprocess</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Coprocesses">Coprocesses</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-D">D</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-directory-stack">directory stack</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#The-Directory-Stack">The Directory Stack</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-E">E</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-editing-command-lines">editing command lines</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Bare-Essentials">Readline Bare Essentials</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment">environment</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environment">Environment</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-evaluation_002c-arithmetic">evaluation, arithmetic</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-event-designators">event designators</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Event-Designators">Event Designators</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-execution-environment">execution environment</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-Execution-Environment">Command Execution Environment</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-exit-status">exit status</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-exit-status-1">exit status</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Exit-Status">Exit Status</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expansion">expansion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-Expansions">Shell Expansions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expansion_002c-arithmetic">expansion, arithmetic</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arithmetic-Expansion">Arithmetic Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expansion_002c-brace">expansion, brace</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Brace-Expansion">Brace Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expansion_002c-filename">expansion, filename</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expansion_002c-parameter">expansion, parameter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expansion_002c-pathname">expansion, pathname</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expansion_002c-tilde">expansion, tilde</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tilde-Expansion">Tilde Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expressions_002c-arithmetic">expressions, arithmetic</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expressions_002c-conditional">expressions, conditional</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Conditional-Expressions">Bash Conditional Expressions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-F">F</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-field">field</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filename">filename</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filename-expansion">filename expansion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-foreground">foreground</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Job-Control-Basics">Job Control Basics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-functions_002c-shell">functions, shell</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-Functions">Shell Functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-H">H</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-history-builtins">history builtins</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-History-Builtins">Bash History Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-history-events">history events</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Event-Designators">Event Designators</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-history-expansion">history expansion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#History-Interaction">History Interaction</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-history-list">history list</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-History-Facilities">Bash History Facilities</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-History_002c-how-to-use">History, how to use</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#A-Programmable-Completion-Example">A Programmable Completion Example</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-I">I</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-identifier">identifier</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-initialization-file_002c-readline">initialization file, readline</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File">Readline Init File</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-installation">installation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Basic-Installation">Basic Installation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-interaction_002c-readline">interaction, readline</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Interaction">Readline Interaction</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-interactive-shell">interactive shell</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Invoking-Bash">Invoking Bash</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-interactive-shell-1">interactive shell</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Interactive-Shells">Interactive Shells</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-internationalization">internationalization</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Locale-Translation">Locale Translation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-J">J</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-job">job</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-job-control">job control</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-job-control-1">job control</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Job-Control-Basics">Job Control Basics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-K">K</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kill-ring">kill ring</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Killing-Commands">Readline Killing Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-killing-text">killing text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Killing-Commands">Readline Killing Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-L">L</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-localization">localization</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Locale-Translation">Locale Translation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-login-shell">login shell</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Invoking-Bash">Invoking Bash</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-M">M</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-matching_002c-pattern">matching, pattern</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-metacharacter">metacharacter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-N">N</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-name">name</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-native-languages">native languages</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Locale-Translation">Locale Translation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-notation_002c-readline">notation, readline</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Bare-Essentials">Readline Bare Essentials</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-O">O</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-operator_002c-shell">operator, shell</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-P">P</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parameter-expansion">parameter expansion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parameters">parameters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-Parameters">Shell Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-positional">parameters, positional</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Positional-Parameters">Positional Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-special">parameters, special</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pathname-expansion">pathname expansion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pattern-matching">pattern matching</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pipeline">pipeline</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Pipelines">Pipelines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-POSIX">POSIX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-POSIX-Mode">POSIX Mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-process-group">process group</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-process-group-ID">process group ID</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-process-substitution">process substitution</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Process-Substitution">Process Substitution</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-programmable-completion">programmable completion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-prompting">prompting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt">Controlling the Prompt</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-Q">Q</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quoting">quoting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Quoting">Quoting</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quoting_002c-ANSI">quoting, ANSI</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#ANSI_002dC-Quoting">ANSI-C Quoting</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-R">R</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Readline_002c-how-to-use">Readline, how to use</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Job-Control-Variables">Job Control Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-redirection">redirection</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Redirections">Redirections</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reserved-word">reserved word</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-restricted-shell">restricted shell</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#The-Restricted-Shell">The Restricted Shell</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-return-status">return status</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-S">S</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shell-arithmetic">shell arithmetic</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shell-function">shell function</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-Functions">Shell Functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shell-script">shell script</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-Scripts">Shell Scripts</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shell-variable">shell variable</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-Parameters">Shell Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shell_002c-interactive">shell, interactive</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Interactive-Shells">Interactive Shells</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-signal">signal</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-signal-handling">signal handling</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Signals">Signals</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special-builtin">special builtin</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special-builtin-1">special builtin</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Builtins">Special Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-startup-files">startup files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Startup-Files">Bash Startup Files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-suspending-jobs">suspending jobs</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Job-Control-Basics">Job Control Basics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-T">T</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tilde-expansion">tilde expansion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tilde-Expansion">Tilde Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-token">token</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-translation_002c-native-languages">translation, native languages</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Locale-Translation">Locale Translation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-V">V</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-variable_002c-shell">variable, shell</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-Parameters">Shell Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-variables_002c-readline">variables, readline</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-W">W</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-word">word</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-word-splitting">word splitting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Word-Splitting">Word Splitting</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-Y">Y</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-yanking-text">yanking text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Killing-Commands">Readline Killing Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+</table>
+<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-J"><b>J</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-K"><b>K</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-N"><b>N</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-V"><b>V</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-Y"><b>Y</b></a>
+ &nbsp; 
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<hr>
+
+
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/doc/bashref.info b/doc/bashref.info
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+This is bashref.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.5 from
+bashref.texi.
+
+This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the
+Bash shell (version 5.0, 7 December 2018).
+
+   This is Edition 5.0, last updated 7 December 2018, of 'The GNU Bash
+Reference Manual', for 'Bash', Version 5.0.
+
+   Copyright (C) 1988-2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+     Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
+     document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
+     Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software
+     Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and
+     no Back-Cover Texts.  A copy of the license is included in the
+     section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
+INFO-DIR-SECTION Basics
+START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
+* Bash: (bash).                     The GNU Bourne-Again SHell.
+END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Top,  Next: Introduction,  Prev: (dir),  Up: (dir)
+
+Bash Features
+*************
+
+This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the
+Bash shell (version 5.0, 7 December 2018).  The Bash home page is
+<http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/>.
+
+   This is Edition 5.0, last updated 7 December 2018, of 'The GNU Bash
+Reference Manual', for 'Bash', Version 5.0.
+
+   Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some
+features that only appear in Bash.  Some of the shells that Bash has
+borrowed concepts from are the Bourne Shell ('sh'), the Korn Shell
+('ksh'), and the C-shell ('csh' and its successor, 'tcsh').  The
+following menu breaks the features up into categories, noting which
+features were inspired by other shells and which are specific to Bash.
+
+   This manual is meant as a brief introduction to features found in
+Bash.  The Bash manual page should be used as the definitive reference
+on shell behavior.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Introduction::		An introduction to the shell.
+* Definitions::			Some definitions used in the rest of this
+				manual.
+* Basic Shell Features::	The shell "building blocks".
+* Shell Builtin Commands::	Commands that are a part of the shell.
+* Shell Variables::		Variables used or set by Bash.
+* Bash Features::		Features found only in Bash.
+* Job Control::			What job control is and how Bash allows you
+				to use it.
+* Command Line Editing::	Chapter describing the command line
+				editing features.
+* Using History Interactively::	Command History Expansion
+* Installing Bash::		How to build and install Bash on your system.
+* Reporting Bugs::		How to report bugs in Bash.
+* Major Differences From The Bourne Shell::	A terse list of the differences
+						between Bash and historical
+						versions of /bin/sh.
+* GNU Free Documentation License::	Copying and sharing this documentation.
+* Indexes::			Various indexes for this manual.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Introduction,  Next: Definitions,  Up: Top
+
+1 Introduction
+**************
+
+* Menu:
+
+* What is Bash?::		A short description of Bash.
+* What is a shell?::		A brief introduction to shells.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: What is Bash?,  Next: What is a shell?,  Up: Introduction
+
+1.1 What is Bash?
+=================
+
+Bash is the shell, or command language interpreter, for the GNU
+operating system.  The name is an acronym for the 'Bourne-Again SHell',
+a pun on Stephen Bourne, the author of the direct ancestor of the
+current Unix shell 'sh', which appeared in the Seventh Edition Bell Labs
+Research version of Unix.
+
+   Bash is largely compatible with 'sh' and incorporates useful features
+from the Korn shell 'ksh' and the C shell 'csh'.  It is intended to be a
+conformant implementation of the IEEE POSIX Shell and Tools portion of
+the IEEE POSIX specification (IEEE Standard 1003.1).  It offers
+functional improvements over 'sh' for both interactive and programming
+use.
+
+   While the GNU operating system provides other shells, including a
+version of 'csh', Bash is the default shell.  Like other GNU software,
+Bash is quite portable.  It currently runs on nearly every version of
+Unix and a few other operating systems - independently-supported ports
+exist for MS-DOS, OS/2, and Windows platforms.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: What is a shell?,  Prev: What is Bash?,  Up: Introduction
+
+1.2 What is a shell?
+====================
+
+At its base, a shell is simply a macro processor that executes commands.
+The term macro processor means functionality where text and symbols are
+expanded to create larger expressions.
+
+   A Unix shell is both a command interpreter and a programming
+language.  As a command interpreter, the shell provides the user
+interface to the rich set of GNU utilities.  The programming language
+features allow these utilities to be combined.  Files containing
+commands can be created, and become commands themselves.  These new
+commands have the same status as system commands in directories such as
+'/bin', allowing users or groups to establish custom environments to
+automate their common tasks.
+
+   Shells may be used interactively or non-interactively.  In
+interactive mode, they accept input typed from the keyboard.  When
+executing non-interactively, shells execute commands read from a file.
+
+   A shell allows execution of GNU commands, both synchronously and
+asynchronously.  The shell waits for synchronous commands to complete
+before accepting more input; asynchronous commands continue to execute
+in parallel with the shell while it reads and executes additional
+commands.  The "redirection" constructs permit fine-grained control of
+the input and output of those commands.  Moreover, the shell allows
+control over the contents of commands' environments.
+
+   Shells also provide a small set of built-in commands ("builtins")
+implementing functionality impossible or inconvenient to obtain via
+separate utilities.  For example, 'cd', 'break', 'continue', and 'exec'
+cannot be implemented outside of the shell because they directly
+manipulate the shell itself.  The 'history', 'getopts', 'kill', or 'pwd'
+builtins, among others, could be implemented in separate utilities, but
+they are more convenient to use as builtin commands.  All of the shell
+builtins are described in subsequent sections.
+
+   While executing commands is essential, most of the power (and
+complexity) of shells is due to their embedded programming languages.
+Like any high-level language, the shell provides variables, flow control
+constructs, quoting, and functions.
+
+   Shells offer features geared specifically for interactive use rather
+than to augment the programming language.  These interactive features
+include job control, command line editing, command history and aliases.
+Each of these features is described in this manual.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Definitions,  Next: Basic Shell Features,  Prev: Introduction,  Up: Top
+
+2 Definitions
+*************
+
+These definitions are used throughout the remainder of this manual.
+
+'POSIX'
+     A family of open system standards based on Unix.  Bash is primarily
+     concerned with the Shell and Utilities portion of the POSIX 1003.1
+     standard.
+
+'blank'
+     A space or tab character.
+
+'builtin'
+     A command that is implemented internally by the shell itself,
+     rather than by an executable program somewhere in the file system.
+
+'control operator'
+     A 'token' that performs a control function.  It is a 'newline' or
+     one of the following: '||', '&&', '&', ';', ';;', ';&', ';;&', '|',
+     '|&', '(', or ')'.
+
+'exit status'
+     The value returned by a command to its caller.  The value is
+     restricted to eight bits, so the maximum value is 255.
+
+'field'
+     A unit of text that is the result of one of the shell expansions.
+     After expansion, when executing a command, the resulting fields are
+     used as the command name and arguments.
+
+'filename'
+     A string of characters used to identify a file.
+
+'job'
+     A set of processes comprising a pipeline, and any processes
+     descended from it, that are all in the same process group.
+
+'job control'
+     A mechanism by which users can selectively stop (suspend) and
+     restart (resume) execution of processes.
+
+'metacharacter'
+     A character that, when unquoted, separates words.  A metacharacter
+     is a 'space', 'tab', 'newline', or one of the following characters:
+     '|', '&', ';', '(', ')', '<', or '>'.
+
+'name'
+     A 'word' consisting solely of letters, numbers, and underscores,
+     and beginning with a letter or underscore.  'Name's are used as
+     shell variable and function names.  Also referred to as an
+     'identifier'.
+
+'operator'
+     A 'control operator' or a 'redirection operator'.  *Note
+     Redirections::, for a list of redirection operators.  Operators
+     contain at least one unquoted 'metacharacter'.
+
+'process group'
+     A collection of related processes each having the same process
+     group ID.
+
+'process group ID'
+     A unique identifier that represents a 'process group' during its
+     lifetime.
+
+'reserved word'
+     A 'word' that has a special meaning to the shell.  Most reserved
+     words introduce shell flow control constructs, such as 'for' and
+     'while'.
+
+'return status'
+     A synonym for 'exit status'.
+
+'signal'
+     A mechanism by which a process may be notified by the kernel of an
+     event occurring in the system.
+
+'special builtin'
+     A shell builtin command that has been classified as special by the
+     POSIX standard.
+
+'token'
+     A sequence of characters considered a single unit by the shell.  It
+     is either a 'word' or an 'operator'.
+
+'word'
+     A sequence of characters treated as a unit by the shell.  Words may
+     not include unquoted 'metacharacters'.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Basic Shell Features,  Next: Shell Builtin Commands,  Prev: Definitions,  Up: Top
+
+3 Basic Shell Features
+**********************
+
+Bash is an acronym for 'Bourne-Again SHell'.  The Bourne shell is the
+traditional Unix shell originally written by Stephen Bourne.  All of the
+Bourne shell builtin commands are available in Bash, The rules for
+evaluation and quoting are taken from the POSIX specification for the
+'standard' Unix shell.
+
+   This chapter briefly summarizes the shell's 'building blocks':
+commands, control structures, shell functions, shell parameters, shell
+expansions, redirections, which are a way to direct input and output
+from and to named files, and how the shell executes commands.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Shell Syntax::		What your input means to the shell.
+* Shell Commands::		The types of commands you can use.
+* Shell Functions::		Grouping commands by name.
+* Shell Parameters::		How the shell stores values.
+* Shell Expansions::		How Bash expands parameters and the various
+				expansions available.
+* Redirections::		A way to control where input and output go.
+* Executing Commands::		What happens when you run a command.
+* Shell Scripts::		Executing files of shell commands.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Shell Syntax,  Next: Shell Commands,  Up: Basic Shell Features
+
+3.1 Shell Syntax
+================
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Shell Operation::	The basic operation of the shell.
+* Quoting::		How to remove the special meaning from characters.
+* Comments::		How to specify comments.
+
+When the shell reads input, it proceeds through a sequence of
+operations.  If the input indicates the beginning of a comment, the
+shell ignores the comment symbol ('#'), and the rest of that line.
+
+   Otherwise, roughly speaking, the shell reads its input and divides
+the input into words and operators, employing the quoting rules to
+select which meanings to assign various words and characters.
+
+   The shell then parses these tokens into commands and other
+constructs, removes the special meaning of certain words or characters,
+expands others, redirects input and output as needed, executes the
+specified command, waits for the command's exit status, and makes that
+exit status available for further inspection or processing.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Shell Operation,  Next: Quoting,  Up: Shell Syntax
+
+3.1.1 Shell Operation
+---------------------
+
+The following is a brief description of the shell's operation when it
+reads and executes a command.  Basically, the shell does the following:
+
+  1. Reads its input from a file (*note Shell Scripts::), from a string
+     supplied as an argument to the '-c' invocation option (*note
+     Invoking Bash::), or from the user's terminal.
+
+  2. Breaks the input into words and operators, obeying the quoting
+     rules described in *note Quoting::.  These tokens are separated by
+     'metacharacters'.  Alias expansion is performed by this step (*note
+     Aliases::).
+
+  3. Parses the tokens into simple and compound commands (*note Shell
+     Commands::).
+
+  4. Performs the various shell expansions (*note Shell Expansions::),
+     breaking the expanded tokens into lists of filenames (*note
+     Filename Expansion::) and commands and arguments.
+
+  5. Performs any necessary redirections (*note Redirections::) and
+     removes the redirection operators and their operands from the
+     argument list.
+
+  6. Executes the command (*note Executing Commands::).
+
+  7. Optionally waits for the command to complete and collects its exit
+     status (*note Exit Status::).
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Quoting,  Next: Comments,  Prev: Shell Operation,  Up: Shell Syntax
+
+3.1.2 Quoting
+-------------
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Escape Character::	How to remove the special meaning from a single
+			character.
+* Single Quotes::	How to inhibit all interpretation of a sequence
+			of characters.
+* Double Quotes::	How to suppress most of the interpretation of a
+			sequence of characters.
+* ANSI-C Quoting::	How to expand ANSI-C sequences in quoted strings.
+* Locale Translation::	How to translate strings into different languages.
+
+Quoting is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters or
+words to the shell.  Quoting can be used to disable special treatment
+for special characters, to prevent reserved words from being recognized
+as such, and to prevent parameter expansion.
+
+   Each of the shell metacharacters (*note Definitions::) has special
+meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to represent itself.
+When the command history expansion facilities are being used (*note
+History Interaction::), the HISTORY EXPANSION character, usually '!',
+must be quoted to prevent history expansion.  *Note Bash History
+Facilities::, for more details concerning history expansion.
+
+   There are three quoting mechanisms: the ESCAPE CHARACTER, single
+quotes, and double quotes.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Escape Character,  Next: Single Quotes,  Up: Quoting
+
+3.1.2.1 Escape Character
+........................
+
+A non-quoted backslash '\' is the Bash escape character.  It preserves
+the literal value of the next character that follows, with the exception
+of 'newline'.  If a '\newline' pair appears, and the backslash itself is
+not quoted, the '\newline' is treated as a line continuation (that is,
+it is removed from the input stream and effectively ignored).
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Single Quotes,  Next: Double Quotes,  Prev: Escape Character,  Up: Quoting
+
+3.1.2.2 Single Quotes
+.....................
+
+Enclosing characters in single quotes (''') preserves the literal value
+of each character within the quotes.  A single quote may not occur
+between single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Double Quotes,  Next: ANSI-C Quoting,  Prev: Single Quotes,  Up: Quoting
+
+3.1.2.3 Double Quotes
+.....................
+
+Enclosing characters in double quotes ('"') preserves the literal value
+of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of '$', '`',
+'\', and, when history expansion is enabled, '!'.  When the shell is in
+POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::), the '!' has no special meaning
+within double quotes, even when history expansion is enabled.  The
+characters '$' and '`' retain their special meaning within double quotes
+(*note Shell Expansions::).  The backslash retains its special meaning
+only when followed by one of the following characters: '$', '`', '"',
+'\', or 'newline'.  Within double quotes, backslashes that are followed
+by one of these characters are removed.  Backslashes preceding
+characters without a special meaning are left unmodified.  A double
+quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with a
+backslash.  If enabled, history expansion will be performed unless an
+'!' appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash.  The
+backslash preceding the '!' is not removed.
+
+   The special parameters '*' and '@' have special meaning when in
+double quotes (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::).
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: ANSI-C Quoting,  Next: Locale Translation,  Prev: Double Quotes,  Up: Quoting
+
+3.1.2.4 ANSI-C Quoting
+......................
+
+Words of the form '$'STRING'' are treated specially.  The word expands
+to STRING, with backslash-escaped characters replaced as specified by
+the ANSI C standard.  Backslash escape sequences, if present, are
+decoded as follows:
+
+'\a'
+     alert (bell)
+'\b'
+     backspace
+'\e'
+'\E'
+     an escape character (not ANSI C)
+'\f'
+     form feed
+'\n'
+     newline
+'\r'
+     carriage return
+'\t'
+     horizontal tab
+'\v'
+     vertical tab
+'\\'
+     backslash
+'\''
+     single quote
+'\"'
+     double quote
+'\?'
+     question mark
+'\NNN'
+     the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN (one to
+     three octal digits)
+'\xHH'
+     the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH
+     (one or two hex digits)
+'\uHHHH'
+     the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+     hexadecimal value HHHH (one to four hex digits)
+'\UHHHHHHHH'
+     the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+     hexadecimal value HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits)
+'\cX'
+     a control-X character
+
+The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not been
+present.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Locale Translation,  Prev: ANSI-C Quoting,  Up: Quoting
+
+3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation
+...................................
+
+A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign ('$') will cause the
+string to be translated according to the current locale.  If the current
+locale is 'C' or 'POSIX', the dollar sign is ignored.  If the string is
+translated and replaced, the replacement is double-quoted.
+
+   Some systems use the message catalog selected by the 'LC_MESSAGES'
+shell variable.  Others create the name of the message catalog from the
+value of the 'TEXTDOMAIN' shell variable, possibly adding a suffix of
+'.mo'.  If you use the 'TEXTDOMAIN' variable, you may need to set the
+'TEXTDOMAINDIR' variable to the location of the message catalog files.
+Still others use both variables in this fashion:
+'TEXTDOMAINDIR'/'LC_MESSAGES'/LC_MESSAGES/'TEXTDOMAIN'.mo.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Comments,  Prev: Quoting,  Up: Shell Syntax
+
+3.1.3 Comments
+--------------
+
+In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the
+'interactive_comments' option to the 'shopt' builtin is enabled (*note
+The Shopt Builtin::), a word beginning with '#' causes that word and all
+remaining characters on that line to be ignored.  An interactive shell
+without the 'interactive_comments' option enabled does not allow
+comments.  The 'interactive_comments' option is on by default in
+interactive shells.  *Note Interactive Shells::, for a description of
+what makes a shell interactive.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Shell Commands,  Next: Shell Functions,  Prev: Shell Syntax,  Up: Basic Shell Features
+
+3.2 Shell Commands
+==================
+
+A simple shell command such as 'echo a b c' consists of the command
+itself followed by arguments, separated by spaces.
+
+   More complex shell commands are composed of simple commands arranged
+together in a variety of ways: in a pipeline in which the output of one
+command becomes the input of a second, in a loop or conditional
+construct, or in some other grouping.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Simple Commands::		The most common type of command.
+* Pipelines::			Connecting the input and output of several
+				commands.
+* Lists::			How to execute commands sequentially.
+* Compound Commands::		Shell commands for control flow.
+* Coprocesses::			Two-way communication between commands.
+* GNU Parallel::		Running commands in parallel.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Simple Commands,  Next: Pipelines,  Up: Shell Commands
+
+3.2.1 Simple Commands
+---------------------
+
+A simple command is the kind of command encountered most often.  It's
+just a sequence of words separated by 'blank's, terminated by one of the
+shell's control operators (*note Definitions::).  The first word
+generally specifies a command to be executed, with the rest of the words
+being that command's arguments.
+
+   The return status (*note Exit Status::) of a simple command is its
+exit status as provided by the POSIX 1003.1 'waitpid' function, or 128+N
+if the command was terminated by signal N.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Pipelines,  Next: Lists,  Prev: Simple Commands,  Up: Shell Commands
+
+3.2.2 Pipelines
+---------------
+
+A 'pipeline' is a sequence of one or more commands separated by one of
+the control operators '|' or '|&'.
+
+   The format for a pipeline is
+     [time [-p]] [!] COMMAND1 [ | or |& COMMAND2 ] ...
+
+The output of each command in the pipeline is connected via a pipe to
+the input of the next command.  That is, each command reads the previous
+command's output.  This connection is performed before any redirections
+specified by the command.
+
+   If '|&' is used, COMMAND1's standard error, in addition to its
+standard output, is connected to COMMAND2's standard input through the
+pipe; it is shorthand for '2>&1 |'.  This implicit redirection of the
+standard error to the standard output is performed after any
+redirections specified by the command.
+
+   The reserved word 'time' causes timing statistics to be printed for
+the pipeline once it finishes.  The statistics currently consist of
+elapsed (wall-clock) time and user and system time consumed by the
+command's execution.  The '-p' option changes the output format to that
+specified by POSIX.  When the shell is in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX
+Mode::), it does not recognize 'time' as a reserved word if the next
+token begins with a '-'.  The 'TIMEFORMAT' variable may be set to a
+format string that specifies how the timing information should be
+displayed.  *Note Bash Variables::, for a description of the available
+formats.  The use of 'time' as a reserved word permits the timing of
+shell builtins, shell functions, and pipelines.  An external 'time'
+command cannot time these easily.
+
+   When the shell is in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::), 'time' may
+be followed by a newline.  In this case, the shell displays the total
+user and system time consumed by the shell and its children.  The
+'TIMEFORMAT' variable may be used to specify the format of the time
+information.
+
+   If the pipeline is not executed asynchronously (*note Lists::), the
+shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to complete.
+
+   Each command in a pipeline is executed in its own subshell, which is
+a separate process (*note Command Execution Environment::).  If the
+'lastpipe' option is enabled using the 'shopt' builtin (*note The Shopt
+Builtin::), the last element of a pipeline may be run by the shell
+process.
+
+   The exit status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last command
+in the pipeline, unless the 'pipefail' option is enabled (*note The Set
+Builtin::).  If 'pipefail' is enabled, the pipeline's return status is
+the value of the last (rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero
+status, or zero if all commands exit successfully.  If the reserved word
+'!' precedes the pipeline, the exit status is the logical negation of
+the exit status as described above.  The shell waits for all commands in
+the pipeline to terminate before returning a value.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Lists,  Next: Compound Commands,  Prev: Pipelines,  Up: Shell Commands
+
+3.2.3 Lists of Commands
+-----------------------
+
+A 'list' is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one of the
+operators ';', '&', '&&', or '||', and optionally terminated by one of
+';', '&', or a 'newline'.
+
+   Of these list operators, '&&' and '||' have equal precedence,
+followed by ';' and '&', which have equal precedence.
+
+   A sequence of one or more newlines may appear in a 'list' to delimit
+commands, equivalent to a semicolon.
+
+   If a command is terminated by the control operator '&', the shell
+executes the command asynchronously in a subshell.  This is known as
+executing the command in the BACKGROUND, and these are referred to as
+ASYNCHRONOUS commands.  The shell does not wait for the command to
+finish, and the return status is 0 (true).  When job control is not
+active (*note Job Control::), the standard input for asynchronous
+commands, in the absence of any explicit redirections, is redirected
+from '/dev/null'.
+
+   Commands separated by a ';' are executed sequentially; the shell
+waits for each command to terminate in turn.  The return status is the
+exit status of the last command executed.
+
+   AND and OR lists are sequences of one or more pipelines separated by
+the control operators '&&' and '||', respectively.  AND and OR lists are
+executed with left associativity.
+
+   An AND list has the form
+     COMMAND1 && COMMAND2
+
+COMMAND2 is executed if, and only if, COMMAND1 returns an exit status of
+zero (success).
+
+   An OR list has the form
+     COMMAND1 || COMMAND2
+
+COMMAND2 is executed if, and only if, COMMAND1 returns a non-zero exit
+status.
+
+   The return status of AND and OR lists is the exit status of the last
+command executed in the list.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Compound Commands,  Next: Coprocesses,  Prev: Lists,  Up: Shell Commands
+
+3.2.4 Compound Commands
+-----------------------
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Looping Constructs::		Shell commands for iterative action.
+* Conditional Constructs::	Shell commands for conditional execution.
+* Command Grouping::		Ways to group commands.
+
+Compound commands are the shell programming language constructs.  Each
+construct begins with a reserved word or control operator and is
+terminated by a corresponding reserved word or operator.  Any
+redirections (*note Redirections::) associated with a compound command
+apply to all commands within that compound command unless explicitly
+overridden.
+
+   In most cases a list of commands in a compound command's description
+may be separated from the rest of the command by one or more newlines,
+and may be followed by a newline in place of a semicolon.
+
+   Bash provides looping constructs, conditional commands, and
+mechanisms to group commands and execute them as a unit.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Looping Constructs,  Next: Conditional Constructs,  Up: Compound Commands
+
+3.2.4.1 Looping Constructs
+..........................
+
+Bash supports the following looping constructs.
+
+   Note that wherever a ';' appears in the description of a command's
+syntax, it may be replaced with one or more newlines.
+
+'until'
+     The syntax of the 'until' command is:
+
+          until TEST-COMMANDS; do CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS; done
+
+     Execute CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS as long as TEST-COMMANDS has an exit
+     status which is not zero.  The return status is the exit status of
+     the last command executed in CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS, or zero if none
+     was executed.
+
+'while'
+     The syntax of the 'while' command is:
+
+          while TEST-COMMANDS; do CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS; done
+
+     Execute CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS as long as TEST-COMMANDS has an exit
+     status of zero.  The return status is the exit status of the last
+     command executed in CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS, or zero if none was
+     executed.
+
+'for'
+     The syntax of the 'for' command is:
+
+          for NAME [ [in [WORDS ...] ] ; ] do COMMANDS; done
+
+     Expand WORDS (*note Shell Expansions::), and execute COMMANDS once
+     for each member in the resultant list, with NAME bound to the
+     current member.  If 'in WORDS' is not present, the 'for' command
+     executes the COMMANDS once for each positional parameter that is
+     set, as if 'in "$@"' had been specified (*note Special
+     Parameters::).
+
+     The return status is the exit status of the last command that
+     executes.  If there are no items in the expansion of WORDS, no
+     commands are executed, and the return status is zero.
+
+     An alternate form of the 'for' command is also supported:
+
+          for (( EXPR1 ; EXPR2 ; EXPR3 )) ; do COMMANDS ; done
+
+     First, the arithmetic expression EXPR1 is evaluated according to
+     the rules described below (*note Shell Arithmetic::).  The
+     arithmetic expression EXPR2 is then evaluated repeatedly until it
+     evaluates to zero.  Each time EXPR2 evaluates to a non-zero value,
+     COMMANDS are executed and the arithmetic expression EXPR3 is
+     evaluated.  If any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it
+     evaluates to 1.  The return value is the exit status of the last
+     command in COMMANDS that is executed, or false if any of the
+     expressions is invalid.
+
+   The 'break' and 'continue' builtins (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::)
+may be used to control loop execution.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Conditional Constructs,  Next: Command Grouping,  Prev: Looping Constructs,  Up: Compound Commands
+
+3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs
+..............................
+
+'if'
+     The syntax of the 'if' command is:
+
+          if TEST-COMMANDS; then
+            CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS;
+          [elif MORE-TEST-COMMANDS; then
+            MORE-CONSEQUENTS;]
+          [else ALTERNATE-CONSEQUENTS;]
+          fi
+
+     The TEST-COMMANDS list is executed, and if its return status is
+     zero, the CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS list is executed.  If TEST-COMMANDS
+     returns a non-zero status, each 'elif' list is executed in turn,
+     and if its exit status is zero, the corresponding MORE-CONSEQUENTS
+     is executed and the command completes.  If 'else
+     ALTERNATE-CONSEQUENTS' is present, and the final command in the
+     final 'if' or 'elif' clause has a non-zero exit status, then
+     ALTERNATE-CONSEQUENTS is executed.  The return status is the exit
+     status of the last command executed, or zero if no condition tested
+     true.
+
+'case'
+     The syntax of the 'case' command is:
+
+          case WORD in
+              [ [(] PATTERN [| PATTERN]...) COMMAND-LIST ;;]...
+          esac
+
+     'case' will selectively execute the COMMAND-LIST corresponding to
+     the first PATTERN that matches WORD.  The match is performed
+     according to the rules described below in *note Pattern Matching::.
+     If the 'nocasematch' shell option (see the description of 'shopt'
+     in *note The Shopt Builtin::) is enabled, the match is performed
+     without regard to the case of alphabetic characters.  The '|' is
+     used to separate multiple patterns, and the ')' operator terminates
+     a pattern list.  A list of patterns and an associated command-list
+     is known as a CLAUSE.
+
+     Each clause must be terminated with ';;', ';&', or ';;&'.  The WORD
+     undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command
+     substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (*note Shell
+     Parameter Expansion::) before matching is attempted.  Each PATTERN
+     undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command
+     substitution, and arithmetic expansion.
+
+     There may be an arbitrary number of 'case' clauses, each terminated
+     by a ';;', ';&', or ';;&'.  The first pattern that matches
+     determines the command-list that is executed.  It's a common idiom
+     to use '*' as the final pattern to define the default case, since
+     that pattern will always match.
+
+     Here is an example using 'case' in a script that could be used to
+     describe one interesting feature of an animal:
+
+          echo -n "Enter the name of an animal: "
+          read ANIMAL
+          echo -n "The $ANIMAL has "
+          case $ANIMAL in
+            horse | dog | cat) echo -n "four";;
+            man | kangaroo ) echo -n "two";;
+            *) echo -n "an unknown number of";;
+          esac
+          echo " legs."
+
+
+     If the ';;' operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempted
+     after the first pattern match.  Using ';&' in place of ';;' causes
+     execution to continue with the COMMAND-LIST associated with the
+     next clause, if any.  Using ';;&' in place of ';;' causes the shell
+     to test the patterns in the next clause, if any, and execute any
+     associated COMMAND-LIST on a successful match.
+
+     The return status is zero if no PATTERN is matched.  Otherwise, the
+     return status is the exit status of the COMMAND-LIST executed.
+
+'select'
+
+     The 'select' construct allows the easy generation of menus.  It has
+     almost the same syntax as the 'for' command:
+
+          select NAME [in WORDS ...]; do COMMANDS; done
+
+     The list of words following 'in' is expanded, generating a list of
+     items.  The set of expanded words is printed on the standard error
+     output stream, each preceded by a number.  If the 'in WORDS' is
+     omitted, the positional parameters are printed, as if 'in "$@"' had
+     been specified.  The 'PS3' prompt is then displayed and a line is
+     read from the standard input.  If the line consists of a number
+     corresponding to one of the displayed words, then the value of NAME
+     is set to that word.  If the line is empty, the words and prompt
+     are displayed again.  If 'EOF' is read, the 'select' command
+     completes.  Any other value read causes NAME to be set to null.
+     The line read is saved in the variable 'REPLY'.
+
+     The COMMANDS are executed after each selection until a 'break'
+     command is executed, at which point the 'select' command completes.
+
+     Here is an example that allows the user to pick a filename from the
+     current directory, and displays the name and index of the file
+     selected.
+
+          select fname in *;
+          do
+          	echo you picked $fname \($REPLY\)
+          	break;
+          done
+
+'((...))'
+          (( EXPRESSION ))
+
+     The arithmetic EXPRESSION is evaluated according to the rules
+     described below (*note Shell Arithmetic::).  If the value of the
+     expression is non-zero, the return status is 0; otherwise the
+     return status is 1.  This is exactly equivalent to
+          let "EXPRESSION"
+     *Note Bash Builtins::, for a full description of the 'let' builtin.
+
+'[[...]]'
+          [[ EXPRESSION ]]
+
+     Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the
+     conditional expression EXPRESSION.  Expressions are composed of the
+     primaries described below in *note Bash Conditional Expressions::.
+     Word splitting and filename expansion are not performed on the
+     words between the '[[' and ']]'; tilde expansion, parameter and
+     variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution,
+     process substitution, and quote removal are performed.  Conditional
+     operators such as '-f' must be unquoted to be recognized as
+     primaries.
+
+     When used with '[[', the '<' and '>' operators sort
+     lexicographically using the current locale.
+
+     When the '==' and '!=' operators are used, the string to the right
+     of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according to
+     the rules described below in *note Pattern Matching::, as if the
+     'extglob' shell option were enabled.  The '=' operator is identical
+     to '=='.  If the 'nocasematch' shell option (see the description of
+     'shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::) is enabled, the match is
+     performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters.  The
+     return value is 0 if the string matches ('==') or does not match
+     ('!=') the pattern, and 1 otherwise.  Any part of the pattern may
+     be quoted to force the quoted portion to be matched as a string.
+
+     An additional binary operator, '=~', is available, with the same
+     precedence as '==' and '!='.  When it is used, the string to the
+     right of the operator is considered a POSIX extended regular
+     expression and matched accordingly (as in regex3)).  The return
+     value is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1 otherwise.  If
+     the regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional
+     expression's return value is 2.  If the 'nocasematch' shell option
+     (see the description of 'shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::) is
+     enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of
+     alphabetic characters.  Any part of the pattern may be quoted to
+     force the quoted portion to be matched as a string.  Bracket
+     expressions in regular expressions must be treated carefully, since
+     normal quoting characters lose their meanings between brackets.  If
+     the pattern is stored in a shell variable, quoting the variable
+     expansion forces the entire pattern to be matched as a string.
+     Substrings matched by parenthesized subexpressions within the
+     regular expression are saved in the array variable 'BASH_REMATCH'.
+     The element of 'BASH_REMATCH' with index 0 is the portion of the
+     string matching the entire regular expression.  The element of
+     'BASH_REMATCH' with index N is the portion of the string matching
+     the Nth parenthesized subexpression.
+
+     For example, the following will match a line (stored in the shell
+     variable LINE) if there is a sequence of characters in the value
+     consisting of any number, including zero, of space characters, zero
+     or one instances of 'a', then a 'b':
+          [[ $line =~ [[:space:]]*?(a)b ]]
+
+     That means values like 'aab' and ' aaaaaab' will match, as will a
+     line containing a 'b' anywhere in its value.
+
+     Storing the regular expression in a shell variable is often a
+     useful way to avoid problems with quoting characters that are
+     special to the shell.  It is sometimes difficult to specify a
+     regular expression literally without using quotes, or to keep track
+     of the quoting used by regular expressions while paying attention
+     to the shell's quote removal.  Using a shell variable to store the
+     pattern decreases these problems.  For example, the following is
+     equivalent to the above:
+          pattern='[[:space:]]*?(a)b'
+          [[ $line =~ $pattern ]]
+
+     If you want to match a character that's special to the regular
+     expression grammar, it has to be quoted to remove its special
+     meaning.  This means that in the pattern 'xxx.txt', the '.' matches
+     any character in the string (its usual regular expression meaning),
+     but in the pattern '"xxx.txt"' it can only match a literal '.'.
+     Shell programmers should take special care with backslashes, since
+     backslashes are used both by the shell and regular expressions to
+     remove the special meaning from the following character.  The
+     following two sets of commands are _not_ equivalent:
+          pattern='\.'
+
+          [[ . =~ $pattern ]]
+          [[ . =~ \. ]]
+
+          [[ . =~ "$pattern" ]]
+          [[ . =~ '\.' ]]
+
+     The first two matches will succeed, but the second two will not,
+     because in the second two the backslash will be part of the pattern
+     to be matched.  In the first two examples, the backslash removes
+     the special meaning from '.', so the literal '.' matches.  If the
+     string in the first examples were anything other than '.', say 'a',
+     the pattern would not match, because the quoted '.' in the pattern
+     loses its special meaning of matching any single character.
+
+     Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed
+     in decreasing order of precedence:
+
+     '( EXPRESSION )'
+          Returns the value of EXPRESSION.  This may be used to override
+          the normal precedence of operators.
+
+     '! EXPRESSION'
+          True if EXPRESSION is false.
+
+     'EXPRESSION1 && EXPRESSION2'
+          True if both EXPRESSION1 and EXPRESSION2 are true.
+
+     'EXPRESSION1 || EXPRESSION2'
+          True if either EXPRESSION1 or EXPRESSION2 is true.
+
+     The '&&' and '||' operators do not evaluate EXPRESSION2 if the
+     value of EXPRESSION1 is sufficient to determine the return value of
+     the entire conditional expression.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Command Grouping,  Prev: Conditional Constructs,  Up: Compound Commands
+
+3.2.4.3 Grouping Commands
+.........................
+
+Bash provides two ways to group a list of commands to be executed as a
+unit.  When commands are grouped, redirections may be applied to the
+entire command list.  For example, the output of all the commands in the
+list may be redirected to a single stream.
+
+'()'
+          ( LIST )
+
+     Placing a list of commands between parentheses causes a subshell
+     environment to be created (*note Command Execution Environment::),
+     and each of the commands in LIST to be executed in that subshell.
+     Since the LIST is executed in a subshell, variable assignments do
+     not remain in effect after the subshell completes.
+
+'{}'
+          { LIST; }
+
+     Placing a list of commands between curly braces causes the list to
+     be executed in the current shell context.  No subshell is created.
+     The semicolon (or newline) following LIST is required.
+
+   In addition to the creation of a subshell, there is a subtle
+difference between these two constructs due to historical reasons.  The
+braces are 'reserved words', so they must be separated from the LIST by
+'blank's or other shell metacharacters.  The parentheses are
+'operators', and are recognized as separate tokens by the shell even if
+they are not separated from the LIST by whitespace.
+
+   The exit status of both of these constructs is the exit status of
+LIST.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Coprocesses,  Next: GNU Parallel,  Prev: Compound Commands,  Up: Shell Commands
+
+3.2.5 Coprocesses
+-----------------
+
+A 'coprocess' is a shell command preceded by the 'coproc' reserved word.
+A coprocess is executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command
+had been terminated with the '&' control operator, with a two-way pipe
+established between the executing shell and the coprocess.
+
+   The format for a coprocess is:
+     coproc [NAME] COMMAND [REDIRECTIONS]
+
+This creates a coprocess named NAME.  If NAME is not supplied, the
+default name is COPROC.  NAME must not be supplied if COMMAND is a
+simple command (*note Simple Commands::); otherwise, it is interpreted
+as the first word of the simple command.
+
+   When the coprocess is executed, the shell creates an array variable
+(*note Arrays::) named 'NAME' in the context of the executing shell.
+The standard output of COMMAND is connected via a pipe to a file
+descriptor in the executing shell, and that file descriptor is assigned
+to 'NAME'[0].  The standard input of COMMAND is connected via a pipe to
+a file descriptor in the executing shell, and that file descriptor is
+assigned to 'NAME'[1].  This pipe is established before any redirections
+specified by the command (*note Redirections::).  The file descriptors
+can be utilized as arguments to shell commands and redirections using
+standard word expansions.  Other than those created to execute command
+and process substitutions, the file descriptors are not available in
+subshells.
+
+   The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is
+available as the value of the variable 'NAME'_PID. The 'wait' builtin
+command may be used to wait for the coprocess to terminate.
+
+   Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, the
+'coproc' command always returns success.  The return status of a
+coprocess is the exit status of COMMAND.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: GNU Parallel,  Prev: Coprocesses,  Up: Shell Commands
+
+3.2.6 GNU Parallel
+------------------
+
+There are ways to run commands in parallel that are not built into Bash.
+GNU Parallel is a tool to do just that.
+
+   GNU Parallel, as its name suggests, can be used to build and run
+commands in parallel.  You may run the same command with different
+arguments, whether they are filenames, usernames, hostnames, or lines
+read from files.  GNU Parallel provides shorthand references to many of
+the most common operations (input lines, various portions of the input
+line, different ways to specify the input source, and so on).  Parallel
+can replace 'xargs' or feed commands from its input sources to several
+different instances of Bash.
+
+   For a complete description, refer to the GNU Parallel documentation.
+A few examples should provide a brief introduction to its use.
+
+   For example, it is easy to replace 'xargs' to gzip all html files in
+the current directory and its subdirectories:
+     find . -type f -name '*.html' -print | parallel gzip
+If you need to protect special characters such as newlines in file
+names, use find's '-print0' option and parallel's '-0' option.
+
+   You can use Parallel to move files from the current directory when
+the number of files is too large to process with one 'mv' invocation:
+     ls | parallel mv {} destdir
+
+   As you can see, the {} is replaced with each line read from standard
+input.  While using 'ls' will work in most instances, it is not
+sufficient to deal with all filenames.  If you need to accommodate
+special characters in filenames, you can use
+
+     find . -depth 1 \! -name '.*' -print0 | parallel -0 mv {} destdir
+
+as alluded to above.
+
+   This will run as many 'mv' commands as there are files in the current
+directory.  You can emulate a parallel 'xargs' by adding the '-X'
+option:
+     find . -depth 1 \! -name '.*' -print0 | parallel -0 -X mv {} destdir
+
+   GNU Parallel can replace certain common idioms that operate on lines
+read from a file (in this case, filenames listed one per line):
+     	while IFS= read -r x; do
+     		do-something1 "$x" "config-$x"
+     		do-something2 < "$x"
+     	done < file | process-output
+
+with a more compact syntax reminiscent of lambdas:
+     cat list | parallel "do-something1 {} config-{} ; do-something2 < {}" |
+                process-output
+
+   Parallel provides a built-in mechanism to remove filename extensions,
+which lends itself to batch file transformations or renaming:
+     ls *.gz | parallel -j+0 "zcat {} | bzip2 >{.}.bz2 && rm {}"
+This will recompress all files in the current directory with names
+ending in .gz using bzip2, running one job per CPU (-j+0) in parallel.
+(We use 'ls' for brevity here; using 'find' as above is more robust in
+the face of filenames containing unexpected characters.)  Parallel can
+take arguments from the command line; the above can also be written as
+
+     parallel "zcat {} | bzip2 >{.}.bz2 && rm {}" ::: *.gz
+
+   If a command generates output, you may want to preserve the input
+order in the output.  For instance, the following command
+     {
+         echo foss.org.my ;
+         echo debian.org ;
+         echo freenetproject.org ;
+     } | parallel traceroute
+will display as output the traceroute invocation that finishes first.
+Adding the '-k' option
+     {
+         echo foss.org.my ;
+         echo debian.org ;
+         echo freenetproject.org ;
+     } | parallel -k traceroute
+will ensure that the output of 'traceroute foss.org.my' is displayed
+first.
+
+   Finally, Parallel can be used to run a sequence of shell commands in
+parallel, similar to 'cat file | bash'.  It is not uncommon to take a
+list of filenames, create a series of shell commands to operate on them,
+and feed that list of commands to a shell.  Parallel can speed this up.
+Assuming that 'file' contains a list of shell commands, one per line,
+
+     parallel -j 10 < file
+
+will evaluate the commands using the shell (since no explicit command is
+supplied as an argument), in blocks of ten shell jobs at a time.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Shell Functions,  Next: Shell Parameters,  Prev: Shell Commands,  Up: Basic Shell Features
+
+3.3 Shell Functions
+===================
+
+Shell functions are a way to group commands for later execution using a
+single name for the group.  They are executed just like a "regular"
+command.  When the name of a shell function is used as a simple command
+name, the list of commands associated with that function name is
+executed.  Shell functions are executed in the current shell context; no
+new process is created to interpret them.
+
+   Functions are declared using this syntax:
+     NAME () COMPOUND-COMMAND [ REDIRECTIONS ]
+
+   or
+
+     function NAME [()] COMPOUND-COMMAND [ REDIRECTIONS ]
+
+   This defines a shell function named NAME.  The reserved word
+'function' is optional.  If the 'function' reserved word is supplied,
+the parentheses are optional.  The BODY of the function is the compound
+command COMPOUND-COMMAND (*note Compound Commands::).  That command is
+usually a LIST enclosed between { and }, but may be any compound command
+listed above, with one exception: If the 'function' reserved word is
+used, but the parentheses are not supplied, the braces are required.
+COMPOUND-COMMAND is executed whenever NAME is specified as the name of a
+command.  When the shell is in POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::),
+NAME may not be the same as one of the special builtins (*note Special
+Builtins::).  Any redirections (*note Redirections::) associated with
+the shell function are performed when the function is executed.
+
+   A function definition may be deleted using the '-f' option to the
+'unset' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::).
+
+   The exit status of a function definition is zero unless a syntax
+error occurs or a readonly function with the same name already exists.
+When executed, the exit status of a function is the exit status of the
+last command executed in the body.
+
+   Note that for historical reasons, in the most common usage the curly
+braces that surround the body of the function must be separated from the
+body by 'blank's or newlines.  This is because the braces are reserved
+words and are only recognized as such when they are separated from the
+command list by whitespace or another shell metacharacter.  Also, when
+using the braces, the LIST must be terminated by a semicolon, a '&', or
+a newline.
+
+   When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the
+positional parameters during its execution (*note Positional
+Parameters::).  The special parameter '#' that expands to the number of
+positional parameters is updated to reflect the change.  Special
+parameter '0' is unchanged.  The first element of the 'FUNCNAME'
+variable is set to the name of the function while the function is
+executing.
+
+   All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical
+between a function and its caller with these exceptions: the 'DEBUG' and
+'RETURN' traps are not inherited unless the function has been given the
+'trace' attribute using the 'declare' builtin or the '-o functrace'
+option has been enabled with the 'set' builtin, (in which case all
+functions inherit the 'DEBUG' and 'RETURN' traps), and the 'ERR' trap is
+not inherited unless the '-o errtrace' shell option has been enabled.
+*Note Bourne Shell Builtins::, for the description of the 'trap'
+builtin.
+
+   The 'FUNCNEST' variable, if set to a numeric value greater than 0,
+defines a maximum function nesting level.  Function invocations that
+exceed the limit cause the entire command to abort.
+
+   If the builtin command 'return' is executed in a function, the
+function completes and execution resumes with the next command after the
+function call.  Any command associated with the 'RETURN' trap is
+executed before execution resumes.  When a function completes, the
+values of the positional parameters and the special parameter '#' are
+restored to the values they had prior to the function's execution.  If a
+numeric argument is given to 'return', that is the function's return
+status; otherwise the function's return status is the exit status of the
+last command executed before the 'return'.
+
+   Variables local to the function may be declared with the 'local'
+builtin.  These variables are visible only to the function and the
+commands it invokes.  This is particularly important when a shell
+function calls other functions.
+
+   Local variables "shadow" variables with the same name declared at
+previous scopes.  For instance, a local variable declared in a function
+hides a global variable of the same name: references and assignments
+refer to the local variable, leaving the global variable unmodified.
+When the function returns, the global variable is once again visible.
+
+   The shell uses DYNAMIC SCOPING to control a variable's visibility
+within functions.  With dynamic scoping, visible variables and their
+values are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused
+execution to reach the current function.  The value of a variable that a
+function sees depends on its value within its caller, if any, whether
+that caller is the "global" scope or another shell function.  This is
+also the value that a local variable declaration "shadows", and the
+value that is restored when the function returns.
+
+   For example, if a variable VAR is declared as local in function
+FUNC1, and FUNC1 calls another function FUNC2, references to VAR made
+from within FUNC2 will resolve to the local variable VAR from FUNC1,
+shadowing any global variable named VAR.
+
+   The following script demonstrates this behavior.  When executed, the
+script displays
+
+     In func2, var = func1 local
+
+     func1()
+     {
+         local var='func1 local'
+         func2
+     }
+
+     func2()
+     {
+         echo "In func2, var = $var"
+     }
+
+     var=global
+     func1
+
+   The 'unset' builtin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a
+variable is local to the current scope, 'unset' will unset it; otherwise
+the unset will refer to the variable found in any calling scope as
+described above.  If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it
+will remain so until it is reset in that scope or until the function
+returns.  Once the function returns, any instance of the variable at a
+previous scope will become visible.  If the unset acts on a variable at
+a previous scope, any instance of a variable with that name that had
+been shadowed will become visible.
+
+   Function names and definitions may be listed with the '-f' option to
+the 'declare' ('typeset') builtin command (*note Bash Builtins::).  The
+'-F' option to 'declare' or 'typeset' will list the function names only
+(and optionally the source file and line number, if the 'extdebug' shell
+option is enabled).  Functions may be exported so that subshells
+automatically have them defined with the '-f' option to the 'export'
+builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::).
+
+   Functions may be recursive.  The 'FUNCNEST' variable may be used to
+limit the depth of the function call stack and restrict the number of
+function invocations.  By default, no limit is placed on the number of
+recursive calls.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Shell Parameters,  Next: Shell Expansions,  Prev: Shell Functions,  Up: Basic Shell Features
+
+3.4 Shell Parameters
+====================
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Positional Parameters::	The shell's command-line arguments.
+* Special Parameters::		Parameters denoted by special characters.
+
+A PARAMETER is an entity that stores values.  It can be a 'name', a
+number, or one of the special characters listed below.  A VARIABLE is a
+parameter denoted by a 'name'.  A variable has a VALUE and zero or more
+ATTRIBUTES.  Attributes are assigned using the 'declare' builtin command
+(see the description of the 'declare' builtin in *note Bash Builtins::).
+
+   A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value.  The null string
+is a valid value.  Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using
+the 'unset' builtin command.
+
+   A variable may be assigned to by a statement of the form
+     NAME=[VALUE]
+If VALUE is not given, the variable is assigned the null string.  All
+VALUEs undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
+command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (detailed
+below).  If the variable has its 'integer' attribute set, then VALUE is
+evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the '$((...))' expansion
+is not used (*note Arithmetic Expansion::).  Word splitting is not
+performed, with the exception of '"$@"' as explained below.  Filename
+expansion is not performed.  Assignment statements may also appear as
+arguments to the 'alias', 'declare', 'typeset', 'export', 'readonly',
+and 'local' builtin commands (DECLARATION commands).  When in POSIX mode
+(*note Bash POSIX Mode::), these builtins may appear in a command after
+one or more instances of the 'command' builtin and retain these
+assignment statement properties.
+
+   In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to
+a shell variable or array index (*note Arrays::), the '+=' operator can
+be used to append to or add to the variable's previous value.  This
+includes arguments to builtin commands such as 'declare' that accept
+assignment statements (DECLARATION commands).  When '+=' is applied to a
+variable for which the INTEGER attribute has been set, VALUE is
+evaluated as an arithmetic expression and added to the variable's
+current value, which is also evaluated.  When '+=' is applied to an
+array variable using compound assignment (*note Arrays::), the
+variable's value is not unset (as it is when using '='), and new values
+are appended to the array beginning at one greater than the array's
+maximum index (for indexed arrays), or added as additional key-value
+pairs in an associative array.  When applied to a string-valued
+variable, VALUE is expanded and appended to the variable's value.
+
+   A variable can be assigned the NAMEREF attribute using the '-n'
+option to the 'declare' or 'local' builtin commands (*note Bash
+Builtins::) to create a NAMEREF, or a reference to another variable.
+This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly.  Whenever the
+nameref variable is referenced, assigned to, unset, or has its
+attributes modified (other than using or changing the nameref attribute
+itself), the operation is actually performed on the variable specified
+by the nameref variable's value.  A nameref is commonly used within
+shell functions to refer to a variable whose name is passed as an
+argument to the function.  For instance, if a variable name is passed to
+a shell function as its first argument, running
+     declare -n ref=$1
+inside the function creates a nameref variable REF whose value is the
+variable name passed as the first argument.  References and assignments
+to REF, and changes to its attributes, are treated as references,
+assignments, and attribute modifications to the variable whose name was
+passed as '$1'.
+
+   If the control variable in a 'for' loop has the nameref attribute,
+the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a name reference
+will be established for each word in the list, in turn, when the loop is
+executed.  Array variables cannot be given the nameref attribute.
+However, nameref variables can reference array variables and subscripted
+array variables.  Namerefs can be unset using the '-n' option to the
+'unset' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::).  Otherwise, if 'unset'
+is executed with the name of a nameref variable as an argument, the
+variable referenced by the nameref variable will be unset.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Positional Parameters,  Next: Special Parameters,  Up: Shell Parameters
+
+3.4.1 Positional Parameters
+---------------------------
+
+A POSITIONAL PARAMETER is a parameter denoted by one or more digits,
+other than the single digit '0'.  Positional parameters are assigned
+from the shell's arguments when it is invoked, and may be reassigned
+using the 'set' builtin command.  Positional parameter 'N' may be
+referenced as '${N}', or as '$N' when 'N' consists of a single digit.
+Positional parameters may not be assigned to with assignment statements.
+The 'set' and 'shift' builtins are used to set and unset them (*note
+Shell Builtin Commands::).  The positional parameters are temporarily
+replaced when a shell function is executed (*note Shell Functions::).
+
+   When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single digit is
+expanded, it must be enclosed in braces.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Special Parameters,  Prev: Positional Parameters,  Up: Shell Parameters
+
+3.4.2 Special Parameters
+------------------------
+
+The shell treats several parameters specially.  These parameters may
+only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed.
+
+'*'
+     ($*) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.  When
+     the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional
+     parameter expands to a separate word.  In contexts where it is
+     performed, those words are subject to further word splitting and
+     pathname expansion.  When the expansion occurs within double
+     quotes, it expands to a single word with the value of each
+     parameter separated by the first character of the 'IFS' special
+     variable.  That is, '"$*"' is equivalent to '"$1C$2C..."', where C
+     is the first character of the value of the 'IFS' variable.  If
+     'IFS' is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces.  If 'IFS'
+     is null, the parameters are joined without intervening separators.
+
+'@'
+     ($@) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.  In
+     contexts where word splitting is performed, this expands each
+     positional parameter to a separate word; if not within double
+     quotes, these words are subject to word splitting.  In contexts
+     where word splitting is not performed, this expands to a single
+     word with each positional parameter separated by a space.  When the
+     expansion occurs within double quotes, and word splitting is
+     performed, each parameter expands to a separate word.  That is,
+     '"$@"' is equivalent to '"$1" "$2" ...'.  If the double-quoted
+     expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of the first
+     parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original word,
+     and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last
+     part of the original word.  When there are no positional
+     parameters, '"$@"' and '$@' expand to nothing (i.e., they are
+     removed).
+
+'#'
+     ($#) Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal.
+
+'?'
+     ($?)  Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed
+     foreground pipeline.
+
+'-'
+     ($-, a hyphen.)  Expands to the current option flags as specified
+     upon invocation, by the 'set' builtin command, or those set by the
+     shell itself (such as the '-i' option).
+
+'$'
+     ($$) Expands to the process ID of the shell.  In a '()' subshell,
+     it expands to the process ID of the invoking shell, not the
+     subshell.
+
+'!'
+     ($!)  Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed
+     into the background, whether executed as an asynchronous command or
+     using the 'bg' builtin (*note Job Control Builtins::).
+
+'0'
+     ($0) Expands to the name of the shell or shell script.  This is set
+     at shell initialization.  If Bash is invoked with a file of
+     commands (*note Shell Scripts::), '$0' is set to the name of that
+     file.  If Bash is started with the '-c' option (*note Invoking
+     Bash::), then '$0' is set to the first argument after the string to
+     be executed, if one is present.  Otherwise, it is set to the
+     filename used to invoke Bash, as given by argument zero.
+
+'_'
+     ($_, an underscore.)  At shell startup, set to the absolute
+     pathname used to invoke the shell or shell script being executed as
+     passed in the environment or argument list.  Subsequently, expands
+     to the last argument to the previous simple command executed in the
+     foreground, after expansion.  Also set to the full pathname used to
+     invoke each command executed and placed in the environment exported
+     to that command.  When checking mail, this parameter holds the name
+     of the mail file.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Shell Expansions,  Next: Redirections,  Prev: Shell Parameters,  Up: Basic Shell Features
+
+3.5 Shell Expansions
+====================
+
+Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into
+'token's.  There are seven kinds of expansion performed:
+
+   * brace expansion
+   * tilde expansion
+   * parameter and variable expansion
+   * command substitution
+   * arithmetic expansion
+   * word splitting
+   * filename expansion
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Brace Expansion::		Expansion of expressions within braces.
+* Tilde Expansion::		Expansion of the ~ character.
+* Shell Parameter Expansion::	How Bash expands variables to their values.
+* Command Substitution::	Using the output of a command as an argument.
+* Arithmetic Expansion::	How to use arithmetic in shell expansions.
+* Process Substitution::	A way to write and read to and from a
+				command.
+* Word Splitting::	How the results of expansion are split into separate
+			arguments.
+* Filename Expansion::	A shorthand for specifying filenames matching patterns.
+* Quote Removal::	How and when quote characters are removed from
+			words.
+
+   The order of expansions is: brace expansion; tilde expansion,
+parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, and command
+substitution (done in a left-to-right fashion); word splitting; and
+filename expansion.
+
+   On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion
+available: PROCESS SUBSTITUTION.  This is performed at the same time as
+tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and command
+substitution.
+
+   After these expansions are performed, quote characters present in the
+original word are removed unless they have been quoted themselves (QUOTE
+REMOVAL).
+
+   Only brace expansion, word splitting, and filename expansion can
+increase the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a
+single word to a single word.  The only exceptions to this are the
+expansions of '"$@"' and '$*' (*note Special Parameters::), and
+'"${NAME[@]}"' and '${NAME[*]}' (*note Arrays::).
+
+   After all expansions, 'quote removal' (*note Quote Removal::) is
+performed.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Brace Expansion,  Next: Tilde Expansion,  Up: Shell Expansions
+
+3.5.1 Brace Expansion
+---------------------
+
+Brace expansion is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be
+generated.  This mechanism is similar to FILENAME EXPANSION (*note
+Filename Expansion::), but the filenames generated need not exist.
+Patterns to be brace expanded take the form of an optional PREAMBLE,
+followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a sequence
+expression between a pair of braces, followed by an optional POSTSCRIPT.
+The preamble is prefixed to each string contained within the braces, and
+the postscript is then appended to each resulting string, expanding left
+to right.
+
+   Brace expansions may be nested.  The results of each expanded string
+are not sorted; left to right order is preserved.  For example,
+     bash$ echo a{d,c,b}e
+     ade ace abe
+
+   A sequence expression takes the form '{X..Y[..INCR]}', where X and Y
+are either integers or single characters, and INCR, an optional
+increment, is an integer.  When integers are supplied, the expression
+expands to each number between X and Y, inclusive.  Supplied integers
+may be prefixed with '0' to force each term to have the same width.
+When either X or Y begins with a zero, the shell attempts to force all
+generated terms to contain the same number of digits, zero-padding where
+necessary.  When characters are supplied, the expression expands to each
+character lexicographically between X and Y, inclusive, using the
+default C locale.  Note that both X and Y must be of the same type.
+When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference between
+each term.  The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate.
+
+   Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, and any
+characters special to other expansions are preserved in the result.  It
+is strictly textual.  Bash does not apply any syntactic interpretation
+to the context of the expansion or the text between the braces.
+
+   A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening and
+closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid sequence
+expression.  Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged.
+
+   A { or ',' may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being
+considered part of a brace expression.  To avoid conflicts with
+parameter expansion, the string '${' is not considered eligible for
+brace expansion, and inhibits brace expansion until the closing '}'..
+
+   This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common prefix
+of the strings to be generated is longer than in the above example:
+     mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,new,dist,bugs}
+   or
+     chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}}
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Tilde Expansion,  Next: Shell Parameter Expansion,  Prev: Brace Expansion,  Up: Shell Expansions
+
+3.5.2 Tilde Expansion
+---------------------
+
+If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character ('~'), all of the
+characters up to the first unquoted slash (or all characters, if there
+is no unquoted slash) are considered a TILDE-PREFIX.  If none of the
+characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the characters in the
+tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a possible LOGIN NAME.
+If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the
+value of the 'HOME' shell variable.  If 'HOME' is unset, the home
+directory of the user executing the shell is substituted instead.
+Otherwise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory
+associated with the specified login name.
+
+   If the tilde-prefix is '~+', the value of the shell variable 'PWD'
+replaces the tilde-prefix.  If the tilde-prefix is '~-', the value of
+the shell variable 'OLDPWD', if it is set, is substituted.
+
+   If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of
+a number N, optionally prefixed by a '+' or a '-', the tilde-prefix is
+replaced with the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it
+would be displayed by the 'dirs' builtin invoked with the characters
+following tilde in the tilde-prefix as an argument (*note The Directory
+Stack::).  If the tilde-prefix, sans the tilde, consists of a number
+without a leading '+' or '-', '+' is assumed.
+
+   If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the word
+is left unchanged.
+
+   Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes
+immediately following a ':' or the first '='.  In these cases, tilde
+expansion is also performed.  Consequently, one may use filenames with
+tildes in assignments to 'PATH', 'MAILPATH', and 'CDPATH', and the shell
+assigns the expanded value.
+
+   The following table shows how Bash treats unquoted tilde-prefixes:
+
+'~'
+     The value of '$HOME'
+'~/foo'
+     '$HOME/foo'
+
+'~fred/foo'
+     The subdirectory 'foo' of the home directory of the user 'fred'
+
+'~+/foo'
+     '$PWD/foo'
+
+'~-/foo'
+     '${OLDPWD-'~-'}/foo'
+
+'~N'
+     The string that would be displayed by 'dirs +N'
+
+'~+N'
+     The string that would be displayed by 'dirs +N'
+
+'~-N'
+     The string that would be displayed by 'dirs -N'
+
+   Bash also performs tilde expansion on words satisfying the conditions
+of variable assignments (*note Shell Parameters::) when they appear as
+arguments to simple commands.  Bash does not do this, except for the
+DECLARATION commands listed above, when in POSIX mode.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Shell Parameter Expansion,  Next: Command Substitution,  Prev: Tilde Expansion,  Up: Shell Expansions
+
+3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion
+-------------------------------
+
+The '$' character introduces parameter expansion, command substitution,
+or arithmetic expansion.  The parameter name or symbol to be expanded
+may be enclosed in braces, which are optional but serve to protect the
+variable to be expanded from characters immediately following it which
+could be interpreted as part of the name.
+
+   When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first '}' not
+escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an
+embedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter
+expansion.
+
+   The basic form of parameter expansion is ${PARAMETER}.  The value of
+PARAMETER is substituted.  The PARAMETER is a shell parameter as
+described above (*note Shell Parameters::) or an array reference (*note
+Arrays::).  The braces are required when PARAMETER is a positional
+parameter with more than one digit, or when PARAMETER is followed by a
+character that is not to be interpreted as part of its name.
+
+   If the first character of PARAMETER is an exclamation point (!), and
+PARAMETER is not a NAMEREF, it introduces a level of indirection.  Bash
+uses the value formed by expanding the rest of PARAMETER as the new
+PARAMETER; this is then expanded and that value is used in the rest of
+the expansion, rather than the expansion of the original PARAMETER.
+This is known as 'indirect expansion'.  The value is subject to tilde
+expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
+expansion.  If PARAMETER is a nameref, this expands to the name of the
+variable referenced by PARAMETER instead of performing the complete
+indirect expansion.  The exceptions to this are the expansions of
+${!PREFIX*} and ${!NAME[@]} described below.  The exclamation point must
+immediately follow the left brace in order to introduce indirection.
+
+   In each of the cases below, WORD is subject to tilde expansion,
+parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.
+
+   When not performing substring expansion, using the form described
+below (e.g., ':-'), Bash tests for a parameter that is unset or null.
+Omitting the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset.
+Put another way, if the colon is included, the operator tests for both
+PARAMETER's existence and that its value is not null; if the colon is
+omitted, the operator tests only for existence.
+
+'${PARAMETER:-WORD}'
+     If PARAMETER is unset or null, the expansion of WORD is
+     substituted.  Otherwise, the value of PARAMETER is substituted.
+
+'${PARAMETER:=WORD}'
+     If PARAMETER is unset or null, the expansion of WORD is assigned to
+     PARAMETER.  The value of PARAMETER is then substituted.  Positional
+     parameters and special parameters may not be assigned to in this
+     way.
+
+'${PARAMETER:?WORD}'
+     If PARAMETER is null or unset, the expansion of WORD (or a message
+     to that effect if WORD is not present) is written to the standard
+     error and the shell, if it is not interactive, exits.  Otherwise,
+     the value of PARAMETER is substituted.
+
+'${PARAMETER:+WORD}'
+     If PARAMETER is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise
+     the expansion of WORD is substituted.
+
+'${PARAMETER:OFFSET}'
+'${PARAMETER:OFFSET:LENGTH}'
+     This is referred to as Substring Expansion.  It expands to up to
+     LENGTH characters of the value of PARAMETER starting at the
+     character specified by OFFSET.  If PARAMETER is '@', an indexed
+     array subscripted by '@' or '*', or an associative array name, the
+     results differ as described below.  If LENGTH is omitted, it
+     expands to the substring of the value of PARAMETER starting at the
+     character specified by OFFSET and extending to the end of the
+     value.  LENGTH and OFFSET are arithmetic expressions (*note Shell
+     Arithmetic::).
+
+     If OFFSET evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is used
+     as an offset in characters from the end of the value of PARAMETER.
+     If LENGTH evaluates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted
+     as an offset in characters from the end of the value of PARAMETER
+     rather than a number of characters, and the expansion is the
+     characters between OFFSET and that result.  Note that a negative
+     offset must be separated from the colon by at least one space to
+     avoid being confused with the ':-' expansion.
+
+     Here are some examples illustrating substring expansion on
+     parameters and subscripted arrays:
+
+     $ string=01234567890abcdefgh
+     $ echo ${string:7}
+     7890abcdefgh
+     $ echo ${string:7:0}
+     
+     $ echo ${string:7:2}
+     78
+     $ echo ${string:7:-2}
+     7890abcdef
+     $ echo ${string: -7}
+     bcdefgh
+     $ echo ${string: -7:0}
+     
+     $ echo ${string: -7:2}
+     bc
+     $ echo ${string: -7:-2}
+     bcdef
+     $ set -- 01234567890abcdefgh
+     $ echo ${1:7}
+     7890abcdefgh
+     $ echo ${1:7:0}
+     
+     $ echo ${1:7:2}
+     78
+     $ echo ${1:7:-2}
+     7890abcdef
+     $ echo ${1: -7}
+     bcdefgh
+     $ echo ${1: -7:0}
+     
+     $ echo ${1: -7:2}
+     bc
+     $ echo ${1: -7:-2}
+     bcdef
+     $ array[0]=01234567890abcdefgh
+     $ echo ${array[0]:7}
+     7890abcdefgh
+     $ echo ${array[0]:7:0}
+     
+     $ echo ${array[0]:7:2}
+     78
+     $ echo ${array[0]:7:-2}
+     7890abcdef
+     $ echo ${array[0]: -7}
+     bcdefgh
+     $ echo ${array[0]: -7:0}
+     
+     $ echo ${array[0]: -7:2}
+     bc
+     $ echo ${array[0]: -7:-2}
+     bcdef
+
+     If PARAMETER is '@', the result is LENGTH positional parameters
+     beginning at OFFSET.  A negative OFFSET is taken relative to one
+     greater than the greatest positional parameter, so an offset of -1
+     evaluates to the last positional parameter.  It is an expansion
+     error if LENGTH evaluates to a number less than zero.
+
+     The following examples illustrate substring expansion using
+     positional parameters:
+
+     $ set -- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
+     $ echo ${@:7}
+     7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
+     $ echo ${@:7:0}
+     
+     $ echo ${@:7:2}
+     7 8
+     $ echo ${@:7:-2}
+     bash: -2: substring expression < 0
+     $ echo ${@: -7:2}
+     b c
+     $ echo ${@:0}
+     ./bash 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
+     $ echo ${@:0:2}
+     ./bash 1
+     $ echo ${@: -7:0}
+     
+
+     If PARAMETER is an indexed array name subscripted by '@' or '*',
+     the result is the LENGTH members of the array beginning with
+     '${PARAMETER[OFFSET]}'.  A negative OFFSET is taken relative to one
+     greater than the maximum index of the specified array.  It is an
+     expansion error if LENGTH evaluates to a number less than zero.
+
+     These examples show how you can use substring expansion with
+     indexed arrays:
+
+     $ array=(0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h)
+     $ echo ${array[@]:7}
+     7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
+     $ echo ${array[@]:7:2}
+     7 8
+     $ echo ${array[@]: -7:2}
+     b c
+     $ echo ${array[@]: -7:-2}
+     bash: -2: substring expression < 0
+     $ echo ${array[@]:0}
+     0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
+     $ echo ${array[@]:0:2}
+     0 1
+     $ echo ${array[@]: -7:0}
+     
+
+     Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces
+     undefined results.
+
+     Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters
+     are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by default.  If
+     OFFSET is 0, and the positional parameters are used, '$@' is
+     prefixed to the list.
+
+'${!PREFIX*}'
+'${!PREFIX@}'
+     Expands to the names of variables whose names begin with PREFIX,
+     separated by the first character of the 'IFS' special variable.
+     When '@' is used and the expansion appears within double quotes,
+     each variable name expands to a separate word.
+
+'${!NAME[@]}'
+'${!NAME[*]}'
+     If NAME is an array variable, expands to the list of array indices
+     (keys) assigned in NAME.  If NAME is not an array, expands to 0 if
+     NAME is set and null otherwise.  When '@' is used and the expansion
+     appears within double quotes, each key expands to a separate word.
+
+'${#PARAMETER}'
+     The length in characters of the expanded value of PARAMETER is
+     substituted.  If PARAMETER is '*' or '@', the value substituted is
+     the number of positional parameters.  If PARAMETER is an array name
+     subscripted by '*' or '@', the value substituted is the number of
+     elements in the array.  If PARAMETER is an indexed array name
+     subscripted by a negative number, that number is interpreted as
+     relative to one greater than the maximum index of PARAMETER, so
+     negative indices count back from the end of the array, and an index
+     of -1 references the last element.
+
+'${PARAMETER#WORD}'
+'${PARAMETER##WORD}'
+     The WORD is expanded to produce a pattern and matched according to
+     the rules described below (*note Pattern Matching::).  If the
+     pattern matches the beginning of the expanded value of PARAMETER,
+     then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of PARAMETER
+     with the shortest matching pattern (the '#' case) or the longest
+     matching pattern (the '##' case) deleted.  If PARAMETER is '@' or
+     '*', the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional
+     parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.  If
+     PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted with '@' or '*', the
+     pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the array in
+     turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+
+'${PARAMETER%WORD}'
+'${PARAMETER%%WORD}'
+     The WORD is expanded to produce a pattern and matched according to
+     the rules described below (*note Pattern Matching::).  If the
+     pattern matches If the pattern matches a trailing portion of the
+     expanded value of PARAMETER, then the result of the expansion is
+     the value of PARAMETER with the shortest matching pattern (the '%'
+     case) or the longest matching pattern (the '%%' case) deleted.  If
+     PARAMETER is '@' or '*', the pattern removal operation is applied
+     to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the
+     resultant list.  If PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted with
+     '@' or '*', the pattern removal operation is applied to each member
+     of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+
+'${PARAMETER/PATTERN/STRING}'
+
+     The PATTERN is expanded to produce a pattern just as in filename
+     expansion.  PARAMETER is expanded and the longest match of PATTERN
+     against its value is replaced with STRING.  The match is performed
+     according to the rules described below (*note Pattern Matching::).
+     If PATTERN begins with '/', all matches of PATTERN are replaced
+     with STRING.  Normally only the first match is replaced.  If
+     PATTERN begins with '#', it must match at the beginning of the
+     expanded value of PARAMETER.  If PATTERN begins with '%', it must
+     match at the end of the expanded value of PARAMETER.  If STRING is
+     null, matches of PATTERN are deleted and the '/' following PATTERN
+     may be omitted.  If the 'nocasematch' shell option (see the
+     description of 'shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::) is enabled,
+     the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic
+     characters.  If PARAMETER is '@' or '*', the substitution operation
+     is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion
+     is the resultant list.  If PARAMETER is an array variable
+     subscripted with '@' or '*', the substitution operation is applied
+     to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the
+     resultant list.
+
+'${PARAMETER^PATTERN}'
+'${PARAMETER^^PATTERN}'
+'${PARAMETER,PATTERN}'
+'${PARAMETER,,PATTERN}'
+     This expansion modifies the case of alphabetic characters in
+     PARAMETER.  The PATTERN is expanded to produce a pattern just as in
+     filename expansion.  Each character in the expanded value of
+     PARAMETER is tested against PATTERN, and, if it matches the
+     pattern, its case is converted.  The pattern should not attempt to
+     match more than one character.  The '^' operator converts lowercase
+     letters matching PATTERN to uppercase; the ',' operator converts
+     matching uppercase letters to lowercase.  The '^^' and ',,'
+     expansions convert each matched character in the expanded value;
+     the '^' and ',' expansions match and convert only the first
+     character in the expanded value.  If PATTERN is omitted, it is
+     treated like a '?', which matches every character.  If PARAMETER is
+     '@' or '*', the case modification operation is applied to each
+     positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant
+     list.  If PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted with '@' or
+     '*', the case modification operation is applied to each member of
+     the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+
+'${PARAMETER@OPERATOR}'
+     The expansion is either a transformation of the value of PARAMETER
+     or information about PARAMETER itself, depending on the value of
+     OPERATOR.  Each OPERATOR is a single letter:
+
+     'Q'
+          The expansion is a string that is the value of PARAMETER
+          quoted in a format that can be reused as input.
+     'E'
+          The expansion is a string that is the value of PARAMETER with
+          backslash escape sequences expanded as with the '$'...''
+          quoting mechanism.
+     'P'
+          The expansion is a string that is the result of expanding the
+          value of PARAMETER as if it were a prompt string (*note
+          Controlling the Prompt::).
+     'A'
+          The expansion is a string in the form of an assignment
+          statement or 'declare' command that, if evaluated, will
+          recreate PARAMETER with its attributes and value.
+     'a'
+          The expansion is a string consisting of flag values
+          representing PARAMETER's attributes.
+
+     If PARAMETER is '@' or '*', the operation is applied to each
+     positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant
+     list.  If PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted with '@' or
+     '*', the operation is applied to each member of the array in turn,
+     and the expansion is the resultant list.
+
+     The result of the expansion is subject to word splitting and
+     pathname expansion as described below.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Command Substitution,  Next: Arithmetic Expansion,  Prev: Shell Parameter Expansion,  Up: Shell Expansions
+
+3.5.4 Command Substitution
+--------------------------
+
+Command substitution allows the output of a command to replace the
+command itself.  Command substitution occurs when a command is enclosed
+as follows:
+     $(COMMAND)
+or
+     `COMMAND`
+
+Bash performs the expansion by executing COMMAND in a subshell
+environment and replacing the command substitution with the standard
+output of the command, with any trailing newlines deleted.  Embedded
+newlines are not deleted, but they may be removed during word splitting.
+The command substitution '$(cat FILE)' can be replaced by the equivalent
+but faster '$(< FILE)'.
+
+   When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used, backslash
+retains its literal meaning except when followed by '$', '`', or '\'.
+The first backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command
+substitution.  When using the '$(COMMAND)' form, all characters between
+the parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially.
+
+   Command substitutions may be nested.  To nest when using the
+backquoted form, escape the inner backquotes with backslashes.
+
+   If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and
+filename expansion are not performed on the results.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Arithmetic Expansion,  Next: Process Substitution,  Prev: Command Substitution,  Up: Shell Expansions
+
+3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion
+--------------------------
+
+Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression
+and the substitution of the result.  The format for arithmetic expansion
+is:
+
+     $(( EXPRESSION ))
+
+   The expression is treated as if it were within double quotes, but a
+double quote inside the parentheses is not treated specially.  All
+tokens in the expression undergo parameter and variable expansion,
+command substitution, and quote removal.  The result is treated as the
+arithmetic expression to be evaluated.  Arithmetic expansions may be
+nested.
+
+   The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below
+(*note Shell Arithmetic::).  If the expression is invalid, Bash prints a
+message indicating failure to the standard error and no substitution
+occurs.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Process Substitution,  Next: Word Splitting,  Prev: Arithmetic Expansion,  Up: Shell Expansions
+
+3.5.6 Process Substitution
+--------------------------
+
+Process substitution allows a process's input or output to be referred
+to using a filename.  It takes the form of
+     <(LIST)
+or
+     >(LIST)
+The process LIST is run asynchronously, and its input or output appears
+as a filename.  This filename is passed as an argument to the current
+command as the result of the expansion.  If the '>(LIST)' form is used,
+writing to the file will provide input for LIST.  If the '<(LIST)' form
+is used, the file passed as an argument should be read to obtain the
+output of LIST.  Note that no space may appear between the '<' or '>'
+and the left parenthesis, otherwise the construct would be interpreted
+as a redirection.  Process substitution is supported on systems that
+support named pipes (FIFOs) or the '/dev/fd' method of naming open
+files.
+
+   When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with
+parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
+expansion.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Word Splitting,  Next: Filename Expansion,  Prev: Process Substitution,  Up: Shell Expansions
+
+3.5.7 Word Splitting
+--------------------
+
+The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command
+substitution, and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double
+quotes for word splitting.
+
+   The shell treats each character of '$IFS' as a delimiter, and splits
+the results of the other expansions into words using these characters as
+field terminators.  If 'IFS' is unset, or its value is exactly
+'<space><tab><newline>', the default, then sequences of ' <space>',
+'<tab>', and '<newline>' at the beginning and end of the results of the
+previous expansions are ignored, and any sequence of 'IFS' characters
+not at the beginning or end serves to delimit words.  If 'IFS' has a
+value other than the default, then sequences of the whitespace
+characters 'space', 'tab', and 'newline' are ignored at the beginning
+and end of the word, as long as the whitespace character is in the value
+of 'IFS' (an 'IFS' whitespace character).  Any character in 'IFS' that
+is not 'IFS' whitespace, along with any adjacent 'IFS' whitespace
+characters, delimits a field.  A sequence of 'IFS' whitespace characters
+is also treated as a delimiter.  If the value of 'IFS' is null, no word
+splitting occurs.
+
+   Explicit null arguments ('""' or '''') are retained and passed to
+commands as empty strings.  Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting
+from the expansion of parameters that have no values, are removed.  If a
+parameter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a null
+argument results and is retained and passed to a command as an empty
+string.  When a quoted null argument appears as part of a word whose
+expansion is non-null, the null argument is removed.  That is, the word
+'-d''' becomes '-d' after word splitting and null argument removal.
+
+   Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting is performed.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Filename Expansion,  Next: Quote Removal,  Prev: Word Splitting,  Up: Shell Expansions
+
+3.5.8 Filename Expansion
+------------------------
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Pattern Matching::	How the shell matches patterns.
+
+After word splitting, unless the '-f' option has been set (*note The Set
+Builtin::), Bash scans each word for the characters '*', '?', and '['.
+If one of these characters appears, then the word is regarded as a
+PATTERN, and replaced with an alphabetically sorted list of filenames
+matching the pattern (*note Pattern Matching::).  If no matching
+filenames are found, and the shell option 'nullglob' is disabled, the
+word is left unchanged.  If the 'nullglob' option is set, and no matches
+are found, the word is removed.  If the 'failglob' shell option is set,
+and no matches are found, an error message is printed and the command is
+not executed.  If the shell option 'nocaseglob' is enabled, the match is
+performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters.
+
+   When a pattern is used for filename expansion, the character '.' at
+the start of a filename or immediately following a slash must be matched
+explicitly, unless the shell option 'dotglob' is set.  The filenames '.'
+and '..' must always be matched explicitly, even if 'dotglob' is set.
+In other cases, the '.' character is not treated specially.
+
+   When matching a filename, the slash character must always be matched
+explicitly by a slash in the pattern, but in other matching contexts it
+can be matched by a special pattern character as described below (*note
+Pattern Matching::).
+
+   See the description of 'shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::, for a
+description of the 'nocaseglob', 'nullglob', 'failglob', and 'dotglob'
+options.
+
+   The 'GLOBIGNORE' shell variable may be used to restrict the set of
+file names matching a pattern.  If 'GLOBIGNORE' is set, each matching
+file name that also matches one of the patterns in 'GLOBIGNORE' is
+removed from the list of matches.  If the 'nocaseglob' option is set,
+the matching against the patterns in 'GLOBIGNORE' is performed without
+regard to case.  The filenames '.' and '..' are always ignored when
+'GLOBIGNORE' is set and not null.  However, setting 'GLOBIGNORE' to a
+non-null value has the effect of enabling the 'dotglob' shell option, so
+all other filenames beginning with a '.' will match.  To get the old
+behavior of ignoring filenames beginning with a '.', make '.*' one of
+the patterns in 'GLOBIGNORE'.  The 'dotglob' option is disabled when
+'GLOBIGNORE' is unset.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Pattern Matching,  Up: Filename Expansion
+
+3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching
+........................
+
+Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern
+characters described below, matches itself.  The NUL character may not
+occur in a pattern.  A backslash escapes the following character; the
+escaping backslash is discarded when matching.  The special pattern
+characters must be quoted if they are to be matched literally.
+
+   The special pattern characters have the following meanings:
+'*'
+     Matches any string, including the null string.  When the 'globstar'
+     shell option is enabled, and '*' is used in a filename expansion
+     context, two adjacent '*'s used as a single pattern will match all
+     files and zero or more directories and subdirectories.  If followed
+     by a '/', two adjacent '*'s will match only directories and
+     subdirectories.
+'?'
+     Matches any single character.
+'[...]'
+     Matches any one of the enclosed characters.  A pair of characters
+     separated by a hyphen denotes a RANGE EXPRESSION; any character
+     that falls between those two characters, inclusive, using the
+     current locale's collating sequence and character set, is matched.
+     If the first character following the '[' is a '!' or a '^' then any
+     character not enclosed is matched.  A '-' may be matched by
+     including it as the first or last character in the set.  A ']' may
+     be matched by including it as the first character in the set.  The
+     sorting order of characters in range expressions is determined by
+     the current locale and the values of the 'LC_COLLATE' and 'LC_ALL'
+     shell variables, if set.
+
+     For example, in the default C locale, '[a-dx-z]' is equivalent to
+     '[abcdxyz]'.  Many locales sort characters in dictionary order, and
+     in these locales '[a-dx-z]' is typically not equivalent to
+     '[abcdxyz]'; it might be equivalent to '[aBbCcDdxXyYz]', for
+     example.  To obtain the traditional interpretation of ranges in
+     bracket expressions, you can force the use of the C locale by
+     setting the 'LC_COLLATE' or 'LC_ALL' environment variable to the
+     value 'C', or enable the 'globasciiranges' shell option.
+
+     Within '[' and ']', CHARACTER CLASSES can be specified using the
+     syntax '[:'CLASS':]', where CLASS is one of the following classes
+     defined in the POSIX standard:
+          alnum   alpha   ascii   blank   cntrl   digit   graph   lower
+          print   punct   space   upper   word    xdigit
+     A character class matches any character belonging to that class.
+     The 'word' character class matches letters, digits, and the
+     character '_'.
+
+     Within '[' and ']', an EQUIVALENCE CLASS can be specified using the
+     syntax '[='C'=]', which matches all characters with the same
+     collation weight (as defined by the current locale) as the
+     character C.
+
+     Within '[' and ']', the syntax '[.'SYMBOL'.]' matches the collating
+     symbol SYMBOL.
+
+   If the 'extglob' shell option is enabled using the 'shopt' builtin,
+several extended pattern matching operators are recognized.  In the
+following description, a PATTERN-LIST is a list of one or more patterns
+separated by a '|'.  Composite patterns may be formed using one or more
+of the following sub-patterns:
+
+'?(PATTERN-LIST)'
+     Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns.
+
+'*(PATTERN-LIST)'
+     Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns.
+
+'+(PATTERN-LIST)'
+     Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns.
+
+'@(PATTERN-LIST)'
+     Matches one of the given patterns.
+
+'!(PATTERN-LIST)'
+     Matches anything except one of the given patterns.
+
+   Complicated extended pattern matching against long strings is slow,
+especially when the patterns contain alternations and the strings
+contain multiple matches.  Using separate matches against shorter
+strings, or using arrays of strings instead of a single long string, may
+be faster.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Quote Removal,  Prev: Filename Expansion,  Up: Shell Expansions
+
+3.5.9 Quote Removal
+-------------------
+
+After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the
+characters '\', ''', and '"' that did not result from one of the above
+expansions are removed.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Redirections,  Next: Executing Commands,  Prev: Shell Expansions,  Up: Basic Shell Features
+
+3.6 Redirections
+================
+
+Before a command is executed, its input and output may be REDIRECTED
+using a special notation interpreted by the shell.  Redirection allows
+commands' file handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer
+to different files, and can change the files the command reads from and
+writes to.  Redirection may also be used to modify file handles in the
+current shell execution environment.  The following redirection
+operators may precede or appear anywhere within a simple command or may
+follow a command.  Redirections are processed in the order they appear,
+from left to right.
+
+   Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number may
+instead be preceded by a word of the form {VARNAME}.  In this case, for
+each redirection operator except >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a
+file descriptor greater than 10 and assign it to {VARNAME}.  If >&- or
+<&- is preceded by {VARNAME}, the value of VARNAME defines the file
+descriptor to close.  If {VARNAME} is supplied, the redirection persists
+beyond the scope of the command, allowing the shell programmer to manage
+the file descriptor himself.
+
+   In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is
+omitted, and the first character of the redirection operator is '<', the
+redirection refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0).  If the
+first character of the redirection operator is '>', the redirection
+refers to the standard output (file descriptor 1).
+
+   The word following the redirection operator in the following
+descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion,
+tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
+expansion, quote removal, filename expansion, and word splitting.  If it
+expands to more than one word, Bash reports an error.
+
+   Note that the order of redirections is significant.  For example, the
+command
+     ls > DIRLIST 2>&1
+directs both standard output (file descriptor 1) and standard error
+(file descriptor 2) to the file DIRLIST, while the command
+     ls 2>&1 > DIRLIST
+directs only the standard output to file DIRLIST, because the standard
+error was made a copy of the standard output before the standard output
+was redirected to DIRLIST.
+
+   Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in
+redirections, as described in the following table.  If the operating
+system on which Bash is running provides these special files, bash will
+use them; otherwise it will emulate them internally with the behavior
+described below.
+
+'/dev/fd/FD'
+     If FD is a valid integer, file descriptor FD is duplicated.
+
+'/dev/stdin'
+     File descriptor 0 is duplicated.
+
+'/dev/stdout'
+     File descriptor 1 is duplicated.
+
+'/dev/stderr'
+     File descriptor 2 is duplicated.
+
+'/dev/tcp/HOST/PORT'
+     If HOST is a valid hostname or Internet address, and PORT is an
+     integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open the
+     corresponding TCP socket.
+
+'/dev/udp/HOST/PORT'
+     If HOST is a valid hostname or Internet address, and PORT is an
+     integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open the
+     corresponding UDP socket.
+
+   A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail.
+
+   Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used
+with care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses
+internally.
+
+3.6.1 Redirecting Input
+-----------------------
+
+Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from the
+expansion of WORD to be opened for reading on file descriptor 'n', or
+the standard input (file descriptor 0) if 'n' is not specified.
+
+   The general format for redirecting input is:
+     [N]<WORD
+
+3.6.2 Redirecting Output
+------------------------
+
+Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from the
+expansion of WORD to be opened for writing on file descriptor N, or the
+standard output (file descriptor 1) if N is not specified.  If the file
+does not exist it is created; if it does exist it is truncated to zero
+size.
+
+   The general format for redirecting output is:
+     [N]>[|]WORD
+
+   If the redirection operator is '>', and the 'noclobber' option to the
+'set' builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file
+whose name results from the expansion of WORD exists and is a regular
+file.  If the redirection operator is '>|', or the redirection operator
+is '>' and the 'noclobber' option is not enabled, the redirection is
+attempted even if the file named by WORD exists.
+
+3.6.3 Appending Redirected Output
+---------------------------------
+
+Redirection of output in this fashion causes the file whose name results
+from the expansion of WORD to be opened for appending on file descriptor
+N, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if N is not specified.  If
+the file does not exist it is created.
+
+   The general format for appending output is:
+     [N]>>WORD
+
+3.6.4 Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error
+----------------------------------------------------
+
+This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and
+the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be redirected to the
+file whose name is the expansion of WORD.
+
+   There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard
+error:
+     &>WORD
+and
+     >&WORD
+Of the two forms, the first is preferred.  This is semantically
+equivalent to
+     >WORD 2>&1
+   When using the second form, WORD may not expand to a number or '-'.
+If it does, other redirection operators apply (see Duplicating File
+Descriptors below) for compatibility reasons.
+
+3.6.5 Appending Standard Output and Standard Error
+--------------------------------------------------
+
+This construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and
+the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be appended to the file
+whose name is the expansion of WORD.
+
+   The format for appending standard output and standard error is:
+     &>>WORD
+This is semantically equivalent to
+     >>WORD 2>&1
+   (see Duplicating File Descriptors below).
+
+3.6.6 Here Documents
+--------------------
+
+This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the
+current source until a line containing only WORD (with no trailing
+blanks) is seen.  All of the lines read up to that point are then used
+as the standard input (or file descriptor N if N is specified) for a
+command.
+
+   The format of here-documents is:
+     [N]<<[-]WORD
+             HERE-DOCUMENT
+     DELIMITER
+
+   No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
+expansion, or filename expansion is performed on WORD.  If any part of
+WORD is quoted, the DELIMITER is the result of quote removal on WORD,
+and the lines in the here-document are not expanded.  If WORD is
+unquoted, all lines of the here-document are subjected to parameter
+expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, the character
+sequence '\newline' is ignored, and '\' must be used to quote the
+characters '\', '$', and '`'.
+
+   If the redirection operator is '<<-', then all leading tab characters
+are stripped from input lines and the line containing DELIMITER.  This
+allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural
+fashion.
+
+3.6.7 Here Strings
+------------------
+
+A variant of here documents, the format is:
+     [N]<<< WORD
+
+   The WORD undergoes tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
+command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal.  Pathname
+expansion and word splitting are not performed.  The result is supplied
+as a single string, with a newline appended, to the command on its
+standard input (or file descriptor N if N is specified).
+
+3.6.8 Duplicating File Descriptors
+----------------------------------
+
+The redirection operator
+     [N]<&WORD
+is used to duplicate input file descriptors.  If WORD expands to one or
+more digits, the file descriptor denoted by N is made to be a copy of
+that file descriptor.  If the digits in WORD do not specify a file
+descriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs.  If WORD
+evaluates to '-', file descriptor N is closed.  If N is not specified,
+the standard input (file descriptor 0) is used.
+
+   The operator
+     [N]>&WORD
+is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors.  If N is not
+specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used.  If the
+digits in WORD do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a
+redirection error occurs.  If WORD evaluates to '-', file descriptor N
+is closed.  As a special case, if N is omitted, and WORD does not expand
+to one or more digits or '-', the standard output and standard error are
+redirected as described previously.
+
+3.6.9 Moving File Descriptors
+-----------------------------
+
+The redirection operator
+     [N]<&DIGIT-
+moves the file descriptor DIGIT to file descriptor N, or the standard
+input (file descriptor 0) if N is not specified.  DIGIT is closed after
+being duplicated to N.
+
+   Similarly, the redirection operator
+     [N]>&DIGIT-
+moves the file descriptor DIGIT to file descriptor N, or the standard
+output (file descriptor 1) if N is not specified.
+
+3.6.10 Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing
+-------------------------------------------------------
+
+The redirection operator
+     [N]<>WORD
+causes the file whose name is the expansion of WORD to be opened for
+both reading and writing on file descriptor N, or on file descriptor 0
+if N is not specified.  If the file does not exist, it is created.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Executing Commands,  Next: Shell Scripts,  Prev: Redirections,  Up: Basic Shell Features
+
+3.7 Executing Commands
+======================
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Simple Command Expansion::	How Bash expands simple commands before
+				executing them.
+* Command Search and Execution::	How Bash finds commands and runs them.
+* Command Execution Environment::	The environment in which Bash
+					executes commands that are not
+					shell builtins.
+* Environment::		The environment given to a command.
+* Exit Status::		The status returned by commands and how Bash
+			interprets it.
+* Signals::		What happens when Bash or a command it runs
+			receives a signal.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Simple Command Expansion,  Next: Command Search and Execution,  Up: Executing Commands
+
+3.7.1 Simple Command Expansion
+------------------------------
+
+When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following
+expansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right.
+
+  1. The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments (those
+     preceding the command name) and redirections are saved for later
+     processing.
+
+  2. The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are
+     expanded (*note Shell Expansions::).  If any words remain after
+     expansion, the first word is taken to be the name of the command
+     and the remaining words are the arguments.
+
+  3. Redirections are performed as described above (*note
+     Redirections::).
+
+  4. The text after the '=' in each variable assignment undergoes tilde
+     expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
+     expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the variable.
+
+   If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the
+current shell environment.  Otherwise, the variables are added to the
+environment of the executed command and do not affect the current shell
+environment.  If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a
+readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits with a
+non-zero status.
+
+   If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not
+affect the current shell environment.  A redirection error causes the
+command to exit with a non-zero status.
+
+   If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds
+as described below.  Otherwise, the command exits.  If one of the
+expansions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the
+command is the exit status of the last command substitution performed.
+If there were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status
+of zero.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Command Search and Execution,  Next: Command Execution Environment,  Prev: Simple Command Expansion,  Up: Executing Commands
+
+3.7.2 Command Search and Execution
+----------------------------------
+
+After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple
+command and an optional list of arguments, the following actions are
+taken.
+
+  1. If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to
+     locate it.  If there exists a shell function by that name, that
+     function is invoked as described in *note Shell Functions::.
+
+  2. If the name does not match a function, the shell searches for it in
+     the list of shell builtins.  If a match is found, that builtin is
+     invoked.
+
+  3. If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains
+     no slashes, Bash searches each element of '$PATH' for a directory
+     containing an executable file by that name.  Bash uses a hash table
+     to remember the full pathnames of executable files to avoid
+     multiple 'PATH' searches (see the description of 'hash' in *note
+     Bourne Shell Builtins::).  A full search of the directories in
+     '$PATH' is performed only if the command is not found in the hash
+     table.  If the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a
+     defined shell function named 'command_not_found_handle'.  If that
+     function exists, it is invoked in a separate execution environment
+     with the original command and the original command's arguments as
+     its arguments, and the function's exit status becomes the exit
+     status of that subshell.  If that function is not defined, the
+     shell prints an error message and returns an exit status of 127.
+
+  4. If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or
+     more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a separate
+     execution environment.  Argument 0 is set to the name given, and
+     the remaining arguments to the command are set to the arguments
+     supplied, if any.
+
+  5. If this execution fails because the file is not in executable
+     format, and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a
+     SHELL SCRIPT and the shell executes it as described in *note Shell
+     Scripts::.
+
+  6. If the command was not begun asynchronously, the shell waits for
+     the command to complete and collects its exit status.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Command Execution Environment,  Next: Environment,  Prev: Command Search and Execution,  Up: Executing Commands
+
+3.7.3 Command Execution Environment
+-----------------------------------
+
+The shell has an EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT, which consists of the following:
+
+   * open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
+     redirections supplied to the 'exec' builtin
+
+   * the current working directory as set by 'cd', 'pushd', or 'popd',
+     or inherited by the shell at invocation
+
+   * the file creation mode mask as set by 'umask' or inherited from the
+     shell's parent
+
+   * current traps set by 'trap'
+
+   * shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with 'set'
+     or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment
+
+   * shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the
+     shell's parent in the environment
+
+   * options enabled at invocation (either by default or with
+     command-line arguments) or by 'set'
+
+   * options enabled by 'shopt' (*note The Shopt Builtin::)
+
+   * shell aliases defined with 'alias' (*note Aliases::)
+
+   * various process IDs, including those of background jobs (*note
+     Lists::), the value of '$$', and the value of '$PPID'
+
+   When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be
+executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that
+consists of the following.  Unless otherwise noted, the values are
+inherited from the shell.
+
+   * the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions
+     specified by redirections to the command
+
+   * the current working directory
+
+   * the file creation mode mask
+
+   * shell variables and functions marked for export, along with
+     variables exported for the command, passed in the environment
+     (*note Environment::)
+
+   * traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from
+     the shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored
+
+   A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the
+shell's execution environment.
+
+   Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and
+asynchronous commands are invoked in a subshell environment that is a
+duplicate of the shell environment, except that traps caught by the
+shell are reset to the values that the shell inherited from its parent
+at invocation.  Builtin commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline
+are also executed in a subshell environment.  Changes made to the
+subshell environment cannot affect the shell's execution environment.
+
+   Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value
+of the '-e' option from the parent shell.  When not in POSIX mode, Bash
+clears the '-e' option in such subshells.
+
+   If a command is followed by a '&' and job control is not active, the
+default standard input for the command is the empty file '/dev/null'.
+Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the
+calling shell as modified by redirections.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Environment,  Next: Exit Status,  Prev: Command Execution Environment,  Up: Executing Commands
+
+3.7.4 Environment
+-----------------
+
+When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the
+ENVIRONMENT.  This is a list of name-value pairs, of the form
+'name=value'.
+
+   Bash provides several ways to manipulate the environment.  On
+invocation, the shell scans its own environment and creates a parameter
+for each name found, automatically marking it for EXPORT to child
+processes.  Executed commands inherit the environment.  The 'export' and
+'declare -x' commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and
+deleted from the environment.  If the value of a parameter in the
+environment is modified, the new value becomes part of the environment,
+replacing the old.  The environment inherited by any executed command
+consists of the shell's initial environment, whose values may be
+modified in the shell, less any pairs removed by the 'unset' and 'export
+-n' commands, plus any additions via the 'export' and 'declare -x'
+commands.
+
+   The environment for any simple command or function may be augmented
+temporarily by prefixing it with parameter assignments, as described in
+*note Shell Parameters::.  These assignment statements affect only the
+environment seen by that command.
+
+   If the '-k' option is set (*note The Set Builtin::), then all
+parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not
+just those that precede the command name.
+
+   When Bash invokes an external command, the variable '$_' is set to
+the full pathname of the command and passed to that command in its
+environment.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Exit Status,  Next: Signals,  Prev: Environment,  Up: Executing Commands
+
+3.7.5 Exit Status
+-----------------
+
+The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the
+WAITPID system call or equivalent function.  Exit statuses fall between
+0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may use values above
+125 specially.  Exit statuses from shell builtins and compound commands
+are also limited to this range.  Under certain circumstances, the shell
+will use special values to indicate specific failure modes.
+
+   For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a zero exit
+status has succeeded.  A non-zero exit status indicates failure.  This
+seemingly counter-intuitive scheme is used so there is one well-defined
+way to indicate success and a variety of ways to indicate various
+failure modes.  When a command terminates on a fatal signal whose number
+is N, Bash uses the value 128+N as the exit status.
+
+   If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it
+returns a status of 127.  If a command is found but is not executable,
+the return status is 126.
+
+   If a command fails because of an error during expansion or
+redirection, the exit status is greater than zero.
+
+   The exit status is used by the Bash conditional commands (*note
+Conditional Constructs::) and some of the list constructs (*note
+Lists::).
+
+   All of the Bash builtins return an exit status of zero if they
+succeed and a non-zero status on failure, so they may be used by the
+conditional and list constructs.  All builtins return an exit status of
+2 to indicate incorrect usage, generally invalid options or missing
+arguments.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Signals,  Prev: Exit Status,  Up: Executing Commands
+
+3.7.6 Signals
+-------------
+
+When Bash is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores
+'SIGTERM' (so that 'kill 0' does not kill an interactive shell), and
+'SIGINT' is caught and handled (so that the 'wait' builtin is
+interruptible).  When Bash receives a 'SIGINT', it breaks out of any
+executing loops.  In all cases, Bash ignores 'SIGQUIT'.  If job control
+is in effect (*note Job Control::), Bash ignores 'SIGTTIN', 'SIGTTOU',
+and 'SIGTSTP'.
+
+   Non-builtin commands started by Bash have signal handlers set to the
+values inherited by the shell from its parent.  When job control is not
+in effect, asynchronous commands ignore 'SIGINT' and 'SIGQUIT' in
+addition to these inherited handlers.  Commands run as a result of
+command substitution ignore the keyboard-generated job control signals
+'SIGTTIN', 'SIGTTOU', and 'SIGTSTP'.
+
+   The shell exits by default upon receipt of a 'SIGHUP'.  Before
+exiting, an interactive shell resends the 'SIGHUP' to all jobs, running
+or stopped.  Stopped jobs are sent 'SIGCONT' to ensure that they receive
+the 'SIGHUP'.  To prevent the shell from sending the 'SIGHUP' signal to
+a particular job, it should be removed from the jobs table with the
+'disown' builtin (*note Job Control Builtins::) or marked to not receive
+'SIGHUP' using 'disown -h'.
+
+   If the 'huponexit' shell option has been set with 'shopt' (*note The
+Shopt Builtin::), Bash sends a 'SIGHUP' to all jobs when an interactive
+login shell exits.
+
+   If Bash is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal
+for which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until the
+command completes.  When Bash is waiting for an asynchronous command via
+the 'wait' builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap has been
+set will cause the 'wait' builtin to return immediately with an exit
+status greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is executed.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Shell Scripts,  Prev: Executing Commands,  Up: Basic Shell Features
+
+3.8 Shell Scripts
+=================
+
+A shell script is a text file containing shell commands.  When such a
+file is used as the first non-option argument when invoking Bash, and
+neither the '-c' nor '-s' option is supplied (*note Invoking Bash::),
+Bash reads and executes commands from the file, then exits.  This mode
+of operation creates a non-interactive shell.  The shell first searches
+for the file in the current directory, and looks in the directories in
+'$PATH' if not found there.
+
+   When Bash runs a shell script, it sets the special parameter '0' to
+the name of the file, rather than the name of the shell, and the
+positional parameters are set to the remaining arguments, if any are
+given.  If no additional arguments are supplied, the positional
+parameters are unset.
+
+   A shell script may be made executable by using the 'chmod' command to
+turn on the execute bit.  When Bash finds such a file while searching
+the '$PATH' for a command, it spawns a subshell to execute it.  In other
+words, executing
+     filename ARGUMENTS
+is equivalent to executing
+     bash filename ARGUMENTS
+
+if 'filename' is an executable shell script.  This subshell
+reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as if a new shell had been
+invoked to interpret the script, with the exception that the locations
+of commands remembered by the parent (see the description of 'hash' in
+*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) are retained by the child.
+
+   Most versions of Unix make this a part of the operating system's
+command execution mechanism.  If the first line of a script begins with
+the two characters '#!', the remainder of the line specifies an
+interpreter for the program.  Thus, you can specify Bash, 'awk', Perl,
+or some other interpreter and write the rest of the script file in that
+language.
+
+   The arguments to the interpreter consist of a single optional
+argument following the interpreter name on the first line of the script
+file, followed by the name of the script file, followed by the rest of
+the arguments.  Bash will perform this action on operating systems that
+do not handle it themselves.  Note that some older versions of Unix
+limit the interpreter name and argument to a maximum of 32 characters.
+
+   Bash scripts often begin with '#! /bin/bash' (assuming that Bash has
+been installed in '/bin'), since this ensures that Bash will be used to
+interpret the script, even if it is executed under another shell.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Shell Builtin Commands,  Next: Shell Variables,  Prev: Basic Shell Features,  Up: Top
+
+4 Shell Builtin Commands
+************************
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Bourne Shell Builtins::	Builtin commands inherited from the Bourne
+				Shell.
+* Bash Builtins::		Table of builtins specific to Bash.
+* Modifying Shell Behavior::	Builtins to modify shell attributes and
+				optional behavior.
+* Special Builtins::		Builtin commands classified specially by
+				POSIX.
+
+Builtin commands are contained within the shell itself.  When the name
+of a builtin command is used as the first word of a simple command
+(*note Simple Commands::), the shell executes the command directly,
+without invoking another program.  Builtin commands are necessary to
+implement functionality impossible or inconvenient to obtain with
+separate utilities.
+
+   This section briefly describes the builtins which Bash inherits from
+the Bourne Shell, as well as the builtin commands which are unique to or
+have been extended in Bash.
+
+   Several builtin commands are described in other chapters: builtin
+commands which provide the Bash interface to the job control facilities
+(*note Job Control Builtins::), the directory stack (*note Directory
+Stack Builtins::), the command history (*note Bash History Builtins::),
+and the programmable completion facilities (*note Programmable
+Completion Builtins::).
+
+   Many of the builtins have been extended by POSIX or Bash.
+
+   Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented as accepting
+options preceded by '-' accepts '--' to signify the end of the options.
+The ':', 'true', 'false', and 'test'/'[' builtins do not accept options
+and do not treat '--' specially.  The 'exit', 'logout', 'return',
+'break', 'continue', 'let', and 'shift' builtins accept and process
+arguments beginning with '-' without requiring '--'.  Other builtins
+that accept arguments but are not specified as accepting options
+interpret arguments beginning with '-' as invalid options and require
+'--' to prevent this interpretation.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Bourne Shell Builtins,  Next: Bash Builtins,  Up: Shell Builtin Commands
+
+4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins
+=========================
+
+The following shell builtin commands are inherited from the Bourne
+Shell.  These commands are implemented as specified by the POSIX
+standard.
+
+': (a colon)'
+          : [ARGUMENTS]
+
+     Do nothing beyond expanding ARGUMENTS and performing redirections.
+     The return status is zero.
+
+'. (a period)'
+          . FILENAME [ARGUMENTS]
+
+     Read and execute commands from the FILENAME argument in the current
+     shell context.  If FILENAME does not contain a slash, the 'PATH'
+     variable is used to find FILENAME.  When Bash is not in POSIX mode,
+     the current directory is searched if FILENAME is not found in
+     '$PATH'.  If any ARGUMENTS are supplied, they become the positional
+     parameters when FILENAME is executed.  Otherwise the positional
+     parameters are unchanged.  If the '-T' option is enabled, 'source'
+     inherits any trap on 'DEBUG'; if it is not, any 'DEBUG' trap string
+     is saved and restored around the call to 'source', and 'source'
+     unsets the 'DEBUG' trap while it executes.  If '-T' is not set, and
+     the sourced file changes the 'DEBUG' trap, the new value is
+     retained when 'source' completes.  The return status is the exit
+     status of the last command executed, or zero if no commands are
+     executed.  If FILENAME is not found, or cannot be read, the return
+     status is non-zero.  This builtin is equivalent to 'source'.
+
+'break'
+          break [N]
+
+     Exit from a 'for', 'while', 'until', or 'select' loop.  If N is
+     supplied, the Nth enclosing loop is exited.  N must be greater than
+     or equal to 1.  The return status is zero unless N is not greater
+     than or equal to 1.
+
+'cd'
+          cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@] [DIRECTORY]
+
+     Change the current working directory to DIRECTORY.  If DIRECTORY is
+     not supplied, the value of the 'HOME' shell variable is used.  Any
+     additional arguments following DIRECTORY are ignored.  If the shell
+     variable 'CDPATH' exists, it is used as a search path: each
+     directory name in 'CDPATH' is searched for DIRECTORY, with
+     alternative directory names in 'CDPATH' separated by a colon (':').
+     If DIRECTORY begins with a slash, 'CDPATH' is not used.
+
+     The '-P' option means to not follow symbolic links: symbolic links
+     are resolved while 'cd' is traversing DIRECTORY and before
+     processing an instance of '..' in DIRECTORY.
+
+     By default, or when the '-L' option is supplied, symbolic links in
+     DIRECTORY are resolved after 'cd' processes an instance of '..' in
+     DIRECTORY.
+
+     If '..' appears in DIRECTORY, it is processed by removing the
+     immediately preceding pathname component, back to a slash or the
+     beginning of DIRECTORY.
+
+     If the '-e' option is supplied with '-P' and the current working
+     directory cannot be successfully determined after a successful
+     directory change, 'cd' will return an unsuccessful status.
+
+     On systems that support it, the '-@' option presents the extended
+     attributes associated with a file as a directory.
+
+     If DIRECTORY is '-', it is converted to '$OLDPWD' before the
+     directory change is attempted.
+
+     If a non-empty directory name from 'CDPATH' is used, or if '-' is
+     the first argument, and the directory change is successful, the
+     absolute pathname of the new working directory is written to the
+     standard output.
+
+     The return status is zero if the directory is successfully changed,
+     non-zero otherwise.
+
+'continue'
+          continue [N]
+
+     Resume the next iteration of an enclosing 'for', 'while', 'until',
+     or 'select' loop.  If N is supplied, the execution of the Nth
+     enclosing loop is resumed.  N must be greater than or equal to 1.
+     The return status is zero unless N is not greater than or equal to
+     1.
+
+'eval'
+          eval [ARGUMENTS]
+
+     The arguments are concatenated together into a single command,
+     which is then read and executed, and its exit status returned as
+     the exit status of 'eval'.  If there are no arguments or only empty
+     arguments, the return status is zero.
+
+'exec'
+          exec [-cl] [-a NAME] [COMMAND [ARGUMENTS]]
+
+     If COMMAND is supplied, it replaces the shell without creating a
+     new process.  If the '-l' option is supplied, the shell places a
+     dash at the beginning of the zeroth argument passed to COMMAND.
+     This is what the 'login' program does.  The '-c' option causes
+     COMMAND to be executed with an empty environment.  If '-a' is
+     supplied, the shell passes NAME as the zeroth argument to COMMAND.
+     If COMMAND cannot be executed for some reason, a non-interactive
+     shell exits, unless the 'execfail' shell option is enabled.  In
+     that case, it returns failure.  An interactive shell returns
+     failure if the file cannot be executed.  A subshell exits
+     unconditionally if 'exec' fails.  If no COMMAND is specified,
+     redirections may be used to affect the current shell environment.
+     If there are no redirection errors, the return status is zero;
+     otherwise the return status is non-zero.
+
+'exit'
+          exit [N]
+
+     Exit the shell, returning a status of N to the shell's parent.  If
+     N is omitted, the exit status is that of the last command executed.
+     Any trap on 'EXIT' is executed before the shell terminates.
+
+'export'
+          export [-fn] [-p] [NAME[=VALUE]]
+
+     Mark each NAME to be passed to child processes in the environment.
+     If the '-f' option is supplied, the NAMEs refer to shell functions;
+     otherwise the names refer to shell variables.  The '-n' option
+     means to no longer mark each NAME for export.  If no NAMES are
+     supplied, or if the '-p' option is given, a list of names of all
+     exported variables is displayed.  The '-p' option displays output
+     in a form that may be reused as input.  If a variable name is
+     followed by =VALUE, the value of the variable is set to VALUE.
+
+     The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied, one
+     of the names is not a valid shell variable name, or '-f' is
+     supplied with a name that is not a shell function.
+
+'getopts'
+          getopts OPTSTRING NAME [ARGS]
+
+     'getopts' is used by shell scripts to parse positional parameters.
+     OPTSTRING contains the option characters to be recognized; if a
+     character is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an
+     argument, which should be separated from it by whitespace.  The
+     colon (':') and question mark ('?') may not be used as option
+     characters.  Each time it is invoked, 'getopts' places the next
+     option in the shell variable NAME, initializing NAME if it does not
+     exist, and the index of the next argument to be processed into the
+     variable 'OPTIND'.  'OPTIND' is initialized to 1 each time the
+     shell or a shell script is invoked.  When an option requires an
+     argument, 'getopts' places that argument into the variable
+     'OPTARG'.  The shell does not reset 'OPTIND' automatically; it must
+     be manually reset between multiple calls to 'getopts' within the
+     same shell invocation if a new set of parameters is to be used.
+
+     When the end of options is encountered, 'getopts' exits with a
+     return value greater than zero.  'OPTIND' is set to the index of
+     the first non-option argument, and NAME is set to '?'.
+
+     'getopts' normally parses the positional parameters, but if more
+     arguments are given in ARGS, 'getopts' parses those instead.
+
+     'getopts' can report errors in two ways.  If the first character of
+     OPTSTRING is a colon, SILENT error reporting is used.  In normal
+     operation, diagnostic messages are printed when invalid options or
+     missing option arguments are encountered.  If the variable 'OPTERR'
+     is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed, even if the first
+     character of 'optstring' is not a colon.
+
+     If an invalid option is seen, 'getopts' places '?' into NAME and,
+     if not silent, prints an error message and unsets 'OPTARG'.  If
+     'getopts' is silent, the option character found is placed in
+     'OPTARG' and no diagnostic message is printed.
+
+     If a required argument is not found, and 'getopts' is not silent, a
+     question mark ('?') is placed in NAME, 'OPTARG' is unset, and a
+     diagnostic message is printed.  If 'getopts' is silent, then a
+     colon (':') is placed in NAME and 'OPTARG' is set to the option
+     character found.
+
+'hash'
+          hash [-r] [-p FILENAME] [-dt] [NAME]
+
+     Each time 'hash' is invoked, it remembers the full pathnames of the
+     commands specified as NAME arguments, so they need not be searched
+     for on subsequent invocations.  The commands are found by searching
+     through the directories listed in '$PATH'.  Any
+     previously-remembered pathname is discarded.  The '-p' option
+     inhibits the path search, and FILENAME is used as the location of
+     NAME.  The '-r' option causes the shell to forget all remembered
+     locations.  The '-d' option causes the shell to forget the
+     remembered location of each NAME.  If the '-t' option is supplied,
+     the full pathname to which each NAME corresponds is printed.  If
+     multiple NAME arguments are supplied with '-t', the NAME is printed
+     before the hashed full pathname.  The '-l' option causes output to
+     be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.  If no
+     arguments are given, or if only '-l' is supplied, information about
+     remembered commands is printed.  The return status is zero unless a
+     NAME is not found or an invalid option is supplied.
+
+'pwd'
+          pwd [-LP]
+
+     Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.  If
+     the '-P' option is supplied, the pathname printed will not contain
+     symbolic links.  If the '-L' option is supplied, the pathname
+     printed may contain symbolic links.  The return status is zero
+     unless an error is encountered while determining the name of the
+     current directory or an invalid option is supplied.
+
+'readonly'
+          readonly [-aAf] [-p] [NAME[=VALUE]] ...
+
+     Mark each NAME as readonly.  The values of these names may not be
+     changed by subsequent assignment.  If the '-f' option is supplied,
+     each NAME refers to a shell function.  The '-a' option means each
+     NAME refers to an indexed array variable; the '-A' option means
+     each NAME refers to an associative array variable.  If both options
+     are supplied, '-A' takes precedence.  If no NAME arguments are
+     given, or if the '-p' option is supplied, a list of all readonly
+     names is printed.  The other options may be used to restrict the
+     output to a subset of the set of readonly names.  The '-p' option
+     causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as
+     input.  If a variable name is followed by =VALUE, the value of the
+     variable is set to VALUE.  The return status is zero unless an
+     invalid option is supplied, one of the NAME arguments is not a
+     valid shell variable or function name, or the '-f' option is
+     supplied with a name that is not a shell function.
+
+'return'
+          return [N]
+
+     Cause a shell function to stop executing and return the value N to
+     its caller.  If N is not supplied, the return value is the exit
+     status of the last command executed in the function.  If 'return'
+     is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to determine
+     the status is the last command executed before the trap handler.
+     If 'return' is executed during a 'DEBUG' trap, the last command
+     used to determine the status is the last command executed by the
+     trap handler before 'return' was invoked.  'return' may also be
+     used to terminate execution of a script being executed with the '.'
+     ('source') builtin, returning either N or the exit status of the
+     last command executed within the script as the exit status of the
+     script.  If N is supplied, the return value is its least
+     significant 8 bits.  Any command associated with the 'RETURN' trap
+     is executed before execution resumes after the function or script.
+     The return status is non-zero if 'return' is supplied a non-numeric
+     argument or is used outside a function and not during the execution
+     of a script by '.' or 'source'.
+
+'shift'
+          shift [N]
+
+     Shift the positional parameters to the left by N.  The positional
+     parameters from N+1 ... '$#' are renamed to '$1' ... '$#'-N.
+     Parameters represented by the numbers '$#' to '$#'-N+1 are unset.
+     N must be a non-negative number less than or equal to '$#'.  If N
+     is zero or greater than '$#', the positional parameters are not
+     changed.  If N is not supplied, it is assumed to be 1.  The return
+     status is zero unless N is greater than '$#' or less than zero,
+     non-zero otherwise.
+
+'test'
+'['
+          test EXPR
+
+     Evaluate a conditional expression EXPR and return a status of 0
+     (true) or 1 (false).  Each operator and operand must be a separate
+     argument.  Expressions are composed of the primaries described
+     below in *note Bash Conditional Expressions::.  'test' does not
+     accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore an argument of
+     '--' as signifying the end of options.
+
+     When the '[' form is used, the last argument to the command must be
+     a ']'.
+
+     Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed
+     in decreasing order of precedence.  The evaluation depends on the
+     number of arguments; see below.  Operator precedence is used when
+     there are five or more arguments.
+
+     '! EXPR'
+          True if EXPR is false.
+
+     '( EXPR )'
+          Returns the value of EXPR.  This may be used to override the
+          normal precedence of operators.
+
+     'EXPR1 -a EXPR2'
+          True if both EXPR1 and EXPR2 are true.
+
+     'EXPR1 -o EXPR2'
+          True if either EXPR1 or EXPR2 is true.
+
+     The 'test' and '[' builtins evaluate conditional expressions using
+     a set of rules based on the number of arguments.
+
+     0 arguments
+          The expression is false.
+
+     1 argument
+          The expression is true if, and only if, the argument is not
+          null.
+
+     2 arguments
+          If the first argument is '!', the expression is true if and
+          only if the second argument is null.  If the first argument is
+          one of the unary conditional operators (*note Bash Conditional
+          Expressions::), the expression is true if the unary test is
+          true.  If the first argument is not a valid unary operator,
+          the expression is false.
+
+     3 arguments
+          The following conditions are applied in the order listed.
+
+            1. If the second argument is one of the binary conditional
+               operators (*note Bash Conditional Expressions::), the
+               result of the expression is the result of the binary test
+               using the first and third arguments as operands.  The
+               '-a' and '-o' operators are considered binary operators
+               when there are three arguments.
+            2. If the first argument is '!', the value is the negation
+               of the two-argument test using the second and third
+               arguments.
+            3. If the first argument is exactly '(' and the third
+               argument is exactly ')', the result is the one-argument
+               test of the second argument.
+            4. Otherwise, the expression is false.
+
+     4 arguments
+          If the first argument is '!', the result is the negation of
+          the three-argument expression composed of the remaining
+          arguments.  Otherwise, the expression is parsed and evaluated
+          according to precedence using the rules listed above.
+
+     5 or more arguments
+          The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence
+          using the rules listed above.
+
+     When used with 'test' or '[', the '<' and '>' operators sort
+     lexicographically using ASCII ordering.
+
+'times'
+          times
+
+     Print out the user and system times used by the shell and its
+     children.  The return status is zero.
+
+'trap'
+          trap [-lp] [ARG] [SIGSPEC ...]
+
+     The commands in ARG are to be read and executed when the shell
+     receives signal SIGSPEC.  If ARG is absent (and there is a single
+     SIGSPEC) or equal to '-', each specified signal's disposition is
+     reset to the value it had when the shell was started.  If ARG is
+     the null string, then the signal specified by each SIGSPEC is
+     ignored by the shell and commands it invokes.  If ARG is not
+     present and '-p' has been supplied, the shell displays the trap
+     commands associated with each SIGSPEC.  If no arguments are
+     supplied, or only '-p' is given, 'trap' prints the list of commands
+     associated with each signal number in a form that may be reused as
+     shell input.  The '-l' option causes the shell to print a list of
+     signal names and their corresponding numbers.  Each SIGSPEC is
+     either a signal name or a signal number.  Signal names are case
+     insensitive and the 'SIG' prefix is optional.
+
+     If a SIGSPEC is '0' or 'EXIT', ARG is executed when the shell
+     exits.  If a SIGSPEC is 'DEBUG', the command ARG is executed before
+     every simple command, 'for' command, 'case' command, 'select'
+     command, every arithmetic 'for' command, and before the first
+     command executes in a shell function.  Refer to the description of
+     the 'extdebug' option to the 'shopt' builtin (*note The Shopt
+     Builtin::) for details of its effect on the 'DEBUG' trap.  If a
+     SIGSPEC is 'RETURN', the command ARG is executed each time a shell
+     function or a script executed with the '.' or 'source' builtins
+     finishes executing.
+
+     If a SIGSPEC is 'ERR', the command ARG is executed whenever a
+     pipeline (which may consist of a single simple command), a list, or
+     a compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to the
+     following conditions.  The 'ERR' trap is not executed if the failed
+     command is part of the command list immediately following an
+     'until' or 'while' keyword, part of the test following the 'if' or
+     'elif' reserved words, part of a command executed in a '&&' or '||'
+     list except the command following the final '&&' or '||', any
+     command in a pipeline but the last, or if the command's return
+     status is being inverted using '!'.  These are the same conditions
+     obeyed by the 'errexit' ('-e') option.
+
+     Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.
+     Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to their
+     original values in a subshell or subshell environment when one is
+     created.
+
+     The return status is zero unless a SIGSPEC does not specify a valid
+     signal.
+
+'umask'
+          umask [-p] [-S] [MODE]
+
+     Set the shell process's file creation mask to MODE.  If MODE begins
+     with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; if not, it is
+     interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by the
+     'chmod' command.  If MODE is omitted, the current value of the mask
+     is printed.  If the '-S' option is supplied without a MODE
+     argument, the mask is printed in a symbolic format.  If the '-p'
+     option is supplied, and MODE is omitted, the output is in a form
+     that may be reused as input.  The return status is zero if the mode
+     is successfully changed or if no MODE argument is supplied, and
+     non-zero otherwise.
+
+     Note that when the mode is interpreted as an octal number, each
+     number of the umask is subtracted from '7'.  Thus, a umask of '022'
+     results in permissions of '755'.
+
+'unset'
+          unset [-fnv] [NAME]
+
+     Remove each variable or function NAME.  If the '-v' option is
+     given, each NAME refers to a shell variable and that variable is
+     removed.  If the '-f' option is given, the NAMEs refer to shell
+     functions, and the function definition is removed.  If the '-n'
+     option is supplied, and NAME is a variable with the NAMEREF
+     attribute, NAME will be unset rather than the variable it
+     references.  '-n' has no effect if the '-f' option is supplied.  If
+     no options are supplied, each NAME refers to a variable; if there
+     is no variable by that name, any function with that name is unset.
+     Readonly variables and functions may not be unset.  The return
+     status is zero unless a NAME is readonly.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Bash Builtins,  Next: Modifying Shell Behavior,  Prev: Bourne Shell Builtins,  Up: Shell Builtin Commands
+
+4.2 Bash Builtin Commands
+=========================
+
+This section describes builtin commands which are unique to or have been
+extended in Bash.  Some of these commands are specified in the POSIX
+standard.
+
+'alias'
+          alias [-p] [NAME[=VALUE] ...]
+
+     Without arguments or with the '-p' option, 'alias' prints the list
+     of aliases on the standard output in a form that allows them to be
+     reused as input.  If arguments are supplied, an alias is defined
+     for each NAME whose VALUE is given.  If no VALUE is given, the name
+     and value of the alias is printed.  Aliases are described in *note
+     Aliases::.
+
+'bind'
+          bind [-m KEYMAP] [-lpsvPSVX]
+          bind [-m KEYMAP] [-q FUNCTION] [-u FUNCTION] [-r KEYSEQ]
+          bind [-m KEYMAP] -f FILENAME
+          bind [-m KEYMAP] -x KEYSEQ:SHELL-COMMAND
+          bind [-m KEYMAP] KEYSEQ:FUNCTION-NAME
+          bind [-m KEYMAP] KEYSEQ:READLINE-COMMAND
+
+     Display current Readline (*note Command Line Editing::) key and
+     function bindings, bind a key sequence to a Readline function or
+     macro, or set a Readline variable.  Each non-option argument is a
+     command as it would appear in a Readline initialization file (*note
+     Readline Init File::), but each binding or command must be passed
+     as a separate argument; e.g., '"\C-x\C-r":re-read-init-file'.
+
+     Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+
+     '-m KEYMAP'
+          Use KEYMAP as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent
+          bindings.  Acceptable KEYMAP names are 'emacs',
+          'emacs-standard', 'emacs-meta', 'emacs-ctlx', 'vi', 'vi-move',
+          'vi-command', and 'vi-insert'.  'vi' is equivalent to
+          'vi-command' ('vi-move' is also a synonym); 'emacs' is
+          equivalent to 'emacs-standard'.
+
+     '-l'
+          List the names of all Readline functions.
+
+     '-p'
+          Display Readline function names and bindings in such a way
+          that they can be used as input or in a Readline initialization
+          file.
+
+     '-P'
+          List current Readline function names and bindings.
+
+     '-v'
+          Display Readline variable names and values in such a way that
+          they can be used as input or in a Readline initialization
+          file.
+
+     '-V'
+          List current Readline variable names and values.
+
+     '-s'
+          Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings
+          they output in such a way that they can be used as input or in
+          a Readline initialization file.
+
+     '-S'
+          Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings
+          they output.
+
+     '-f FILENAME'
+          Read key bindings from FILENAME.
+
+     '-q FUNCTION'
+          Query about which keys invoke the named FUNCTION.
+
+     '-u FUNCTION'
+          Unbind all keys bound to the named FUNCTION.
+
+     '-r KEYSEQ'
+          Remove any current binding for KEYSEQ.
+
+     '-x KEYSEQ:SHELL-COMMAND'
+          Cause SHELL-COMMAND to be executed whenever KEYSEQ is entered.
+          When SHELL-COMMAND is executed, the shell sets the
+          'READLINE_LINE' variable to the contents of the Readline line
+          buffer and the 'READLINE_POINT' variable to the current
+          location of the insertion point.  If the executed command
+          changes the value of 'READLINE_LINE' or 'READLINE_POINT',
+          those new values will be reflected in the editing state.
+
+     '-X'
+          List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the
+          associated commands in a format that can be reused as input.
+
+     The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied or
+     an error occurs.
+
+'builtin'
+          builtin [SHELL-BUILTIN [ARGS]]
+
+     Run a shell builtin, passing it ARGS, and return its exit status.
+     This is useful when defining a shell function with the same name as
+     a shell builtin, retaining the functionality of the builtin within
+     the function.  The return status is non-zero if SHELL-BUILTIN is
+     not a shell builtin command.
+
+'caller'
+          caller [EXPR]
+
+     Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell function
+     or a script executed with the '.' or 'source' builtins).
+
+     Without EXPR, 'caller' displays the line number and source filename
+     of the current subroutine call.  If a non-negative integer is
+     supplied as EXPR, 'caller' displays the line number, subroutine
+     name, and source file corresponding to that position in the current
+     execution call stack.  This extra information may be used, for
+     example, to print a stack trace.  The current frame is frame 0.
+
+     The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a
+     subroutine call or EXPR does not correspond to a valid position in
+     the call stack.
+
+'command'
+          command [-pVv] COMMAND [ARGUMENTS ...]
+
+     Runs COMMAND with ARGUMENTS ignoring any shell function named
+     COMMAND.  Only shell builtin commands or commands found by
+     searching the 'PATH' are executed.  If there is a shell function
+     named 'ls', running 'command ls' within the function will execute
+     the external command 'ls' instead of calling the function
+     recursively.  The '-p' option means to use a default value for
+     'PATH' that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities.
+     The return status in this case is 127 if COMMAND cannot be found or
+     an error occurred, and the exit status of COMMAND otherwise.
+
+     If either the '-V' or '-v' option is supplied, a description of
+     COMMAND is printed.  The '-v' option causes a single word
+     indicating the command or file name used to invoke COMMAND to be
+     displayed; the '-V' option produces a more verbose description.  In
+     this case, the return status is zero if COMMAND is found, and
+     non-zero if not.
+
+'declare'
+          declare [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] [NAME[=VALUE] ...]
+
+     Declare variables and give them attributes.  If no NAMEs are given,
+     then display the values of variables instead.
+
+     The '-p' option will display the attributes and values of each
+     NAME.  When '-p' is used with NAME arguments, additional options,
+     other than '-f' and '-F', are ignored.
+
+     When '-p' is supplied without NAME arguments, 'declare' will
+     display the attributes and values of all variables having the
+     attributes specified by the additional options.  If no other
+     options are supplied with '-p', 'declare' will display the
+     attributes and values of all shell variables.  The '-f' option will
+     restrict the display to shell functions.
+
+     The '-F' option inhibits the display of function definitions; only
+     the function name and attributes are printed.  If the 'extdebug'
+     shell option is enabled using 'shopt' (*note The Shopt Builtin::),
+     the source file name and line number where each NAME is defined are
+     displayed as well.  '-F' implies '-f'.
+
+     The '-g' option forces variables to be created or modified at the
+     global scope, even when 'declare' is executed in a shell function.
+     It is ignored in all other cases.
+
+     The following options can be used to restrict output to variables
+     with the specified attributes or to give variables attributes:
+
+     '-a'
+          Each NAME is an indexed array variable (*note Arrays::).
+
+     '-A'
+          Each NAME is an associative array variable (*note Arrays::).
+
+     '-f'
+          Use function names only.
+
+     '-i'
+          The variable is to be treated as an integer; arithmetic
+          evaluation (*note Shell Arithmetic::) is performed when the
+          variable is assigned a value.
+
+     '-l'
+          When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case
+          characters are converted to lower-case.  The upper-case
+          attribute is disabled.
+
+     '-n'
+          Give each NAME the NAMEREF attribute, making it a name
+          reference to another variable.  That other variable is defined
+          by the value of NAME.  All references, assignments, and
+          attribute modifications to NAME, except for those using or
+          changing the '-n' attribute itself, are performed on the
+          variable referenced by NAME's value.  The nameref attribute
+          cannot be applied to array variables.
+
+     '-r'
+          Make NAMEs readonly.  These names cannot then be assigned
+          values by subsequent assignment statements or unset.
+
+     '-t'
+          Give each NAME the 'trace' attribute.  Traced functions
+          inherit the 'DEBUG' and 'RETURN' traps from the calling shell.
+          The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables.
+
+     '-u'
+          When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case
+          characters are converted to upper-case.  The lower-case
+          attribute is disabled.
+
+     '-x'
+          Mark each NAME for export to subsequent commands via the
+          environment.
+
+     Using '+' instead of '-' turns off the attribute instead, with the
+     exceptions that '+a' and '+A' may not be used to destroy array
+     variables and '+r' will not remove the readonly attribute.  When
+     used in a function, 'declare' makes each NAME local, as with the
+     'local' command, unless the '-g' option is used.  If a variable
+     name is followed by =VALUE, the value of the variable is set to
+     VALUE.
+
+     When using '-a' or '-A' and the compound assignment syntax to
+     create array variables, additional attributes do not take effect
+     until subsequent assignments.
+
+     The return status is zero unless an invalid option is encountered,
+     an attempt is made to define a function using '-f foo=bar', an
+     attempt is made to assign a value to a readonly variable, an
+     attempt is made to assign a value to an array variable without
+     using the compound assignment syntax (*note Arrays::), one of the
+     NAMES is not a valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to
+     turn off readonly status for a readonly variable, an attempt is
+     made to turn off array status for an array variable, or an attempt
+     is made to display a non-existent function with '-f'.
+
+'echo'
+          echo [-neE] [ARG ...]
+
+     Output the ARGs, separated by spaces, terminated with a newline.
+     The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs.  If '-n' is
+     specified, the trailing newline is suppressed.  If the '-e' option
+     is given, interpretation of the following backslash-escaped
+     characters is enabled.  The '-E' option disables the interpretation
+     of these escape characters, even on systems where they are
+     interpreted by default.  The 'xpg_echo' shell option may be used to
+     dynamically determine whether or not 'echo' expands these escape
+     characters by default.  'echo' does not interpret '--' to mean the
+     end of options.
+
+     'echo' interprets the following escape sequences:
+     '\a'
+          alert (bell)
+     '\b'
+          backspace
+     '\c'
+          suppress further output
+     '\e'
+     '\E'
+          escape
+     '\f'
+          form feed
+     '\n'
+          new line
+     '\r'
+          carriage return
+     '\t'
+          horizontal tab
+     '\v'
+          vertical tab
+     '\\'
+          backslash
+     '\0NNN'
+          the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN
+          (zero to three octal digits)
+     '\xHH'
+          the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+          HH (one or two hex digits)
+     '\uHHHH'
+          the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+          hexadecimal value HHHH (one to four hex digits)
+     '\UHHHHHHHH'
+          the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+          hexadecimal value HHHHHHHH (one to eight hex digits)
+
+'enable'
+          enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f FILENAME] [NAME ...]
+
+     Enable and disable builtin shell commands.  Disabling a builtin
+     allows a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin to
+     be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though the
+     shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands.  If '-n'
+     is used, the NAMEs become disabled.  Otherwise NAMEs are enabled.
+     For example, to use the 'test' binary found via '$PATH' instead of
+     the shell builtin version, type 'enable -n test'.
+
+     If the '-p' option is supplied, or no NAME arguments appear, a list
+     of shell builtins is printed.  With no other arguments, the list
+     consists of all enabled shell builtins.  The '-a' option means to
+     list each builtin with an indication of whether or not it is
+     enabled.
+
+     The '-f' option means to load the new builtin command NAME from
+     shared object FILENAME, on systems that support dynamic loading.
+     The '-d' option will delete a builtin loaded with '-f'.
+
+     If there are no options, a list of the shell builtins is displayed.
+     The '-s' option restricts 'enable' to the POSIX special builtins.
+     If '-s' is used with '-f', the new builtin becomes a special
+     builtin (*note Special Builtins::).
+
+     The return status is zero unless a NAME is not a shell builtin or
+     there is an error loading a new builtin from a shared object.
+
+'help'
+          help [-dms] [PATTERN]
+
+     Display helpful information about builtin commands.  If PATTERN is
+     specified, 'help' gives detailed help on all commands matching
+     PATTERN, otherwise a list of the builtins is printed.
+
+     Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+
+     '-d'
+          Display a short description of each PATTERN
+     '-m'
+          Display the description of each PATTERN in a manpage-like
+          format
+     '-s'
+          Display only a short usage synopsis for each PATTERN
+
+     The return status is zero unless no command matches PATTERN.
+
+'let'
+          let EXPRESSION [EXPRESSION ...]
+
+     The 'let' builtin allows arithmetic to be performed on shell
+     variables.  Each EXPRESSION is evaluated according to the rules
+     given below in *note Shell Arithmetic::.  If the last EXPRESSION
+     evaluates to 0, 'let' returns 1; otherwise 0 is returned.
+
+'local'
+          local [OPTION] NAME[=VALUE] ...
+
+     For each argument, a local variable named NAME is created, and
+     assigned VALUE.  The OPTION can be any of the options accepted by
+     'declare'.  'local' can only be used within a function; it makes
+     the variable NAME have a visible scope restricted to that function
+     and its children.  If NAME is '-', the set of shell options is made
+     local to the function in which 'local' is invoked: shell options
+     changed using the 'set' builtin inside the function are restored to
+     their original values when the function returns.  The return status
+     is zero unless 'local' is used outside a function, an invalid NAME
+     is supplied, or NAME is a readonly variable.
+
+'logout'
+          logout [N]
+
+     Exit a login shell, returning a status of N to the shell's parent.
+
+'mapfile'
+          mapfile [-d DELIM] [-n COUNT] [-O ORIGIN] [-s COUNT]
+              [-t] [-u FD] [-C CALLBACK] [-c QUANTUM] [ARRAY]
+
+     Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable
+     ARRAY, or from file descriptor FD if the '-u' option is supplied.
+     The variable 'MAPFILE' is the default ARRAY.  Options, if supplied,
+     have the following meanings:
+
+     '-d'
+          The first character of DELIM is used to terminate each input
+          line, rather than newline.  If DELIM is the empty string,
+          'mapfile' will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character.
+     '-n'
+          Copy at most COUNT lines.  If COUNT is 0, all lines are
+          copied.
+     '-O'
+          Begin assigning to ARRAY at index ORIGIN.  The default index
+          is 0.
+     '-s'
+          Discard the first COUNT lines read.
+     '-t'
+          Remove a trailing DELIM (default newline) from each line read.
+     '-u'
+          Read lines from file descriptor FD instead of the standard
+          input.
+     '-C'
+          Evaluate CALLBACK each time QUANTUM lines are read.  The '-c'
+          option specifies QUANTUM.
+     '-c'
+          Specify the number of lines read between each call to
+          CALLBACK.
+
+     If '-C' is specified without '-c', the default quantum is 5000.
+     When CALLBACK is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next
+     array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that
+     element as additional arguments.  CALLBACK is evaluated after the
+     line is read but before the array element is assigned.
+
+     If not supplied with an explicit origin, 'mapfile' will clear ARRAY
+     before assigning to it.
+
+     'mapfile' returns successfully unless an invalid option or option
+     argument is supplied, ARRAY is invalid or unassignable, or ARRAY is
+     not an indexed array.
+
+'printf'
+          printf [-v VAR] FORMAT [ARGUMENTS]
+
+     Write the formatted ARGUMENTS to the standard output under the
+     control of the FORMAT.  The '-v' option causes the output to be
+     assigned to the variable VAR rather than being printed to the
+     standard output.
+
+     The FORMAT is a character string which contains three types of
+     objects: plain characters, which are simply copied to standard
+     output, character escape sequences, which are converted and copied
+     to the standard output, and format specifications, each of which
+     causes printing of the next successive ARGUMENT.  In addition to
+     the standard 'printf(1)' formats, 'printf' interprets the following
+     extensions:
+
+     '%b'
+          Causes 'printf' to expand backslash escape sequences in the
+          corresponding ARGUMENT in the same way as 'echo -e' (*note
+          Bash Builtins::).
+     '%q'
+          Causes 'printf' to output the corresponding ARGUMENT in a
+          format that can be reused as shell input.
+     '%(DATEFMT)T'
+          Causes 'printf' to output the date-time string resulting from
+          using DATEFMT as a format string for 'strftime'(3).  The
+          corresponding ARGUMENT is an integer representing the number
+          of seconds since the epoch.  Two special argument values may
+          be used: -1 represents the current time, and -2 represents the
+          time the shell was invoked.  If no argument is specified,
+          conversion behaves as if -1 had been given.  This is an
+          exception to the usual 'printf' behavior.
+
+     Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C language
+     constants, except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and
+     if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value is
+     the ASCII value of the following character.
+
+     The FORMAT is reused as necessary to consume all of the ARGUMENTS.
+     If the FORMAT requires more ARGUMENTS than are supplied, the extra
+     format specifications behave as if a zero value or null string, as
+     appropriate, had been supplied.  The return value is zero on
+     success, non-zero on failure.
+
+'read'
+          read [-ers] [-a ANAME] [-d DELIM] [-i TEXT] [-n NCHARS]
+              [-N NCHARS] [-p PROMPT] [-t TIMEOUT] [-u FD] [NAME ...]
+
+     One line is read from the standard input, or from the file
+     descriptor FD supplied as an argument to the '-u' option, split
+     into words as described above in *note Word Splitting::, and the
+     first word is assigned to the first NAME, the second word to the
+     second NAME, and so on.  If there are more words than names, the
+     remaining words and their intervening delimiters are assigned to
+     the last NAME.  If there are fewer words read from the input stream
+     than names, the remaining names are assigned empty values.  The
+     characters in the value of the 'IFS' variable are used to split the
+     line into words using the same rules the shell uses for expansion
+     (described above in *note Word Splitting::).  The backslash
+     character '\' may be used to remove any special meaning for the
+     next character read and for line continuation.  If no names are
+     supplied, the line read is assigned to the variable 'REPLY'.  The
+     exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, 'read'
+     times out (in which case the status is greater than 128), a
+     variable assignment error (such as assigning to a readonly
+     variable) occurs, or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the
+     argument to '-u'.
+
+     Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+
+     '-a ANAME'
+          The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array
+          variable ANAME, starting at 0.  All elements are removed from
+          ANAME before the assignment.  Other NAME arguments are
+          ignored.
+
+     '-d DELIM'
+          The first character of DELIM is used to terminate the input
+          line, rather than newline.  If DELIM is the empty string,
+          'read' will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character.
+
+     '-e'
+          Readline (*note Command Line Editing::) is used to obtain the
+          line.  Readline uses the current (or default, if line editing
+          was not previously active) editing settings, but uses
+          Readline's default filename completion.
+
+     '-i TEXT'
+          If Readline is being used to read the line, TEXT is placed
+          into the editing buffer before editing begins.
+
+     '-n NCHARS'
+          'read' returns after reading NCHARS characters rather than
+          waiting for a complete line of input, but honors a delimiter
+          if fewer than NCHARS characters are read before the delimiter.
+
+     '-N NCHARS'
+          'read' returns after reading exactly NCHARS characters rather
+          than waiting for a complete line of input, unless EOF is
+          encountered or 'read' times out.  Delimiter characters
+          encountered in the input are not treated specially and do not
+          cause 'read' to return until NCHARS characters are read.  The
+          result is not split on the characters in 'IFS'; the intent is
+          that the variable is assigned exactly the characters read
+          (with the exception of backslash; see the '-r' option below).
+
+     '-p PROMPT'
+          Display PROMPT, without a trailing newline, before attempting
+          to read any input.  The prompt is displayed only if input is
+          coming from a terminal.
+
+     '-r'
+          If this option is given, backslash does not act as an escape
+          character.  The backslash is considered to be part of the
+          line.  In particular, a backslash-newline pair may not then be
+          used as a line continuation.
+
+     '-s'
+          Silent mode.  If input is coming from a terminal, characters
+          are not echoed.
+
+     '-t TIMEOUT'
+          Cause 'read' to time out and return failure if a complete line
+          of input (or a specified number of characters) is not read
+          within TIMEOUT seconds.  TIMEOUT may be a decimal number with
+          a fractional portion following the decimal point.  This option
+          is only effective if 'read' is reading input from a terminal,
+          pipe, or other special file; it has no effect when reading
+          from regular files.  If 'read' times out, 'read' saves any
+          partial input read into the specified variable NAME.  If
+          TIMEOUT is 0, 'read' returns immediately, without trying to
+          read and data.  The exit status is 0 if input is available on
+          the specified file descriptor, non-zero otherwise.  The exit
+          status is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded.
+
+     '-u FD'
+          Read input from file descriptor FD.
+
+'readarray'
+          readarray [-d DELIM] [-n COUNT] [-O ORIGIN] [-s COUNT]
+              [-t] [-u FD] [-C CALLBACK] [-c QUANTUM] [ARRAY]
+
+     Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable
+     ARRAY, or from file descriptor FD if the '-u' option is supplied.
+
+     A synonym for 'mapfile'.
+
+'source'
+          source FILENAME
+
+     A synonym for '.' (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::).
+
+'type'
+          type [-afptP] [NAME ...]
+
+     For each NAME, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a
+     command name.
+
+     If the '-t' option is used, 'type' prints a single word which is
+     one of 'alias', 'function', 'builtin', 'file' or 'keyword', if NAME
+     is an alias, shell function, shell builtin, disk file, or shell
+     reserved word, respectively.  If the NAME is not found, then
+     nothing is printed, and 'type' returns a failure status.
+
+     If the '-p' option is used, 'type' either returns the name of the
+     disk file that would be executed, or nothing if '-t' would not
+     return 'file'.
+
+     The '-P' option forces a path search for each NAME, even if '-t'
+     would not return 'file'.
+
+     If a command is hashed, '-p' and '-P' print the hashed value, which
+     is not necessarily the file that appears first in '$PATH'.
+
+     If the '-a' option is used, 'type' returns all of the places that
+     contain an executable named FILE.  This includes aliases and
+     functions, if and only if the '-p' option is not also used.
+
+     If the '-f' option is used, 'type' does not attempt to find shell
+     functions, as with the 'command' builtin.
+
+     The return status is zero if all of the NAMES are found, non-zero
+     if any are not found.
+
+'typeset'
+          typeset [-afFgrxilnrtux] [-p] [NAME[=VALUE] ...]
+
+     The 'typeset' command is supplied for compatibility with the Korn
+     shell.  It is a synonym for the 'declare' builtin command.
+
+'ulimit'
+          ulimit [-HSabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPT] [LIMIT]
+
+     'ulimit' provides control over the resources available to processes
+     started by the shell, on systems that allow such control.  If an
+     option is given, it is interpreted as follows:
+
+     '-S'
+          Change and report the soft limit associated with a resource.
+
+     '-H'
+          Change and report the hard limit associated with a resource.
+
+     '-a'
+          All current limits are reported.
+
+     '-b'
+          The maximum socket buffer size.
+
+     '-c'
+          The maximum size of core files created.
+
+     '-d'
+          The maximum size of a process's data segment.
+
+     '-e'
+          The maximum scheduling priority ("nice").
+
+     '-f'
+          The maximum size of files written by the shell and its
+          children.
+
+     '-i'
+          The maximum number of pending signals.
+
+     '-k'
+          The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated.
+
+     '-l'
+          The maximum size that may be locked into memory.
+
+     '-m'
+          The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor this
+          limit).
+
+     '-n'
+          The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems do
+          not allow this value to be set).
+
+     '-p'
+          The pipe buffer size.
+
+     '-q'
+          The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues.
+
+     '-r'
+          The maximum real-time scheduling priority.
+
+     '-s'
+          The maximum stack size.
+
+     '-t'
+          The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds.
+
+     '-u'
+          The maximum number of processes available to a single user.
+
+     '-v'
+          The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell,
+          and, on some systems, to its children.
+
+     '-x'
+          The maximum number of file locks.
+
+     '-P'
+          The maximum number of pseudoterminals.
+
+     '-T'
+          The maximum number of threads.
+
+     If LIMIT is given, and the '-a' option is not used, LIMIT is the
+     new value of the specified resource.  The special LIMIT values
+     'hard', 'soft', and 'unlimited' stand for the current hard limit,
+     the current soft limit, and no limit, respectively.  A hard limit
+     cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a soft limit
+     may be increased up to the value of the hard limit.  Otherwise, the
+     current value of the soft limit for the specified resource is
+     printed, unless the '-H' option is supplied.  When setting new
+     limits, if neither '-H' nor '-S' is supplied, both the hard and
+     soft limits are set.  If no option is given, then '-f' is assumed.
+     Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for '-t', which is in
+     seconds; '-p', which is in units of 512-byte blocks; '-P', '-T',
+     '-b', '-k', '-n' and '-u', which are unscaled values; and, when in
+     POSIX Mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::), '-c' and '-f', which are in
+     512-byte increments.
+
+     The return status is zero unless an invalid option or argument is
+     supplied, or an error occurs while setting a new limit.
+
+'unalias'
+          unalias [-a] [NAME ... ]
+
+     Remove each NAME from the list of aliases.  If '-a' is supplied,
+     all aliases are removed.  Aliases are described in *note Aliases::.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Modifying Shell Behavior,  Next: Special Builtins,  Prev: Bash Builtins,  Up: Shell Builtin Commands
+
+4.3 Modifying Shell Behavior
+============================
+
+* Menu:
+
+* The Set Builtin::		Change the values of shell attributes and
+				positional parameters.
+* The Shopt Builtin::		Modify shell optional behavior.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: The Set Builtin,  Next: The Shopt Builtin,  Up: Modifying Shell Behavior
+
+4.3.1 The Set Builtin
+---------------------
+
+This builtin is so complicated that it deserves its own section.  'set'
+allows you to change the values of shell options and set the positional
+parameters, or to display the names and values of shell variables.
+
+'set'
+          set [--abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [-o OPTION-NAME] [ARGUMENT ...]
+          set [+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [+o OPTION-NAME] [ARGUMENT ...]
+
+     If no options or arguments are supplied, 'set' displays the names
+     and values of all shell variables and functions, sorted according
+     to the current locale, in a format that may be reused as input for
+     setting or resetting the currently-set variables.  Read-only
+     variables cannot be reset.  In POSIX mode, only shell variables are
+     listed.
+
+     When options are supplied, they set or unset shell attributes.
+     Options, if specified, have the following meanings:
+
+     '-a'
+          Each variable or function that is created or modified is given
+          the export attribute and marked for export to the environment
+          of subsequent commands.
+
+     '-b'
+          Cause the status of terminated background jobs to be reported
+          immediately, rather than before printing the next primary
+          prompt.
+
+     '-e'
+          Exit immediately if a pipeline (*note Pipelines::), which may
+          consist of a single simple command (*note Simple Commands::),
+          a list (*note Lists::), or a compound command (*note Compound
+          Commands::) returns a non-zero status.  The shell does not
+          exit if the command that fails is part of the command list
+          immediately following a 'while' or 'until' keyword, part of
+          the test in an 'if' statement, part of any command executed in
+          a '&&' or '||' list except the command following the final
+          '&&' or '||', any command in a pipeline but the last, or if
+          the command's return status is being inverted with '!'.  If a
+          compound command other than a subshell returns a non-zero
+          status because a command failed while '-e' was being ignored,
+          the shell does not exit.  A trap on 'ERR', if set, is executed
+          before the shell exits.
+
+          This option applies to the shell environment and each subshell
+          environment separately (*note Command Execution
+          Environment::), and may cause subshells to exit before
+          executing all the commands in the subshell.
+
+          If a compound command or shell function executes in a context
+          where '-e' is being ignored, none of the commands executed
+          within the compound command or function body will be affected
+          by the '-e' setting, even if '-e' is set and a command returns
+          a failure status.  If a compound command or shell function
+          sets '-e' while executing in a context where '-e' is ignored,
+          that setting will not have any effect until the compound
+          command or the command containing the function call completes.
+
+     '-f'
+          Disable filename expansion (globbing).
+
+     '-h'
+          Locate and remember (hash) commands as they are looked up for
+          execution.  This option is enabled by default.
+
+     '-k'
+          All arguments in the form of assignment statements are placed
+          in the environment for a command, not just those that precede
+          the command name.
+
+     '-m'
+          Job control is enabled (*note Job Control::).  All processes
+          run in a separate process group.  When a background job
+          completes, the shell prints a line containing its exit status.
+
+     '-n'
+          Read commands but do not execute them.  This may be used to
+          check a script for syntax errors.  This option is ignored by
+          interactive shells.
+
+     '-o OPTION-NAME'
+
+          Set the option corresponding to OPTION-NAME:
+
+          'allexport'
+               Same as '-a'.
+
+          'braceexpand'
+               Same as '-B'.
+
+          'emacs'
+               Use an 'emacs'-style line editing interface (*note
+               Command Line Editing::).  This also affects the editing
+               interface used for 'read -e'.
+
+          'errexit'
+               Same as '-e'.
+
+          'errtrace'
+               Same as '-E'.
+
+          'functrace'
+               Same as '-T'.
+
+          'hashall'
+               Same as '-h'.
+
+          'histexpand'
+               Same as '-H'.
+
+          'history'
+               Enable command history, as described in *note Bash
+               History Facilities::.  This option is on by default in
+               interactive shells.
+
+          'ignoreeof'
+               An interactive shell will not exit upon reading EOF.
+
+          'keyword'
+               Same as '-k'.
+
+          'monitor'
+               Same as '-m'.
+
+          'noclobber'
+               Same as '-C'.
+
+          'noexec'
+               Same as '-n'.
+
+          'noglob'
+               Same as '-f'.
+
+          'nolog'
+               Currently ignored.
+
+          'notify'
+               Same as '-b'.
+
+          'nounset'
+               Same as '-u'.
+
+          'onecmd'
+               Same as '-t'.
+
+          'physical'
+               Same as '-P'.
+
+          'pipefail'
+               If set, the return value of a pipeline is the value of
+               the last (rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero
+               status, or zero if all commands in the pipeline exit
+               successfully.  This option is disabled by default.
+
+          'posix'
+               Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation
+               differs from the POSIX standard to match the standard
+               (*note Bash POSIX Mode::).  This is intended to make Bash
+               behave as a strict superset of that standard.
+
+          'privileged'
+               Same as '-p'.
+
+          'verbose'
+               Same as '-v'.
+
+          'vi'
+               Use a 'vi'-style line editing interface.  This also
+               affects the editing interface used for 'read -e'.
+
+          'xtrace'
+               Same as '-x'.
+
+     '-p'
+          Turn on privileged mode.  In this mode, the '$BASH_ENV' and
+          '$ENV' files are not processed, shell functions are not
+          inherited from the environment, and the 'SHELLOPTS',
+          'BASHOPTS', 'CDPATH' and 'GLOBIGNORE' variables, if they
+          appear in the environment, are ignored.  If the shell is
+          started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the
+          real user (group) id, and the '-p' option is not supplied,
+          these actions are taken and the effective user id is set to
+          the real user id.  If the '-p' option is supplied at startup,
+          the effective user id is not reset.  Turning this option off
+          causes the effective user and group ids to be set to the real
+          user and group ids.
+
+     '-t'
+          Exit after reading and executing one command.
+
+     '-u'
+          Treat unset variables and parameters other than the special
+          parameters '@' or '*' as an error when performing parameter
+          expansion.  An error message will be written to the standard
+          error, and a non-interactive shell will exit.
+
+     '-v'
+          Print shell input lines as they are read.
+
+     '-x'
+          Print a trace of simple commands, 'for' commands, 'case'
+          commands, 'select' commands, and arithmetic 'for' commands and
+          their arguments or associated word lists after they are
+          expanded and before they are executed.  The value of the 'PS4'
+          variable is expanded and the resultant value is printed before
+          the command and its expanded arguments.
+
+     '-B'
+          The shell will perform brace expansion (*note Brace
+          Expansion::).  This option is on by default.
+
+     '-C'
+          Prevent output redirection using '>', '>&', and '<>' from
+          overwriting existing files.
+
+     '-E'
+          If set, any trap on 'ERR' is inherited by shell functions,
+          command substitutions, and commands executed in a subshell
+          environment.  The 'ERR' trap is normally not inherited in such
+          cases.
+
+     '-H'
+          Enable '!' style history substitution (*note History
+          Interaction::).  This option is on by default for interactive
+          shells.
+
+     '-P'
+          If set, do not resolve symbolic links when performing commands
+          such as 'cd' which change the current directory.  The physical
+          directory is used instead.  By default, Bash follows the
+          logical chain of directories when performing commands which
+          change the current directory.
+
+          For example, if '/usr/sys' is a symbolic link to
+          '/usr/local/sys' then:
+               $ cd /usr/sys; echo $PWD
+               /usr/sys
+               $ cd ..; pwd
+               /usr
+
+          If 'set -P' is on, then:
+               $ cd /usr/sys; echo $PWD
+               /usr/local/sys
+               $ cd ..; pwd
+               /usr/local
+
+     '-T'
+          If set, any trap on 'DEBUG' and 'RETURN' are inherited by
+          shell functions, command substitutions, and commands executed
+          in a subshell environment.  The 'DEBUG' and 'RETURN' traps are
+          normally not inherited in such cases.
+
+     '--'
+          If no arguments follow this option, then the positional
+          parameters are unset.  Otherwise, the positional parameters
+          are set to the ARGUMENTS, even if some of them begin with a
+          '-'.
+
+     '-'
+          Signal the end of options, cause all remaining ARGUMENTS to be
+          assigned to the positional parameters.  The '-x' and '-v'
+          options are turned off.  If there are no arguments, the
+          positional parameters remain unchanged.
+
+     Using '+' rather than '-' causes these options to be turned off.
+     The options can also be used upon invocation of the shell.  The
+     current set of options may be found in '$-'.
+
+     The remaining N ARGUMENTS are positional parameters and are
+     assigned, in order, to '$1', '$2', ... '$N'.  The special parameter
+     '#' is set to N.
+
+     The return status is always zero unless an invalid option is
+     supplied.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: The Shopt Builtin,  Prev: The Set Builtin,  Up: Modifying Shell Behavior
+
+4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin
+-----------------------
+
+This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior.
+
+'shopt'
+          shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [OPTNAME ...]
+
+     Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behavior.
+     The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the '-o'
+     option is used, those available with the '-o' option to the 'set'
+     builtin command (*note The Set Builtin::).  With no options, or
+     with the '-p' option, a list of all settable options is displayed,
+     with an indication of whether or not each is set; if OPTNAMES are
+     supplied, the output is restricted to those options.  The '-p'
+     option causes output to be displayed in a form that may be reused
+     as input.  Other options have the following meanings:
+
+     '-s'
+          Enable (set) each OPTNAME.
+
+     '-u'
+          Disable (unset) each OPTNAME.
+
+     '-q'
+          Suppresses normal output; the return status indicates whether
+          the OPTNAME is set or unset.  If multiple OPTNAME arguments
+          are given with '-q', the return status is zero if all OPTNAMES
+          are enabled; non-zero otherwise.
+
+     '-o'
+          Restricts the values of OPTNAME to be those defined for the
+          '-o' option to the 'set' builtin (*note The Set Builtin::).
+
+     If either '-s' or '-u' is used with no OPTNAME arguments, 'shopt'
+     shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively.
+
+     Unless otherwise noted, the 'shopt' options are disabled (off) by
+     default.
+
+     The return status when listing options is zero if all OPTNAMES are
+     enabled, non-zero otherwise.  When setting or unsetting options,
+     the return status is zero unless an OPTNAME is not a valid shell
+     option.
+
+     The list of 'shopt' options is:
+
+     'assoc_expand_once'
+          If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of
+          associative array subscripts during arithmetic expression
+          evaluation, while executing builtins that can perform variable
+          assignments, and while executing builtins that perform array
+          dereferencing.
+
+     'autocd'
+          If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is
+          executed as if it were the argument to the 'cd' command.  This
+          option is only used by interactive shells.
+
+     'cdable_vars'
+          If this is set, an argument to the 'cd' builtin command that
+          is not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable
+          whose value is the directory to change to.
+
+     'cdspell'
+          If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component
+          in a 'cd' command will be corrected.  The errors checked for
+          are transposed characters, a missing character, and a
+          character too many.  If a correction is found, the corrected
+          path is printed, and the command proceeds.  This option is
+          only used by interactive shells.
+
+     'checkhash'
+          If this is set, Bash checks that a command found in the hash
+          table exists before trying to execute it.  If a hashed command
+          no longer exists, a normal path search is performed.
+
+     'checkjobs'
+          If set, Bash lists the status of any stopped and running jobs
+          before exiting an interactive shell.  If any jobs are running,
+          this causes the exit to be deferred until a second exit is
+          attempted without an intervening command (*note Job
+          Control::).  The shell always postpones exiting if any jobs
+          are stopped.
+
+     'checkwinsize'
+          If set, Bash checks the window size after each external
+          (non-builtin) command and, if necessary, updates the values of
+          'LINES' and 'COLUMNS'.  This option is enabled by default.
+
+     'cmdhist'
+          If set, Bash attempts to save all lines of a multiple-line
+          command in the same history entry.  This allows easy
+          re-editing of multi-line commands.  This option is enabled by
+          default, but only has an effect if command history is enabled
+          (*note Bash History Facilities::).
+
+     'compat31'
+          If set, Bash changes its behavior to that of version 3.1 with
+          respect to quoted arguments to the conditional command's '=~'
+          operator and with respect to locale-specific string comparison
+          when using the '[[' conditional command's '<' and '>'
+          operators.  Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII
+          collation and strcmp(3); bash-4.1 and later use the current
+          locale's collation sequence and strcoll(3).
+
+     'compat32'
+          If set, Bash changes its behavior to that of version 3.2 with
+          respect to locale-specific string comparison when using the
+          '[[' conditional command's '<' and '>' operators (see previous
+          item) and the effect of interrupting a command list.  Bash
+          versions 3.2 and earlier continue with the next command in the
+          list after one terminates due to an interrupt.
+
+     'compat40'
+          If set, Bash changes its behavior to that of version 4.0 with
+          respect to locale-specific string comparison when using the
+          '[[' conditional command's '<' and '>' operators (see
+          description of 'compat31') and the effect of interrupting a
+          command list.  Bash versions 4.0 and later interrupt the list
+          as if the shell received the interrupt; previous versions
+          continue with the next command in the list.
+
+     'compat41'
+          If set, Bash, when in POSIX mode, treats a single quote in a
+          double-quoted parameter expansion as a special character.  The
+          single quotes must match (an even number) and the characters
+          between the single quotes are considered quoted.  This is the
+          behavior of POSIX mode through version 4.1.  The default Bash
+          behavior remains as in previous versions.
+
+     'compat42'
+          If set, Bash does not process the replacement string in the
+          pattern substitution word expansion using quote removal.
+
+     'compat43'
+          If set, Bash does not print a warning message if an attempt is
+          made to use a quoted compound array assignment as an argument
+          to 'declare', makes word expansion errors non-fatal errors
+          that cause the current command to fail (the default behavior
+          is to make them fatal errors that cause the shell to exit),
+          and does not reset the loop state when a shell function is
+          executed (this allows 'break' or 'continue' in a shell
+          function to affect loops in the caller's context).
+
+     'compat44'
+          If set, Bash saves the positional parameters to BASH_ARGV and
+          BASH_ARGC before they are used, regardless of whether or not
+          extended debugging mode is enabled.
+
+     'complete_fullquote'
+          If set, Bash quotes all shell metacharacters in filenames and
+          directory names when performing completion.  If not set, Bash
+          removes metacharacters such as the dollar sign from the set of
+          characters that will be quoted in completed filenames when
+          these metacharacters appear in shell variable references in
+          words to be completed.  This means that dollar signs in
+          variable names that expand to directories will not be quoted;
+          however, any dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be
+          quoted, either.  This is active only when bash is using
+          backslashes to quote completed filenames.  This variable is
+          set by default, which is the default Bash behavior in versions
+          through 4.2.
+
+     'direxpand'
+          If set, Bash replaces directory names with the results of word
+          expansion when performing filename completion.  This changes
+          the contents of the readline editing buffer.  If not set, Bash
+          attempts to preserve what the user typed.
+
+     'dirspell'
+          If set, Bash attempts spelling correction on directory names
+          during word completion if the directory name initially
+          supplied does not exist.
+
+     'dotglob'
+          If set, Bash includes filenames beginning with a '.'  in the
+          results of filename expansion.  The filenames '.' and '..'
+          must always be matched explicitly, even if 'dotglob' is set.
+
+     'execfail'
+          If this is set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it
+          cannot execute the file specified as an argument to the 'exec'
+          builtin command.  An interactive shell does not exit if 'exec'
+          fails.
+
+     'expand_aliases'
+          If set, aliases are expanded as described below under Aliases,
+          *note Aliases::.  This option is enabled by default for
+          interactive shells.
+
+     'extdebug'
+          If set at shell invocation, arrange to execute the debugger
+          profile before the shell starts, identical to the '--debugger'
+          option.  If set after invocation, behavior intended for use by
+          debuggers is enabled:
+
+            1. The '-F' option to the 'declare' builtin (*note Bash
+               Builtins::) displays the source file name and line number
+               corresponding to each function name supplied as an
+               argument.
+
+            2. If the command run by the 'DEBUG' trap returns a non-zero
+               value, the next command is skipped and not executed.
+
+            3. If the command run by the 'DEBUG' trap returns a value of
+               2, and the shell is executing in a subroutine (a shell
+               function or a shell script executed by the '.' or
+               'source' builtins), the shell simulates a call to
+               'return'.
+
+            4. 'BASH_ARGC' and 'BASH_ARGV' are updated as described in
+               their descriptions (*note Bash Variables::).
+
+            5. Function tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell
+               functions, and subshells invoked with '( COMMAND )'
+               inherit the 'DEBUG' and 'RETURN' traps.
+
+            6. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell
+               functions, and subshells invoked with '( COMMAND )'
+               inherit the 'ERR' trap.
+
+     'extglob'
+          If set, the extended pattern matching features described above
+          (*note Pattern Matching::) are enabled.
+
+     'extquote'
+          If set, '$'STRING'' and '$"STRING"' quoting is performed
+          within '${PARAMETER}' expansions enclosed in double quotes.
+          This option is enabled by default.
+
+     'failglob'
+          If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during filename
+          expansion result in an expansion error.
+
+     'force_fignore'
+          If set, the suffixes specified by the 'FIGNORE' shell variable
+          cause words to be ignored when performing word completion even
+          if the ignored words are the only possible completions.  *Note
+          Bash Variables::, for a description of 'FIGNORE'.  This option
+          is enabled by default.
+
+     'globasciiranges'
+          If set, range expressions used in pattern matching bracket
+          expressions (*note Pattern Matching::) behave as if in the
+          traditional C locale when performing comparisons.  That is,
+          the current locale's collating sequence is not taken into
+          account, so 'b' will not collate between 'A' and 'B', and
+          upper-case and lower-case ASCII characters will collate
+          together.
+
+     'globstar'
+          If set, the pattern '**' used in a filename expansion context
+          will match all files and zero or more directories and
+          subdirectories.  If the pattern is followed by a '/', only
+          directories and subdirectories match.
+
+     'gnu_errfmt'
+          If set, shell error messages are written in the standard GNU
+          error message format.
+
+     'histappend'
+          If set, the history list is appended to the file named by the
+          value of the 'HISTFILE' variable when the shell exits, rather
+          than overwriting the file.
+
+     'histreedit'
+          If set, and Readline is being used, a user is given the
+          opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitution.
+
+     'histverify'
+          If set, and Readline is being used, the results of history
+          substitution are not immediately passed to the shell parser.
+          Instead, the resulting line is loaded into the Readline
+          editing buffer, allowing further modification.
+
+     'hostcomplete'
+          If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will attempt to
+          perform hostname completion when a word containing a '@' is
+          being completed (*note Commands For Completion::).  This
+          option is enabled by default.
+
+     'huponexit'
+          If set, Bash will send 'SIGHUP' to all jobs when an
+          interactive login shell exits (*note Signals::).
+
+     'inherit_errexit'
+          If set, command substitution inherits the value of the
+          'errexit' option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell
+          environment.  This option is enabled when POSIX mode is
+          enabled.
+
+     'interactive_comments'
+          Allow a word beginning with '#' to cause that word and all
+          remaining characters on that line to be ignored in an
+          interactive shell.  This option is enabled by default.
+
+     'lastpipe'
+          If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs the last
+          command of a pipeline not executed in the background in the
+          current shell environment.
+
+     'lithist'
+          If enabled, and the 'cmdhist' option is enabled, multi-line
+          commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines
+          rather than using semicolon separators where possible.
+
+     'localvar_inherit'
+          If set, local variables inherit the value and attributes of a
+          variable of the same name that exists at a previous scope
+          before any new value is assigned.  The NAMEREF attribute is
+          not inherited.
+
+     'localvar_unset'
+          If set, calling 'unset' on local variables in previous
+          function scopes marks them so subsequent lookups find them
+          unset until that function returns.  This is identical to the
+          behavior of unsetting local variables at the current function
+          scope.
+
+     'login_shell'
+          The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell
+          (*note Invoking Bash::).  The value may not be changed.
+
+     'mailwarn'
+          If set, and a file that Bash is checking for mail has been
+          accessed since the last time it was checked, the message '"The
+          mail in MAILFILE has been read"' is displayed.
+
+     'no_empty_cmd_completion'
+          If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will not attempt to
+          search the 'PATH' for possible completions when completion is
+          attempted on an empty line.
+
+     'nocaseglob'
+          If set, Bash matches filenames in a case-insensitive fashion
+          when performing filename expansion.
+
+     'nocasematch'
+          If set, Bash matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion
+          when performing matching while executing 'case' or '[['
+          conditional commands, when performing pattern substitution
+          word expansions, or when filtering possible completions as
+          part of programmable completion.
+
+     'nullglob'
+          If set, Bash allows filename patterns which match no files to
+          expand to a null string, rather than themselves.
+
+     'progcomp'
+          If set, the programmable completion facilities (*note
+          Programmable Completion::) are enabled.  This option is
+          enabled by default.
+
+     'progcomp_alias'
+          If set, and programmable completion is enabled, Bash treats a
+          command name that doesn't have any completions as a possible
+          alias and attempts alias expansion.  If it has an alias, Bash
+          attempts programmable completion using the command word
+          resulting from the expanded alias.
+
+     'promptvars'
+          If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, command
+          substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal after
+          being expanded as described below (*note Controlling the
+          Prompt::).  This option is enabled by default.
+
+     'restricted_shell'
+          The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode
+          (*note The Restricted Shell::).  The value may not be changed.
+          This is not reset when the startup files are executed,
+          allowing the startup files to discover whether or not a shell
+          is restricted.
+
+     'shift_verbose'
+          If this is set, the 'shift' builtin prints an error message
+          when the shift count exceeds the number of positional
+          parameters.
+
+     'sourcepath'
+          If set, the 'source' builtin uses the value of 'PATH' to find
+          the directory containing the file supplied as an argument.
+          This option is enabled by default.
+
+     'xpg_echo'
+          If set, the 'echo' builtin expands backslash-escape sequences
+          by default.
+
+     The return status when listing options is zero if all OPTNAMES are
+     enabled, non-zero otherwise.  When setting or unsetting options,
+     the return status is zero unless an OPTNAME is not a valid shell
+     option.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Special Builtins,  Prev: Modifying Shell Behavior,  Up: Shell Builtin Commands
+
+4.4 Special Builtins
+====================
+
+For historical reasons, the POSIX standard has classified several
+builtin commands as _special_.  When Bash is executing in POSIX mode,
+the special builtins differ from other builtin commands in three
+respects:
+
+  1. Special builtins are found before shell functions during command
+     lookup.
+
+  2. If a special builtin returns an error status, a non-interactive
+     shell exits.
+
+  3. Assignment statements preceding the command stay in effect in the
+     shell environment after the command completes.
+
+   When Bash is not executing in POSIX mode, these builtins behave no
+differently than the rest of the Bash builtin commands.  The Bash POSIX
+mode is described in *note Bash POSIX Mode::.
+
+   These are the POSIX special builtins:
+     break : . continue eval exec exit export readonly return set
+     shift trap unset
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Shell Variables,  Next: Bash Features,  Prev: Shell Builtin Commands,  Up: Top
+
+5 Shell Variables
+*****************
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Bourne Shell Variables::	Variables which Bash uses in the same way
+				as the Bourne Shell.
+* Bash Variables::		List of variables that exist in Bash.
+
+This chapter describes the shell variables that Bash uses.  Bash
+automatically assigns default values to a number of variables.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Bourne Shell Variables,  Next: Bash Variables,  Up: Shell Variables
+
+5.1 Bourne Shell Variables
+==========================
+
+Bash uses certain shell variables in the same way as the Bourne shell.
+In some cases, Bash assigns a default value to the variable.
+
+'CDPATH'
+     A colon-separated list of directories used as a search path for the
+     'cd' builtin command.
+
+'HOME'
+     The current user's home directory; the default for the 'cd' builtin
+     command.  The value of this variable is also used by tilde
+     expansion (*note Tilde Expansion::).
+
+'IFS'
+     A list of characters that separate fields; used when the shell
+     splits words as part of expansion.
+
+'MAIL'
+     If this parameter is set to a filename or directory name and the
+     'MAILPATH' variable is not set, Bash informs the user of the
+     arrival of mail in the specified file or Maildir-format directory.
+
+'MAILPATH'
+     A colon-separated list of filenames which the shell periodically
+     checks for new mail.  Each list entry can specify the message that
+     is printed when new mail arrives in the mail file by separating the
+     filename from the message with a '?'.  When used in the text of the
+     message, '$_' expands to the name of the current mail file.
+
+'OPTARG'
+     The value of the last option argument processed by the 'getopts'
+     builtin.
+
+'OPTIND'
+     The index of the last option argument processed by the 'getopts'
+     builtin.
+
+'PATH'
+     A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for
+     commands.  A zero-length (null) directory name in the value of
+     'PATH' indicates the current directory.  A null directory name may
+     appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial or trailing colon.
+
+'PS1'
+     The primary prompt string.  The default value is '\s-\v\$ '.  *Note
+     Controlling the Prompt::, for the complete list of escape sequences
+     that are expanded before 'PS1' is displayed.
+
+'PS2'
+     The secondary prompt string.  The default value is '> '.  'PS2' is
+     expanded in the same way as 'PS1' before being displayed.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Bash Variables,  Prev: Bourne Shell Variables,  Up: Shell Variables
+
+5.2 Bash Variables
+==================
+
+These variables are set or used by Bash, but other shells do not
+normally treat them specially.
+
+   A few variables used by Bash are described in different chapters:
+variables for controlling the job control facilities (*note Job Control
+Variables::).
+
+'BASH'
+     The full pathname used to execute the current instance of Bash.
+
+'BASHOPTS'
+     A colon-separated list of enabled shell options.  Each word in the
+     list is a valid argument for the '-s' option to the 'shopt' builtin
+     command (*note The Shopt Builtin::).  The options appearing in
+     'BASHOPTS' are those reported as 'on' by 'shopt'.  If this variable
+     is in the environment when Bash starts up, each shell option in the
+     list will be enabled before reading any startup files.  This
+     variable is readonly.
+
+'BASHPID'
+     Expands to the process ID of the current Bash process.  This
+     differs from '$$' under certain circumstances, such as subshells
+     that do not require Bash to be re-initialized.  Assignments to
+     'BASHPID' have no effect.  If 'BASHPID' is unset, it loses its
+     special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
+
+'BASH_ALIASES'
+     An associative array variable whose members correspond to the
+     internal list of aliases as maintained by the 'alias' builtin.
+     (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::).  Elements added to this array
+     appear in the alias list; however, unsetting array elements
+     currently does not cause aliases to be removed from the alias list.
+     If 'BASH_ALIASES' is unset, it loses its special properties, even
+     if it is subsequently reset.
+
+'BASH_ARGC'
+     An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in each
+     frame of the current bash execution call stack.  The number of
+     parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or script
+     executed with '.' or 'source') is at the top of the stack.  When a
+     subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed is pushed
+     onto 'BASH_ARGC'.  The shell sets 'BASH_ARGC' only when in extended
+     debugging mode (see *note The Shopt Builtin:: for a description of
+     the 'extdebug' option to the 'shopt' builtin).  Setting 'extdebug'
+     after the shell has started to execute a script, or referencing
+     this variable when 'extdebug' is not set, may result in
+     inconsistent values.
+
+'BASH_ARGV'
+     An array variable containing all of the parameters in the current
+     bash execution call stack.  The final parameter of the last
+     subroutine call is at the top of the stack; the first parameter of
+     the initial call is at the bottom.  When a subroutine is executed,
+     the parameters supplied are pushed onto 'BASH_ARGV'.  The shell
+     sets 'BASH_ARGV' only when in extended debugging mode (see *note
+     The Shopt Builtin:: for a description of the 'extdebug' option to
+     the 'shopt' builtin).  Setting 'extdebug' after the shell has
+     started to execute a script, or referencing this variable when
+     'extdebug' is not set, may result in inconsistent values.
+
+'BASH_ARGV0'
+     When referenced, this variable expands to the name of the shell or
+     shell script (identical to '$0'; *Note Special Parameters::, for
+     the description of special parameter 0).  Assignment to
+     'BASH_ARGV0' causes the value assigned to also be assigned to '$0'.
+     If 'BASH_ARGV0' is unset, it loses its special properties, even if
+     it is subsequently reset.
+
+'BASH_CMDS'
+     An associative array variable whose members correspond to the
+     internal hash table of commands as maintained by the 'hash' builtin
+     (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::).  Elements added to this array
+     appear in the hash table; however, unsetting array elements
+     currently does not cause command names to be removed from the hash
+     table.  If 'BASH_CMDS' is unset, it loses its special properties,
+     even if it is subsequently reset.
+
+'BASH_COMMAND'
+     The command currently being executed or about to be executed,
+     unless the shell is executing a command as the result of a trap, in
+     which case it is the command executing at the time of the trap.
+
+'BASH_COMPAT'
+     The value is used to set the shell's compatibility level.  *Note
+     The Shopt Builtin::, for a description of the various compatibility
+     levels and their effects.  The value may be a decimal number (e.g.,
+     4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42) corresponding to the desired
+     compatibility level.  If 'BASH_COMPAT' is unset or set to the empty
+     string, the compatibility level is set to the default for the
+     current version.  If 'BASH_COMPAT' is set to a value that is not
+     one of the valid compatibility levels, the shell prints an error
+     message and sets the compatibility level to the default for the
+     current version.  The valid compatibility levels correspond to the
+     compatibility options accepted by the 'shopt' builtin described
+     above (for example, COMPAT42 means that 4.2 and 42 are valid
+     values).  The current version is also a valid value.
+
+'BASH_ENV'
+     If this variable is set when Bash is invoked to execute a shell
+     script, its value is expanded and used as the name of a startup
+     file to read before executing the script.  *Note Bash Startup
+     Files::.
+
+'BASH_EXECUTION_STRING'
+     The command argument to the '-c' invocation option.
+
+'BASH_LINENO'
+     An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source
+     files where each corresponding member of FUNCNAME was invoked.
+     '${BASH_LINENO[$i]}' is the line number in the source file
+     ('${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}') where '${FUNCNAME[$i]}' was called (or
+     '${BASH_LINENO[$i-1]}' if referenced within another shell
+     function).  Use 'LINENO' to obtain the current line number.
+
+'BASH_LOADABLES_PATH'
+     A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for
+     dynamically loadable builtins specified by the 'enable' command.
+
+'BASH_REMATCH'
+     An array variable whose members are assigned by the '=~' binary
+     operator to the '[[' conditional command (*note Conditional
+     Constructs::).  The element with index 0 is the portion of the
+     string matching the entire regular expression.  The element with
+     index N is the portion of the string matching the Nth parenthesized
+     subexpression.  This variable is read-only.
+
+'BASH_SOURCE'
+     An array variable whose members are the source filenames where the
+     corresponding shell function names in the 'FUNCNAME' array variable
+     are defined.  The shell function '${FUNCNAME[$i]}' is defined in
+     the file '${BASH_SOURCE[$i]}' and called from
+     '${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}'
+
+'BASH_SUBSHELL'
+     Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell environment
+     when the shell begins executing in that environment.  The initial
+     value is 0.
+
+'BASH_VERSINFO'
+     A readonly array variable (*note Arrays::) whose members hold
+     version information for this instance of Bash.  The values assigned
+     to the array members are as follows:
+
+     'BASH_VERSINFO[0]'
+          The major version number (the RELEASE).
+
+     'BASH_VERSINFO[1]'
+          The minor version number (the VERSION).
+
+     'BASH_VERSINFO[2]'
+          The patch level.
+
+     'BASH_VERSINFO[3]'
+          The build version.
+
+     'BASH_VERSINFO[4]'
+          The release status (e.g., BETA1).
+
+     'BASH_VERSINFO[5]'
+          The value of 'MACHTYPE'.
+
+'BASH_VERSION'
+     The version number of the current instance of Bash.
+
+'BASH_XTRACEFD'
+     If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, Bash
+     will write the trace output generated when 'set -x' is enabled to
+     that file descriptor.  This allows tracing output to be separated
+     from diagnostic and error messages.  The file descriptor is closed
+     when 'BASH_XTRACEFD' is unset or assigned a new value.  Unsetting
+     'BASH_XTRACEFD' or assigning it the empty string causes the trace
+     output to be sent to the standard error.  Note that setting
+     'BASH_XTRACEFD' to 2 (the standard error file descriptor) and then
+     unsetting it will result in the standard error being closed.
+
+'CHILD_MAX'
+     Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to
+     remember.  Bash will not allow this value to be decreased below a
+     POSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum value (currently
+     8192) that this may not exceed.  The minimum value is
+     system-dependent.
+
+'COLUMNS'
+     Used by the 'select' command to determine the terminal width when
+     printing selection lists.  Automatically set if the 'checkwinsize'
+     option is enabled (*note The Shopt Builtin::), or in an interactive
+     shell upon receipt of a 'SIGWINCH'.
+
+'COMP_CWORD'
+     An index into '${COMP_WORDS}' of the word containing the current
+     cursor position.  This variable is available only in shell
+     functions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (*note
+     Programmable Completion::).
+
+'COMP_LINE'
+     The current command line.  This variable is available only in shell
+     functions and external commands invoked by the programmable
+     completion facilities (*note Programmable Completion::).
+
+'COMP_POINT'
+     The index of the current cursor position relative to the beginning
+     of the current command.  If the current cursor position is at the
+     end of the current command, the value of this variable is equal to
+     '${#COMP_LINE}'.  This variable is available only in shell
+     functions and external commands invoked by the programmable
+     completion facilities (*note Programmable Completion::).
+
+'COMP_TYPE'
+     Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of completion
+     attempted that caused a completion function to be called: TAB, for
+     normal completion, '?', for listing completions after successive
+     tabs, '!', for listing alternatives on partial word completion,
+     '@', to list completions if the word is not unmodified, or '%', for
+     menu completion.  This variable is available only in shell
+     functions and external commands invoked by the programmable
+     completion facilities (*note Programmable Completion::).
+
+'COMP_KEY'
+     The key (or final key of a key sequence) used to invoke the current
+     completion function.
+
+'COMP_WORDBREAKS'
+     The set of characters that the Readline library treats as word
+     separators when performing word completion.  If 'COMP_WORDBREAKS'
+     is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+     subsequently reset.
+
+'COMP_WORDS'
+     An array variable consisting of the individual words in the current
+     command line.  The line is split into words as Readline would split
+     it, using 'COMP_WORDBREAKS' as described above.  This variable is
+     available only in shell functions invoked by the programmable
+     completion facilities (*note Programmable Completion::).
+
+'COMPREPLY'
+     An array variable from which Bash reads the possible completions
+     generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable
+     completion facility (*note Programmable Completion::).  Each array
+     element contains one possible completion.
+
+'COPROC'
+     An array variable created to hold the file descriptors for output
+     from and input to an unnamed coprocess (*note Coprocesses::).
+
+'DIRSTACK'
+     An array variable containing the current contents of the directory
+     stack.  Directories appear in the stack in the order they are
+     displayed by the 'dirs' builtin.  Assigning to members of this
+     array variable may be used to modify directories already in the
+     stack, but the 'pushd' and 'popd' builtins must be used to add and
+     remove directories.  Assignment to this variable will not change
+     the current directory.  If 'DIRSTACK' is unset, it loses its
+     special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
+
+'EMACS'
+     If Bash finds this variable in the environment when the shell
+     starts with value 't', it assumes that the shell is running in an
+     Emacs shell buffer and disables line editing.
+
+'ENV'
+     Similar to 'BASH_ENV'; used when the shell is invoked in POSIX Mode
+     (*note Bash POSIX Mode::).
+
+'EPOCHREALTIME'
+     Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of
+     seconds since the Unix Epoch as a floating point value with
+     micro-second granularity (see the documentation for the C library
+     function TIME for the definition of Epoch).  Assignments to
+     'EPOCHREALTIME' are ignored.  If 'EPOCHREALTIME' is unset, it loses
+     its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
+
+'EPOCHSECONDS'
+     Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of
+     seconds since the Unix Epoch (see the documentation for the C
+     library function TIME for the definition of Epoch).  Assignments to
+     'EPOCHSECONDS' are ignored.  If 'EPOCHSECONDS' is unset, it loses
+     its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
+
+'EUID'
+     The numeric effective user id of the current user.  This variable
+     is readonly.
+
+'EXECIGNORE'
+     A colon-separated list of shell patterns (*note Pattern Matching::)
+     defining the list of filenames to be ignored by command search
+     using 'PATH'.  Files whose full pathnames match one of these
+     patterns are not considered executable files for the purposes of
+     completion and command execution via 'PATH' lookup.  This does not
+     affect the behavior of the '[', 'test', and '[[' commands.  Full
+     pathnames in the command hash table are not subject to
+     'EXECIGNORE'.  Use this variable to ignore shared library files
+     that have the executable bit set, but are not executable files.
+     The pattern matching honors the setting of the 'extglob' shell
+     option.
+
+'FCEDIT'
+     The editor used as a default by the '-e' option to the 'fc' builtin
+     command.
+
+'FIGNORE'
+     A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing
+     filename completion.  A filename whose suffix matches one of the
+     entries in 'FIGNORE' is excluded from the list of matched
+     filenames.  A sample value is '.o:~'
+
+'FUNCNAME'
+     An array variable containing the names of all shell functions
+     currently in the execution call stack.  The element with index 0 is
+     the name of any currently-executing shell function.  The
+     bottom-most element (the one with the highest index) is '"main"'.
+     This variable exists only when a shell function is executing.
+     Assignments to 'FUNCNAME' have no effect.  If 'FUNCNAME' is unset,
+     it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset.
+
+     This variable can be used with 'BASH_LINENO' and 'BASH_SOURCE'.
+     Each element of 'FUNCNAME' has corresponding elements in
+     'BASH_LINENO' and 'BASH_SOURCE' to describe the call stack.  For
+     instance, '${FUNCNAME[$i]}' was called from the file
+     '${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}' at line number '${BASH_LINENO[$i]}'.  The
+     'caller' builtin displays the current call stack using this
+     information.
+
+'FUNCNEST'
+     If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum
+     function nesting level.  Function invocations that exceed this
+     nesting level will cause the current command to abort.
+
+'GLOBIGNORE'
+     A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of file names
+     to be ignored by filename expansion.  If a file name matched by a
+     filename expansion pattern also matches one of the patterns in
+     'GLOBIGNORE', it is removed from the list of matches.  The pattern
+     matching honors the setting of the 'extglob' shell option.
+
+'GROUPS'
+     An array variable containing the list of groups of which the
+     current user is a member.  Assignments to 'GROUPS' have no effect.
+     If 'GROUPS' is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it
+     is subsequently reset.
+
+'histchars'
+     Up to three characters which control history expansion, quick
+     substitution, and tokenization (*note History Interaction::).  The
+     first character is the HISTORY EXPANSION character, that is, the
+     character which signifies the start of a history expansion,
+     normally '!'.  The second character is the character which
+     signifies 'quick substitution' when seen as the first character on
+     a line, normally '^'.  The optional third character is the
+     character which indicates that the remainder of the line is a
+     comment when found as the first character of a word, usually '#'.
+     The history comment character causes history substitution to be
+     skipped for the remaining words on the line.  It does not
+     necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the rest of the line as
+     a comment.
+
+'HISTCMD'
+     The history number, or index in the history list, of the current
+     command.  If 'HISTCMD' is unset, it loses its special properties,
+     even if it is subsequently reset.
+
+'HISTCONTROL'
+     A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are saved
+     on the history list.  If the list of values includes 'ignorespace',
+     lines which begin with a space character are not saved in the
+     history list.  A value of 'ignoredups' causes lines which match the
+     previous history entry to not be saved.  A value of 'ignoreboth' is
+     shorthand for 'ignorespace' and 'ignoredups'.  A value of
+     'erasedups' causes all previous lines matching the current line to
+     be removed from the history list before that line is saved.  Any
+     value not in the above list is ignored.  If 'HISTCONTROL' is unset,
+     or does not include a valid value, all lines read by the shell
+     parser are saved on the history list, subject to the value of
+     'HISTIGNORE'.  The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line
+     compound command are not tested, and are added to the history
+     regardless of the value of 'HISTCONTROL'.
+
+'HISTFILE'
+     The name of the file to which the command history is saved.  The
+     default value is '~/.bash_history'.
+
+'HISTFILESIZE'
+     The maximum number of lines contained in the history file.  When
+     this variable is assigned a value, the history file is truncated,
+     if necessary, to contain no more than that number of lines by
+     removing the oldest entries.  The history file is also truncated to
+     this size after writing it when a shell exits.  If the value is 0,
+     the history file is truncated to zero size.  Non-numeric values and
+     numeric values less than zero inhibit truncation.  The shell sets
+     the default value to the value of 'HISTSIZE' after reading any
+     startup files.
+
+'HISTIGNORE'
+     A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command
+     lines should be saved on the history list.  Each pattern is
+     anchored at the beginning of the line and must match the complete
+     line (no implicit '*' is appended).  Each pattern is tested against
+     the line after the checks specified by 'HISTCONTROL' are applied.
+     In addition to the normal shell pattern matching characters, '&'
+     matches the previous history line.  '&' may be escaped using a
+     backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match.  The
+     second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are
+     not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
+     'HISTIGNORE'.  The pattern matching honors the setting of the
+     'extglob' shell option.
+
+     'HISTIGNORE' subsumes the function of 'HISTCONTROL'.  A pattern of
+     '&' is identical to 'ignoredups', and a pattern of '[ ]*' is
+     identical to 'ignorespace'.  Combining these two patterns,
+     separating them with a colon, provides the functionality of
+     'ignoreboth'.
+
+'HISTSIZE'
+     The maximum number of commands to remember on the history list.  If
+     the value is 0, commands are not saved in the history list.
+     Numeric values less than zero result in every command being saved
+     on the history list (there is no limit).  The shell sets the
+     default value to 500 after reading any startup files.
+
+'HISTTIMEFORMAT'
+     If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format
+     string for STRFTIME to print the time stamp associated with each
+     history entry displayed by the 'history' builtin.  If this variable
+     is set, time stamps are written to the history file so they may be
+     preserved across shell sessions.  This uses the history comment
+     character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines.
+
+'HOSTFILE'
+     Contains the name of a file in the same format as '/etc/hosts' that
+     should be read when the shell needs to complete a hostname.  The
+     list of possible hostname completions may be changed while the
+     shell is running; the next time hostname completion is attempted
+     after the value is changed, Bash adds the contents of the new file
+     to the existing list.  If 'HOSTFILE' is set, but has no value, or
+     does not name a readable file, Bash attempts to read '/etc/hosts'
+     to obtain the list of possible hostname completions.  When
+     'HOSTFILE' is unset, the hostname list is cleared.
+
+'HOSTNAME'
+     The name of the current host.
+
+'HOSTTYPE'
+     A string describing the machine Bash is running on.
+
+'IGNOREEOF'
+     Controls the action of the shell on receipt of an 'EOF' character
+     as the sole input.  If set, the value denotes the number of
+     consecutive 'EOF' characters that can be read as the first
+     character on an input line before the shell will exit.  If the
+     variable exists but does not have a numeric value, or has no value,
+     then the default is 10.  If the variable does not exist, then 'EOF'
+     signifies the end of input to the shell.  This is only in effect
+     for interactive shells.
+
+'INPUTRC'
+     The name of the Readline initialization file, overriding the
+     default of '~/.inputrc'.
+
+'INSIDE_EMACS'
+     If Bash finds this variable in the environment when the shell
+     starts, it assumes that the shell is running in an Emacs shell
+     buffer and may disable line editing depending on the value of
+     'TERM'.
+
+'LANG'
+     Used to determine the locale category for any category not
+     specifically selected with a variable starting with 'LC_'.
+
+'LC_ALL'
+     This variable overrides the value of 'LANG' and any other 'LC_'
+     variable specifying a locale category.
+
+'LC_COLLATE'
+     This variable determines the collation order used when sorting the
+     results of filename expansion, and determines the behavior of range
+     expressions, equivalence classes, and collating sequences within
+     filename expansion and pattern matching (*note Filename
+     Expansion::).
+
+'LC_CTYPE'
+     This variable determines the interpretation of characters and the
+     behavior of character classes within filename expansion and pattern
+     matching (*note Filename Expansion::).
+
+'LC_MESSAGES'
+     This variable determines the locale used to translate double-quoted
+     strings preceded by a '$' (*note Locale Translation::).
+
+'LC_NUMERIC'
+     This variable determines the locale category used for number
+     formatting.
+
+'LC_TIME'
+     This variable determines the locale category used for data and time
+     formatting.
+
+'LINENO'
+     The line number in the script or shell function currently
+     executing.
+
+'LINES'
+     Used by the 'select' command to determine the column length for
+     printing selection lists.  Automatically set if the 'checkwinsize'
+     option is enabled (*note The Shopt Builtin::), or in an interactive
+     shell upon receipt of a 'SIGWINCH'.
+
+'MACHTYPE'
+     A string that fully describes the system type on which Bash is
+     executing, in the standard GNU CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM format.
+
+'MAILCHECK'
+     How often (in seconds) that the shell should check for mail in the
+     files specified in the 'MAILPATH' or 'MAIL' variables.  The default
+     is 60 seconds.  When it is time to check for mail, the shell does
+     so before displaying the primary prompt.  If this variable is
+     unset, or set to a value that is not a number greater than or equal
+     to zero, the shell disables mail checking.
+
+'MAPFILE'
+     An array variable created to hold the text read by the 'mapfile'
+     builtin when no variable name is supplied.
+
+'OLDPWD'
+     The previous working directory as set by the 'cd' builtin.
+
+'OPTERR'
+     If set to the value 1, Bash displays error messages generated by
+     the 'getopts' builtin command.
+
+'OSTYPE'
+     A string describing the operating system Bash is running on.
+
+'PIPESTATUS'
+     An array variable (*note Arrays::) containing a list of exit status
+     values from the processes in the most-recently-executed foreground
+     pipeline (which may contain only a single command).
+
+'POSIXLY_CORRECT'
+     If this variable is in the environment when Bash starts, the shell
+     enters POSIX mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::) before reading the
+     startup files, as if the '--posix' invocation option had been
+     supplied.  If it is set while the shell is running, Bash enables
+     POSIX mode, as if the command
+          set -o posix
+     had been executed.  When the shell enters POSIX mode, it sets this
+     variable if it was not already set.
+
+'PPID'
+     The process ID of the shell's parent process.  This variable is
+     readonly.
+
+'PROMPT_COMMAND'
+     If set, the value is interpreted as a command to execute before the
+     printing of each primary prompt ('$PS1').
+
+'PROMPT_DIRTRIM'
+     If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the
+     number of trailing directory components to retain when expanding
+     the '\w' and '\W' prompt string escapes (*note Controlling the
+     Prompt::).  Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis.
+
+'PS0'
+     The value of this parameter is expanded like PS1 and displayed by
+     interactive shells after reading a command and before the command
+     is executed.
+
+'PS3'
+     The value of this variable is used as the prompt for the 'select'
+     command.  If this variable is not set, the 'select' command prompts
+     with '#? '
+
+'PS4'
+     The value of this parameter is expanded like PS1 and the expanded
+     value is the prompt printed before the command line is echoed when
+     the '-x' option is set (*note The Set Builtin::).  The first
+     character of the expanded value is replicated multiple times, as
+     necessary, to indicate multiple levels of indirection.  The default
+     is '+ '.
+
+'PWD'
+     The current working directory as set by the 'cd' builtin.
+
+'RANDOM'
+     Each time this parameter is referenced, a random integer between 0
+     and 32767 is generated.  Assigning a value to this variable seeds
+     the random number generator.
+
+'READLINE_LINE'
+     The contents of the Readline line buffer, for use with 'bind -x'
+     (*note Bash Builtins::).
+
+'READLINE_POINT'
+     The position of the insertion point in the Readline line buffer,
+     for use with 'bind -x' (*note Bash Builtins::).
+
+'REPLY'
+     The default variable for the 'read' builtin.
+
+'SECONDS'
+     This variable expands to the number of seconds since the shell was
+     started.  Assignment to this variable resets the count to the value
+     assigned, and the expanded value becomes the value assigned plus
+     the number of seconds since the assignment.
+
+'SHELL'
+     The full pathname to the shell is kept in this environment
+     variable.  If it is not set when the shell starts, Bash assigns to
+     it the full pathname of the current user's login shell.
+
+'SHELLOPTS'
+     A colon-separated list of enabled shell options.  Each word in the
+     list is a valid argument for the '-o' option to the 'set' builtin
+     command (*note The Set Builtin::).  The options appearing in
+     'SHELLOPTS' are those reported as 'on' by 'set -o'.  If this
+     variable is in the environment when Bash starts up, each shell
+     option in the list will be enabled before reading any startup
+     files.  This variable is readonly.
+
+'SHLVL'
+     Incremented by one each time a new instance of Bash is started.
+     This is intended to be a count of how deeply your Bash shells are
+     nested.
+
+'TIMEFORMAT'
+     The value of this parameter is used as a format string specifying
+     how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the 'time'
+     reserved word should be displayed.  The '%' character introduces an
+     escape sequence that is expanded to a time value or other
+     information.  The escape sequences and their meanings are as
+     follows; the braces denote optional portions.
+
+     '%%'
+          A literal '%'.
+
+     '%[P][l]R'
+          The elapsed time in seconds.
+
+     '%[P][l]U'
+          The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.
+
+     '%[P][l]S'
+          The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.
+
+     '%P'
+          The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R.
+
+     The optional P is a digit specifying the precision, the number of
+     fractional digits after a decimal point.  A value of 0 causes no
+     decimal point or fraction to be output.  At most three places after
+     the decimal point may be specified; values of P greater than 3 are
+     changed to 3.  If P is not specified, the value 3 is used.
+
+     The optional 'l' specifies a longer format, including minutes, of
+     the form MMmSS.FFs.  The value of P determines whether or not the
+     fraction is included.
+
+     If this variable is not set, Bash acts as if it had the value
+          $'\nreal\t%3lR\nuser\t%3lU\nsys\t%3lS'
+     If the value is null, no timing information is displayed.  A
+     trailing newline is added when the format string is displayed.
+
+'TMOUT'
+     If set to a value greater than zero, 'TMOUT' is treated as the
+     default timeout for the 'read' builtin (*note Bash Builtins::).
+     The 'select' command (*note Conditional Constructs::) terminates if
+     input does not arrive after 'TMOUT' seconds when input is coming
+     from a terminal.
+
+     In an interactive shell, the value is interpreted as the number of
+     seconds to wait for a line of input after issuing the primary
+     prompt.  Bash terminates after waiting for that number of seconds
+     if a complete line of input does not arrive.
+
+'TMPDIR'
+     If set, Bash uses its value as the name of a directory in which
+     Bash creates temporary files for the shell's use.
+
+'UID'
+     The numeric real user id of the current user.  This variable is
+     readonly.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Bash Features,  Next: Job Control,  Prev: Shell Variables,  Up: Top
+
+6 Bash Features
+***************
+
+This chapter describes features unique to Bash.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Invoking Bash::		Command line options that you can give
+				to Bash.
+* Bash Startup Files::		When and how Bash executes scripts.
+* Interactive Shells::		What an interactive shell is.
+* Bash Conditional Expressions::	Primitives used in composing expressions for
+				the 'test' builtin.
+* Shell Arithmetic::		Arithmetic on shell variables.
+* Aliases::			Substituting one command for another.
+* Arrays::			Array Variables.
+* The Directory Stack::		History of visited directories.
+* Controlling the Prompt::	Customizing the various prompt strings.
+* The Restricted Shell::	A more controlled mode of shell execution.
+* Bash POSIX Mode::		Making Bash behave more closely to what
+				the POSIX standard specifies.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Invoking Bash,  Next: Bash Startup Files,  Up: Bash Features
+
+6.1 Invoking Bash
+=================
+
+     bash [long-opt] [-ir] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o OPTION]
+         [-O SHOPT_OPTION] [ARGUMENT ...]
+     bash [long-opt] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o OPTION]
+         [-O SHOPT_OPTION] -c STRING [ARGUMENT ...]
+     bash [long-opt] -s [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o OPTION]
+         [-O SHOPT_OPTION] [ARGUMENT ...]
+
+   All of the single-character options used with the 'set' builtin
+(*note The Set Builtin::) can be used as options when the shell is
+invoked.  In addition, there are several multi-character options that
+you can use.  These options must appear on the command line before the
+single-character options to be recognized.
+
+'--debugger'
+     Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell
+     starts.  Turns on extended debugging mode (see *note The Shopt
+     Builtin:: for a description of the 'extdebug' option to the 'shopt'
+     builtin).
+
+'--dump-po-strings'
+     A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by '$' is printed on
+     the standard output in the GNU 'gettext' PO (portable object) file
+     format.  Equivalent to '-D' except for the output format.
+
+'--dump-strings'
+     Equivalent to '-D'.
+
+'--help'
+     Display a usage message on standard output and exit successfully.
+
+'--init-file FILENAME'
+'--rcfile FILENAME'
+     Execute commands from FILENAME (instead of '~/.bashrc') in an
+     interactive shell.
+
+'--login'
+     Equivalent to '-l'.
+
+'--noediting'
+     Do not use the GNU Readline library (*note Command Line Editing::)
+     to read command lines when the shell is interactive.
+
+'--noprofile'
+     Don't load the system-wide startup file '/etc/profile' or any of
+     the personal initialization files '~/.bash_profile',
+     '~/.bash_login', or '~/.profile' when Bash is invoked as a login
+     shell.
+
+'--norc'
+     Don't read the '~/.bashrc' initialization file in an interactive
+     shell.  This is on by default if the shell is invoked as 'sh'.
+
+'--posix'
+     Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation differs
+     from the POSIX standard to match the standard.  This is intended to
+     make Bash behave as a strict superset of that standard.  *Note Bash
+     POSIX Mode::, for a description of the Bash POSIX mode.
+
+'--restricted'
+     Make the shell a restricted shell (*note The Restricted Shell::).
+
+'--verbose'
+     Equivalent to '-v'.  Print shell input lines as they're read.
+
+'--version'
+     Show version information for this instance of Bash on the standard
+     output and exit successfully.
+
+   There are several single-character options that may be supplied at
+invocation which are not available with the 'set' builtin.
+
+'-c'
+     Read and execute commands from the first non-option argument
+     COMMAND_STRING, then exit.  If there are arguments after the
+     COMMAND_STRING, the first argument is assigned to '$0' and any
+     remaining arguments are assigned to the positional parameters.  The
+     assignment to '$0' sets the name of the shell, which is used in
+     warning and error messages.
+
+'-i'
+     Force the shell to run interactively.  Interactive shells are
+     described in *note Interactive Shells::.
+
+'-l'
+     Make this shell act as if it had been directly invoked by login.
+     When the shell is interactive, this is equivalent to starting a
+     login shell with 'exec -l bash'.  When the shell is not
+     interactive, the login shell startup files will be executed.  'exec
+     bash -l' or 'exec bash --login' will replace the current shell with
+     a Bash login shell.  *Note Bash Startup Files::, for a description
+     of the special behavior of a login shell.
+
+'-r'
+     Make the shell a restricted shell (*note The Restricted Shell::).
+
+'-s'
+     If this option is present, or if no arguments remain after option
+     processing, then commands are read from the standard input.  This
+     option allows the positional parameters to be set when invoking an
+     interactive shell or when reading input through a pipe.
+
+'-D'
+     A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by '$' is printed on
+     the standard output.  These are the strings that are subject to
+     language translation when the current locale is not 'C' or 'POSIX'
+     (*note Locale Translation::).  This implies the '-n' option; no
+     commands will be executed.
+
+'[-+]O [SHOPT_OPTION]'
+     SHOPT_OPTION is one of the shell options accepted by the 'shopt'
+     builtin (*note The Shopt Builtin::).  If SHOPT_OPTION is present,
+     '-O' sets the value of that option; '+O' unsets it.  If
+     SHOPT_OPTION is not supplied, the names and values of the shell
+     options accepted by 'shopt' are printed on the standard output.  If
+     the invocation option is '+O', the output is displayed in a format
+     that may be reused as input.
+
+'--'
+     A '--' signals the end of options and disables further option
+     processing.  Any arguments after the '--' are treated as filenames
+     and arguments.
+
+   A _login_ shell is one whose first character of argument zero is '-',
+or one invoked with the '--login' option.
+
+   An _interactive_ shell is one started without non-option arguments,
+unless '-s' is specified, without specifying the '-c' option, and whose
+input and output are both connected to terminals (as determined by
+'isatty(3)'), or one started with the '-i' option.  *Note Interactive
+Shells::, for more information.
+
+   If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the '-c' nor
+the '-s' option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed to be
+the name of a file containing shell commands (*note Shell Scripts::).
+When Bash is invoked in this fashion, '$0' is set to the name of the
+file, and the positional parameters are set to the remaining arguments.
+Bash reads and executes commands from this file, then exits.  Bash's
+exit status is the exit status of the last command executed in the
+script.  If no commands are executed, the exit status is 0.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Bash Startup Files,  Next: Interactive Shells,  Prev: Invoking Bash,  Up: Bash Features
+
+6.2 Bash Startup Files
+======================
+
+This section describes how Bash executes its startup files.  If any of
+the files exist but cannot be read, Bash reports an error.  Tildes are
+expanded in filenames as described above under Tilde Expansion (*note
+Tilde Expansion::).
+
+   Interactive shells are described in *note Interactive Shells::.
+
+Invoked as an interactive login shell, or with '--login'
+........................................................
+
+When Bash is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a
+non-interactive shell with the '--login' option, it first reads and
+executes commands from the file '/etc/profile', if that file exists.
+After reading that file, it looks for '~/.bash_profile',
+'~/.bash_login', and '~/.profile', in that order, and reads and executes
+commands from the first one that exists and is readable.  The
+'--noprofile' option may be used when the shell is started to inhibit
+this behavior.
+
+   When an interactive login shell exits, or a non-interactive login
+shell executes the 'exit' builtin command, Bash reads and executes
+commands from the file '~/.bash_logout', if it exists.
+
+Invoked as an interactive non-login shell
+.........................................
+
+When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, Bash
+reads and executes commands from '~/.bashrc', if that file exists.  This
+may be inhibited by using the '--norc' option.  The '--rcfile FILE'
+option will force Bash to read and execute commands from FILE instead of
+'~/.bashrc'.
+
+   So, typically, your '~/.bash_profile' contains the line
+     if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then . ~/.bashrc; fi
+after (or before) any login-specific initializations.
+
+Invoked non-interactively
+.........................
+
+When Bash is started non-interactively, to run a shell script, for
+example, it looks for the variable 'BASH_ENV' in the environment,
+expands its value if it appears there, and uses the expanded value as
+the name of a file to read and execute.  Bash behaves as if the
+following command were executed:
+     if [ -n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi
+but the value of the 'PATH' variable is not used to search for the
+filename.
+
+   As noted above, if a non-interactive shell is invoked with the
+'--login' option, Bash attempts to read and execute commands from the
+login shell startup files.
+
+Invoked with name 'sh'
+......................
+
+If Bash is invoked with the name 'sh', it tries to mimic the startup
+behavior of historical versions of 'sh' as closely as possible, while
+conforming to the POSIX standard as well.
+
+   When invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-interactive
+shell with the '--login' option, it first attempts to read and execute
+commands from '/etc/profile' and '~/.profile', in that order.  The
+'--noprofile' option may be used to inhibit this behavior.  When invoked
+as an interactive shell with the name 'sh', Bash looks for the variable
+'ENV', expands its value if it is defined, and uses the expanded value
+as the name of a file to read and execute.  Since a shell invoked as
+'sh' does not attempt to read and execute commands from any other
+startup files, the '--rcfile' option has no effect.  A non-interactive
+shell invoked with the name 'sh' does not attempt to read any other
+startup files.
+
+   When invoked as 'sh', Bash enters POSIX mode after the startup files
+are read.
+
+Invoked in POSIX mode
+.....................
+
+When Bash is started in POSIX mode, as with the '--posix' command line
+option, it follows the POSIX standard for startup files.  In this mode,
+interactive shells expand the 'ENV' variable and commands are read and
+executed from the file whose name is the expanded value.  No other
+startup files are read.
+
+Invoked by remote shell daemon
+..............................
+
+Bash attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input
+connected to a network connection, as when executed by the remote shell
+daemon, usually 'rshd', or the secure shell daemon 'sshd'.  If Bash
+determines it is being run in this fashion, it reads and executes
+commands from '~/.bashrc', if that file exists and is readable.  It will
+not do this if invoked as 'sh'.  The '--norc' option may be used to
+inhibit this behavior, and the '--rcfile' option may be used to force
+another file to be read, but neither 'rshd' nor 'sshd' generally invoke
+the shell with those options or allow them to be specified.
+
+Invoked with unequal effective and real UID/GIDs
+................................................
+
+If Bash is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the
+real user (group) id, and the '-p' option is not supplied, no startup
+files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment,
+the 'SHELLOPTS', 'BASHOPTS', 'CDPATH', and 'GLOBIGNORE' variables, if
+they appear in the environment, are ignored, and the effective user id
+is set to the real user id.  If the '-p' option is supplied at
+invocation, the startup behavior is the same, but the effective user id
+is not reset.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Interactive Shells,  Next: Bash Conditional Expressions,  Prev: Bash Startup Files,  Up: Bash Features
+
+6.3 Interactive Shells
+======================
+
+* Menu:
+
+* What is an Interactive Shell?::	What determines whether a shell is Interactive.
+* Is this Shell Interactive?::	How to tell if a shell is interactive.
+* Interactive Shell Behavior::	What changes in a interactive shell?
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: What is an Interactive Shell?,  Next: Is this Shell Interactive?,  Up: Interactive Shells
+
+6.3.1 What is an Interactive Shell?
+-----------------------------------
+
+An interactive shell is one started without non-option arguments, unless
+'-s' is specified, without specifying the '-c' option, and whose input
+and error output are both connected to terminals (as determined by
+'isatty(3)'), or one started with the '-i' option.
+
+   An interactive shell generally reads from and writes to a user's
+terminal.
+
+   The '-s' invocation option may be used to set the positional
+parameters when an interactive shell is started.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Is this Shell Interactive?,  Next: Interactive Shell Behavior,  Prev: What is an Interactive Shell?,  Up: Interactive Shells
+
+6.3.2 Is this Shell Interactive?
+--------------------------------
+
+To determine within a startup script whether or not Bash is running
+interactively, test the value of the '-' special parameter.  It contains
+'i' when the shell is interactive.  For example:
+
+     case "$-" in
+     *i*)	echo This shell is interactive ;;
+     *)	echo This shell is not interactive ;;
+     esac
+
+   Alternatively, startup scripts may examine the variable 'PS1'; it is
+unset in non-interactive shells, and set in interactive shells.  Thus:
+
+     if [ -z "$PS1" ]; then
+             echo This shell is not interactive
+     else
+             echo This shell is interactive
+     fi
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Interactive Shell Behavior,  Prev: Is this Shell Interactive?,  Up: Interactive Shells
+
+6.3.3 Interactive Shell Behavior
+--------------------------------
+
+When the shell is running interactively, it changes its behavior in
+several ways.
+
+  1. Startup files are read and executed as described in *note Bash
+     Startup Files::.
+
+  2. Job Control (*note Job Control::) is enabled by default.  When job
+     control is in effect, Bash ignores the keyboard-generated job
+     control signals 'SIGTTIN', 'SIGTTOU', and 'SIGTSTP'.
+
+  3. Bash expands and displays 'PS1' before reading the first line of a
+     command, and expands and displays 'PS2' before reading the second
+     and subsequent lines of a multi-line command.  Bash expands and
+     displays 'PS0' after it reads a command but before executing it.
+     See *note Controlling the Prompt::, for a complete list of prompt
+     string escape sequences.
+
+  4. Bash executes the value of the 'PROMPT_COMMAND' variable as a
+     command before printing the primary prompt, '$PS1' (*note Bash
+     Variables::).
+
+  5. Readline (*note Command Line Editing::) is used to read commands
+     from the user's terminal.
+
+  6. Bash inspects the value of the 'ignoreeof' option to 'set -o'
+     instead of exiting immediately when it receives an 'EOF' on its
+     standard input when reading a command (*note The Set Builtin::).
+
+  7. Command history (*note Bash History Facilities::) and history
+     expansion (*note History Interaction::) are enabled by default.
+     Bash will save the command history to the file named by '$HISTFILE'
+     when a shell with history enabled exits.
+
+  8. Alias expansion (*note Aliases::) is performed by default.
+
+  9. In the absence of any traps, Bash ignores 'SIGTERM' (*note
+     Signals::).
+
+  10. In the absence of any traps, 'SIGINT' is caught and handled (*note
+     Signals::).  'SIGINT' will interrupt some shell builtins.
+
+  11. An interactive login shell sends a 'SIGHUP' to all jobs on exit if
+     the 'huponexit' shell option has been enabled (*note Signals::).
+
+  12. The '-n' invocation option is ignored, and 'set -n' has no effect
+     (*note The Set Builtin::).
+
+  13. Bash will check for mail periodically, depending on the values of
+     the 'MAIL', 'MAILPATH', and 'MAILCHECK' shell variables (*note Bash
+     Variables::).
+
+  14. Expansion errors due to references to unbound shell variables
+     after 'set -u' has been enabled will not cause the shell to exit
+     (*note The Set Builtin::).
+
+  15. The shell will not exit on expansion errors caused by VAR being
+     unset or null in '${VAR:?WORD}' expansions (*note Shell Parameter
+     Expansion::).
+
+  16. Redirection errors encountered by shell builtins will not cause
+     the shell to exit.
+
+  17. When running in POSIX mode, a special builtin returning an error
+     status will not cause the shell to exit (*note Bash POSIX Mode::).
+
+  18. A failed 'exec' will not cause the shell to exit (*note Bourne
+     Shell Builtins::).
+
+  19. Parser syntax errors will not cause the shell to exit.
+
+  20. Simple spelling correction for directory arguments to the 'cd'
+     builtin is enabled by default (see the description of the 'cdspell'
+     option to the 'shopt' builtin in *note The Shopt Builtin::).
+
+  21. The shell will check the value of the 'TMOUT' variable and exit if
+     a command is not read within the specified number of seconds after
+     printing '$PS1' (*note Bash Variables::).
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Bash Conditional Expressions,  Next: Shell Arithmetic,  Prev: Interactive Shells,  Up: Bash Features
+
+6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions
+================================
+
+Conditional expressions are used by the '[[' compound command and the
+'test' and '[' builtin commands.  The 'test' and '[' commands determine
+their behavior based on the number of arguments; see the descriptions of
+those commands for any other command-specific actions.
+
+   Expressions may be unary or binary, and are formed from the following
+primaries.  Unary expressions are often used to examine the status of a
+file.  There are string operators and numeric comparison operators as
+well.  Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in
+expressions.  If the operating system on which Bash is running provides
+these special files, Bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them
+internally with this behavior: If the FILE argument to one of the
+primaries is of the form '/dev/fd/N', then file descriptor N is checked.
+If the FILE argument to one of the primaries is one of '/dev/stdin',
+'/dev/stdout', or '/dev/stderr', file descriptor 0, 1, or 2,
+respectively, is checked.
+
+   When used with '[[', the '<' and '>' operators sort lexicographically
+using the current locale.  The 'test' command uses ASCII ordering.
+
+   Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow
+symbolic links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the
+link itself.
+
+'-a FILE'
+     True if FILE exists.
+
+'-b FILE'
+     True if FILE exists and is a block special file.
+
+'-c FILE'
+     True if FILE exists and is a character special file.
+
+'-d FILE'
+     True if FILE exists and is a directory.
+
+'-e FILE'
+     True if FILE exists.
+
+'-f FILE'
+     True if FILE exists and is a regular file.
+
+'-g FILE'
+     True if FILE exists and its set-group-id bit is set.
+
+'-h FILE'
+     True if FILE exists and is a symbolic link.
+
+'-k FILE'
+     True if FILE exists and its "sticky" bit is set.
+
+'-p FILE'
+     True if FILE exists and is a named pipe (FIFO).
+
+'-r FILE'
+     True if FILE exists and is readable.
+
+'-s FILE'
+     True if FILE exists and has a size greater than zero.
+
+'-t FD'
+     True if file descriptor FD is open and refers to a terminal.
+
+'-u FILE'
+     True if FILE exists and its set-user-id bit is set.
+
+'-w FILE'
+     True if FILE exists and is writable.
+
+'-x FILE'
+     True if FILE exists and is executable.
+
+'-G FILE'
+     True if FILE exists and is owned by the effective group id.
+
+'-L FILE'
+     True if FILE exists and is a symbolic link.
+
+'-N FILE'
+     True if FILE exists and has been modified since it was last read.
+
+'-O FILE'
+     True if FILE exists and is owned by the effective user id.
+
+'-S FILE'
+     True if FILE exists and is a socket.
+
+'FILE1 -ef FILE2'
+     True if FILE1 and FILE2 refer to the same device and inode numbers.
+
+'FILE1 -nt FILE2'
+     True if FILE1 is newer (according to modification date) than FILE2,
+     or if FILE1 exists and FILE2 does not.
+
+'FILE1 -ot FILE2'
+     True if FILE1 is older than FILE2, or if FILE2 exists and FILE1
+     does not.
+
+'-o OPTNAME'
+     True if the shell option OPTNAME is enabled.  The list of options
+     appears in the description of the '-o' option to the 'set' builtin
+     (*note The Set Builtin::).
+
+'-v VARNAME'
+     True if the shell variable VARNAME is set (has been assigned a
+     value).
+
+'-R VARNAME'
+     True if the shell variable VARNAME is set and is a name reference.
+
+'-z STRING'
+     True if the length of STRING is zero.
+
+'-n STRING'
+'STRING'
+     True if the length of STRING is non-zero.
+
+'STRING1 == STRING2'
+'STRING1 = STRING2'
+     True if the strings are equal.  When used with the '[[' command,
+     this performs pattern matching as described above (*note
+     Conditional Constructs::).
+
+     '=' should be used with the 'test' command for POSIX conformance.
+
+'STRING1 != STRING2'
+     True if the strings are not equal.
+
+'STRING1 < STRING2'
+     True if STRING1 sorts before STRING2 lexicographically.
+
+'STRING1 > STRING2'
+     True if STRING1 sorts after STRING2 lexicographically.
+
+'ARG1 OP ARG2'
+     'OP' is one of '-eq', '-ne', '-lt', '-le', '-gt', or '-ge'.  These
+     arithmetic binary operators return true if ARG1 is equal to, not
+     equal to, less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or
+     greater than or equal to ARG2, respectively.  ARG1 and ARG2 may be
+     positive or negative integers.  When used with the '[[' command,
+     ARG1 and ARG2 are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (*note Shell
+     Arithmetic::).
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Shell Arithmetic,  Next: Aliases,  Prev: Bash Conditional Expressions,  Up: Bash Features
+
+6.5 Shell Arithmetic
+====================
+
+The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, as one of the
+shell expansions or by using the '((' compound command, the 'let'
+builtin, or the '-i' option to the 'declare' builtin.
+
+   Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check for
+overflow, though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error.  The
+operators and their precedence, associativity, and values are the same
+as in the C language.  The following list of operators is grouped into
+levels of equal-precedence operators.  The levels are listed in order of
+decreasing precedence.
+
+'ID++ ID--'
+     variable post-increment and post-decrement
+
+'++ID --ID'
+     variable pre-increment and pre-decrement
+
+'- +'
+     unary minus and plus
+
+'! ~'
+     logical and bitwise negation
+
+'**'
+     exponentiation
+
+'* / %'
+     multiplication, division, remainder
+
+'+ -'
+     addition, subtraction
+
+'<< >>'
+     left and right bitwise shifts
+
+'<= >= < >'
+     comparison
+
+'== !='
+     equality and inequality
+
+'&'
+     bitwise AND
+
+'^'
+     bitwise exclusive OR
+
+'|'
+     bitwise OR
+
+'&&'
+     logical AND
+
+'||'
+     logical OR
+
+'expr ? expr : expr'
+     conditional operator
+
+'= *= /= %= += -= <<= >>= &= ^= |='
+     assignment
+
+'expr1 , expr2'
+     comma
+
+   Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is
+performed before the expression is evaluated.  Within an expression,
+shell variables may also be referenced by name without using the
+parameter expansion syntax.  A shell variable that is null or unset
+evaluates to 0 when referenced by name without using the parameter
+expansion syntax.  The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic
+expression when it is referenced, or when a variable which has been
+given the INTEGER attribute using 'declare -i' is assigned a value.  A
+null value evaluates to 0.  A shell variable need not have its INTEGER
+attribute turned on to be used in an expression.
+
+   Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.  A
+leading '0x' or '0X' denotes hexadecimal.  Otherwise, numbers take the
+form [BASE'#']N, where the optional BASE is a decimal number between 2
+and 64 representing the arithmetic base, and N is a number in that base.
+If BASE'#' is omitted, then base 10 is used.  When specifying N, the
+digits greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters, the
+uppercase letters, '@', and '_', in that order.  If BASE is less than or
+equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase letters may be used interchangeably
+to represent numbers between 10 and 35.
+
+   Operators are evaluated in order of precedence.  Sub-expressions in
+parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules
+above.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Aliases,  Next: Arrays,  Prev: Shell Arithmetic,  Up: Bash Features
+
+6.6 Aliases
+===========
+
+ALIASES allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used as
+the first word of a simple command.  The shell maintains a list of
+aliases that may be set and unset with the 'alias' and 'unalias' builtin
+commands.
+
+   The first word of each simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see
+if it has an alias.  If so, that word is replaced by the text of the
+alias.  The characters '/', '$', '`', '=' and any of the shell
+metacharacters or quoting characters listed above may not appear in an
+alias name.  The replacement text may contain any valid shell input,
+including shell metacharacters.  The first word of the replacement text
+is tested for aliases, but a word that is identical to an alias being
+expanded is not expanded a second time.  This means that one may alias
+'ls' to '"ls -F"', for instance, and Bash does not try to recursively
+expand the replacement text.  If the last character of the alias value
+is a BLANK, then the next command word following the alias is also
+checked for alias expansion.
+
+   Aliases are created and listed with the 'alias' command, and removed
+with the 'unalias' command.
+
+   There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text, as
+in 'csh'.  If arguments are needed, a shell function should be used
+(*note Shell Functions::).
+
+   Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless
+the 'expand_aliases' shell option is set using 'shopt' (*note The Shopt
+Builtin::).
+
+   The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat
+confusing.  Bash always reads at least one complete line of input, and
+all lines that make up a compound command, before executing any of the
+commands on that line or the compound command.  Aliases are expanded
+when a command is read, not when it is executed.  Therefore, an alias
+definition appearing on the same line as another command does not take
+effect until the next line of input is read.  The commands following the
+alias definition on that line are not affected by the new alias.  This
+behavior is also an issue when functions are executed.  Aliases are
+expanded when a function definition is read, not when the function is
+executed, because a function definition is itself a command.  As a
+consequence, aliases defined in a function are not available until after
+that function is executed.  To be safe, always put alias definitions on
+a separate line, and do not use 'alias' in compound commands.
+
+   For almost every purpose, shell functions are preferred over aliases.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Arrays,  Next: The Directory Stack,  Prev: Aliases,  Up: Bash Features
+
+6.7 Arrays
+==========
+
+Bash provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables.
+Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the 'declare' builtin will
+explicitly declare an array.  There is no maximum limit on the size of
+an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned
+contiguously.  Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including
+arithmetic expressions (*note Shell Arithmetic::)) and are zero-based;
+associative arrays use arbitrary strings.  Unless otherwise noted,
+indexed array indices must be non-negative integers.
+
+   An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned
+to using the syntax
+     NAME[SUBSCRIPT]=VALUE
+
+The SUBSCRIPT is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate
+to a number.  To explicitly declare an array, use
+     declare -a NAME
+The syntax
+     declare -a NAME[SUBSCRIPT]
+is also accepted; the SUBSCRIPT is ignored.
+
+Associative arrays are created using
+     declare -A NAME.
+
+   Attributes may be specified for an array variable using the 'declare'
+and 'readonly' builtins.  Each attribute applies to all members of an
+array.
+
+   Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form
+     NAME=(VALUE1 VALUE2 ... )
+where each VALUE is of the form '[SUBSCRIPT]='STRING.  Indexed array
+assignments do not require anything but STRING.  When assigning to
+indexed arrays, if the optional subscript is supplied, that index is
+assigned to; otherwise the index of the element assigned is the last
+index assigned to by the statement plus one.  Indexing starts at zero.
+
+   When assigning to an associative array, the subscript is required.
+
+   This syntax is also accepted by the 'declare' builtin.  Individual
+array elements may be assigned to using the 'NAME[SUBSCRIPT]=VALUE'
+syntax introduced above.
+
+   When assigning to an indexed array, if NAME is subscripted by a
+negative number, that number is interpreted as relative to one greater
+than the maximum index of NAME, so negative indices count back from the
+end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last element.
+
+   Any element of an array may be referenced using '${NAME[SUBSCRIPT]}'.
+The braces are required to avoid conflicts with the shell's filename
+expansion operators.  If the SUBSCRIPT is '@' or '*', the word expands
+to all members of the array NAME.  These subscripts differ only when the
+word appears within double quotes.  If the word is double-quoted,
+'${NAME[*]}' expands to a single word with the value of each array
+member separated by the first character of the 'IFS' variable, and
+'${NAME[@]}' expands each element of NAME to a separate word.  When
+there are no array members, '${NAME[@]}' expands to nothing.  If the
+double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of the first
+parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original word, and
+the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last part of the
+original word.  This is analogous to the expansion of the special
+parameters '@' and '*'.  '${#NAME[SUBSCRIPT]}' expands to the length of
+'${NAME[SUBSCRIPT]}'.  If SUBSCRIPT is '@' or '*', the expansion is the
+number of elements in the array.  If the SUBSCRIPT used to reference an
+element of an indexed array evaluates to a number less than zero, it is
+interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of the
+array, so negative indices count back from the end of the array, and an
+index of -1 refers to the last element.
+
+   Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to
+referencing with a subscript of 0.  Any reference to a variable using a
+valid subscript is legal, and 'bash' will create an array if necessary.
+
+   An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned
+a value.  The null string is a valid value.
+
+   It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as
+the values.  ${!NAME[@]} and ${!NAME[*]} expand to the indices assigned
+in array variable NAME.  The treatment when in double quotes is similar
+to the expansion of the special parameters '@' and '*' within double
+quotes.
+
+   The 'unset' builtin is used to destroy arrays.  'unset
+NAME[SUBSCRIPT]' destroys the array element at index SUBSCRIPT.
+Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted as described
+above.  Unsetting the last element of an array variable does not unset
+the variable.  'unset NAME', where NAME is an array, removes the entire
+array.  A subscript of '*' or '@' also removes the entire array.
+
+   When using a variable name with a subscript as an argument to a
+command, such as with 'unset', without using the word expansion syntax
+described above, the argument is subject to the shell's filename
+expansion.  If filename expansion is not desired, the argument should be
+quoted.
+
+   The 'declare', 'local', and 'readonly' builtins each accept a '-a'
+option to specify an indexed array and a '-A' option to specify an
+associative array.  If both options are supplied, '-A' takes precedence.
+The 'read' builtin accepts a '-a' option to assign a list of words read
+from the standard input to an array, and can read values from the
+standard input into individual array elements.  The 'set' and 'declare'
+builtins display array values in a way that allows them to be reused as
+input.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: The Directory Stack,  Next: Controlling the Prompt,  Prev: Arrays,  Up: Bash Features
+
+6.8 The Directory Stack
+=======================
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Directory Stack Builtins::		Bash builtin commands to manipulate
+					the directory stack.
+
+The directory stack is a list of recently-visited directories.  The
+'pushd' builtin adds directories to the stack as it changes the current
+directory, and the 'popd' builtin removes specified directories from the
+stack and changes the current directory to the directory removed.  The
+'dirs' builtin displays the contents of the directory stack.  The
+current directory is always the "top" of the directory stack.
+
+   The contents of the directory stack are also visible as the value of
+the 'DIRSTACK' shell variable.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Directory Stack Builtins,  Up: The Directory Stack
+
+6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins
+------------------------------
+
+'dirs'
+          dirs [-clpv] [+N | -N]
+
+     Display the list of currently remembered directories.  Directories
+     are added to the list with the 'pushd' command; the 'popd' command
+     removes directories from the list.  The current directory is always
+     the first directory in the stack.
+
+     '-c'
+          Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the elements.
+     '-l'
+          Produces a listing using full pathnames; the default listing
+          format uses a tilde to denote the home directory.
+     '-p'
+          Causes 'dirs' to print the directory stack with one entry per
+          line.
+     '-v'
+          Causes 'dirs' to print the directory stack with one entry per
+          line, prefixing each entry with its index in the stack.
+     '+N'
+          Displays the Nth directory (counting from the left of the list
+          printed by 'dirs' when invoked without options), starting with
+          zero.
+     '-N'
+          Displays the Nth directory (counting from the right of the
+          list printed by 'dirs' when invoked without options), starting
+          with zero.
+
+'popd'
+          popd [-n] [+N | -N]
+
+     When no arguments are given, 'popd' removes the top directory from
+     the stack and performs a 'cd' to the new top directory.  The
+     elements are numbered from 0 starting at the first directory listed
+     with 'dirs'; that is, 'popd' is equivalent to 'popd +0'.
+
+     '-n'
+          Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing
+          directories from the stack, so that only the stack is
+          manipulated.
+     '+N'
+          Removes the Nth directory (counting from the left of the list
+          printed by 'dirs'), starting with zero.
+     '-N'
+          Removes the Nth directory (counting from the right of the list
+          printed by 'dirs'), starting with zero.
+
+'pushd'
+          pushd [-n] [+N | -N | DIR]
+
+     Save the current directory on the top of the directory stack and
+     then 'cd' to DIR.  With no arguments, 'pushd' exchanges the top two
+     directories and makes the new top the current directory.
+
+     '-n'
+          Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotating or
+          adding directories to the stack, so that only the stack is
+          manipulated.
+     '+N'
+          Brings the Nth directory (counting from the left of the list
+          printed by 'dirs', starting with zero) to the top of the list
+          by rotating the stack.
+     '-N'
+          Brings the Nth directory (counting from the right of the list
+          printed by 'dirs', starting with zero) to the top of the list
+          by rotating the stack.
+     'DIR'
+          Makes DIR be the top of the stack, making it the new current
+          directory as if it had been supplied as an argument to the
+          'cd' builtin.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Controlling the Prompt,  Next: The Restricted Shell,  Prev: The Directory Stack,  Up: Bash Features
+
+6.9 Controlling the Prompt
+==========================
+
+The value of the variable 'PROMPT_COMMAND' is examined just before Bash
+prints each primary prompt.  If 'PROMPT_COMMAND' is set and has a
+non-null value, then the value is executed just as if it had been typed
+on the command line.
+
+   In addition, the following table describes the special characters
+which can appear in the prompt variables 'PS0', 'PS1', 'PS2', and 'PS4':
+
+'\a'
+     A bell character.
+'\d'
+     The date, in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May 26").
+'\D{FORMAT}'
+     The FORMAT is passed to 'strftime'(3) and the result is inserted
+     into the prompt string; an empty FORMAT results in a
+     locale-specific time representation.  The braces are required.
+'\e'
+     An escape character.
+'\h'
+     The hostname, up to the first '.'.
+'\H'
+     The hostname.
+'\j'
+     The number of jobs currently managed by the shell.
+'\l'
+     The basename of the shell's terminal device name.
+'\n'
+     A newline.
+'\r'
+     A carriage return.
+'\s'
+     The name of the shell, the basename of '$0' (the portion following
+     the final slash).
+'\t'
+     The time, in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format.
+'\T'
+     The time, in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format.
+'\@'
+     The time, in 12-hour am/pm format.
+'\A'
+     The time, in 24-hour HH:MM format.
+'\u'
+     The username of the current user.
+'\v'
+     The version of Bash (e.g., 2.00)
+'\V'
+     The release of Bash, version + patchlevel (e.g., 2.00.0)
+'\w'
+     The current working directory, with '$HOME' abbreviated with a
+     tilde (uses the '$PROMPT_DIRTRIM' variable).
+'\W'
+     The basename of '$PWD', with '$HOME' abbreviated with a tilde.
+'\!'
+     The history number of this command.
+'\#'
+     The command number of this command.
+'\$'
+     If the effective uid is 0, '#', otherwise '$'.
+'\NNN'
+     The character whose ASCII code is the octal value NNN.
+'\\'
+     A backslash.
+'\['
+     Begin a sequence of non-printing characters.  This could be used to
+     embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt.
+'\]'
+     End a sequence of non-printing characters.
+
+   The command number and the history number are usually different: the
+history number of a command is its position in the history list, which
+may include commands restored from the history file (*note Bash History
+Facilities::), while the command number is the position in the sequence
+of commands executed during the current shell session.
+
+   After the string is decoded, it is expanded via parameter expansion,
+command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal, subject
+to the value of the 'promptvars' shell option (*note The Shopt
+Builtin::).
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: The Restricted Shell,  Next: Bash POSIX Mode,  Prev: Controlling the Prompt,  Up: Bash Features
+
+6.10 The Restricted Shell
+=========================
+
+If Bash is started with the name 'rbash', or the '--restricted' or '-r'
+option is supplied at invocation, the shell becomes restricted.  A
+restricted shell is used to set up an environment more controlled than
+the standard shell.  A restricted shell behaves identically to 'bash'
+with the exception that the following are disallowed or not performed:
+
+   * Changing directories with the 'cd' builtin.
+   * Setting or unsetting the values of the 'SHELL', 'PATH', 'ENV', or
+     'BASH_ENV' variables.
+   * Specifying command names containing slashes.
+   * Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the '.'
+     builtin command.
+   * Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the '-p'
+     option to the 'hash' builtin command.
+   * Importing function definitions from the shell environment at
+     startup.
+   * Parsing the value of 'SHELLOPTS' from the shell environment at
+     startup.
+   * Redirecting output using the '>', '>|', '<>', '>&', '&>', and '>>'
+     redirection operators.
+   * Using the 'exec' builtin to replace the shell with another command.
+   * Adding or deleting builtin commands with the '-f' and '-d' options
+     to the 'enable' builtin.
+   * Using the 'enable' builtin command to enable disabled shell
+     builtins.
+   * Specifying the '-p' option to the 'command' builtin.
+   * Turning off restricted mode with 'set +r' or 'set +o restricted'.
+
+   These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read.
+
+   When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed (*note
+Shell Scripts::), 'rbash' turns off any restrictions in the shell
+spawned to execute the script.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Bash POSIX Mode,  Prev: The Restricted Shell,  Up: Bash Features
+
+6.11 Bash POSIX Mode
+====================
+
+Starting Bash with the '--posix' command-line option or executing 'set
+-o posix' while Bash is running will cause Bash to conform more closely
+to the POSIX standard by changing the behavior to match that specified
+by POSIX in areas where the Bash default differs.
+
+   When invoked as 'sh', Bash enters POSIX mode after reading the
+startup files.
+
+   The following list is what's changed when 'POSIX mode' is in effect:
+
+  1. Bash ensures that the 'POSIXLY_CORRECT' variable is set.
+
+  2. When a command in the hash table no longer exists, Bash will
+     re-search '$PATH' to find the new location.  This is also available
+     with 'shopt -s checkhash'.
+
+  3. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job
+     exits with a non-zero status is 'Done(status)'.
+
+  4. The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job
+     is stopped is 'Stopped(SIGNAME)', where SIGNAME is, for example,
+     'SIGTSTP'.
+
+  5. Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells.
+
+  6. Reserved words appearing in a context where reserved words are
+     recognized do not undergo alias expansion.
+
+  7. The POSIX 'PS1' and 'PS2' expansions of '!' to the history number
+     and '!!' to '!' are enabled, and parameter expansion is performed
+     on the values of 'PS1' and 'PS2' regardless of the setting of the
+     'promptvars' option.
+
+  8. The POSIX startup files are executed ('$ENV') rather than the
+     normal Bash files.
+
+  9. Tilde expansion is only performed on assignments preceding a
+     command name, rather than on all assignment statements on the line.
+
+  10. The default history file is '~/.sh_history' (this is the default
+     value of '$HISTFILE').
+
+  11. Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the
+     word in the redirection unless the shell is interactive.
+
+  12. Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in
+     the redirection.
+
+  13. Function names must be valid shell 'name's.  That is, they may not
+     contain characters other than letters, digits, and underscores, and
+     may not start with a digit.  Declaring a function with an invalid
+     name causes a fatal syntax error in non-interactive shells.
+
+  14. Function names may not be the same as one of the POSIX special
+     builtins.
+
+  15. POSIX special builtins are found before shell functions during
+     command lookup.
+
+  16. When printing shell function definitions (e.g., by 'type'), Bash
+     does not print the 'function' keyword.
+
+  17. Literal tildes that appear as the first character in elements of
+     the 'PATH' variable are not expanded as described above under *note
+     Tilde Expansion::.
+
+  18. The 'time' reserved word may be used by itself as a command.  When
+     used in this way, it displays timing statistics for the shell and
+     its completed children.  The 'TIMEFORMAT' variable controls the
+     format of the timing information.
+
+  19. When parsing and expanding a ${...} expansion that appears within
+     double quotes, single quotes are no longer special and cannot be
+     used to quote a closing brace or other special character, unless
+     the operator is one of those defined to perform pattern removal.
+     In this case, they do not have to appear as matched pairs.
+
+  20. The parser does not recognize 'time' as a reserved word if the
+     next token begins with a '-'.
+
+  21. The '!' character does not introduce history expansion within a
+     double-quoted string, even if the 'histexpand' option is enabled.
+
+  22. If a POSIX special builtin returns an error status, a
+     non-interactive shell exits.  The fatal errors are those listed in
+     the POSIX standard, and include things like passing incorrect
+     options, redirection errors, variable assignment errors for
+     assignments preceding the command name, and so on.
+
+  23. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
+     assignment error occurs when no command name follows the assignment
+     statements.  A variable assignment error occurs, for example, when
+     trying to assign a value to a readonly variable.
+
+  24. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
+     assignment error occurs in an assignment statement preceding a
+     special builtin, but not with any other simple command.
+
+  25. A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the
+     iteration variable in a 'for' statement or the selection variable
+     in a 'select' statement is a readonly variable.
+
+  26. Non-interactive shells exit if FILENAME in '.'  FILENAME is not
+     found.
+
+  27. Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic
+     expansion results in an invalid expression.
+
+  28. Non-interactive shells exit if a parameter expansion error occurs.
+
+  29. Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script
+     read with the '.' or 'source' builtins, or in a string processed by
+     the 'eval' builtin.
+
+  30. Process substitution is not available.
+
+  31. While variable indirection is available, it may not be applied to
+     the '#' and '?' special parameters.
+
+  32. When expanding the '*' special parameter in a pattern context
+     where the expansion is double-quoted does not treat the '$*' as if
+     it were double-quoted.
+
+  33. Assignment statements preceding POSIX special builtins persist in
+     the shell environment after the builtin completes.
+
+  34. Assignment statements preceding shell function calls persist in
+     the shell environment after the function returns, as if a POSIX
+     special builtin command had been executed.
+
+  35. The 'command' builtin does not prevent builtins that take
+     assignment statements as arguments from expanding them as
+     assignment statements; when not in POSIX mode, assignment builtins
+     lose their assignment statement expansion properties when preceded
+     by 'command'.
+
+  36. The 'bg' builtin uses the required format to describe each job
+     placed in the background, which does not include an indication of
+     whether the job is the current or previous job.
+
+  37. The output of 'kill -l' prints all the signal names on a single
+     line, separated by spaces, without the 'SIG' prefix.
+
+  38. The 'kill' builtin does not accept signal names with a 'SIG'
+     prefix.
+
+  39. The 'export' and 'readonly' builtin commands display their output
+     in the format required by POSIX.
+
+  40. The 'trap' builtin displays signal names without the leading
+     'SIG'.
+
+  41. The 'trap' builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible
+     signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original
+     disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of
+     digits and is a valid signal number.  If users want to reset the
+     handler for a given signal to the original disposition, they should
+     use '-' as the first argument.
+
+  42. The '.' and 'source' builtins do not search the current directory
+     for the filename argument if it is not found by searching 'PATH'.
+
+  43. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the
+     'inherit_errexit' option, so subshells spawned to execute command
+     substitutions inherit the value of the '-e' option from the parent
+     shell.  When the 'inherit_errexit' option is not enabled, Bash
+     clears the '-e' option in such subshells.
+
+  44. Enabling POSIX mode has the effect of setting the 'shift_verbose'
+     option, so numeric arguments to 'shift' that exceed the number of
+     positional parameters will result in an error message.
+
+  45. When the 'alias' builtin displays alias definitions, it does not
+     display them with a leading 'alias ' unless the '-p' option is
+     supplied.
+
+  46. When the 'set' builtin is invoked without options, it does not
+     display shell function names and definitions.
+
+  47. When the 'set' builtin is invoked without options, it displays
+     variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell
+     metacharacters, even if the result contains nonprinting characters.
+
+  48. When the 'cd' builtin is invoked in LOGICAL mode, and the pathname
+     constructed from '$PWD' and the directory name supplied as an
+     argument does not refer to an existing directory, 'cd' will fail
+     instead of falling back to PHYSICAL mode.
+
+  49. When the 'cd' builtin cannot change a directory because the length
+     of the pathname constructed from '$PWD' and the directory name
+     supplied as an argument exceeds PATH_MAX when all symbolic links
+     are expanded, 'cd' will fail instead of attempting to use only the
+     supplied directory name.
+
+  50. The 'pwd' builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as
+     the current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file
+     system with the '-P' option.
+
+  51. When listing the history, the 'fc' builtin does not include an
+     indication of whether or not a history entry has been modified.
+
+  52. The default editor used by 'fc' is 'ed'.
+
+  53. The 'type' and 'command' builtins will not report a non-executable
+     file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to execute
+     such a file if it is the only so-named file found in '$PATH'.
+
+  54. The 'vi' editing mode will invoke the 'vi' editor directly when
+     the 'v' command is run, instead of checking '$VISUAL' and
+     '$EDITOR'.
+
+  55. When the 'xpg_echo' option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to
+     interpret any arguments to 'echo' as options.  Each argument is
+     displayed, after escape characters are converted.
+
+  56. The 'ulimit' builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the '-c'
+     and '-f' options.
+
+  57. The arrival of 'SIGCHLD' when a trap is set on 'SIGCHLD' does not
+     interrupt the 'wait' builtin and cause it to return immediately.
+     The trap command is run once for each child that exits.
+
+  58. The 'read' builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap
+     has been set.  If Bash receives a trapped signal while executing
+     'read', the trap handler executes and 'read' returns an exit status
+     greater than 128.
+
+  59. Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list
+     of such statuses after the 'wait' builtin is used to obtain it.
+
+   There is other POSIX behavior that Bash does not implement by default
+even when in POSIX mode.  Specifically:
+
+  1. The 'fc' builtin checks '$EDITOR' as a program to edit history
+     entries if 'FCEDIT' is unset, rather than defaulting directly to
+     'ed'.  'fc' uses 'ed' if 'EDITOR' is unset.
+
+  2. As noted above, Bash requires the 'xpg_echo' option to be enabled
+     for the 'echo' builtin to be fully conformant.
+
+   Bash can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default, by
+specifying the '--enable-strict-posix-default' to 'configure' when
+building (*note Optional Features::).
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Job Control,  Next: Command Line Editing,  Prev: Bash Features,  Up: Top
+
+7 Job Control
+*************
+
+This chapter discusses what job control is, how it works, and how Bash
+allows you to access its facilities.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Job Control Basics::		How job control works.
+* Job Control Builtins::	Bash builtin commands used to interact
+				with job control.
+* Job Control Variables::	Variables Bash uses to customize job
+				control.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Job Control Basics,  Next: Job Control Builtins,  Up: Job Control
+
+7.1 Job Control Basics
+======================
+
+Job control refers to the ability to selectively stop (suspend) the
+execution of processes and continue (resume) their execution at a later
+point.  A user typically employs this facility via an interactive
+interface supplied jointly by the operating system kernel's terminal
+driver and Bash.
+
+   The shell associates a JOB with each pipeline.  It keeps a table of
+currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the 'jobs' command.
+When Bash starts a job asynchronously, it prints a line that looks like:
+     [1] 25647
+indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID of the
+last process in the pipeline associated with this job is 25647.  All of
+the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job.  Bash
+uses the JOB abstraction as the basis for job control.
+
+   To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job
+control, the operating system maintains the notion of a current terminal
+process group ID.  Members of this process group (processes whose
+process group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID)
+receive keyboard-generated signals such as 'SIGINT'.  These processes
+are said to be in the foreground.  Background processes are those whose
+process group ID differs from the terminal's; such processes are immune
+to keyboard-generated signals.  Only foreground processes are allowed to
+read from or, if the user so specifies with 'stty tostop', write to the
+terminal.  Background processes which attempt to read from (write to
+when 'stty tostop' is in effect) the terminal are sent a 'SIGTTIN'
+('SIGTTOU') signal by the kernel's terminal driver, which, unless
+caught, suspends the process.
+
+   If the operating system on which Bash is running supports job
+control, Bash contains facilities to use it.  Typing the SUSPEND
+character (typically '^Z', Control-Z) while a process is running causes
+that process to be stopped and returns control to Bash.  Typing the
+DELAYED SUSPEND character (typically '^Y', Control-Y) causes the process
+to be stopped when it attempts to read input from the terminal, and
+control to be returned to Bash.  The user then manipulates the state of
+this job, using the 'bg' command to continue it in the background, the
+'fg' command to continue it in the foreground, or the 'kill' command to
+kill it.  A '^Z' takes effect immediately, and has the additional side
+effect of causing pending output and typeahead to be discarded.
+
+   There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell.  The
+character '%' introduces a job specification (JOBSPEC).
+
+   Job number 'n' may be referred to as '%n'.  The symbols '%%' and '%+'
+refer to the shell's notion of the current job, which is the last job
+stopped while it was in the foreground or started in the background.  A
+single '%' (with no accompanying job specification) also refers to the
+current job.  The previous job may be referenced using '%-'.  If there
+is only a single job, '%+' and '%-' can both be used to refer to that
+job.  In output pertaining to jobs (e.g., the output of the 'jobs'
+command), the current job is always flagged with a '+', and the previous
+job with a '-'.
+
+   A job may also be referred to using a prefix of the name used to
+start it, or using a substring that appears in its command line.  For
+example, '%ce' refers to a stopped 'ce' job.  Using '%?ce', on the other
+hand, refers to any job containing the string 'ce' in its command line.
+If the prefix or substring matches more than one job, Bash reports an
+error.
+
+   Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: '%1'
+is a synonym for 'fg %1', bringing job 1 from the background into the
+foreground.  Similarly, '%1 &' resumes job 1 in the background,
+equivalent to 'bg %1'
+
+   The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state.  Normally,
+Bash waits until it is about to print a prompt before reporting changes
+in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other output.  If the '-b'
+option to the 'set' builtin is enabled, Bash reports such changes
+immediately (*note The Set Builtin::).  Any trap on 'SIGCHLD' is
+executed for each child process that exits.
+
+   If an attempt to exit Bash is made while jobs are stopped, (or
+running, if the 'checkjobs' option is enabled - see *note The Shopt
+Builtin::), the shell prints a warning message, and if the 'checkjobs'
+option is enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses.  The 'jobs'
+command may then be used to inspect their status.  If a second attempt
+to exit is made without an intervening command, Bash does not print
+another warning, and any stopped jobs are terminated.
+
+   When the shell is waiting for a job or process using the 'wait'
+builtin, and job control is enabled, 'wait' will return when the job
+changes state.  The '-f' option will force 'wait' to wait until the job
+or process terminates before returning.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Job Control Builtins,  Next: Job Control Variables,  Prev: Job Control Basics,  Up: Job Control
+
+7.2 Job Control Builtins
+========================
+
+'bg'
+          bg [JOBSPEC ...]
+
+     Resume each suspended job JOBSPEC in the background, as if it had
+     been started with '&'.  If JOBSPEC is not supplied, the current job
+     is used.  The return status is zero unless it is run when job
+     control is not enabled, or, when run with job control enabled, any
+     JOBSPEC was not found or specifies a job that was started without
+     job control.
+
+'fg'
+          fg [JOBSPEC]
+
+     Resume the job JOBSPEC in the foreground and make it the current
+     job.  If JOBSPEC is not supplied, the current job is used.  The
+     return status is that of the command placed into the foreground, or
+     non-zero if run when job control is disabled or, when run with job
+     control enabled, JOBSPEC does not specify a valid job or JOBSPEC
+     specifies a job that was started without job control.
+
+'jobs'
+          jobs [-lnprs] [JOBSPEC]
+          jobs -x COMMAND [ARGUMENTS]
+
+     The first form lists the active jobs.  The options have the
+     following meanings:
+
+     '-l'
+          List process IDs in addition to the normal information.
+
+     '-n'
+          Display information only about jobs that have changed status
+          since the user was last notified of their status.
+
+     '-p'
+          List only the process ID of the job's process group leader.
+
+     '-r'
+          Display only running jobs.
+
+     '-s'
+          Display only stopped jobs.
+
+     If JOBSPEC is given, output is restricted to information about that
+     job.  If JOBSPEC is not supplied, the status of all jobs is listed.
+
+     If the '-x' option is supplied, 'jobs' replaces any JOBSPEC found
+     in COMMAND or ARGUMENTS with the corresponding process group ID,
+     and executes COMMAND, passing it ARGUMENTs, returning its exit
+     status.
+
+'kill'
+          kill [-s SIGSPEC] [-n SIGNUM] [-SIGSPEC] JOBSPEC or PID
+          kill -l|-L [EXIT_STATUS]
+
+     Send a signal specified by SIGSPEC or SIGNUM to the process named
+     by job specification JOBSPEC or process ID PID.  SIGSPEC is either
+     a case-insensitive signal name such as 'SIGINT' (with or without
+     the 'SIG' prefix) or a signal number; SIGNUM is a signal number.
+     If SIGSPEC and SIGNUM are not present, 'SIGTERM' is used.  The '-l'
+     option lists the signal names.  If any arguments are supplied when
+     '-l' is given, the names of the signals corresponding to the
+     arguments are listed, and the return status is zero.  EXIT_STATUS
+     is a number specifying a signal number or the exit status of a
+     process terminated by a signal.  The '-L' option is equivalent to
+     '-l'.  The return status is zero if at least one signal was
+     successfully sent, or non-zero if an error occurs or an invalid
+     option is encountered.
+
+'wait'
+          wait [-fn] [JOBSPEC or PID ...]
+
+     Wait until the child process specified by each process ID PID or
+     job specification JOBSPEC exits and return the exit status of the
+     last command waited for.  If a job spec is given, all processes in
+     the job are waited for.  If no arguments are given, all currently
+     active child processes are waited for, and the return status is
+     zero.  If the '-n' option is supplied, 'wait' waits for any job to
+     terminate and returns its exit status.  If the '-f' option is
+     supplied, and job control is enabled, 'wait' forces each PID or
+     JOBSPEC to terminate before returning its status, intead of
+     returning when it changes status.  If neither JOBSPEC nor PID
+     specifies an active child process of the shell, the return status
+     is 127.
+
+'disown'
+          disown [-ar] [-h] [JOBSPEC ... | PID ... ]
+
+     Without options, remove each JOBSPEC from the table of active jobs.
+     If the '-h' option is given, the job is not removed from the table,
+     but is marked so that 'SIGHUP' is not sent to the job if the shell
+     receives a 'SIGHUP'.  If JOBSPEC is not present, and neither the
+     '-a' nor the '-r' option is supplied, the current job is used.  If
+     no JOBSPEC is supplied, the '-a' option means to remove or mark all
+     jobs; the '-r' option without a JOBSPEC argument restricts
+     operation to running jobs.
+
+'suspend'
+          suspend [-f]
+
+     Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a 'SIGCONT'
+     signal.  A login shell cannot be suspended; the '-f' option can be
+     used to override this and force the suspension.
+
+   When job control is not active, the 'kill' and 'wait' builtins do not
+accept JOBSPEC arguments.  They must be supplied process IDs.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Job Control Variables,  Prev: Job Control Builtins,  Up: Job Control
+
+7.3 Job Control Variables
+=========================
+
+'auto_resume'
+     This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and
+     job control.  If this variable exists then single word simple
+     commands without redirections are treated as candidates for
+     resumption of an existing job.  There is no ambiguity allowed; if
+     there is more than one job beginning with the string typed, then
+     the most recently accessed job will be selected.  The name of a
+     stopped job, in this context, is the command line used to start it.
+     If this variable is set to the value 'exact', the string supplied
+     must match the name of a stopped job exactly; if set to
+     'substring', the string supplied needs to match a substring of the
+     name of a stopped job.  The 'substring' value provides
+     functionality analogous to the '%?' job ID (*note Job Control
+     Basics::).  If set to any other value, the supplied string must be
+     a prefix of a stopped job's name; this provides functionality
+     analogous to the '%' job ID.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Command Line Editing,  Next: Using History Interactively,  Prev: Job Control,  Up: Top
+
+8 Command Line Editing
+**********************
+
+This chapter describes the basic features of the GNU command line
+editing interface.  Command line editing is provided by the Readline
+library, which is used by several different programs, including Bash.
+Command line editing is enabled by default when using an interactive
+shell, unless the '--noediting' option is supplied at shell invocation.
+Line editing is also used when using the '-e' option to the 'read'
+builtin command (*note Bash Builtins::).  By default, the line editing
+commands are similar to those of Emacs.  A vi-style line editing
+interface is also available.  Line editing can be enabled at any time
+using the '-o emacs' or '-o vi' options to the 'set' builtin command
+(*note The Set Builtin::), or disabled using the '+o emacs' or '+o vi'
+options to 'set'.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Introduction and Notation::	Notation used in this text.
+* Readline Interaction::	The minimum set of commands for editing a line.
+* Readline Init File::		Customizing Readline from a user's view.
+* Bindable Readline Commands::	A description of most of the Readline commands
+				available for binding
+* Readline vi Mode::		A short description of how to make Readline
+				behave like the vi editor.
+* Programmable Completion::	How to specify the possible completions for
+				a specific command.
+* Programmable Completion Builtins::	Builtin commands to specify how to
+				complete arguments for a particular command.
+* A Programmable Completion Example::	An example shell function for
+				generating possible completions.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Introduction and Notation,  Next: Readline Interaction,  Up: Command Line Editing
+
+8.1 Introduction to Line Editing
+================================
+
+The following paragraphs describe the notation used to represent
+keystrokes.
+
+   The text 'C-k' is read as 'Control-K' and describes the character
+produced when the <k> key is pressed while the Control key is depressed.
+
+   The text 'M-k' is read as 'Meta-K' and describes the character
+produced when the Meta key (if you have one) is depressed, and the <k>
+key is pressed.  The Meta key is labeled <ALT> on many keyboards.  On
+keyboards with two keys labeled <ALT> (usually to either side of the
+space bar), the <ALT> on the left side is generally set to work as a
+Meta key.  The <ALT> key on the right may also be configured to work as
+a Meta key or may be configured as some other modifier, such as a
+Compose key for typing accented characters.
+
+   If you do not have a Meta or <ALT> key, or another key working as a
+Meta key, the identical keystroke can be generated by typing <ESC>
+_first_, and then typing <k>.  Either process is known as "metafying"
+the <k> key.
+
+   The text 'M-C-k' is read as 'Meta-Control-k' and describes the
+character produced by "metafying" 'C-k'.
+
+   In addition, several keys have their own names.  Specifically, <DEL>,
+<ESC>, <LFD>, <SPC>, <RET>, and <TAB> all stand for themselves when seen
+in this text, or in an init file (*note Readline Init File::).  If your
+keyboard lacks a <LFD> key, typing <C-j> will produce the desired
+character.  The <RET> key may be labeled <Return> or <Enter> on some
+keyboards.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Readline Interaction,  Next: Readline Init File,  Prev: Introduction and Notation,  Up: Command Line Editing
+
+8.2 Readline Interaction
+========================
+
+Often during an interactive session you type in a long line of text,
+only to notice that the first word on the line is misspelled.  The
+Readline library gives you a set of commands for manipulating the text
+as you type it in, allowing you to just fix your typo, and not forcing
+you to retype the majority of the line.  Using these editing commands,
+you move the cursor to the place that needs correction, and delete or
+insert the text of the corrections.  Then, when you are satisfied with
+the line, you simply press <RET>.  You do not have to be at the end of
+the line to press <RET>; the entire line is accepted regardless of the
+location of the cursor within the line.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Readline Bare Essentials::	The least you need to know about Readline.
+* Readline Movement Commands::	Moving about the input line.
+* Readline Killing Commands::	How to delete text, and how to get it back!
+* Readline Arguments::		Giving numeric arguments to commands.
+* Searching::			Searching through previous lines.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Readline Bare Essentials,  Next: Readline Movement Commands,  Up: Readline Interaction
+
+8.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials
+------------------------------
+
+In order to enter characters into the line, simply type them.  The typed
+character appears where the cursor was, and then the cursor moves one
+space to the right.  If you mistype a character, you can use your erase
+character to back up and delete the mistyped character.
+
+   Sometimes you may mistype a character, and not notice the error until
+you have typed several other characters.  In that case, you can type
+'C-b' to move the cursor to the left, and then correct your mistake.
+Afterwards, you can move the cursor to the right with 'C-f'.
+
+   When you add text in the middle of a line, you will notice that
+characters to the right of the cursor are 'pushed over' to make room for
+the text that you have inserted.  Likewise, when you delete text behind
+the cursor, characters to the right of the cursor are 'pulled back' to
+fill in the blank space created by the removal of the text.  A list of
+the bare essentials for editing the text of an input line follows.
+
+'C-b'
+     Move back one character.
+'C-f'
+     Move forward one character.
+<DEL> or <Backspace>
+     Delete the character to the left of the cursor.
+'C-d'
+     Delete the character underneath the cursor.
+Printing characters
+     Insert the character into the line at the cursor.
+'C-_' or 'C-x C-u'
+     Undo the last editing command.  You can undo all the way back to an
+     empty line.
+
+(Depending on your configuration, the <Backspace> key be set to delete
+the character to the left of the cursor and the <DEL> key set to delete
+the character underneath the cursor, like 'C-d', rather than the
+character to the left of the cursor.)
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Readline Movement Commands,  Next: Readline Killing Commands,  Prev: Readline Bare Essentials,  Up: Readline Interaction
+
+8.2.2 Readline Movement Commands
+--------------------------------
+
+The above table describes the most basic keystrokes that you need in
+order to do editing of the input line.  For your convenience, many other
+commands have been added in addition to 'C-b', 'C-f', 'C-d', and <DEL>.
+Here are some commands for moving more rapidly about the line.
+
+'C-a'
+     Move to the start of the line.
+'C-e'
+     Move to the end of the line.
+'M-f'
+     Move forward a word, where a word is composed of letters and
+     digits.
+'M-b'
+     Move backward a word.
+'C-l'
+     Clear the screen, reprinting the current line at the top.
+
+   Notice how 'C-f' moves forward a character, while 'M-f' moves forward
+a word.  It is a loose convention that control keystrokes operate on
+characters while meta keystrokes operate on words.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Readline Killing Commands,  Next: Readline Arguments,  Prev: Readline Movement Commands,  Up: Readline Interaction
+
+8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands
+-------------------------------
+
+"Killing" text means to delete the text from the line, but to save it
+away for later use, usually by "yanking" (re-inserting) it back into the
+line.  ('Cut' and 'paste' are more recent jargon for 'kill' and 'yank'.)
+
+   If the description for a command says that it 'kills' text, then you
+can be sure that you can get the text back in a different (or the same)
+place later.
+
+   When you use a kill command, the text is saved in a "kill-ring".  Any
+number of consecutive kills save all of the killed text together, so
+that when you yank it back, you get it all.  The kill ring is not line
+specific; the text that you killed on a previously typed line is
+available to be yanked back later, when you are typing another line.
+
+   Here is the list of commands for killing text.
+
+'C-k'
+     Kill the text from the current cursor position to the end of the
+     line.
+
+'M-d'
+     Kill from the cursor to the end of the current word, or, if between
+     words, to the end of the next word.  Word boundaries are the same
+     as those used by 'M-f'.
+
+'M-<DEL>'
+     Kill from the cursor the start of the current word, or, if between
+     words, to the start of the previous word.  Word boundaries are the
+     same as those used by 'M-b'.
+
+'C-w'
+     Kill from the cursor to the previous whitespace.  This is different
+     than 'M-<DEL>' because the word boundaries differ.
+
+   Here is how to "yank" the text back into the line.  Yanking means to
+copy the most-recently-killed text from the kill buffer.
+
+'C-y'
+     Yank the most recently killed text back into the buffer at the
+     cursor.
+
+'M-y'
+     Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top.  You can only do this
+     if the prior command is 'C-y' or 'M-y'.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Readline Arguments,  Next: Searching,  Prev: Readline Killing Commands,  Up: Readline Interaction
+
+8.2.4 Readline Arguments
+------------------------
+
+You can pass numeric arguments to Readline commands.  Sometimes the
+argument acts as a repeat count, other times it is the sign of the
+argument that is significant.  If you pass a negative argument to a
+command which normally acts in a forward direction, that command will
+act in a backward direction.  For example, to kill text back to the
+start of the line, you might type 'M-- C-k'.
+
+   The general way to pass numeric arguments to a command is to type
+meta digits before the command.  If the first 'digit' typed is a minus
+sign ('-'), then the sign of the argument will be negative.  Once you
+have typed one meta digit to get the argument started, you can type the
+remainder of the digits, and then the command.  For example, to give the
+'C-d' command an argument of 10, you could type 'M-1 0 C-d', which will
+delete the next ten characters on the input line.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Searching,  Prev: Readline Arguments,  Up: Readline Interaction
+
+8.2.5 Searching for Commands in the History
+-------------------------------------------
+
+Readline provides commands for searching through the command history
+(*note Bash History Facilities::) for lines containing a specified
+string.  There are two search modes: "incremental" and
+"non-incremental".
+
+   Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the
+search string.  As each character of the search string is typed,
+Readline displays the next entry from the history matching the string
+typed so far.  An incremental search requires only as many characters as
+needed to find the desired history entry.  To search backward in the
+history for a particular string, type 'C-r'.  Typing 'C-s' searches
+forward through the history.  The characters present in the value of the
+'isearch-terminators' variable are used to terminate an incremental
+search.  If that variable has not been assigned a value, the <ESC> and
+'C-J' characters will terminate an incremental search.  'C-g' will abort
+an incremental search and restore the original line.  When the search is
+terminated, the history entry containing the search string becomes the
+current line.
+
+   To find other matching entries in the history list, type 'C-r' or
+'C-s' as appropriate.  This will search backward or forward in the
+history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far.  Any
+other key sequence bound to a Readline command will terminate the search
+and execute that command.  For instance, a <RET> will terminate the
+search and accept the line, thereby executing the command from the
+history list.  A movement command will terminate the search, make the
+last line found the current line, and begin editing.
+
+   Readline remembers the last incremental search string.  If two 'C-r's
+are typed without any intervening characters defining a new search
+string, any remembered search string is used.
+
+   Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before
+starting to search for matching history lines.  The search string may be
+typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Readline Init File,  Next: Bindable Readline Commands,  Prev: Readline Interaction,  Up: Command Line Editing
+
+8.3 Readline Init File
+======================
+
+Although the Readline library comes with a set of Emacs-like keybindings
+installed by default, it is possible to use a different set of
+keybindings.  Any user can customize programs that use Readline by
+putting commands in an "inputrc" file, conventionally in his home
+directory.  The name of this file is taken from the value of the shell
+variable 'INPUTRC'.  If that variable is unset, the default is
+'~/.inputrc'.  If that file does not exist or cannot be read, the
+ultimate default is '/etc/inputrc'.
+
+   When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, the init
+file is read, and the key bindings are set.
+
+   In addition, the 'C-x C-r' command re-reads this init file, thus
+incorporating any changes that you might have made to it.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Readline Init File Syntax::	Syntax for the commands in the inputrc file.
+
+* Conditional Init Constructs::	Conditional key bindings in the inputrc file.
+
+* Sample Init File::		An example inputrc file.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Readline Init File Syntax,  Next: Conditional Init Constructs,  Up: Readline Init File
+
+8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
+-------------------------------
+
+There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the Readline init file.
+Blank lines are ignored.  Lines beginning with a '#' are comments.
+Lines beginning with a '$' indicate conditional constructs (*note
+Conditional Init Constructs::).  Other lines denote variable settings
+and key bindings.
+
+Variable Settings
+     You can modify the run-time behavior of Readline by altering the
+     values of variables in Readline using the 'set' command within the
+     init file.  The syntax is simple:
+
+          set VARIABLE VALUE
+
+     Here, for example, is how to change from the default Emacs-like key
+     binding to use 'vi' line editing commands:
+
+          set editing-mode vi
+
+     Variable names and values, where appropriate, are recognized
+     without regard to case.  Unrecognized variable names are ignored.
+
+     Boolean variables (those that can be set to on or off) are set to
+     on if the value is null or empty, ON (case-insensitive), or 1.  Any
+     other value results in the variable being set to off.
+
+     The 'bind -V' command lists the current Readline variable names and
+     values.  *Note Bash Builtins::.
+
+     A great deal of run-time behavior is changeable with the following
+     variables.
+
+     'bell-style'
+          Controls what happens when Readline wants to ring the terminal
+          bell.  If set to 'none', Readline never rings the bell.  If
+          set to 'visible', Readline uses a visible bell if one is
+          available.  If set to 'audible' (the default), Readline
+          attempts to ring the terminal's bell.
+
+     'bind-tty-special-chars'
+          If set to 'on' (the default), Readline attempts to bind the
+          control characters treated specially by the kernel's terminal
+          driver to their Readline equivalents.
+
+     'blink-matching-paren'
+          If set to 'on', Readline attempts to briefly move the cursor
+          to an opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is
+          inserted.  The default is 'off'.
+
+     'colored-completion-prefix'
+          If set to 'on', when listing completions, Readline displays
+          the common prefix of the set of possible completions using a
+          different color.  The color definitions are taken from the
+          value of the 'LS_COLORS' environment variable.  The default is
+          'off'.
+
+     'colored-stats'
+          If set to 'on', Readline displays possible completions using
+          different colors to indicate their file type.  The color
+          definitions are taken from the value of the 'LS_COLORS'
+          environment variable.  The default is 'off'.
+
+     'comment-begin'
+          The string to insert at the beginning of the line when the
+          'insert-comment' command is executed.  The default value is
+          '"#"'.
+
+     'completion-display-width'
+          The number of screen columns used to display possible matches
+          when performing completion.  The value is ignored if it is
+          less than 0 or greater than the terminal screen width.  A
+          value of 0 will cause matches to be displayed one per line.
+          The default value is -1.
+
+     'completion-ignore-case'
+          If set to 'on', Readline performs filename matching and
+          completion in a case-insensitive fashion.  The default value
+          is 'off'.
+
+     'completion-map-case'
+          If set to 'on', and COMPLETION-IGNORE-CASE is enabled,
+          Readline treats hyphens ('-') and underscores ('_') as
+          equivalent when performing case-insensitive filename matching
+          and completion.  The default value is 'off'.
+
+     'completion-prefix-display-length'
+          The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of
+          possible completions that is displayed without modification.
+          When set to a value greater than zero, common prefixes longer
+          than this value are replaced with an ellipsis when displaying
+          possible completions.
+
+     'completion-query-items'
+          The number of possible completions that determines when the
+          user is asked whether the list of possibilities should be
+          displayed.  If the number of possible completions is greater
+          than this value, Readline will ask the user whether or not he
+          wishes to view them; otherwise, they are simply listed.  This
+          variable must be set to an integer value greater than or equal
+          to 0.  A negative value means Readline should never ask.  The
+          default limit is '100'.
+
+     'convert-meta'
+          If set to 'on', Readline will convert characters with the
+          eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the
+          eighth bit and prefixing an <ESC> character, converting them
+          to a meta-prefixed key sequence.  The default value is 'on',
+          but will be set to 'off' if the locale is one that contains
+          eight-bit characters.
+
+     'disable-completion'
+          If set to 'On', Readline will inhibit word completion.
+          Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if
+          they had been mapped to 'self-insert'.  The default is 'off'.
+
+     'echo-control-characters'
+          When set to 'on', on operating systems that indicate they
+          support it, readline echoes a character corresponding to a
+          signal generated from the keyboard.  The default is 'on'.
+
+     'editing-mode'
+          The 'editing-mode' variable controls which default set of key
+          bindings is used.  By default, Readline starts up in Emacs
+          editing mode, where the keystrokes are most similar to Emacs.
+          This variable can be set to either 'emacs' or 'vi'.
+
+     'emacs-mode-string'
+          If the SHOW-MODE-IN-PROMPT variable is enabled, this string is
+          displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
+          prompt when emacs editing mode is active.  The value is
+          expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and
+          control prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available.
+          Use the '\1' and '\2' escapes to begin and end sequences of
+          non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal
+          control sequence into the mode string.  The default is '@'.
+
+     'enable-bracketed-paste'
+          When set to 'On', Readline will configure the terminal in a
+          way that will enable it to insert each paste into the editing
+          buffer as a single string of characters, instead of treating
+          each character as if it had been read from the keyboard.  This
+          can prevent pasted characters from being interpreted as
+          editing commands.  The default is 'off'.
+
+     'enable-keypad'
+          When set to 'on', Readline will try to enable the application
+          keypad when it is called.  Some systems need this to enable
+          the arrow keys.  The default is 'off'.
+
+     'enable-meta-key'
+          When set to 'on', Readline will try to enable any meta
+          modifier key the terminal claims to support when it is called.
+          On many terminals, the meta key is used to send eight-bit
+          characters.  The default is 'on'.
+
+     'expand-tilde'
+          If set to 'on', tilde expansion is performed when Readline
+          attempts word completion.  The default is 'off'.
+
+     'history-preserve-point'
+          If set to 'on', the history code attempts to place the point
+          (the current cursor position) at the same location on each
+          history line retrieved with 'previous-history' or
+          'next-history'.  The default is 'off'.
+
+     'history-size'
+          Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history
+          list.  If set to zero, any existing history entries are
+          deleted and no new entries are saved.  If set to a value less
+          than zero, the number of history entries is not limited.  By
+          default, the number of history entries is not limited.  If an
+          attempt is made to set HISTORY-SIZE to a non-numeric value,
+          the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500.
+
+     'horizontal-scroll-mode'
+          This variable can be set to either 'on' or 'off'.  Setting it
+          to 'on' means that the text of the lines being edited will
+          scroll horizontally on a single screen line when they are
+          longer than the width of the screen, instead of wrapping onto
+          a new screen line.  By default, this variable is set to 'off'.
+
+     'input-meta'
+          If set to 'on', Readline will enable eight-bit input (it will
+          not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
+          regardless of what the terminal claims it can support.  The
+          default value is 'off', but Readline will set it to 'on' if
+          the locale contains eight-bit characters.  The name
+          'meta-flag' is a synonym for this variable.
+
+     'isearch-terminators'
+          The string of characters that should terminate an incremental
+          search without subsequently executing the character as a
+          command (*note Searching::).  If this variable has not been
+          given a value, the characters <ESC> and 'C-J' will terminate
+          an incremental search.
+
+     'keymap'
+          Sets Readline's idea of the current keymap for key binding
+          commands.  Built-in 'keymap' names are 'emacs',
+          'emacs-standard', 'emacs-meta', 'emacs-ctlx', 'vi', 'vi-move',
+          'vi-command', and 'vi-insert'.  'vi' is equivalent to
+          'vi-command' ('vi-move' is also a synonym); 'emacs' is
+          equivalent to 'emacs-standard'.  Applications may add
+          additional names.  The default value is 'emacs'.  The value of
+          the 'editing-mode' variable also affects the default keymap.
+
+     'keyseq-timeout'
+          Specifies the duration Readline will wait for a character when
+          reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a
+          complete key sequence using the input read so far, or can take
+          additional input to complete a longer key sequence).  If no
+          input is received within the timeout, Readline will use the
+          shorter but complete key sequence.  Readline uses this value
+          to determine whether or not input is available on the current
+          input source ('rl_instream' by default).  The value is
+          specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that
+          Readline will wait one second for additional input.  If this
+          variable is set to a value less than or equal to zero, or to a
+          non-numeric value, Readline will wait until another key is
+          pressed to decide which key sequence to complete.  The default
+          value is '500'.
+
+     'mark-directories'
+          If set to 'on', completed directory names have a slash
+          appended.  The default is 'on'.
+
+     'mark-modified-lines'
+          This variable, when set to 'on', causes Readline to display an
+          asterisk ('*') at the start of history lines which have been
+          modified.  This variable is 'off' by default.
+
+     'mark-symlinked-directories'
+          If set to 'on', completed names which are symbolic links to
+          directories have a slash appended (subject to the value of
+          'mark-directories').  The default is 'off'.
+
+     'match-hidden-files'
+          This variable, when set to 'on', causes Readline to match
+          files whose names begin with a '.' (hidden files) when
+          performing filename completion.  If set to 'off', the leading
+          '.' must be supplied by the user in the filename to be
+          completed.  This variable is 'on' by default.
+
+     'menu-complete-display-prefix'
+          If set to 'on', menu completion displays the common prefix of
+          the list of possible completions (which may be empty) before
+          cycling through the list.  The default is 'off'.
+
+     'output-meta'
+          If set to 'on', Readline will display characters with the
+          eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape
+          sequence.  The default is 'off', but Readline will set it to
+          'on' if the locale contains eight-bit characters.
+
+     'page-completions'
+          If set to 'on', Readline uses an internal 'more'-like pager to
+          display a screenful of possible completions at a time.  This
+          variable is 'on' by default.
+
+     'print-completions-horizontally'
+          If set to 'on', Readline will display completions with matches
+          sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down
+          the screen.  The default is 'off'.
+
+     'revert-all-at-newline'
+          If set to 'on', Readline will undo all changes to history
+          lines before returning when 'accept-line' is executed.  By
+          default, history lines may be modified and retain individual
+          undo lists across calls to 'readline'.  The default is 'off'.
+
+     'show-all-if-ambiguous'
+          This alters the default behavior of the completion functions.
+          If set to 'on', words which have more than one possible
+          completion cause the matches to be listed immediately instead
+          of ringing the bell.  The default value is 'off'.
+
+     'show-all-if-unmodified'
+          This alters the default behavior of the completion functions
+          in a fashion similar to SHOW-ALL-IF-AMBIGUOUS.  If set to
+          'on', words which have more than one possible completion
+          without any possible partial completion (the possible
+          completions don't share a common prefix) cause the matches to
+          be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.  The
+          default value is 'off'.
+
+     'show-mode-in-prompt'
+          If set to 'on', add a string to the beginning of the prompt
+          indicating the editing mode: emacs, vi command, or vi
+          insertion.  The mode strings are user-settable (e.g.,
+          EMACS-MODE-STRING).  The default value is 'off'.
+
+     'skip-completed-text'
+          If set to 'on', this alters the default completion behavior
+          when inserting a single match into the line.  It's only active
+          when performing completion in the middle of a word.  If
+          enabled, readline does not insert characters from the
+          completion that match characters after point in the word being
+          completed, so portions of the word following the cursor are
+          not duplicated.  For instance, if this is enabled, attempting
+          completion when the cursor is after the 'e' in 'Makefile' will
+          result in 'Makefile' rather than 'Makefilefile', assuming
+          there is a single possible completion.  The default value is
+          'off'.
+
+     'vi-cmd-mode-string'
+          If the SHOW-MODE-IN-PROMPT variable is enabled, this string is
+          displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
+          prompt when vi editing mode is active and in command mode.
+          The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set
+          of meta- and control prefixes and backslash escape sequences
+          is available.  Use the '\1' and '\2' escapes to begin and end
+          sequences of non-printing characters, which can be used to
+          embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.  The
+          default is '(cmd)'.
+
+     'vi-ins-mode-string'
+          If the SHOW-MODE-IN-PROMPT variable is enabled, this string is
+          displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
+          prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode.
+          The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set
+          of meta- and control prefixes and backslash escape sequences
+          is available.  Use the '\1' and '\2' escapes to begin and end
+          sequences of non-printing characters, which can be used to
+          embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.  The
+          default is '(ins)'.
+
+     'visible-stats'
+          If set to 'on', a character denoting a file's type is appended
+          to the filename when listing possible completions.  The
+          default is 'off'.
+
+Key Bindings
+     The syntax for controlling key bindings in the init file is simple.
+     First you need to find the name of the command that you want to
+     change.  The following sections contain tables of the command name,
+     the default keybinding, if any, and a short description of what the
+     command does.
+
+     Once you know the name of the command, simply place on a line in
+     the init file the name of the key you wish to bind the command to,
+     a colon, and then the name of the command.  There can be no space
+     between the key name and the colon - that will be interpreted as
+     part of the key name.  The name of the key can be expressed in
+     different ways, depending on what you find most comfortable.
+
+     In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound to a
+     string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a MACRO).
+
+     The 'bind -p' command displays Readline function names and bindings
+     in a format that can put directly into an initialization file.
+     *Note Bash Builtins::.
+
+     KEYNAME: FUNCTION-NAME or MACRO
+          KEYNAME is the name of a key spelled out in English.  For
+          example:
+               Control-u: universal-argument
+               Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word
+               Control-o: "> output"
+
+          In the example above, 'C-u' is bound to the function
+          'universal-argument', 'M-DEL' is bound to the function
+          'backward-kill-word', and 'C-o' is bound to run the macro
+          expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text
+          '> output' into the line).
+
+          A number of symbolic character names are recognized while
+          processing this key binding syntax: DEL, ESC, ESCAPE, LFD,
+          NEWLINE, RET, RETURN, RUBOUT, SPACE, SPC, and TAB.
+
+     "KEYSEQ": FUNCTION-NAME or MACRO
+          KEYSEQ differs from KEYNAME above in that strings denoting an
+          entire key sequence can be specified, by placing the key
+          sequence in double quotes.  Some GNU Emacs style key escapes
+          can be used, as in the following example, but the special
+          character names are not recognized.
+
+               "\C-u": universal-argument
+               "\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file
+               "\e[11~": "Function Key 1"
+
+          In the above example, 'C-u' is again bound to the function
+          'universal-argument' (just as it was in the first example),
+          ''C-x' 'C-r'' is bound to the function 're-read-init-file',
+          and '<ESC> <[> <1> <1> <~>' is bound to insert the text
+          'Function Key 1'.
+
+     The following GNU Emacs style escape sequences are available when
+     specifying key sequences:
+
+     '\C-'
+          control prefix
+     '\M-'
+          meta prefix
+     '\e'
+          an escape character
+     '\\'
+          backslash
+     '\"'
+          <">, a double quotation mark
+     '\''
+          <'>, a single quote or apostrophe
+
+     In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set
+     of backslash escapes is available:
+
+     '\a'
+          alert (bell)
+     '\b'
+          backspace
+     '\d'
+          delete
+     '\f'
+          form feed
+     '\n'
+          newline
+     '\r'
+          carriage return
+     '\t'
+          horizontal tab
+     '\v'
+          vertical tab
+     '\NNN'
+          the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN
+          (one to three digits)
+     '\xHH'
+          the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+          HH (one or two hex digits)
+
+     When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must be
+     used to indicate a macro definition.  Unquoted text is assumed to
+     be a function name.  In the macro body, the backslash escapes
+     described above are expanded.  Backslash will quote any other
+     character in the macro text, including '"' and '''.  For example,
+     the following binding will make ''C-x' \' insert a single '\' into
+     the line:
+          "\C-x\\": "\\"
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Conditional Init Constructs,  Next: Sample Init File,  Prev: Readline Init File Syntax,  Up: Readline Init File
+
+8.3.2 Conditional Init Constructs
+---------------------------------
+
+Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional
+compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings and
+variable settings to be performed as the result of tests.  There are
+four parser directives used.
+
+'$if'
+     The '$if' construct allows bindings to be made based on the editing
+     mode, the terminal being used, or the application using Readline.
+     The text of the test, after any comparison operator, extends to the
+     end of the line; unless otherwise noted, no characters are required
+     to isolate it.
+
+     'mode'
+          The 'mode=' form of the '$if' directive is used to test
+          whether Readline is in 'emacs' or 'vi' mode.  This may be used
+          in conjunction with the 'set keymap' command, for instance, to
+          set bindings in the 'emacs-standard' and 'emacs-ctlx' keymaps
+          only if Readline is starting out in 'emacs' mode.
+
+     'term'
+          The 'term=' form may be used to include terminal-specific key
+          bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the
+          terminal's function keys.  The word on the right side of the
+          '=' is tested against both the full name of the terminal and
+          the portion of the terminal name before the first '-'.  This
+          allows 'sun' to match both 'sun' and 'sun-cmd', for instance.
+
+     'version'
+          The 'version' test may be used to perform comparisons against
+          specific Readline versions.  The 'version' expands to the
+          current Readline version.  The set of comparison operators
+          includes '=' (and '=='), '!=', '<=', '>=', '<', and '>'.  The
+          version number supplied on the right side of the operator
+          consists of a major version number, an optional decimal point,
+          and an optional minor version (e.g., '7.1').  If the minor
+          version is omitted, it is assumed to be '0'.  The operator may
+          be separated from the string 'version' and from the version
+          number argument by whitespace.  The following example sets a
+          variable if the Readline version being used is 7.0 or newer:
+               $if version >= 7.0
+               set show-mode-in-prompt on
+               $endif
+
+     'application'
+          The APPLICATION construct is used to include
+          application-specific settings.  Each program using the
+          Readline library sets the APPLICATION NAME, and you can test
+          for a particular value.  This could be used to bind key
+          sequences to functions useful for a specific program.  For
+          instance, the following command adds a key sequence that
+          quotes the current or previous word in Bash:
+               $if Bash
+               # Quote the current or previous word
+               "\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\""
+               $endif
+
+     'variable'
+          The VARIABLE construct provides simple equality tests for
+          Readline variables and values.  The permitted comparison
+          operators are '=', '==', and '!='.  The variable name must be
+          separated from the comparison operator by whitespace; the
+          operator may be separated from the value on the right hand
+          side by whitespace.  Both string and boolean variables may be
+          tested.  Boolean variables must be tested against the values
+          ON and OFF.  The following example is equivalent to the
+          'mode=emacs' test described above:
+               $if editing-mode == emacs
+               set show-mode-in-prompt on
+               $endif
+
+'$endif'
+     This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an '$if'
+     command.
+
+'$else'
+     Commands in this branch of the '$if' directive are executed if the
+     test fails.
+
+'$include'
+     This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads
+     commands and bindings from that file.  For example, the following
+     directive reads from '/etc/inputrc':
+          $include /etc/inputrc
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Sample Init File,  Prev: Conditional Init Constructs,  Up: Readline Init File
+
+8.3.3 Sample Init File
+----------------------
+
+Here is an example of an INPUTRC file.  This illustrates key binding,
+variable assignment, and conditional syntax.
+
+     # This file controls the behaviour of line input editing for
+     # programs that use the GNU Readline library.  Existing
+     # programs include FTP, Bash, and GDB.
+     #
+     # You can re-read the inputrc file with C-x C-r.
+     # Lines beginning with '#' are comments.
+     #
+     # First, include any system-wide bindings and variable
+     # assignments from /etc/Inputrc
+     $include /etc/Inputrc
+
+     #
+     # Set various bindings for emacs mode.
+
+     set editing-mode emacs
+
+     $if mode=emacs
+
+     Meta-Control-h:	backward-kill-word	Text after the function name is ignored
+
+     #
+     # Arrow keys in keypad mode
+     #
+     #"\M-OD":        backward-char
+     #"\M-OC":        forward-char
+     #"\M-OA":        previous-history
+     #"\M-OB":        next-history
+     #
+     # Arrow keys in ANSI mode
+     #
+     "\M-[D":        backward-char
+     "\M-[C":        forward-char
+     "\M-[A":        previous-history
+     "\M-[B":        next-history
+     #
+     # Arrow keys in 8 bit keypad mode
+     #
+     #"\M-\C-OD":       backward-char
+     #"\M-\C-OC":       forward-char
+     #"\M-\C-OA":       previous-history
+     #"\M-\C-OB":       next-history
+     #
+     # Arrow keys in 8 bit ANSI mode
+     #
+     #"\M-\C-[D":       backward-char
+     #"\M-\C-[C":       forward-char
+     #"\M-\C-[A":       previous-history
+     #"\M-\C-[B":       next-history
+
+     C-q: quoted-insert
+
+     $endif
+
+     # An old-style binding.  This happens to be the default.
+     TAB: complete
+
+     # Macros that are convenient for shell interaction
+     $if Bash
+     # edit the path
+     "\C-xp": "PATH=${PATH}\e\C-e\C-a\ef\C-f"
+     # prepare to type a quoted word --
+     # insert open and close double quotes
+     # and move to just after the open quote
+     "\C-x\"": "\"\"\C-b"
+     # insert a backslash (testing backslash escapes
+     # in sequences and macros)
+     "\C-x\\": "\\"
+     # Quote the current or previous word
+     "\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\""
+     # Add a binding to refresh the line, which is unbound
+     "\C-xr": redraw-current-line
+     # Edit variable on current line.
+     "\M-\C-v": "\C-a\C-k$\C-y\M-\C-e\C-a\C-y="
+     $endif
+
+     # use a visible bell if one is available
+     set bell-style visible
+
+     # don't strip characters to 7 bits when reading
+     set input-meta on
+
+     # allow iso-latin1 characters to be inserted rather
+     # than converted to prefix-meta sequences
+     set convert-meta off
+
+     # display characters with the eighth bit set directly
+     # rather than as meta-prefixed characters
+     set output-meta on
+
+     # if there are more than 150 possible completions for
+     # a word, ask the user if he wants to see all of them
+     set completion-query-items 150
+
+     # For FTP
+     $if Ftp
+     "\C-xg": "get \M-?"
+     "\C-xt": "put \M-?"
+     "\M-.": yank-last-arg
+     $endif
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Bindable Readline Commands,  Next: Readline vi Mode,  Prev: Readline Init File,  Up: Command Line Editing
+
+8.4 Bindable Readline Commands
+==============================
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Commands For Moving::		Moving about the line.
+* Commands For History::	Getting at previous lines.
+* Commands For Text::		Commands for changing text.
+* Commands For Killing::	Commands for killing and yanking.
+* Numeric Arguments::		Specifying numeric arguments, repeat counts.
+* Commands For Completion::	Getting Readline to do the typing for you.
+* Keyboard Macros::		Saving and re-executing typed characters
+* Miscellaneous Commands::	Other miscellaneous commands.
+
+This section describes Readline commands that may be bound to key
+sequences.  You can list your key bindings by executing 'bind -P' or,
+for a more terse format, suitable for an INPUTRC file, 'bind -p'.
+(*Note Bash Builtins::.)  Command names without an accompanying key
+sequence are unbound by default.
+
+   In the following descriptions, "point" refers to the current cursor
+position, and "mark" refers to a cursor position saved by the 'set-mark'
+command.  The text between the point and mark is referred to as the
+"region".
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Commands For Moving,  Next: Commands For History,  Up: Bindable Readline Commands
+
+8.4.1 Commands For Moving
+-------------------------
+
+'beginning-of-line (C-a)'
+     Move to the start of the current line.
+
+'end-of-line (C-e)'
+     Move to the end of the line.
+
+'forward-char (C-f)'
+     Move forward a character.
+
+'backward-char (C-b)'
+     Move back a character.
+
+'forward-word (M-f)'
+     Move forward to the end of the next word.  Words are composed of
+     letters and digits.
+
+'backward-word (M-b)'
+     Move back to the start of the current or previous word.  Words are
+     composed of letters and digits.
+
+'shell-forward-word ()'
+     Move forward to the end of the next word.  Words are delimited by
+     non-quoted shell metacharacters.
+
+'shell-backward-word ()'
+     Move back to the start of the current or previous word.  Words are
+     delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters.
+
+'previous-screen-line ()'
+     Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the
+     previous physical screen line.  This will not have the desired
+     effect if the current Readline line does not take up more than one
+     physical line or if point is not greater than the length of the
+     prompt plus the screen width.
+
+'next-screen-line ()'
+     Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the
+     next physical screen line.  This will not have the desired effect
+     if the current Readline line does not take up more than one
+     physical line or if the length of the current Readline line is not
+     greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width.
+
+'clear-screen (C-l)'
+     Clear the screen and redraw the current line, leaving the current
+     line at the top of the screen.
+
+'redraw-current-line ()'
+     Refresh the current line.  By default, this is unbound.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Commands For History,  Next: Commands For Text,  Prev: Commands For Moving,  Up: Bindable Readline Commands
+
+8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
+-------------------------------------------
+
+'accept-line (Newline or Return)'
+     Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is.  If this line is
+     non-empty, add it to the history list according to the setting of
+     the 'HISTCONTROL' and 'HISTIGNORE' variables.  If this line is a
+     modified history line, then restore the history line to its
+     original state.
+
+'previous-history (C-p)'
+     Move 'back' through the history list, fetching the previous
+     command.
+
+'next-history (C-n)'
+     Move 'forward' through the history list, fetching the next command.
+
+'beginning-of-history (M-<)'
+     Move to the first line in the history.
+
+'end-of-history (M->)'
+     Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently
+     being entered.
+
+'reverse-search-history (C-r)'
+     Search backward starting at the current line and moving 'up'
+     through the history as necessary.  This is an incremental search.
+
+'forward-search-history (C-s)'
+     Search forward starting at the current line and moving 'down'
+     through the history as necessary.  This is an incremental search.
+
+'non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)'
+     Search backward starting at the current line and moving 'up'
+     through the history as necessary using a non-incremental search for
+     a string supplied by the user.  The search string may match
+     anywhere in a history line.
+
+'non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)'
+     Search forward starting at the current line and moving 'down'
+     through the history as necessary using a non-incremental search for
+     a string supplied by the user.  The search string may match
+     anywhere in a history line.
+
+'history-search-forward ()'
+     Search forward through the history for the string of characters
+     between the start of the current line and the point.  The search
+     string must match at the beginning of a history line.  This is a
+     non-incremental search.  By default, this command is unbound.
+
+'history-search-backward ()'
+     Search backward through the history for the string of characters
+     between the start of the current line and the point.  The search
+     string must match at the beginning of a history line.  This is a
+     non-incremental search.  By default, this command is unbound.
+
+'history-substring-search-forward ()'
+     Search forward through the history for the string of characters
+     between the start of the current line and the point.  The search
+     string may match anywhere in a history line.  This is a
+     non-incremental search.  By default, this command is unbound.
+
+'history-substring-search-backward ()'
+     Search backward through the history for the string of characters
+     between the start of the current line and the point.  The search
+     string may match anywhere in a history line.  This is a
+     non-incremental search.  By default, this command is unbound.
+
+'yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)'
+     Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the
+     second word on the previous line) at point.  With an argument N,
+     insert the Nth word from the previous command (the words in the
+     previous command begin with word 0).  A negative argument inserts
+     the Nth word from the end of the previous command.  Once the
+     argument N is computed, the argument is extracted as if the '!N'
+     history expansion had been specified.
+
+'yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)'
+     Insert last argument to the previous command (the last word of the
+     previous history entry).  With a numeric argument, behave exactly
+     like 'yank-nth-arg'.  Successive calls to 'yank-last-arg' move back
+     through the history list, inserting the last word (or the word
+     specified by the argument to the first call) of each line in turn.
+     Any numeric argument supplied to these successive calls determines
+     the direction to move through the history.  A negative argument
+     switches the direction through the history (back or forward).  The
+     history expansion facilities are used to extract the last argument,
+     as if the '!$' history expansion had been specified.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Commands For Text,  Next: Commands For Killing,  Prev: Commands For History,  Up: Bindable Readline Commands
+
+8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text
+--------------------------------
+
+'end-of-file (usually C-d)'
+     The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by
+     'stty'.  If this character is read when there are no characters on
+     the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, Readline
+     interprets it as the end of input and returns EOF.
+
+'delete-char (C-d)'
+     Delete the character at point.  If this function is bound to the
+     same character as the tty EOF character, as 'C-d' commonly is, see
+     above for the effects.
+
+'backward-delete-char (Rubout)'
+     Delete the character behind the cursor.  A numeric argument means
+     to kill the characters instead of deleting them.
+
+'forward-backward-delete-char ()'
+     Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the
+     end of the line, in which case the character behind the cursor is
+     deleted.  By default, this is not bound to a key.
+
+'quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)'
+     Add the next character typed to the line verbatim.  This is how to
+     insert key sequences like 'C-q', for example.
+
+'self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...)'
+     Insert yourself.
+
+'bracketed-paste-begin ()'
+     This function is intended to be bound to the "bracketed paste"
+     escape sequence sent by some terminals, and such a binding is
+     assigned by default.  It allows Readline to insert the pasted text
+     as a single unit without treating each character as if it had been
+     read from the keyboard.  The characters are inserted as if each one
+     was bound to 'self-insert' instead of executing any editing
+     commands.
+
+'transpose-chars (C-t)'
+     Drag the character before the cursor forward over the character at
+     the cursor, moving the cursor forward as well.  If the insertion
+     point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the last two
+     characters of the line.  Negative arguments have no effect.
+
+'transpose-words (M-t)'
+     Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving point
+     past that word as well.  If the insertion point is at the end of
+     the line, this transposes the last two words on the line.
+
+'upcase-word (M-u)'
+     Uppercase the current (or following) word.  With a negative
+     argument, uppercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor.
+
+'downcase-word (M-l)'
+     Lowercase the current (or following) word.  With a negative
+     argument, lowercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor.
+
+'capitalize-word (M-c)'
+     Capitalize the current (or following) word.  With a negative
+     argument, capitalize the previous word, but do not move the cursor.
+
+'overwrite-mode ()'
+     Toggle overwrite mode.  With an explicit positive numeric argument,
+     switches to overwrite mode.  With an explicit non-positive numeric
+     argument, switches to insert mode.  This command affects only
+     'emacs' mode; 'vi' mode does overwrite differently.  Each call to
+     'readline()' starts in insert mode.
+
+     In overwrite mode, characters bound to 'self-insert' replace the
+     text at point rather than pushing the text to the right.
+     Characters bound to 'backward-delete-char' replace the character
+     before point with a space.
+
+     By default, this command is unbound.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Commands For Killing,  Next: Numeric Arguments,  Prev: Commands For Text,  Up: Bindable Readline Commands
+
+8.4.4 Killing And Yanking
+-------------------------
+
+'kill-line (C-k)'
+     Kill the text from point to the end of the line.
+
+'backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)'
+     Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line.
+
+'unix-line-discard (C-u)'
+     Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line.
+
+'kill-whole-line ()'
+     Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.
+     By default, this is unbound.
+
+'kill-word (M-d)'
+     Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
+     words, to the end of the next word.  Word boundaries are the same
+     as 'forward-word'.
+
+'backward-kill-word (M-<DEL>)'
+     Kill the word behind point.  Word boundaries are the same as
+     'backward-word'.
+
+'shell-kill-word ()'
+     Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
+     words, to the end of the next word.  Word boundaries are the same
+     as 'shell-forward-word'.
+
+'shell-backward-kill-word ()'
+     Kill the word behind point.  Word boundaries are the same as
+     'shell-backward-word'.
+
+'unix-word-rubout (C-w)'
+     Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary.
+     The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
+
+'unix-filename-rubout ()'
+     Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash
+     character as the word boundaries.  The killed text is saved on the
+     kill-ring.
+
+'delete-horizontal-space ()'
+     Delete all spaces and tabs around point.  By default, this is
+     unbound.
+
+'kill-region ()'
+     Kill the text in the current region.  By default, this command is
+     unbound.
+
+'copy-region-as-kill ()'
+     Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer, so it can be yanked
+     right away.  By default, this command is unbound.
+
+'copy-backward-word ()'
+     Copy the word before point to the kill buffer.  The word boundaries
+     are the same as 'backward-word'.  By default, this command is
+     unbound.
+
+'copy-forward-word ()'
+     Copy the word following point to the kill buffer.  The word
+     boundaries are the same as 'forward-word'.  By default, this
+     command is unbound.
+
+'yank (C-y)'
+     Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point.
+
+'yank-pop (M-y)'
+     Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top.  You can only do this
+     if the prior command is 'yank' or 'yank-pop'.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Numeric Arguments,  Next: Commands For Completion,  Prev: Commands For Killing,  Up: Bindable Readline Commands
+
+8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments
+----------------------------------
+
+'digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--)'
+     Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new
+     argument.  'M--' starts a negative argument.
+
+'universal-argument ()'
+     This is another way to specify an argument.  If this command is
+     followed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus
+     sign, those digits define the argument.  If the command is followed
+     by digits, executing 'universal-argument' again ends the numeric
+     argument, but is otherwise ignored.  As a special case, if this
+     command is immediately followed by a character that is neither a
+     digit nor minus sign, the argument count for the next command is
+     multiplied by four.  The argument count is initially one, so
+     executing this function the first time makes the argument count
+     four, a second time makes the argument count sixteen, and so on.
+     By default, this is not bound to a key.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Commands For Completion,  Next: Keyboard Macros,  Prev: Numeric Arguments,  Up: Bindable Readline Commands
+
+8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
+-----------------------------------
+
+'complete (<TAB>)'
+     Attempt to perform completion on the text before point.  The actual
+     completion performed is application-specific.  Bash attempts
+     completion treating the text as a variable (if the text begins with
+     '$'), username (if the text begins with '~'), hostname (if the text
+     begins with '@'), or command (including aliases and functions) in
+     turn.  If none of these produces a match, filename completion is
+     attempted.
+
+'possible-completions (M-?)'
+     List the possible completions of the text before point.  When
+     displaying completions, Readline sets the number of columns used
+     for display to the value of 'completion-display-width', the value
+     of the environment variable 'COLUMNS', or the screen width, in that
+     order.
+
+'insert-completions (M-*)'
+     Insert all completions of the text before point that would have
+     been generated by 'possible-completions'.
+
+'menu-complete ()'
+     Similar to 'complete', but replaces the word to be completed with a
+     single match from the list of possible completions.  Repeated
+     execution of 'menu-complete' steps through the list of possible
+     completions, inserting each match in turn.  At the end of the list
+     of completions, the bell is rung (subject to the setting of
+     'bell-style') and the original text is restored.  An argument of N
+     moves N positions forward in the list of matches; a negative
+     argument may be used to move backward through the list.  This
+     command is intended to be bound to <TAB>, but is unbound by
+     default.
+
+'menu-complete-backward ()'
+     Identical to 'menu-complete', but moves backward through the list
+     of possible completions, as if 'menu-complete' had been given a
+     negative argument.
+
+'delete-char-or-list ()'
+     Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or
+     end of the line (like 'delete-char').  If at the end of the line,
+     behaves identically to 'possible-completions'.  This command is
+     unbound by default.
+
+'complete-filename (M-/)'
+     Attempt filename completion on the text before point.
+
+'possible-filename-completions (C-x /)'
+     List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it
+     as a filename.
+
+'complete-username (M-~)'
+     Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
+     username.
+
+'possible-username-completions (C-x ~)'
+     List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it
+     as a username.
+
+'complete-variable (M-$)'
+     Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a shell
+     variable.
+
+'possible-variable-completions (C-x $)'
+     List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it
+     as a shell variable.
+
+'complete-hostname (M-@)'
+     Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
+     hostname.
+
+'possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)'
+     List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it
+     as a hostname.
+
+'complete-command (M-!)'
+     Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a
+     command name.  Command completion attempts to match the text
+     against aliases, reserved words, shell functions, shell builtins,
+     and finally executable filenames, in that order.
+
+'possible-command-completions (C-x !)'
+     List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it
+     as a command name.
+
+'dynamic-complete-history (M-<TAB>)'
+     Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text
+     against lines from the history list for possible completion
+     matches.
+
+'dabbrev-expand ()'
+     Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing the
+     text against lines from the history list for possible completion
+     matches.
+
+'complete-into-braces (M-{)'
+     Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible
+     completions enclosed within braces so the list is available to the
+     shell (*note Brace Expansion::).
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Keyboard Macros,  Next: Miscellaneous Commands,  Prev: Commands For Completion,  Up: Bindable Readline Commands
+
+8.4.7 Keyboard Macros
+---------------------
+
+'start-kbd-macro (C-x ()'
+     Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro.
+
+'end-kbd-macro (C-x ))'
+     Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro
+     and save the definition.
+
+'call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)'
+     Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the
+     characters in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard.
+
+'print-last-kbd-macro ()'
+     Print the last keboard macro defined in a format suitable for the
+     INPUTRC file.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Miscellaneous Commands,  Prev: Keyboard Macros,  Up: Bindable Readline Commands
+
+8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
+---------------------------------
+
+'re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)'
+     Read in the contents of the INPUTRC file, and incorporate any
+     bindings or variable assignments found there.
+
+'abort (C-g)'
+     Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell
+     (subject to the setting of 'bell-style').
+
+'do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-X, ...)'
+     If the metafied character X is upper case, run the command that is
+     bound to the corresponding metafied lower case character.  The
+     behavior is undefined if X is already lower case.
+
+'prefix-meta (<ESC>)'
+     Metafy the next character typed.  This is for keyboards without a
+     meta key.  Typing '<ESC> f' is equivalent to typing 'M-f'.
+
+'undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)'
+     Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.
+
+'revert-line (M-r)'
+     Undo all changes made to this line.  This is like executing the
+     'undo' command enough times to get back to the beginning.
+
+'tilde-expand (M-&)'
+     Perform tilde expansion on the current word.
+
+'set-mark (C-@)'
+     Set the mark to the point.  If a numeric argument is supplied, the
+     mark is set to that position.
+
+'exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)'
+     Swap the point with the mark.  The current cursor position is set
+     to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the
+     mark.
+
+'character-search (C-])'
+     A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of
+     that character.  A negative count searches for previous
+     occurrences.
+
+'character-search-backward (M-C-])'
+     A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence
+     of that character.  A negative count searches for subsequent
+     occurrences.
+
+'skip-csi-sequence ()'
+     Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as
+     those defined for keys like Home and End.  Such sequences begin
+     with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[.  If this
+     sequence is bound to "\e[", keys producing such sequences will have
+     no effect unless explicitly bound to a readline command, instead of
+     inserting stray characters into the editing buffer.  This is
+     unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[.
+
+'insert-comment (M-#)'
+     Without a numeric argument, the value of the 'comment-begin'
+     variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line.  If a
+     numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if the
+     characters at the beginning of the line do not match the value of
+     'comment-begin', the value is inserted, otherwise the characters in
+     'comment-begin' are deleted from the beginning of the line.  In
+     either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed.
+     The default value of 'comment-begin' causes this command to make
+     the current line a shell comment.  If a numeric argument causes the
+     comment character to be removed, the line will be executed by the
+     shell.
+
+'dump-functions ()'
+     Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the Readline
+     output stream.  If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is
+     formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an INPUTRC
+     file.  This command is unbound by default.
+
+'dump-variables ()'
+     Print all of the settable variables and their values to the
+     Readline output stream.  If a numeric argument is supplied, the
+     output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an
+     INPUTRC file.  This command is unbound by default.
+
+'dump-macros ()'
+     Print all of the Readline key sequences bound to macros and the
+     strings they output.  If a numeric argument is supplied, the output
+     is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an INPUTRC
+     file.  This command is unbound by default.
+
+'glob-complete-word (M-g)'
+     The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname
+     expansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended.  This pattern is
+     used to generate a list of matching file names for possible
+     completions.
+
+'glob-expand-word (C-x *)'
+     The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname
+     expansion, and the list of matching file names is inserted,
+     replacing the word.  If a numeric argument is supplied, a '*' is
+     appended before pathname expansion.
+
+'glob-list-expansions (C-x g)'
+     The list of expansions that would have been generated by
+     'glob-expand-word' is displayed, and the line is redrawn.  If a
+     numeric argument is supplied, a '*' is appended before pathname
+     expansion.
+
+'display-shell-version (C-x C-v)'
+     Display version information about the current instance of Bash.
+
+'shell-expand-line (M-C-e)'
+     Expand the line as the shell does.  This performs alias and history
+     expansion as well as all of the shell word expansions (*note Shell
+     Expansions::).
+
+'history-expand-line (M-^)'
+     Perform history expansion on the current line.
+
+'magic-space ()'
+     Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a space
+     (*note History Interaction::).
+
+'alias-expand-line ()'
+     Perform alias expansion on the current line (*note Aliases::).
+
+'history-and-alias-expand-line ()'
+     Perform history and alias expansion on the current line.
+
+'insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)'
+     A synonym for 'yank-last-arg'.
+
+'operate-and-get-next (C-o)'
+     Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line
+     relative to the current line from the history for editing.  A
+     numeric argument, if supplied, specifies the history entry to use
+     instead of the current line.
+
+'edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e)'
+     Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the
+     result as shell commands.  Bash attempts to invoke '$VISUAL',
+     '$EDITOR', and 'emacs' as the editor, in that order.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Readline vi Mode,  Next: Programmable Completion,  Prev: Bindable Readline Commands,  Up: Command Line Editing
+
+8.5 Readline vi Mode
+====================
+
+While the Readline library does not have a full set of 'vi' editing
+functions, it does contain enough to allow simple editing of the line.
+The Readline 'vi' mode behaves as specified in the POSIX standard.
+
+   In order to switch interactively between 'emacs' and 'vi' editing
+modes, use the 'set -o emacs' and 'set -o vi' commands (*note The Set
+Builtin::).  The Readline default is 'emacs' mode.
+
+   When you enter a line in 'vi' mode, you are already placed in
+'insertion' mode, as if you had typed an 'i'.  Pressing <ESC> switches
+you into 'command' mode, where you can edit the text of the line with
+the standard 'vi' movement keys, move to previous history lines with 'k'
+and subsequent lines with 'j', and so forth.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Programmable Completion,  Next: Programmable Completion Builtins,  Prev: Readline vi Mode,  Up: Command Line Editing
+
+8.6 Programmable Completion
+===========================
+
+When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for which
+a completion specification (a COMPSPEC) has been defined using the
+'complete' builtin (*note Programmable Completion Builtins::), the
+programmable completion facilities are invoked.
+
+   First, the command name is identified.  If a compspec has been
+defined for that command, the compspec is used to generate the list of
+possible completions for the word.  If the command word is the empty
+string (completion attempted at the beginning of an empty line), any
+compspec defined with the '-E' option to 'complete' is used.  If the
+command word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is
+searched for first.  If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an
+attempt is made to find a compspec for the portion following the final
+slash.  If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec
+defined with the '-D' option to 'complete' is used as the default.  If
+there is no default compspec, Bash attempts alias expansion on the
+command word as a final resort, and attempts to find a compspec for the
+command word from any successful expansion
+
+   Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of
+matching words.  If a compspec is not found, the default Bash completion
+described above (*note Commands For Completion::) is performed.
+
+   First, the actions specified by the compspec are used.  Only matches
+which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned.  When the
+'-f' or '-d' option is used for filename or directory name completion,
+the shell variable 'FIGNORE' is used to filter the matches.  *Note Bash
+Variables::, for a description of 'FIGNORE'.
+
+   Any completions specified by a filename expansion pattern to the '-G'
+option are generated next.  The words generated by the pattern need not
+match the word being completed.  The 'GLOBIGNORE' shell variable is not
+used to filter the matches, but the 'FIGNORE' shell variable is used.
+
+   Next, the string specified as the argument to the '-W' option is
+considered.  The string is first split using the characters in the 'IFS'
+special variable as delimiters.  Shell quoting is honored within the
+string, in order to provide a mechanism for the words to contain shell
+metacharacters or characters in the value of 'IFS'.  Each word is then
+expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable
+expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as described
+above (*note Shell Expansions::).  The results are split using the rules
+described above (*note Word Splitting::).  The results of the expansion
+are prefix-matched against the word being completed, and the matching
+words become the possible completions.
+
+   After these matches have been generated, any shell function or
+command specified with the '-F' and '-C' options is invoked.  When the
+command or function is invoked, the 'COMP_LINE', 'COMP_POINT',
+'COMP_KEY', and 'COMP_TYPE' variables are assigned values as described
+above (*note Bash Variables::).  If a shell function is being invoked,
+the 'COMP_WORDS' and 'COMP_CWORD' variables are also set.  When the
+function or command is invoked, the first argument ($1) is the name of
+the command whose arguments are being completed, the second argument
+($2) is the word being completed, and the third argument ($3) is the
+word preceding the word being completed on the current command line.  No
+filtering of the generated completions against the word being completed
+is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in generating
+the matches.
+
+   Any function specified with '-F' is invoked first.  The function may
+use any of the shell facilities, including the 'compgen' and 'compopt'
+builtins described below (*note Programmable Completion Builtins::), to
+generate the matches.  It must put the possible completions in the
+'COMPREPLY' array variable, one per array element.
+
+   Next, any command specified with the '-C' option is invoked in an
+environment equivalent to command substitution.  It should print a list
+of completions, one per line, to the standard output.  Backslash may be
+used to escape a newline, if necessary.
+
+   After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter
+specified with the '-X' option is applied to the list.  The filter is a
+pattern as used for pathname expansion; a '&' in the pattern is replaced
+with the text of the word being completed.  A literal '&' may be escaped
+with a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match.
+Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list.
+A leading '!' negates the pattern; in this case any completion not
+matching the pattern will be removed.  If the 'nocasematch' shell option
+(see the description of 'shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::) is
+enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic
+characters.
+
+   Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the '-P' and '-S'
+options are added to each member of the completion list, and the result
+is returned to the Readline completion code as the list of possible
+completions.
+
+   If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and
+the '-o dirnames' option was supplied to 'complete' when the compspec
+was defined, directory name completion is attempted.
+
+   If the '-o plusdirs' option was supplied to 'complete' when the
+compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any
+matches are added to the results of the other actions.
+
+   By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned
+to the completion code as the full set of possible completions.  The
+default Bash completions are not attempted, and the Readline default of
+filename completion is disabled.  If the '-o bashdefault' option was
+supplied to 'complete' when the compspec was defined, the default Bash
+completions are attempted if the compspec generates no matches.  If the
+'-o default' option was supplied to 'complete' when the compspec was
+defined, Readline's default completion will be performed if the compspec
+(and, if attempted, the default Bash completions) generate no matches.
+
+   When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired,
+the programmable completion functions force Readline to append a slash
+to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to
+the value of the MARK-DIRECTORIES Readline variable, regardless of the
+setting of the MARK-SYMLINKED-DIRECTORIES Readline variable.
+
+   There is some support for dynamically modifying completions.  This is
+most useful when used in combination with a default completion specified
+with '-D'.  It's possible for shell functions executed as completion
+handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by returning an
+exit status of 124.  If a shell function returns 124, and changes the
+compspec associated with the command on which completion is being
+attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is
+executed), programmable completion restarts from the beginning, with an
+attempt to find a new compspec for that command.  This allows a set of
+completions to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather
+than being loaded all at once.
+
+   For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each
+kept in a file corresponding to the name of the command, the following
+default completion function would load completions dynamically:
+
+     _completion_loader()
+     {
+         . "/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124
+     }
+     complete -D -F _completion_loader -o bashdefault -o default
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Programmable Completion Builtins,  Next: A Programmable Completion Example,  Prev: Programmable Completion,  Up: Command Line Editing
+
+8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins
+====================================
+
+Three builtin commands are available to manipulate the programmable
+completion facilities: one to specify how the arguments to a particular
+command are to be completed, and two to modify the completion as it is
+happening.
+
+'compgen'
+          compgen [OPTION] [WORD]
+
+     Generate possible completion matches for WORD according to the
+     OPTIONs, which may be any option accepted by the 'complete' builtin
+     with the exception of '-p' and '-r', and write the matches to the
+     standard output.  When using the '-F' or '-C' options, the various
+     shell variables set by the programmable completion facilities,
+     while available, will not have useful values.
+
+     The matches will be generated in the same way as if the
+     programmable completion code had generated them directly from a
+     completion specification with the same flags.  If WORD is
+     specified, only those completions matching WORD will be displayed.
+
+     The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, or
+     no matches were generated.
+
+'complete'
+          complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o COMP-OPTION] [-DEI] [-A ACTION] [-G GLOBPAT]
+          [-W WORDLIST] [-F FUNCTION] [-C COMMAND] [-X FILTERPAT]
+          [-P PREFIX] [-S SUFFIX] NAME [NAME ...]
+          complete -pr [-DEI] [NAME ...]
+
+     Specify how arguments to each NAME should be completed.  If the
+     '-p' option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing
+     completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them to
+     be reused as input.  The '-r' option removes a completion
+     specification for each NAME, or, if no NAMEs are supplied, all
+     completion specifications.  The '-D' option indicates that other
+     supplied options and actions should apply to the "default" command
+     completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for which no
+     completion has previously been defined.  The '-E' option indicates
+     that other supplied options and actions should apply to "empty"
+     command completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line.
+     The '-I' option indicates that other supplied options and actions
+     should apply to completion on the inital non-assignment word on the
+     line, or after a command delimiter such as ';' or '|', which is
+     usually command name completion.  If multiple options are supplied,
+     the '-D' option takes precedence over '-E', and both take
+     precedence over '-I'.  If any of '-D', '-E', or '-I' are supplied,
+     any other NAME arguments are ignored; these completions only apply
+     to the case specified by the option.
+
+     The process of applying these completion specifications when word
+     completion is attempted is described above (*note Programmable
+     Completion::).
+
+     Other options, if specified, have the following meanings.  The
+     arguments to the '-G', '-W', and '-X' options (and, if necessary,
+     the '-P' and '-S' options) should be quoted to protect them from
+     expansion before the 'complete' builtin is invoked.
+
+     '-o COMP-OPTION'
+          The COMP-OPTION controls several aspects of the compspec's
+          behavior beyond the simple generation of completions.
+          COMP-OPTION may be one of:
+
+          'bashdefault'
+               Perform the rest of the default Bash completions if the
+               compspec generates no matches.
+
+          'default'
+               Use Readline's default filename completion if the
+               compspec generates no matches.
+
+          'dirnames'
+               Perform directory name completion if the compspec
+               generates no matches.
+
+          'filenames'
+               Tell Readline that the compspec generates filenames, so
+               it can perform any filename-specific processing (like
+               adding a slash to directory names, quoting special
+               characters, or suppressing trailing spaces).  This option
+               is intended to be used with shell functions specified
+               with '-F'.
+
+          'noquote'
+               Tell Readline not to quote the completed words if they
+               are filenames (quoting filenames is the default).
+
+          'nosort'
+               Tell Readline not to sort the list of possible
+               completions alphabetically.
+
+          'nospace'
+               Tell Readline not to append a space (the default) to
+               words completed at the end of the line.
+
+          'plusdirs'
+               After any matches defined by the compspec are generated,
+               directory name completion is attempted and any matches
+               are added to the results of the other actions.
+
+     '-A ACTION'
+          The ACTION may be one of the following to generate a list of
+          possible completions:
+
+          'alias'
+               Alias names.  May also be specified as '-a'.
+
+          'arrayvar'
+               Array variable names.
+
+          'binding'
+               Readline key binding names (*note Bindable Readline
+               Commands::).
+
+          'builtin'
+               Names of shell builtin commands.  May also be specified
+               as '-b'.
+
+          'command'
+               Command names.  May also be specified as '-c'.
+
+          'directory'
+               Directory names.  May also be specified as '-d'.
+
+          'disabled'
+               Names of disabled shell builtins.
+
+          'enabled'
+               Names of enabled shell builtins.
+
+          'export'
+               Names of exported shell variables.  May also be specified
+               as '-e'.
+
+          'file'
+               File names.  May also be specified as '-f'.
+
+          'function'
+               Names of shell functions.
+
+          'group'
+               Group names.  May also be specified as '-g'.
+
+          'helptopic'
+               Help topics as accepted by the 'help' builtin (*note Bash
+               Builtins::).
+
+          'hostname'
+               Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by the
+               'HOSTFILE' shell variable (*note Bash Variables::).
+
+          'job'
+               Job names, if job control is active.  May also be
+               specified as '-j'.
+
+          'keyword'
+               Shell reserved words.  May also be specified as '-k'.
+
+          'running'
+               Names of running jobs, if job control is active.
+
+          'service'
+               Service names.  May also be specified as '-s'.
+
+          'setopt'
+               Valid arguments for the '-o' option to the 'set' builtin
+               (*note The Set Builtin::).
+
+          'shopt'
+               Shell option names as accepted by the 'shopt' builtin
+               (*note Bash Builtins::).
+
+          'signal'
+               Signal names.
+
+          'stopped'
+               Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active.
+
+          'user'
+               User names.  May also be specified as '-u'.
+
+          'variable'
+               Names of all shell variables.  May also be specified as
+               '-v'.
+
+     '-C COMMAND'
+          COMMAND is executed in a subshell environment, and its output
+          is used as the possible completions.
+
+     '-F FUNCTION'
+          The shell function FUNCTION is executed in the current shell
+          environment.  When it is executed, $1 is the name of the
+          command whose arguments are being completed, $2 is the word
+          being completed, and $3 is the word preceding the word being
+          completed, as described above (*note Programmable
+          Completion::).  When it finishes, the possible completions are
+          retrieved from the value of the 'COMPREPLY' array variable.
+
+     '-G GLOBPAT'
+          The filename expansion pattern GLOBPAT is expanded to generate
+          the possible completions.
+
+     '-P PREFIX'
+          PREFIX is added at the beginning of each possible completion
+          after all other options have been applied.
+
+     '-S SUFFIX'
+          SUFFIX is appended to each possible completion after all other
+          options have been applied.
+
+     '-W WORDLIST'
+          The WORDLIST is split using the characters in the 'IFS'
+          special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word is
+          expanded.  The possible completions are the members of the
+          resultant list which match the word being completed.
+
+     '-X FILTERPAT'
+          FILTERPAT is a pattern as used for filename expansion.  It is
+          applied to the list of possible completions generated by the
+          preceding options and arguments, and each completion matching
+          FILTERPAT is removed from the list.  A leading '!' in
+          FILTERPAT negates the pattern; in this case, any completion
+          not matching FILTERPAT is removed.
+
+     The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an
+     option other than '-p' or '-r' is supplied without a NAME argument,
+     an attempt is made to remove a completion specification for a NAME
+     for which no specification exists, or an error occurs adding a
+     completion specification.
+
+'compopt'
+          compopt [-o OPTION] [-DEI] [+o OPTION] [NAME]
+     Modify completion options for each NAME according to the OPTIONs,
+     or for the currently-executing completion if no NAMEs are supplied.
+     If no OPTIONs are given, display the completion options for each
+     NAME or the current completion.  The possible values of OPTION are
+     those valid for the 'complete' builtin described above.  The '-D'
+     option indicates that other supplied options should apply to the
+     "default" command completion; that is, completion attempted on a
+     command for which no completion has previously been defined.  The
+     '-E' option indicates that other supplied options should apply to
+     "empty" command completion; that is, completion attempted on a
+     blank line.  The '-I' option indicates that other supplied options
+     should apply to completion on the inital non-assignment word on the
+     line, or after a command delimiter such as ';' or '|', which is
+     usually command name completion.
+
+     If multiple options are supplied, the '-D' option takes precedence
+     over '-E', and both take precedence over '-I'
+
+     The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an
+     attempt is made to modify the options for a NAME for which no
+     completion specification exists, or an output error occurs.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: A Programmable Completion Example,  Prev: Programmable Completion Builtins,  Up: Command Line Editing
+
+8.8 A Programmable Completion Example
+=====================================
+
+The most common way to obtain additional completion functionality beyond
+the default actions 'complete' and 'compgen' provide is to use a shell
+function and bind it to a particular command using 'complete -F'.
+
+   The following function provides completions for the 'cd' builtin.  It
+is a reasonably good example of what shell functions must do when used
+for completion.  This function uses the word passed as '$2' to determine
+the directory name to complete.  You can also use the 'COMP_WORDS' array
+variable; the current word is indexed by the 'COMP_CWORD' variable.
+
+   The function relies on the 'complete' and 'compgen' builtins to do
+much of the work, adding only the things that the Bash 'cd' does beyond
+accepting basic directory names: tilde expansion (*note Tilde
+Expansion::), searching directories in $CDPATH, which is described above
+(*note Bourne Shell Builtins::), and basic support for the 'cdable_vars'
+shell option (*note The Shopt Builtin::).  '_comp_cd' modifies the value
+of IFS so that it contains only a newline to accommodate file names
+containing spaces and tabs - 'compgen' prints the possible completions
+it generates one per line.
+
+   Possible completions go into the COMPREPLY array variable, one
+completion per array element.  The programmable completion system
+retrieves the completions from there when the function returns.
+
+     # A completion function for the cd builtin
+     # based on the cd completion function from the bash_completion package
+     _comp_cd()
+     {
+         local IFS=$' \t\n'    # normalize IFS
+         local cur _skipdot _cdpath
+         local i j k
+
+         # Tilde expansion, which also expands tilde to full pathname
+         case "$2" in
+         \~*)    eval cur="$2" ;;
+         *)      cur=$2 ;;
+         esac
+
+         # no cdpath or absolute pathname -- straight directory completion
+         if [[ -z "${CDPATH:-}" ]] || [[ "$cur" == @(./*|../*|/*) ]]; then
+             # compgen prints paths one per line; could also use while loop
+             IFS=$'\n'
+             COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -d -- "$cur") )
+             IFS=$' \t\n'
+         # CDPATH+directories in the current directory if not in CDPATH
+         else
+             IFS=$'\n'
+             _skipdot=false
+             # preprocess CDPATH to convert null directory names to .
+             _cdpath=${CDPATH/#:/.:}
+             _cdpath=${_cdpath//::/:.:}
+             _cdpath=${_cdpath/%:/:.}
+             for i in ${_cdpath//:/$'\n'}; do
+                 if [[ $i -ef . ]]; then _skipdot=true; fi
+                 k="${#COMPREPLY[@]}"
+                 for j in $( compgen -d -- "$i/$cur" ); do
+                     COMPREPLY[k++]=${j#$i/}        # cut off directory
+                 done
+             done
+             $_skipdot || COMPREPLY+=( $(compgen -d -- "$cur") )
+             IFS=$' \t\n'
+         fi
+
+         # variable names if appropriate shell option set and no completions
+         if shopt -q cdable_vars && [[ ${#COMPREPLY[@]} -eq 0 ]]; then
+             COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -v -- "$cur") )
+         fi
+
+         return 0
+     }
+
+   We install the completion function using the '-F' option to
+'complete':
+
+     # Tell readline to quote appropriate and append slashes to directories;
+     # use the bash default completion for other arguments
+     complete -o filenames -o nospace -o bashdefault -F _comp_cd cd
+
+Since we'd like Bash and Readline to take care of some of the other
+details for us, we use several other options to tell Bash and Readline
+what to do.  The '-o filenames' option tells Readline that the possible
+completions should be treated as filenames, and quoted appropriately.
+That option will also cause Readline to append a slash to filenames it
+can determine are directories (which is why we might want to extend
+'_comp_cd' to append a slash if we're using directories found via
+CDPATH: Readline can't tell those completions are directories).  The '-o
+nospace' option tells Readline to not append a space character to the
+directory name, in case we want to append to it.  The '-o bashdefault'
+option brings in the rest of the "Bash default" completions - possible
+completion that Bash adds to the default Readline set.  These include
+things like command name completion, variable completion for words
+beginning with '{', completions containing pathname expansion patterns
+(*note Filename Expansion::), and so on.
+
+   Once installed using 'complete', '_comp_cd' will be called every time
+we attempt word completion for a 'cd' command.
+
+   Many more examples - an extensive collection of completions for most
+of the common GNU, Unix, and Linux commands - are available as part of
+the bash_completion project.  This is installed by default on many
+GNU/Linux distributions.  Originally written by Ian Macdonald, the
+project now lives at <http://bash-completion.alioth.debian.org/>.  There
+are ports for other systems such as Solaris and Mac OS X.
+
+   An older version of the bash_completion package is distributed with
+bash in the 'examples/complete' subdirectory.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Using History Interactively,  Next: Installing Bash,  Prev: Command Line Editing,  Up: Top
+
+9 Using History Interactively
+*****************************
+
+This chapter describes how to use the GNU History Library interactively,
+from a user's standpoint.  It should be considered a user's guide.  For
+information on using the GNU History Library in other programs, see the
+GNU Readline Library Manual.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Bash History Facilities::	How Bash lets you manipulate your command
+				history.
+* Bash History Builtins::	The Bash builtin commands that manipulate
+				the command history.
+* History Interaction::		What it feels like using History as a user.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Bash History Facilities,  Next: Bash History Builtins,  Up: Using History Interactively
+
+9.1 Bash History Facilities
+===========================
+
+When the '-o history' option to the 'set' builtin is enabled (*note The
+Set Builtin::), the shell provides access to the "command history", the
+list of commands previously typed.  The value of the 'HISTSIZE' shell
+variable is used as the number of commands to save in a history list.
+The text of the last '$HISTSIZE' commands (default 500) is saved.  The
+shell stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and
+variable expansion but after history expansion is performed, subject to
+the values of the shell variables 'HISTIGNORE' and 'HISTCONTROL'.
+
+   When the shell starts up, the history is initialized from the file
+named by the 'HISTFILE' variable (default '~/.bash_history').  The file
+named by the value of 'HISTFILE' is truncated, if necessary, to contain
+no more than the number of lines specified by the value of the
+'HISTFILESIZE' variable.  When a shell with history enabled exits, the
+last '$HISTSIZE' lines are copied from the history list to the file
+named by '$HISTFILE'.  If the 'histappend' shell option is set (*note
+Bash Builtins::), the lines are appended to the history file, otherwise
+the history file is overwritten.  If 'HISTFILE' is unset, or if the
+history file is unwritable, the history is not saved.  After saving the
+history, the history file is truncated to contain no more than
+'$HISTFILESIZE' lines.  If 'HISTFILESIZE' is unset, or set to null, a
+non-numeric value, or a numeric value less than zero, the history file
+is not truncated.
+
+   If the 'HISTTIMEFORMAT' is set, the time stamp information associated
+with each history entry is written to the history file, marked with the
+history comment character.  When the history file is read, lines
+beginning with the history comment character followed immediately by a
+digit are interpreted as timestamps for the following history entry.
+
+   The builtin command 'fc' may be used to list or edit and re-execute a
+portion of the history list.  The 'history' builtin may be used to
+display or modify the history list and manipulate the history file.
+When using command-line editing, search commands are available in each
+editing mode that provide access to the history list (*note Commands For
+History::).
+
+   The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history
+list.  The 'HISTCONTROL' and 'HISTIGNORE' variables may be set to cause
+the shell to save only a subset of the commands entered.  The 'cmdhist'
+shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each line
+of a multi-line command in the same history entry, adding semicolons
+where necessary to preserve syntactic correctness.  The 'lithist' shell
+option causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines
+instead of semicolons.  The 'shopt' builtin is used to set these
+options.  *Note The Shopt Builtin::, for a description of 'shopt'.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Bash History Builtins,  Next: History Interaction,  Prev: Bash History Facilities,  Up: Using History Interactively
+
+9.2 Bash History Builtins
+=========================
+
+Bash provides two builtin commands which manipulate the history list and
+history file.
+
+'fc'
+          fc [-e ENAME] [-lnr] [FIRST] [LAST]
+          fc -s [PAT=REP] [COMMAND]
+
+     The first form selects a range of commands from FIRST to LAST from
+     the history list and displays or edits and re-executes them.  Both
+     FIRST and LAST may be specified as a string (to locate the most
+     recent command beginning with that string) or as a number (an index
+     into the history list, where a negative number is used as an offset
+     from the current command number).  If LAST is not specified, it is
+     set to FIRST.  If FIRST is not specified, it is set to the previous
+     command for editing and -16 for listing.  If the '-l' flag is
+     given, the commands are listed on standard output.  The '-n' flag
+     suppresses the command numbers when listing.  The '-r' flag
+     reverses the order of the listing.  Otherwise, the editor given by
+     ENAME is invoked on a file containing those commands.  If ENAME is
+     not given, the value of the following variable expansion is used:
+     '${FCEDIT:-${EDITOR:-vi}}'.  This says to use the value of the
+     'FCEDIT' variable if set, or the value of the 'EDITOR' variable if
+     that is set, or 'vi' if neither is set.  When editing is complete,
+     the edited commands are echoed and executed.
+
+     In the second form, COMMAND is re-executed after each instance of
+     PAT in the selected command is replaced by REP.  COMMAND is
+     intepreted the same as FIRST above.
+
+     A useful alias to use with the 'fc' command is 'r='fc -s'', so that
+     typing 'r cc' runs the last command beginning with 'cc' and typing
+     'r' re-executes the last command (*note Aliases::).
+
+'history'
+          history [N]
+          history -c
+          history -d OFFSET
+          history -d START-END
+          history [-anrw] [FILENAME]
+          history -ps ARG
+
+     With no options, display the history list with line numbers.  Lines
+     prefixed with a '*' have been modified.  An argument of N lists
+     only the last N lines.  If the shell variable 'HISTTIMEFORMAT' is
+     set and not null, it is used as a format string for STRFTIME to
+     display the time stamp associated with each displayed history
+     entry.  No intervening blank is printed between the formatted time
+     stamp and the history line.
+
+     Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+
+     '-c'
+          Clear the history list.  This may be combined with the other
+          options to replace the history list completely.
+
+     '-d OFFSET'
+          Delete the history entry at position OFFSET.  If OFFSET is
+          positive, it should be specified as it appears when the
+          history is displayed.  If OFFSET is negative, it is
+          interpreted as relative to one greater than the last history
+          position, so negative indices count back from the end of the
+          history, and an index of '-1' refers to the current 'history
+          -d' command.
+
+     '-d START-END'
+          Delete the history entries between positions START and END,
+          inclusive.  Positive and negative values for START and END are
+          interpreted as described above.
+
+     '-a'
+          Append the new history lines to the history file.  These are
+          history lines entered since the beginning of the current Bash
+          session, but not already appended to the history file.
+
+     '-n'
+          Append the history lines not already read from the history
+          file to the current history list.  These are lines appended to
+          the history file since the beginning of the current Bash
+          session.
+
+     '-r'
+          Read the history file and append its contents to the history
+          list.
+
+     '-w'
+          Write out the current history list to the history file.
+
+     '-p'
+          Perform history substitution on the ARGs and display the
+          result on the standard output, without storing the results in
+          the history list.
+
+     '-s'
+          The ARGs are added to the end of the history list as a single
+          entry.
+
+     When any of the '-w', '-r', '-a', or '-n' options is used, if
+     FILENAME is given, then it is used as the history file.  If not,
+     then the value of the 'HISTFILE' variable is used.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: History Interaction,  Prev: Bash History Builtins,  Up: Using History Interactively
+
+9.3 History Expansion
+=====================
+
+The History library provides a history expansion feature that is similar
+to the history expansion provided by 'csh'.  This section describes the
+syntax used to manipulate the history information.
+
+   History expansions introduce words from the history list into the
+input stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments to
+a previous command into the current input line, or fix errors in
+previous commands quickly.
+
+   History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line is
+read, before the shell breaks it into words, and is performed on each
+line individually.  Bash attempts to inform the history expansion
+functions about quoting still in effect from previous lines.
+
+   History expansion takes place in two parts.  The first is to
+determine which line from the history list should be used during
+substitution.  The second is to select portions of that line for
+inclusion into the current one.  The line selected from the history is
+called the "event", and the portions of that line that are acted upon
+are called "words".  Various "modifiers" are available to manipulate the
+selected words.  The line is broken into words in the same fashion that
+Bash does, so that several words surrounded by quotes are considered one
+word.  History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the
+history expansion character, which is '!' by default.
+
+   History expansion implements shell-like quoting conventions: a
+backslash can be used to remove the special handling for the next
+character; single quotes enclose verbatim sequences of characters, and
+can be used to inhibit history expansion; and characters enclosed within
+double quotes may be subject to history expansion, since backslash can
+escape the history expansion character, but single quotes may not, since
+they are not treated specially within double quotes.
+
+   When using the shell, only '\' and ''' may be used to escape the
+history expansion character, but the history expansion character is also
+treated as quoted if it immediately precedes the closing double quote in
+a double-quoted string.
+
+   Several shell options settable with the 'shopt' builtin (*note The
+Shopt Builtin::) may be used to tailor the behavior of history
+expansion.  If the 'histverify' shell option is enabled, and Readline is
+being used, history substitutions are not immediately passed to the
+shell parser.  Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the Readline
+editing buffer for further modification.  If Readline is being used, and
+the 'histreedit' shell option is enabled, a failed history expansion
+will be reloaded into the Readline editing buffer for correction.  The
+'-p' option to the 'history' builtin command may be used to see what a
+history expansion will do before using it.  The '-s' option to the
+'history' builtin may be used to add commands to the end of the history
+list without actually executing them, so that they are available for
+subsequent recall.  This is most useful in conjunction with Readline.
+
+   The shell allows control of the various characters used by the
+history expansion mechanism with the 'histchars' variable, as explained
+above (*note Bash Variables::).  The shell uses the history comment
+character to mark history timestamps when writing the history file.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Event Designators::	How to specify which history line to use.
+* Word Designators::	Specifying which words are of interest.
+* Modifiers::		Modifying the results of substitution.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Event Designators,  Next: Word Designators,  Up: History Interaction
+
+9.3.1 Event Designators
+-----------------------
+
+An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the
+history list.  Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to
+the current position in the history list.
+
+'!'
+     Start a history substitution, except when followed by a space, tab,
+     the end of the line, '=' or '(' (when the 'extglob' shell option is
+     enabled using the 'shopt' builtin).
+
+'!N'
+     Refer to command line N.
+
+'!-N'
+     Refer to the command N lines back.
+
+'!!'
+     Refer to the previous command.  This is a synonym for '!-1'.
+
+'!STRING'
+     Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in
+     the history list starting with STRING.
+
+'!?STRING[?]'
+     Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in
+     the history list containing STRING.  The trailing '?' may be
+     omitted if the STRING is followed immediately by a newline.
+
+'^STRING1^STRING2^'
+     Quick Substitution.  Repeat the last command, replacing STRING1
+     with STRING2.  Equivalent to '!!:s/STRING1/STRING2/'.
+
+'!#'
+     The entire command line typed so far.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Word Designators,  Next: Modifiers,  Prev: Event Designators,  Up: History Interaction
+
+9.3.2 Word Designators
+----------------------
+
+Word designators are used to select desired words from the event.  A ':'
+separates the event specification from the word designator.  It may be
+omitted if the word designator begins with a '^', '$', '*', '-', or '%'.
+Words are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first word
+being denoted by 0 (zero).  Words are inserted into the current line
+separated by single spaces.
+
+   For example,
+
+'!!'
+     designates the preceding command.  When you type this, the
+     preceding command is repeated in toto.
+
+'!!:$'
+     designates the last argument of the preceding command.  This may be
+     shortened to '!$'.
+
+'!fi:2'
+     designates the second argument of the most recent command starting
+     with the letters 'fi'.
+
+   Here are the word designators:
+
+'0 (zero)'
+     The '0'th word.  For many applications, this is the command word.
+
+'N'
+     The Nth word.
+
+'^'
+     The first argument; that is, word 1.
+
+'$'
+     The last argument.
+
+'%'
+     The word matched by the most recent '?STRING?' search.
+
+'X-Y'
+     A range of words; '-Y' abbreviates '0-Y'.
+
+'*'
+     All of the words, except the '0'th.  This is a synonym for '1-$'.
+     It is not an error to use '*' if there is just one word in the
+     event; the empty string is returned in that case.
+
+'X*'
+     Abbreviates 'X-$'
+
+'X-'
+     Abbreviates 'X-$' like 'X*', but omits the last word.
+
+   If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the
+previous command is used as the event.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Modifiers,  Prev: Word Designators,  Up: History Interaction
+
+9.3.3 Modifiers
+---------------
+
+After the optional word designator, you can add a sequence of one or
+more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a ':'.
+
+'h'
+     Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head.
+
+'t'
+     Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail.
+
+'r'
+     Remove a trailing suffix of the form '.SUFFIX', leaving the
+     basename.
+
+'e'
+     Remove all but the trailing suffix.
+
+'p'
+     Print the new command but do not execute it.
+
+'q'
+     Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions.
+
+'x'
+     Quote the substituted words as with 'q', but break into words at
+     spaces, tabs, and newlines.
+
+'s/OLD/NEW/'
+     Substitute NEW for the first occurrence of OLD in the event line.
+     Any delimiter may be used in place of '/'.  The delimiter may be
+     quoted in OLD and NEW with a single backslash.  If '&' appears in
+     NEW, it is replaced by OLD.  A single backslash will quote the '&'.
+     The final delimiter is optional if it is the last character on the
+     input line.
+
+'&'
+     Repeat the previous substitution.
+
+'g'
+'a'
+     Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line.  Used in
+     conjunction with 's', as in 'gs/OLD/NEW/', or with '&'.
+
+'G'
+     Apply the following 's' modifier once to each word in the event.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Installing Bash,  Next: Reporting Bugs,  Prev: Using History Interactively,  Up: Top
+
+10 Installing Bash
+******************
+
+This chapter provides basic instructions for installing Bash on the
+various supported platforms.  The distribution supports the GNU
+operating systems, nearly every version of Unix, and several non-Unix
+systems such as BeOS and Interix.  Other independent ports exist for
+MS-DOS, OS/2, and Windows platforms.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Basic Installation::	Installation instructions.
+* Compilers and Options::	How to set special options for various
+				systems.
+* Compiling For Multiple Architectures::	How to compile Bash for more
+						than one kind of system from
+						the same source tree.
+* Installation Names::	How to set the various paths used by the installation.
+* Specifying the System Type::	How to configure Bash for a particular system.
+* Sharing Defaults::	How to share default configuration values among GNU
+			programs.
+* Operation Controls::	Options recognized by the configuration program.
+* Optional Features::	How to enable and disable optional features when
+			building Bash.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Basic Installation,  Next: Compilers and Options,  Up: Installing Bash
+
+10.1 Basic Installation
+=======================
+
+These are installation instructions for Bash.
+
+   The simplest way to compile Bash is:
+
+  1. 'cd' to the directory containing the source code and type
+     './configure' to configure Bash for your system.  If you're using
+     'csh' on an old version of System V, you might need to type 'sh
+     ./configure' instead to prevent 'csh' from trying to execute
+     'configure' itself.
+
+     Running 'configure' takes some time.  While running, it prints
+     messages telling which features it is checking for.
+
+  2. Type 'make' to compile Bash and build the 'bashbug' bug reporting
+     script.
+
+  3. Optionally, type 'make tests' to run the Bash test suite.
+
+  4. Type 'make install' to install 'bash' and 'bashbug'.  This will
+     also install the manual pages and Info file.
+
+   The 'configure' shell script attempts to guess correct values for
+various system-dependent variables used during compilation.  It uses
+those values to create a 'Makefile' in each directory of the package
+(the top directory, the 'builtins', 'doc', and 'support' directories,
+each directory under 'lib', and several others).  It also creates a
+'config.h' file containing system-dependent definitions.  Finally, it
+creates a shell script named 'config.status' that you can run in the
+future to recreate the current configuration, a file 'config.cache' that
+saves the results of its tests to speed up reconfiguring, and a file
+'config.log' containing compiler output (useful mainly for debugging
+'configure').  If at some point 'config.cache' contains results you
+don't want to keep, you may remove or edit it.
+
+   To find out more about the options and arguments that the 'configure'
+script understands, type
+
+     bash-4.2$ ./configure --help
+
+at the Bash prompt in your Bash source directory.
+
+   If you want to build Bash in a directory separate from the source
+directory - to build for multiple architectures, for example - just use
+the full path to the configure script.  The following commands will
+build bash in a directory under '/usr/local/build' from the source code
+in '/usr/local/src/bash-4.4':
+
+     mkdir /usr/local/build/bash-4.4
+     cd /usr/local/build/bash-4.4
+     bash /usr/local/src/bash-4.4/configure
+     make
+
+   See *note Compiling For Multiple Architectures:: for more information
+about building in a directory separate from the source.
+
+   If you need to do unusual things to compile Bash, please try to
+figure out how 'configure' could check whether or not to do them, and
+mail diffs or instructions to <bash-maintainers@gnu.org> so they can be
+considered for the next release.
+
+   The file 'configure.ac' is used to create 'configure' by a program
+called Autoconf.  You only need 'configure.ac' if you want to change it
+or regenerate 'configure' using a newer version of Autoconf.  If you do
+this, make sure you are using Autoconf version 2.50 or newer.
+
+   You can remove the program binaries and object files from the source
+code directory by typing 'make clean'.  To also remove the files that
+'configure' created (so you can compile Bash for a different kind of
+computer), type 'make distclean'.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Compilers and Options,  Next: Compiling For Multiple Architectures,  Prev: Basic Installation,  Up: Installing Bash
+
+10.2 Compilers and Options
+==========================
+
+Some systems require unusual options for compilation or linking that the
+'configure' script does not know about.  You can give 'configure'
+initial values for variables by setting them in the environment.  Using
+a Bourne-compatible shell, you can do that on the command line like
+this:
+
+     CC=c89 CFLAGS=-O2 LIBS=-lposix ./configure
+
+   On systems that have the 'env' program, you can do it like this:
+
+     env CPPFLAGS=-I/usr/local/include LDFLAGS=-s ./configure
+
+   The configuration process uses GCC to build Bash if it is available.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures,  Next: Installation Names,  Prev: Compilers and Options,  Up: Installing Bash
+
+10.3 Compiling For Multiple Architectures
+=========================================
+
+You can compile Bash for more than one kind of computer at the same
+time, by placing the object files for each architecture in their own
+directory.  To do this, you must use a version of 'make' that supports
+the 'VPATH' variable, such as GNU 'make'.  'cd' to the directory where
+you want the object files and executables to go and run the 'configure'
+script from the source directory (*note Basic Installation::).  You may
+need to supply the '--srcdir=PATH' argument to tell 'configure' where
+the source files are.  'configure' automatically checks for the source
+code in the directory that 'configure' is in and in '..'.
+
+   If you have to use a 'make' that does not supports the 'VPATH'
+variable, you can compile Bash for one architecture at a time in the
+source code directory.  After you have installed Bash for one
+architecture, use 'make distclean' before reconfiguring for another
+architecture.
+
+   Alternatively, if your system supports symbolic links, you can use
+the 'support/mkclone' script to create a build tree which has symbolic
+links back to each file in the source directory.  Here's an example that
+creates a build directory in the current directory from a source
+directory '/usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0':
+
+     bash /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0/support/mkclone -s /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0 .
+
+The 'mkclone' script requires Bash, so you must have already built Bash
+for at least one architecture before you can create build directories
+for other architectures.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Installation Names,  Next: Specifying the System Type,  Prev: Compiling For Multiple Architectures,  Up: Installing Bash
+
+10.4 Installation Names
+=======================
+
+By default, 'make install' will install into '/usr/local/bin',
+'/usr/local/man', etc.  You can specify an installation prefix other
+than '/usr/local' by giving 'configure' the option '--prefix=PATH', or
+by specifying a value for the 'DESTDIR' 'make' variable when running
+'make install'.
+
+   You can specify separate installation prefixes for
+architecture-specific files and architecture-independent files.  If you
+give 'configure' the option '--exec-prefix=PATH', 'make install' will
+use PATH as the prefix for installing programs and libraries.
+Documentation and other data files will still use the regular prefix.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Specifying the System Type,  Next: Sharing Defaults,  Prev: Installation Names,  Up: Installing Bash
+
+10.5 Specifying the System Type
+===============================
+
+There may be some features 'configure' can not figure out automatically,
+but need to determine by the type of host Bash will run on.  Usually
+'configure' can figure that out, but if it prints a message saying it
+can not guess the host type, give it the '--host=TYPE' option.  'TYPE'
+can either be a short name for the system type, such as 'sun4', or a
+canonical name with three fields: 'CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM' (e.g.,
+'i386-unknown-freebsd4.2').
+
+   See the file 'support/config.sub' for the possible values of each
+field.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Sharing Defaults,  Next: Operation Controls,  Prev: Specifying the System Type,  Up: Installing Bash
+
+10.6 Sharing Defaults
+=====================
+
+If you want to set default values for 'configure' scripts to share, you
+can create a site shell script called 'config.site' that gives default
+values for variables like 'CC', 'cache_file', and 'prefix'.  'configure'
+looks for 'PREFIX/share/config.site' if it exists, then
+'PREFIX/etc/config.site' if it exists.  Or, you can set the
+'CONFIG_SITE' environment variable to the location of the site script.
+A warning: the Bash 'configure' looks for a site script, but not all
+'configure' scripts do.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Operation Controls,  Next: Optional Features,  Prev: Sharing Defaults,  Up: Installing Bash
+
+10.7 Operation Controls
+=======================
+
+'configure' recognizes the following options to control how it operates.
+
+'--cache-file=FILE'
+     Use and save the results of the tests in FILE instead of
+     './config.cache'.  Set FILE to '/dev/null' to disable caching, for
+     debugging 'configure'.
+
+'--help'
+     Print a summary of the options to 'configure', and exit.
+
+'--quiet'
+'--silent'
+'-q'
+     Do not print messages saying which checks are being made.
+
+'--srcdir=DIR'
+     Look for the Bash source code in directory DIR.  Usually
+     'configure' can determine that directory automatically.
+
+'--version'
+     Print the version of Autoconf used to generate the 'configure'
+     script, and exit.
+
+   'configure' also accepts some other, not widely used, boilerplate
+options.  'configure --help' prints the complete list.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Optional Features,  Prev: Operation Controls,  Up: Installing Bash
+
+10.8 Optional Features
+======================
+
+The Bash 'configure' has a number of '--enable-FEATURE' options, where
+FEATURE indicates an optional part of Bash.  There are also several
+'--with-PACKAGE' options, where PACKAGE is something like 'bash-malloc'
+or 'purify'.  To turn off the default use of a package, use
+'--without-PACKAGE'.  To configure Bash without a feature that is
+enabled by default, use '--disable-FEATURE'.
+
+   Here is a complete list of the '--enable-' and '--with-' options that
+the Bash 'configure' recognizes.
+
+'--with-afs'
+     Define if you are using the Andrew File System from Transarc.
+
+'--with-bash-malloc'
+     Use the Bash version of 'malloc' in the directory 'lib/malloc'.
+     This is not the same 'malloc' that appears in GNU libc, but an
+     older version originally derived from the 4.2 BSD 'malloc'.  This
+     'malloc' is very fast, but wastes some space on each allocation.
+     This option is enabled by default.  The 'NOTES' file contains a
+     list of systems for which this should be turned off, and
+     'configure' disables this option automatically for a number of
+     systems.
+
+'--with-curses'
+     Use the curses library instead of the termcap library.  This should
+     be supplied if your system has an inadequate or incomplete termcap
+     database.
+
+'--with-gnu-malloc'
+     A synonym for '--with-bash-malloc'.
+
+'--with-installed-readline[=PREFIX]'
+     Define this to make Bash link with a locally-installed version of
+     Readline rather than the version in 'lib/readline'.  This works
+     only with Readline 5.0 and later versions.  If PREFIX is 'yes' or
+     not supplied, 'configure' uses the values of the make variables
+     'includedir' and 'libdir', which are subdirectories of 'prefix' by
+     default, to find the installed version of Readline if it is not in
+     the standard system include and library directories.  If PREFIX is
+     'no', Bash links with the version in 'lib/readline'.  If PREFIX is
+     set to any other value, 'configure' treats it as a directory
+     pathname and looks for the installed version of Readline in
+     subdirectories of that directory (include files in PREFIX/'include'
+     and the library in PREFIX/'lib').
+
+'--with-purify'
+     Define this to use the Purify memory allocation checker from
+     Rational Software.
+
+'--enable-minimal-config'
+     This produces a shell with minimal features, close to the
+     historical Bourne shell.
+
+   There are several '--enable-' options that alter how Bash is compiled
+and linked, rather than changing run-time features.
+
+'--enable-largefile'
+     Enable support for large files
+     (http://www.unix.org/version2/whatsnew/lfs20mar.html) if the
+     operating system requires special compiler options to build
+     programs which can access large files.  This is enabled by default,
+     if the operating system provides large file support.
+
+'--enable-profiling'
+     This builds a Bash binary that produces profiling information to be
+     processed by 'gprof' each time it is executed.
+
+'--enable-static-link'
+     This causes Bash to be linked statically, if 'gcc' is being used.
+     This could be used to build a version to use as root's shell.
+
+   The 'minimal-config' option can be used to disable all of the
+following options, but it is processed first, so individual options may
+be enabled using 'enable-FEATURE'.
+
+   All of the following options except for 'disabled-builtins',
+'direxpand-default', and 'xpg-echo-default' are enabled by default,
+unless the operating system does not provide the necessary support.
+
+'--enable-alias'
+     Allow alias expansion and include the 'alias' and 'unalias'
+     builtins (*note Aliases::).
+
+'--enable-arith-for-command'
+     Include support for the alternate form of the 'for' command that
+     behaves like the C language 'for' statement (*note Looping
+     Constructs::).
+
+'--enable-array-variables'
+     Include support for one-dimensional array shell variables (*note
+     Arrays::).
+
+'--enable-bang-history'
+     Include support for 'csh'-like history substitution (*note History
+     Interaction::).
+
+'--enable-brace-expansion'
+     Include 'csh'-like brace expansion ( 'b{a,b}c' ==> 'bac bbc' ).
+     See *note Brace Expansion::, for a complete description.
+
+'--enable-casemod-attributes'
+     Include support for case-modifying attributes in the 'declare'
+     builtin and assignment statements.  Variables with the UPPERCASE
+     attribute, for example, will have their values converted to
+     uppercase upon assignment.
+
+'--enable-casemod-expansion'
+     Include support for case-modifying word expansions.
+
+'--enable-command-timing'
+     Include support for recognizing 'time' as a reserved word and for
+     displaying timing statistics for the pipeline following 'time'
+     (*note Pipelines::).  This allows pipelines as well as shell
+     builtins and functions to be timed.
+
+'--enable-cond-command'
+     Include support for the '[[' conditional command.  (*note
+     Conditional Constructs::).
+
+'--enable-cond-regexp'
+     Include support for matching POSIX regular expressions using the
+     '=~' binary operator in the '[[' conditional command.  (*note
+     Conditional Constructs::).
+
+'--enable-coprocesses'
+     Include support for coprocesses and the 'coproc' reserved word
+     (*note Pipelines::).
+
+'--enable-debugger'
+     Include support for the bash debugger (distributed separately).
+
+'--enable-dev-fd-stat-broken'
+     If calling 'stat' on /dev/fd/N returns different results than
+     calling 'fstat' on file descriptor N, supply this option to enable
+     a workaround.  This has implications for conditional commands that
+     test file attributes.
+
+'--enable-direxpand-default'
+     Cause the 'direxpand' shell option (*note The Shopt Builtin::) to
+     be enabled by default when the shell starts.  It is normally
+     disabled by default.
+
+'--enable-directory-stack'
+     Include support for a 'csh'-like directory stack and the 'pushd',
+     'popd', and 'dirs' builtins (*note The Directory Stack::).
+
+'--enable-disabled-builtins'
+     Allow builtin commands to be invoked via 'builtin xxx' even after
+     'xxx' has been disabled using 'enable -n xxx'.  See *note Bash
+     Builtins::, for details of the 'builtin' and 'enable' builtin
+     commands.
+
+'--enable-dparen-arithmetic'
+     Include support for the '((...))' command (*note Conditional
+     Constructs::).
+
+'--enable-extended-glob'
+     Include support for the extended pattern matching features
+     described above under *note Pattern Matching::.
+
+'--enable-extended-glob-default'
+     Set the default value of the EXTGLOB shell option described above
+     under *note The Shopt Builtin:: to be enabled.
+
+'--enable-function-import'
+     Include support for importing function definitions exported by
+     another instance of the shell from the environment.  This option is
+     enabled by default.
+
+'--enable-glob-asciirange-default'
+     Set the default value of the GLOBASCIIRANGES shell option described
+     above under *note The Shopt Builtin:: to be enabled.  This controls
+     the behavior of character ranges when used in pattern matching
+     bracket expressions.
+
+'--enable-help-builtin'
+     Include the 'help' builtin, which displays help on shell builtins
+     and variables (*note Bash Builtins::).
+
+'--enable-history'
+     Include command history and the 'fc' and 'history' builtin commands
+     (*note Bash History Facilities::).
+
+'--enable-job-control'
+     This enables the job control features (*note Job Control::), if the
+     operating system supports them.
+
+'--enable-multibyte'
+     This enables support for multibyte characters if the operating
+     system provides the necessary support.
+
+'--enable-net-redirections'
+     This enables the special handling of filenames of the form
+     '/dev/tcp/HOST/PORT' and '/dev/udp/HOST/PORT' when used in
+     redirections (*note Redirections::).
+
+'--enable-process-substitution'
+     This enables process substitution (*note Process Substitution::) if
+     the operating system provides the necessary support.
+
+'--enable-progcomp'
+     Enable the programmable completion facilities (*note Programmable
+     Completion::).  If Readline is not enabled, this option has no
+     effect.
+
+'--enable-prompt-string-decoding'
+     Turn on the interpretation of a number of backslash-escaped
+     characters in the '$PS0', '$PS1', '$PS2', and '$PS4' prompt
+     strings.  See *note Controlling the Prompt::, for a complete list
+     of prompt string escape sequences.
+
+'--enable-readline'
+     Include support for command-line editing and history with the Bash
+     version of the Readline library (*note Command Line Editing::).
+
+'--enable-restricted'
+     Include support for a "restricted shell".  If this is enabled,
+     Bash, when called as 'rbash', enters a restricted mode.  See *note
+     The Restricted Shell::, for a description of restricted mode.
+
+'--enable-select'
+     Include the 'select' compound command, which allows the generation
+     of simple menus (*note Conditional Constructs::).
+
+'--enable-separate-helpfiles'
+     Use external files for the documentation displayed by the 'help'
+     builtin instead of storing the text internally.
+
+'--enable-single-help-strings'
+     Store the text displayed by the 'help' builtin as a single string
+     for each help topic.  This aids in translating the text to
+     different languages.  You may need to disable this if your compiler
+     cannot handle very long string literals.
+
+'--enable-strict-posix-default'
+     Make Bash POSIX-conformant by default (*note Bash POSIX Mode::).
+
+'--enable-usg-echo-default'
+     A synonym for '--enable-xpg-echo-default'.
+
+'--enable-xpg-echo-default'
+     Make the 'echo' builtin expand backslash-escaped characters by
+     default, without requiring the '-e' option.  This sets the default
+     value of the 'xpg_echo' shell option to 'on', which makes the Bash
+     'echo' behave more like the version specified in the Single Unix
+     Specification, version 3.  *Note Bash Builtins::, for a description
+     of the escape sequences that 'echo' recognizes.
+
+   The file 'config-top.h' contains C Preprocessor '#define' statements
+for options which are not settable from 'configure'.  Some of these are
+not meant to be changed; beware of the consequences if you do.  Read the
+comments associated with each definition for more information about its
+effect.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Reporting Bugs,  Next: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell,  Prev: Installing Bash,  Up: Top
+
+Appendix A Reporting Bugs
+*************************
+
+Please report all bugs you find in Bash.  But first, you should make
+sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest version
+of Bash.  The latest version of Bash is always available for FTP from
+<ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/>.
+
+   Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the
+'bashbug' command to submit a bug report.  If you have a fix, you are
+encouraged to mail that as well!  Suggestions and 'philosophical' bug
+reports may be mailed to <bug-bash@gnu.org> or posted to the Usenet
+newsgroup 'gnu.bash.bug'.
+
+   All bug reports should include:
+   * The version number of Bash.
+   * The hardware and operating system.
+   * The compiler used to compile Bash.
+   * A description of the bug behaviour.
+   * A short script or 'recipe' which exercises the bug and may be used
+     to reproduce it.
+
+'bashbug' inserts the first three items automatically into the template
+it provides for filing a bug report.
+
+   Please send all reports concerning this manual to <bug-bash@gnu.org>.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell,  Next: GNU Free Documentation License,  Prev: Reporting Bugs,  Up: Top
+
+Appendix B Major Differences From The Bourne Shell
+**************************************************
+
+Bash implements essentially the same grammar, parameter and variable
+expansion, redirection, and quoting as the Bourne Shell.  Bash uses the
+POSIX standard as the specification of how these features are to be
+implemented.  There are some differences between the traditional Bourne
+shell and Bash; this section quickly details the differences of
+significance.  A number of these differences are explained in greater
+depth in previous sections.  This section uses the version of 'sh'
+included in SVR4.2 (the last version of the historical Bourne shell) as
+the baseline reference.
+
+   * Bash is POSIX-conformant, even where the POSIX specification
+     differs from traditional 'sh' behavior (*note Bash POSIX Mode::).
+
+   * Bash has multi-character invocation options (*note Invoking
+     Bash::).
+
+   * Bash has command-line editing (*note Command Line Editing::) and
+     the 'bind' builtin.
+
+   * Bash provides a programmable word completion mechanism (*note
+     Programmable Completion::), and builtin commands 'complete',
+     'compgen', and 'compopt', to manipulate it.
+
+   * Bash has command history (*note Bash History Facilities::) and the
+     'history' and 'fc' builtins to manipulate it.  The Bash history
+     list maintains timestamp information and uses the value of the
+     'HISTTIMEFORMAT' variable to display it.
+
+   * Bash implements 'csh'-like history expansion (*note History
+     Interaction::).
+
+   * Bash has one-dimensional array variables (*note Arrays::), and the
+     appropriate variable expansions and assignment syntax to use them.
+     Several of the Bash builtins take options to act on arrays.  Bash
+     provides a number of built-in array variables.
+
+   * The '$'...'' quoting syntax, which expands ANSI-C backslash-escaped
+     characters in the text between the single quotes, is supported
+     (*note ANSI-C Quoting::).
+
+   * Bash supports the '$"..."' quoting syntax to do locale-specific
+     translation of the characters between the double quotes.  The '-D',
+     '--dump-strings', and '--dump-po-strings' invocation options list
+     the translatable strings found in a script (*note Locale
+     Translation::).
+
+   * Bash implements the '!' keyword to negate the return value of a
+     pipeline (*note Pipelines::).  Very useful when an 'if' statement
+     needs to act only if a test fails.  The Bash '-o pipefail' option
+     to 'set' will cause a pipeline to return a failure status if any
+     command fails.
+
+   * Bash has the 'time' reserved word and command timing (*note
+     Pipelines::).  The display of the timing statistics may be
+     controlled with the 'TIMEFORMAT' variable.
+
+   * Bash implements the 'for (( EXPR1 ; EXPR2 ; EXPR3 ))' arithmetic
+     for command, similar to the C language (*note Looping
+     Constructs::).
+
+   * Bash includes the 'select' compound command, which allows the
+     generation of simple menus (*note Conditional Constructs::).
+
+   * Bash includes the '[[' compound command, which makes conditional
+     testing part of the shell grammar (*note Conditional Constructs::),
+     including optional regular expression matching.
+
+   * Bash provides optional case-insensitive matching for the 'case' and
+     '[[' constructs.
+
+   * Bash includes brace expansion (*note Brace Expansion::) and tilde
+     expansion (*note Tilde Expansion::).
+
+   * Bash implements command aliases and the 'alias' and 'unalias'
+     builtins (*note Aliases::).
+
+   * Bash provides shell arithmetic, the '((' compound command (*note
+     Conditional Constructs::), and arithmetic expansion (*note Shell
+     Arithmetic::).
+
+   * Variables present in the shell's initial environment are
+     automatically exported to child processes.  The Bourne shell does
+     not normally do this unless the variables are explicitly marked
+     using the 'export' command.
+
+   * Bash supports the '+=' assignment operator, which appends to the
+     value of the variable named on the left hand side.
+
+   * Bash includes the POSIX pattern removal '%', '#', '%%' and '##'
+     expansions to remove leading or trailing substrings from variable
+     values (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::).
+
+   * The expansion '${#xx}', which returns the length of '${xx}', is
+     supported (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::).
+
+   * The expansion '${var:'OFFSET'[:'LENGTH']}', which expands to the
+     substring of 'var''s value of length LENGTH, beginning at OFFSET,
+     is present (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::).
+
+   * The expansion '${var/[/]'PATTERN'[/'REPLACEMENT']}', which matches
+     PATTERN and replaces it with REPLACEMENT in the value of 'var', is
+     available (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::).
+
+   * The expansion '${!PREFIX*}' expansion, which expands to the names
+     of all shell variables whose names begin with PREFIX, is available
+     (*note Shell Parameter Expansion::).
+
+   * Bash has INDIRECT variable expansion using '${!word}' (*note Shell
+     Parameter Expansion::).
+
+   * Bash can expand positional parameters beyond '$9' using '${NUM}'.
+
+   * The POSIX '$()' form of command substitution is implemented (*note
+     Command Substitution::), and preferred to the Bourne shell's '``'
+     (which is also implemented for backwards compatibility).
+
+   * Bash has process substitution (*note Process Substitution::).
+
+   * Bash automatically assigns variables that provide information about
+     the current user ('UID', 'EUID', and 'GROUPS'), the current host
+     ('HOSTTYPE', 'OSTYPE', 'MACHTYPE', and 'HOSTNAME'), and the
+     instance of Bash that is running ('BASH', 'BASH_VERSION', and
+     'BASH_VERSINFO').  *Note Bash Variables::, for details.
+
+   * The 'IFS' variable is used to split only the results of expansion,
+     not all words (*note Word Splitting::).  This closes a longstanding
+     shell security hole.
+
+   * The filename expansion bracket expression code uses '!' and '^' to
+     negate the set of characters between the brackets.  The Bourne
+     shell uses only '!'.
+
+   * Bash implements the full set of POSIX filename expansion operators,
+     including CHARACTER CLASSES, EQUIVALENCE CLASSES, and COLLATING
+     SYMBOLS (*note Filename Expansion::).
+
+   * Bash implements extended pattern matching features when the
+     'extglob' shell option is enabled (*note Pattern Matching::).
+
+   * It is possible to have a variable and a function with the same
+     name; 'sh' does not separate the two name spaces.
+
+   * Bash functions are permitted to have local variables using the
+     'local' builtin, and thus useful recursive functions may be written
+     (*note Bash Builtins::).
+
+   * Variable assignments preceding commands affect only that command,
+     even builtins and functions (*note Environment::).  In 'sh', all
+     variable assignments preceding commands are global unless the
+     command is executed from the file system.
+
+   * Bash performs filename expansion on filenames specified as operands
+     to input and output redirection operators (*note Redirections::).
+
+   * Bash contains the '<>' redirection operator, allowing a file to be
+     opened for both reading and writing, and the '&>' redirection
+     operator, for directing standard output and standard error to the
+     same file (*note Redirections::).
+
+   * Bash includes the '<<<' redirection operator, allowing a string to
+     be used as the standard input to a command.
+
+   * Bash implements the '[n]<&WORD' and '[n]>&WORD' redirection
+     operators, which move one file descriptor to another.
+
+   * Bash treats a number of filenames specially when they are used in
+     redirection operators (*note Redirections::).
+
+   * Bash can open network connections to arbitrary machines and
+     services with the redirection operators (*note Redirections::).
+
+   * The 'noclobber' option is available to avoid overwriting existing
+     files with output redirection (*note The Set Builtin::).  The '>|'
+     redirection operator may be used to override 'noclobber'.
+
+   * The Bash 'cd' and 'pwd' builtins (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::)
+     each take '-L' and '-P' options to switch between logical and
+     physical modes.
+
+   * Bash allows a function to override a builtin with the same name,
+     and provides access to that builtin's functionality within the
+     function via the 'builtin' and 'command' builtins (*note Bash
+     Builtins::).
+
+   * The 'command' builtin allows selective disabling of functions when
+     command lookup is performed (*note Bash Builtins::).
+
+   * Individual builtins may be enabled or disabled using the 'enable'
+     builtin (*note Bash Builtins::).
+
+   * The Bash 'exec' builtin takes additional options that allow users
+     to control the contents of the environment passed to the executed
+     command, and what the zeroth argument to the command is to be
+     (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::).
+
+   * Shell functions may be exported to children via the environment
+     using 'export -f' (*note Shell Functions::).
+
+   * The Bash 'export', 'readonly', and 'declare' builtins can take a
+     '-f' option to act on shell functions, a '-p' option to display
+     variables with various attributes set in a format that can be used
+     as shell input, a '-n' option to remove various variable
+     attributes, and 'name=value' arguments to set variable attributes
+     and values simultaneously.
+
+   * The Bash 'hash' builtin allows a name to be associated with an
+     arbitrary filename, even when that filename cannot be found by
+     searching the '$PATH', using 'hash -p' (*note Bourne Shell
+     Builtins::).
+
+   * Bash includes a 'help' builtin for quick reference to shell
+     facilities (*note Bash Builtins::).
+
+   * The 'printf' builtin is available to display formatted output
+     (*note Bash Builtins::).
+
+   * The Bash 'read' builtin (*note Bash Builtins::) will read a line
+     ending in '\' with the '-r' option, and will use the 'REPLY'
+     variable as a default if no non-option arguments are supplied.  The
+     Bash 'read' builtin also accepts a prompt string with the '-p'
+     option and will use Readline to obtain the line when given the '-e'
+     option.  The 'read' builtin also has additional options to control
+     input: the '-s' option will turn off echoing of input characters as
+     they are read, the '-t' option will allow 'read' to time out if
+     input does not arrive within a specified number of seconds, the
+     '-n' option will allow reading only a specified number of
+     characters rather than a full line, and the '-d' option will read
+     until a particular character rather than newline.
+
+   * The 'return' builtin may be used to abort execution of scripts
+     executed with the '.' or 'source' builtins (*note Bourne Shell
+     Builtins::).
+
+   * Bash includes the 'shopt' builtin, for finer control of shell
+     optional capabilities (*note The Shopt Builtin::), and allows these
+     options to be set and unset at shell invocation (*note Invoking
+     Bash::).
+
+   * Bash has much more optional behavior controllable with the 'set'
+     builtin (*note The Set Builtin::).
+
+   * The '-x' ('xtrace') option displays commands other than simple
+     commands when performing an execution trace (*note The Set
+     Builtin::).
+
+   * The 'test' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) is slightly
+     different, as it implements the POSIX algorithm, which specifies
+     the behavior based on the number of arguments.
+
+   * Bash includes the 'caller' builtin, which displays the context of
+     any active subroutine call (a shell function or a script executed
+     with the '.' or 'source' builtins).  This supports the bash
+     debugger.
+
+   * The 'trap' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) allows a 'DEBUG'
+     pseudo-signal specification, similar to 'EXIT'.  Commands specified
+     with a 'DEBUG' trap are executed before every simple command, 'for'
+     command, 'case' command, 'select' command, every arithmetic 'for'
+     command, and before the first command executes in a shell function.
+     The 'DEBUG' trap is not inherited by shell functions unless the
+     function has been given the 'trace' attribute or the 'functrace'
+     option has been enabled using the 'shopt' builtin.  The 'extdebug'
+     shell option has additional effects on the 'DEBUG' trap.
+
+     The 'trap' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) allows an 'ERR'
+     pseudo-signal specification, similar to 'EXIT' and 'DEBUG'.
+     Commands specified with an 'ERR' trap are executed after a simple
+     command fails, with a few exceptions.  The 'ERR' trap is not
+     inherited by shell functions unless the '-o errtrace' option to the
+     'set' builtin is enabled.
+
+     The 'trap' builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::) allows a
+     'RETURN' pseudo-signal specification, similar to 'EXIT' and
+     'DEBUG'.  Commands specified with an 'RETURN' trap are executed
+     before execution resumes after a shell function or a shell script
+     executed with '.' or 'source' returns.  The 'RETURN' trap is not
+     inherited by shell functions unless the function has been given the
+     'trace' attribute or the 'functrace' option has been enabled using
+     the 'shopt' builtin.
+
+   * The Bash 'type' builtin is more extensive and gives more
+     information about the names it finds (*note Bash Builtins::).
+
+   * The Bash 'umask' builtin permits a '-p' option to cause the output
+     to be displayed in the form of a 'umask' command that may be reused
+     as input (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::).
+
+   * Bash implements a 'csh'-like directory stack, and provides the
+     'pushd', 'popd', and 'dirs' builtins to manipulate it (*note The
+     Directory Stack::).  Bash also makes the directory stack visible as
+     the value of the 'DIRSTACK' shell variable.
+
+   * Bash interprets special backslash-escaped characters in the prompt
+     strings when interactive (*note Controlling the Prompt::).
+
+   * The Bash restricted mode is more useful (*note The Restricted
+     Shell::); the SVR4.2 shell restricted mode is too limited.
+
+   * The 'disown' builtin can remove a job from the internal shell job
+     table (*note Job Control Builtins::) or suppress the sending of
+     'SIGHUP' to a job when the shell exits as the result of a 'SIGHUP'.
+
+   * Bash includes a number of features to support a separate debugger
+     for shell scripts.
+
+   * The SVR4.2 shell has two privilege-related builtins ('mldmode' and
+     'priv') not present in Bash.
+
+   * Bash does not have the 'stop' or 'newgrp' builtins.
+
+   * Bash does not use the 'SHACCT' variable or perform shell
+     accounting.
+
+   * The SVR4.2 'sh' uses a 'TIMEOUT' variable like Bash uses 'TMOUT'.
+
+More features unique to Bash may be found in *note Bash Features::.
+
+B.1 Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell
+====================================================
+
+Since Bash is a completely new implementation, it does not suffer from
+many of the limitations of the SVR4.2 shell.  For instance:
+
+   * Bash does not fork a subshell when redirecting into or out of a
+     shell control structure such as an 'if' or 'while' statement.
+
+   * Bash does not allow unbalanced quotes.  The SVR4.2 shell will
+     silently insert a needed closing quote at 'EOF' under certain
+     circumstances.  This can be the cause of some hard-to-find errors.
+
+   * The SVR4.2 shell uses a baroque memory management scheme based on
+     trapping 'SIGSEGV'.  If the shell is started from a process with
+     'SIGSEGV' blocked (e.g., by using the 'system()' C library function
+     call), it misbehaves badly.
+
+   * In a questionable attempt at security, the SVR4.2 shell, when
+     invoked without the '-p' option, will alter its real and effective
+     UID and GID if they are less than some magic threshold value,
+     commonly 100.  This can lead to unexpected results.
+
+   * The SVR4.2 shell does not allow users to trap 'SIGSEGV', 'SIGALRM',
+     or 'SIGCHLD'.
+
+   * The SVR4.2 shell does not allow the 'IFS', 'MAILCHECK', 'PATH',
+     'PS1', or 'PS2' variables to be unset.
+
+   * The SVR4.2 shell treats '^' as the undocumented equivalent of '|'.
+
+   * Bash allows multiple option arguments when it is invoked ('-x -v');
+     the SVR4.2 shell allows only one option argument ('-xv').  In fact,
+     some versions of the shell dump core if the second argument begins
+     with a '-'.
+
+   * The SVR4.2 shell exits a script if any builtin fails; Bash exits a
+     script only if one of the POSIX special builtins fails, and only
+     for certain failures, as enumerated in the POSIX standard.
+
+   * The SVR4.2 shell behaves differently when invoked as 'jsh' (it
+     turns on job control).
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: GNU Free Documentation License,  Next: Indexes,  Prev: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell,  Up: Top
+
+Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License
+*****************************************
+
+                     Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
+
+     Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+     <http://fsf.org/>
+
+     Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
+     of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
+
+  0. PREAMBLE
+
+     The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
+     functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
+     assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
+     with or without modifying it, either commercially or
+     noncommercially.  Secondarily, this License preserves for the
+     author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not
+     being considered responsible for modifications made by others.
+
+     This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
+     works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.
+     It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
+     license designed for free software.
+
+     We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for
+     free software, because free software needs free documentation: a
+     free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms
+     that the software does.  But this License is not limited to
+     software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless
+     of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book.  We
+     recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
+     instruction or reference.
+
+  1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
+
+     This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium,
+     that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can
+     be distributed under the terms of this License.  Such a notice
+     grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration,
+     to use that work under the conditions stated herein.  The
+     "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work.  Any member
+     of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you".  You accept
+     the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way
+     requiring permission under copyright law.
+
+     A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
+     Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
+     modifications and/or translated into another language.
+
+     A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section
+     of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
+     publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
+     subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could
+     fall directly within that overall subject.  (Thus, if the Document
+     is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not
+     explain any mathematics.)  The relationship could be a matter of
+     historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or
+     of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position
+     regarding them.
+
+     The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose
+     titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the
+     notice that says that the Document is released under this License.
+     If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it
+     is not allowed to be designated as Invariant.  The Document may
+     contain zero Invariant Sections.  If the Document does not identify
+     any Invariant Sections then there are none.
+
+     The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are
+     listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice
+     that says that the Document is released under this License.  A
+     Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may
+     be at most 25 words.
+
+     A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
+     represented in a format whose specification is available to the
+     general public, that is suitable for revising the document
+     straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed
+     of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely
+     available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text
+     formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats
+     suitable for input to text formatters.  A copy made in an otherwise
+     Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has
+     been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by
+     readers is not Transparent.  An image format is not Transparent if
+     used for any substantial amount of text.  A copy that is not
+     "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
+
+     Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
+     ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format,
+     SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming
+     simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification.
+     Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG.
+     Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and
+     edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which
+     the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and
+     the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word
+     processors for output purposes only.
+
+     The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
+     plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the
+     material this License requires to appear in the title page.  For
+     works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title
+     Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the
+     work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
+
+     The "publisher" means any person or entity that distributes copies
+     of the Document to the public.
+
+     A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document
+     whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses
+     following text that translates XYZ in another language.  (Here XYZ
+     stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as
+     "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".)
+     To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the
+     Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according
+     to this definition.
+
+     The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice
+     which states that this License applies to the Document.  These
+     Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in
+     this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
+     implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and
+     has no effect on the meaning of this License.
+
+  2. VERBATIM COPYING
+
+     You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
+     commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
+     copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License
+     applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you
+     add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License.  You
+     may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading
+     or further copying of the copies you make or distribute.  However,
+     you may accept compensation in exchange for copies.  If you
+     distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the
+     conditions in section 3.
+
+     You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above,
+     and you may publicly display copies.
+
+  3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
+
+     If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly
+     have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and
+     the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must
+     enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all
+     these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and
+     Back-Cover Texts on the back cover.  Both covers must also clearly
+     and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies.  The
+     front cover must present the full title with all words of the title
+     equally prominent and visible.  You may add other material on the
+     covers in addition.  Copying with changes limited to the covers, as
+     long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these
+     conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.
+
+     If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
+     legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
+     reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto
+     adjacent pages.
+
+     If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
+     numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable
+     Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with
+     each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general
+     network-using public has access to download using public-standard
+     network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free
+     of added material.  If you use the latter option, you must take
+     reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque
+     copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will
+     remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one
+     year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or
+     through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.
+
+     It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of
+     the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies,
+     to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the
+     Document.
+
+  4. MODIFICATIONS
+
+     You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document
+     under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you
+     release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the
+     Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing
+     distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever
+     possesses a copy of it.  In addition, you must do these things in
+     the Modified Version:
+
+       A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title
+          distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous
+          versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the
+          History section of the Document).  You may use the same title
+          as a previous version if the original publisher of that
+          version gives permission.
+
+       B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or
+          entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in
+          the Modified Version, together with at least five of the
+          principal authors of the Document (all of its principal
+          authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you
+          from this requirement.
+
+       C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
+          Modified Version, as the publisher.
+
+       D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
+
+       E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
+          adjacent to the other copyright notices.
+
+       F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license
+          notice giving the public permission to use the Modified
+          Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in
+          the Addendum below.
+
+       G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
+          Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's
+          license notice.
+
+       H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
+
+       I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title,
+          and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new
+          authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the
+          Title Page.  If there is no section Entitled "History" in the
+          Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and
+          publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add
+          an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the
+          previous sentence.
+
+       J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document
+          for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and
+          likewise the network locations given in the Document for
+          previous versions it was based on.  These may be placed in the
+          "History" section.  You may omit a network location for a work
+          that was published at least four years before the Document
+          itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers
+          to gives permission.
+
+       K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
+          Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section
+          all the substance and tone of each of the contributor
+          acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
+
+       L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered
+          in their text and in their titles.  Section numbers or the
+          equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
+
+       M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements".  Such a section
+          may not be included in the Modified Version.
+
+       N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled
+          "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant
+          Section.
+
+       O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
+
+     If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
+     appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
+     material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate
+     some or all of these sections as invariant.  To do this, add their
+     titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's
+     license notice.  These titles must be distinct from any other
+     section titles.
+
+     You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
+     nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
+     parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text
+     has been approved by an organization as the authoritative
+     definition of a standard.
+
+     You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,
+     and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of
+     the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version.  Only one passage
+     of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
+     through arrangements made by) any one entity.  If the Document
+     already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added
+     by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on
+     behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old
+     one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added
+     the old one.
+
+     The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this
+     License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to
+     assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
+
+  5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
+
+     You may combine the Document with other documents released under
+     this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
+     modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all
+     of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
+     unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
+     combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all
+     their Warranty Disclaimers.
+
+     The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
+     multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
+     copy.  If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name
+     but different contents, make the title of each such section unique
+     by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the
+     original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a
+     unique number.  Make the same adjustment to the section titles in
+     the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the
+     combined work.
+
+     In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled
+     "History" in the various original documents, forming one section
+     Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled
+     "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications".  You
+     must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements."
+
+  6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
+
+     You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
+     documents released under this License, and replace the individual
+     copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
+     that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
+     rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents
+     in all other respects.
+
+     You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
+     distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert
+     a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
+     License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that
+     document.
+
+  7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
+
+     A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
+     separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a
+     storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the
+     copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the
+     legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual
+     works permit.  When the Document is included in an aggregate, this
+     License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which
+     are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
+
+     If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
+     copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half
+     of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed
+     on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
+     electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic
+     form.  Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket
+     the whole aggregate.
+
+  8. TRANSLATION
+
+     Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
+     distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
+     4.  Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
+     permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
+     translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
+     original versions of these Invariant Sections.  You may include a
+     translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
+     Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also
+     include the original English version of this License and the
+     original versions of those notices and disclaimers.  In case of a
+     disagreement between the translation and the original version of
+     this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will
+     prevail.
+
+     If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
+     "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to
+     Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the
+     actual title.
+
+  9. TERMINATION
+
+     You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
+     except as expressly provided under this License.  Any attempt
+     otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void,
+     and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
+
+     However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your
+     license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a)
+     provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and
+     finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the
+     copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some
+     reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.
+
+     Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
+     reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
+     violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
+     received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from
+     that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days
+     after your receipt of the notice.
+
+     Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate
+     the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you
+     under this License.  If your rights have been terminated and not
+     permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the
+     same material does not give you any rights to use it.
+
+  10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
+
+     The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
+     the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time.  Such new
+     versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
+     differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.  See
+     <http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/>.
+
+     Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
+     number.  If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
+     version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you
+     have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
+     that specified version or of any later version that has been
+     published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.  If the
+     Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may
+     choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free
+     Software Foundation.  If the Document specifies that a proxy can
+     decide which future versions of this License can be used, that
+     proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently
+     authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.
+
+  11. RELICENSING
+
+     "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any
+     World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also
+     provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works.  A
+     public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server.
+     A "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the
+     site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC
+     site.
+
+     "CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
+     license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit
+     corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco,
+     California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license
+     published by that same organization.
+
+     "Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or
+     in part, as part of another Document.
+
+     An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this
+     License, and if all works that were first published under this
+     License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently
+     incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover
+     texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior
+     to November 1, 2008.
+
+     The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the
+     site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1,
+     2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
+
+ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
+====================================================
+
+To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
+the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
+notices just after the title page:
+
+       Copyright (C)  YEAR  YOUR NAME.
+       Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
+       under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
+       or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
+       with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
+       Texts.  A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
+       Free Documentation License''.
+
+   If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover
+Texts, replace the "with...Texts."  line with this:
+
+         with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with
+         the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts
+         being LIST.
+
+   If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
+combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
+situation.
+
+   If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
+recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free
+software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit
+their use in free software.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Indexes,  Prev: GNU Free Documentation License,  Up: Top
+
+Appendix D Indexes
+******************
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Builtin Index::		Index of Bash builtin commands.
+* Reserved Word Index::		Index of Bash reserved words.
+* Variable Index::		Quick reference helps you find the
+				variable you want.
+* Function Index::		Index of bindable Readline functions.
+* Concept Index::		General index for concepts described in
+				this manual.
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Builtin Index,  Next: Reserved Word Index,  Up: Indexes
+
+D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands
+===================================
+
+
+* Menu:
+
+* .:                                     Bourne Shell Builtins.
+                                                              (line  17)
+* ::                                     Bourne Shell Builtins.
+                                                              (line  11)
+* [:                                     Bourne Shell Builtins.
+                                                              (line 269)
+* alias:                                 Bash Builtins.       (line  11)
+* bg:                                    Job Control Builtins.
+                                                              (line   7)
+* bind:                                  Bash Builtins.       (line  21)
+* break:                                 Bourne Shell Builtins.
+                                                              (line  36)
+* builtin:                               Bash Builtins.       (line 102)
+* caller:                                Bash Builtins.       (line 111)
+* cd:                                    Bourne Shell Builtins.
+                                                              (line  44)
+* command:                               Bash Builtins.       (line 128)
+* compgen:                               Programmable Completion Builtins.
+                                                              (line  12)
+* complete:                              Programmable Completion Builtins.
+                                                              (line  30)
+* compopt:                               Programmable Completion Builtins.
+                                                              (line 237)
+* continue:                              Bourne Shell Builtins.
+                                                              (line  85)
+* declare:                               Bash Builtins.       (line 148)
+* dirs:                                  Directory Stack Builtins.
+                                                              (line   7)
+* disown:                                Job Control Builtins.
+                                                              (line  92)
+* echo:                                  Bash Builtins.       (line 246)
+* enable:                                Bash Builtins.       (line 295)
+* eval:                                  Bourne Shell Builtins.
+                                                              (line  94)
+* exec:                                  Bourne Shell Builtins.
+                                                              (line 102)
+* exit:                                  Bourne Shell Builtins.
+                                                              (line 120)
+* export:                                Bourne Shell Builtins.
+                                                              (line 127)
+* fc:                                    Bash History Builtins.
+                                                              (line  10)
+* fg:                                    Job Control Builtins.
+                                                              (line  17)
+* getopts:                               Bourne Shell Builtins.
+                                                              (line 143)
+* hash:                                  Bourne Shell Builtins.
+                                                              (line 186)
+* help:                                  Bash Builtins.       (line 324)
+* history:                               Bash History Builtins.
+                                                              (line  40)
+* jobs:                                  Job Control Builtins.
+                                                              (line  27)
+* kill:                                  Job Control Builtins.
+                                                              (line  58)
+* let:                                   Bash Builtins.       (line 343)
+* local:                                 Bash Builtins.       (line 351)
+* logout:                                Bash Builtins.       (line 365)
+* mapfile:                               Bash Builtins.       (line 370)
+* popd:                                  Directory Stack Builtins.
+                                                              (line  35)
+* printf:                                Bash Builtins.       (line 416)
+* pushd:                                 Directory Stack Builtins.
+                                                              (line  53)
+* pwd:                                   Bourne Shell Builtins.
+                                                              (line 206)
+* read:                                  Bash Builtins.       (line 460)
+* readarray:                             Bash Builtins.       (line 554)
+* readonly:                              Bourne Shell Builtins.
+                                                              (line 216)
+* return:                                Bourne Shell Builtins.
+                                                              (line 235)
+* set:                                   The Set Builtin.     (line  11)
+* shift:                                 Bourne Shell Builtins.
+                                                              (line 256)
+* shopt:                                 The Shopt Builtin.   (line   9)
+* source:                                Bash Builtins.       (line 563)
+* suspend:                               Job Control Builtins.
+                                                              (line 104)
+* test:                                  Bourne Shell Builtins.
+                                                              (line 269)
+* times:                                 Bourne Shell Builtins.
+                                                              (line 348)
+* trap:                                  Bourne Shell Builtins.
+                                                              (line 354)
+* type:                                  Bash Builtins.       (line 568)
+* typeset:                               Bash Builtins.       (line 600)
+* ulimit:                                Bash Builtins.       (line 606)
+* umask:                                 Bourne Shell Builtins.
+                                                              (line 403)
+* unalias:                               Bash Builtins.       (line 705)
+* unset:                                 Bourne Shell Builtins.
+                                                              (line 421)
+* wait:                                  Job Control Builtins.
+                                                              (line  76)
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Reserved Word Index,  Next: Variable Index,  Prev: Builtin Index,  Up: Indexes
+
+D.2 Index of Shell Reserved Words
+=================================
+
+
+* Menu:
+
+* !:                                     Pipelines.           (line   9)
+* [[:                                    Conditional Constructs.
+                                                              (line 124)
+* ]]:                                    Conditional Constructs.
+                                                              (line 124)
+* {:                                     Command Grouping.    (line  21)
+* }:                                     Command Grouping.    (line  21)
+* case:                                  Conditional Constructs.
+                                                              (line  28)
+* do:                                    Looping Constructs.  (line  12)
+* done:                                  Looping Constructs.  (line  12)
+* elif:                                  Conditional Constructs.
+                                                              (line   7)
+* else:                                  Conditional Constructs.
+                                                              (line   7)
+* esac:                                  Conditional Constructs.
+                                                              (line  28)
+* fi:                                    Conditional Constructs.
+                                                              (line   7)
+* for:                                   Looping Constructs.  (line  32)
+* function:                              Shell Functions.     (line  13)
+* if:                                    Conditional Constructs.
+                                                              (line   7)
+* in:                                    Conditional Constructs.
+                                                              (line  28)
+* select:                                Conditional Constructs.
+                                                              (line  82)
+* then:                                  Conditional Constructs.
+                                                              (line   7)
+* time:                                  Pipelines.           (line   9)
+* until:                                 Looping Constructs.  (line  12)
+* while:                                 Looping Constructs.  (line  22)
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Variable Index,  Next: Function Index,  Prev: Reserved Word Index,  Up: Indexes
+
+D.3 Parameter and Variable Index
+================================
+
+
+* Menu:
+
+* !:                                     Special Parameters.  (line  56)
+* #:                                     Special Parameters.  (line  39)
+* $:                                     Special Parameters.  (line  51)
+* $!:                                    Special Parameters.  (line  57)
+* $#:                                    Special Parameters.  (line  40)
+* $$:                                    Special Parameters.  (line  52)
+* $*:                                    Special Parameters.  (line  10)
+* $-:                                    Special Parameters.  (line  47)
+* $0:                                    Special Parameters.  (line  62)
+* $?:                                    Special Parameters.  (line  43)
+* $@:                                    Special Parameters.  (line  23)
+* $_:                                    Special Parameters.  (line  71)
+* *:                                     Special Parameters.  (line   9)
+* -:                                     Special Parameters.  (line  46)
+* 0:                                     Special Parameters.  (line  61)
+* ?:                                     Special Parameters.  (line  42)
+* @:                                     Special Parameters.  (line  22)
+* _:                                     Special Parameters.  (line  70)
+* auto_resume:                           Job Control Variables.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* BASH:                                  Bash Variables.      (line  13)
+* BASHOPTS:                              Bash Variables.      (line  16)
+* BASHPID:                               Bash Variables.      (line  25)
+* BASH_ALIASES:                          Bash Variables.      (line  32)
+* BASH_ARGC:                             Bash Variables.      (line  41)
+* BASH_ARGV:                             Bash Variables.      (line  54)
+* BASH_ARGV0:                            Bash Variables.      (line  66)
+* BASH_CMDS:                             Bash Variables.      (line  74)
+* BASH_COMMAND:                          Bash Variables.      (line  83)
+* BASH_COMPAT:                           Bash Variables.      (line  88)
+* BASH_ENV:                              Bash Variables.      (line 103)
+* BASH_EXECUTION_STRING:                 Bash Variables.      (line 109)
+* BASH_LINENO:                           Bash Variables.      (line 112)
+* BASH_LOADABLES_PATH:                   Bash Variables.      (line 120)
+* BASH_REMATCH:                          Bash Variables.      (line 124)
+* BASH_SOURCE:                           Bash Variables.      (line 132)
+* BASH_SUBSHELL:                         Bash Variables.      (line 139)
+* BASH_VERSINFO:                         Bash Variables.      (line 144)
+* BASH_VERSION:                          Bash Variables.      (line 167)
+* BASH_XTRACEFD:                         Bash Variables.      (line 170)
+* bell-style:                            Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line  38)
+* bind-tty-special-chars:                Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line  45)
+* blink-matching-paren:                  Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line  50)
+* CDPATH:                                Bourne Shell Variables.
+                                                              (line   9)
+* CHILD_MAX:                             Bash Variables.      (line 181)
+* colored-completion-prefix:             Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line  55)
+* colored-stats:                         Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line  62)
+* COLUMNS:                               Bash Variables.      (line 188)
+* comment-begin:                         Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line  68)
+* completion-display-width:              Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line  73)
+* completion-ignore-case:                Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line  80)
+* completion-map-case:                   Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line  85)
+* completion-prefix-display-length:      Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line  91)
+* completion-query-items:                Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line  98)
+* COMPREPLY:                             Bash Variables.      (line 240)
+* COMP_CWORD:                            Bash Variables.      (line 194)
+* COMP_KEY:                              Bash Variables.      (line 223)
+* COMP_LINE:                             Bash Variables.      (line 200)
+* COMP_POINT:                            Bash Variables.      (line 205)
+* COMP_TYPE:                             Bash Variables.      (line 213)
+* COMP_WORDBREAKS:                       Bash Variables.      (line 227)
+* COMP_WORDS:                            Bash Variables.      (line 233)
+* convert-meta:                          Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 108)
+* COPROC:                                Bash Variables.      (line 246)
+* DIRSTACK:                              Bash Variables.      (line 250)
+* disable-completion:                    Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 116)
+* echo-control-characters:               Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 121)
+* editing-mode:                          Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 126)
+* EMACS:                                 Bash Variables.      (line 260)
+* emacs-mode-string:                     Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 132)
+* enable-bracketed-paste:                Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 142)
+* enable-keypad:                         Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 150)
+* ENV:                                   Bash Variables.      (line 265)
+* EPOCHREALTIME:                         Bash Variables.      (line 269)
+* EPOCHSECONDS:                          Bash Variables.      (line 277)
+* EUID:                                  Bash Variables.      (line 284)
+* EXECIGNORE:                            Bash Variables.      (line 288)
+* expand-tilde:                          Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 161)
+* FCEDIT:                                Bash Variables.      (line 301)
+* FIGNORE:                               Bash Variables.      (line 305)
+* FUNCNAME:                              Bash Variables.      (line 311)
+* FUNCNEST:                              Bash Variables.      (line 328)
+* GLOBIGNORE:                            Bash Variables.      (line 333)
+* GROUPS:                                Bash Variables.      (line 340)
+* histchars:                             Bash Variables.      (line 346)
+* HISTCMD:                               Bash Variables.      (line 361)
+* HISTCONTROL:                           Bash Variables.      (line 366)
+* HISTFILE:                              Bash Variables.      (line 382)
+* HISTFILESIZE:                          Bash Variables.      (line 386)
+* HISTIGNORE:                            Bash Variables.      (line 397)
+* history-preserve-point:                Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 165)
+* history-size:                          Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 171)
+* HISTSIZE:                              Bash Variables.      (line 417)
+* HISTTIMEFORMAT:                        Bash Variables.      (line 424)
+* HOME:                                  Bourne Shell Variables.
+                                                              (line  13)
+* horizontal-scroll-mode:                Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 180)
+* HOSTFILE:                              Bash Variables.      (line 432)
+* HOSTNAME:                              Bash Variables.      (line 443)
+* HOSTTYPE:                              Bash Variables.      (line 446)
+* IFS:                                   Bourne Shell Variables.
+                                                              (line  18)
+* IGNOREEOF:                             Bash Variables.      (line 449)
+* input-meta:                            Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 187)
+* INPUTRC:                               Bash Variables.      (line 459)
+* INSIDE_EMACS:                          Bash Variables.      (line 463)
+* isearch-terminators:                   Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 195)
+* keymap:                                Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 202)
+* LANG:                                  Bash Variables.      (line 469)
+* LC_ALL:                                Bash Variables.      (line 473)
+* LC_COLLATE:                            Bash Variables.      (line 477)
+* LC_CTYPE:                              Bash Variables.      (line 484)
+* LC_MESSAGES:                           Locale Translation.  (line  11)
+* LC_MESSAGES <1>:                       Bash Variables.      (line 489)
+* LC_NUMERIC:                            Bash Variables.      (line 493)
+* LC_TIME:                               Bash Variables.      (line 497)
+* LINENO:                                Bash Variables.      (line 501)
+* LINES:                                 Bash Variables.      (line 505)
+* MACHTYPE:                              Bash Variables.      (line 511)
+* MAIL:                                  Bourne Shell Variables.
+                                                              (line  22)
+* MAILCHECK:                             Bash Variables.      (line 515)
+* MAILPATH:                              Bourne Shell Variables.
+                                                              (line  27)
+* MAPFILE:                               Bash Variables.      (line 523)
+* mark-modified-lines:                   Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 232)
+* mark-symlinked-directories:            Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 237)
+* match-hidden-files:                    Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 242)
+* menu-complete-display-prefix:          Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 249)
+* meta-flag:                             Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 187)
+* OLDPWD:                                Bash Variables.      (line 527)
+* OPTARG:                                Bourne Shell Variables.
+                                                              (line  34)
+* OPTERR:                                Bash Variables.      (line 530)
+* OPTIND:                                Bourne Shell Variables.
+                                                              (line  38)
+* OSTYPE:                                Bash Variables.      (line 534)
+* output-meta:                           Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 254)
+* page-completions:                      Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 260)
+* PATH:                                  Bourne Shell Variables.
+                                                              (line  42)
+* PIPESTATUS:                            Bash Variables.      (line 537)
+* POSIXLY_CORRECT:                       Bash Variables.      (line 542)
+* PPID:                                  Bash Variables.      (line 552)
+* PROMPT_COMMAND:                        Bash Variables.      (line 556)
+* PROMPT_DIRTRIM:                        Bash Variables.      (line 560)
+* PS0:                                   Bash Variables.      (line 566)
+* PS1:                                   Bourne Shell Variables.
+                                                              (line  48)
+* PS2:                                   Bourne Shell Variables.
+                                                              (line  53)
+* PS3:                                   Bash Variables.      (line 571)
+* PS4:                                   Bash Variables.      (line 576)
+* PWD:                                   Bash Variables.      (line 584)
+* RANDOM:                                Bash Variables.      (line 587)
+* READLINE_LINE:                         Bash Variables.      (line 592)
+* READLINE_POINT:                        Bash Variables.      (line 596)
+* REPLY:                                 Bash Variables.      (line 600)
+* revert-all-at-newline:                 Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 270)
+* SECONDS:                               Bash Variables.      (line 603)
+* SHELL:                                 Bash Variables.      (line 609)
+* SHELLOPTS:                             Bash Variables.      (line 614)
+* SHLVL:                                 Bash Variables.      (line 623)
+* show-all-if-ambiguous:                 Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 276)
+* show-all-if-unmodified:                Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 282)
+* show-mode-in-prompt:                   Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 291)
+* skip-completed-text:                   Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 297)
+* TEXTDOMAIN:                            Locale Translation.  (line  11)
+* TEXTDOMAINDIR:                         Locale Translation.  (line  11)
+* TIMEFORMAT:                            Bash Variables.      (line 628)
+* TMOUT:                                 Bash Variables.      (line 666)
+* TMPDIR:                                Bash Variables.      (line 678)
+* UID:                                   Bash Variables.      (line 682)
+* vi-cmd-mode-string:                    Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 310)
+* vi-ins-mode-string:                    Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 321)
+* visible-stats:                         Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line 332)
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Function Index,  Next: Concept Index,  Prev: Variable Index,  Up: Indexes
+
+D.4 Function Index
+==================
+
+
+* Menu:
+
+* abort (C-g):                           Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line  10)
+* accept-line (Newline or Return):       Commands For History.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* alias-expand-line ():                  Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line 125)
+* backward-char (C-b):                   Commands For Moving. (line  15)
+* backward-delete-char (Rubout):         Commands For Text.   (line  17)
+* backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout):       Commands For Killing.
+                                                              (line   9)
+* backward-kill-word (M-<DEL>):          Commands For Killing.
+                                                              (line  24)
+* backward-word (M-b):                   Commands For Moving. (line  22)
+* beginning-of-history (M-<):            Commands For History.
+                                                              (line  20)
+* beginning-of-line (C-a):               Commands For Moving. (line   6)
+* bracketed-paste-begin ():              Commands For Text.   (line  33)
+* call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e):           Keyboard Macros.     (line  13)
+* capitalize-word (M-c):                 Commands For Text.   (line  61)
+* character-search (C-]):                Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line  42)
+* character-search-backward (M-C-]):     Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line  47)
+* clear-screen (C-l):                    Commands For Moving. (line  48)
+* complete (<TAB>):                      Commands For Completion.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* complete-command (M-!):                Commands For Completion.
+                                                              (line  80)
+* complete-filename (M-/):               Commands For Completion.
+                                                              (line  49)
+* complete-hostname (M-@):               Commands For Completion.
+                                                              (line  72)
+* complete-into-braces (M-{):            Commands For Completion.
+                                                              (line 100)
+* complete-username (M-~):               Commands For Completion.
+                                                              (line  56)
+* complete-variable (M-$):               Commands For Completion.
+                                                              (line  64)
+* copy-backward-word ():                 Commands For Killing.
+                                                              (line  58)
+* copy-forward-word ():                  Commands For Killing.
+                                                              (line  63)
+* copy-region-as-kill ():                Commands For Killing.
+                                                              (line  54)
+* dabbrev-expand ():                     Commands For Completion.
+                                                              (line  95)
+* delete-char (C-d):                     Commands For Text.   (line  12)
+* delete-char-or-list ():                Commands For Completion.
+                                                              (line  43)
+* delete-horizontal-space ():            Commands For Killing.
+                                                              (line  46)
+* digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--):    Numeric Arguments.   (line   6)
+* display-shell-version (C-x C-v):       Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line 110)
+* do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-X, ...): Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line  14)
+* downcase-word (M-l):                   Commands For Text.   (line  57)
+* dump-functions ():                     Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line  74)
+* dump-macros ():                        Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line  86)
+* dump-variables ():                     Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line  80)
+* dynamic-complete-history (M-<TAB>):    Commands For Completion.
+                                                              (line  90)
+* edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e):    Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line 140)
+* end-kbd-macro (C-x )):                 Keyboard Macros.     (line   9)
+* end-of-file (usually C-d):             Commands For Text.   (line   6)
+* end-of-history (M->):                  Commands For History.
+                                                              (line  23)
+* end-of-line (C-e):                     Commands For Moving. (line   9)
+* exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x):     Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line  37)
+* forward-backward-delete-char ():       Commands For Text.   (line  21)
+* forward-char (C-f):                    Commands For Moving. (line  12)
+* forward-search-history (C-s):          Commands For History.
+                                                              (line  31)
+* forward-word (M-f):                    Commands For Moving. (line  18)
+* glob-complete-word (M-g):              Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line  92)
+* glob-expand-word (C-x *):              Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line  98)
+* glob-list-expansions (C-x g):          Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line 104)
+* history-and-alias-expand-line ():      Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line 128)
+* history-expand-line (M-^):             Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line 118)
+* history-search-backward ():            Commands For History.
+                                                              (line  53)
+* history-search-forward ():             Commands For History.
+                                                              (line  47)
+* history-substring-search-backward ():  Commands For History.
+                                                              (line  65)
+* history-substring-search-forward ():   Commands For History.
+                                                              (line  59)
+* insert-comment (M-#):                  Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line  61)
+* insert-completions (M-*):              Commands For Completion.
+                                                              (line  22)
+* insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_):     Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line 131)
+* kill-line (C-k):                       Commands For Killing.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* kill-region ():                        Commands For Killing.
+                                                              (line  50)
+* kill-whole-line ():                    Commands For Killing.
+                                                              (line  15)
+* kill-word (M-d):                       Commands For Killing.
+                                                              (line  19)
+* magic-space ():                        Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line 121)
+* menu-complete ():                      Commands For Completion.
+                                                              (line  26)
+* menu-complete-backward ():             Commands For Completion.
+                                                              (line  38)
+* next-history (C-n):                    Commands For History.
+                                                              (line  17)
+* next-screen-line ():                   Commands For Moving. (line  41)
+* non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n): Commands For History.
+                                                              (line  41)
+* non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p): Commands For History.
+                                                              (line  35)
+* operate-and-get-next (C-o):            Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line 134)
+* overwrite-mode ():                     Commands For Text.   (line  65)
+* possible-command-completions (C-x !):  Commands For Completion.
+                                                              (line  86)
+* possible-completions (M-?):            Commands For Completion.
+                                                              (line  15)
+* possible-filename-completions (C-x /): Commands For Completion.
+                                                              (line  52)
+* possible-hostname-completions (C-x @): Commands For Completion.
+                                                              (line  76)
+* possible-username-completions (C-x ~): Commands For Completion.
+                                                              (line  60)
+* possible-variable-completions (C-x $): Commands For Completion.
+                                                              (line  68)
+* prefix-meta (<ESC>):                   Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line  19)
+* previous-history (C-p):                Commands For History.
+                                                              (line  13)
+* previous-screen-line ():               Commands For Moving. (line  34)
+* print-last-kbd-macro ():               Keyboard Macros.     (line  17)
+* quoted-insert (C-q or C-v):            Commands For Text.   (line  26)
+* re-read-init-file (C-x C-r):           Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* redraw-current-line ():                Commands For Moving. (line  52)
+* reverse-search-history (C-r):          Commands For History.
+                                                              (line  27)
+* revert-line (M-r):                     Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line  26)
+* self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...):      Commands For Text.   (line  30)
+* set-mark (C-@):                        Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line  33)
+* shell-backward-kill-word ():           Commands For Killing.
+                                                              (line  33)
+* shell-backward-word ():                Commands For Moving. (line  30)
+* shell-expand-line (M-C-e):             Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line 113)
+* shell-forward-word ():                 Commands For Moving. (line  26)
+* shell-kill-word ():                    Commands For Killing.
+                                                              (line  28)
+* skip-csi-sequence ():                  Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line  52)
+* start-kbd-macro (C-x ():               Keyboard Macros.     (line   6)
+* tilde-expand (M-&):                    Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line  30)
+* transpose-chars (C-t):                 Commands For Text.   (line  42)
+* transpose-words (M-t):                 Commands For Text.   (line  48)
+* undo (C-_ or C-x C-u):                 Miscellaneous Commands.
+                                                              (line  23)
+* universal-argument ():                 Numeric Arguments.   (line  10)
+* unix-filename-rubout ():               Commands For Killing.
+                                                              (line  41)
+* unix-line-discard (C-u):               Commands For Killing.
+                                                              (line  12)
+* unix-word-rubout (C-w):                Commands For Killing.
+                                                              (line  37)
+* upcase-word (M-u):                     Commands For Text.   (line  53)
+* yank (C-y):                            Commands For Killing.
+                                                              (line  68)
+* yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_):            Commands For History.
+                                                              (line  80)
+* yank-nth-arg (M-C-y):                  Commands For History.
+                                                              (line  71)
+* yank-pop (M-y):                        Commands For Killing.
+                                                              (line  71)
+
+
+File: bashref.info,  Node: Concept Index,  Prev: Function Index,  Up: Indexes
+
+D.5 Concept Index
+=================
+
+
+* Menu:
+
+* alias expansion:                       Aliases.             (line   6)
+* arithmetic evaluation:                 Shell Arithmetic.    (line   6)
+* arithmetic expansion:                  Arithmetic Expansion.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* arithmetic, shell:                     Shell Arithmetic.    (line   6)
+* arrays:                                Arrays.              (line   6)
+* background:                            Job Control Basics.  (line   6)
+* Bash configuration:                    Basic Installation.  (line   6)
+* Bash installation:                     Basic Installation.  (line   6)
+* Bourne shell:                          Basic Shell Features.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* brace expansion:                       Brace Expansion.     (line   6)
+* builtin:                               Definitions.         (line  17)
+* command editing:                       Readline Bare Essentials.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* command execution:                     Command Search and Execution.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* command expansion:                     Simple Command Expansion.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* command history:                       Bash History Facilities.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* command search:                        Command Search and Execution.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* command substitution:                  Command Substitution.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* command timing:                        Pipelines.           (line   9)
+* commands, compound:                    Compound Commands.   (line   6)
+* commands, conditional:                 Conditional Constructs.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* commands, grouping:                    Command Grouping.    (line   6)
+* commands, lists:                       Lists.               (line   6)
+* commands, looping:                     Looping Constructs.  (line   6)
+* commands, pipelines:                   Pipelines.           (line   6)
+* commands, shell:                       Shell Commands.      (line   6)
+* commands, simple:                      Simple Commands.     (line   6)
+* comments, shell:                       Comments.            (line   6)
+* completion builtins:                   Programmable Completion Builtins.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* configuration:                         Basic Installation.  (line   6)
+* control operator:                      Definitions.         (line  21)
+* coprocess:                             Coprocesses.         (line   6)
+* directory stack:                       The Directory Stack. (line   6)
+* editing command lines:                 Readline Bare Essentials.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* environment:                           Environment.         (line   6)
+* evaluation, arithmetic:                Shell Arithmetic.    (line   6)
+* event designators:                     Event Designators.   (line   6)
+* execution environment:                 Command Execution Environment.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* exit status:                           Definitions.         (line  26)
+* exit status <1>:                       Exit Status.         (line   6)
+* expansion:                             Shell Expansions.    (line   6)
+* expansion, arithmetic:                 Arithmetic Expansion.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* expansion, brace:                      Brace Expansion.     (line   6)
+* expansion, filename:                   Filename Expansion.  (line   9)
+* expansion, parameter:                  Shell Parameter Expansion.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* expansion, pathname:                   Filename Expansion.  (line   9)
+* expansion, tilde:                      Tilde Expansion.     (line   6)
+* expressions, arithmetic:               Shell Arithmetic.    (line   6)
+* expressions, conditional:              Bash Conditional Expressions.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* field:                                 Definitions.         (line  30)
+* filename:                              Definitions.         (line  35)
+* filename expansion:                    Filename Expansion.  (line   9)
+* foreground:                            Job Control Basics.  (line   6)
+* functions, shell:                      Shell Functions.     (line   6)
+* history builtins:                      Bash History Builtins.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* history events:                        Event Designators.   (line   8)
+* history expansion:                     History Interaction. (line   6)
+* history list:                          Bash History Facilities.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* History, how to use:                   A Programmable Completion Example.
+                                                              (line 113)
+* identifier:                            Definitions.         (line  51)
+* initialization file, readline:         Readline Init File.  (line   6)
+* installation:                          Basic Installation.  (line   6)
+* interaction, readline:                 Readline Interaction.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* interactive shell:                     Invoking Bash.       (line 131)
+* interactive shell <1>:                 Interactive Shells.  (line   6)
+* internationalization:                  Locale Translation.  (line   6)
+* job:                                   Definitions.         (line  38)
+* job control:                           Definitions.         (line  42)
+* job control <1>:                       Job Control Basics.  (line   6)
+* kill ring:                             Readline Killing Commands.
+                                                              (line  18)
+* killing text:                          Readline Killing Commands.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* localization:                          Locale Translation.  (line   6)
+* login shell:                           Invoking Bash.       (line 128)
+* matching, pattern:                     Pattern Matching.    (line   6)
+* metacharacter:                         Definitions.         (line  46)
+* name:                                  Definitions.         (line  51)
+* native languages:                      Locale Translation.  (line   6)
+* notation, readline:                    Readline Bare Essentials.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* operator, shell:                       Definitions.         (line  57)
+* parameter expansion:                   Shell Parameter Expansion.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* parameters:                            Shell Parameters.    (line   6)
+* parameters, positional:                Positional Parameters.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* parameters, special:                   Special Parameters.  (line   6)
+* pathname expansion:                    Filename Expansion.  (line   9)
+* pattern matching:                      Pattern Matching.    (line   6)
+* pipeline:                              Pipelines.           (line   6)
+* POSIX:                                 Definitions.         (line   9)
+* POSIX Mode:                            Bash POSIX Mode.     (line   6)
+* process group:                         Definitions.         (line  62)
+* process group ID:                      Definitions.         (line  66)
+* process substitution:                  Process Substitution.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* programmable completion:               Programmable Completion.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* prompting:                             Controlling the Prompt.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* quoting:                               Quoting.             (line   6)
+* quoting, ANSI:                         ANSI-C Quoting.      (line   6)
+* Readline, how to use:                  Job Control Variables.
+                                                              (line  23)
+* redirection:                           Redirections.        (line   6)
+* reserved word:                         Definitions.         (line  70)
+* restricted shell:                      The Restricted Shell.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* return status:                         Definitions.         (line  75)
+* shell arithmetic:                      Shell Arithmetic.    (line   6)
+* shell function:                        Shell Functions.     (line   6)
+* shell script:                          Shell Scripts.       (line   6)
+* shell variable:                        Shell Parameters.    (line   6)
+* shell, interactive:                    Interactive Shells.  (line   6)
+* signal:                                Definitions.         (line  78)
+* signal handling:                       Signals.             (line   6)
+* special builtin:                       Definitions.         (line  82)
+* special builtin <1>:                   Special Builtins.    (line   6)
+* startup files:                         Bash Startup Files.  (line   6)
+* suspending jobs:                       Job Control Basics.  (line   6)
+* tilde expansion:                       Tilde Expansion.     (line   6)
+* token:                                 Definitions.         (line  86)
+* translation, native languages:         Locale Translation.  (line   6)
+* variable, shell:                       Shell Parameters.    (line   6)
+* variables, readline:                   Readline Init File Syntax.
+                                                              (line  37)
+* word:                                  Definitions.         (line  90)
+* word splitting:                        Word Splitting.      (line   6)
+* yanking text:                          Readline Killing Commands.
+                                                              (line   6)
+
+
+
+Tag Table:
+Node: Top895
+Node: Introduction2813
+Node: What is Bash?3029
+Node: What is a shell?4143
+Node: Definitions6681
+Node: Basic Shell Features9632
+Node: Shell Syntax10851
+Node: Shell Operation11877
+Node: Quoting13170
+Node: Escape Character14470
+Node: Single Quotes14955
+Node: Double Quotes15303
+Node: ANSI-C Quoting16581
+Node: Locale Translation17840
+Node: Comments18736
+Node: Shell Commands19354
+Node: Simple Commands20226
+Node: Pipelines20857
+Node: Lists23789
+Node: Compound Commands25580
+Node: Looping Constructs26592
+Node: Conditional Constructs29087
+Node: Command Grouping40170
+Node: Coprocesses41649
+Node: GNU Parallel43552
+Node: Shell Functions47610
+Node: Shell Parameters54693
+Node: Positional Parameters59106
+Node: Special Parameters60006
+Node: Shell Expansions63760
+Node: Brace Expansion65883
+Node: Tilde Expansion68607
+Node: Shell Parameter Expansion71224
+Node: Command Substitution85680
+Node: Arithmetic Expansion87035
+Node: Process Substitution87967
+Node: Word Splitting89087
+Node: Filename Expansion91031
+Node: Pattern Matching93561
+Node: Quote Removal97547
+Node: Redirections97842
+Node: Executing Commands107400
+Node: Simple Command Expansion108070
+Node: Command Search and Execution110000
+Node: Command Execution Environment112376
+Node: Environment115360
+Node: Exit Status117019
+Node: Signals118689
+Node: Shell Scripts120656
+Node: Shell Builtin Commands123171
+Node: Bourne Shell Builtins125209
+Node: Bash Builtins145959
+Node: Modifying Shell Behavior174884
+Node: The Set Builtin175229
+Node: The Shopt Builtin185642
+Node: Special Builtins203284
+Node: Shell Variables204263
+Node: Bourne Shell Variables204700
+Node: Bash Variables206804
+Node: Bash Features237264
+Node: Invoking Bash238163
+Node: Bash Startup Files244176
+Node: Interactive Shells249279
+Node: What is an Interactive Shell?249689
+Node: Is this Shell Interactive?250338
+Node: Interactive Shell Behavior251153
+Node: Bash Conditional Expressions254640
+Node: Shell Arithmetic259217
+Node: Aliases262034
+Node: Arrays264654
+Node: The Directory Stack270020
+Node: Directory Stack Builtins270804
+Node: Controlling the Prompt273772
+Node: The Restricted Shell276538
+Node: Bash POSIX Mode278363
+Node: Job Control289296
+Node: Job Control Basics289756
+Node: Job Control Builtins294724
+Node: Job Control Variables299451
+Node: Command Line Editing300607
+Node: Introduction and Notation302278
+Node: Readline Interaction303901
+Node: Readline Bare Essentials305092
+Node: Readline Movement Commands306875
+Node: Readline Killing Commands307835
+Node: Readline Arguments309753
+Node: Searching310797
+Node: Readline Init File312983
+Node: Readline Init File Syntax314130
+Node: Conditional Init Constructs334569
+Node: Sample Init File338765
+Node: Bindable Readline Commands341882
+Node: Commands For Moving343086
+Node: Commands For History344935
+Node: Commands For Text349230
+Node: Commands For Killing352618
+Node: Numeric Arguments355099
+Node: Commands For Completion356238
+Node: Keyboard Macros360429
+Node: Miscellaneous Commands361116
+Node: Readline vi Mode367069
+Node: Programmable Completion367976
+Node: Programmable Completion Builtins375756
+Node: A Programmable Completion Example386449
+Node: Using History Interactively391689
+Node: Bash History Facilities392373
+Node: Bash History Builtins395378
+Node: History Interaction399909
+Node: Event Designators403529
+Node: Word Designators404748
+Node: Modifiers406385
+Node: Installing Bash407787
+Node: Basic Installation408924
+Node: Compilers and Options412182
+Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures412923
+Node: Installation Names414616
+Node: Specifying the System Type415434
+Node: Sharing Defaults416150
+Node: Operation Controls416823
+Node: Optional Features417781
+Node: Reporting Bugs428299
+Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell429493
+Node: GNU Free Documentation License446345
+Node: Indexes471522
+Node: Builtin Index471976
+Node: Reserved Word Index478803
+Node: Variable Index481251
+Node: Function Index497002
+Node: Concept Index510305
+
+End Tag Table
diff --git a/doc/bashref.pdf b/doc/bashref.pdf
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+%%EndFont 
+%%BeginFont: CMR9
+%!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMR9 003.002
+%%Title: CMR9
+%Version: 003.002
+%%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
+%%Creator: David M. Jones
+%Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
+%Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMR9.
+% This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
+% This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
+% available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
+%%EndComments
+FontDirectory/CMR9 known{/CMR9 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
+/UniqueID get 5000792 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse
+{save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
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+/FontType 1 def
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+/FontName /CMR9 def
+/FontBBox {-39 -250 1036 750 }readonly def
+/PaintType 0 def
+/FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
+/version (003.002) readonly def
+/Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMR9.) readonly def
+/FullName (CMR9) readonly def
+/FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
+/Weight (Medium) readonly def
+/ItalicAngle 0 def
+/isFixedPitch false def
+/UnderlinePosition -100 def
+/UnderlineThickness 50 def
+end readonly def
+/Encoding 256 array
+0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
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+readonly def
+currentdict end
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+%%EndFont 
+%%BeginFont: CMMI9
+%!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMMI9 003.002
+%%Title: CMMI9
+%Version: 003.002
+%%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
+%%Creator: David M. Jones
+%Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
+%Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMMI9.
+% This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
+% This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
+% available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
+%%EndComments
+FontDirectory/CMMI9 known{/CMMI9 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
+/UniqueID get 5087384 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse
+{save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
+11 dict begin
+/FontType 1 def
+/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
+/FontName /CMMI9 def
+/FontBBox {-29 -250 1075 750 }readonly def
+/PaintType 0 def
+/FontInfo 10 dict dup begin
+/version (003.002) readonly def
+/Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMMI9.) readonly def
+/FullName (CMMI9) readonly def
+/FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
+/Weight (Medium) readonly def
+/ItalicAngle -14.04 def
+/isFixedPitch false def
+/UnderlinePosition -100 def
+/UnderlineThickness 50 def
+/ascent 750 def
+end readonly def
+/Encoding 256 array
+0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
+dup 58 /period put
+readonly def
+currentdict end
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+{restore}if
+%%EndFont 
+%%BeginFont: CMSLTT10
+%!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMSLTT10 003.002
+%%Title: CMSLTT10
+%Version: 003.002
+%%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
+%%Creator: David M. Jones
+%Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
+%Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMSLTT10.
+% This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
+% This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
+% available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
+%%EndComments
+FontDirectory/CMSLTT10 known{/CMSLTT10 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
+/UniqueID get 5000800 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse
+{save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
+11 dict begin
+/FontType 1 def
+/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
+/FontName /CMSLTT10 def
+/FontBBox {-20 -233 617 696 }readonly def
+/PaintType 0 def
+/FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
+/version (003.002) readonly def
+/Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMSLTT10.) readonly def
+/FullName (CMSLTT10) readonly def
+/FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
+/Weight (Medium) readonly def
+/ItalicAngle -9.46 def
+/isFixedPitch true def
+/UnderlinePosition -100 def
+/UnderlineThickness 50 def
+end readonly def
+/Encoding 256 array
+0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
+dup 39 /quoteright put
+dup 45 /hyphen put
+dup 48 /zero put
+dup 49 /one put
+dup 50 /two put
+dup 51 /three put
+dup 58 /colon put
+dup 65 /A put
+dup 67 /C put
+dup 68 /D put
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+dup 72 /H put
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+dup 76 /L put
+dup 77 /M put
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+dup 80 /P put
+dup 82 /R put
+dup 84 /T put
+dup 88 /X put
+dup 92 /backslash put
+dup 95 /underscore put
+dup 97 /a put
+dup 98 /b put
+dup 99 /c put
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+%%BeginFont: CMTT9
+%!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMTT9 003.002
+%%Title: CMTT9
+%Version: 003.002
+%%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
+%%Creator: David M. Jones
+%Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
+%Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMTT9.
+% This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
+% This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
+% available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
+%%EndComments
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+%%EndFont 
+%%BeginFont: CMR10
+%!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMR10 003.002
+%%Title: CMR10
+%Version: 003.002
+%%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
+%%Creator: David M. Jones
+%Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
+%Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMR10.
+% This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
+% This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
+% available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
+%%EndComments
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+%%BeginFont: CMCSC10
+%!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMCSC10 003.002
+%%Title: CMCSC10
+%Version: 003.002
+%%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
+%%Creator: David M. Jones
+%Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
+%Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMCSC10.
+% This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
+% This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
+% available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
+%%EndComments
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+/FontName /CMCSC10 def
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+/version (003.002) readonly def
+/Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMCSC10.) readonly def
+/FullName (CMCSC10) readonly def
+/FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
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+%%Creator: David M. Jones
+%Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
+%Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMTT12.
+% This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
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+%%CreationDate: Wed Sep 12 2001
+% Copyright (c) 2001 Vladimir Volovich <vvv@vsu.ru>.
+% See the file COPYING (GNU General Public License) for license conditions.
+% Converted from METAFONT EC/TC and LH fonts:
+% ecrm1095, tcrm1095, larm1095, lbrm1095, lcrm1095, rxrm1095.
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+%%EndFont 
+%%BeginFont: CMBX12
+%!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMBX12 003.002
+%%Title: CMBX12
+%Version: 003.002
+%%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
+%%Creator: David M. Jones
+%Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
+%Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMBX12.
+% This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
+% This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
+% available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
+%%EndComments
+FontDirectory/CMBX12 known{/CMBX12 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
+/UniqueID get 5000769 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse
+{save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
+11 dict begin
+/FontType 1 def
+/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
+/FontName /CMBX12 def
+/FontBBox {-53 -251 1139 750 }readonly def
+/PaintType 0 def
+/FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
+/version (003.002) readonly def
+/Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMBX12.) readonly def
+/FullName (CMBX12) readonly def
+/FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
+/Weight (Bold) readonly def
+/ItalicAngle 0 def
+/isFixedPitch false def
+/UnderlinePosition -100 def
+/UnderlineThickness 50 def
+end readonly def
+/Encoding 256 array
+0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
+dup 11 /ff put
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+dup 33 /exclam put
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+dup 118 /v put
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+dup 123 /endash put
+readonly def
+currentdict end
+currentfile eexec
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+%%EndFont 
+%%BeginFont: CMTI10
+%!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMTI10 003.002
+%%Title: CMTI10
+%Version: 003.002
+%%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
+%%Creator: David M. Jones
+%Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
+%Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMTI10.
+% This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
+% This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
+% available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
+%%EndComments
+FontDirectory/CMTI10 known{/CMTI10 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
+/UniqueID get 5000828 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse
+{save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
+11 dict begin
+/FontType 1 def
+/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
+/FontName /CMTI10 def
+/FontBBox {-35 -250 1124 750 }readonly def
+/PaintType 0 def
+/FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
+/version (003.002) readonly def
+/Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMTI10.) readonly def
+/FullName (CMTI10) readonly def
+/FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
+/Weight (Medium) readonly def
+/ItalicAngle -14.04 def
+/isFixedPitch false def
+/UnderlinePosition -100 def
+/UnderlineThickness 50 def
+end readonly def
+/Encoding 256 array
+0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
+dup 12 /fi put
+dup 45 /hyphen put
+dup 97 /a put
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+%%EndFont 
+%%BeginFont: CMMI10
+%!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMMI10 003.002
+%%Title: CMMI10
+%Version: 003.002
+%%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
+%%Creator: David M. Jones
+%Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
+%Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMMI10.
+% This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
+% This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
+% available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
+%%EndComments
+FontDirectory/CMMI10 known{/CMMI10 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
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+{save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
+11 dict begin
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+/FontName /CMMI10 def
+/FontBBox {-32 -250 1048 750 }readonly def
+/PaintType 0 def
+/FontInfo 10 dict dup begin
+/version (003.002) readonly def
+/Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMMI10.) readonly def
+/FullName (CMMI10) readonly def
+/FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
+/Weight (Medium) readonly def
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+/UnderlinePosition -100 def
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+/ascent 750 def
+end readonly def
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+0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
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+%%EndFont 
+%%BeginFont: CMMI12
+%!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMMI12 003.002
+%%Title: CMMI12
+%Version: 003.002
+%%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
+%%Creator: David M. Jones
+%Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
+%Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMMI12.
+% This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
+% This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
+% available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
+%%EndComments
+FontDirectory/CMMI12 known{/CMMI12 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
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+{save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
+11 dict begin
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+/FontName /CMMI12 def
+/FontBBox {-31 -250 1026 750 }readonly def
+/PaintType 0 def
+/FontInfo 10 dict dup begin
+/version (003.002) readonly def
+/Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMMI12.) readonly def
+/FullName (CMMI12) readonly def
+/FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
+/Weight (Medium) readonly def
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+/UnderlinePosition -100 def
+/UnderlineThickness 50 def
+/ascent 750 def
+end readonly def
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+0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
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+%%EndFont 
+%%BeginFont: CMSY10
+%!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMSY10 003.002
+%%Title: CMSY10
+%Version: 003.002
+%%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
+%%Creator: David M. Jones
+%Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
+%Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMSY10.
+% This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
+% This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
+% available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
+%%EndComments
+FontDirectory/CMSY10 known{/CMSY10 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
+/UniqueID get 5096651 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse
+{save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
+11 dict begin
+/FontType 1 def
+/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
+/FontName /CMSY10 def
+/FontBBox {-29 -960 1116 775 }readonly def
+/PaintType 0 def
+/FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
+/version (003.002) readonly def
+/Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMSY10.) readonly def
+/FullName (CMSY10) readonly def
+/FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
+/Weight (Medium) readonly def
+/ItalicAngle -14.04 def
+/isFixedPitch false def
+/UnderlinePosition -100 def
+/UnderlineThickness 50 def
+end readonly def
+/Encoding 256 array
+0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
+dup 0 /minus put
+dup 13 /circlecopyrt put
+dup 15 /bullet put
+dup 33 /arrowright put
+dup 55 /mapsto put
+readonly def
+currentdict end
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+cleartomark
+{restore}if
+%%EndFont 
+%%BeginFont: CMSL10
+%!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMSL10 003.002
+%%Title: CMSL10
+%Version: 003.002
+%%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
+%%Creator: David M. Jones
+%Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
+%Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMSL10.
+% This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
+% This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
+% available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
+%%EndComments
+FontDirectory/CMSL10 known{/CMSL10 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup
+/UniqueID get 5000798 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse
+{save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse
+11 dict begin
+/FontType 1 def
+/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def
+/FontName /CMSL10 def
+/FontBBox {-62 -250 1123 750 }readonly def
+/PaintType 0 def
+/FontInfo 9 dict dup begin
+/version (003.002) readonly def
+/Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050<http://www.ams.org>\051, with Reserved Font Name CMSL10.) readonly def
+/FullName (CMSL10) readonly def
+/FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def
+/Weight (Medium) readonly def
+/ItalicAngle -9.46 def
+/isFixedPitch false def
+/UnderlinePosition -100 def
+/UnderlineThickness 50 def
+end readonly def
+/Encoding 256 array
+0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
+dup 11 /ff put
+dup 12 /fi put
+dup 14 /ffi put
+dup 36 /dollar put
+dup 45 /hyphen put
+dup 49 /one put
+dup 50 /two put
+dup 51 /three put
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+%%BeginFont: CMTT10
+%!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMTT10 003.002
+%%Title: CMTT10
+%Version: 003.002
+%%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009
+%%Creator: David M. Jones
+%Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society
+%Copyright: (<http://www.ams.org>), with Reserved Font Name CMTT10.
+% This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
+% This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also
+% available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.
+%%EndComments
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+%%Trailer
+
+userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if
+%%EOF
diff --git a/doc/bashref.texi b/doc/bashref.texi
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d33cd57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/bashref.texi
@@ -0,0 +1,9246 @@
+\input texinfo.tex @c -*- texinfo -*-
+@c %**start of header
+@setfilename bashref.info
+@settitle Bash Reference Manual
+
+@include version.texi
+@c %**end of header
+
+@copying
+This text is a brief description of the features that are present in
+the Bash shell (version @value{VERSION}, @value{UPDATED}).
+
+This is Edition @value{EDITION}, last updated @value{UPDATED},
+of @cite{The GNU Bash Reference Manual},
+for @code{Bash}, Version @value{VERSION}.
+
+Copyright @copyright{} 1988--2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+@quotation
+Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
+under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
+any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
+Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
+A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
+``GNU Free Documentation License''.
+@end quotation
+@end copying
+
+@defcodeindex bt
+@defcodeindex rw
+@set BashFeatures
+
+@dircategory Basics
+@direntry
+* Bash: (bash).                     The GNU Bourne-Again SHell.
+@end direntry
+
+@finalout
+
+@titlepage
+@title Bash Reference Manual
+@subtitle Reference Documentation for Bash
+@subtitle Edition @value{EDITION}, for @code{Bash} Version @value{VERSION}.
+@subtitle @value{UPDATED-MONTH}
+@author Chet Ramey, Case Western Reserve University
+@author Brian Fox, Free Software Foundation
+
+@page
+@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
+@insertcopying
+
+@end titlepage
+
+@contents
+
+@ifnottex
+@node Top, Introduction, (dir), (dir)
+@top Bash Features
+
+This text is a brief description of the features that are present in
+the Bash shell (version @value{VERSION}, @value{UPDATED}).
+The Bash home page is @url{http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/}.
+
+This is Edition @value{EDITION}, last updated @value{UPDATED},
+of @cite{The GNU Bash Reference Manual},
+for @code{Bash}, Version @value{VERSION}.
+
+Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some
+features that only appear in Bash.  Some of the shells that Bash has
+borrowed concepts from are the Bourne Shell (@file{sh}), the Korn Shell
+(@file{ksh}), and the C-shell (@file{csh} and its successor,
+@file{tcsh}).  The following menu breaks the features up into
+categories, noting which features were inspired by other shells and
+which are specific to Bash.
+
+This manual is meant as a brief introduction to features found in
+Bash.  The Bash manual page should be used as the definitive
+reference on shell behavior.
+
+@menu
+* Introduction::		An introduction to the shell.
+* Definitions::			Some definitions used in the rest of this
+				manual.
+* Basic Shell Features::	The shell "building blocks".
+* Shell Builtin Commands::	Commands that are a part of the shell.
+* Shell Variables::		Variables used or set by Bash.
+* Bash Features::		Features found only in Bash.
+* Job Control::			What job control is and how Bash allows you
+				to use it.
+* Command Line Editing::	Chapter describing the command line
+				editing features.
+* Using History Interactively::	Command History Expansion
+* Installing Bash::		How to build and install Bash on your system.
+* Reporting Bugs::		How to report bugs in Bash.
+* Major Differences From The Bourne Shell::	A terse list of the differences
+						between Bash and historical
+						versions of /bin/sh.
+* GNU Free Documentation License::	Copying and sharing this documentation.
+* Indexes::			Various indexes for this manual.
+@end menu
+@end ifnottex
+
+@node Introduction
+@chapter Introduction
+@menu
+* What is Bash?::		A short description of Bash.
+* What is a shell?::		A brief introduction to shells.
+@end menu
+
+@node What is Bash?
+@section What is Bash?
+
+Bash is the shell, or command language interpreter,
+for the @sc{gnu} operating system.
+The name is an acronym for the @samp{Bourne-Again SHell},
+a pun on Stephen Bourne, the author of the direct ancestor of
+the current Unix shell @code{sh}, 
+which appeared in the Seventh Edition Bell Labs Research version
+of Unix.
+
+Bash is largely compatible with @code{sh} and incorporates useful
+features from the Korn shell @code{ksh} and the C shell @code{csh}.
+It is intended to be a conformant implementation of the @sc{ieee}
+@sc{posix} Shell and Tools portion of the @sc{ieee} @sc{posix}
+specification (@sc{ieee} Standard 1003.1).
+It offers functional improvements over @code{sh} for both interactive and
+programming use.
+
+While the @sc{gnu} operating system provides other shells, including
+a version of @code{csh}, Bash is the default shell.
+Like other @sc{gnu} software, Bash is quite portable.  It currently runs
+on nearly every version of Unix and a few other operating systems @minus{}
+independently-supported ports exist for @sc{ms-dos}, @sc{os/2},
+and Windows platforms.
+
+@node What is a shell?
+@section What is a shell?
+
+At its base, a shell is simply a macro processor that executes
+commands.  The term macro processor means functionality where text
+and symbols are expanded to create larger expressions.
+
+A Unix shell is both a command interpreter and a programming
+language.  As a command interpreter, the shell provides the user
+interface to the rich set of @sc{gnu} utilities.  The programming
+language features allow these utilities to be combined.
+Files containing commands can be created, and become
+commands themselves.  These new commands have the same status as
+system commands in directories such as @file{/bin}, allowing users
+or groups to establish custom environments to automate their common
+tasks.
+
+Shells may be used interactively or non-interactively.  In
+interactive mode, they accept input typed from the keyboard.
+When executing non-interactively, shells execute commands read
+from a file.
+
+A shell allows execution of @sc{gnu} commands, both synchronously and
+asynchronously.
+The shell waits for synchronous commands to complete before accepting
+more input; asynchronous commands continue to execute in parallel
+with the shell while it reads and executes additional commands.
+The @dfn{redirection} constructs permit
+fine-grained control of the input and output of those commands.
+Moreover, the shell allows control over the contents of commands'
+environments.
+
+Shells also provide a small set of built-in
+commands (@dfn{builtins}) implementing functionality impossible
+or inconvenient to obtain via separate utilities.
+For example, @code{cd}, @code{break}, @code{continue}, and
+@code{exec} cannot be implemented outside of the shell because
+they directly manipulate the shell itself.
+The @code{history}, @code{getopts}, @code{kill}, or @code{pwd}
+builtins, among others, could be implemented in separate utilities,
+but they are more convenient to use as builtin commands.
+All of the shell builtins are described in
+subsequent sections.
+
+While executing commands is essential, most of the power (and
+complexity) of shells is due to their embedded programming
+languages.  Like any high-level language, the shell provides
+variables, flow control constructs, quoting, and functions. 
+
+Shells offer features geared specifically for
+interactive use rather than to augment the programming language. 
+These interactive features include job control, command line
+editing, command history and aliases.  Each of these features is
+described in this manual.
+
+@node Definitions
+@chapter Definitions
+These definitions are used throughout the remainder of this manual.
+
+@table @code
+
+@item POSIX
+@cindex POSIX
+A family of open system standards based on Unix.  Bash
+is primarily concerned with the Shell and Utilities portion of the
+@sc{posix} 1003.1 standard. 
+
+@item blank
+A space or tab character.
+
+@item builtin
+@cindex builtin
+A command that is implemented internally by the shell itself, rather
+than by an executable program somewhere in the file system.
+
+@item control operator
+@cindex control operator
+A @code{token} that performs a control function.  It is a @code{newline}
+or one of the following:
+@samp{||}, @samp{&&}, @samp{&}, @samp{;}, @samp{;;}, @samp{;&}, @samp{;;&},
+@samp{|}, @samp{|&}, @samp{(}, or @samp{)}.
+
+@item exit status
+@cindex exit status
+The value returned by a command to its caller.  The value is restricted
+to eight bits, so the maximum value is 255.
+
+@item field
+@cindex field
+A unit of text that is the result of one of the shell expansions.  After
+expansion, when executing a command, the resulting fields are used as
+the command name and arguments.
+
+@item filename
+@cindex filename
+A string of characters used to identify a file.
+
+@item job
+@cindex job
+A set of processes comprising a pipeline, and any processes descended
+from it, that are all in the same process group.
+
+@item job control
+@cindex job control
+A mechanism by which users can selectively stop (suspend) and restart
+(resume) execution of processes.
+
+@item metacharacter
+@cindex metacharacter
+A character that, when unquoted, separates words.  A metacharacter is
+a @code{space}, @code{tab}, @code{newline}, or one of the following characters:
+@samp{|}, @samp{&}, @samp{;}, @samp{(}, @samp{)}, @samp{<}, or
+@samp{>}.
+
+@item name
+@cindex name
+@cindex identifier
+A @code{word} consisting solely of letters, numbers, and underscores,
+and beginning with a letter or underscore.  @code{Name}s are used as
+shell variable and function names.
+Also referred to as an @code{identifier}.
+
+@item operator
+@cindex operator, shell
+A @code{control operator} or a @code{redirection operator}.
+@xref{Redirections}, for a list of redirection operators.
+Operators contain at least one unquoted @code{metacharacter}.
+
+@item process group
+@cindex process group
+A collection of related processes each having the same process
+group @sc{id}.
+
+@item process group ID
+@cindex process group ID
+A unique identifier that represents a @code{process group}
+during its lifetime.
+
+@item reserved word
+@cindex reserved word
+A @code{word} that has a special meaning to the shell.  Most reserved
+words introduce shell flow control constructs, such as @code{for} and
+@code{while}.
+
+@item return status
+@cindex return status
+A synonym for @code{exit status}.
+
+@item signal
+@cindex signal
+A mechanism by which a process may be notified by the kernel
+of an event occurring in the system.
+
+@item special builtin
+@cindex special builtin
+A shell builtin command that has been classified as special by the
+@sc{posix} standard.
+
+@item token
+@cindex token
+A sequence of characters considered a single unit by the shell.
+It is either a @code{word} or an @code{operator}.
+
+@item word
+@cindex word
+A sequence of characters treated as a unit by the shell.
+Words may not include unquoted @code{metacharacters}.
+@end table
+
+@node Basic Shell Features
+@chapter Basic Shell Features
+@cindex Bourne shell
+
+Bash is an acronym for @samp{Bourne-Again SHell}.
+The Bourne shell is
+the traditional Unix shell originally written by Stephen Bourne.
+All of the Bourne shell builtin commands are available in Bash,
+The rules for evaluation and quoting are taken from the @sc{posix}
+specification for the `standard' Unix shell.
+
+This chapter briefly summarizes the shell's `building blocks':
+commands, control structures, shell functions, shell @i{parameters},
+shell expansions,
+@i{redirections}, which are a way to direct input and output from
+and to named files, and how the shell executes commands.
+
+@menu
+* Shell Syntax::		What your input means to the shell.
+* Shell Commands::		The types of commands you can use.
+* Shell Functions::		Grouping commands by name.
+* Shell Parameters::		How the shell stores values.
+* Shell Expansions::		How Bash expands parameters and the various
+				expansions available.
+* Redirections::		A way to control where input and output go.
+* Executing Commands::		What happens when you run a command.
+* Shell Scripts::		Executing files of shell commands.
+@end menu
+
+@node Shell Syntax
+@section Shell Syntax
+@menu
+* Shell Operation::	The basic operation of the shell.
+* Quoting::		How to remove the special meaning from characters.
+* Comments::		How to specify comments.
+@end menu
+
+When the shell reads input, it proceeds through a
+sequence of operations.  If the input indicates the beginning of a
+comment, the shell ignores the comment symbol (@samp{#}), and the rest
+of that line.
+                                
+Otherwise, roughly speaking,  the shell reads its input and
+divides the input into words and operators, employing the quoting rules
+to select which meanings to assign various words and characters.
+
+The shell then parses these tokens into commands and other constructs,
+removes the special meaning of certain words or characters, expands
+others, redirects input and output as needed, executes the specified
+command, waits for the command's exit status, and makes that exit status
+available for further inspection or processing.
+
+@node Shell Operation
+@subsection Shell Operation
+
+The following is a brief description of the shell's operation when it
+reads and executes a command.  Basically, the shell does the
+following:
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+Reads its input from a file (@pxref{Shell Scripts}), from a string
+supplied as an argument to the @option{-c} invocation option
+(@pxref{Invoking Bash}), or from the user's terminal.
+
+@item
+Breaks the input into words and operators, obeying the quoting rules
+described in @ref{Quoting}.  These tokens are separated by
+@code{metacharacters}.  Alias expansion is performed by this step
+(@pxref{Aliases}).
+
+@item
+Parses the tokens into simple and compound commands
+(@pxref{Shell Commands}).
+
+@item
+Performs the various shell expansions (@pxref{Shell Expansions}), breaking
+the expanded tokens into lists of filenames (@pxref{Filename Expansion})
+and commands and arguments.
+
+@item
+Performs any necessary redirections (@pxref{Redirections}) and removes
+the redirection operators and their operands from the argument list.
+
+@item
+Executes the command (@pxref{Executing Commands}).
+
+@item
+Optionally waits for the command to complete and collects its exit
+status (@pxref{Exit Status}).
+
+@end enumerate
+
+@node Quoting
+@subsection Quoting
+@cindex quoting
+@menu
+* Escape Character::	How to remove the special meaning from a single
+			character.
+* Single Quotes::	How to inhibit all interpretation of a sequence
+			of characters.
+* Double Quotes::	How to suppress most of the interpretation of a
+			sequence of characters.
+* ANSI-C Quoting::	How to expand ANSI-C sequences in quoted strings.
+* Locale Translation::	How to translate strings into different languages.
+@end menu
+
+Quoting is used to remove the special meaning of certain
+characters or words to the shell.  Quoting can be used to
+disable special treatment for special characters, to prevent
+reserved words from being recognized as such, and to prevent
+parameter expansion.
+
+Each of the shell metacharacters (@pxref{Definitions})
+has special meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to
+represent itself.
+When the command history expansion facilities are being used
+(@pxref{History Interaction}), the
+@var{history expansion} character, usually @samp{!}, must be quoted
+to prevent history expansion.  @xref{Bash History Facilities}, for
+more details concerning history expansion.
+
+There are three quoting mechanisms: the
+@var{escape character}, single quotes, and double quotes.
+
+@node Escape Character
+@subsubsection Escape Character
+A non-quoted backslash @samp{\} is the Bash escape character.
+It preserves the literal value of the next character that follows,
+with the exception of @code{newline}.  If a @code{\newline} pair
+appears, and the backslash itself is not quoted, the @code{\newline}
+is treated as a line continuation (that is, it is removed from
+the input stream and effectively ignored).
+
+@node Single Quotes
+@subsubsection Single Quotes
+
+Enclosing characters in single quotes (@samp{'}) preserves the literal value
+of each character within the quotes.  A single quote may not occur
+between single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash.
+
+@node Double Quotes
+@subsubsection Double Quotes
+
+Enclosing characters in double quotes (@samp{"}) preserves the literal value
+of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of
+@samp{$}, @samp{`}, @samp{\},
+and, when history expansion is enabled, @samp{!}.
+When the shell is in
+@sc{posix} mode (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}),
+the @samp{!} has no special meaning
+within double quotes, even when history expansion is enabled.
+The characters @samp{$} and @samp{`}
+retain their special meaning within double quotes (@pxref{Shell Expansions}).
+The backslash retains its special meaning only when followed by one of
+the following characters:
+@samp{$}, @samp{`}, @samp{"}, @samp{\}, or @code{newline}.
+Within double quotes, backslashes that are followed by one of these
+characters are removed.  Backslashes preceding characters without a
+special meaning are left unmodified.
+A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with
+a backslash.
+If enabled, history expansion will be performed unless an @samp{!}
+appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash.
+The backslash preceding the @samp{!} is not removed.
+
+The special parameters @samp{*} and @samp{@@} have special meaning
+when in double quotes (@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}).
+
+@node ANSI-C Quoting
+@subsubsection ANSI-C Quoting
+@cindex quoting, ANSI
+
+Words of the form @code{$'@var{string}'} are treated specially.  The
+word expands to @var{string}, with backslash-escaped characters replaced
+as specified by the ANSI C standard.  Backslash escape sequences, if
+present, are decoded as follows:
+
+@table @code
+@item \a
+alert (bell)
+@item \b
+backspace
+@item \e
+@itemx \E
+an escape character (not ANSI C)
+@item \f
+form feed
+@item \n
+newline
+@item \r
+carriage return
+@item \t
+horizontal tab
+@item \v
+vertical tab
+@item \\
+backslash
+@item \'
+single quote
+@item \"
+double quote
+@item \?
+question mark
+@item \@var{nnn}
+the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value @var{nnn}
+(one to three octal digits)
+@item \x@var{HH}
+the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value @var{HH}
+(one or two hex digits)
+@item \u@var{HHHH}
+the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+@var{HHHH} (one to four hex digits)
+@item \U@var{HHHHHHHH}
+the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+@var{HHHHHHHH} (one to eight hex digits)
+@item \c@var{x}
+a control-@var{x} character
+@end table
+
+@noindent
+The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not
+been present.
+
+@node Locale Translation
+@subsubsection Locale-Specific Translation
+@cindex localization
+@cindex internationalization
+@cindex native languages
+@cindex translation, native languages
+
+A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign (@samp{$}) will cause
+the string to be translated according to the current locale.
+If the current locale is @code{C} or @code{POSIX}, the dollar sign
+is ignored.
+If the string is translated and replaced, the replacement is
+double-quoted.
+
+@vindex LC_MESSAGES
+@vindex TEXTDOMAIN
+@vindex TEXTDOMAINDIR
+Some systems use the message catalog selected by the @env{LC_MESSAGES}
+shell variable.  Others create the name of the message catalog from the
+value of the @env{TEXTDOMAIN} shell variable, possibly adding a
+suffix of @samp{.mo}.  If you use the @env{TEXTDOMAIN} variable, you
+may need to set the @env{TEXTDOMAINDIR} variable to the location of
+the message catalog files.  Still others use both variables in this
+fashion:
+@env{TEXTDOMAINDIR}/@env{LC_MESSAGES}/LC_MESSAGES/@env{TEXTDOMAIN}.mo.
+
+@node Comments
+@subsection Comments
+@cindex comments, shell
+
+In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the
+@code{interactive_comments} option to the @code{shopt}
+builtin is enabled (@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}),
+a word beginning with @samp{#}
+causes that word and all remaining characters on that line to
+be ignored.  An interactive shell without the @code{interactive_comments}
+option enabled does not allow comments.  The @code{interactive_comments}
+option is on by default in interactive shells.
+@xref{Interactive Shells}, for a description of what makes
+a shell interactive.
+
+@node Shell Commands
+@section Shell Commands
+@cindex commands, shell
+
+A simple shell command such as @code{echo a b c} consists of the command
+itself followed by arguments, separated by spaces.
+
+More complex shell commands are composed of simple commands arranged together
+in a variety of ways: in a pipeline in which the output of one command
+becomes the input of a second, in a loop or conditional construct, or in
+some other grouping.
+
+@menu
+* Simple Commands::		The most common type of command.
+* Pipelines::			Connecting the input and output of several
+				commands.
+* Lists::			How to execute commands sequentially.
+* Compound Commands::		Shell commands for control flow.
+* Coprocesses::			Two-way communication between commands.
+* GNU Parallel::		Running commands in parallel.
+@end menu
+
+@node Simple Commands
+@subsection Simple Commands
+@cindex commands, simple
+
+A simple command is the kind of command encountered most often.
+It's just a sequence of words separated by @code{blank}s, terminated
+by one of the shell's control operators (@pxref{Definitions}).  The
+first word generally specifies a command to be executed, with the
+rest of the words being that command's arguments.
+
+The return status (@pxref{Exit Status}) of a simple command is
+its exit status as provided
+by the @sc{posix} 1003.1 @code{waitpid} function, or 128+@var{n} if
+the command was terminated by signal @var{n}.
+
+@node Pipelines
+@subsection Pipelines
+@cindex pipeline
+@cindex commands, pipelines
+
+A @code{pipeline} is a sequence of one or more commands separated by
+one of the control operators @samp{|} or @samp{|&}.
+
+@rwindex time
+@rwindex !
+@cindex command timing
+The format for a pipeline is
+@example
+[time [-p]] [!] @var{command1} [ | or |& @var{command2} ] @dots{}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The output of each command in the pipeline is connected via a pipe
+to the input of the next command.
+That is, each command reads the previous command's output.  This
+connection is performed before any redirections specified by the
+command.
+
+If @samp{|&} is used, @var{command1}'s standard error, in addition to
+its standard output, is connected to
+@var{command2}'s standard input through the pipe;
+it is shorthand for @code{2>&1 |}.
+This implicit redirection of the standard error to the standard output is
+performed after any redirections specified by the command.
+
+The reserved word @code{time} causes timing statistics
+to be printed for the pipeline once it finishes.
+The statistics currently consist of elapsed (wall-clock) time and
+user and system time consumed by the command's execution.
+The @option{-p} option changes the output format to that specified
+by @sc{posix}.
+When the shell is in @sc{posix} mode (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}),
+it does not recognize @code{time} as a reserved word if the next
+token begins with a @samp{-}.
+The @env{TIMEFORMAT} variable may be set to a format string that
+specifies how the timing information should be displayed.
+@xref{Bash Variables}, for a description of the available formats.
+The use of @code{time} as a reserved word permits the timing of
+shell builtins, shell functions, and pipelines.  An external
+@code{time} command cannot time these easily.
+
+When the shell is in @sc{posix} mode (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}), @code{time}
+may be followed by a newline.  In this case, the shell displays the
+total user and system time consumed by the shell and its children.
+The @env{TIMEFORMAT} variable may be used to specify the format of
+the time information.
+
+If the pipeline is not executed asynchronously (@pxref{Lists}), the
+shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to complete.
+
+Each command in a pipeline is executed in its own subshell, which is a
+separate process (@pxref{Command Execution Environment}).
+If the @code{lastpipe} option is enabled using the @code{shopt} builtin
+(@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}),
+the last element of a pipeline may be run by the shell process.
+
+The exit
+status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last command in the
+pipeline, unless the @code{pipefail} option is enabled
+(@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
+If @code{pipefail} is enabled, the pipeline's return status is the
+value of the last (rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero status,
+or zero if all commands exit successfully.
+If the reserved word @samp{!} precedes the pipeline, the
+exit status is the logical negation of the exit status as described
+above.
+The shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to terminate before
+returning a value.
+
+@node Lists
+@subsection Lists of Commands
+@cindex commands, lists
+
+A @code{list} is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one
+of the operators @samp{;}, @samp{&}, @samp{&&}, or @samp{||},
+and optionally terminated by one of @samp{;}, @samp{&}, or a
+@code{newline}.
+
+Of these list operators, @samp{&&} and @samp{||}
+have equal precedence, followed by @samp{;} and @samp{&},
+which have equal precedence.
+
+A sequence of one or more newlines may appear in a @code{list}
+to delimit commands, equivalent to a semicolon.
+
+If a command is terminated by the control operator @samp{&},
+the shell executes the command asynchronously in a subshell.
+This is known as executing the command in the @var{background},
+and these are referred to as @var{asynchronous} commands.
+The shell does not wait for the command to finish, and the return
+status is 0 (true).
+When job control is not active (@pxref{Job Control}),
+the standard input for asynchronous commands, in the absence of any
+explicit redirections, is redirected from @code{/dev/null}.
+
+Commands separated by a @samp{;} are executed sequentially; the shell
+waits for each command to terminate in turn.  The return status is the
+exit status of the last command executed.
+
+@sc{and} and @sc{or} lists are sequences of one or more pipelines
+separated by the control operators @samp{&&} and @samp{||},
+respectively.  @sc{and} and @sc{or} lists are executed with left
+associativity.
+
+An @sc{and} list has the form
+@example
+@var{command1} && @var{command2}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+@var{command2} is executed if, and only if, @var{command1}
+returns an exit status of zero (success).
+
+An @sc{or} list has the form
+@example
+@var{command1} || @var{command2}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+@var{command2} is executed if, and only if, @var{command1}
+returns a non-zero exit status.
+
+The return status of
+@sc{and} and @sc{or} lists is the exit status of the last command
+executed in the list.
+
+@node Compound Commands
+@subsection Compound Commands
+@cindex commands, compound
+
+@menu
+* Looping Constructs::		Shell commands for iterative action.
+* Conditional Constructs::	Shell commands for conditional execution.
+* Command Grouping::		Ways to group commands.
+@end menu
+
+Compound commands are the shell programming language constructs.
+Each construct begins with a reserved word or control operator and is
+terminated by a corresponding reserved word or operator.
+Any redirections (@pxref{Redirections}) associated with a compound command
+apply to all commands within that compound command unless explicitly overridden.
+
+In most cases a list of commands in a compound command's description may be
+separated from the rest of the command by one or more newlines, and may be
+followed by a newline in place of a semicolon.
+
+Bash provides looping constructs, conditional commands, and mechanisms
+to group commands and execute them as a unit.
+
+@node Looping Constructs
+@subsubsection Looping Constructs
+@cindex commands, looping
+
+Bash supports the following looping constructs.
+
+Note that wherever a @samp{;} appears in the description of a
+command's syntax, it may be replaced with one or more newlines.
+
+@table @code
+@item until
+@rwindex until
+@rwindex do
+@rwindex done
+The syntax of the @code{until} command is:
+
+@example
+until @var{test-commands}; do @var{consequent-commands}; done
+@end example
+
+Execute @var{consequent-commands} as long as
+@var{test-commands} has an exit status which is not zero.
+The return status is the exit status of the last command executed
+in @var{consequent-commands}, or zero if none was executed.
+
+@item while
+@rwindex while
+The syntax of the @code{while} command is:
+
+@example
+while @var{test-commands}; do @var{consequent-commands}; done
+@end example
+
+Execute @var{consequent-commands} as long as
+@var{test-commands} has an exit status of zero.
+The return status is the exit status of the last command executed
+in @var{consequent-commands}, or zero if none was executed.
+
+@item for
+@rwindex for
+The syntax of the @code{for} command is:
+
+@example
+for @var{name} [ [in [@var{words} @dots{}] ] ; ] do @var{commands}; done
+@end example
+
+Expand @var{words} (@pxref{Shell Expansions}), and execute @var{commands}
+once for each member
+in the resultant list, with @var{name} bound to the current member.
+If @samp{in @var{words}} is not present, the @code{for} command
+executes the @var{commands} once for each positional parameter that is
+set, as if @samp{in "$@@"} had been specified
+(@pxref{Special Parameters}).
+
+The return status is the exit status of the last command that executes.
+If there are no items in the expansion of @var{words}, no commands are
+executed, and the return status is zero.
+
+An alternate form of the @code{for} command is also supported:
+
+@example
+for (( @var{expr1} ; @var{expr2} ; @var{expr3} )) ; do @var{commands} ; done
+@end example
+
+First, the arithmetic expression @var{expr1} is evaluated according
+to the rules described below (@pxref{Shell Arithmetic}).
+The arithmetic expression @var{expr2} is then evaluated repeatedly
+until it evaluates to zero.   
+Each time @var{expr2} evaluates to a non-zero value, @var{commands} are
+executed and the arithmetic expression @var{expr3} is evaluated.       
+If any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1.
+The return value is the exit status of the last command in @var{commands}
+that is executed, or false if any of the expressions is invalid.
+@end table
+
+The @code{break} and @code{continue} builtins (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins})
+may be used to control loop execution.
+
+@node Conditional Constructs
+@subsubsection Conditional Constructs
+@cindex commands, conditional
+
+@table @code
+@item if
+@rwindex if
+@rwindex then
+@rwindex else
+@rwindex elif
+@rwindex fi
+The syntax of the @code{if} command is:
+
+@example
+if @var{test-commands}; then
+  @var{consequent-commands};
+[elif @var{more-test-commands}; then
+  @var{more-consequents};]
+[else @var{alternate-consequents};]
+fi
+@end example
+
+The @var{test-commands} list is executed, and if its return status is zero,
+the @var{consequent-commands} list is executed.
+If @var{test-commands} returns a non-zero status, each @code{elif} list
+is executed in turn, and if its exit status is zero,
+the corresponding @var{more-consequents} is executed and the   
+command completes.
+If @samp{else @var{alternate-consequents}} is present, and
+the final command in the final @code{if} or @code{elif} clause
+has a non-zero exit status, then @var{alternate-consequents} is executed.
+The return status is the exit status of the last command executed, or
+zero if no condition tested true.
+
+@item case
+@rwindex case
+@rwindex in
+@rwindex esac
+The syntax of the @code{case} command is:
+
+@example
+case @var{word} in
+    [ [(] @var{pattern} [| @var{pattern}]@dots{}) @var{command-list} ;;]@dots{}
+esac
+@end example
+
+@code{case} will selectively execute the @var{command-list} corresponding to
+the first @var{pattern} that matches @var{word}.
+The match is performed according
+to the rules described below in @ref{Pattern Matching}.
+If the @code{nocasematch} shell option
+(see the description of @code{shopt} in @ref{The Shopt Builtin})
+is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+of alphabetic characters.
+The @samp{|} is used to separate multiple patterns, and the @samp{)}
+operator terminates a pattern list.
+A list of patterns and an associated command-list is known
+as a @var{clause}.
+
+Each clause must be terminated with @samp{;;}, @samp{;&}, or @samp{;;&}.
+The @var{word} undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command
+substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal
+(@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion})
+before matching is
+attempted.  Each @var{pattern} undergoes tilde expansion, parameter
+expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.
+
+There may be an arbitrary number of @code{case} clauses, each terminated
+by a @samp{;;}, @samp{;&}, or @samp{;;&}.
+The first pattern that matches determines the
+command-list that is executed.
+It's a common idiom to use @samp{*} as the final pattern to define the
+default case, since that pattern will always match.
+
+Here is an example using @code{case} in a script that could be used to
+describe one interesting feature of an animal:
+
+@example
+echo -n "Enter the name of an animal: "
+read ANIMAL
+echo -n "The $ANIMAL has "
+case $ANIMAL in
+  horse | dog | cat) echo -n "four";;
+  man | kangaroo ) echo -n "two";;
+  *) echo -n "an unknown number of";;
+esac
+echo " legs."
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+
+If the @samp{;;} operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempted after
+the first pattern match.
+Using @samp{;&}  in place of @samp{;;} causes execution to continue with
+the @var{command-list} associated with the next clause, if any.
+Using @samp{;;&} in place of @samp{;;} causes the shell to test the patterns
+in the next clause, if any, and execute any associated @var{command-list}
+on a successful match.
+
+The return status is zero if no @var{pattern} is matched.  Otherwise, the
+return status is the exit status of the @var{command-list} executed.
+
+@item select
+@rwindex select
+
+The @code{select} construct allows the easy generation of menus.
+It has almost the same syntax as the @code{for} command:
+
+@example
+select @var{name} [in @var{words} @dots{}]; do @var{commands}; done
+@end example
+
+The list of words following @code{in} is expanded, generating a list
+of items.  The set of expanded words is printed on the standard
+error output stream, each preceded by a number.  If the
+@samp{in @var{words}} is omitted, the positional parameters are printed,
+as if @samp{in "$@@"} had been specified.
+The @env{PS3} prompt is then displayed and a line is read from the
+standard input.
+If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of the displayed
+words, then the value of @var{name} is set to that word.
+If the line is empty, the words and prompt are displayed again.
+If @code{EOF} is read, the @code{select} command completes.
+Any other value read causes @var{name} to be set to null.
+The line read is saved in the variable @env{REPLY}.
+
+The @var{commands} are executed after each selection until a
+@code{break} command is executed, at which
+point the @code{select} command completes.
+
+Here is an example that allows the user to pick a filename from the
+current directory, and displays the name and index of the file
+selected.
+
+@example
+select fname in *;
+do
+	echo you picked $fname \($REPLY\)
+	break;
+done
+@end example
+
+@item ((@dots{}))
+@example
+(( @var{expression} ))
+@end example
+
+The arithmetic @var{expression} is evaluated according to the rules
+described below (@pxref{Shell Arithmetic}).
+If the value of the expression is non-zero, the return status is 0;
+otherwise the return status is 1.  This is exactly equivalent to
+@example
+let "@var{expression}"
+@end example
+@noindent
+@xref{Bash Builtins}, for a full description of the @code{let} builtin.
+
+@item [[@dots{}]]
+@rwindex [[
+@rwindex ]]
+@example
+[[ @var{expression} ]]
+@end example
+
+Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of
+the conditional expression @var{expression}.
+Expressions are composed of the primaries described below in
+@ref{Bash Conditional Expressions}.
+Word splitting and filename expansion are not performed on the words
+between the @code{[[} and @code{]]}; tilde expansion, parameter and
+variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process
+substitution, and quote removal are performed.
+Conditional operators such as @samp{-f} must be unquoted to be recognized
+as primaries.
+
+When used with @code{[[}, the @samp{<} and @samp{>} operators sort
+lexicographically using the current locale.
+
+When the @samp{==} and @samp{!=} operators are used, the string to the
+right of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according
+to the rules described below in @ref{Pattern Matching},
+as if the @code{extglob} shell option were enabled.
+The @samp{=} operator is identical to @samp{==}.
+If the @code{nocasematch} shell option
+(see the description of @code{shopt} in @ref{The Shopt Builtin})
+is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+of alphabetic characters.
+The return value is 0 if the string matches (@samp{==}) or does not
+match (@samp{!=}) the pattern, and 1 otherwise.
+Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted portion
+to be matched as a string.
+
+An additional binary operator, @samp{=~}, is available, with the same
+precedence as @samp{==} and @samp{!=}.
+When it is used, the string to the right of the operator is considered
+a @sc{POSIX} extended regular expression and matched accordingly
+(as in @i{regex}3)).
+The return value is 0 if the string matches
+the pattern, and 1 otherwise.
+If the regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional
+expression's return value is 2.
+If the @code{nocasematch} shell option
+(see the description of @code{shopt} in @ref{The Shopt Builtin})
+is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+of alphabetic characters.
+Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted portion
+to be matched as a string.
+Bracket expressions in regular expressions must be treated carefully,
+since normal quoting characters lose their meanings between brackets.
+If the pattern is stored in a shell variable, quoting the variable
+expansion forces the entire pattern to be matched as a string.
+Substrings matched by parenthesized subexpressions within the regular
+expression are saved in the array variable @code{BASH_REMATCH}.
+The element of @code{BASH_REMATCH} with index 0 is the portion of the string
+matching the entire regular expression.
+The element of @code{BASH_REMATCH} with index @var{n} is the portion of the
+string matching the @var{n}th parenthesized subexpression.
+
+For example, the following will match a line
+(stored in the shell variable @var{line})
+if there is a sequence of characters in the value consisting of
+any number, including zero, of 
+space characters, zero or one instances of @samp{a}, then a @samp{b}:
+@example
+[[ $line =~ [[:space:]]*?(a)b ]]
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+That means values like @samp{aab} and @samp{  aaaaaab} will match, as
+will a line containing a @samp{b} anywhere in its value.
+
+Storing the regular expression in a shell variable is often a useful
+way to avoid problems with quoting characters that are special to the
+shell.
+It is sometimes difficult to specify a regular expression literally
+without using quotes, or to keep track of the quoting used by regular
+expressions while paying attention to the shell's quote removal.
+Using a shell variable to store the pattern decreases these problems.
+For example, the following is equivalent to the above:
+@example
+pattern='[[:space:]]*?(a)b'
+[[ $line =~ $pattern ]]
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+If you want to match a character that's special to the regular expression
+grammar, it has to be quoted to remove its special meaning.
+This means that in the pattern @samp{xxx.txt}, the @samp{.} matches any
+character in the string (its usual regular expression meaning), but in the
+pattern @samp{"xxx.txt"} it can only match a literal @samp{.}.
+Shell programmers should take special care with backslashes, since backslashes
+are used both by the shell and regular expressions to remove the special
+meaning from the following character.
+The following two sets of commands are @emph{not} equivalent:
+@example
+pattern='\.'
+
+[[ . =~ $pattern ]]
+[[ . =~ \. ]]
+
+[[ . =~ "$pattern" ]]
+[[ . =~ '\.' ]]
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The first two matches will succeed, but the second two will not, because
+in the second two the backslash will be part of the pattern to be matched.
+In the first two examples, the backslash removes the special meaning from
+@samp{.}, so the literal @samp{.} matches.
+If the string in the first examples were anything other than @samp{.}, say
+@samp{a}, the pattern would not match, because the quoted @samp{.} in the
+pattern loses its special meaning of matching any single character.
+
+Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed
+in decreasing order of precedence:
+
+@table @code
+@item ( @var{expression} )
+Returns the value of @var{expression}.
+This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators.
+
+@item ! @var{expression}
+True if @var{expression} is false.
+
+@item @var{expression1} && @var{expression2}
+True if both @var{expression1} and @var{expression2} are true.
+
+@item @var{expression1} || @var{expression2}
+True if either @var{expression1} or @var{expression2} is true.
+@end table
+
+@noindent
+The @code{&&} and @code{||} operators do not evaluate @var{expression2} if the
+value of @var{expression1} is sufficient to determine the return
+value of the entire conditional expression.
+@end table
+
+@node Command Grouping
+@subsubsection Grouping Commands
+@cindex commands, grouping
+
+Bash provides two ways to group a list of commands to be executed
+as a unit.  When commands are grouped, redirections may be applied
+to the entire command list.  For example, the output of all the
+commands in the list may be redirected to a single stream.
+
+@table @code
+@item ()
+@example
+( @var{list} )
+@end example
+
+Placing a list of commands between parentheses causes a subshell
+environment to be created (@pxref{Command Execution Environment}), and each
+of the commands in @var{list} to be executed in that subshell.  Since the
+@var{list} is executed in a subshell, variable assignments do not remain in
+effect after the subshell completes. 
+
+@item @{@}
+@rwindex @{
+@rwindex @}
+@example
+@{ @var{list}; @}
+@end example
+
+Placing a list of commands between curly braces causes the list to
+be executed in the current shell context.  No subshell is created.
+The semicolon (or newline) following @var{list} is required.
+@end table
+
+In addition to the creation of a subshell, there is a subtle difference
+between these two constructs due to historical reasons.  The braces
+are @code{reserved words}, so they must be separated from the @var{list}
+by @code{blank}s or other shell metacharacters.
+The parentheses are @code{operators}, and are
+recognized as separate tokens by the shell even if they are not separated
+from the @var{list} by whitespace.
+
+The exit status of both of these constructs is the exit status of
+@var{list}.
+
+@node Coprocesses
+@subsection Coprocesses
+@cindex coprocess
+
+A @code{coprocess} is a shell command preceded by the @code{coproc}
+reserved word.
+A coprocess is executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command
+had been terminated with the @samp{&} control operator, with a two-way pipe
+established between the executing shell and the coprocess.
+
+The format for a coprocess is:
+@example
+coproc [@var{NAME}] @var{command} [@var{redirections}]
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+This creates a coprocess named @var{NAME}.
+If @var{NAME} is not supplied, the default name is @var{COPROC}.
+@var{NAME} must not be supplied if @var{command} is a simple
+command (@pxref{Simple Commands}); otherwise, it is interpreted as
+the first word of the simple command.
+
+When the coprocess is executed, the shell creates an array variable
+(@pxref{Arrays})
+named @env{NAME} in the context of the executing shell.
+The standard output of @var{command}
+is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell,
+and that file descriptor is assigned to @env{NAME}[0].
+The standard input of @var{command}
+is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell,
+and that file descriptor is assigned to @env{NAME}[1].
+This pipe is established before any redirections specified by the
+command (@pxref{Redirections}).
+The file descriptors can be utilized as arguments to shell commands
+and redirections using standard word expansions.
+Other than those created to execute command and process substitutions,
+the file descriptors are not available in subshells.
+
+The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is
+available as the value of the variable @env{NAME}_PID.
+The @code{wait}
+builtin command may be used to wait for the coprocess to terminate.
+
+Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command,
+the @code{coproc} command always returns success.
+The return status of a coprocess is the exit status of @var{command}.
+
+@node GNU Parallel
+@subsection GNU Parallel
+
+There are ways to run commands in parallel that are not built into Bash.
+GNU Parallel is a tool to do just that.
+
+GNU Parallel, as its name suggests, can be used to build and run commands
+in parallel.  You may run the same command with different arguments, whether
+they are filenames, usernames, hostnames, or lines read from files.  GNU
+Parallel provides shorthand references to many of the most common operations
+(input lines, various portions of the input line, different ways to specify
+the input source, and so on).  Parallel can replace @code{xargs} or feed
+commands from its input sources to several different instances of Bash.
+
+For a complete description, refer to the GNU Parallel documentation.  A few
+examples should provide a brief introduction to its use.
+
+For example, it is easy to replace @code{xargs} to gzip all html files in the
+current directory and its subdirectories:
+@example
+find . -type f -name '*.html' -print | parallel gzip
+@end example
+@noindent
+If you need to protect special characters such as newlines in file names,
+use find's @option{-print0} option and parallel's @option{-0} option.
+
+You can use Parallel to move files from the current directory when the
+number of files is too large to process with one @code{mv} invocation:
+@example
+ls | parallel mv @{@} destdir
+@end example
+
+As you can see, the @{@} is replaced with each line read from standard input.
+While using @code{ls} will work in most instances, it is not sufficient to
+deal with all filenames.
+If you need to accommodate special characters in filenames, you can use
+
+@example
+find . -depth 1 \! -name '.*' -print0 | parallel -0 mv @{@} destdir
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+as alluded to above.
+
+This will run as many @code{mv} commands as there are files in the current
+directory.
+You can emulate a parallel @code{xargs} by adding the @option{-X} option:
+@example
+find . -depth 1 \! -name '.*' -print0 | parallel -0 -X mv @{@} destdir
+@end example
+
+GNU Parallel can replace certain common idioms that operate on lines read
+from a file (in this case, filenames listed one per line):
+@example
+	while IFS= read -r x; do
+		do-something1 "$x" "config-$x"
+		do-something2 < "$x"
+	done < file | process-output
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+with a more compact syntax reminiscent of lambdas:
+@example
+cat list | parallel "do-something1 @{@} config-@{@} ; do-something2 < @{@}" |
+           process-output
+@end example
+
+Parallel provides a built-in mechanism to remove filename extensions, which
+lends itself to batch file transformations or renaming:
+@example
+ls *.gz | parallel -j+0 "zcat @{@} | bzip2 >@{.@}.bz2 && rm @{@}"
+@end example
+@noindent
+This will recompress all files in the current directory with names ending
+in .gz using bzip2, running one job per CPU (-j+0) in parallel.
+(We use @code{ls} for brevity here; using @code{find} as above is more
+robust in the face of filenames containing unexpected characters.)
+Parallel can take arguments from the command line; the above can also be
+written as
+
+@example
+parallel "zcat @{@} | bzip2 >@{.@}.bz2 && rm @{@}" ::: *.gz
+@end example
+
+If a command generates output, you may want to preserve the input order in
+the output.  For instance, the following command
+@example
+@{
+    echo foss.org.my ;
+    echo debian.org ;
+    echo freenetproject.org ;
+@} | parallel traceroute
+@end example
+@noindent
+will display as output the traceroute invocation that finishes first.
+Adding the @option{-k} option 
+@example
+@{
+    echo foss.org.my ;
+    echo debian.org ;
+    echo freenetproject.org ;
+@} | parallel -k traceroute
+@end example
+@noindent
+will ensure that the output of @code{traceroute foss.org.my} is displayed first.
+
+Finally, Parallel can be used to run a sequence of shell commands in parallel,
+similar to @samp{cat file | bash}.
+It is not uncommon to take a list of filenames, create a series of shell
+commands to operate on them, and feed that list of commands to a shell.
+Parallel can speed this up.  Assuming that @file{file} contains a list of
+shell commands, one per line,
+
+@example
+parallel -j 10 < file
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+will evaluate the commands using the shell (since no explicit command is
+supplied as an argument), in blocks of ten shell jobs at a time.
+
+@node Shell Functions
+@section Shell Functions
+@cindex shell function
+@cindex functions, shell
+
+Shell functions are a way to group commands for later execution
+using a single name for the group.  They are executed just like
+a "regular" command.
+When the name of a shell function is used as a simple command name,
+the list of commands associated with that function name is executed.
+Shell functions are executed in the current
+shell context; no new process is created to interpret them.
+
+Functions are declared using this syntax:
+@rwindex function
+@example
+@var{name} () @var{compound-command} [ @var{redirections} ]
+@end example
+
+or
+
+@example
+function @var{name} [()] @var{compound-command} [ @var{redirections} ]
+@end example
+
+This defines a shell function named @var{name}.  The reserved
+word @code{function} is optional.
+If the @code{function} reserved
+word is supplied, the parentheses are optional.
+The @var{body} of the function is the compound command
+@var{compound-command} (@pxref{Compound Commands}).
+That command is usually a @var{list} enclosed between @{ and @}, but
+may be any compound command listed above,
+with one exception: If the @code{function} reserved word is used, but the
+parentheses are not supplied, the braces are required.                   
+@var{compound-command} is executed whenever @var{name} is specified as the
+name of a command.
+When the shell is in @sc{posix} mode (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}),
+@var{name} may not be the same as one of the special builtins
+(@pxref{Special Builtins}).
+Any redirections (@pxref{Redirections}) associated with the shell function
+are performed when the function is executed.
+
+A function definition may be deleted using the @option{-f} option to the
+@code{unset} builtin (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}).
+
+The exit status of a function definition is zero unless a syntax error
+occurs or a readonly function with the same name already exists.
+When executed, the exit status of a function is the exit status of the
+last command executed in the body.
+
+Note that for historical reasons, in the most common usage the curly braces
+that surround the body of the function must be separated from the body by
+@code{blank}s or newlines.
+This is because the braces are reserved words and are only recognized
+as such when they are separated from the command list
+by whitespace or another shell metacharacter.
+Also, when using the braces, the @var{list} must be terminated by a semicolon,
+a @samp{&}, or a newline.
+
+When a function is executed, the arguments to the
+function become the positional parameters
+during its execution (@pxref{Positional Parameters}).
+The special parameter @samp{#} that expands to the number of
+positional parameters is updated to reflect the change.
+Special parameter @code{0} is unchanged.
+The first element of the @env{FUNCNAME} variable is set to the
+name of the function while the function is executing.
+
+All other aspects of the shell execution
+environment are identical between a function and its caller
+with these exceptions:
+the @env{DEBUG} and @env{RETURN} traps
+are not inherited unless the function has been given the
+@code{trace} attribute using the @code{declare} builtin or
+the @code{-o functrace} option has been enabled with
+the @code{set} builtin,
+(in which case all functions inherit the @env{DEBUG} and @env{RETURN} traps),
+and the @env{ERR} trap is not inherited unless the @code{-o errtrace}
+shell option has been enabled.
+@xref{Bourne Shell Builtins}, for the description of the
+@code{trap} builtin.
+
+The @env{FUNCNEST} variable, if set to a numeric value greater
+than 0, defines a maximum function nesting level.  Function
+invocations that exceed the limit cause the entire command to
+abort.
+
+If the builtin command @code{return}
+is executed in a function, the function completes and
+execution resumes with the next command after the function
+call.
+Any command associated with the @code{RETURN} trap is executed
+before execution resumes.
+When a function completes, the values of the
+positional parameters and the special parameter @samp{#}
+are restored to the values they had prior to the function's
+execution.  If a numeric argument is given to @code{return},
+that is the function's return status; otherwise the function's
+return status is the exit status of the last command executed
+before the @code{return}.
+
+Variables local to the function may be declared with the
+@code{local} builtin.  These variables are visible only to
+the function and the commands it invokes.  This is particularly
+important when a shell function calls other functions.
+
+Local variables "shadow" variables with the same name declared at
+previous scopes.  For instance, a local variable declared in a function
+hides a global variable of the same name: references and assignments
+refer to the local variable, leaving the global variable unmodified.
+When the function returns, the global variable is once again visible.
+
+The shell uses @var{dynamic scoping} to control a variable's visibility
+within functions.
+With dynamic scoping, visible variables and their values
+are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused execution
+to reach the current function.
+The value of a variable that a function sees depends
+on its value within its caller, if any, whether that caller is
+the "global" scope or another shell function.
+This is also the value that a local variable
+declaration "shadows", and the value that is restored when the function
+returns.
+
+For example, if a variable @var{var} is declared as local in function
+@var{func1}, and @var{func1} calls another function @var{func2},
+references to @var{var} made from within @var{func2} will resolve to the
+local variable @var{var} from @var{func1}, shadowing any global variable
+named @var{var}.
+
+The following script demonstrates this behavior.
+When executed, the script displays
+
+@example
+In func2, var = func1 local
+@end example
+
+@example
+func1()
+@{
+    local var='func1 local'
+    func2
+@}
+
+func2()
+@{
+    echo "In func2, var = $var"
+@}
+
+var=global
+func1
+@end example
+
+The @code{unset} builtin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a  
+variable is local to the current scope, @code{unset} will unset it;         
+otherwise the unset will refer to the variable found in any calling scope 
+as described above.
+If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it will remain so
+until it is reset in that scope or until the function returns.
+Once the function returns, any instance of the variable at a previous
+scope will become visible.
+If the unset acts on a variable at a previous scope, any instance of a   
+variable with that name that had been shadowed will become visible.
+
+Function names and definitions may be listed with the
+@option{-f} option to the @code{declare} (@code{typeset})
+builtin command (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
+The @option{-F} option to @code{declare} or @code{typeset}
+will list the function names only
+(and optionally the source file and line number, if the @code{extdebug}
+shell option is enabled).
+Functions may be exported so that subshells
+automatically have them defined with the
+@option{-f} option to the @code{export} builtin
+(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}).
+
+Functions may be recursive.
+The @code{FUNCNEST} variable may be used to limit the depth of the
+function call stack and restrict the number of function invocations.
+By default, no limit is placed on the number of recursive  calls.
+
+@node Shell Parameters
+@section Shell Parameters
+@cindex parameters
+@cindex variable, shell
+@cindex shell variable
+
+@menu
+* Positional Parameters::	The shell's command-line arguments.
+* Special Parameters::		Parameters denoted by special characters.
+@end menu
+
+A @var{parameter} is an entity that stores values.
+It can be a @code{name}, a number, or one of the special characters
+listed below.
+A @var{variable} is a parameter denoted by a @code{name}.
+A variable has a @var{value} and zero or more @var{attributes}.
+Attributes are assigned using the @code{declare} builtin command
+(see the description of the @code{declare} builtin in @ref{Bash Builtins}).
+
+A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value.  The null string is
+a valid value.  Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using
+the @code{unset} builtin command.
+
+A variable may be assigned to by a statement of the form
+@example
+@var{name}=[@var{value}]
+@end example
+@noindent
+If @var{value}
+is not given, the variable is assigned the null string.  All
+@var{value}s undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
+command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote
+removal (detailed below).  If the variable has its @code{integer}
+attribute set, then @var{value} 
+is evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the @code{$((@dots{}))}
+expansion is not used (@pxref{Arithmetic Expansion}).
+Word splitting is not performed, with the exception
+of @code{"$@@"} as explained below.
+Filename expansion is not performed.
+Assignment statements may also appear as arguments to the
+@code{alias}, 
+@code{declare}, @code{typeset}, @code{export}, @code{readonly},
+and @code{local} builtin commands (@var{declaration} commands).
+When in @sc{posix} mode (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}), these builtins may appear
+in a command after one or more instances of the @code{command} builtin
+and retain these assignment statement properties.
+
+In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value  
+to a shell variable or array index (@pxref{Arrays}), the @samp{+=}
+operator can be used to   
+append to or add to the variable's previous value.
+This includes arguments to builtin commands such as @code{declare} that
+accept assignment statements (@var{declaration} commands).
+When @samp{+=} is applied to a variable for which the @var{integer} attribute
+has been set, @var{value} is evaluated as an arithmetic expression and
+added to the variable's current value, which is also evaluated.
+When @samp{+=} is applied to an array variable using compound assignment
+(@pxref{Arrays}), the
+variable's value is not unset (as it is when using @samp{=}), and new
+values are appended to the array beginning at one greater than the array's
+maximum index (for indexed arrays),  or added as additional key-value pairs
+in an associative array.
+When applied to a string-valued variable, @var{value} is expanded and
+appended to the variable's value.
+
+A variable can be assigned the @var{nameref} attribute using the
+@option{-n} option to the @code{declare} or @code{local} builtin commands
+(@pxref{Bash Builtins})
+to create a @var{nameref}, or a reference to another variable.
+This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly.
+Whenever the nameref variable is referenced, assigned to, unset, or has
+its attributes modified (other than using or changing the nameref
+attribute itself), the
+operation is actually performed on the variable specified by the nameref
+variable's value.
+A nameref is commonly used within shell functions to refer to a variable
+whose name is passed as an argument to the function.
+For instance, if a variable name is passed to a shell function as its first
+argument, running
+@example
+declare -n ref=$1
+@end example
+@noindent
+inside the function creates a nameref variable @var{ref} whose value is
+the variable name passed as the first argument.
+References and assignments to @var{ref}, and changes to its attributes,
+are treated as references, assignments, and attribute modifications
+to the variable whose name was passed as @code{$1}.
+
+If the control variable in a @code{for} loop has the nameref attribute,
+the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a name reference
+will be established for each word in the list, in turn, when the loop is
+executed.
+Array variables cannot be given the nameref attribute.
+However, nameref variables can reference array variables and subscripted
+array variables.
+Namerefs can be unset using the @option{-n} option to the @code{unset} builtin
+(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}).
+Otherwise, if @code{unset} is executed with the name of a nameref variable
+as an argument, the variable referenced by the nameref variable will be unset.
+
+@node Positional Parameters
+@subsection Positional Parameters
+@cindex parameters, positional
+
+A @var{positional parameter} is a parameter denoted by one or more
+digits, other than the single digit @code{0}.  Positional parameters are
+assigned from the shell's arguments when it is invoked,
+and may be reassigned using the @code{set} builtin command.
+Positional parameter @code{N} may be referenced as @code{$@{N@}}, or
+as @code{$N} when @code{N} consists of a single digit.
+Positional parameters may not be assigned to with assignment statements.
+The @code{set} and @code{shift} builtins are used to set and
+unset them (@pxref{Shell Builtin Commands}).
+The positional parameters are
+temporarily replaced when a shell function is executed
+(@pxref{Shell Functions}).
+
+When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single
+digit is expanded, it must be enclosed in braces.
+
+@node Special Parameters
+@subsection Special Parameters
+@cindex parameters, special
+
+The shell treats several parameters specially.  These parameters may
+only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed.
+
+@vtable @code
+
+@item *
+@vindex $*
+($*) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.
+When the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional parameter
+expands to a separate word.
+In contexts where it is performed, those words
+are subject to further word splitting and pathname expansion.
+When the expansion occurs within double quotes, it expands to a single word
+with the value of each parameter separated by the first character of the
+@env{IFS} special variable.  That is, @code{"$*"} is equivalent
+to @code{"$1@var{c}$2@var{c}@dots{}"}, where @var{c}
+is the first character of the value of the @code{IFS}
+variable.
+If @env{IFS} is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces.
+If @env{IFS} is null, the parameters are joined without intervening
+separators.
+
+@item @@
+@vindex $@@
+($@@) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.
+In contexts where word splitting is performed, this expands each
+positional parameter to a separate word; if not within double
+quotes, these words are subject to word splitting.
+In contexts where word splitting is not performed,
+this expands to a single word
+with each positional parameter separated by a space.
+When the
+expansion occurs within double quotes, and word splitting is performed,
+each parameter expands to a
+separate word.  That is, @code{"$@@"} is equivalent to
+@code{"$1" "$2" @dots{}}.
+If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of
+the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original
+word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last
+part of the original word.
+When there are no positional parameters, @code{"$@@"} and
+@code{$@@}
+expand to nothing (i.e., they are removed).
+
+@item #
+@vindex $#
+($#) Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal.
+
+@item ?
+@vindex $?
+($?) Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed foreground
+pipeline.
+
+@item -
+@vindex $-
+($-, a hyphen.)  Expands to the current option flags as specified upon
+invocation, by the @code{set}
+builtin command, or those set by the shell itself
+(such as the @option{-i} option).
+
+@item $
+@vindex $$
+($$) Expands to the process @sc{id} of the shell.  In a @code{()} subshell, it
+expands to the process @sc{id} of the invoking shell, not the subshell.
+
+@item !
+@vindex $!
+($!) Expands to the process @sc{id} of the job most recently placed into the
+background, whether executed as an asynchronous command or using
+the @code{bg} builtin (@pxref{Job Control Builtins}).
+
+@item 0
+@vindex $0
+($0) Expands to the name of the shell or shell script.  This is set at
+shell initialization.  If Bash is invoked with a file of commands
+(@pxref{Shell Scripts}), @code{$0} is set to the name of that file.
+If Bash is started with the @option{-c} option (@pxref{Invoking Bash}),
+then @code{$0} is set to the first argument after the string to be
+executed, if one is present.  Otherwise, it is set
+to the filename used to invoke Bash, as given by argument zero.
+
+@item _
+@vindex $_
+($_, an underscore.)
+At shell startup, set to the absolute pathname used to invoke the
+shell or shell script being executed as passed in the environment
+or argument list.
+Subsequently, expands to the last argument to the previous simple
+command executed in the foreground, after expansion. 
+Also set to the full pathname used to invoke each command executed
+and placed in the environment exported to that command.
+When checking mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail file.
+@end vtable
+
+@node Shell Expansions
+@section Shell Expansions
+@cindex expansion
+
+Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into
+@code{token}s.  There are seven kinds of expansion performed:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item brace expansion
+@item tilde expansion
+@item parameter and variable expansion
+@item command substitution
+@item arithmetic expansion
+@item word splitting
+@item filename expansion
+@end itemize
+
+@menu
+* Brace Expansion::		Expansion of expressions within braces.
+* Tilde Expansion::		Expansion of the ~ character.
+* Shell Parameter Expansion::	How Bash expands variables to their values.
+* Command Substitution::	Using the output of a command as an argument.
+* Arithmetic Expansion::	How to use arithmetic in shell expansions.
+* Process Substitution::	A way to write and read to and from a
+				command.
+* Word Splitting::	How the results of expansion are split into separate
+			arguments.
+* Filename Expansion::	A shorthand for specifying filenames matching patterns.
+* Quote Removal::	How and when quote characters are removed from
+			words.
+@end menu
+
+The order of expansions is:
+brace expansion;
+tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion,
+and command substitution (done in a left-to-right fashion);
+word splitting;
+and filename expansion.
+
+On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion
+available: @var{process substitution}.
+This is performed at the
+same time as tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and
+command substitution.
+
+After these expansions are performed, quote characters present in the
+original word are removed unless they have been quoted themselves
+(@var{quote removal}).
+
+Only brace expansion, word splitting, and filename expansion
+can increase the number of words of the expansion; other expansions
+expand a single word to a single word.
+The only exceptions to this are the expansions of
+@code{"$@@"} and @code{$*} (@pxref{Special Parameters}), and
+@code{"$@{@var{name}[@@]@}"} and @code{$@{@var{name}[*]@}}
+(@pxref{Arrays}).
+
+After all expansions, @code{quote removal} (@pxref{Quote Removal})
+is performed.
+
+@node Brace Expansion
+@subsection Brace Expansion
+@cindex brace expansion
+@cindex expansion, brace
+
+Brace expansion is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be generated.
+This mechanism is similar to
+@var{filename expansion} (@pxref{Filename Expansion}),
+but the filenames generated need not exist.
+Patterns to be brace expanded take the form of an optional @var{preamble},
+followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a sequence expression
+between a pair of braces,
+followed by an optional @var{postscript}.
+The preamble is prefixed to each string contained within the braces, and
+the postscript is then appended to each resulting string, expanding left
+to right.
+
+Brace expansions may be nested.
+The results of each expanded string are not sorted; left to right order
+is preserved.
+For example,
+@example
+bash$ echo a@{d,c,b@}e
+ade ace abe
+@end example
+
+A sequence expression takes the form @code{@{@var{x}..@var{y}[..@var{incr}]@}},
+where @var{x} and @var{y} are either integers or single characters,
+and @var{incr}, an optional increment, is an integer.
+When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each number between
+@var{x} and @var{y}, inclusive.
+Supplied integers may be prefixed with @samp{0} to force each term to have the
+same width.
+When either @var{x} or @var{y} begins with a zero, the shell
+attempts to force all generated terms to contain the same number of digits,
+zero-padding where necessary.
+When characters are supplied, the expression expands to each character
+lexicographically between @var{x} and @var{y}, inclusive,
+using the default C locale.
+Note that both @var{x} and @var{y} must be of the same type.
+When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference between
+each term.  The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate.
+
+Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions,
+and any characters special to other expansions are preserved
+in the result.  It is strictly textual.  Bash
+does not apply any syntactic interpretation to the context of the
+expansion or the text between the braces.
+
+A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening
+and closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid
+sequence expression.
+Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged.
+
+A @{ or @samp{,} may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its
+being considered part of a brace expression.
+To avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string @samp{$@{}
+is not considered eligible for brace expansion,
+and inhibits brace expansion until the closing @samp{@}}..
+
+This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common
+prefix of the strings to be generated is longer than in the
+above example:
+@example
+mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/@{old,new,dist,bugs@}
+@end example
+or
+@example
+chown root /usr/@{ucb/@{ex,edit@},lib/@{ex?.?*,how_ex@}@}
+@end example
+
+@node Tilde Expansion
+@subsection Tilde Expansion
+@cindex tilde expansion
+@cindex expansion, tilde
+
+If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character (@samp{~}), all of the
+characters up to the first unquoted slash (or all characters,
+if there is no unquoted slash) are considered a @var{tilde-prefix}.
+If none of the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the
+characters in the tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a
+possible @var{login name}.
+If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the
+value of the @env{HOME} shell variable.
+If @env{HOME} is unset, the home directory of the user executing the
+shell is substituted instead.
+Otherwise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory
+associated with the specified login name.
+
+If the tilde-prefix is @samp{~+}, the value of
+the shell variable @env{PWD} replaces the tilde-prefix.
+If the tilde-prefix is @samp{~-}, the value of the shell variable
+@env{OLDPWD}, if it is set, is substituted.
+
+If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a
+number @var{N}, optionally prefixed by a @samp{+} or a @samp{-},
+the tilde-prefix is replaced with the
+corresponding element from the directory stack, as it would be displayed
+by the @code{dirs} builtin invoked with the characters following tilde
+in the tilde-prefix as an argument (@pxref{The Directory Stack}).
+If the tilde-prefix, sans the tilde, consists of a number without a
+leading @samp{+} or @samp{-}, @samp{+} is assumed.
+
+If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the word is
+left unchanged.
+
+Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes immediately
+following a @samp{:} or the first @samp{=}.
+In these cases, tilde expansion is also performed.
+Consequently, one may use filenames with tildes in assignments to
+@env{PATH}, @env{MAILPATH}, and @env{CDPATH},
+and the shell assigns the expanded value.
+
+The following table shows how Bash treats unquoted tilde-prefixes:
+
+@table @code
+@item ~
+The value of @code{$HOME}
+@item ~/foo
+@file{$HOME/foo}
+
+@item ~fred/foo
+The subdirectory @code{foo} of the home directory of the user
+@code{fred}
+
+@item ~+/foo
+@file{$PWD/foo}
+
+@item ~-/foo
+@file{$@{OLDPWD-'~-'@}/foo}
+
+@item ~@var{N}
+The string that would be displayed by @samp{dirs +@var{N}}
+
+@item ~+@var{N}
+The string that would be displayed by @samp{dirs +@var{N}}
+
+@item ~-@var{N}
+The string that would be displayed by @samp{dirs -@var{N}}
+@end table
+
+Bash also performs tilde expansion on words satisfying the conditions of
+variable assignments (@pxref{Shell Parameters})
+when they appear as arguments to simple commands.
+Bash does not do this, except for the @var{declaration} commands listed
+above, when in @sc{posix} mode.
+
+@node Shell Parameter Expansion
+@subsection Shell Parameter Expansion
+@cindex parameter expansion
+@cindex expansion, parameter
+
+The @samp{$} character introduces parameter expansion,
+command substitution, or arithmetic expansion.  The parameter name
+or symbol to be expanded may be enclosed in braces, which
+are optional but serve to protect the variable to be expanded from
+characters immediately following it which could be
+interpreted as part of the name.
+
+When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first @samp{@}}
+not escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an
+embedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter
+expansion.
+
+The basic form of parameter expansion is $@{@var{parameter}@}.
+The value of @var{parameter} is substituted.
+The @var{parameter} is a shell parameter as described above
+(@pxref{Shell Parameters}) or an array reference (@pxref{Arrays}).
+The braces are required when @var{parameter}
+is a positional parameter with more than one digit,
+or when @var{parameter} is followed by a character that is not to be
+interpreted as part of its name.
+
+If the first character of @var{parameter} is an exclamation point (!),
+and @var{parameter} is not a @var{nameref},
+it introduces a level of indirection.
+Bash uses the value formed by expanding the rest of
+@var{parameter} as the new @var{parameter}; this is then
+expanded and that value is used in the rest of the expansion, rather
+than the expansion of the original @var{parameter}.
+This is known as @code{indirect expansion}.
+The value is subject to tilde expansion,
+parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.
+If @var{parameter} is a nameref, this expands to the name of the
+variable referenced by @var{parameter} instead of performing the
+complete indirect expansion.
+The exceptions to this are the expansions of $@{!@var{prefix}*@}
+and $@{!@var{name}[@@]@}
+described below.
+The exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to
+introduce indirection.
+
+In each of the cases below, @var{word} is subject to tilde expansion,
+parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.
+
+When not performing substring expansion, using the form described
+below (e.g., @samp{:-}), Bash tests for a parameter that is unset or null.
+Omitting the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset.
+Put another way, if the colon is included,
+the operator tests for both @var{parameter}'s existence and that its value
+is not null; if the colon is omitted, the operator tests only for existence.
+
+@table @code
+
+@item $@{@var{parameter}:@minus{}@var{word}@}
+If @var{parameter} is unset or null, the expansion of
+@var{word} is substituted.  Otherwise, the value of
+@var{parameter} is substituted.
+
+@item $@{@var{parameter}:=@var{word}@}
+If @var{parameter}
+is unset or null, the expansion of @var{word}
+is assigned to @var{parameter}.
+The value of @var{parameter} is then substituted. 
+Positional parameters and special parameters may not be assigned to
+in this way.
+
+@item $@{@var{parameter}:?@var{word}@}
+If @var{parameter}
+is null or unset, the expansion of @var{word} (or a message
+to that effect if @var{word}
+is not present) is written to the standard error and the shell, if it
+is not interactive, exits.  Otherwise, the value of @var{parameter} is
+substituted.
+
+@item $@{@var{parameter}:+@var{word}@}
+If @var{parameter}
+is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the expansion of
+@var{word} is substituted.
+
+@item $@{@var{parameter}:@var{offset}@}
+@itemx $@{@var{parameter}:@var{offset}:@var{length}@}
+This is referred to as Substring Expansion.
+It expands to up to @var{length} characters of the value of @var{parameter}
+starting at the character specified by @var{offset}.
+If @var{parameter} is @samp{@@}, an indexed array subscripted by
+@samp{@@} or @samp{*}, or an associative array name, the results differ as
+described below.
+If @var{length} is omitted, it expands to the substring of the value of
+@var{parameter} starting at the character specified by @var{offset}
+and extending to the end of the value.
+@var{length} and @var{offset} are arithmetic expressions
+(@pxref{Shell Arithmetic}).
+
+If @var{offset} evaluates to a number less than zero, the value
+is used as an offset in characters
+from the end of the value of @var{parameter}.
+If @var{length} evaluates to a number less than zero,
+it is interpreted as an offset in characters
+from the end of the value of @var{parameter} rather than
+a number of characters, and the expansion is the characters between
+@var{offset} and that result.
+Note that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by at least
+one space to avoid being confused with the @samp{:-} expansion.
+
+Here are some examples illustrating substring expansion on parameters and
+subscripted arrays:
+
+@verbatim
+$ string=01234567890abcdefgh
+$ echo ${string:7}
+7890abcdefgh
+$ echo ${string:7:0}
+
+$ echo ${string:7:2}
+78
+$ echo ${string:7:-2}
+7890abcdef
+$ echo ${string: -7}
+bcdefgh
+$ echo ${string: -7:0}
+
+$ echo ${string: -7:2}
+bc
+$ echo ${string: -7:-2}
+bcdef
+$ set -- 01234567890abcdefgh
+$ echo ${1:7}
+7890abcdefgh
+$ echo ${1:7:0}
+
+$ echo ${1:7:2}
+78
+$ echo ${1:7:-2}
+7890abcdef
+$ echo ${1: -7}
+bcdefgh
+$ echo ${1: -7:0}
+
+$ echo ${1: -7:2}
+bc
+$ echo ${1: -7:-2}
+bcdef
+$ array[0]=01234567890abcdefgh
+$ echo ${array[0]:7}
+7890abcdefgh
+$ echo ${array[0]:7:0}
+
+$ echo ${array[0]:7:2}
+78
+$ echo ${array[0]:7:-2}
+7890abcdef
+$ echo ${array[0]: -7}
+bcdefgh
+$ echo ${array[0]: -7:0}
+
+$ echo ${array[0]: -7:2}
+bc
+$ echo ${array[0]: -7:-2}
+bcdef
+@end verbatim
+
+If @var{parameter} is @samp{@@}, the result is @var{length} positional
+parameters beginning at @var{offset}.
+A negative @var{offset} is taken relative to one greater than the greatest
+positional parameter, so an offset of -1 evaluates to the last positional
+parameter.
+It is an expansion error if @var{length} evaluates to a number less than zero.
+
+The following examples illustrate substring expansion using positional
+parameters:
+
+@verbatim
+$ set -- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
+$ echo ${@:7}
+7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
+$ echo ${@:7:0}
+
+$ echo ${@:7:2}
+7 8
+$ echo ${@:7:-2}
+bash: -2: substring expression < 0
+$ echo ${@: -7:2}
+b c
+$ echo ${@:0}
+./bash 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
+$ echo ${@:0:2}
+./bash 1
+$ echo ${@: -7:0}
+
+@end verbatim
+
+If @var{parameter} is an indexed array name subscripted
+by @samp{@@} or @samp{*}, the result is the @var{length}
+members of the array beginning with @code{$@{@var{parameter}[@var{offset}]@}}.
+A negative @var{offset} is taken relative to one greater than the maximum
+index of the specified array.
+It is an expansion error if @var{length} evaluates to a number less than zero.
+
+These examples show how you can use substring expansion with indexed
+arrays:
+
+@verbatim
+$ array=(0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h)
+$ echo ${array[@]:7}
+7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
+$ echo ${array[@]:7:2}
+7 8
+$ echo ${array[@]: -7:2}
+b c
+$ echo ${array[@]: -7:-2}
+bash: -2: substring expression < 0
+$ echo ${array[@]:0}
+0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
+$ echo ${array[@]:0:2}
+0 1
+$ echo ${array[@]: -7:0}
+
+@end verbatim
+
+Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces undefined
+results.
+
+Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters
+are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by default.
+If @var{offset} is 0, and the positional parameters are used, @code{$@@} is
+prefixed to the list.
+
+@item $@{!@var{prefix}*@}
+@itemx $@{!@var{prefix}@@@}
+Expands to the names of variables whose names begin with @var{prefix},
+separated by the first character of the @env{IFS} special variable.
+When @samp{@@} is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each
+variable name expands to a separate word.
+
+@item $@{!@var{name}[@@]@}
+@itemx $@{!@var{name}[*]@}
+If @var{name} is an array variable, expands to the list of array indices
+(keys) assigned in @var{name}.
+If @var{name} is not an array, expands to 0 if @var{name} is set and null
+otherwise.
+When @samp{@@} is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each
+key expands to a separate word.
+
+@item $@{#@var{parameter}@}
+The length in characters of the expanded value of @var{parameter} is
+substituted.
+If @var{parameter} is @samp{*} or @samp{@@}, the value substituted
+is the number of positional parameters.
+If @var{parameter} is an array name subscripted by @samp{*} or @samp{@@}, 
+the value substituted is the number of elements in the array.
+If @var{parameter}
+is an indexed array name subscripted by a negative number, that number is
+interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of
+@var{parameter}, so negative indices count back from the end of the
+array, and an index of -1 references the last element.
+
+@item $@{@var{parameter}#@var{word}@}
+@itemx $@{@var{parameter}##@var{word}@}
+The @var{word}
+is expanded to produce a pattern and matched according to the rules
+described below (@pxref{Pattern Matching}).  If the pattern matches
+the beginning of the expanded value of @var{parameter},
+then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of @var{parameter}
+with the shortest matching pattern (the @samp{#} case) or the
+longest matching pattern (the @samp{##} case) deleted.
+If @var{parameter} is @samp{@@} or @samp{*},
+the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional
+parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+If @var{parameter} is an array variable subscripted with
+@samp{@@} or @samp{*},
+the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the
+array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+
+@item $@{@var{parameter}%@var{word}@}
+@itemx $@{@var{parameter}%%@var{word}@}
+The @var{word}
+is expanded to produce a pattern and matched according to the rules
+described below (@pxref{Pattern Matching}).  If the pattern matches
+If the pattern matches a trailing portion of the expanded value of
+@var{parameter}, then the result of the expansion is the value of
+@var{parameter} with the shortest matching pattern (the @samp{%} case)
+or the longest matching pattern (the @samp{%%} case) deleted.
+If @var{parameter} is @samp{@@} or @samp{*},
+the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional
+parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+If @var{parameter}
+is an array variable subscripted with @samp{@@} or @samp{*},
+the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the
+array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+
+@item $@{@var{parameter}/@var{pattern}/@var{string}@} 
+
+The @var{pattern} is expanded to produce a pattern just as in
+filename expansion.
+@var{Parameter} is expanded and the longest match of @var{pattern}
+against its value is replaced with @var{string}.
+The match is performed according to the rules described below
+(@pxref{Pattern Matching}).
+If @var{pattern} begins with @samp{/}, all matches of @var{pattern} are
+replaced with @var{string}.  Normally only the first match is replaced.
+If @var{pattern} begins with @samp{#}, it must match at the beginning
+of the expanded value of @var{parameter}.
+If @var{pattern} begins with @samp{%}, it must match at the end
+of the expanded value of @var{parameter}.
+If @var{string} is null, matches of @var{pattern} are deleted
+and the @code{/} following @var{pattern} may be omitted.
+If the @code{nocasematch} shell option   
+(see the description of @code{shopt} in @ref{The Shopt Builtin})
+is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case   
+of alphabetic characters.
+If @var{parameter} is @samp{@@} or @samp{*},
+the substitution operation is applied to each positional
+parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+If @var{parameter}
+is an array variable subscripted with @samp{@@} or @samp{*},
+the substitution operation is applied to each member of the
+array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+
+@item $@{@var{parameter}^@var{pattern}@}
+@itemx $@{@var{parameter}^^@var{pattern}@}
+@itemx $@{@var{parameter},@var{pattern}@}
+@itemx $@{@var{parameter},,@var{pattern}@}
+This expansion modifies the case of alphabetic characters in @var{parameter}.
+The @var{pattern} is expanded to produce a pattern just as in
+filename expansion.
+Each character in the expanded value of @var{parameter} is tested against
+@var{pattern}, and, if it matches the pattern, its case is converted.
+The pattern should not attempt to match more than one character.
+The @samp{^} operator converts lowercase letters matching @var{pattern}
+to uppercase; the @samp{,} operator converts matching uppercase letters
+to lowercase.
+The @samp{^^} and @samp{,,} expansions convert each matched character in the
+expanded value; the @samp{^} and @samp{,} expansions match and convert only
+the first character in the expanded value.
+If @var{pattern} is omitted, it is treated like a @samp{?}, which matches
+every character.
+If @var{parameter} is @samp{@@} or @samp{*},
+the case modification operation is applied to each positional
+parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+If @var{parameter}
+is an array variable subscripted with @samp{@@} or @samp{*},
+the case modification operation is applied to each member of the
+array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+
+@item $@{@var{parameter}@@@var{operator}@}
+The expansion is either a transformation of the value of @var{parameter}
+or information about @var{parameter} itself, depending on the value of
+@var{operator}.  Each @var{operator} is a single letter:
+
+@table @code
+@item Q
+The expansion is a string that is the value of @var{parameter} quoted in a
+format that can be reused as input.
+@item E
+The expansion is a string that is the value of @var{parameter} with backslash
+escape sequences expanded as with the @code{$'@dots{}'} quoting mechanism.
+@item P
+The expansion is a string that is the result of expanding the value of
+@var{parameter} as if it were a prompt string (@pxref{Controlling the Prompt}).
+@item A
+The expansion is a string in the form of
+an assignment statement or @code{declare} command that, if
+evaluated, will recreate @var{parameter} with its attributes and value.
+@item a
+The expansion is a string consisting of flag values representing
+@var{parameter}'s attributes.
+@end table
+
+If @var{parameter} is @samp{@@} or @samp{*},
+the operation is applied to each positional
+parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+If @var{parameter}
+is an array variable subscripted with @samp{@@} or @samp{*},
+the operation is applied to each member of the
+array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+
+The result of the expansion is subject to word splitting and pathname
+expansion as described below.
+@end table
+
+@node Command Substitution
+@subsection Command Substitution
+@cindex command substitution
+
+Command substitution allows the output of a command to replace
+the command itself.
+Command substitution occurs when a command is enclosed as follows:
+@example
+$(@var{command})
+@end example
+@noindent
+or
+@example
+`@var{command}`
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+Bash performs the expansion by executing @var{command} in a subshell environment
+and replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the
+command, with any trailing newlines deleted.
+Embedded newlines are not deleted, but they may be removed during
+word splitting.
+The command substitution @code{$(cat @var{file})} can be
+replaced by the equivalent but faster @code{$(< @var{file})}.
+
+When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used,
+backslash retains its literal meaning except when followed by
+@samp{$}, @samp{`}, or @samp{\}. 
+The first backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the
+command substitution.
+When using the @code{$(@var{command})} form, all characters between
+the parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially.
+
+Command substitutions may be nested.  To nest when using the backquoted
+form, escape the inner backquotes with backslashes.
+
+If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and
+filename expansion are not performed on the results.
+
+@node Arithmetic Expansion
+@subsection Arithmetic Expansion
+@cindex expansion, arithmetic
+@cindex arithmetic expansion
+
+Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression
+and the substitution of the result.  The format for arithmetic expansion is:
+
+@example
+$(( @var{expression} ))
+@end example
+
+The expression is treated as if it were within double quotes, but
+a double quote inside the parentheses is not treated specially.
+All tokens in the expression undergo parameter and variable expansion,
+command substitution, and quote removal.
+The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be evaluated.
+Arithmetic expansions may be nested. 
+
+The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below
+(@pxref{Shell Arithmetic}).
+If the expression is invalid, Bash prints a message indicating
+failure to the standard error and no substitution occurs.
+
+@node Process Substitution
+@subsection Process Substitution
+@cindex process substitution
+
+Process substitution allows a process's input or output to be
+referred to using a filename.
+It takes the form of 
+@example
+<(@var{list})
+@end example
+@noindent
+or
+@example
+>(@var{list})
+@end example
+@noindent
+The process @var{list} is run asynchronously, and its input or output 
+appears as a filename.
+This filename is
+passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the
+expansion.
+If the @code{>(@var{list})} form is used, writing to
+the file will provide input for @var{list}.  If the
+@code{<(@var{list})} form is used, the file passed as an
+argument should be read to obtain the output of @var{list}.
+Note that no space may appear between the @code{<} or @code{>}
+and the left parenthesis, otherwise the construct would be interpreted
+as a redirection.
+Process substitution is supported on systems that support named
+pipes (@sc{fifo}s) or the @file{/dev/fd} method of naming open files.
+
+When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with
+parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
+expansion.
+
+@node Word Splitting
+@subsection Word Splitting
+@cindex word splitting
+
+The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command substitution,
+and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double quotes for
+word splitting.
+
+The shell treats each character of @env{$IFS} as a delimiter, and splits
+the results of the other expansions into words using these characters
+as field terminators.
+If @env{IFS} is unset, or its value is exactly @code{<space><tab><newline>},
+the default, then sequences of
+@code{ <space>}, @code{<tab>}, and @code{<newline>}
+at the beginning and end of the results of the previous
+expansions are ignored, and any sequence of @env{IFS}
+characters not at the beginning or end serves to delimit words.
+If @env{IFS} has a value other than the default, then sequences of
+the whitespace characters @code{space}, @code{tab}, and @code{newline}
+are ignored at the beginning and end of the
+word, as long as the whitespace character is in the
+value of @env{IFS} (an @env{IFS} whitespace character).
+Any character in @env{IFS} that is not @env{IFS}
+whitespace, along with any adjacent @env{IFS}
+whitespace characters, delimits a field.  A sequence of @env{IFS}
+whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter.
+If the value of @env{IFS} is null, no word splitting occurs.
+
+Explicit null arguments (@code{""} or @code{''}) are retained
+and passed to commands as empty strings.
+Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the expansion of
+parameters that have no values, are removed.
+If a parameter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a
+null argument results and is retained
+and passed to a command as an empty string.
+When a quoted null argument appears as part of a word whose expansion is
+non-null, the null argument is removed.
+That is, the word
+@code{-d''} becomes @code{-d} after word splitting and
+null argument removal.
+
+Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting
+is performed.
+
+@node Filename Expansion
+@subsection Filename Expansion
+@menu
+* Pattern Matching::	How the shell matches patterns.
+@end menu
+@cindex expansion, filename
+@cindex expansion, pathname
+@cindex filename expansion
+@cindex pathname expansion
+
+After word splitting, unless the @option{-f} option has been set
+(@pxref{The Set Builtin}), Bash scans each word for the characters
+@samp{*}, @samp{?}, and @samp{[}.
+If one of these characters appears, then the word is
+regarded as a @var{pattern},
+and replaced with an alphabetically sorted list of
+filenames matching the pattern (@pxref{Pattern Matching}).
+If no matching filenames are found,
+and the shell option @code{nullglob} is disabled, the word is left
+unchanged.
+If the @code{nullglob} option is set, and no matches are found, the word
+is removed.
+If the @code{failglob} shell option is set, and no matches are found,
+an error message is printed and the command is not executed.
+If the shell option @code{nocaseglob} is enabled, the match is performed
+without regard to the case of alphabetic characters.
+
+When a pattern is used for filename expansion, the character @samp{.}
+at the start of a filename or immediately following a slash
+must be matched explicitly, unless the shell option @code{dotglob} is set.
+The filenames @samp{.} and @samp{..} must always be matched explicitly,
+even if @code{dotglob} is set.
+In other cases, the @samp{.} character is not treated specially.
+
+When matching a filename, the slash character must always be
+matched explicitly by a slash in the pattern, but in other matching
+contexts it can be matched by a special pattern character as described
+below (@pxref{Pattern Matching}).
+
+See the description of @code{shopt} in @ref{The Shopt Builtin},
+for a description of the @code{nocaseglob}, @code{nullglob},
+@code{failglob}, and @code{dotglob} options.
+
+The @env{GLOBIGNORE}
+shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file names matching a
+pattern.  If @env{GLOBIGNORE}
+is set, each matching file name that also matches one of the patterns in
+@env{GLOBIGNORE} is removed from the list of matches.
+If the @code{nocaseglob} option is set, the matching against the patterns in
+@env{GLOBIGNORE} is performed without regard to case.
+The filenames
+@file{.} and @file{..}
+are always ignored when @env{GLOBIGNORE}
+is set and not null.
+However, setting @env{GLOBIGNORE} to a non-null value has the effect of
+enabling the @code{dotglob}
+shell option, so all other filenames beginning with a
+@samp{.} will match.
+To get the old behavior of ignoring filenames beginning with a
+@samp{.}, make @samp{.*} one of the patterns in @env{GLOBIGNORE}.
+The @code{dotglob} option is disabled when @env{GLOBIGNORE}
+is unset.
+
+@node Pattern Matching
+@subsubsection Pattern Matching
+@cindex pattern matching
+@cindex matching, pattern
+
+Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern
+characters described below, matches itself.
+The @sc{nul} character may not occur in a pattern.
+A backslash escapes the following character; the
+escaping backslash is discarded when matching.
+The special pattern characters must be quoted if they are to be matched
+literally.
+
+The special pattern characters have the following meanings:
+@table @code
+@item *
+Matches any string, including the null string.
+When the @code{globstar} shell option is enabled, and @samp{*} is used in
+a filename expansion context, two adjacent @samp{*}s used as a single
+pattern will match all files and zero or more directories and
+subdirectories.
+If followed by a @samp{/}, two adjacent @samp{*}s will match only
+directories and subdirectories.
+@item ?
+Matches any single character.
+@item [@dots{}]
+Matches any one of the enclosed characters.  A pair of characters
+separated by a hyphen denotes a @var{range expression};
+any character that falls between those two characters, inclusive,
+using the current locale's collating sequence and character set,
+is matched.  If the first character following the
+@samp{[} is a @samp{!}  or a @samp{^}
+then any character not enclosed is matched.  A @samp{@minus{}}
+may be matched by including it as the first or last character
+in the set.  A @samp{]} may be matched by including it as the first
+character in the set.
+The sorting order of characters in range expressions is determined by
+the current locale and the values of the
+@env{LC_COLLATE} and @env{LC_ALL} shell variables, if set.
+
+For example, in the default C locale, @samp{[a-dx-z]} is equivalent to
+@samp{[abcdxyz]}.  Many locales sort characters in dictionary order, and in
+these locales @samp{[a-dx-z]} is typically not equivalent to @samp{[abcdxyz]};
+it might be equivalent to @samp{[aBbCcDdxXyYz]}, for example.  To obtain
+the traditional interpretation of ranges in bracket expressions, you can
+force the use of the C locale by setting the @env{LC_COLLATE} or
+@env{LC_ALL} environment variable to the value @samp{C}, or enable the
+@code{globasciiranges} shell option.
+
+Within @samp{[} and @samp{]}, @var{character classes} can be specified
+using the syntax
+@code{[:}@var{class}@code{:]}, where @var{class} is one of the
+following classes defined in the @sc{posix} standard:
+@example
+alnum   alpha   ascii   blank   cntrl   digit   graph   lower
+print   punct   space   upper   word    xdigit
+@end example
+@noindent
+A character class matches any character belonging to that class.
+The @code{word} character class matches letters, digits, and the character
+@samp{_}.
+
+Within @samp{[} and @samp{]}, an @var{equivalence class} can be
+specified using the syntax @code{[=}@var{c}@code{=]}, which
+matches all characters with the same collation weight (as defined
+by the current locale) as the character @var{c}.
+
+Within @samp{[} and @samp{]}, the syntax @code{[.}@var{symbol}@code{.]}
+matches the collating symbol @var{symbol}.
+@end table
+
+If the @code{extglob} shell option is enabled using the @code{shopt}
+builtin, several extended pattern matching operators are recognized.
+In the following description, a @var{pattern-list} is a list of one
+or more patterns separated by a @samp{|}.
+Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the following
+sub-patterns:
+
+@table @code
+@item ?(@var{pattern-list})
+Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns.
+
+@item *(@var{pattern-list})
+Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns.
+
+@item +(@var{pattern-list})
+Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns.
+
+@item @@(@var{pattern-list})
+Matches one of the given patterns.
+
+@item !(@var{pattern-list})
+Matches anything except one of the given patterns.
+@end table
+
+Complicated extended pattern matching against long strings is slow,
+especially when the patterns contain alternations and the strings
+contain multiple matches.
+Using separate matches against shorter strings, or using arrays of
+strings instead of a single long string, may be faster.
+
+@node Quote Removal
+@subsection Quote Removal
+
+After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the
+characters @samp{\}, @samp{'}, and @samp{"} that did not
+result from one of the above expansions are removed.
+
+@node Redirections
+@section Redirections
+@cindex redirection
+
+Before a command is executed, its input and output
+may be @var{redirected}
+using a special notation interpreted by the shell.
+Redirection allows commands' file handles to be
+duplicated, opened, closed,
+made to refer to different files,
+and can change the files the command reads from and writes to.
+Redirection may also be used to modify file handles in the
+current shell execution environment.  The following redirection
+operators may precede or appear anywhere within a
+simple command or may follow a command.
+Redirections are processed in the order they appear, from
+left to right.
+
+Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number
+may instead be preceded by a word of the form @{@var{varname}@}.
+In this case, for each redirection operator except
+>&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a file descriptor greater
+than 10 and assign it to @{@var{varname}@}.  If >&- or <&- is preceded
+by @{@var{varname}@}, the value of @var{varname} defines the file
+descriptor to close.
+If @{@var{varname}@} is supplied, the redirection persists beyond
+the scope of the command, allowing the shell programmer to manage
+the file descriptor himself.
+
+In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is
+omitted, and the first character of the redirection operator is
+@samp{<}, the redirection refers to the standard input (file
+descriptor 0).  If the first character of the redirection operator
+is @samp{>}, the redirection refers to the standard output (file
+descriptor 1).
+
+The word following the redirection operator in the following
+descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion,
+tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
+expansion, quote removal, filename expansion, and word splitting.
+If it expands to more than one word, Bash reports an error.
+
+Note that the order of redirections is significant.  For example,
+the command
+@example
+ls > @var{dirlist} 2>&1
+@end example
+@noindent
+directs both standard output (file descriptor 1) and standard error
+(file descriptor 2) to the file @var{dirlist}, while the command
+@example
+ls 2>&1 > @var{dirlist}
+@end example
+@noindent
+directs only the standard output to file @var{dirlist},
+because the standard error was made a copy of the standard output
+before the standard output was redirected to @var{dirlist}.
+
+Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in
+redirections, as described in the following table.
+If the operating system on which Bash is running provides these
+special files, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them
+internally with the behavior described below.
+
+@table @code
+@item /dev/fd/@var{fd}
+If @var{fd} is a valid integer, file descriptor @var{fd} is duplicated.
+
+@item /dev/stdin
+File descriptor 0 is duplicated.
+
+@item /dev/stdout
+File descriptor 1 is duplicated.
+
+@item /dev/stderr
+File descriptor 2 is duplicated.
+
+@item /dev/tcp/@var{host}/@var{port}
+If @var{host} is a valid hostname or Internet address, and @var{port}
+is an integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open
+the corresponding TCP socket.
+
+@item /dev/udp/@var{host}/@var{port}
+If @var{host} is a valid hostname or Internet address, and @var{port}
+is an integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open 
+the corresponding UDP socket.
+@end table
+
+A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail.
+
+Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with
+care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses
+internally.
+
+@subsection Redirecting Input
+Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from
+the expansion of @var{word}
+to be opened for reading on file descriptor @code{n},
+or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if @code{n}
+is not specified.
+
+The general format for redirecting input is:
+@example
+[@var{n}]<@var{word}
+@end example
+
+@subsection Redirecting Output
+Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from
+the expansion of @var{word}
+to be opened for writing on file descriptor @var{n},
+or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if @var{n}
+is not specified.  If the file does not exist it is created;
+if it does exist it is truncated to zero size.
+
+The general format for redirecting output is:
+@example
+[@var{n}]>[|]@var{word}
+@end example
+
+If the redirection operator is @samp{>}, and the @code{noclobber}
+option to the @code{set} builtin has been enabled, the redirection
+will fail if the file whose name results from the expansion of
+@var{word} exists and is a regular file.
+If the redirection operator is @samp{>|}, or the redirection operator is
+@samp{>} and the @code{noclobber} option is not enabled, the redirection
+is attempted even if the file named by @var{word} exists.
+
+@subsection Appending Redirected Output
+Redirection of output in this fashion
+causes the file whose name results from
+the expansion of @var{word}
+to be opened for appending on file descriptor @var{n},
+or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if @var{n}
+is not specified.  If the file does not exist it is created.
+
+The general format for appending output is:
+@example
+[@var{n}]>>@var{word}
+@end example
+
+@subsection Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error
+This construct allows both the
+standard output (file descriptor 1) and
+the standard error output (file descriptor 2)
+to be redirected to the file whose name is the
+expansion of @var{word}.
+
+There are two formats for redirecting standard output and
+standard error:
+@example
+&>@var{word}
+@end example
+@noindent
+and
+@example
+>&@var{word}
+@end example
+@noindent
+Of the two forms, the first is preferred.
+This is semantically equivalent to
+@example
+>@var{word} 2>&1
+@end example
+When using the second form, @var{word} may not expand to a number or
+@samp{-}.  If it does, other redirection operators apply
+(see Duplicating File Descriptors below) for compatibility reasons.
+
+@subsection Appending Standard Output and Standard Error
+This construct allows both the
+standard output (file descriptor 1) and
+the standard error output (file descriptor 2)
+to be appended to the file whose name is the
+expansion of @var{word}.
+
+The format for appending standard output and standard error is:
+@example
+&>>@var{word}
+@end example
+@noindent
+This is semantically equivalent to
+@example
+>>@var{word} 2>&1
+@end example
+(see Duplicating File Descriptors below).
+
+@subsection Here Documents
+This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the
+current source until a line containing only @var{word}
+(with no trailing blanks) is seen.  All of
+the lines read up to that point are then used as the standard
+input (or file descriptor @var{n} if @var{n} is specified) for a command.
+
+The format of here-documents is:
+@example
+[@var{n}]<<[@minus{}]@var{word}
+        @var{here-document}
+@var{delimiter}
+@end example
+
+No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution,
+arithmetic expansion, or filename expansion is performed on
+@var{word}.  If any part of @var{word} is quoted, the
+@var{delimiter} is the result of quote removal on @var{word},
+and the lines in the here-document are not expanded.
+If @var{word} is unquoted,
+all lines of the here-document are subjected to
+parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion,
+the character sequence @code{\newline} is ignored, and @samp{\}
+must be used to quote the characters
+@samp{\}, @samp{$}, and @samp{`}.
+
+If the redirection operator is @samp{<<-},
+then all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines and the
+line containing @var{delimiter}.
+This allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a
+natural fashion.
+
+@subsection Here Strings
+A variant of here documents, the format is:
+@example
+[@var{n}]<<< @var{word}
+@end example
+
+The @var{word} undergoes
+tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
+command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal.
+Pathname expansion and word splitting are not performed.
+The result is supplied as a single string,
+with a newline appended,
+to the command on its
+standard input (or file descriptor @var{n} if @var{n} is specified).
+
+@subsection Duplicating File Descriptors
+The redirection operator
+@example
+[@var{n}]<&@var{word}
+@end example
+@noindent
+is used to duplicate input file descriptors.
+If @var{word}
+expands to one or more digits, the file descriptor denoted by @var{n}
+is made to be a copy of that file descriptor.
+If the digits in @var{word} do not specify a file descriptor open for
+input, a redirection error occurs.
+If @var{word}
+evaluates to @samp{-}, file descriptor @var{n} is closed.
+If @var{n} is not specified, the standard input (file descriptor 0) is used.
+
+The operator
+@example
+[@var{n}]>&@var{word}
+@end example
+@noindent
+is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors.  If
+@var{n} is not specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used.
+If the digits in @var{word} do not specify a file descriptor open for
+output, a redirection error occurs.
+If @var{word}
+evaluates to @samp{-}, file descriptor @var{n} is closed.
+As a special case, if @var{n} is omitted, and @var{word} does not
+expand to one or more digits or @samp{-}, the standard output and standard
+error are redirected as described previously.
+
+@subsection Moving File Descriptors
+The redirection operator
+@example
+[@var{n}]<&@var{digit}-
+@end example
+@noindent
+moves the file descriptor @var{digit} to file descriptor @var{n},
+or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if @var{n} is not specified.
+@var{digit} is closed after being duplicated to @var{n}.
+
+Similarly, the redirection operator
+@example
+[@var{n}]>&@var{digit}-
+@end example
+@noindent
+moves the file descriptor @var{digit} to file descriptor @var{n},
+or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if @var{n} is not specified.
+
+@subsection Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing
+The redirection operator
+@example
+[@var{n}]<>@var{word}
+@end example
+@noindent
+causes the file whose name is the expansion of @var{word}
+to be opened for both reading and writing on file descriptor
+@var{n}, or on file descriptor 0 if @var{n}
+is not specified.  If the file does not exist, it is created.
+
+@node Executing Commands
+@section Executing Commands
+
+@menu
+* Simple Command Expansion::	How Bash expands simple commands before
+				executing them.
+* Command Search and Execution::	How Bash finds commands and runs them.
+* Command Execution Environment::	The environment in which Bash
+					executes commands that are not
+					shell builtins.
+* Environment::		The environment given to a command.
+* Exit Status::		The status returned by commands and how Bash
+			interprets it.
+* Signals::		What happens when Bash or a command it runs
+			receives a signal.
+@end menu
+
+@node Simple Command Expansion
+@subsection Simple Command Expansion
+@cindex command expansion
+
+When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following
+expansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right.
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments (those
+preceding the command name) and redirections are saved for later
+processing.
+
+@item
+The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are
+expanded (@pxref{Shell Expansions}).
+If any words remain after expansion, the first word
+is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words are
+the arguments.
+
+@item
+Redirections are performed as described above (@pxref{Redirections}).
+
+@item
+The text after the @samp{=} in each variable assignment undergoes tilde
+expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion,
+and quote removal before being assigned to the variable.
+@end enumerate
+
+If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current
+shell environment.  Otherwise, the variables are added to the environment
+of the executed command and do not affect the current shell environment.
+If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a readonly variable,
+an error occurs, and the command exits with a non-zero status.
+
+If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not
+affect the current shell environment.  A redirection error causes the
+command to exit with a non-zero status.
+
+If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as
+described below.  Otherwise, the command exits.  If one of the expansions
+contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command is
+the exit status of the last command substitution performed.  If there
+were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status of zero.
+
+@node Command Search and Execution
+@subsection Command Search and Execution
+@cindex command execution
+@cindex command search
+
+After a command has been split into words, if it results in a
+simple command and an optional list of arguments, the following
+actions are taken.
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to
+locate it.  If there exists a shell function by that name, that
+function is invoked as described in @ref{Shell Functions}.
+
+@item
+If the name does not match a function, the shell searches for
+it in the list of shell builtins.  If a match is found, that
+builtin is invoked.
+
+@item
+If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin,
+and contains no slashes, Bash searches each element of
+@env{$PATH} for a directory containing an executable file
+by that name.  Bash uses a hash table to remember the full
+pathnames of executable files to avoid multiple @env{PATH} searches
+(see the description of @code{hash} in @ref{Bourne Shell Builtins}).
+A full search of the directories in @env{$PATH}
+is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table.
+If the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell
+function named @code{command_not_found_handle}.
+If that function exists, it is invoked in a separate execution environment
+with the original command and
+the original command's arguments as its arguments, and the function's
+exit status becomes the exit status of that subshell.
+If that function is not defined, the shell prints an error
+message and returns an exit status of 127.
+
+@item
+If the search is successful, or if the command name contains
+one or more slashes, the shell executes the named program in
+a separate execution environment.
+Argument 0 is set to the name given, and the remaining arguments
+to the command are set to the arguments supplied, if any.
+
+@item
+If this execution fails because the file is not in executable
+format, and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a
+@var{shell script} and the shell executes it as described in
+@ref{Shell Scripts}.
+
+@item
+If the command was not begun asynchronously, the shell waits for
+the command to complete and collects its exit status.
+
+@end enumerate
+
+@node Command Execution Environment
+@subsection Command Execution Environment
+@cindex execution environment
+
+The shell has an @var{execution environment}, which consists of the
+following:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
+redirections supplied to the @code{exec} builtin
+
+@item
+the current working directory as set by @code{cd}, @code{pushd}, or
+@code{popd}, or inherited by the shell at invocation
+
+@item
+the file creation mode mask as set by @code{umask} or inherited from
+the shell's parent
+
+@item
+current traps set by @code{trap}
+
+@item
+shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with @code{set}
+or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment
+
+@item
+shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the shell's
+parent in the environment
+
+@item
+options enabled at invocation (either by default or with command-line
+arguments) or by @code{set}
+
+@item
+options enabled by @code{shopt} (@pxref{The Shopt Builtin})
+
+@item
+shell aliases defined with @code{alias} (@pxref{Aliases})
+
+@item
+various process @sc{id}s, including those of background jobs
+(@pxref{Lists}), the value of @code{$$}, and the value of
+@env{$PPID}
+
+@end itemize
+
+When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function
+is to be executed, it
+is invoked in a separate execution environment that consists of
+the following.  Unless otherwise noted, the values are inherited
+from the shell.
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions specified
+by redirections to the command
+
+@item
+the current working directory
+
+@item
+the file creation mode mask
+
+@item
+shell variables and functions marked for export, along with variables
+exported for the command, passed in the environment (@pxref{Environment})
+
+@item
+traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from the
+shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored
+
+@end itemize
+
+A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the
+shell's execution environment.
+
+Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses,
+and asynchronous commands are invoked in a
+subshell environment that is a duplicate of the shell environment,
+except that traps caught by the shell are reset to the values
+that the shell inherited from its parent at invocation.  Builtin
+commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline are also executed
+in a subshell environment.  Changes made to the subshell environment
+cannot affect the shell's execution environment.
+
+Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of
+the @option{-e} option from the parent shell.  When not in @sc{posix} mode,
+Bash clears the @option{-e} option in such subshells.
+
+If a command is followed by a @samp{&} and job control is not active, the
+default standard input for the command is the empty file @file{/dev/null}.
+Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the calling
+shell as modified by redirections.
+
+@node Environment
+@subsection Environment
+@cindex environment
+
+When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings
+called the @var{environment}.
+This is a list of name-value pairs, of the form @code{name=value}.
+
+Bash provides several ways to manipulate the environment.
+On invocation, the shell scans its own environment and
+creates a parameter for each name found, automatically marking
+it for @var{export}
+to child processes.  Executed commands inherit the environment.
+The @code{export} and @samp{declare -x}
+commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and
+deleted from the environment.  If the value of a parameter
+in the environment is modified, the new value becomes part
+of the environment, replacing the old.  The environment
+inherited by any executed command consists of the shell's
+initial environment, whose values may be modified in the shell,
+less any pairs removed by the @code{unset} and @samp{export -n}
+commands, plus any additions via the @code{export} and
+@samp{declare -x} commands.
+
+The environment for any simple command
+or function may be augmented temporarily by prefixing it with
+parameter assignments, as described in @ref{Shell Parameters}.
+These assignment statements affect only the environment seen
+by that command.
+
+If the @option{-k} option is set (@pxref{The Set Builtin}), then all
+parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command,
+not just those that precede the command name.
+
+When Bash invokes an external command, the variable @samp{$_}
+is set to the full pathname of the command and passed to that
+command in its environment.
+
+@node Exit Status
+@subsection Exit Status
+@cindex exit status
+
+The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the
+@var{waitpid} system call or equivalent function.  Exit statuses    
+fall between 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may
+use values above 125 specially.  Exit statuses from shell builtins and
+compound commands are also limited to this range.  Under certain
+circumstances, the shell will use special values to indicate specific
+failure modes.
+
+For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a
+zero exit status has succeeded.
+A non-zero exit status indicates failure.
+This seemingly counter-intuitive scheme is used so there
+is one well-defined way to indicate success and a variety of
+ways to indicate various failure modes.
+When a command terminates on a fatal signal whose number is @var{N},
+Bash uses the value 128+@var{N} as the exit status.
+
+If a command is not found, the child process created to
+execute it returns a status of 127.  If a command is found  
+but is not executable, the return status is 126.
+
+If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection,
+the exit status is greater than zero.
+
+The exit status is used by the Bash conditional commands
+(@pxref{Conditional Constructs}) and some of the list
+constructs (@pxref{Lists}).
+
+All of the Bash builtins return an exit status of zero if they succeed
+and a non-zero status on failure, so they may be used by the
+conditional and list constructs.
+All builtins return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage,
+generally invalid options or missing arguments.
+
+@node Signals
+@subsection Signals
+@cindex signal handling
+
+When Bash is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores
+@code{SIGTERM} (so that @samp{kill 0} does not kill an interactive shell),
+and @code{SIGINT}
+is caught and handled (so that the @code{wait} builtin is interruptible).
+When Bash receives a @code{SIGINT}, it breaks out of any executing loops.
+In all cases, Bash ignores @code{SIGQUIT}.
+If job control is in effect (@pxref{Job Control}), Bash
+ignores @code{SIGTTIN}, @code{SIGTTOU}, and @code{SIGTSTP}.
+
+Non-builtin commands started by Bash have signal handlers set to the
+values inherited by the shell from its parent.
+When job control is not in effect, asynchronous commands
+ignore @code{SIGINT} and @code{SIGQUIT} in addition to these inherited
+handlers.
+Commands run as a result of
+command substitution ignore the keyboard-generated job control signals
+@code{SIGTTIN}, @code{SIGTTOU}, and @code{SIGTSTP}.
+
+The shell exits by default upon receipt of a @code{SIGHUP}.
+Before exiting, an interactive shell resends the @code{SIGHUP} to
+all jobs, running or stopped.
+Stopped jobs are sent @code{SIGCONT} to ensure that they receive
+the @code{SIGHUP}.
+To prevent the shell from sending the @code{SIGHUP} signal to a
+particular job, it should be removed
+from the jobs table with the @code{disown}
+builtin (@pxref{Job Control Builtins}) or marked
+to not receive @code{SIGHUP} using @code{disown -h}.
+
+If the  @code{huponexit} shell option has been set with @code{shopt}
+(@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}), Bash sends a @code{SIGHUP} to all jobs when
+an interactive login shell exits.
+
+If Bash is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal
+for which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until
+the command completes.
+When Bash is waiting for an asynchronous
+command via the @code{wait} builtin, the reception of a signal for
+which a trap has been set will cause the @code{wait} builtin to return
+immediately with an exit status greater than 128, immediately after
+which the trap is executed.
+
+@node Shell Scripts
+@section Shell Scripts
+@cindex shell script
+
+A shell script is a text file containing shell commands.  When such
+a file is used as the first non-option argument when invoking Bash,
+and neither the @option{-c} nor @option{-s} option is supplied
+(@pxref{Invoking Bash}), 
+Bash reads and executes commands from the file, then exits.  This
+mode of operation creates a non-interactive shell.  The shell first
+searches for the file in the current directory, and looks in the
+directories in @env{$PATH} if not found there.
+
+When Bash runs
+a shell script, it sets the special parameter @code{0} to the name
+of the file, rather than the name of the shell, and the positional
+parameters are set to the remaining arguments, if any are given.
+If no additional arguments are supplied, the positional parameters
+are unset.
+
+A shell script may be made executable by using the @code{chmod} command
+to turn on the execute bit.  When Bash finds such a file while
+searching the @env{$PATH} for a command, it spawns a subshell to
+execute it.  In other words, executing
+@example
+filename @var{arguments}
+@end example
+@noindent
+is equivalent to executing
+@example
+bash filename @var{arguments}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+if @code{filename} is an executable shell script.
+This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as if a
+new shell had been invoked to interpret the script, with the
+exception that the locations of commands remembered by the parent
+(see the description of @code{hash} in @ref{Bourne Shell Builtins})
+are retained by the child.
+
+Most versions of Unix make this a part of the operating system's command
+execution mechanism.  If the first line of a script begins with
+the two characters @samp{#!}, the remainder of the line specifies
+an interpreter for the program.
+Thus, you can specify Bash, @code{awk}, Perl, or some other
+interpreter and write the rest of the script file in that language.
+
+The arguments to the interpreter
+consist of a single optional argument following the interpreter
+name on the first line of the script file, followed by the name of
+the script file, followed by the rest of the arguments.  Bash
+will perform this action on operating systems that do not handle it
+themselves.  Note that some older versions of Unix limit the interpreter
+name and argument to a maximum of 32 characters.
+
+Bash scripts often begin with @code{#! /bin/bash} (assuming that
+Bash has been installed in @file{/bin}), since this ensures that
+Bash will be used to interpret the script, even if it is executed
+under another shell.
+
+@node Shell Builtin Commands
+@chapter Shell Builtin Commands
+
+@menu
+* Bourne Shell Builtins::	Builtin commands inherited from the Bourne
+				Shell.
+* Bash Builtins::		Table of builtins specific to Bash.
+* Modifying Shell Behavior::	Builtins to modify shell attributes and
+				optional behavior.
+* Special Builtins::		Builtin commands classified specially by
+				POSIX.
+@end menu
+
+Builtin commands are contained within the shell itself.
+When the name of a builtin command is used as the first word of
+a simple command (@pxref{Simple Commands}), the shell executes
+the command directly, without invoking another program.
+Builtin commands are necessary to implement functionality impossible
+or inconvenient to obtain with separate utilities.
+
+This section briefly describes the builtins which Bash inherits from
+the Bourne Shell, as well as the builtin commands which are unique
+to or have been extended in Bash.
+
+Several builtin commands are described in other chapters: builtin
+commands which provide the Bash interface to the job control
+facilities (@pxref{Job Control Builtins}), the directory stack
+(@pxref{Directory Stack Builtins}), the command history
+(@pxref{Bash History Builtins}), and the programmable completion
+facilities (@pxref{Programmable Completion Builtins}).
+
+Many of the builtins have been extended by @sc{posix} or Bash.
+
+Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented as accepting
+options preceded by @samp{-} accepts @samp{--}
+to signify the end of the options.
+The @code{:}, @code{true}, @code{false}, and @code{test}/@code{[}
+builtins do not accept options and do not treat @samp{--} specially.
+The @code{exit}, @code{logout}, @code{return},
+@code{break}, @code{continue}, @code{let},
+and @code{shift} builtins accept and process arguments beginning
+with @samp{-} without requiring @samp{--}.
+Other builtins that accept arguments but are not specified as accepting
+options interpret arguments beginning with @samp{-} as invalid options and
+require @samp{--} to prevent this interpretation.
+
+@node Bourne Shell Builtins
+@section Bourne Shell Builtins
+
+The following shell builtin commands are inherited from the Bourne Shell.
+These commands are implemented as specified by the @sc{posix} standard.
+
+@table @code
+@item :    @r{(a colon)}
+@btindex :
+@example
+: [@var{arguments}]
+@end example
+
+Do nothing beyond expanding @var{arguments} and performing redirections.
+The return status is zero.
+
+@item .    @r{(a period)}
+@btindex .
+@example
+. @var{filename} [@var{arguments}]
+@end example
+
+Read and execute commands from the @var{filename} argument in the
+current shell context.  If @var{filename} does not contain a slash,
+the @env{PATH} variable is used to find @var{filename}.
+When Bash is not in @sc{posix} mode, the current directory is searched
+if @var{filename} is not found in @env{$PATH}.
+If any @var{arguments} are supplied, they become the positional
+parameters when @var{filename} is executed.  Otherwise the positional
+parameters are unchanged.
+If the @option{-T} option is enabled, @code{source} inherits any trap on
+@code{DEBUG}; if it is not, any @code{DEBUG} trap string is saved and
+restored around the call to @code{source}, and @code{source} unsets the
+@code{DEBUG} trap while it executes.
+If @option{-T} is not set, and the sourced file changes
+the @code{DEBUG} trap, the new value is retained when @code{source} completes.
+The return status is the exit status of the last command executed, or
+zero if no commands are executed.  If @var{filename} is not found, or
+cannot be read, the return status is non-zero.
+This builtin is equivalent to @code{source}.
+
+@item break
+@btindex break
+@example
+break [@var{n}]
+@end example
+
+Exit from a @code{for}, @code{while}, @code{until}, or @code{select} loop.
+If @var{n} is supplied, the @var{n}th enclosing loop is exited.
+@var{n} must be greater than or equal to 1.
+The return status is zero unless @var{n} is not greater than or equal to 1.
+
+@item cd
+@btindex cd
+@example
+cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@@] [@var{directory}]
+@end example
+
+Change the current working directory to @var{directory}.
+If @var{directory} is not supplied, the value of the @env{HOME}
+shell variable is used.
+Any additional arguments following @var{directory} are ignored.
+If the shell variable
+@env{CDPATH} exists, it is used as a search path:
+each directory name in @env{CDPATH} is searched for
+@var{directory}, with alternative directory names in @env{CDPATH}
+separated by a colon (@samp{:}).
+If @var{directory} begins with a slash, @env{CDPATH} is not used.
+
+The @option{-P} option means to not follow symbolic links: symbolic links
+are resolved while @code{cd} is traversing @var{directory} and before
+processing an instance of @samp{..} in @var{directory}.
+
+By default, or when the @option{-L} option is supplied, symbolic links
+in @var{directory} are resolved after @code{cd} processes an instance
+of @samp{..} in @var{directory}.
+
+If @samp{..} appears in @var{directory}, it is processed by removing the
+immediately preceding pathname component, back to a slash or the beginning
+of @var{directory}.
+
+If the @option{-e} option is supplied with @option{-P}
+and the current working directory cannot be successfully determined
+after a successful directory change, @code{cd} will return an unsuccessful
+status.
+
+On systems that support it, the @option{-@@} option presents the extended
+attributes associated with a file as a directory.              
+
+If @var{directory} is @samp{-}, it is converted to @env{$OLDPWD}
+before the directory change is attempted.
+
+If a non-empty directory name from @env{CDPATH} is used, or if
+@samp{-} is the first argument, and the directory change is
+successful, the absolute pathname of the new working directory is
+written to the standard output.
+
+The return status is zero if the directory is successfully changed,
+non-zero otherwise.
+
+@item continue
+@btindex continue
+@example
+continue [@var{n}]
+@end example
+
+Resume the next iteration of an enclosing @code{for}, @code{while},
+@code{until}, or @code{select} loop.
+If @var{n} is supplied, the execution of the @var{n}th enclosing loop
+is resumed.
+@var{n} must be greater than or equal to 1.
+The return status is zero unless @var{n} is not greater than or equal to 1.
+
+@item eval
+@btindex eval
+@example
+eval [@var{arguments}]
+@end example
+
+The arguments are concatenated together into a single command, which is
+then read and executed, and its exit status returned as the exit status
+of @code{eval}.
+If there are no arguments or only empty arguments, the return status is
+zero.
+
+@item exec
+@btindex exec
+@example
+exec [-cl] [-a @var{name}] [@var{command} [@var{arguments}]]
+@end example
+
+If @var{command}
+is supplied, it replaces the shell without creating a new process.
+If the @option{-l} option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the
+beginning of the zeroth argument passed to @var{command}.
+This is what the @code{login} program does.
+The @option{-c} option causes @var{command} to be executed with an empty
+environment.
+If @option{-a} is supplied, the shell passes @var{name} as the zeroth
+argument to @var{command}.
+If @var{command}
+cannot be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits,
+unless the @code{execfail} shell option
+is enabled.  In that case, it returns failure.
+An interactive shell returns failure if the file cannot be executed.
+A subshell exits unconditionally if @code{exec} fails.
+If no @var{command} is specified, redirections may be used to affect
+the current shell environment.  If there are no redirection errors, the
+return status is zero; otherwise the return status is non-zero.
+
+@item exit
+@btindex exit
+@example
+exit [@var{n}]
+@end example
+
+Exit the shell, returning a status of @var{n} to the shell's parent.
+If @var{n} is omitted, the exit status is that of the last command executed.
+Any trap on @code{EXIT} is executed before the shell terminates.
+
+@item export
+@btindex export
+@example
+export [-fn] [-p] [@var{name}[=@var{value}]]
+@end example
+
+Mark each @var{name} to be passed to child processes
+in the environment.  If the @option{-f} option is supplied, the @var{name}s
+refer to shell functions; otherwise the names refer to shell variables.
+The @option{-n} option means to no longer mark each @var{name} for export.
+If no @var{names} are supplied, or if the @option{-p} option is given, a
+list of names of all exported variables is displayed.
+The @option{-p} option displays output in a form that may be reused as input.
+If a variable name is followed by =@var{value}, the value of
+the variable is set to @var{value}.
+
+The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied, one of
+the names is not a valid shell variable name, or @option{-f} is supplied
+with a name that is not a shell function.
+
+@item getopts
+@btindex getopts
+@example
+getopts @var{optstring} @var{name} [@var{args}]
+@end example
+
+@code{getopts} is used by shell scripts to parse positional parameters.
+@var{optstring} contains the option characters to be recognized; if a
+character is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an
+argument, which should be separated from it by whitespace.
+The colon (@samp{:}) and question mark (@samp{?}) may not be
+used as option characters.
+Each time it is invoked, @code{getopts}
+places the next option in the shell variable @var{name}, initializing
+@var{name} if it does not exist,
+and the index of the next argument to be processed into the
+variable @env{OPTIND}.
+@env{OPTIND} is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a shell script
+is invoked.
+When an option requires an argument,
+@code{getopts} places that argument into the variable @env{OPTARG}.
+The shell does not reset @env{OPTIND} automatically; it must be manually
+reset between multiple calls to @code{getopts} within the same shell
+invocation if a new set of parameters is to be used.
+
+When the end of options is encountered, @code{getopts} exits with a
+return value greater than zero.
+@env{OPTIND} is set to the index of the first non-option argument,
+and @var{name} is set to @samp{?}.
+
+@code{getopts}
+normally parses the positional parameters, but if more arguments are
+given in @var{args}, @code{getopts} parses those instead.
+
+@code{getopts} can report errors in two ways.  If the first character of
+@var{optstring} is a colon, @var{silent}
+error reporting is used.  In normal operation, diagnostic messages
+are printed when invalid options or missing option arguments are
+encountered.
+If the variable @env{OPTERR}
+is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed, even if the first
+character of @code{optstring} is not a colon.
+
+If an invalid option is seen,
+@code{getopts} places @samp{?} into @var{name} and, if not silent,
+prints an error message and unsets @env{OPTARG}.
+If @code{getopts} is silent, the option character found is placed in
+@env{OPTARG} and no diagnostic message is printed.
+
+If a required argument is not found, and @code{getopts}
+is not silent, a question mark (@samp{?}) is placed in @var{name},
+@code{OPTARG} is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed.
+If @code{getopts} is silent, then a colon (@samp{:}) is placed in
+@var{name} and @env{OPTARG} is set to the option character found.
+
+@item hash
+@btindex hash
+@example
+hash [-r] [-p @var{filename}] [-dt] [@var{name}]
+@end example
+
+Each time @code{hash} is invoked, it remembers the full pathnames of the
+commands specified as @var{name} arguments,
+so they need not be searched for on subsequent invocations.
+The commands are found by searching through the directories listed in
+@env{$PATH}.
+Any previously-remembered pathname is discarded.
+The @option{-p} option inhibits the path search, and @var{filename} is
+used as the location of @var{name}.
+The @option{-r} option causes the shell to forget all remembered locations.
+The @option{-d} option causes the shell to forget the remembered location
+of each @var{name}.
+If the @option{-t} option is supplied, the full pathname to which each
+@var{name} corresponds is printed.  If multiple @var{name} arguments are
+supplied with @option{-t}, the @var{name} is printed before the hashed
+full pathname.
+The @option{-l} option causes output to be displayed in a format
+that may be reused as input.
+If no arguments are given, or if only @option{-l} is supplied,
+information about remembered commands is printed.
+The return status is zero unless a @var{name} is not found or an invalid
+option is supplied.
+
+@item pwd
+@btindex pwd
+@example
+pwd [-LP]
+@end example
+
+Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.
+If the @option{-P} option is supplied, the pathname printed will not
+contain symbolic links.
+If the @option{-L} option is supplied, the pathname printed may contain
+symbolic links.
+The return status is zero unless an error is encountered while
+determining the name of the current directory or an invalid option
+is supplied.
+
+@item readonly
+@btindex readonly
+@example
+readonly [-aAf] [-p] [@var{name}[=@var{value}]] @dots{}
+@end example
+
+Mark each @var{name} as readonly.
+The values of these names may not be changed by subsequent assignment.
+If the @option{-f} option is supplied, each @var{name} refers to a shell
+function.
+The @option{-a} option means each @var{name} refers to an indexed
+array variable; the @option{-A} option means each @var{name} refers
+to an associative array variable.
+If both options are supplied, @option{-A} takes precedence.
+If no @var{name} arguments are given, or if the @option{-p}
+option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed.
+The other options may be used to restrict the output to a subset of
+the set of readonly names.
+The @option{-p} option causes output to be displayed in a format that
+may be reused as input.
+If a variable name is followed by =@var{value}, the value of
+the variable is set to @var{value}.
+The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied, one of
+the @var{name} arguments is not a valid shell variable or function name,
+or the @option{-f} option is supplied with a name that is not a shell function.
+
+@item return
+@btindex return
+@example
+return [@var{n}]
+@end example
+
+Cause a shell function to stop executing and return the value @var{n}
+to its caller.
+If @var{n} is not supplied, the return value is the exit status of the
+last command executed in the function.
+If @code{return} is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to
+determine the status is the last command executed before the trap handler.
+If @code{return} is executed during a @code{DEBUG} trap, the last command
+used to determine the status is the last command executed by the trap
+handler before @code{return} was invoked.
+@code{return} may also be used to terminate execution of a script
+being executed with the @code{.} (@code{source}) builtin,
+returning either @var{n} or
+the exit status of the last command executed within the script as the exit
+status of the script.
+If @var{n} is supplied, the return value is its least significant
+8 bits.
+Any command associated with the @code{RETURN} trap is executed
+before execution resumes after the function or script.
+The return status is non-zero if @code{return} is supplied a non-numeric
+argument or is used outside a function
+and not during the execution of a script by @code{.} or @code{source}.
+
+@item shift
+@btindex shift
+@example
+shift [@var{n}]
+@end example
+
+Shift the positional parameters to the left by @var{n}.
+The positional parameters from @var{n}+1 @dots{} @code{$#} are
+renamed to @code{$1} @dots{} @code{$#}-@var{n}.
+Parameters represented by the numbers @code{$#} to @code{$#}-@var{n}+1
+are unset.
+@var{n} must be a non-negative number less than or equal to @code{$#}.
+If @var{n} is zero or greater than @code{$#}, the positional parameters
+are not changed.
+If @var{n} is not supplied, it is assumed to be 1.
+The return status is zero unless @var{n} is greater than @code{$#} or
+less than zero, non-zero otherwise.
+
+@item test
+@itemx [
+@btindex test
+@btindex [
+@example
+test @var{expr}
+@end example
+
+Evaluate a conditional expression @var{expr} and return a status of 0
+(true) or 1 (false).
+Each operator and operand must be a separate argument.
+Expressions are composed of the primaries described below in
+@ref{Bash Conditional Expressions}.
+@code{test} does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore
+an argument of @option{--} as signifying the end of options.
+
+When the @code{[} form is used, the last argument to the command must
+be a @code{]}.
+
+Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed in
+decreasing order of precedence.
+The evaluation depends on the number of arguments; see below.
+Operator precedence is used when there are five or more arguments.
+
+@table @code
+@item ! @var{expr}
+True if @var{expr} is false.
+
+@item ( @var{expr} )
+Returns the value of @var{expr}.
+This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators.
+
+@item @var{expr1} -a @var{expr2}
+True if both @var{expr1} and @var{expr2} are true.
+
+@item @var{expr1} -o @var{expr2}
+True if either @var{expr1} or @var{expr2} is true.
+@end table
+
+The @code{test} and @code{[} builtins evaluate conditional
+expressions using a set of rules based on the number of arguments.
+
+@table @asis
+@item 0 arguments
+The expression is false.
+
+@item 1 argument
+The expression is true if, and only if, the argument is not null.
+
+@item 2 arguments
+If the first argument is @samp{!}, the expression is true if and
+only if the second argument is null.
+If the first argument is one of the unary conditional operators
+(@pxref{Bash Conditional Expressions}), the expression
+is true if the unary test is true.
+If the first argument is not a valid unary operator, the expression is
+false.
+
+@item 3 arguments
+The following conditions are applied in the order listed.
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+If the second argument is one of the binary conditional
+operators (@pxref{Bash Conditional Expressions}), the
+result of the expression is the result of the binary test using the
+first and third arguments as operands.
+The @samp{-a} and @samp{-o} operators are considered binary operators
+when there are three arguments.
+@item
+If the first argument is @samp{!}, the value is the negation of
+the two-argument test using the second and third arguments.
+@item
+If the first argument is exactly @samp{(} and the third argument is
+exactly @samp{)}, the result is the one-argument test of the second
+argument.
+@item
+Otherwise, the expression is false.
+@end enumerate
+
+@item 4 arguments
+If the first argument is @samp{!}, the result is the negation of
+the three-argument expression composed of the remaining arguments.
+Otherwise, the expression is parsed and evaluated according to
+precedence using the rules listed above.
+
+@item 5 or more arguments
+The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence
+using the rules listed above.
+@end table
+
+When used with @code{test} or @samp{[}, the @samp{<} and @samp{>}
+operators sort lexicographically using ASCII ordering.
+
+@item times
+@btindex times
+@example
+times
+@end example
+
+Print out the user and system times used by the shell and its children.
+The return status is zero.
+
+@item trap
+@btindex trap
+@example
+trap [-lp] [@var{arg}] [@var{sigspec} @dots{}]
+@end example
+
+The commands in @var{arg} are to be read and executed when the
+shell receives signal @var{sigspec}.  If @var{arg} is absent (and
+there is a single @var{sigspec}) or
+equal to @samp{-}, each specified signal's disposition is reset
+to the value it had when the shell was started.
+If @var{arg} is the null string, then the signal specified by
+each @var{sigspec} is ignored by the shell and commands it invokes.
+If @var{arg} is not present and @option{-p} has been supplied,
+the shell displays the trap commands associated with each @var{sigspec}.
+If no arguments are supplied, or
+only @option{-p} is given, @code{trap} prints the list of commands
+associated with each signal number in a form that may be reused as
+shell input.
+The @option{-l} option causes the shell to print a list of signal names
+and their corresponding numbers.
+Each @var{sigspec} is either a signal name or a signal number.
+Signal names are case insensitive and the @code{SIG} prefix is optional.
+
+If a @var{sigspec}
+is @code{0} or @code{EXIT}, @var{arg} is executed when the shell exits.
+If a @var{sigspec} is @code{DEBUG}, the command @var{arg} is executed
+before every simple command, @code{for} command, @code{case} command,
+@code{select} command, every arithmetic @code{for} command, and before
+the first command executes in a shell function.
+Refer to the description of the @code{extdebug} option to the
+@code{shopt} builtin (@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}) for details of its
+effect on the @code{DEBUG} trap.
+If a @var{sigspec} is @code{RETURN}, the command @var{arg} is executed
+each time a shell function or a script executed with the @code{.} or
+@code{source} builtins finishes executing.
+
+If a @var{sigspec} is @code{ERR}, the command @var{arg} 
+is executed whenever
+a pipeline (which may consist of a single simple
+command), a list, or a compound command returns a
+non-zero exit status,
+subject to the following conditions.
+The @code{ERR} trap is not executed if the failed command is part of the
+command list immediately following an @code{until} or @code{while} keyword,
+part of the test following the @code{if} or @code{elif} reserved words,
+part of a command executed in a @code{&&} or @code{||} list
+except the command following the final @code{&&} or @code{||},
+any command in a pipeline but the last,
+or if the command's return
+status is being inverted using @code{!}.
+These are the same conditions obeyed by the @code{errexit} (@option{-e})
+option.
+
+Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.
+Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to their original
+values in a subshell or subshell environment when one is created.
+
+The return status is zero unless a @var{sigspec} does not specify a
+valid signal.
+
+@item umask
+@btindex umask
+@example
+umask [-p] [-S] [@var{mode}]
+@end example
+
+Set the shell process's file creation mask to @var{mode}.  If
+@var{mode} begins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number;
+if not, it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar
+to that accepted by the @code{chmod} command.  If @var{mode} is
+omitted, the current value of the mask is printed.  If the @option{-S}
+option is supplied without a @var{mode} argument, the mask is printed
+in a symbolic format.
+If the  @option{-p} option is supplied, and @var{mode}
+is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.
+The return status is zero if the mode is successfully changed or if
+no @var{mode} argument is supplied, and non-zero otherwise.
+
+Note that when the mode is interpreted as an octal number, each number
+of the umask is subtracted from @code{7}.  Thus, a umask of @code{022}
+results in permissions of @code{755}.
+
+@item unset
+@btindex unset
+@example
+unset [-fnv] [@var{name}]
+@end example
+
+Remove each variable or function @var{name}.
+If the @option{-v} option is given, each
+@var{name} refers to a shell variable and that variable is removed.
+If the @option{-f} option is given, the @var{name}s refer to shell
+functions, and the function definition is removed.
+If the @option{-n} option is supplied, and @var{name} is a variable with
+the @var{nameref} attribute, @var{name} will be unset rather than the
+variable it references.
+@option{-n} has no effect if the @option{-f} option is supplied.
+If no options are supplied, each @var{name} refers to a variable; if
+there is no variable by that name, any function with that name is
+unset.
+Readonly variables and functions may not be unset.
+The return status is zero unless a @var{name} is readonly.
+@end table
+
+@node Bash Builtins
+@section Bash Builtin Commands
+
+This section describes builtin commands which are unique to
+or have been extended in Bash.
+Some of these commands are specified in the @sc{posix} standard.
+
+@table @code
+
+@item alias
+@btindex alias
+@example
+alias [-p] [@var{name}[=@var{value}] @dots{}]
+@end example
+
+Without arguments or with the @option{-p} option, @code{alias} prints
+the list of aliases on the standard output in a form that allows
+them to be reused as input.
+If arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each @var{name}
+whose @var{value} is given.  If no @var{value} is given, the name
+and value of the alias is printed.
+Aliases are described in @ref{Aliases}.
+
+@item bind
+@btindex bind
+@example
+bind [-m @var{keymap}] [-lpsvPSVX]
+bind [-m @var{keymap}] [-q @var{function}] [-u @var{function}] [-r @var{keyseq}]
+bind [-m @var{keymap}] -f @var{filename}
+bind [-m @var{keymap}] -x @var{keyseq:shell-command}
+bind [-m @var{keymap}] @var{keyseq:function-name}
+bind [-m @var{keymap}] @var{keyseq:readline-command}
+@end example
+
+Display current Readline (@pxref{Command Line Editing})
+key and function bindings,
+bind a key sequence to a Readline function or macro,
+or set a Readline variable.
+Each non-option argument is a command as it would appear in a
+Readline initialization file (@pxref{Readline Init File}),
+but each binding or command must be passed as a separate argument;  e.g.,
+@samp{"\C-x\C-r":re-read-init-file}.
+
+Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+
+@table @code
+@item -m @var{keymap}
+Use @var{keymap} as the keymap to be affected by
+the subsequent bindings.  Acceptable @var{keymap}
+names are
+@code{emacs},
+@code{emacs-standard},
+@code{emacs-meta},
+@code{emacs-ctlx},
+@code{vi},
+@code{vi-move},
+@code{vi-command}, and
+@code{vi-insert}.
+@code{vi} is equivalent to @code{vi-command} (@code{vi-move} is also a
+synonym); @code{emacs} is equivalent to @code{emacs-standard}.
+
+@item -l
+List the names of all Readline functions.
+
+@item -p
+Display Readline function names and bindings in such a way that they
+can be used as input or in a Readline initialization file.
+
+@item -P
+List current Readline function names and bindings.
+
+@item -v
+Display Readline variable names and values in such a way that they
+can be used as input or in a Readline initialization file.
+
+@item -V
+List current Readline variable names and values.
+
+@item -s
+Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output
+in such a way that they can be used as input or in a Readline
+initialization file.
+
+@item -S
+Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output.
+
+@item -f @var{filename}
+Read key bindings from @var{filename}.
+
+@item -q @var{function}
+Query about which keys invoke the named @var{function}.
+
+@item -u @var{function}
+Unbind all keys bound to the named @var{function}.
+
+@item -r @var{keyseq}
+Remove any current binding for @var{keyseq}.
+
+@item -x @var{keyseq:shell-command}
+Cause @var{shell-command} to be executed whenever @var{keyseq} is
+entered.
+When @var{shell-command} is executed, the shell sets the
+@code{READLINE_LINE} variable to the contents of the Readline line
+buffer and the @code{READLINE_POINT} variable to the current location
+of the insertion point.
+If the executed command changes the value of @code{READLINE_LINE} or
+@code{READLINE_POINT}, those new values will be reflected in the
+editing state.
+
+@item -X
+List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the associated commands
+in a format that can be reused as input.
+@end table
+
+@noindent
+The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied or an
+error occurs.
+
+@item builtin
+@btindex builtin
+@example
+builtin [@var{shell-builtin} [@var{args}]]
+@end example
+
+Run a shell builtin, passing it @var{args}, and return its exit status.
+This is useful when defining a shell function with the same
+name as a shell builtin, retaining the functionality of the builtin within
+the function.
+The return status is non-zero if @var{shell-builtin} is not a shell
+builtin command.
+
+@item caller
+@btindex caller
+@example
+caller [@var{expr}]
+@end example
+
+Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell function or
+a script executed with the @code{.} or @code{source} builtins).
+
+Without @var{expr}, @code{caller} displays the line number and source
+filename of the current subroutine call.
+If a non-negative integer is supplied as @var{expr}, @code{caller}
+displays the line number, subroutine name, and source file corresponding
+to that position in the current execution call stack.  This extra
+information may be used, for example, to print a stack trace.  The
+current frame is frame 0.
+
+The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a subroutine
+call or @var{expr} does not correspond to a valid position in the
+call stack.
+
+@item command
+@btindex command
+@example
+command [-pVv] @var{command} [@var{arguments} @dots{}]
+@end example
+
+Runs @var{command} with @var{arguments} ignoring any shell function
+named @var{command}.
+Only shell builtin commands or commands found by searching the
+@env{PATH} are executed.
+If there is a shell function named @code{ls}, running @samp{command ls}
+within the function will execute the external command @code{ls}
+instead of calling the function recursively.
+The @option{-p} option means to use a default value for @env{PATH}
+that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities.
+The return status in this case is 127 if @var{command} cannot be
+found or an error occurred, and the exit status of @var{command}
+otherwise.
+
+If either the @option{-V} or @option{-v} option is supplied, a
+description of @var{command} is printed.  The @option{-v} option
+causes a single word indicating the command or file name used to
+invoke @var{command} to be displayed; the @option{-V} option produces
+a more verbose description.  In this case, the return status is
+zero if @var{command} is found, and non-zero if not.
+
+@item declare
+@btindex declare
+@example
+declare [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] [@var{name}[=@var{value}] @dots{}]
+@end example
+
+Declare variables and give them attributes.  If no @var{name}s
+are given, then display the values of variables instead. 
+
+The @option{-p} option will display the attributes and values of each
+@var{name}.
+When @option{-p} is used with @var{name} arguments, additional options,
+other than @option{-f} and @option{-F}, are ignored.
+
+When @option{-p} is supplied without @var{name} arguments, @code{declare}
+will display the attributes and values of all variables having the
+attributes specified by the additional options.
+If no other options are supplied with @option{-p}, @code{declare} will
+display the attributes and values of all shell variables.  The @option{-f}
+option will restrict the display to shell functions.
+
+The @option{-F} option inhibits the display of function definitions;
+only the function name and attributes are printed.
+If the @code{extdebug} shell option is enabled using @code{shopt}
+(@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}), the source file name and line number where
+each @var{name} is defined are displayed as well.
+@option{-F} implies @option{-f}.
+
+The @option{-g} option forces variables to be created or modified at
+the global scope, even when @code{declare} is executed in a shell function.
+It is ignored in all other cases.
+
+The following options can be used to restrict output to variables with
+the specified attributes or to give variables attributes:
+
+@table @code
+@item -a
+Each @var{name} is an indexed array variable (@pxref{Arrays}).
+
+@item -A
+Each @var{name} is an associative array variable (@pxref{Arrays}).
+
+@item -f
+Use function names only.
+
+@item -i
+The variable is to be treated as
+an integer; arithmetic evaluation (@pxref{Shell Arithmetic}) is
+performed when the variable is assigned a value.
+
+@item -l
+When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case characters are
+converted to lower-case.
+The upper-case attribute is disabled.
+
+@item -n
+Give each @var{name} the @var{nameref} attribute, making
+it a name reference to another variable.
+That other variable is defined by the value of @var{name}.
+All references, assignments, and attribute modifications
+to @var{name}, except for those using or changing the
+@option{-n} attribute itself, are performed on the variable referenced by
+@var{name}'s value.
+The nameref attribute cannot be applied to array variables.
+
+@item -r
+Make @var{name}s readonly.  These names cannot then be assigned values
+by subsequent assignment statements or unset.
+
+@item -t
+Give each @var{name} the @code{trace} attribute.
+Traced functions inherit the @code{DEBUG} and @code{RETURN} traps from
+the calling shell.
+The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables.
+
+@item -u
+When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case characters are
+converted to upper-case.
+The lower-case attribute is disabled.
+
+@item -x
+Mark each @var{name} for export to subsequent commands via
+the environment.
+@end table
+
+Using @samp{+} instead of @samp{-} turns off the attribute instead,
+with the exceptions that @samp{+a} and @samp{+A}
+may not be used to destroy array variables and @samp{+r} will not
+remove the readonly attribute.
+When used in a function, @code{declare} makes each @var{name} local,
+as with the @code{local} command, unless the @option{-g} option is used.
+If a variable name is followed by =@var{value}, the value of the variable
+is set to @var{value}.
+
+When using @option{-a} or @option{-A} and the compound assignment syntax to 
+create array variables, additional attributes do not take effect until
+subsequent assignments.
+
+The return status is zero unless an invalid option is encountered,
+an attempt is made to define a function using @samp{-f foo=bar},
+an attempt is made to assign a value to a readonly variable,
+an attempt is made to assign a value to an array variable without
+using the compound assignment syntax (@pxref{Arrays}),
+one of the @var{names} is not a valid shell variable name,
+an attempt is made to turn off readonly status for a readonly variable,
+an attempt is made to turn off array status for an array variable,
+or an attempt is made to display a non-existent function with @option{-f}.
+
+@item echo
+@btindex echo
+@example
+echo [-neE] [@var{arg} @dots{}]
+@end example
+
+Output the @var{arg}s, separated by spaces, terminated with a
+newline.
+The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs.
+If @option{-n} is specified, the trailing newline is suppressed.
+If the @option{-e} option is given, interpretation of the following
+backslash-escaped characters is enabled.
+The @option{-E} option disables the interpretation of these escape characters,
+even on systems where they are interpreted by default.
+The @code{xpg_echo} shell option may be used to
+dynamically determine whether or not @code{echo} expands these
+escape characters by default.
+@code{echo} does not interpret @option{--} to mean the end of options.
+
+@code{echo} interprets the following escape sequences:
+@table @code
+@item \a
+alert (bell)
+@item \b
+backspace
+@item \c
+suppress further output
+@item \e
+@itemx \E
+escape
+@item \f
+form feed
+@item \n
+new line
+@item \r
+carriage return
+@item \t 
+horizontal tab
+@item \v
+vertical tab
+@item \\
+backslash
+@item \0@var{nnn}
+the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value @var{nnn}
+(zero to three octal digits)
+@item \x@var{HH}
+the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value @var{HH}
+(one or two hex digits)
+@item \u@var{HHHH}
+the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+@var{HHHH} (one to four hex digits)
+@item \U@var{HHHHHHHH}
+the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+@var{HHHHHHHH} (one to eight hex digits)
+@end table
+
+@item enable
+@btindex enable
+@example
+enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f @var{filename}] [@var{name} @dots{}]
+@end example
+
+Enable and disable builtin shell commands.
+Disabling a builtin allows a disk command which has the same name
+as a shell builtin to be executed without specifying a full pathname,
+even though the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands.
+If @option{-n} is used, the @var{name}s become disabled.  Otherwise
+@var{name}s are enabled.  For example, to use the @code{test} binary
+found via @env{$PATH} instead of the shell builtin version, type
+@samp{enable -n test}.
+
+If the @option{-p} option is supplied, or no @var{name} arguments appear,
+a list of shell builtins is printed.  With no other arguments, the list
+consists of all enabled shell builtins.
+The @option{-a} option means to list
+each builtin with an indication of whether or not it is enabled. 
+
+The @option{-f} option means to load the new builtin command @var{name}
+from shared object @var{filename}, on systems that support dynamic loading.
+The @option{-d} option will delete a builtin loaded with @option{-f}.
+
+If there are no options, a list of the shell builtins is displayed.
+The @option{-s} option restricts @code{enable} to the @sc{posix} special
+builtins.  If @option{-s} is used with @option{-f}, the new builtin becomes
+a special builtin (@pxref{Special Builtins}).
+
+The return status is zero unless a @var{name} is not a shell builtin
+or there is an error loading a new builtin from a shared object.
+
+@item help
+@btindex help
+@example
+help [-dms] [@var{pattern}]
+@end example
+
+Display helpful information about builtin commands.
+If @var{pattern} is specified, @code{help} gives detailed help
+on all commands matching @var{pattern}, otherwise a list of
+the builtins is printed.
+
+Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+
+@table @code
+@item -d
+Display a short description of each @var{pattern}
+@item -m
+Display the description of each @var{pattern} in a manpage-like format
+@item -s
+Display only a short usage synopsis for each @var{pattern}
+@end table
+
+The return status is zero unless no command matches @var{pattern}.
+
+@item let
+@btindex let
+@example
+let @var{expression} [@var{expression} @dots{}]
+@end example
+
+The @code{let} builtin allows arithmetic to be performed on shell
+variables.  Each @var{expression} is evaluated according to the
+rules given below in @ref{Shell Arithmetic}.  If the
+last @var{expression} evaluates to 0, @code{let} returns 1;
+otherwise 0 is returned.
+
+@item local
+@btindex local
+@example
+local [@var{option}] @var{name}[=@var{value}] @dots{}
+@end example
+
+For each argument, a local variable named @var{name} is created,
+and assigned @var{value}.
+The @var{option} can be any of the options accepted by @code{declare}.
+@code{local} can only be used within a function; it makes the variable
+@var{name} have a visible scope restricted to that function and its
+children.
+If @var{name} is @samp{-}, the set of shell options is made local to the
+function in which @code{local} is invoked: shell options changed using
+the @code{set} builtin inside the function are restored to their original
+values when the function returns.
+The return status is zero unless @code{local} is used outside
+a function, an invalid @var{name} is supplied, or @var{name} is a
+readonly variable.
+
+@item logout
+@btindex logout
+@example
+logout [@var{n}]
+@end example
+
+Exit a login shell, returning a status of @var{n} to the shell's
+parent.
+
+@item mapfile
+@btindex mapfile
+@example
+mapfile [-d @var{delim}] [-n @var{count}] [-O @var{origin}] [-s @var{count}]
+    [-t] [-u @var{fd}] [-C @var{callback}] [-c @var{quantum}] [@var{array}]
+@end example
+
+Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable @var{array},
+or from file descriptor @var{fd}
+if the @option{-u} option is supplied.
+The variable @code{MAPFILE} is the default @var{array}.
+Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+
+@table @code
+
+@item -d
+The first character of @var{delim} is used to terminate each input line,
+rather than newline.
+If @var{delim} is the empty string, @code{mapfile} will terminate a line
+when it reads a NUL character.
+@item -n
+Copy at most @var{count} lines.  If @var{count} is 0, all lines are copied.
+@item -O
+Begin assigning to @var{array} at index @var{origin}.
+The default index is 0.
+@item -s
+Discard the first @var{count} lines read.
+@item -t
+Remove a trailing @var{delim} (default newline) from each line read.
+@item -u
+Read lines from file descriptor @var{fd} instead of the standard input.
+@item -C
+Evaluate @var{callback} each time @var{quantum} lines are read.
+The @option{-c} option specifies @var{quantum}.
+@item -c
+Specify the number of lines read between each call to @var{callback}.
+@end table
+
+If @option{-C} is specified without @option{-c},
+the default quantum is 5000.
+When @var{callback}  is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next
+array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that element
+as additional arguments.
+@var{callback} is evaluated after the line is read but before the
+array element is assigned.
+
+If not supplied with an explicit origin, @code{mapfile} will clear @var{array}
+before assigning to it.
+
+@code{mapfile} returns successfully unless an invalid option or option
+argument is supplied, @var{array} is invalid or unassignable, or @var{array}
+is not an indexed array.
+
+@item printf
+@btindex printf
+@example
+printf [-v @var{var}] @var{format} [@var{arguments}]
+@end example
+
+Write the formatted @var{arguments} to the standard output under the
+control of the @var{format}.
+The @option{-v} option causes the output to be assigned to the variable
+@var{var} rather than being printed to the standard output.
+
+The @var{format} is a character string which contains three types of objects:
+plain characters, which are simply copied to standard output, character
+escape sequences, which are converted and copied to the standard output, and
+format specifications, each of which causes printing of the next successive
+@var{argument}.
+In addition to the standard @code{printf(1)} formats, @code{printf}
+interprets the following extensions:
+
+@table @code
+@item %b
+Causes @code{printf} to expand backslash escape sequences in the
+corresponding @var{argument} in the same way as @code{echo -e}
+(@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
+@item %q
+Causes @code{printf} to output the
+corresponding @var{argument} in a format that can be reused as shell input.
+@item %(@var{datefmt})T
+Causes @code{printf} to output the date-time string resulting from using
+@var{datefmt} as a format string for @code{strftime}(3).
+The corresponding @var{argument} is an integer representing the number of
+seconds since the epoch.
+Two special argument values may be used: -1 represents the current
+time, and -2 represents the time the shell was invoked.
+If no argument is specified, conversion behaves as if -1 had been given.
+This is an exception to the usual @code{printf} behavior.
+@end table
+
+@noindent
+Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C language constants,
+except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and if the leading
+character is a single or double quote, the value is the ASCII value of
+the following character.
+
+The @var{format} is reused as necessary to consume all of the @var{arguments}.
+If the @var{format} requires more @var{arguments} than are supplied, the
+extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or null string, as
+appropriate, had been supplied.  The return value is zero on success,
+non-zero on failure.
+
+@item read
+@btindex read
+@example
+read [-ers] [-a @var{aname}] [-d @var{delim}] [-i @var{text}] [-n @var{nchars}]
+    [-N @var{nchars}] [-p @var{prompt}] [-t @var{timeout}] [-u @var{fd}] [@var{name} @dots{}]
+@end example
+
+One line is read from the standard input, or from the file descriptor
+@var{fd} supplied as an argument to the @option{-u} option,
+split into words as described above in @ref{Word Splitting},
+and the first word
+is assigned to the first @var{name}, the second word to the second @var{name},
+and so on.
+If there are more words than names,
+the remaining words and their intervening delimiters are assigned
+to the last @var{name}.
+If there are fewer words read from the input stream than names,
+the remaining names are assigned empty values.
+The characters in the value of the @env{IFS} variable
+are used to split the line into words using the same rules the shell
+uses for expansion (described above in @ref{Word Splitting}).
+The backslash character @samp{\} may be used to remove any special
+meaning for the next character read and for line continuation.
+If no names are supplied, the line read is assigned to the
+variable @env{REPLY}.
+The exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, @code{read}
+times out (in which case the status is greater than 128),
+a variable assignment error (such as assigning to a readonly variable) occurs,
+or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to @option{-u}.
+
+Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+
+@table @code
+@item -a @var{aname}
+The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array variable
+@var{aname}, starting at 0.
+All elements are removed from @var{aname} before the assignment.
+Other @var{name} arguments are ignored.
+
+@item -d @var{delim}
+The first character of @var{delim} is used to terminate the input line,
+rather than newline.
+If @var{delim} is the empty string, @code{read} will terminate a line
+when it reads a NUL character.
+
+@item -e
+Readline (@pxref{Command Line Editing}) is used to obtain the line.
+Readline uses the current (or default, if line editing was not previously
+active) editing settings, but uses Readline's default filename completion.
+
+@item -i @var{text}
+If Readline is being used to read the line, @var{text} is placed into
+the editing buffer before editing begins.
+
+@item -n @var{nchars}
+@code{read} returns after reading @var{nchars} characters rather than
+waiting for a complete line of input, but honors a delimiter if fewer
+than @var{nchars} characters are read before the delimiter.
+
+@item -N @var{nchars}
+@code{read} returns after reading exactly @var{nchars} characters rather
+than waiting for a complete line of input, unless EOF is encountered or
+@code{read} times out.
+Delimiter characters encountered in the input are
+not treated specially and do not cause @code{read} to return until
+@var{nchars} characters are read.
+The result is not split on the characters in @code{IFS}; the intent is
+that the variable is assigned exactly the characters read
+(with the exception of backslash; see the @option{-r} option below).
+
+@item -p @var{prompt}
+Display @var{prompt}, without a trailing newline, before attempting
+to read any input.
+The prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.
+
+@item -r
+If this option is given, backslash does not act as an escape character.
+The backslash is considered to be part of the line.
+In particular, a backslash-newline pair may not then be used as a line
+continuation.
+
+@item -s
+Silent mode.  If input is coming from a terminal, characters are
+not echoed.
+
+@item -t @var{timeout}
+Cause @code{read} to time out and return failure if a complete line of
+input (or a specified number of characters)
+is not read within @var{timeout} seconds.
+@var{timeout}  may be a decimal number with a fractional portion following
+the decimal point.
+This option is only effective if @code{read} is reading input from a
+terminal, pipe, or other special file; it has no effect when reading
+from regular files.
+If @code{read} times out, @code{read} saves any partial input read into
+the specified variable @var{name}.
+If @var{timeout} is 0, @code{read} returns immediately, without trying to
+read and data.  The exit status is 0 if input is available on
+the specified file descriptor, non-zero otherwise.
+The exit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded.
+
+@item -u @var{fd}
+Read input from file descriptor @var{fd}.
+@end table
+
+@item readarray
+@btindex readarray
+@example
+readarray [-d @var{delim}] [-n @var{count}] [-O @var{origin}] [-s @var{count}]
+    [-t] [-u @var{fd}] [-C @var{callback}] [-c @var{quantum}] [@var{array}]
+@end example
+
+Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable @var{array},
+or from file descriptor @var{fd}
+if the @option{-u} option is supplied.
+
+A synonym for @code{mapfile}.
+
+@item source
+@btindex source
+@example
+source @var{filename}
+@end example
+
+A synonym for @code{.} (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}).
+
+@item type
+@btindex type
+@example
+type [-afptP] [@var{name} @dots{}]
+@end example
+
+For each @var{name}, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a
+command name.
+
+If the @option{-t} option is used, @code{type} prints a single word
+which is one of @samp{alias}, @samp{function}, @samp{builtin},
+@samp{file} or @samp{keyword},
+if @var{name} is an alias, shell function, shell builtin,
+disk file, or shell reserved word, respectively.
+If the @var{name} is not found, then nothing is printed, and
+@code{type} returns a failure status.
+
+If the @option{-p} option is used, @code{type} either returns the name
+of the disk file that would be executed, or nothing if @option{-t}
+would not return @samp{file}.
+
+The @option{-P} option forces a path search for each @var{name}, even if
+@option{-t} would not return @samp{file}.
+
+If a command is hashed, @option{-p} and @option{-P} print the hashed value,
+which is not necessarily the file that appears first in @code{$PATH}.
+
+If the @option{-a} option is used, @code{type} returns all of the places
+that contain an executable named @var{file}.
+This includes aliases and functions, if and only if the @option{-p} option
+is not also used.
+
+If the @option{-f} option is used, @code{type} does not attempt to find
+shell functions, as with the @code{command} builtin.
+
+The return status is zero if all of the @var{names} are found, non-zero
+if any are not found.
+
+@item typeset
+@btindex typeset
+@example
+typeset [-afFgrxilnrtux] [-p] [@var{name}[=@var{value}] @dots{}]
+@end example
+
+The @code{typeset} command is supplied for compatibility with the Korn
+shell.
+It is a synonym for the @code{declare} builtin command.
+
+@item ulimit
+@btindex ulimit
+@example
+ulimit [-HSabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPT] [@var{limit}]
+@end example
+
+@code{ulimit} provides control over the resources available to processes
+started by the shell, on systems that allow such control.  If an
+option is given, it is interpreted as follows:
+
+@table @code
+@item -S
+Change and report the soft limit associated with a resource.
+
+@item -H
+Change and report the hard limit associated with a resource.
+
+@item -a
+All current limits are reported.
+
+@item -b
+The maximum socket buffer size.
+
+@item -c
+The maximum size of core files created.
+
+@item -d
+The maximum size of a process's data segment.
+
+@item -e
+The maximum scheduling priority ("nice").
+
+@item -f
+The maximum size of files written by the shell and its children.
+
+@item -i
+The maximum number of pending signals.
+
+@item -k
+The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated.
+
+@item -l
+The maximum size that may be locked into memory.
+
+@item -m
+The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor this limit).
+
+@item -n
+The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems do not
+allow this value to be set).
+
+@item -p
+The pipe buffer size.
+
+@item -q
+The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues.
+
+@item -r
+The maximum real-time scheduling priority.
+
+@item -s
+The maximum stack size.
+
+@item -t
+The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds.
+
+@item -u
+The maximum number of processes available to a single user.
+
+@item -v
+The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell, and, on
+some systems, to its children.
+
+@item -x
+The maximum number of file locks.
+
+@item -P
+The maximum number of pseudoterminals.
+
+@item -T
+The maximum number of threads.
+@end table
+
+If @var{limit} is given, and the @option{-a} option is not used,
+@var{limit} is the new value of the specified resource.
+The special @var{limit} values @code{hard}, @code{soft}, and
+@code{unlimited} stand for the current hard limit, the current soft limit,
+and no limit, respectively.
+A hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set;
+a soft limit may be increased up to the value of the hard limit.
+Otherwise, the current value of the soft limit for the specified resource
+is printed, unless the @option{-H} option is supplied.
+When setting new limits, if neither @option{-H} nor @option{-S} is supplied,
+both the hard and soft limits are set.
+If no option is given, then @option{-f} is assumed.  Values are in 1024-byte
+increments, except for @option{-t}, which is in seconds; @option{-p},
+which is in units of 512-byte blocks;
+@option{-P},
+@option{-T},
+@option{-b},
+@option{-k},
+@option{-n} and @option{-u}, which are unscaled values;
+and, when in @sc{posix} Mode (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}),
+@option{-c} and @option{-f}, which are in 512-byte increments.
+
+The return status is zero unless an invalid option or argument is supplied,
+or an error occurs while setting a new limit.
+
+@item unalias
+@btindex unalias
+@example
+unalias [-a] [@var{name} @dots{} ]
+@end example
+
+Remove each @var{name} from the list of aliases.  If @option{-a} is
+supplied, all aliases are removed.
+Aliases are described in @ref{Aliases}.
+@end table
+
+@node Modifying Shell Behavior
+@section Modifying Shell Behavior
+ 
+@menu
+* The Set Builtin::		Change the values of shell attributes and
+				positional parameters.
+* The Shopt Builtin::		Modify shell optional behavior.
+@end menu
+
+@node The Set Builtin
+@subsection The Set Builtin
+
+This builtin is so complicated that it deserves its own section.  @code{set}
+allows you to change the values of shell options and set the positional
+parameters, or to display the names and values of shell variables.
+
+@table @code
+@item set
+@btindex set
+@example
+set [--abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [-o @var{option-name}] [@var{argument} @dots{}]
+set [+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [+o @var{option-name}] [@var{argument} @dots{}]
+@end example
+
+If no options or arguments are supplied, @code{set} displays the names
+and values of all shell variables and functions, sorted according to the
+current locale, in a format that may be reused as input
+for setting or resetting the currently-set variables.
+Read-only variables cannot be reset.
+In @sc{posix} mode, only shell variables are listed.
+
+When options are supplied, they set or unset shell attributes.
+Options, if specified, have the following meanings:
+
+@table @code
+@item -a
+Each variable or function that is created or modified is given the
+export attribute and marked for export to the environment of
+subsequent commands.
+
+@item -b
+Cause the status of terminated background jobs to be reported
+immediately, rather than before printing the next primary prompt.
+
+@item -e
+Exit immediately if
+a pipeline (@pxref{Pipelines}), which may consist of a single simple command
+(@pxref{Simple Commands}),
+a list (@pxref{Lists}),
+or a compound command (@pxref{Compound Commands})
+returns a non-zero status.
+The shell does not exit if the command that fails is part of the
+command list immediately following a @code{while} or @code{until} keyword,
+part of the test in an @code{if} statement,
+part of any command executed in a @code{&&} or @code{||} list except
+the command following the final @code{&&} or @code{||},
+any command in a pipeline but the last,
+or if the command's return status is being inverted with @code{!}.
+If a compound command other than a subshell
+returns a non-zero status because a command failed
+while @option{-e} was being ignored, the shell does not exit.
+A trap on @code{ERR}, if set, is executed before the shell exits.
+
+This option applies to the shell environment and each subshell environment
+separately (@pxref{Command Execution Environment}), and may cause
+subshells to exit before executing all the commands in the subshell.
+
+If a compound command or shell function executes in a context where
+@option{-e} is being ignored,
+none of the commands executed within the compound command or function body
+will be affected by the @option{-e} setting, even if @option{-e} is set
+and a command returns a failure status.
+If a compound command or shell function sets @option{-e} while executing in
+a context where @option{-e} is ignored, that setting will not have any
+effect until the compound command or the command containing the function
+call completes.
+
+@item -f
+Disable filename expansion (globbing).
+
+@item -h
+Locate and remember (hash) commands as they are looked up for execution.
+This option is enabled by default.
+
+@item -k
+All arguments in the form of assignment statements are placed
+in the environment for a command, not just those that precede
+the command name.
+
+@item -m
+Job control is enabled (@pxref{Job Control}).
+All processes run in a separate process group.
+When a background job completes, the shell prints a line
+containing its exit status.
+
+@item -n
+Read commands but do not execute them.
+This may be used to check a script for syntax errors.
+This option is ignored by interactive shells.
+
+@item -o @var{option-name}
+
+Set the option corresponding to @var{option-name}:
+
+@table @code
+@item allexport
+Same as @code{-a}.
+
+@item braceexpand
+Same as @code{-B}.
+
+@item emacs
+Use an @code{emacs}-style line editing interface (@pxref{Command Line Editing}).
+This also affects the editing interface used for @code{read -e}.
+
+@item errexit
+Same as @code{-e}.
+
+@item errtrace
+Same as @code{-E}.
+
+@item functrace
+Same as @code{-T}.
+
+@item hashall
+Same as @code{-h}.
+
+@item histexpand
+Same as @code{-H}.
+
+@item history
+Enable command history, as described in @ref{Bash History Facilities}.
+This option is on by default in interactive shells.
+
+@item ignoreeof
+An interactive shell will not exit upon reading EOF.
+
+@item keyword
+Same as @code{-k}.
+
+@item monitor
+Same as @code{-m}.
+
+@item noclobber
+Same as @code{-C}.
+
+@item noexec
+Same as @code{-n}.
+
+@item noglob
+Same as @code{-f}.
+
+@item nolog
+Currently ignored.
+
+@item notify
+Same as @code{-b}.
+
+@item nounset
+Same as @code{-u}.
+
+@item onecmd
+Same as @code{-t}.
+
+@item physical
+Same as @code{-P}.
+
+@item pipefail
+If set, the return value of a pipeline is the value of the last
+(rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all
+commands in the pipeline exit successfully.
+This option is disabled by default.
+
+@item posix
+Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation differs
+from the @sc{posix} standard to match the standard
+(@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}).
+This is intended to make Bash behave as a strict superset of that
+standard.
+
+@item privileged
+Same as @code{-p}.
+
+@item verbose
+Same as @code{-v}.
+
+@item vi
+Use a @code{vi}-style line editing interface.
+This also affects the editing interface used for @code{read -e}.
+
+@item xtrace
+Same as @code{-x}.
+@end table
+
+@item -p
+Turn on privileged mode.
+In this mode, the @env{$BASH_ENV} and @env{$ENV} files are not
+processed, shell functions are not inherited from the environment,
+and the @env{SHELLOPTS}, @env{BASHOPTS}, @env{CDPATH} and @env{GLOBIGNORE}
+variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored.
+If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the
+real user (group) id, and the @option{-p} option is not supplied, these actions
+are taken and the effective user id is set to the real user id.
+If the @option{-p} option is supplied at startup, the effective user id is
+not reset.
+Turning this option off causes the effective user
+and group ids to be set to the real user and group ids.
+
+@item -t
+Exit after reading and executing one command.
+
+@item -u
+Treat unset variables and parameters other than the special parameters
+@samp{@@} or @samp{*} as an error when performing parameter expansion.
+An error message will be written to the standard error, and a non-interactive
+shell will exit.
+
+@item -v
+Print shell input lines as they are read.
+
+@item -x
+Print a trace of simple commands, @code{for} commands, @code{case}
+commands, @code{select} commands, and arithmetic @code{for} commands
+and their arguments or associated word lists after they are
+expanded and before they are executed.  The value of the @env{PS4}
+variable is expanded and the resultant value is printed before
+the command and its expanded arguments.
+
+@item -B
+The shell will perform brace expansion (@pxref{Brace Expansion}).
+This option is on by default.
+
+@item -C
+Prevent output redirection using @samp{>}, @samp{>&}, and @samp{<>}
+from overwriting existing files.
+
+@item -E
+If set, any trap on @code{ERR} is inherited by shell functions, command
+substitutions, and commands executed in a subshell environment.
+The @code{ERR} trap is normally not inherited in such cases.
+
+@item -H
+Enable @samp{!} style history substitution (@pxref{History Interaction}).
+This option is on by default for interactive shells.
+
+@item -P
+If set, do not resolve symbolic links when performing commands such as
+@code{cd} which change the current directory.  The physical directory
+is used instead.  By default, Bash follows
+the logical chain of directories when performing commands
+which change the current directory.
+
+For example, if @file{/usr/sys} is a symbolic link to @file{/usr/local/sys}
+then:
+@example
+$ cd /usr/sys; echo $PWD
+/usr/sys
+$ cd ..; pwd
+/usr
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+If @code{set -P} is on, then:
+@example
+$ cd /usr/sys; echo $PWD
+/usr/local/sys
+$ cd ..; pwd
+/usr/local
+@end example
+
+@item -T
+If set, any trap on @code{DEBUG} and @code{RETURN} are inherited by
+shell functions, command substitutions, and commands executed
+in a subshell environment.
+The @code{DEBUG} and @code{RETURN} traps are normally not inherited
+in such cases.
+
+@item --
+If no arguments follow this option, then the positional parameters are
+unset.  Otherwise, the positional parameters are set to the
+@var{arguments}, even if some of them begin with a @samp{-}.
+
+@item -
+Signal the end of options, cause all remaining @var{arguments}
+to be assigned to the positional parameters.  The @option{-x}
+and @option{-v}  options are turned off.
+If there are no arguments, the positional parameters remain unchanged.
+@end table
+
+Using @samp{+} rather than @samp{-} causes these options to be
+turned off.  The options can also be used upon invocation of the
+shell.  The current set of options may be found in @code{$-}.
+
+The remaining N @var{arguments} are positional parameters and are
+assigned, in order, to @code{$1}, @code{$2}, @dots{}  @code{$N}.
+The special parameter @code{#} is set to N.
+
+The return status is always zero unless an invalid option is supplied.
+@end table
+
+@node The Shopt Builtin
+@subsection The Shopt Builtin
+
+This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior.
+
+@table @code
+
+@item shopt
+@btindex shopt
+@example
+shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [@var{optname} @dots{}]
+@end example
+
+Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behavior.
+The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the
+@option{-o} option is used, those available with the @option{-o}
+option to the @code{set} builtin command (@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
+With no options, or with the @option{-p} option, a list of all settable
+options is displayed, with an indication of whether or not each is set;
+if @var{optnames} are supplied, the output is restricted to those options.
+The @option{-p} option causes output to be displayed in a form that
+may be reused as input.
+Other options have the following meanings:
+
+@table @code
+@item -s
+Enable (set) each @var{optname}.
+
+@item -u
+Disable (unset) each @var{optname}.
+
+@item -q
+Suppresses normal output; the return status
+indicates whether the @var{optname} is set or unset.
+If multiple @var{optname} arguments are given with @option{-q},
+the return status is zero if all @var{optnames} are enabled;
+non-zero otherwise.
+
+@item -o
+Restricts the values of
+@var{optname} to be those defined for the @option{-o} option to the
+@code{set} builtin (@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
+@end table
+
+If either @option{-s} or @option{-u}
+is used with no @var{optname} arguments, @code{shopt} shows only
+those options which are set or unset, respectively.
+
+Unless otherwise noted, the @code{shopt} options are disabled (off)
+by default.
+
+The return status when listing options is zero if all @var{optnames}
+are enabled, non-zero otherwise.  When setting or unsetting options,
+the return status is zero unless an @var{optname} is not a valid shell
+option.
+
+The list of @code{shopt} options is:
+@table @code
+
+@item assoc_expand_once
+If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of associative array
+subscripts during arithmetic expression evaluation, while executing
+builtins that can perform variable assignments,
+and while executing builtins that perform array dereferencing.
+
+@item autocd
+If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is executed as if
+it were the argument to the @code{cd} command.
+This option is only used by interactive shells.
+
+@item cdable_vars
+If this is set, an argument to the @code{cd} builtin command that
+is not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable whose
+value is the directory to change to.
+
+@item cdspell
+If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a
+@code{cd} command will be corrected.
+The errors checked for are transposed characters,
+a missing character, and a character too many.
+If a correction is found, the corrected path is printed,
+and the command proceeds.
+This option is only used by interactive shells.
+
+@item checkhash
+If this is set, Bash checks that a command found in the hash
+table exists before trying to execute it.  If a hashed command no
+longer exists, a normal path search is performed.
+
+@item checkjobs
+If set, Bash lists the status of any stopped and running jobs before
+exiting an interactive shell.  If any jobs are running, this causes
+the exit to be deferred until a second exit is attempted without an
+intervening command (@pxref{Job Control}).
+The shell always postpones exiting if any jobs are stopped.
+
+@item checkwinsize
+If set, Bash checks the window size after each external (non-builtin)
+command and, if necessary, updates the values of    
+@env{LINES} and @env{COLUMNS}.
+This option is enabled by default.
+
+@item cmdhist
+If set, Bash
+attempts to save all lines of a multiple-line
+command in the same history entry.  This allows
+easy re-editing of multi-line commands.
+This option is enabled by default, but only has an effect if command
+history is enabled (@pxref{Bash History Facilities}).
+
+@item compat31
+If set, Bash
+changes its behavior to that of version 3.1 with respect to quoted
+arguments to the conditional command's @samp{=~} operator
+and with respect to locale-specific
+string comparison when using the @code{[[}
+conditional command's @samp{<} and @samp{>} operators.
+Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII collation and strcmp(3);
+bash-4.1 and later use the current locale's collation sequence and strcoll(3).
+
+@item compat32
+If set, Bash
+changes its behavior to that of version 3.2 with respect to locale-specific
+string comparison when using the @code{[[}
+conditional command's @samp{<} and @samp{>} operators (see previous item)
+and the effect of interrupting a command list.
+Bash versions 3.2 and earlier continue with the next command in the list
+after one terminates due to an interrupt.
+
+@item compat40
+If set, Bash
+changes its behavior to that of version 4.0 with respect to locale-specific
+string comparison when using the @code{[[}
+conditional command's @samp{<} and @samp{>} operators (see description
+of @code{compat31})
+and the effect of interrupting a command list.
+Bash versions 4.0 and later interrupt the list as if the shell received the
+interrupt; previous versions continue with the next command in the list.
+
+@item compat41
+If set, Bash, when in @sc{posix} mode, treats a single quote in a double-quoted
+parameter expansion as a special character.  The single quotes must match
+(an even number) and the characters between the single quotes are considered
+quoted.  This is the behavior of @sc{posix} mode through version 4.1.
+The default Bash behavior remains as in previous versions.
+
+@item compat42
+If set, Bash
+does not process the replacement string in the pattern substitution word
+expansion using quote removal.
+
+@item compat43
+If set, Bash
+does not print a warning message if an attempt is made to use a quoted compound
+array assignment as an argument to @code{declare},
+makes word expansion errors
+non-fatal errors that cause the current command to fail (the default behavior is
+to make them fatal errors that cause the shell to exit),
+and does not reset the
+loop state when a shell function is executed (this allows @code{break} or
+@code{continue} in a shell function to affect loops in the caller's context).
+
+@item compat44
+If set, Bash
+saves the positional parameters to BASH_ARGV and BASH_ARGC before they are
+used, regardless of whether or not extended debugging mode is enabled.
+
+@item complete_fullquote
+If set, Bash
+quotes all shell metacharacters in filenames and directory names when
+performing completion.
+If not set, Bash
+removes metacharacters such as the dollar sign from the set of
+characters that will be quoted in completed filenames
+when these metacharacters appear in shell variable references in words to be
+completed.
+This means that dollar signs in variable names that expand to directories
+will not be quoted;
+however, any dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted, either.
+This is active only when bash is using backslashes to quote completed
+filenames.
+This variable is set by default, which is the default Bash behavior in
+versions through 4.2.
+
+@item direxpand
+If set, Bash
+replaces directory names with the results of word expansion when performing
+filename completion.  This changes the contents of the readline editing
+buffer.
+If not set, Bash attempts to preserve what the user typed.
+
+@item dirspell
+If set, Bash
+attempts spelling correction on directory names during word completion 
+if the directory name initially supplied does not exist.
+
+@item dotglob
+If set, Bash includes filenames beginning with a `.' in
+the results of filename expansion.
+The filenames @samp{.} and @samp{..} must always be matched explicitly,
+even if @code{dotglob} is set.
+
+@item execfail
+If this is set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if
+it cannot execute the file specified as an argument to the @code{exec}
+builtin command.  An interactive shell does not exit if @code{exec}
+fails.
+
+@item expand_aliases
+If set, aliases are expanded as described below under Aliases,
+@ref{Aliases}.
+This option is enabled by default for interactive shells.
+
+@item extdebug
+If set at shell invocation, arrange to execute the debugger profile
+before the shell starts, identical to the @option{--debugger} option.
+If set after invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled:
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+The @option{-F} option to the @code{declare} builtin (@pxref{Bash Builtins})
+displays the source file name and line number corresponding to each function
+name supplied as an argument.
+
+@item
+If the command run by the @code{DEBUG} trap returns a non-zero value, the
+next command is skipped and not executed.
+
+@item
+If the command run by the @code{DEBUG} trap returns a value of 2, and the
+shell is executing in a subroutine (a shell function or a shell script
+executed by the @code{.} or @code{source} builtins), the shell simulates
+a call to @code{return}.
+
+@item
+@code{BASH_ARGC} and @code{BASH_ARGV} are updated as described in their
+descriptions (@pxref{Bash Variables}).
+
+@item
+Function tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and
+subshells invoked with @code{( @var{command} )} inherit the
+@code{DEBUG} and @code{RETURN} traps.
+
+@item
+Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and
+subshells invoked with @code{( @var{command} )} inherit the
+@code{ERR} trap.
+@end enumerate
+
+@item extglob
+If set, the extended pattern matching features described above
+(@pxref{Pattern Matching}) are enabled.
+
+@item extquote
+If set, @code{$'@var{string}'} and @code{$"@var{string}"} quoting is  
+performed within @code{$@{@var{parameter}@}} expansions                     
+enclosed in double quotes.  This option is enabled by default. 
+
+@item failglob
+If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during filename expansion
+result in an expansion error.
+
+@item force_fignore
+If set, the suffixes specified by the @env{FIGNORE} shell variable
+cause words to be ignored when performing word completion even if
+the ignored words are the only possible completions.
+@xref{Bash Variables}, for a description of @env{FIGNORE}.
+This option is enabled by default.
+
+@item globasciiranges
+If set, range expressions used in pattern matching bracket expressions
+(@pxref{Pattern Matching})
+behave as if in the traditional C locale when performing
+comparisons.  That is, the current locale's collating sequence
+is not taken into account, so
+@samp{b} will not collate between @samp{A} and @samp{B},
+and upper-case and lower-case ASCII characters will collate together.   
+
+@item globstar
+If set, the pattern @samp{**} used in a filename expansion context will
+match all files and zero or more directories and subdirectories.
+If the pattern is followed by a @samp{/}, only directories and
+subdirectories match.
+
+@item gnu_errfmt
+If set, shell error messages are written in the standard @sc{gnu} error
+message format.
+
+@item histappend
+If set, the history list is appended to the file named by the value
+of the @env{HISTFILE}
+variable when the shell exits, rather than overwriting the file.
+
+@item histreedit
+If set, and Readline
+is being used, a user is given the opportunity to re-edit a
+failed history substitution.
+
+@item histverify
+If set, and Readline
+is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately
+passed to the shell parser.  Instead, the resulting line is loaded into
+the Readline editing buffer, allowing further modification.
+
+@item hostcomplete
+If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will attempt to perform
+hostname completion when a word containing a @samp{@@} is being
+completed (@pxref{Commands For Completion}).  This option is enabled
+by default.
+
+@item huponexit
+If set, Bash will send @code{SIGHUP} to all jobs when an interactive
+login shell exits (@pxref{Signals}).
+
+@item inherit_errexit
+If set, command substitution inherits the value of the @code{errexit} option,
+instead of unsetting it in the subshell environment.
+This option is enabled when @sc{posix} mode is enabled.
+
+@item interactive_comments
+Allow a word beginning with @samp{#}
+to cause that word and all remaining characters on that
+line to be ignored in an interactive shell.
+This option is enabled by default.
+
+@item lastpipe
+If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs the last command of
+a pipeline not executed in the background in the current shell environment.
+
+@item lithist
+If enabled, and the @code{cmdhist}
+option is enabled, multi-line commands are saved to the history with
+embedded newlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible.
+
+@item localvar_inherit
+If set, local variables inherit the value and attributes of a variable of
+the same name that exists at a previous scope before any new value is
+assigned.  The @var{nameref} attribute is not inherited.
+
+@item localvar_unset
+If set, calling @code{unset} on local variables in previous function scopes
+marks them so subsequent lookups find them unset until that function
+returns. This is identical to the behavior of unsetting local variables
+at the current function scope.
+
+@item login_shell
+The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell
+(@pxref{Invoking Bash}).
+The value may not be changed.
+
+@item mailwarn
+If set, and a file that Bash is checking for mail has been
+accessed since the last time it was checked, the message
+@code{"The mail in @var{mailfile} has been read"} is displayed.
+
+@item no_empty_cmd_completion
+If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will not attempt to search
+the @env{PATH} for possible completions when completion is attempted
+on an empty line.
+
+@item nocaseglob
+If set, Bash matches filenames in a case-insensitive fashion when
+performing filename expansion.
+
+@item nocasematch
+If set, Bash matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion when
+performing matching while executing @code{case} or @code{[[}
+conditional commands,
+when performing pattern substitution word expansions,
+or when filtering possible completions as part of programmable completion.
+
+@item nullglob
+If set, Bash allows filename patterns which match no
+files to expand to a null string, rather than themselves.
+
+@item progcomp
+If set, the programmable completion facilities
+(@pxref{Programmable Completion}) are enabled.
+This option is enabled by default.
+
+@item progcomp_alias
+If set, and programmable completion is enabled, Bash treats a command
+name that doesn't have any completions as a possible alias and attempts
+alias expansion. If it has an alias, Bash attempts programmable
+completion using the command word resulting from the expanded alias.
+
+@item promptvars
+If set, prompt strings undergo
+parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
+expansion, and quote removal after being expanded
+as described below (@pxref{Controlling the Prompt}).
+This option is enabled by default.
+
+@item restricted_shell
+The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode
+(@pxref{The Restricted Shell}).
+The value may not be changed.
+This is not reset when the startup files are executed, allowing
+the startup files to discover whether or not a shell is restricted.
+
+@item shift_verbose
+If this is set, the @code{shift}
+builtin prints an error message when the shift count exceeds the
+number of positional parameters.
+
+@item sourcepath
+If set, the @code{source} builtin uses the value of @env{PATH}
+to find the directory containing the file supplied as an argument.
+This option is enabled by default.
+
+@item xpg_echo
+If set, the @code{echo} builtin expands backslash-escape sequences
+by default.
+
+@end table
+
+@noindent
+The return status when listing options is zero if all @var{optnames}
+are enabled, non-zero otherwise.
+When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an
+@var{optname} is not a valid shell option.
+@end table
+
+@node Special Builtins
+@section Special Builtins
+@cindex special builtin
+
+For historical reasons, the @sc{posix} standard has classified
+several builtin commands as @emph{special}.
+When Bash is executing in @sc{posix} mode, the special builtins
+differ from other builtin commands in three respects:
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+Special builtins are found before shell functions during command lookup.
+
+@item
+If a special builtin returns an error status, a non-interactive shell exits.
+
+@item
+Assignment statements preceding the command stay in effect in the shell
+environment after the command completes.
+@end enumerate
+
+When Bash is not executing in @sc{posix} mode, these builtins behave no
+differently than the rest of the Bash builtin commands.
+The Bash @sc{posix} mode is described in @ref{Bash POSIX Mode}. 
+
+These are the @sc{posix} special builtins:
+@example
+@w{break : . continue eval exec exit export readonly return set}
+@w{shift trap unset}
+@end example
+
+@node Shell Variables
+@chapter Shell Variables
+
+@menu
+* Bourne Shell Variables::	Variables which Bash uses in the same way
+				as the Bourne Shell.
+* Bash Variables::		List of variables that exist in Bash.
+@end menu
+
+This chapter describes the shell variables that Bash uses.
+Bash automatically assigns default values to a number of variables.
+
+@node Bourne Shell Variables
+@section Bourne Shell Variables
+
+Bash uses certain shell variables in the same way as the Bourne shell.
+In some cases, Bash assigns a default value to the variable.
+
+@vtable @code
+
+@item CDPATH
+A colon-separated list of directories used as a search path for
+the @code{cd} builtin command.
+
+@item HOME
+The current user's home directory; the default for the @code{cd} builtin
+command.
+The value of this variable is also used by tilde expansion
+(@pxref{Tilde Expansion}).
+
+@item IFS
+A list of characters that separate fields; used when the shell splits
+words as part of expansion.
+
+@item MAIL
+If this parameter is set to a filename or directory name
+and the @env{MAILPATH} variable
+is not set, Bash informs the user of the arrival of mail in
+the specified file or Maildir-format directory.
+
+@item MAILPATH
+A colon-separated list of filenames which the shell periodically checks
+for new mail.
+Each list entry can specify the message that is printed when new mail
+arrives in the mail file by separating the filename from the message with
+a @samp{?}.
+When used in the text of the message, @code{$_} expands to the name of
+the current mail file.
+
+@item OPTARG
+The value of the last option argument processed by the @code{getopts} builtin.
+
+@item OPTIND
+The index of the last option argument processed by the @code{getopts} builtin.
+
+@item PATH
+A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for
+commands.
+A zero-length (null) directory name in the value of @code{PATH} indicates the
+current directory.
+A null directory name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial
+or trailing colon.
+
+@item PS1
+The primary prompt string.  The default value is @samp{\s-\v\$ }.
+@xref{Controlling the Prompt}, for the complete list of escape
+sequences that are expanded before @env{PS1} is displayed.
+
+@item PS2
+The secondary prompt string.  The default value is @samp{> }.
+@env{PS2} is expanded in the same way as @env{PS1} before being
+displayed.
+
+@end vtable
+
+@node Bash Variables
+@section Bash Variables
+
+These variables are set or used by Bash, but other shells
+do not normally treat them specially.
+
+A few variables used by Bash are described in different chapters:
+variables for controlling the job control facilities
+(@pxref{Job Control Variables}).
+
+@vtable @code
+
+@item BASH
+The full pathname used to execute the current instance of Bash.
+
+@item BASHOPTS
+A colon-separated list of enabled shell options.  Each word in
+the list is a valid argument for the @option{-s} option to the
+@code{shopt} builtin command (@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}).
+The options appearing in @env{BASHOPTS} are those reported
+as @samp{on} by @samp{shopt}.
+If this variable is in the environment when Bash
+starts up, each shell option in the list will be enabled before
+reading any startup files.  This variable is readonly.
+
+@item BASHPID
+Expands to the process ID of the current Bash process.
+This differs from @code{$$} under certain circumstances, such as subshells
+that do not require Bash to be re-initialized.
+Assignments to @env{BASHPID} have no effect.
+If @code{BASHPID}
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+
+@item BASH_ALIASES
+An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal
+list of aliases as maintained by the @code{alias} builtin.
+(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}).
+Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; however,
+unsetting array elements currently does not cause aliases to be removed
+from the alias list.
+If @code{BASH_ALIASES}
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+
+@item BASH_ARGC
+An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in each
+frame of the current bash execution call stack.  The number of
+parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or script executed
+with @code{.} or @code{source}) is at the top of the stack.  When a
+subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed is pushed onto
+@code{BASH_ARGC}.
+The shell sets @code{BASH_ARGC} only when in extended debugging mode
+(see @ref{The Shopt Builtin}
+for a description of the @code{extdebug} option to the @code{shopt}
+builtin).
+Setting @code{extdebug} after the shell has started to execute a script,
+or referencing this variable when @code{extdebug} is not set,
+may result in inconsistent values.
+
+@item BASH_ARGV
+An array variable containing all of the parameters in the current bash
+execution call stack.  The final parameter of the last subroutine call
+is at the top of the stack; the first parameter of the initial call is
+at the bottom.  When a subroutine is executed, the parameters supplied
+are pushed onto @code{BASH_ARGV}.
+The shell sets @code{BASH_ARGV} only when in extended debugging mode
+(see @ref{The Shopt Builtin}
+for a description of the @code{extdebug} option to the @code{shopt}
+builtin).
+Setting @code{extdebug} after the shell has started to execute a script,
+or referencing this variable when @code{extdebug} is not set,
+may result in inconsistent values.
+
+@item BASH_ARGV0
+When referenced, this variable expands to the name of the shell or shell
+script (identical to @code{$0}; @xref{Special Parameters},
+for the description of special parameter 0).
+Assignment to @code{BASH_ARGV0}
+causes the value assigned to also be assigned to @code{$0}.
+If @code{BASH_ARGV0}
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+
+@item BASH_CMDS
+An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal
+hash table of commands as maintained by the @code{hash} builtin
+(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}).
+Elements added to this array appear in the hash table; however,
+unsetting array elements currently does not cause command names to be removed
+from the hash table.
+If @code{BASH_CMDS}
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+
+@item BASH_COMMAND
+The command currently being executed or about to be executed, unless the
+shell is executing a command as the result of a trap,
+in which case it is the command executing at the time of the trap.
+
+@item BASH_COMPAT
+The value is used to set the shell's compatibility level.
+@xref{The Shopt Builtin}, for a description of the various compatibility
+levels and their effects.
+The value may be a decimal number (e.g., 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42)
+corresponding to the desired compatibility level.
+If @code{BASH_COMPAT} is unset or set to the empty string, the compatibility
+level is set to the default for the current version.
+If @code{BASH_COMPAT} is set to a value that is not one of the valid
+compatibility levels, the shell prints an error message and sets the
+compatibility level to the default for the current version.
+The valid compatibility levels correspond to the compatibility options
+accepted by the @code{shopt} builtin described above (for example,
+@var{compat42} means that 4.2 and 42 are valid values).
+The current version is also a valid value.
+
+@item BASH_ENV
+If this variable is set when Bash is invoked to execute a shell
+script, its value is expanded and used as the name of a startup file
+to read before executing the script.  @xref{Bash Startup Files}.
+
+@item BASH_EXECUTION_STRING
+The command argument to the @option{-c} invocation option.
+
+@item BASH_LINENO
+An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source files
+where each corresponding member of @var{FUNCNAME} was invoked.
+@code{$@{BASH_LINENO[$i]@}} is the line number in the source file
+(@code{$@{BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]@}}) where
+@code{$@{FUNCNAME[$i]@}} was called (or @code{$@{BASH_LINENO[$i-1]@}} if
+referenced within another shell function). 
+Use @code{LINENO} to obtain the current line number.
+
+@item BASH_LOADABLES_PATH
+A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for
+dynamically loadable builtins specified by the
+@code{enable} command.
+
+@item BASH_REMATCH
+An array variable whose members are assigned by the @samp{=~} binary
+operator to the @code{[[} conditional command
+(@pxref{Conditional Constructs}).
+The element with index 0 is the portion of the string
+matching the entire regular expression.
+The element with index @var{n} is the portion of the
+string matching the @var{n}th parenthesized subexpression.
+This variable is read-only.
+
+@item BASH_SOURCE
+An array variable whose members are the source filenames where the
+corresponding shell function names in the @code{FUNCNAME} array
+variable are defined.
+The shell function @code{$@{FUNCNAME[$i]@}} is defined in the file
+@code{$@{BASH_SOURCE[$i]@}} and called from @code{$@{BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]@}}
+
+@item BASH_SUBSHELL
+Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell environment when
+the shell begins executing in that environment.
+The initial value is 0.
+
+@item BASH_VERSINFO
+A readonly array variable (@pxref{Arrays})
+whose members hold version information for this instance of Bash.
+The values assigned to the array members are as follows:
+
+@table @code
+
+@item BASH_VERSINFO[0]
+The major version number (the @var{release}).
+
+@item BASH_VERSINFO[1]
+The minor version number (the @var{version}).
+
+@item BASH_VERSINFO[2]
+The patch level.
+
+@item BASH_VERSINFO[3]
+The build version.
+
+@item BASH_VERSINFO[4]
+The release status (e.g., @var{beta1}).
+
+@item BASH_VERSINFO[5]
+The value of @env{MACHTYPE}.
+@end table
+
+@item BASH_VERSION
+The version number of the current instance of Bash.
+
+@item BASH_XTRACEFD
+If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, Bash
+will write the trace output generated when @samp{set -x}
+is enabled to that file descriptor.
+This allows tracing output to be separated from diagnostic and error
+messages.
+The file descriptor is closed when @code{BASH_XTRACEFD} is unset or assigned
+a new value.
+Unsetting @code{BASH_XTRACEFD} or assigning it the empty string causes the
+trace output to be sent to the standard error.
+Note that setting @code{BASH_XTRACEFD} to 2 (the standard error file
+descriptor) and then unsetting it will result in the standard error
+being closed.
+
+@item CHILD_MAX
+Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to remember.
+Bash will not allow this value to be decreased below a @sc{posix}-mandated
+minimum, and there is a maximum value (currently 8192) that this may
+not exceed.
+The minimum value is system-dependent.
+
+@item COLUMNS
+Used by the @code{select} command to determine the terminal width
+when printing selection lists.
+Automatically set if the @code{checkwinsize} option is enabled
+(@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}), or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a
+@code{SIGWINCH}.
+
+@item COMP_CWORD
+An index into @env{$@{COMP_WORDS@}} of the word containing the current
+cursor position.
+This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the
+programmable completion facilities (@pxref{Programmable Completion}).
+
+@item COMP_LINE
+The current command line.
+This variable is available only in shell functions and external
+commands invoked by the
+programmable completion facilities (@pxref{Programmable Completion}).
+
+@item COMP_POINT
+The index of the current cursor position relative to the beginning of
+the current command.
+If the current cursor position is at the end of the current command,
+the value of this variable is equal to @code{$@{#COMP_LINE@}}.
+This variable is available only in shell functions and external
+commands invoked by the
+programmable completion facilities (@pxref{Programmable Completion}).
+
+@item COMP_TYPE
+Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of completion attempted
+that caused a completion function to be called:
+@var{TAB}, for normal completion,
+@samp{?}, for listing completions after successive tabs,
+@samp{!}, for listing alternatives on partial word completion,
+@samp{@@}, to list completions if the word is not unmodified,
+or
+@samp{%}, for menu completion.
+This variable is available only in shell functions and external
+commands invoked by the
+programmable completion facilities (@pxref{Programmable Completion}).
+
+@item COMP_KEY
+The key (or final key of a key sequence) used to invoke the current
+completion function.
+
+@item COMP_WORDBREAKS
+The set of characters that the Readline library treats as word
+separators when performing word completion.
+If @code{COMP_WORDBREAKS} is unset, it loses its special properties,
+even if it is subsequently reset.
+
+@item COMP_WORDS
+An array variable consisting of the individual
+words in the current command line.
+The line is split into words as Readline would split it, using
+@code{COMP_WORDBREAKS} as described above.
+This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the
+programmable completion facilities (@pxref{Programmable Completion}).
+
+@item COMPREPLY
+An array variable from which Bash reads the possible completions
+generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable completion
+facility (@pxref{Programmable Completion}).
+Each array element contains one possible completion.
+
+@item COPROC
+An array variable created to hold the file descriptors
+for output from and input to an unnamed coprocess (@pxref{Coprocesses}).
+
+@item DIRSTACK
+An array variable containing the current contents of the directory stack.
+Directories appear in the stack in the order they are displayed by the
+@code{dirs} builtin.
+Assigning to members of this array variable may be used to modify
+directories already in the stack, but the @code{pushd} and @code{popd}
+builtins must be used to add and remove directories.
+Assignment to this variable will not change the current directory.
+If @env{DIRSTACK} is unset, it loses its special properties, even if
+it is subsequently reset.
+
+@item EMACS
+If Bash finds this variable in the environment when the shell
+starts with value @samp{t}, it assumes that the shell is running in an
+Emacs shell buffer and disables line editing.
+
+@item ENV
+Similar to @code{BASH_ENV}; used when the shell is invoked in
+@sc{posix} Mode (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}).
+
+@item EPOCHREALTIME
+Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of seconds
+since the Unix Epoch as a floating point value with micro-second granularity
+(see the documentation for the C library function @var{time} for the
+definition of Epoch).
+Assignments to @env{EPOCHREALTIME} are ignored.
+If @env{EPOCHREALTIME} is unset, it loses its special properties, even if
+it is subsequently reset.
+
+@item EPOCHSECONDS
+Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of seconds
+since the Unix Epoch (see the documentation for the C library function
+@var{time} for the definition of Epoch).
+Assignments to @env{EPOCHSECONDS} are ignored.
+If @env{EPOCHSECONDS} is unset, it loses its special properties, even if
+it is subsequently reset.
+
+@item EUID
+The numeric effective user id of the current user.  This variable
+is readonly.
+
+@item EXECIGNORE
+A colon-separated list of shell patterns (@pxref{Pattern Matching})
+defining the list of filenames to be ignored by command search using
+@code{PATH}.
+Files whose full pathnames match one of these patterns are not considered
+executable files for the purposes of completion and command execution
+via @code{PATH} lookup.
+This does not affect the behavior of the @code{[}, @code{test}, and @code{[[}
+commands.
+Full pathnames in the command hash table are not subject to @code{EXECIGNORE}.
+Use this variable to ignore shared library files that have the executable
+bit set, but are not executable files.
+The pattern matching honors the setting of the @code{extglob} shell 
+option.
+
+@item FCEDIT
+The editor used as a default by the @option{-e} option to the @code{fc}
+builtin command.
+
+@item FIGNORE
+A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing
+filename completion.
+A filename whose suffix matches one of the entries in 
+@env{FIGNORE}
+is excluded from the list of matched filenames.  A sample
+value is @samp{.o:~}
+
+@item FUNCNAME
+An array variable containing the names of all shell functions
+currently in the execution call stack.
+The element with index 0 is the name of any currently-executing
+shell function.
+The bottom-most element (the one with the highest index)
+is @code{"main"}.
+This variable exists only when a shell function is executing.
+Assignments to @env{FUNCNAME} have no effect.
+If @env{FUNCNAME} is unset, it loses its special properties, even if
+it is subsequently reset.
+
+This variable can be used with @code{BASH_LINENO} and @code{BASH_SOURCE}.
+Each element of @code{FUNCNAME} has corresponding elements in
+@code{BASH_LINENO} and @code{BASH_SOURCE} to describe the call stack.
+For instance, @code{$@{FUNCNAME[$i]@}} was called from the file
+@code{$@{BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]@}} at line number @code{$@{BASH_LINENO[$i]@}}.
+The @code{caller} builtin displays the current call stack using this
+information.
+
+@item FUNCNEST
+If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum function
+nesting level.  Function invocations that exceed this nesting level
+will cause the current command to abort.
+
+@item GLOBIGNORE
+A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of file names to
+be ignored by filename expansion.
+If a file name matched by a filename expansion pattern also matches one
+of the patterns in @env{GLOBIGNORE}, it is removed from the list
+of matches.
+The pattern matching honors the setting of the @code{extglob} shell
+option.
+
+@item GROUPS
+An array variable containing the list of groups of which the current    
+user is a member.
+Assignments to @env{GROUPS} have no effect.
+If @env{GROUPS} is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+
+@item histchars
+Up to three characters which control history expansion, quick
+substitution, and tokenization (@pxref{History Interaction}).
+The first character is the
+@var{history expansion} character, that is, the character which signifies the
+start of a history expansion, normally @samp{!}.  The second character is the
+character which signifies `quick substitution' when seen as the first
+character on a line, normally @samp{^}.  The optional third character is the
+character which indicates that the remainder of the line is a comment when
+found as the first character of a word, usually @samp{#}.  The history
+comment character causes history substitution to be skipped for the
+remaining words on the line.  It does not necessarily cause the shell
+parser to treat the rest of the line as a comment.
+
+@item HISTCMD
+The history number, or index in the history list, of the current
+command.  If @env{HISTCMD} is unset, it loses its special properties,
+even if it is subsequently reset.
+
+@item HISTCONTROL
+A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are saved on
+the history list.
+If the list of values includes @samp{ignorespace}, lines which begin
+with a space character are not saved in the history list.
+A value of @samp{ignoredups} causes lines which match the previous
+history entry to not be saved.
+A value of @samp{ignoreboth} is shorthand for
+@samp{ignorespace} and @samp{ignoredups}.
+A value of @samp{erasedups} causes all previous lines matching the
+current line to be removed from the history list before that line
+is saved.
+Any value not in the above list is ignored.
+If @env{HISTCONTROL} is unset, or does not include a valid value, 
+all lines read by the shell parser are saved on the history list, 
+subject to the value of @env{HISTIGNORE}.
+The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are
+not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
+@env{HISTCONTROL}.
+
+@item HISTFILE
+The name of the file to which the command history is saved.  The
+default value is @file{~/.bash_history}.
+
+@item HISTFILESIZE
+The maximum number of lines contained in the history file.
+When this variable is assigned a value, the history file is truncated,
+if necessary, to contain no more than that number of lines
+by removing the oldest entries.
+The history file is also truncated to this size after
+writing it when a shell exits.
+If the value is 0, the history file is truncated to zero size.
+Non-numeric values and numeric values less than zero inhibit truncation.
+The shell sets the default value to the value of @env{HISTSIZE}
+after reading any startup files.
+
+@item HISTIGNORE
+A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command
+lines should be saved on the history list.  Each pattern is
+anchored at the beginning of the line and must match the complete
+line (no implicit @samp{*} is appended).  Each pattern is tested
+against the line after the checks specified by @env{HISTCONTROL}
+are applied.  In addition to the normal shell pattern matching
+characters, @samp{&} matches the previous history line.  @samp{&}
+may be escaped using a backslash; the backslash is removed
+before attempting a match. 
+The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are
+not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
+@env{HISTIGNORE}.
+The pattern matching honors the setting of the @code{extglob} shell
+option.
+
+@env{HISTIGNORE} subsumes the function of @env{HISTCONTROL}.  A
+pattern of @samp{&} is identical to @code{ignoredups}, and a
+pattern of @samp{[ ]*} is identical to @code{ignorespace}. 
+Combining these two patterns, separating them with a colon,
+provides the functionality of @code{ignoreboth}. 
+
+@item HISTSIZE
+The maximum number of commands to remember on the history list.
+If the value is 0, commands are not saved in the history list.
+Numeric values less than zero result in every command being saved
+on the history list (there is no limit).
+The shell sets the default value to 500 after reading any startup files.
+
+@item HISTTIMEFORMAT
+If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format string
+for @var{strftime} to print the time stamp associated with each history
+entry displayed by the @code{history} builtin.
+If this variable is set, time stamps are written to the history file so
+they may be preserved across shell sessions.
+This uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from
+other history lines.
+
+@item HOSTFILE
+Contains the name of a file in the same format as @file{/etc/hosts} that
+should be read when the shell needs to complete a hostname.
+The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while the shell
+is running;
+the next time hostname completion is attempted after the
+value is changed, Bash adds the contents of the new file to the
+existing list.
+If @env{HOSTFILE} is set, but has no value, or does not name a readable file,
+Bash attempts to read 
+@file{/etc/hosts} to obtain the list of possible hostname completions.
+When @env{HOSTFILE} is unset, the hostname list is cleared.
+
+@item HOSTNAME
+The name of the current host.
+
+@item HOSTTYPE
+A string describing the machine Bash is running on.
+
+@item IGNOREEOF
+Controls the action of the shell on receipt of an @code{EOF} character
+as the sole input.  If set, the value denotes the number
+of consecutive @code{EOF} characters that can be read as the
+first character on an input line
+before the shell will exit.  If the variable exists but does not
+have a numeric value, or has no value, then the default is 10.
+If the variable does not exist, then @code{EOF} signifies the end of 
+input to the shell.  This is only in effect for interactive shells.
+
+@item INPUTRC
+The name of the Readline initialization file, overriding the default
+of @file{~/.inputrc}.
+
+@item INSIDE_EMACS
+If Bash finds this variable in the environment when the shell
+starts, it assumes that the shell is running in an Emacs shell buffer
+and may disable line editing depending on the value of @env{TERM}.
+
+@item LANG  
+Used to determine the locale category for any category not specifically
+selected with a variable starting with @code{LC_}.
+
+@item LC_ALL
+This variable overrides the value of @env{LANG} and any other
+@code{LC_} variable specifying a locale category.
+
+@item LC_COLLATE
+This variable determines the collation order used when sorting the
+results of filename expansion, and
+determines the behavior of range expressions, equivalence classes,
+and collating sequences within filename expansion and pattern matching
+(@pxref{Filename Expansion}).
+
+@item LC_CTYPE
+This variable determines the interpretation of characters and the
+behavior of character classes within filename expansion and pattern
+matching (@pxref{Filename Expansion}).
+
+@item LC_MESSAGES
+This variable determines the locale used to translate double-quoted
+strings preceded by a @samp{$} (@pxref{Locale Translation}).
+
+@item LC_NUMERIC
+This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting.
+
+@item LC_TIME
+This variable determines the locale category used for data and time
+formatting.
+
+@item LINENO
+The line number in the script or shell function currently executing.
+
+@item LINES
+Used by the @code{select} command to determine the column length
+for printing selection lists.
+Automatically set if the @code{checkwinsize} option is enabled
+(@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}), or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a
+@code{SIGWINCH}.
+
+@item MACHTYPE
+A string that fully describes the system type on which Bash
+is executing, in the standard @sc{gnu} @var{cpu-company-system} format.
+
+@item MAILCHECK
+How often (in seconds) that the shell should check for mail in the
+files specified in the @env{MAILPATH} or @env{MAIL} variables.
+The default is 60 seconds.  When it is time to check
+for mail, the shell does so before displaying the primary prompt.
+If this variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number
+greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking.
+
+@item MAPFILE
+An array variable created to hold the text read by the
+@code{mapfile} builtin when no variable name is supplied.
+
+@item OLDPWD
+The previous working directory as set by the @code{cd} builtin.
+
+@item OPTERR
+If set to the value 1, Bash displays error messages
+generated by the @code{getopts} builtin command.
+
+@item OSTYPE
+A string describing the operating system Bash is running on.
+
+@item PIPESTATUS
+An array variable (@pxref{Arrays})
+containing a list of exit status values from the processes
+in the most-recently-executed foreground pipeline (which may
+contain only a single command).
+
+@item POSIXLY_CORRECT
+If this variable is in the environment when Bash starts, the shell
+enters @sc{posix} mode (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}) before reading the
+startup files, as if the @option{--posix} invocation option had been supplied.
+If it is set while the shell is running, Bash enables @sc{posix} mode,
+as if the command
+@example
+@code{set -o posix}
+@end example
+@noindent
+had been executed.
+When the shell enters @sc{posix} mode, it sets this variable if it was
+not already set.
+
+@item PPID
+The process @sc{id} of the shell's parent process.  This variable
+is readonly.
+
+@item PROMPT_COMMAND
+If set, the value is interpreted as a command to execute
+before the printing of each primary prompt (@env{$PS1}).
+
+@item PROMPT_DIRTRIM
+If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the number of
+trailing directory components to retain when expanding the @code{\w} and
+@code{\W} prompt string escapes (@pxref{Controlling the Prompt}).
+Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis.
+
+@item PS0
+The value of this parameter is expanded like @var{PS1}
+and displayed by interactive shells after reading a command
+and before the command is executed.
+
+@item PS3
+The value of this variable is used as the prompt for the
+@code{select} command.  If this variable is not set, the
+@code{select} command prompts with @samp{#? }
+
+@item PS4
+The value of this parameter is expanded like @var{PS1}
+and the expanded value is the prompt printed before the command line
+is echoed when the @option{-x} option is set (@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
+The first character of the expanded value is replicated multiple times,
+as necessary, to indicate multiple levels of indirection.
+The default is @samp{+ }.
+
+@item PWD
+The current working directory as set by the @code{cd} builtin.
+
+@item RANDOM
+Each time this parameter is referenced, a random integer
+between 0 and 32767 is generated.  Assigning a value to this
+variable seeds the random number generator.
+
+@item READLINE_LINE
+The contents of the Readline line buffer, for use
+with @samp{bind -x} (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
+
+@item READLINE_POINT
+The position of the insertion point in the Readline line buffer, for use
+with @samp{bind -x} (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
+
+@item REPLY
+The default variable for the @code{read} builtin.
+
+@item SECONDS
+This variable expands to the number of seconds since the
+shell was started.  Assignment to this variable resets
+the count to the value assigned, and the expanded value
+becomes the value assigned plus the number of seconds
+since the assignment.
+
+@item SHELL
+The full pathname to the shell is kept in this environment variable.
+If it is not set when the shell starts,
+Bash assigns to it the full pathname of the current user's login shell.
+
+@item SHELLOPTS
+A colon-separated list of enabled shell options.  Each word in
+the list is a valid argument for the @option{-o} option to the
+@code{set} builtin command (@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
+The options appearing in @env{SHELLOPTS} are those reported
+as @samp{on} by @samp{set -o}.
+If this variable is in the environment when Bash
+starts up, each shell option in the list will be enabled before
+reading any startup files.  This variable is readonly.
+
+@item SHLVL
+Incremented by one each time a new instance of Bash is started.  This is
+intended to be a count of how deeply your Bash shells are nested.
+
+@item TIMEFORMAT
+The value of this parameter is used as a format string specifying
+how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the @code{time}
+reserved word should be displayed.
+The @samp{%} character introduces an
+escape sequence that is expanded to a time value or other
+information.
+The escape sequences and their meanings are as
+follows; the braces denote optional portions. 
+
+@table @code
+
+@item %%
+A literal @samp{%}.
+
+@item %[@var{p}][l]R
+The elapsed time in seconds. 
+
+@item %[@var{p}][l]U
+The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode. 
+
+@item %[@var{p}][l]S
+The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode. 
+
+@item %P
+The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R. 
+@end table
+
+The optional @var{p} is a digit specifying the precision, the number of
+fractional digits after a decimal point.
+A value of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.
+At most three places after the decimal point may be specified; values
+of @var{p} greater than 3 are changed to 3.
+If @var{p} is not specified, the value 3 is used. 
+
+The optional @code{l} specifies a longer format, including minutes, of
+the form @var{MM}m@var{SS}.@var{FF}s.
+The value of @var{p} determines whether or not the fraction is included. 
+
+If this variable is not set, Bash acts as if it had the value
+@example
+@code{$'\nreal\t%3lR\nuser\t%3lU\nsys\t%3lS'}
+@end example
+If the value is null, no timing information is displayed.
+A trailing newline is added when the format string is displayed.
+
+@item TMOUT
+If set to a value greater than zero, @code{TMOUT} is treated as the
+default timeout for the @code{read} builtin (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
+The @code{select} command (@pxref{Conditional Constructs}) terminates
+if input does not arrive after @code{TMOUT} seconds when input is coming
+from a terminal.
+
+In an interactive shell, the value is interpreted as
+the number of seconds to wait for a line of input after issuing
+the primary prompt.
+Bash
+terminates after waiting for that number of seconds if a complete
+line of input does not arrive.
+
+@item TMPDIR
+If set, Bash uses its value as the name of a directory in which
+Bash creates temporary files for the shell's use.
+
+@item UID
+The numeric real user id of the current user.  This variable is readonly.
+
+@end vtable
+
+@node Bash Features
+@chapter Bash Features
+
+This chapter describes features unique to Bash.
+
+@menu
+* Invoking Bash::		Command line options that you can give
+				to Bash.
+* Bash Startup Files::		When and how Bash executes scripts.
+* Interactive Shells::		What an interactive shell is.
+* Bash Conditional Expressions::	Primitives used in composing expressions for
+				the @code{test} builtin.
+* Shell Arithmetic::		Arithmetic on shell variables.
+* Aliases::			Substituting one command for another.
+* Arrays::			Array Variables.
+* The Directory Stack::		History of visited directories.
+* Controlling the Prompt::	Customizing the various prompt strings.
+* The Restricted Shell::	A more controlled mode of shell execution.
+* Bash POSIX Mode::		Making Bash behave more closely to what
+				the POSIX standard specifies.
+@end menu
+
+@node Invoking Bash
+@section Invoking Bash
+
+@example
+bash [long-opt] [-ir] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o @var{option}]
+    [-O @var{shopt_option}] [@var{argument} @dots{}]
+bash [long-opt] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o @var{option}]
+    [-O @var{shopt_option}] -c @var{string} [@var{argument} @dots{}]
+bash [long-opt] -s [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o @var{option}]
+    [-O @var{shopt_option}] [@var{argument} @dots{}]
+@end example
+
+All of the single-character options used with the @code{set} builtin
+(@pxref{The Set Builtin}) can be used as options when the shell is invoked.
+In addition, there are several multi-character
+options that you can use.  These options must appear on the command
+line before the single-character options to be recognized. 
+
+@table @code
+@item --debugger
+Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell
+starts.  Turns on extended debugging mode (see @ref{The Shopt Builtin}
+for a description of the @code{extdebug} option to the @code{shopt}
+builtin).
+
+@item --dump-po-strings
+A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by @samp{$}
+is printed on the standard output
+in the @sc{gnu} @code{gettext} PO (portable object) file format.
+Equivalent to @option{-D} except for the output format.
+
+@item --dump-strings
+Equivalent to @option{-D}.
+
+@item --help
+Display a usage message on standard output and exit successfully.
+
+@item --init-file @var{filename}
+@itemx --rcfile @var{filename}
+Execute commands from @var{filename} (instead of @file{~/.bashrc})
+in an interactive shell.
+
+@item --login
+Equivalent to @option{-l}.
+
+@item --noediting
+Do not use the @sc{gnu} Readline library (@pxref{Command Line Editing})
+to read  command lines when the shell is interactive.
+
+@item --noprofile
+Don't load the system-wide startup file @file{/etc/profile}
+or any of the personal initialization files
+@file{~/.bash_profile}, @file{~/.bash_login}, or @file{~/.profile}
+when Bash is invoked as a login shell.
+
+@item --norc
+Don't read the @file{~/.bashrc} initialization file in an
+interactive shell.  This is on by default if the shell is
+invoked as @code{sh}.
+
+@item --posix
+Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation differs
+from the @sc{posix} standard to match the standard.  This
+is intended to make Bash behave as a strict superset of that
+standard.  @xref{Bash POSIX Mode}, for a description of the Bash
+@sc{posix} mode.
+
+@item --restricted
+Make the shell a restricted shell (@pxref{The Restricted Shell}).
+
+@item --verbose
+Equivalent to @option{-v}.  Print shell input lines as they're read.
+
+@item --version
+Show version information for this instance of
+Bash on the standard output and exit successfully.
+@end table
+
+There are several single-character options that may be supplied at
+invocation which are not available with the @code{set} builtin.
+
+@table @code
+@item -c
+Read and execute commands from the first non-option argument
+@var{command_string}, then exit. 
+If there are arguments after the @var{command_string},
+the first argument is assigned to @code{$0}
+and any remaining arguments are assigned to the positional parameters.
+The assignment to @code{$0} sets the name of the shell, which is used
+in warning and error messages.
+
+@item -i
+Force the shell to run interactively.  Interactive shells are
+described in @ref{Interactive Shells}.
+
+@item -l
+Make this shell act as if it had been directly invoked by login.
+When the shell is interactive, this is equivalent to starting a
+login shell with @samp{exec -l bash}.
+When the shell is not interactive, the login shell startup files will
+be executed.
+@samp{exec bash -l} or @samp{exec bash --login}
+will replace the current shell with a Bash login shell.
+@xref{Bash Startup Files}, for a description of the special behavior
+of a login shell.
+
+@item -r
+Make the shell a restricted shell (@pxref{The Restricted Shell}).
+
+@item -s
+If this option is present, or if no arguments remain after option
+processing, then commands are read from the standard input.
+This option allows the positional parameters to be set
+when invoking an interactive shell or when reading input
+through a pipe.
+
+@item -D
+A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by @samp{$}
+is printed on the standard output.
+These are the strings that
+are subject to language translation when the current locale
+is not @code{C} or @code{POSIX} (@pxref{Locale Translation}).
+This implies the @option{-n} option; no commands will be executed.
+
+@item [-+]O [@var{shopt_option}]
+@var{shopt_option} is one of the shell options accepted by the
+@code{shopt} builtin (@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}).
+If @var{shopt_option} is present, @option{-O} sets the value of that option;
+@option{+O} unsets it.  
+If @var{shopt_option} is not supplied, the names and values of the shell
+options accepted by @code{shopt} are printed on the standard output.
+If the invocation option is @option{+O}, the output is displayed in a format
+that may be reused as input.
+
+@item --
+A @code{--} signals the end of options and disables further option
+processing.
+Any arguments after the @code{--} are treated as filenames and arguments.
+@end table
+
+@cindex login shell
+A @emph{login} shell is one whose first character of argument zero is
+@samp{-}, or one invoked with the @option{--login} option.
+
+@cindex interactive shell
+An @emph{interactive} shell is one started without non-option arguments,
+unless @option{-s} is specified,
+without specifying the @option{-c} option, and whose input and output are both
+connected to terminals (as determined by @code{isatty(3)}), or one
+started with the @option{-i} option.  @xref{Interactive Shells}, for more
+information.
+
+If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the
+@option{-c} nor the @option{-s}
+option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed to
+be the name of a file containing shell commands (@pxref{Shell Scripts}).
+When Bash is invoked in this fashion, @code{$0}
+is set to the name of the file, and the positional parameters
+are set to the remaining arguments.
+Bash reads and executes commands from this file, then exits.   
+Bash's exit status is the exit status of the last command executed
+in the script.  If no commands are executed, the exit status is 0.
+
+@node Bash Startup Files
+@section Bash Startup Files
+@cindex startup files
+
+This section describes how Bash executes its startup files.
+If any of the files exist but cannot be read, Bash reports an error.
+Tildes are expanded in filenames as described above under
+Tilde Expansion (@pxref{Tilde Expansion}).
+
+Interactive shells are described in @ref{Interactive Shells}.
+
+@subsubheading Invoked as an interactive login shell, or with @option{--login}
+
+When Bash is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a
+non-interactive shell with the @option{--login} option, it first reads and
+executes commands from the file @file{/etc/profile}, if that file exists.
+After reading that file, it looks for @file{~/.bash_profile},
+@file{~/.bash_login}, and @file{~/.profile}, in that order, and reads
+and executes commands from the first one that exists and is readable.
+The @option{--noprofile} option may be used when the shell is started to
+inhibit this behavior.
+
+When an interactive login shell exits,
+or a non-interactive login shell executes the @code{exit} builtin command,
+Bash reads and executes commands from
+the file @file{~/.bash_logout}, if it exists.
+
+@subsubheading Invoked as an interactive non-login shell
+
+When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, Bash
+reads and executes commands from @file{~/.bashrc}, if that file exists.
+This may be inhibited by using the @option{--norc} option.
+The @option{--rcfile @var{file}} option will force Bash to read and
+execute commands from @var{file} instead of @file{~/.bashrc}.
+
+So, typically, your @file{~/.bash_profile} contains the line
+@example
+@code{if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then . ~/.bashrc; fi}
+@end example
+@noindent
+after (or before) any login-specific initializations.
+
+@subsubheading Invoked non-interactively
+
+When Bash is started non-interactively, to run a shell script,
+for example, it looks for the variable @env{BASH_ENV} in the environment,
+expands its value if it appears there, and uses the expanded value as
+the name of a file to read and execute.  Bash behaves as if the
+following command were executed:
+@example
+@code{if [ -n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi}
+@end example
+@noindent
+but the value of the @env{PATH} variable is not used to search for the
+filename.
+
+As noted above, if a non-interactive shell is invoked with the
+@option{--login} option, Bash attempts to read and execute commands from the
+login shell startup files. 
+
+@subsubheading Invoked with name @code{sh}
+
+If Bash is invoked with the name @code{sh}, it tries to mimic the
+startup behavior of historical versions of @code{sh} as closely as
+possible, while conforming to the @sc{posix} standard as well.
+
+When invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-interactive
+shell with the @option{--login} option, it first attempts to read
+and execute commands from @file{/etc/profile} and @file{~/.profile}, in
+that order.
+The @option{--noprofile} option may be used to inhibit this behavior.
+When invoked as an interactive shell with the name @code{sh}, Bash
+looks for the variable @env{ENV}, expands its value if it is defined,
+and uses the expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute.
+Since a shell invoked as @code{sh} does not attempt to read and execute
+commands from any other startup files, the @option{--rcfile} option has
+no effect.
+A non-interactive shell invoked with the name @code{sh} does not attempt
+to read any other startup files.
+
+When invoked as @code{sh}, Bash enters @sc{posix} mode after
+the startup files are read.
+
+@subsubheading Invoked in @sc{posix} mode
+
+When Bash is started in @sc{posix} mode, as with the
+@option{--posix} command line option, it follows the @sc{posix} standard
+for startup files.
+In this mode, interactive shells expand the @env{ENV} variable
+and commands are read and executed from the file whose name is the
+expanded value.
+No other startup files are read.
+
+@subsubheading Invoked by remote shell daemon
+
+Bash attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input
+connected to a network connection, as when executed by the remote shell
+daemon, usually @code{rshd}, or the secure shell daemon @code{sshd}.
+If Bash determines it is being run in
+this fashion, it reads and executes commands from @file{~/.bashrc}, if that
+file exists and is readable.
+It will not do this if invoked as @code{sh}.
+The @option{--norc} option may be used to inhibit this behavior, and the
+@option{--rcfile} option may be used to force another file to be read, but
+neither @code{rshd} nor @code{sshd} generally invoke the shell with those
+options or allow them to be specified.
+
+@subsubheading Invoked with unequal effective and real @sc{uid/gid}s
+
+If Bash is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the
+real user (group) id, and the @option{-p} option is not supplied, no startup
+files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment,
+the @env{SHELLOPTS}, @env{BASHOPTS}, @env{CDPATH}, and @env{GLOBIGNORE}
+variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored, and the effective
+user id is set to the real user id.
+If the @option{-p} option is supplied at invocation, the startup behavior is
+the same, but the effective user id is not reset.
+
+@node Interactive Shells
+@section Interactive Shells
+@cindex interactive shell
+@cindex shell, interactive
+
+@menu
+* What is an Interactive Shell?::	What determines whether a shell is Interactive.
+* Is this Shell Interactive?::	How to tell if a shell is interactive.
+* Interactive Shell Behavior::	What changes in a interactive shell?
+@end menu
+
+@node What is an Interactive Shell?
+@subsection What is an Interactive Shell?
+
+An interactive shell
+is one started without non-option arguments, unless @option{-s} is
+specified, without specifying the @option{-c} option, and
+whose input and error output are both
+connected to terminals (as determined by @code{isatty(3)}),
+or one started with the @option{-i} option.
+
+An interactive shell generally reads from and writes to a user's
+terminal.
+
+The @option{-s} invocation option may be used to set the positional parameters
+when an interactive shell is started.
+
+@node Is this Shell Interactive?
+@subsection Is this Shell Interactive?
+
+To determine within a startup script whether or not Bash is
+running interactively,
+test the value of the @samp{-} special parameter.
+It contains @code{i} when the shell is interactive.  For example:
+
+@example
+case "$-" in
+*i*)	echo This shell is interactive ;;
+*)	echo This shell is not interactive ;;
+esac
+@end example
+
+Alternatively, startup scripts may examine the variable
+@env{PS1}; it is unset in non-interactive shells, and set in
+interactive shells.  Thus:
+
+@example
+if [ -z "$PS1" ]; then
+        echo This shell is not interactive
+else
+        echo This shell is interactive
+fi
+@end example
+
+@node Interactive Shell Behavior
+@subsection Interactive Shell Behavior
+
+When the shell is running interactively, it changes its behavior in
+several ways.
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+Startup files are read and executed as described in @ref{Bash Startup Files}.
+
+@item
+Job Control (@pxref{Job Control}) is enabled by default.  When job
+control is in effect, Bash ignores the keyboard-generated job control
+signals @code{SIGTTIN}, @code{SIGTTOU}, and @code{SIGTSTP}.
+
+@item
+Bash expands and displays @env{PS1} before reading the first line
+of a command, and expands and displays @env{PS2} before reading the
+second and subsequent lines of a multi-line command.
+Bash expands and displays @env{PS0} after it reads a command but before
+executing it.
+See @ref{Controlling the Prompt}, for a complete list of prompt
+string escape sequences.
+
+@item
+Bash executes the value of the @env{PROMPT_COMMAND} variable as a command
+before printing the primary prompt, @env{$PS1}
+(@pxref{Bash Variables}).
+
+@item
+Readline (@pxref{Command Line Editing}) is used to read commands from
+the user's terminal.
+
+@item
+Bash inspects the value of the @code{ignoreeof} option to @code{set -o}
+instead of exiting immediately when it receives an @code{EOF} on its
+standard input when reading a command (@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
+
+@item
+Command history (@pxref{Bash History Facilities})
+and history expansion (@pxref{History Interaction})
+are enabled by default.
+Bash will save the command history to the file named by @env{$HISTFILE}
+when a shell with history enabled exits.
+
+@item
+Alias expansion (@pxref{Aliases}) is performed by default.
+
+@item
+In the absence of any traps, Bash ignores @code{SIGTERM}
+(@pxref{Signals}).
+
+@item
+In the absence of any traps, @code{SIGINT} is caught and handled
+(@pxref{Signals}).
+@code{SIGINT} will interrupt some shell builtins.
+
+@item
+An interactive login shell sends a @code{SIGHUP} to all jobs on exit
+if the @code{huponexit} shell option has been enabled (@pxref{Signals}).
+
+@item
+The @option{-n} invocation option is ignored, and @samp{set -n} has
+no effect (@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
+
+@item
+Bash will check for mail periodically, depending on the values of the
+@env{MAIL}, @env{MAILPATH}, and @env{MAILCHECK} shell variables
+(@pxref{Bash Variables}).
+
+@item
+Expansion errors due to references to unbound shell variables after
+@samp{set -u} has been enabled will not cause the shell to exit
+(@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
+
+@item
+The shell will not exit on expansion errors caused by @var{var} being unset
+or null in @code{$@{@var{var}:?@var{word}@}} expansions
+(@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}).
+
+@item
+Redirection errors encountered by shell builtins will not cause the
+shell to exit.
+
+@item
+When running in @sc{posix} mode, a special builtin returning an error
+status will not cause the shell to exit (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}).
+
+@item
+A failed @code{exec} will not cause the shell to exit
+(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}).
+
+@item
+Parser syntax errors will not cause the shell to exit.
+
+@item
+Simple spelling correction for directory arguments to the @code{cd}
+builtin is enabled by default (see the description of the @code{cdspell}
+option to the @code{shopt} builtin in @ref{The Shopt Builtin}).
+
+@item
+The shell will check the value of the @env{TMOUT} variable and exit
+if a command is not read within the specified number of seconds after
+printing @env{$PS1} (@pxref{Bash Variables}).
+
+@end enumerate
+
+@node Bash Conditional Expressions
+@section Bash Conditional Expressions
+@cindex expressions, conditional
+
+Conditional expressions are used by the @code{[[} compound command
+and the @code{test} and @code{[} builtin commands. The @code{test}
+and @code{[} commands determine their behavior based on the number
+of arguments; see the descriptions of those commands for any other
+command-specific actions.
+
+Expressions may be unary or binary,
+and are formed from the following primaries.
+Unary expressions are often used to examine the status of a file.
+There are string operators and numeric comparison operators as well.
+Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in
+expressions.
+If the operating system on which Bash is running provides these
+special files, Bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them
+internally with this behavior:
+If the @var{file} argument to one of the primaries is of the form
+@file{/dev/fd/@var{N}}, then file descriptor @var{N} is checked.
+If the @var{file} argument to one of the primaries is one of
+@file{/dev/stdin}, @file{/dev/stdout}, or @file{/dev/stderr}, file
+descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, is checked.
+
+When used with @code{[[}, the @samp{<} and @samp{>} operators sort
+lexicographically using the current locale.
+The @code{test} command uses ASCII ordering.
+
+Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow symbolic
+links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link itself.
+
+@table @code
+@item -a @var{file}
+True if @var{file} exists.
+
+@item -b @var{file}
+True if @var{file} exists and is a block special file.
+
+@item -c @var{file}
+True if @var{file} exists and is a character special file.
+
+@item -d @var{file}
+True if @var{file} exists and is a directory.
+
+@item -e @var{file}
+True if @var{file} exists.
+
+@item -f @var{file}
+True if @var{file} exists and is a regular file.
+
+@item -g @var{file}
+True if @var{file} exists and its set-group-id bit is set.
+
+@item -h @var{file}
+True if @var{file} exists and is a symbolic link.
+
+@item -k @var{file}
+True if @var{file} exists and its "sticky" bit is set.
+
+@item -p @var{file}
+True if @var{file} exists and is a named pipe (FIFO).
+
+@item -r @var{file}
+True if @var{file} exists and is readable.
+
+@item -s @var{file}
+True if @var{file} exists and has a size greater than zero.
+
+@item -t @var{fd}
+True if file descriptor @var{fd} is open and refers to a terminal.
+
+@item -u @var{file}
+True if @var{file} exists and its set-user-id bit is set.
+
+@item -w @var{file}
+True if @var{file} exists and is writable.
+
+@item -x @var{file}
+True if @var{file} exists and is executable.
+
+@item -G @var{file}
+True if @var{file} exists and is owned by the effective group id.
+
+@item -L @var{file}
+True if @var{file} exists and is a symbolic link.
+
+@item -N @var{file}
+True if @var{file} exists and has been modified since it was last read.
+
+@item -O @var{file}
+True if @var{file} exists and is owned by the effective user id.
+
+@item -S @var{file}
+True if @var{file} exists and is a socket.
+
+@item @var{file1} -ef @var{file2}
+True if @var{file1} and @var{file2} refer to the same device and
+inode numbers.
+
+@item @var{file1} -nt @var{file2}
+True if @var{file1} is newer (according to modification date)
+than @var{file2}, or if @var{file1} exists and @var{file2} does not.
+
+@item @var{file1} -ot @var{file2}
+True if @var{file1} is older than @var{file2},
+or if @var{file2} exists and @var{file1} does not.
+
+@item -o @var{optname}
+True if the shell option @var{optname} is enabled.
+The list of options appears in the description of the @option{-o}
+option to the @code{set} builtin (@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
+
+@item -v @var{varname}
+True if the shell variable @var{varname} is set (has been assigned a value).
+
+@item -R @var{varname}
+True if the shell variable @var{varname} is set and is a name reference.
+
+@item -z @var{string}
+True if the length of @var{string} is zero.
+
+@item -n @var{string}
+@itemx @var{string}
+True if the length of @var{string} is non-zero.
+
+@item @var{string1} == @var{string2}
+@itemx @var{string1} = @var{string2}
+True if the strings are equal.
+When used with the @code{[[} command, this performs pattern matching as
+described above (@pxref{Conditional Constructs}).
+
+@samp{=} should be used with the @code{test} command for @sc{posix} conformance.
+
+@item @var{string1} != @var{string2}
+True if the strings are not equal.
+
+@item @var{string1} < @var{string2}
+True if @var{string1} sorts before @var{string2} lexicographically.
+
+@item @var{string1} > @var{string2}
+True if @var{string1} sorts after @var{string2} lexicographically.
+
+@item @var{arg1} OP @var{arg2}
+@code{OP} is one of 
+@samp{-eq}, @samp{-ne}, @samp{-lt}, @samp{-le}, @samp{-gt}, or @samp{-ge}.
+These arithmetic binary operators return true if @var{arg1}
+is equal to, not equal to, less than, less than or equal to,
+greater than, or greater than or equal to @var{arg2},
+respectively.  @var{Arg1} and @var{arg2}
+may be positive or negative integers.
+When used with the @code{[[} command, @var{Arg1} and @var{Arg2}
+are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (@pxref{Shell Arithmetic}).
+@end table
+
+@node Shell Arithmetic
+@section Shell Arithmetic
+@cindex arithmetic, shell
+@cindex shell arithmetic
+@cindex expressions, arithmetic
+@cindex evaluation, arithmetic
+@cindex arithmetic evaluation
+
+The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, as one of
+the shell expansions or by using the @code{((} compound command, the
+@code{let} builtin, or the @option{-i} option to the @code{declare} builtin.
+
+Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check for overflow,
+though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error.
+The operators and their precedence, associativity, and values
+are the same as in the C language.
+The following list of operators is grouped into levels of
+equal-precedence operators.
+The levels are listed in order of decreasing precedence. 
+
+@table @code
+
+@item @var{id}++ @var{id}--
+variable post-increment and post-decrement 
+
+@item ++@var{id} --@var{id}
+variable pre-increment and pre-decrement
+
+@item - +
+unary minus and plus
+
+@item ! ~
+logical and bitwise negation
+
+@item **
+exponentiation
+
+@item * / %
+multiplication, division, remainder
+
+@item + -
+addition, subtraction
+
+@item << >>
+left and right bitwise shifts
+
+@item <= >= < >
+comparison
+
+@item == !=
+equality and inequality
+
+@item &
+bitwise AND
+
+@item ^
+bitwise exclusive OR
+
+@item |
+bitwise OR
+
+@item &&
+logical AND
+
+@item ||
+logical OR
+
+@item expr ? expr : expr
+conditional operator
+
+@item = *= /= %= += -= <<= >>= &= ^= |=
+assignment
+
+@item expr1 , expr2
+comma
+@end table
+
+Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is
+performed before the expression is evaluated. 
+Within an expression, shell variables may also be referenced by name
+without using the parameter expansion syntax.
+A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to 0 when referenced
+by name without using the parameter expansion syntax.
+The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression
+when it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the  
+@var{integer} attribute using @samp{declare -i} is assigned a value.
+A null value evaluates to 0.
+A shell variable need not have its @var{integer} attribute turned on
+to be used in an expression.
+
+Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.
+A leading @samp{0x} or @samp{0X} denotes hexadecimal.  Otherwise,
+numbers take the form [@var{base}@code{#}]@var{n}, where the optional @var{base}
+is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic
+base, and @var{n} is a number in that base.
+If @var{base}@code{#} is omitted, then base 10 is used.
+When specifying @var{n},
+the digits greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters,
+the uppercase letters, @samp{@@}, and @samp{_}, in that order.
+If @var{base} is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase
+letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers between 10
+and 35.
+
+Operators are evaluated in order of precedence.  Sub-expressions in
+parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence
+rules above.
+
+@node Aliases
+@section Aliases
+@cindex alias expansion
+
+@var{Aliases} allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used
+as the first word of a simple command.
+The shell maintains a list of aliases that may be set and unset with
+the @code{alias} and @code{unalias} builtin commands.
+
+The first word of each simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see
+if it has an alias.
+If so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias.
+The characters @samp{/}, @samp{$}, @samp{`}, @samp{=} and any of the
+shell metacharacters or quoting characters listed above may not appear
+in an alias name.
+The replacement text may contain any valid
+shell input, including shell metacharacters.
+The first word of the replacement text is tested for
+aliases, but a word that is identical to an alias being expanded
+is not expanded a second time.
+This means that one may alias @code{ls} to @code{"ls -F"},
+for instance, and Bash does not try to recursively expand the
+replacement text.
+If the last character of the alias value is a
+@var{blank}, then the next command word following the
+alias is also checked for alias expansion.
+
+Aliases are created and listed with the @code{alias}
+command, and removed with the @code{unalias} command.
+
+There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text,
+as in @code{csh}.
+If arguments are needed, a shell function should be used
+(@pxref{Shell Functions}).
+
+Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive,
+unless the @code{expand_aliases} shell option is set using
+@code{shopt} (@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}).
+
+The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are
+somewhat confusing. Bash
+always reads at least one complete line of input,
+and all lines that make up a compound command,
+before executing any of the commands on that line or the compound command.
+Aliases are expanded when a
+command is read, not when it is executed.  Therefore, an
+alias definition appearing on the same line as another
+command does not take effect until the next line of input is read.
+The commands following the alias definition
+on that line are not affected by the new alias.
+This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed.
+Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read,
+not when the function is executed, because a function definition
+is itself a command.  As a consequence, aliases
+defined in a function are not available until after that
+function is executed.  To be safe, always put
+alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use @code{alias}
+in compound commands.
+
+For almost every purpose, shell functions are preferred over aliases.
+
+@node Arrays
+@section Arrays
+@cindex arrays
+
+Bash provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables.
+Any variable may be used as an indexed array;
+the @code{declare} builtin will explicitly declare an array.
+There is no maximum
+limit on the size of an array, nor any requirement that members
+be indexed or assigned contiguously.
+Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including arithmetic
+expressions (@pxref{Shell Arithmetic})) and are zero-based;
+associative arrays use arbitrary strings.
+Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non-negative integers.
+
+An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to
+using the syntax
+@example
+@var{name}[@var{subscript}]=@var{value}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The @var{subscript}
+is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number.
+To explicitly declare an array, use
+@example
+declare -a @var{name}
+@end example
+@noindent
+The syntax
+@example
+declare -a @var{name}[@var{subscript}]
+@end example
+@noindent
+is also accepted; the @var{subscript} is ignored.
+
+@noindent
+Associative arrays are created using
+@example
+declare -A @var{name}.
+@end example
+
+Attributes may be
+specified for an array variable using the @code{declare} and
+@code{readonly} builtins.  Each attribute applies to all members of
+an array.
+
+Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form
+@example
+@var{name}=(@var{value1} @var{value2} @dots{} )
+@end example
+@noindent
+where each
+@var{value} is of the form @code{[@var{subscript}]=}@var{string}.
+Indexed array assignments do not require anything but @var{string}.
+When assigning to indexed arrays, if
+the optional subscript is supplied, that index is assigned to;
+otherwise the index of the element assigned is the last index assigned
+to by the statement plus one.  Indexing starts at zero.
+
+When assigning to an associative array, the subscript is required.
+
+This syntax is also accepted by the @code{declare}
+builtin.  Individual array elements may be assigned to using the
+@code{@var{name}[@var{subscript}]=@var{value}} syntax introduced above.
+
+When assigning to an indexed array, if @var{name}
+is subscripted by a negative number, that number is
+interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of
+@var{name}, so negative indices count back from the end of the
+array, and an index of -1 references the last element.
+
+Any element of an array may be referenced using
+@code{$@{@var{name}[@var{subscript}]@}}.
+The braces are required to avoid
+conflicts with the shell's filename expansion operators.  If the
+@var{subscript} is @samp{@@} or @samp{*}, the word expands to all members
+of the array @var{name}.  These subscripts differ only when the word
+appears within double quotes.
+If the word is double-quoted,
+@code{$@{@var{name}[*]@}} expands to a single word with
+the value of each array member separated by the first character of the
+@env{IFS} variable, and @code{$@{@var{name}[@@]@}} expands each element of
+@var{name} to a separate word.  When there are no array members,
+@code{$@{@var{name}[@@]@}} expands to nothing.
+If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of
+the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original
+word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last
+part of the original word.
+This is analogous to the
+expansion of the special parameters @samp{@@} and @samp{*}. 
+@code{$@{#@var{name}[@var{subscript}]@}} expands to the length of
+@code{$@{@var{name}[@var{subscript}]@}}.
+If @var{subscript} is @samp{@@} or
+@samp{*}, the expansion is the number of elements in the array. 
+If the @var{subscript}
+used to reference an element of an indexed array
+evaluates to a number less than zero, it is
+interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of the array,
+so negative indices count back from the end of the array,
+and an index of -1 refers to the last element.
+
+Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to
+referencing with a subscript of 0.
+Any reference to a variable using a valid subscript is legal, and
+@code{bash} will create an array if necessary.
+
+An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a
+value.  The null string is a valid value.
+
+It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as the values.
+$@{!@var{name}[@@]@} and $@{!@var{name}[*]@} expand to the indices
+assigned in array variable @var{name}.
+The treatment when in double quotes is similar to the expansion of the
+special parameters @samp{@@} and @samp{*} within double quotes.
+
+The @code{unset} builtin is used to destroy arrays.
+@code{unset @var{name}[@var{subscript}]}
+destroys the array element at index @var{subscript}.
+Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted as described above.
+Unsetting the last element of an array variable does not unset the variable.
+@code{unset @var{name}}, where @var{name} is an array, removes the
+entire array.  A subscript of @samp{*} or @samp{@@} also removes the
+entire array.
+
+When using a variable name with a subscript as an argument to a command,
+such as with @code{unset}, without using the word expansion syntax
+described above, the argument is subject to the shell's filename expansion.
+If filename expansion is not desired, the argument should be quoted.
+
+The @code{declare}, @code{local}, and @code{readonly}
+builtins each accept a @option{-a} option to specify an indexed
+array and a @option{-A} option to specify an associative array.
+If both options are supplied, @option{-A} takes precedence.
+The @code{read} builtin accepts a @option{-a}
+option to assign a list of words read from the standard input
+to an array, and can read values from the standard input into
+individual array elements.  The @code{set} and @code{declare}
+builtins display array values in a way that allows them to be
+reused as input.
+
+@node The Directory Stack
+@section The Directory Stack
+@cindex directory stack
+
+@menu
+* Directory Stack Builtins::		Bash builtin commands to manipulate
+					the directory stack.
+@end menu
+
+The directory stack is a list of recently-visited directories.  The
+@code{pushd} builtin adds directories to the stack as it changes
+the current directory, and the @code{popd} builtin removes specified
+directories from the stack and changes the current directory to
+the directory removed.  The @code{dirs} builtin displays the contents
+of the directory stack.  The current directory is always the "top"
+of the directory stack.
+
+The contents of the directory stack are also visible
+as the value of the @env{DIRSTACK} shell variable.
+
+@node Directory Stack Builtins
+@subsection Directory Stack Builtins
+
+@table @code
+
+@item dirs
+@btindex dirs
+@example
+dirs [-clpv] [+@var{N} | -@var{N}]
+@end example
+
+Display the list of currently remembered directories.  Directories
+are added to the list with the @code{pushd} command; the
+@code{popd} command removes directories from the list.
+The current directory is always the first directory in the stack.
+
+@table @code
+@item -c
+Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the elements.
+@item -l
+Produces a listing using full pathnames;
+the default listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory.
+@item -p
+Causes @code{dirs} to print the directory stack with one entry per
+line.
+@item -v
+Causes @code{dirs} to print the directory stack with one entry per
+line, prefixing each entry with its index in the stack.
+@item +@var{N}
+Displays the @var{N}th directory (counting from the left of the
+list printed by @code{dirs} when invoked without options), starting
+with zero.
+@item -@var{N}
+Displays the @var{N}th directory (counting from the right of the
+list printed by @code{dirs} when invoked without options), starting
+with zero.
+@end table
+
+@item popd
+@btindex popd
+@example
+popd [-n] [+@var{N} | -@var{N}]
+@end example
+
+When no arguments are given, @code{popd}
+removes the top directory from the stack and
+performs a @code{cd} to the new top directory.
+The elements are numbered from 0 starting at the first directory
+listed with @code{dirs}; that is, @code{popd} is equivalent to @code{popd +0}.
+
+@table @code
+@item -n
+Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing directories
+from the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.
+@item +@var{N}
+Removes the @var{N}th directory (counting from the left of the
+list printed by @code{dirs}), starting with zero.
+@item -@var{N}
+Removes the @var{N}th directory (counting from the right of the
+list printed by @code{dirs}), starting with zero.
+@end table
+
+@btindex pushd
+@item pushd
+@example
+pushd [-n] [@var{+N} | @var{-N} | @var{dir}]
+@end example
+
+Save the current directory on the top of the directory stack
+and then @code{cd} to @var{dir}.
+With no arguments, @code{pushd} exchanges the top two directories
+and makes the new top the current directory.
+
+@table @code
+@item -n
+Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotating or
+adding directories to the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.
+@item +@var{N}
+Brings the @var{N}th directory (counting from the left of the
+list printed by @code{dirs}, starting with zero) to the top of
+the list by rotating the stack.
+@item -@var{N}
+Brings the @var{N}th directory (counting from the right of the
+list printed by @code{dirs}, starting with zero) to the top of
+the list by rotating the stack.
+@item @var{dir}
+Makes @var{dir} be the top of the stack, making
+it the new current directory as if it had been supplied as an argument
+to the @code{cd} builtin.
+@end table
+@end table
+
+@node Controlling the Prompt
+@section Controlling the Prompt
+@cindex prompting
+
+The value of the variable @env{PROMPT_COMMAND} is examined just before
+Bash prints each primary prompt.  If @env{PROMPT_COMMAND} is set and
+has a non-null value, then the
+value is executed just as if it had been typed on the command line.
+
+In addition, the following table describes the special characters which
+can appear in the prompt variables @env{PS0}, @env{PS1}, @env{PS2}, and
+@env{PS4}:
+
+@table @code
+@item \a
+A bell character.
+@item \d
+The date, in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May 26").
+@item \D@{@var{format}@}
+The @var{format} is passed to @code{strftime}(3) and the result is inserted
+into the prompt string; an empty @var{format} results in a locale-specific
+time representation.  The braces are required.
+@item \e
+An escape character.
+@item \h
+The hostname, up to the first `.'.
+@item \H
+The hostname.
+@item \j
+The number of jobs currently managed by the shell.
+@item \l
+The basename of the shell's terminal device name.
+@item \n
+A newline.
+@item \r
+A carriage return.
+@item \s
+The name of the shell, the basename of @code{$0} (the portion
+following the final slash).
+@item \t
+The time, in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format.
+@item \T
+The time, in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format.
+@item \@@
+The time, in 12-hour am/pm format.
+@item \A
+The time, in 24-hour HH:MM format.
+@item \u
+The username of the current user.
+@item \v
+The version of Bash (e.g., 2.00)          
+@item \V
+The release of Bash, version + patchlevel (e.g., 2.00.0)
+@item \w
+The current working directory, with @env{$HOME} abbreviated with a tilde
+(uses the @env{$PROMPT_DIRTRIM} variable).
+@item \W
+The basename of @env{$PWD}, with @env{$HOME} abbreviated with a tilde.
+@item \!
+The history number of this command.
+@item \#
+The command number of this command.
+@item \$
+If the effective uid is 0, @code{#}, otherwise @code{$}.
+@item \@var{nnn}
+The character whose ASCII code is the octal value @var{nnn}.
+@item \\
+A backslash.
+@item \[
+Begin a sequence of non-printing characters.  This could be used to
+embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt.
+@item \]
+End a sequence of non-printing characters.
+@end table
+
+The command number and the history number are usually different:
+the history number of a command is its position in the history
+list, which may include commands restored from the history file
+(@pxref{Bash History Facilities}), while the command number is
+the position in the sequence of commands executed during the current
+shell session.
+
+After the string is decoded, it is expanded via
+parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
+expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of the
+@code{promptvars} shell option (@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}).
+
+@node The Restricted Shell
+@section The Restricted Shell
+@cindex restricted shell
+
+If Bash is started with the name @code{rbash}, or the
+@option{--restricted}
+or
+@option{-r}
+option is supplied at invocation, the shell becomes restricted.
+A restricted shell is used to
+set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell.
+A restricted shell behaves identically to @code{bash}
+with the exception that the following are disallowed or not performed:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+Changing directories with the @code{cd} builtin.
+@item
+Setting or unsetting the values of the @env{SHELL}, @env{PATH},
+@env{ENV}, or @env{BASH_ENV} variables.
+@item
+Specifying command names containing slashes.
+@item
+Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the @code{.}
+builtin command.
+@item
+Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the @option{-p}
+option to the @code{hash} builtin command.
+@item
+Importing function definitions from the shell environment at startup.
+@item
+Parsing the value of @env{SHELLOPTS} from the shell environment at startup.
+@item
+Redirecting output using the @samp{>}, @samp{>|}, @samp{<>}, @samp{>&},
+@samp{&>}, and @samp{>>} redirection operators.
+@item
+Using the @code{exec} builtin to replace the shell with another command.
+@item
+Adding or deleting builtin commands with the
+@option{-f} and @option{-d} options to the @code{enable} builtin.
+@item
+Using the @code{enable} builtin command to enable disabled shell builtins.
+@item
+Specifying the @option{-p} option to the @code{command} builtin.
+@item
+Turning off restricted mode with @samp{set +r} or @samp{set +o restricted}.
+@end itemize
+
+These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read.
+
+When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed
+(@pxref{Shell Scripts}), @code{rbash} turns off any restrictions in
+the shell spawned to execute the script.
+
+@node Bash POSIX Mode
+@section Bash POSIX Mode
+@cindex POSIX Mode
+
+Starting Bash with the @option{--posix} command-line option or executing
+@samp{set -o posix} while Bash is running will cause Bash to conform more
+closely to the @sc{posix} standard by changing the behavior to
+match that specified by @sc{posix} in areas where the Bash default differs.
+
+When invoked as @code{sh}, Bash enters @sc{posix} mode after reading the
+startup files.
+
+The following list is what's changed when `@sc{posix} mode' is in effect:
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+Bash ensures that the @env{POSIXLY_CORRECT} variable is set.
+
+@item
+When a command in the hash table no longer exists, Bash will re-search
+@env{$PATH} to find the new location.  This is also available with
+@samp{shopt -s checkhash}.
+
+@item
+The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job
+exits with a non-zero status is `Done(status)'.
+
+@item
+The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job
+is stopped is `Stopped(@var{signame})', where @var{signame} is, for
+example, @code{SIGTSTP}.
+
+@item
+Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells.
+
+@item
+Reserved words appearing in a context where reserved words are recognized
+do not undergo alias expansion.
+
+@item
+The @sc{posix} @env{PS1} and @env{PS2} expansions of @samp{!} to
+the history number and @samp{!!} to @samp{!} are enabled,
+and parameter expansion is performed on the values of @env{PS1} and
+@env{PS2} regardless of the setting of the @code{promptvars} option.
+
+@item
+The @sc{posix} startup files are executed (@env{$ENV}) rather than
+the normal Bash files.
+
+@item
+Tilde expansion is only performed on assignments preceding a command
+name, rather than on all assignment statements on the line.
+
+@item
+The default history file is @file{~/.sh_history} (this is the
+default value of @env{$HISTFILE}).
+
+@item
+Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the word
+in the redirection unless the shell is interactive.
+
+@item
+Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in the
+redirection.
+
+@item
+Function names must be valid shell @code{name}s.  That is, they may not
+contain characters other than letters, digits, and underscores, and
+may not start with a digit.  Declaring a function with an invalid name
+causes a fatal syntax error in non-interactive shells.
+
+@item
+Function names may not be the same as one of the @sc{posix} special
+builtins.
+
+@item
+@sc{posix} special builtins are found before shell functions
+during command lookup.
+
+@item
+When printing shell function definitions (e.g., by @code{type}), Bash does
+not print the @code{function} keyword.
+
+@item
+Literal tildes that appear as the first character in elements of
+the @env{PATH} variable are not expanded as described above
+under @ref{Tilde Expansion}.
+
+@item
+The @code{time} reserved word may be used by itself as a command.  When
+used in this way, it displays timing statistics for the shell and its
+completed children.  The @env{TIMEFORMAT} variable controls the format
+of the timing information.
+
+@item
+When parsing and expanding a $@{@dots{}@} expansion that appears within
+double quotes, single quotes are no longer special and cannot be used to
+quote a closing brace or other special character, unless the operator is
+one of those defined to perform pattern removal.  In this case, they do
+not have to appear as matched pairs.
+
+@item
+The parser does not recognize @code{time} as a reserved word if the next
+token begins with a @samp{-}.
+
+@item
+The @samp{!} character does not introduce history expansion within a
+double-quoted string, even if the @code{histexpand} option is enabled.
+
+@item
+If a @sc{posix} special builtin returns an error status, a
+non-interactive shell exits.  The fatal errors are those listed in
+the @sc{posix} standard, and include things like passing incorrect options,
+redirection errors, variable assignment errors for assignments preceding
+the command name, and so on.
+
+@item
+A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
+assignment error occurs when no command name follows the assignment
+statements.
+A variable assignment error occurs, for example, when trying to assign
+a value to a readonly variable.
+
+@item
+A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
+assignment error occurs in an assignment statement preceding a special
+builtin, but not with any other simple command.
+
+@item
+A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the iteration
+variable in a @code{for} statement or the selection variable in a
+@code{select} statement is a readonly variable.
+
+@item
+Non-interactive shells exit if @var{filename} in @code{.} @var{filename}
+is not found.
+
+@item
+Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic expansion
+results in an invalid expression.
+
+@item
+Non-interactive shells exit if a parameter expansion error occurs.
+
+@item
+Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script read
+with the @code{.} or @code{source} builtins, or in a string processed by
+the @code{eval} builtin.
+
+@item
+Process substitution is not available.
+
+@item
+While variable indirection is available, it may not be applied to the
+@samp{#} and @samp{?} special parameters.
+
+@item
+When expanding the @samp{*} special parameter in a pattern context where the
+expansion is double-quoted does not treat the @code{$*} as if it were
+double-quoted.
+
+@item
+Assignment statements preceding @sc{posix} special builtins
+persist in the shell environment after the builtin completes.
+
+@item
+Assignment statements preceding shell function calls persist in the
+shell environment after the function returns, as if a @sc{posix}
+special builtin command had been executed.
+
+@item
+The @code{command} builtin does not prevent builtins that take assignment
+statements as arguments from expanding them as assignment statements;
+when not in @sc{posix} mode, assignment builtins lose their assignment
+statement expansion properties when preceded by @code{command}.
+
+@item
+The @code{bg} builtin uses the required format to describe each job placed
+in the background, which does not include an indication of whether the job
+is the current or previous job.
+
+@item
+The output of @samp{kill -l} prints all the signal names on a single line,
+separated by spaces, without the @samp{SIG} prefix.
+
+@item
+The @code{kill} builtin does not accept signal names with a @samp{SIG}
+prefix.
+
+@item
+The @code{export} and @code{readonly} builtin commands display their
+output in the format required by @sc{posix}.
+
+@item
+The @code{trap} builtin displays signal names without the leading
+@code{SIG}.
+
+@item
+The @code{trap} builtin doesn't check the first argument for a possible
+signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original
+disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of digits and
+is a valid signal number.  If users want to reset the handler for a given
+signal to the original disposition, they should use @samp{-} as the
+first argument.
+
+@item
+The @code{.} and @code{source} builtins do not search the current directory
+for the filename argument if it is not found by searching @env{PATH}.
+
+@item
+Enabling @sc{posix} mode has the effect of setting the
+@code{inherit_errexit} option, so
+subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of
+the @option{-e} option from the parent shell.
+When the @code{inherit_errexit} option is not enabled,
+Bash clears the @option{-e} option in such subshells.
+
+@item
+Enabling @sc{posix} mode has the effect of setting the
+@code{shift_verbose} option, so numeric arguments to @code{shift}
+that exceed the number of positional parameters will result in an
+error message.
+
+@item
+When the @code{alias} builtin displays alias definitions, it does not
+display them with a leading @samp{alias } unless the @option{-p} option
+is supplied.
+
+@item
+When the @code{set} builtin is invoked without options, it does not display
+shell function names and definitions.
+
+@item
+When the @code{set} builtin is invoked without options, it displays
+variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell metacharacters,
+even if the result contains nonprinting characters.
+
+@item
+When the @code{cd} builtin is invoked in @var{logical} mode, and the pathname
+constructed from @code{$PWD} and the directory name supplied as an argument
+does not refer to an existing directory, @code{cd} will fail instead of
+falling back to @var{physical} mode.
+
+@item
+When the @code{cd} builtin cannot change a directory because the
+length of the pathname 
+constructed from @code{$PWD} and the directory name supplied as an argument
+exceeds @var{PATH_MAX} when all symbolic links are expanded, @code{cd} will
+fail instead of attempting to use only the supplied directory name.
+
+@item
+The @code{pwd} builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as the
+current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file system with the
+@option{-P} option.
+
+@item
+When listing the history, the @code{fc} builtin does not include an
+indication of whether or not a history entry has been modified.
+
+@item
+The default editor used by @code{fc} is @code{ed}.
+
+@item
+The @code{type} and @code{command} builtins will not report a non-executable
+file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to execute such a
+file if it is the only so-named file found in @code{$PATH}.
+
+@item
+The @code{vi} editing mode will invoke the @code{vi} editor directly when
+the @samp{v} command is run, instead of checking @code{$VISUAL} and
+@code{$EDITOR}.
+
+@item
+When the @code{xpg_echo} option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to interpret
+any arguments to @code{echo} as options.  Each argument is displayed, after
+escape characters are converted.
+
+@item
+The @code{ulimit} builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the @option{-c}
+and @option{-f} options.
+
+@item
+The arrival of @code{SIGCHLD}  when a trap is set on @code{SIGCHLD} does
+not interrupt the @code{wait} builtin and cause it to return immediately.
+The trap command is run once for each child that exits.
+
+@item
+The @code{read} builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap
+has been set.
+If Bash receives a trapped signal while executing @code{read}, the trap
+handler executes and @code{read} returns an exit status greater than 128.
+
+@item
+Bash removes an exited background process's status from the list of such
+statuses after the @code{wait} builtin is used to obtain it.
+
+@end enumerate
+
+There is other @sc{posix} behavior that Bash does not implement by
+default even when in @sc{posix} mode.
+Specifically:
+
+@enumerate
+
+@item
+The @code{fc} builtin checks @code{$EDITOR} as a program to edit history
+entries if @code{FCEDIT} is unset, rather than defaulting directly to
+@code{ed}.  @code{fc} uses @code{ed} if @code{EDITOR} is unset.
+
+@item
+As noted above, Bash requires the @code{xpg_echo} option to be enabled for
+the @code{echo} builtin to be fully conformant.
+
+@end enumerate
+
+Bash can be configured to be @sc{posix}-conformant by default, by specifying
+the @option{--enable-strict-posix-default} to @code{configure} when building
+(@pxref{Optional Features}).
+
+@node Job Control
+@chapter Job Control
+
+This chapter discusses what job control is, how it works, and how
+Bash allows you to access its facilities.
+
+@menu
+* Job Control Basics::		How job control works.
+* Job Control Builtins::	Bash builtin commands used to interact
+				with job control.
+* Job Control Variables::	Variables Bash uses to customize job
+				control.
+@end menu
+
+@node Job Control Basics
+@section Job Control Basics
+@cindex job control
+@cindex foreground
+@cindex background
+@cindex suspending jobs
+
+Job control
+refers to the ability to selectively stop (suspend)
+the execution of processes and continue (resume)
+their execution at a later point.  A user typically employs
+this facility via an interactive interface supplied jointly
+by the operating system kernel's terminal driver and Bash.
+
+The shell associates a @var{job} with each pipeline.  It keeps a
+table of currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the
+@code{jobs} command.  When Bash starts a job
+asynchronously, it prints a line that looks
+like:
+@example
+[1] 25647
+@end example
+@noindent
+indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process @sc{id}
+of the last process in the pipeline associated with this job is
+25647.  All of the processes in a single pipeline are members of
+the same job.  Bash uses the @var{job} abstraction as the
+basis for job control. 
+
+To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job
+control, the operating system maintains the notion of a current terminal
+process group @sc{id}.  Members of this process group (processes whose
+process group @sc{id} is equal to the current terminal process group
+@sc{id}) receive keyboard-generated signals such as @code{SIGINT}. 
+These processes are said to be in the foreground.  Background
+processes are those whose process group @sc{id} differs from the
+terminal's; such processes are immune to keyboard-generated
+signals.  Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or, if
+the user so specifies with @code{stty tostop}, write to the terminal.
+Background processes which attempt to
+read from (write to when @code{stty tostop} is in effect) the
+terminal are sent a @code{SIGTTIN} (@code{SIGTTOU})
+signal by the kernel's terminal driver,
+which, unless caught, suspends the process. 
+
+If the operating system on which Bash is running supports
+job control, Bash contains facilities to use it.  Typing the
+@var{suspend} character (typically @samp{^Z}, Control-Z) while a
+process is running causes that process to be stopped and returns
+control to Bash.  Typing the @var{delayed suspend} character
+(typically @samp{^Y}, Control-Y) causes the process to be stopped
+when it attempts to read input from the terminal, and control to
+be returned to Bash.  The user then manipulates the state of
+this job, using the @code{bg} command to continue it in the
+background, the @code{fg} command to continue it in the
+foreground, or the @code{kill} command to kill it.  A @samp{^Z}
+takes effect immediately, and has the additional side effect of
+causing pending output and typeahead to be discarded. 
+
+There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell.  The
+character @samp{%} introduces a job specification (@var{jobspec}).
+
+Job number @code{n} may be referred to as @samp{%n}.
+The symbols @samp{%%} and  @samp{%+} refer to the shell's notion of the
+current job, which is the last job stopped while it was in the foreground
+or started in the background.
+A single @samp{%} (with no accompanying job specification) also refers
+to the current job.
+The previous job may be referenced using @samp{%-}.
+If there is only a single job, @samp{%+} and @samp{%-} can both be used
+to refer to that job.
+In output pertaining to jobs (e.g., the output of the @code{jobs}
+command), the current job is always flagged with a @samp{+}, and the
+previous job with a @samp{-}. 
+
+A job may also be referred to
+using a prefix of the name used to start it, or using a substring
+that appears in its command line.  For example, @samp{%ce} refers
+to a stopped @code{ce} job.  Using @samp{%?ce}, on the
+other hand, refers to any job containing the string @samp{ce} in
+its command line.  If the prefix or substring matches more than one job,
+Bash reports an error.
+
+Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground:
+@samp{%1} is a synonym for @samp{fg %1}, bringing job 1 from the
+background into the foreground.  Similarly, @samp{%1 &} resumes
+job 1 in the background, equivalent to @samp{bg %1}
+
+The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. 
+Normally, Bash waits until it is about to print a prompt
+before reporting changes in a job's status so as to not interrupt
+any other output.
+If the @option{-b} option to the @code{set} builtin is enabled,
+Bash reports such changes immediately (@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
+Any trap on @code{SIGCHLD} is executed for each child process
+that exits.
+
+If an attempt to exit Bash is made while jobs are stopped, (or running, if
+the @code{checkjobs} option is enabled -- see @ref{The Shopt Builtin}), the
+shell prints a warning message, and if the @code{checkjobs} option is
+enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses.
+The @code{jobs} command may then be used to inspect their status.
+If a second attempt to exit is made without an intervening command,
+Bash does not print another warning, and any stopped jobs are terminated.
+
+When the shell is waiting for a job or process using the @code{wait}
+builtin, and job control is enabled, @code{wait} will return when the
+job changes state. The @option{-f} option will force @code{wait} to wait
+until the job or process terminates before returning.
+
+@node Job Control Builtins
+@section Job Control Builtins
+
+@table @code
+
+@item bg
+@btindex bg
+@example
+bg [@var{jobspec} @dots{}]
+@end example
+
+Resume each suspended job @var{jobspec} in the background, as if it
+had been started with @samp{&}.
+If @var{jobspec} is not supplied, the current job is used.
+The return status is zero unless it is run when job control is not
+enabled, or, when run with job control enabled, any
+@var{jobspec} was not found or specifies a job
+that was started without job control.
+
+@item fg
+@btindex fg
+@example
+fg [@var{jobspec}]
+@end example
+
+Resume the job @var{jobspec} in the foreground and make it the current job.
+If @var{jobspec} is not supplied, the current job is used.
+The return status is that of the command placed into the foreground,
+or non-zero if run when job control is disabled or, when run with
+job control enabled, @var{jobspec} does not specify a valid job or
+@var{jobspec} specifies a job that was started without job control.
+
+@item jobs
+@btindex jobs
+@example
+jobs [-lnprs] [@var{jobspec}]
+jobs -x @var{command} [@var{arguments}]
+@end example
+
+The first form lists the active jobs.  The options have the
+following meanings:
+
+@table @code
+@item -l
+List process @sc{id}s in addition to the normal information.
+
+@item -n
+Display information only about jobs that have changed status since
+the user was last notified of their status.
+
+@item -p
+List only the process @sc{id} of the job's process group leader.
+
+@item -r
+Display only running jobs.
+
+@item -s
+Display only stopped jobs.
+@end table
+
+If @var{jobspec} is given,
+output is restricted to information about that job. 
+If @var{jobspec} is not supplied, the status of all jobs is
+listed.
+
+If the @option{-x} option is supplied, @code{jobs} replaces any
+@var{jobspec} found in @var{command} or @var{arguments} with the
+corresponding process group @sc{id}, and executes @var{command},
+passing it @var{argument}s, returning its exit status. 
+
+@item kill
+@btindex kill
+@example
+kill [-s @var{sigspec}] [-n @var{signum}] [-@var{sigspec}] @var{jobspec} or @var{pid}
+kill -l|-L [@var{exit_status}]
+@end example
+
+Send a signal specified by @var{sigspec} or @var{signum} to the process
+named by job specification @var{jobspec} or process @sc{id} @var{pid}.
+@var{sigspec} is either a case-insensitive signal name such as
+@code{SIGINT} (with or without the @code{SIG} prefix)
+or a signal number; @var{signum} is a signal number.
+If @var{sigspec} and @var{signum} are not present, @code{SIGTERM} is used.
+The @option{-l} option lists the signal names.
+If any arguments are supplied when @option{-l} is given, the names of the
+signals corresponding to the arguments are listed, and the return status
+is zero.
+@var{exit_status} is a number specifying a signal number or the exit
+status of a process terminated by a signal.
+The @option{-L} option is equivalent to @option{-l}.
+The return status is zero if at least one signal was successfully sent,
+or non-zero if an error occurs or an invalid option is encountered.
+
+@item wait
+@btindex wait
+@example
+wait [-fn] [@var{jobspec} or @var{pid} @dots{}]
+@end example
+
+Wait until the child process specified by each process @sc{id} @var{pid}
+or job specification @var{jobspec} exits and return the exit status of the
+last command waited for.
+If a job spec is given, all processes in the job are waited for.
+If no arguments are given, all currently active child processes are
+waited for, and the return status is zero.
+If the @option{-n} option is supplied, @code{wait} waits for any job to
+terminate and returns its exit status.
+If the @option{-f} option is supplied, and job control is enabled,
+@code{wait} forces each @var{pid} or @var{jobspec} to terminate before
+returning its status, intead of returning when it changes status.
+If neither @var{jobspec} nor @var{pid} specifies an active child process
+of the shell, the return status is 127.
+
+@item disown
+@btindex disown
+@example
+disown [-ar] [-h] [@var{jobspec} @dots{} | @var{pid} @dots{} ]
+@end example
+
+Without options, remove each @var{jobspec} from the table of
+active jobs.
+If the @option{-h} option is given, the job is not removed from the table,
+but is marked so that @code{SIGHUP} is not sent to the job if the shell
+receives a @code{SIGHUP}.
+If @var{jobspec} is not present, and neither the @option{-a} nor the
+@option{-r} option is supplied, the current job is used.
+If no @var{jobspec} is supplied, the @option{-a} option means to remove or
+mark all jobs; the @option{-r} option without a @var{jobspec}
+argument restricts operation to running jobs.
+
+@item suspend
+@btindex suspend
+@example
+suspend [-f]
+@end example
+
+Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a
+@code{SIGCONT} signal.
+A login shell cannot be suspended; the @option{-f}
+option can be used to override this and force the suspension.
+@end table
+
+When job control is not active, the @code{kill} and @code{wait}
+builtins do not accept @var{jobspec} arguments.  They must be
+supplied process @sc{id}s.
+
+@node Job Control Variables
+@section Job Control Variables
+
+@vtable @code
+
+@item auto_resume
+This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and
+job control.  If this variable exists then single word simple
+commands without redirections are treated as candidates for resumption
+of an existing job.  There is no ambiguity allowed; if there is
+more than one job beginning with the string typed, then
+the most recently accessed job will be selected.
+The name of a stopped job, in this context, is the command line
+used to start it.  If this variable is set to the value @samp{exact},
+the string supplied must match the name of a stopped job exactly;
+if set to @samp{substring},
+the string supplied needs to match a substring of the name of a
+stopped job.  The @samp{substring} value provides functionality
+analogous to the @samp{%?} job @sc{id} (@pxref{Job Control Basics}).
+If set to any other value, the supplied string must
+be a prefix of a stopped job's name; this provides functionality
+analogous to the @samp{%} job @sc{id}.
+
+@end vtable
+
+@set readline-appendix
+@set history-appendix
+@cindex Readline, how to use
+@include rluser.texi
+@cindex History, how to use
+@include hsuser.texi
+@clear readline-appendix
+@clear history-appendix
+
+@node Installing Bash
+@chapter Installing Bash
+
+This chapter provides basic instructions for installing Bash on
+the various supported platforms.  The distribution supports the
+@sc{gnu} operating systems, nearly every version of Unix, and several
+non-Unix systems such as BeOS and Interix.
+Other independent ports exist for
+@sc{ms-dos}, @sc{os/2}, and Windows platforms.
+
+@menu
+* Basic Installation::	Installation instructions.
+* Compilers and Options::	How to set special options for various
+				systems.
+* Compiling For Multiple Architectures::	How to compile Bash for more
+						than one kind of system from
+						the same source tree.
+* Installation Names::	How to set the various paths used by the installation.
+* Specifying the System Type::	How to configure Bash for a particular system.
+* Sharing Defaults::	How to share default configuration values among GNU
+			programs.
+* Operation Controls::	Options recognized by the configuration program.
+* Optional Features::	How to enable and disable optional features when
+			building Bash.
+@end menu
+
+@node Basic Installation
+@section Basic Installation
+@cindex installation
+@cindex configuration
+@cindex Bash installation
+@cindex Bash configuration
+
+These are installation instructions for Bash.
+
+The simplest way to compile Bash is:
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+@code{cd} to the directory containing the source code and type
+@samp{./configure} to configure Bash for your system.  If you're
+using @code{csh} on an old version of System V, you might need to
+type @samp{sh ./configure} instead to prevent @code{csh} from trying
+to execute @code{configure} itself.
+
+Running @code{configure} takes some time.
+While running, it prints messages telling which features it is
+checking for.
+
+@item
+Type @samp{make} to compile Bash and build the @code{bashbug} bug
+reporting script.
+
+@item
+Optionally, type @samp{make tests} to run the Bash test suite.
+
+@item
+Type @samp{make install} to install @code{bash} and @code{bashbug}.
+This will also install the manual pages and Info file.
+
+@end enumerate
+
+The @code{configure} shell script attempts to guess correct
+values for various system-dependent variables used during
+compilation.  It uses those values to create a @file{Makefile} in
+each directory of the package (the top directory, the
+@file{builtins}, @file{doc}, and @file{support} directories,
+each directory under @file{lib}, and several others).  It also creates a
+@file{config.h} file containing system-dependent definitions. 
+Finally, it creates a shell script named @code{config.status} that you
+can run in the future to recreate the current configuration, a
+file @file{config.cache} that saves the results of its tests to
+speed up reconfiguring, and a file @file{config.log} containing
+compiler output (useful mainly for debugging @code{configure}). 
+If at some point
+@file{config.cache} contains results you don't want to keep, you
+may remove or edit it. 
+
+To find out more about the options and arguments that the
+@code{configure} script understands, type 
+
+@example
+bash-4.2$ ./configure --help
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+at the Bash prompt in your Bash source directory.
+
+If you want to build Bash in a directory separate from the source
+directory -- to build for multiple architectures, for example --
+just use the full path to the configure script. The following commands
+will build bash in a directory under @file{/usr/local/build} from
+the source code in @file{/usr/local/src/bash-4.4}:
+
+@example
+mkdir /usr/local/build/bash-4.4
+cd /usr/local/build/bash-4.4
+bash /usr/local/src/bash-4.4/configure
+make
+@end example
+
+See @ref{Compiling For Multiple Architectures} for more information
+about building in a directory separate from the source.
+
+If you need to do unusual things to compile Bash, please
+try to figure out how @code{configure} could check whether or not
+to do them, and mail diffs or instructions to
+@email{bash-maintainers@@gnu.org} so they can be
+considered for the next release.
+
+The file @file{configure.ac} is used to create @code{configure}
+by a program called Autoconf.  You only need
+@file{configure.ac} if you want to change it or regenerate
+@code{configure} using a newer version of Autoconf.  If
+you do this, make sure you are using Autoconf version 2.50 or
+newer.
+
+You can remove the program binaries and object files from the
+source code directory by typing @samp{make clean}.  To also remove the
+files that @code{configure} created (so you can compile Bash for
+a different kind of computer), type @samp{make distclean}.
+
+@node Compilers and Options
+@section Compilers and Options
+
+Some systems require unusual options for compilation or linking
+that the @code{configure} script does not know about.  You can
+give @code{configure} initial values for variables by setting
+them in the environment.  Using a Bourne-compatible shell, you
+can do that on the command line like this:
+
+@example
+CC=c89 CFLAGS=-O2 LIBS=-lposix ./configure
+@end example
+
+On systems that have the @code{env} program, you can do it like this:
+
+@example
+env CPPFLAGS=-I/usr/local/include LDFLAGS=-s ./configure
+@end example
+
+The configuration process uses GCC to build Bash if it
+is available.
+
+@node Compiling For Multiple Architectures
+@section Compiling For Multiple Architectures
+
+You can compile Bash for more than one kind of computer at the
+same time, by placing the object files for each architecture in their
+own directory.  To do this, you must use a version of @code{make} that
+supports the @code{VPATH} variable, such as GNU @code{make}.
+@code{cd} to the
+directory where you want the object files and executables to go and run
+the @code{configure} script from the source directory
+(@pxref{Basic Installation}).
+You may need to
+supply the @option{--srcdir=PATH} argument to tell @code{configure} where the
+source files are.  @code{configure} automatically checks for the
+source code in the directory that @code{configure} is in and in `..'.
+
+If you have to use a @code{make} that does not supports the @code{VPATH}
+variable, you can compile Bash for one architecture at a
+time in the source code directory.  After you have installed
+Bash for one architecture, use @samp{make distclean} before
+reconfiguring for another architecture.
+
+Alternatively, if your system supports symbolic links, you can use the
+@file{support/mkclone} script to create a build tree which has
+symbolic links back to each file in the source directory.  Here's an
+example that creates a build directory in the current directory from a
+source directory @file{/usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0}:
+
+@example
+bash /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0/support/mkclone -s /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0 .
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The @code{mkclone} script requires Bash, so you must have already built
+Bash for at least one architecture before you can create build
+directories for other architectures.
+
+@node Installation Names
+@section Installation Names
+
+By default, @samp{make install} will install into
+@file{/usr/local/bin}, @file{/usr/local/man}, etc.  You can
+specify an installation prefix other than @file{/usr/local} by
+giving @code{configure} the option @option{--prefix=@var{PATH}},
+or by specifying a value for the @code{DESTDIR} @samp{make}
+variable when running @samp{make install}.
+
+You can specify separate installation prefixes for
+architecture-specific files and architecture-independent files. 
+If you give @code{configure} the option
+@option{--exec-prefix=@var{PATH}}, @samp{make install} will use
+@var{PATH} as the prefix for installing programs and libraries.
+Documentation and other data files will still use the regular prefix. 
+
+@node Specifying the System Type
+@section Specifying the System Type
+
+There may be some features @code{configure} can not figure out
+automatically, but need to determine by the type of host Bash
+will run on.  Usually @code{configure} can figure that
+out, but if it prints a message saying it can not guess the host
+type, give it the @option{--host=TYPE} option.  @samp{TYPE} can
+either be a short name for the system type, such as @samp{sun4},
+or a canonical name with three fields: @samp{CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM}
+(e.g., @samp{i386-unknown-freebsd4.2}).
+
+See the file @file{support/config.sub} for the possible
+values of each field. 
+
+@node Sharing Defaults
+@section Sharing Defaults
+
+If you want to set default values for @code{configure} scripts to
+share, you can create a site shell script called
+@code{config.site} that gives default values for variables like
+@code{CC}, @code{cache_file}, and @code{prefix}.  @code{configure}
+looks for @file{PREFIX/share/config.site} if it exists, then
+@file{PREFIX/etc/config.site} if it exists.  Or, you can set the
+@code{CONFIG_SITE} environment variable to the location of the site
+script.  A warning: the Bash @code{configure} looks for a site script,
+but not all @code{configure} scripts do.
+
+@node Operation Controls
+@section Operation Controls
+
+@code{configure} recognizes the following options to control how it
+operates.
+
+@table @code
+
+@item --cache-file=@var{file}
+Use and save the results of the tests in
+@var{file} instead of @file{./config.cache}.  Set @var{file} to
+@file{/dev/null} to disable caching, for debugging
+@code{configure}. 
+
+@item --help
+Print a summary of the options to @code{configure}, and exit.
+
+@item --quiet
+@itemx --silent
+@itemx -q
+Do not print messages saying which checks are being made.
+
+@item --srcdir=@var{dir}
+Look for the Bash source code in directory @var{dir}.  Usually
+@code{configure} can determine that directory automatically.
+
+@item --version
+Print the version of Autoconf used to generate the @code{configure}
+script, and exit.
+@end table
+
+@code{configure} also accepts some other, not widely used, boilerplate
+options.  @samp{configure --help} prints the complete list.
+
+@node Optional Features
+@section Optional Features
+
+The Bash @code{configure} has a number of @option{--enable-@var{feature}}
+options, where @var{feature} indicates an optional part of Bash.
+There are also several @option{--with-@var{package}} options,
+where @var{package} is something like @samp{bash-malloc} or @samp{purify}.
+To turn off the default use of a package, use
+@option{--without-@var{package}}.  To configure Bash without a feature
+that is enabled by default, use @option{--disable-@var{feature}}.
+
+Here is a complete list of the @option{--enable-} and
+@option{--with-} options that the Bash @code{configure} recognizes. 
+
+@table @code
+@item --with-afs
+Define if you are using the Andrew File System from Transarc.
+
+@item --with-bash-malloc
+Use the Bash version of
+@code{malloc} in the directory @file{lib/malloc}.  This is not the same
+@code{malloc} that appears in @sc{gnu} libc, but an older version
+originally derived from the 4.2 @sc{bsd} @code{malloc}.  This @code{malloc}
+is very fast, but wastes some space on each allocation.
+This option is enabled by default.
+The @file{NOTES} file contains a list of systems for
+which this should be turned off, and @code{configure} disables this
+option automatically for a number of systems.
+
+@item --with-curses
+Use the curses library instead of the termcap library.  This should
+be supplied if your system has an inadequate or incomplete termcap
+database.
+
+@item --with-gnu-malloc
+A synonym for @code{--with-bash-malloc}.
+
+@item --with-installed-readline[=@var{PREFIX}]
+Define this to make Bash link with a locally-installed version of Readline
+rather than the version in @file{lib/readline}.  This works only with
+Readline 5.0 and later versions.  If @var{PREFIX} is @code{yes} or not
+supplied, @code{configure} uses the values of the make variables
+@code{includedir} and @code{libdir}, which are subdirectories of @code{prefix}
+by default, to find the installed version of Readline if it is not in
+the standard system include and library directories.
+If @var{PREFIX} is @code{no}, Bash links with the version in
+@file{lib/readline}.
+If @var{PREFIX} is set to any other value, @code{configure} treats it as
+a directory pathname and looks for
+the installed version of Readline in subdirectories of that directory
+(include files in @var{PREFIX}/@code{include} and the library in
+@var{PREFIX}/@code{lib}).
+
+@item --with-purify
+Define this to use the Purify memory allocation checker from Rational
+Software.
+
+@item --enable-minimal-config
+This produces a shell with minimal features, close to the historical
+Bourne shell.
+@end table
+
+There are several @option{--enable-} options that alter how Bash is
+compiled and linked, rather than changing run-time features.
+
+@table @code
+@item --enable-largefile
+Enable support for @uref{http://www.unix.org/version2/whatsnew/lfs20mar.html,
+large files} if the operating system requires special compiler options
+to build programs which can access large files.  This is enabled by
+default, if the operating system provides large file support.
+
+@item --enable-profiling
+This builds a Bash binary that produces profiling information to be
+processed by @code{gprof} each time it is executed.
+
+@item --enable-static-link
+This causes Bash to be linked statically, if @code{gcc} is being used.
+This could be used to build a version to use as root's shell.
+@end table
+
+The @samp{minimal-config} option can be used to disable all of
+the following options, but it is processed first, so individual
+options may be enabled using @samp{enable-@var{feature}}. 
+
+All of the following options except for @samp{disabled-builtins},
+@samp{direxpand-default}, and
+@samp{xpg-echo-default} are
+enabled by default, unless the operating system does not provide the
+necessary support.
+
+@table @code
+@item --enable-alias
+Allow alias expansion and include the @code{alias} and @code{unalias}
+builtins (@pxref{Aliases}).
+
+@item --enable-arith-for-command
+Include support for the alternate form of the @code{for} command
+that behaves like the C language @code{for} statement
+(@pxref{Looping Constructs}).
+
+@item --enable-array-variables
+Include support for one-dimensional array shell variables
+(@pxref{Arrays}).
+
+@item --enable-bang-history
+Include support for @code{csh}-like history substitution
+(@pxref{History Interaction}).
+
+@item --enable-brace-expansion
+Include @code{csh}-like brace expansion
+( @code{b@{a,b@}c} @expansion{} @code{bac bbc} ).
+See @ref{Brace Expansion}, for a complete description.
+
+@item --enable-casemod-attributes
+Include support for case-modifying attributes in the @code{declare} builtin
+and assignment statements.  Variables with the @var{uppercase} attribute,
+for example, will have their values converted to uppercase upon assignment.
+
+@item --enable-casemod-expansion
+Include support for case-modifying word expansions.
+
+@item --enable-command-timing
+Include support for recognizing @code{time} as a reserved word and for
+displaying timing statistics for the pipeline following @code{time}
+(@pxref{Pipelines}).
+This allows pipelines as well as shell builtins and functions to be timed.
+
+@item --enable-cond-command
+Include support for the @code{[[} conditional command.
+(@pxref{Conditional Constructs}).
+
+@item --enable-cond-regexp
+Include support for matching @sc{posix} regular expressions using the
+@samp{=~} binary operator in the @code{[[} conditional command.
+(@pxref{Conditional Constructs}).
+
+@item --enable-coprocesses
+Include support for coprocesses and the @code{coproc} reserved word
+(@pxref{Pipelines}).
+
+@item --enable-debugger
+Include support for the bash debugger (distributed separately).
+
+@item --enable-dev-fd-stat-broken
+If calling @code{stat} on /dev/fd/@var{N} returns different results than
+calling @code{fstat} on file descriptor @var{N}, supply this option to
+enable a workaround.
+This has implications for conditional commands that test file attributes.
+
+@item --enable-direxpand-default
+Cause the @code{direxpand} shell option (@pxref{The Shopt Builtin})
+to be enabled by default when the shell starts.
+It is normally disabled by default.
+
+@item --enable-directory-stack
+Include support for a @code{csh}-like directory stack and the
+@code{pushd}, @code{popd}, and @code{dirs} builtins
+(@pxref{The Directory Stack}).
+
+@item --enable-disabled-builtins
+Allow builtin commands to be invoked via @samp{builtin xxx}
+even after @code{xxx} has been disabled using @samp{enable -n xxx}.
+See @ref{Bash Builtins}, for details of the @code{builtin} and
+@code{enable} builtin commands.
+
+@item --enable-dparen-arithmetic
+Include support for the @code{((@dots{}))} command
+(@pxref{Conditional Constructs}).
+
+@item --enable-extended-glob
+Include support for the extended pattern matching features described
+above under @ref{Pattern Matching}.
+
+@item --enable-extended-glob-default
+Set the default value of the @var{extglob} shell option described
+above under @ref{The Shopt Builtin} to be enabled.
+
+@item --enable-function-import
+Include support for importing function definitions exported by another
+instance of the shell from the environment.  This option is enabled by
+default.
+
+@item --enable-glob-asciirange-default
+Set the default value of the @var{globasciiranges} shell option described
+above under @ref{The Shopt Builtin} to be enabled.
+This controls the behavior of character ranges when used in pattern matching
+bracket expressions.
+
+@item --enable-help-builtin
+Include the @code{help} builtin, which displays help on shell builtins and
+variables (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
+
+@item --enable-history
+Include command history and the @code{fc} and @code{history}
+builtin commands (@pxref{Bash History Facilities}).
+
+@item --enable-job-control
+This enables the job control features (@pxref{Job Control}),
+if the operating system supports them.
+
+@item --enable-multibyte
+This enables support for multibyte characters if the operating
+system provides the necessary support.
+
+@item --enable-net-redirections
+This enables the special handling of filenames of the form
+@code{/dev/tcp/@var{host}/@var{port}} and
+@code{/dev/udp/@var{host}/@var{port}}
+when used in redirections (@pxref{Redirections}).
+
+@item --enable-process-substitution
+This enables process substitution (@pxref{Process Substitution}) if
+the operating system provides the necessary support.
+
+@item --enable-progcomp
+Enable the programmable completion facilities
+(@pxref{Programmable Completion}).
+If Readline is not enabled, this option has no effect.
+
+@item --enable-prompt-string-decoding
+Turn on the interpretation of a number of backslash-escaped characters
+in the @env{$PS0}, @env{$PS1}, @env{$PS2}, and @env{$PS4} prompt
+strings.  See @ref{Controlling the Prompt}, for a complete list of prompt
+string escape sequences.
+
+@item --enable-readline
+Include support for command-line editing and history with the Bash
+version of the Readline library (@pxref{Command Line Editing}).
+
+@item --enable-restricted
+Include support for a @dfn{restricted shell}.  If this is enabled, Bash,
+when called as @code{rbash}, enters a restricted mode.  See
+@ref{The Restricted Shell}, for a description of restricted mode.
+
+@item --enable-select
+Include the @code{select} compound command, which allows the generation of
+simple menus (@pxref{Conditional Constructs}).
+
+@item --enable-separate-helpfiles
+Use external files for the documentation displayed by the @code{help} builtin
+instead of storing the text internally.
+
+@item --enable-single-help-strings
+Store the text displayed by the @code{help} builtin as a single string for
+each help topic.  This aids in translating the text to different languages.
+You may need to disable this if your compiler cannot handle very long string
+literals.
+
+@item --enable-strict-posix-default
+Make Bash @sc{posix}-conformant by default (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}).
+
+@item --enable-usg-echo-default
+A synonym for @code{--enable-xpg-echo-default}.
+
+@item --enable-xpg-echo-default
+Make the @code{echo} builtin expand backslash-escaped characters by default,
+without requiring the @option{-e} option.
+This sets the default value of the @code{xpg_echo} shell option to @code{on},
+which makes the Bash @code{echo} behave more like the version specified in
+the Single Unix Specification, version 3.
+@xref{Bash Builtins}, for a description of the escape sequences that
+@code{echo} recognizes.
+@end table
+
+The file @file{config-top.h} contains C Preprocessor
+@samp{#define} statements for options which are not settable from
+@code{configure}.
+Some of these are not meant to be changed; beware of the consequences if
+you do.
+Read the comments associated with each definition for more
+information about its effect.
+
+@node Reporting Bugs
+@appendix Reporting Bugs
+
+Please report all bugs you find in Bash.
+But first, you should
+make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest
+version of Bash.
+The latest version of Bash is always available for FTP from
+@uref{ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/}.
+
+Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the
+@code{bashbug} command to submit a bug report.
+If you have a fix, you are encouraged to mail that as well!
+Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may be mailed
+to @email{bug-bash@@gnu.org} or posted to the Usenet
+newsgroup @code{gnu.bash.bug}.
+
+All bug reports should include:
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+The version number of Bash.
+@item
+The hardware and operating system.
+@item
+The compiler used to compile Bash.
+@item
+A description of the bug behaviour.
+@item
+A short script or `recipe' which exercises the bug and may be used
+to reproduce it.
+@end itemize
+
+@noindent
+@code{bashbug} inserts the first three items automatically into
+the template it provides for filing a bug report.
+
+Please send all reports concerning this manual to
+@email{bug-bash@@gnu.org}.
+
+@node Major Differences From The Bourne Shell
+@appendix Major Differences From The Bourne Shell
+
+Bash implements essentially the same grammar, parameter and
+variable expansion, redirection, and quoting as the Bourne Shell. 
+Bash uses the @sc{posix} standard as the specification of
+how these features are to be implemented.  There are some
+differences between the traditional Bourne shell and Bash; this
+section quickly details the differences of significance.  A
+number of these differences are explained in greater depth in
+previous sections.
+This section uses the version of @code{sh} included in SVR4.2 (the
+last version of the historical Bourne shell) as the baseline reference.
+
+@itemize @bullet
+
+@item
+Bash is @sc{posix}-conformant, even where the @sc{posix} specification
+differs from traditional @code{sh} behavior (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}).
+
+@item
+Bash has multi-character invocation options (@pxref{Invoking Bash}).
+
+@item
+Bash has command-line editing (@pxref{Command Line Editing}) and
+the @code{bind} builtin.
+
+@item
+Bash provides a programmable word completion mechanism
+(@pxref{Programmable Completion}), and builtin commands
+@code{complete}, @code{compgen}, and @code{compopt}, to
+manipulate it.
+
+@item
+Bash has command history (@pxref{Bash History Facilities}) and the
+@code{history} and @code{fc} builtins to manipulate it.
+The Bash history list maintains timestamp information and uses the
+value of the @code{HISTTIMEFORMAT} variable to display it.
+
+@item
+Bash implements @code{csh}-like history expansion
+(@pxref{History Interaction}).
+
+@item
+Bash has one-dimensional array variables (@pxref{Arrays}), and the
+appropriate variable expansions and assignment syntax to use them.
+Several of the Bash builtins take options to act on arrays.
+Bash provides a number of built-in array variables.
+
+@item
+The @code{$'@dots{}'} quoting syntax, which expands ANSI-C
+backslash-escaped characters in the text between the single quotes,
+is supported (@pxref{ANSI-C Quoting}).
+
+@item
+Bash supports the @code{$"@dots{}"} quoting syntax to do
+locale-specific translation of the characters between the double
+quotes.  The @option{-D}, @option{--dump-strings}, and @option{--dump-po-strings}
+invocation options list the translatable strings found in a script
+(@pxref{Locale Translation}).
+
+@item
+Bash implements the @code{!} keyword to negate the return value of
+a pipeline (@pxref{Pipelines}).
+Very useful when an @code{if} statement needs to act only if a test fails.
+The Bash @samp{-o pipefail} option to @code{set} will cause a pipeline to
+return a failure status if any command fails.
+
+@item
+Bash has the @code{time} reserved word and command timing (@pxref{Pipelines}).
+The display of the timing statistics may be controlled with the
+@env{TIMEFORMAT} variable.
+
+@item
+Bash implements the @code{for (( @var{expr1} ; @var{expr2} ; @var{expr3} ))}
+arithmetic for command, similar to the C language (@pxref{Looping Constructs}).
+
+@item
+Bash includes the @code{select} compound command, which allows the
+generation of simple menus (@pxref{Conditional Constructs}).
+
+@item
+Bash includes the @code{[[} compound command, which makes conditional
+testing part of the shell grammar (@pxref{Conditional Constructs}), including
+optional regular expression matching.
+
+@item
+Bash provides optional case-insensitive matching for the @code{case} and
+@code{[[} constructs.
+
+@item
+Bash includes brace expansion (@pxref{Brace Expansion}) and tilde
+expansion (@pxref{Tilde Expansion}).
+
+@item
+Bash implements command aliases and the @code{alias} and @code{unalias}
+builtins (@pxref{Aliases}).
+
+@item
+Bash provides shell arithmetic, the @code{((} compound command
+(@pxref{Conditional Constructs}),
+and arithmetic expansion (@pxref{Shell Arithmetic}).
+
+@item
+Variables present in the shell's initial environment are automatically
+exported to child processes.  The Bourne shell does not normally do
+this unless the variables are explicitly marked using the @code{export}
+command.
+
+@item
+Bash supports the @samp{+=} assignment operator, which appends to the value
+of the variable named on the left hand side.
+
+@item
+Bash includes the @sc{posix} pattern removal @samp{%}, @samp{#}, @samp{%%}
+and @samp{##} expansions to remove leading or trailing substrings from
+variable values (@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}).
+
+@item
+The expansion @code{$@{#xx@}}, which returns the length of @code{$@{xx@}},
+is supported (@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}).
+
+@item
+The expansion @code{$@{var:}@var{offset}@code{[:}@var{length}@code{]@}},
+which expands to the substring of @code{var}'s value of length
+@var{length}, beginning at @var{offset}, is present
+(@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}).
+
+@item
+The expansion
+@code{$@{var/[/]}@var{pattern}@code{[/}@var{replacement}@code{]@}},
+which matches @var{pattern} and replaces it with @var{replacement} in
+the value of @code{var}, is available (@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}).
+
+@item
+The expansion @code{$@{!@var{prefix}*@}} expansion, which expands to
+the names of all shell variables whose names begin with @var{prefix},
+is available (@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}).
+
+@item
+Bash has @var{indirect} variable expansion using @code{$@{!word@}}
+(@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}).
+
+@item
+Bash can expand positional parameters beyond @code{$9} using
+@code{$@{@var{num}@}}.
+
+@item
+The @sc{posix} @code{$()} form of command substitution
+is implemented (@pxref{Command Substitution}),
+and preferred to the Bourne shell's @code{``} (which
+is also implemented for backwards compatibility).
+
+@item
+Bash has process substitution (@pxref{Process Substitution}).
+
+@item
+Bash automatically assigns variables that provide information about the
+current user (@env{UID}, @env{EUID}, and @env{GROUPS}), the current host
+(@env{HOSTTYPE}, @env{OSTYPE}, @env{MACHTYPE}, and @env{HOSTNAME}),
+and the instance of Bash that is running (@env{BASH},
+@env{BASH_VERSION}, and @env{BASH_VERSINFO}).  @xref{Bash Variables},
+for details.
+
+@item
+The @env{IFS} variable is used to split only the results of expansion,
+not all words (@pxref{Word Splitting}).
+This closes a longstanding shell security hole.
+
+@item
+The filename expansion bracket expression code uses @samp{!} and @samp{^}
+to negate the set of characters between the brackets.
+The Bourne shell uses only @samp{!}.
+
+@item
+Bash implements the full set of @sc{posix} filename expansion operators,
+including @var{character classes}, @var{equivalence classes}, and
+@var{collating symbols} (@pxref{Filename Expansion}).
+
+@item
+Bash implements extended pattern matching features when the @code{extglob}
+shell option is enabled (@pxref{Pattern Matching}).
+
+@item
+It is possible to have a variable and a function with the same name;
+@code{sh} does not separate the two name spaces.
+
+@item
+Bash functions are permitted to have local variables using the
+@code{local} builtin, and thus useful recursive functions may be written
+(@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
+
+@item
+Variable assignments preceding commands affect only that command, even
+builtins and functions (@pxref{Environment}).
+In @code{sh}, all variable assignments 
+preceding commands are global unless the command is executed from the
+file system.
+
+@item
+Bash performs filename expansion on filenames specified as operands
+to input and output redirection operators (@pxref{Redirections}).
+
+@item
+Bash contains the @samp{<>} redirection operator, allowing a file to be
+opened for both reading and writing, and the @samp{&>} redirection
+operator, for directing standard output and standard error to the same
+file (@pxref{Redirections}).
+
+@item
+Bash includes the @samp{<<<} redirection operator, allowing a string to
+be used as the standard input to a command.
+
+@item
+Bash implements the @samp{[n]<&@var{word}} and @samp{[n]>&@var{word}}
+redirection operators, which move one file descriptor to another.
+
+@item
+Bash treats a number of filenames specially when they are
+used in redirection operators (@pxref{Redirections}).
+
+@item
+Bash can open network connections to arbitrary machines and services
+with the redirection operators (@pxref{Redirections}).
+
+@item
+The @code{noclobber} option is available to avoid overwriting existing
+files with output redirection (@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
+The @samp{>|} redirection operator may be used to override @code{noclobber}.
+
+@item
+The Bash @code{cd} and @code{pwd} builtins (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins})
+each take @option{-L} and @option{-P} options to switch between logical and
+physical modes.
+
+@item
+Bash allows a function to override a builtin with the same name, and provides
+access to that builtin's functionality within the function via the
+@code{builtin} and @code{command} builtins (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
+
+@item
+The @code{command} builtin allows selective disabling of functions
+when command lookup is performed (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
+
+@item
+Individual builtins may be enabled or disabled using the @code{enable}
+builtin (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
+
+@item
+The Bash @code{exec} builtin takes additional options that allow users
+to control the contents of the environment passed to the executed
+command, and what the zeroth argument to the command is to be
+(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}).
+
+@item
+Shell functions may be exported to children via the environment
+using @code{export -f} (@pxref{Shell Functions}).
+
+@item
+The Bash @code{export}, @code{readonly}, and @code{declare} builtins can
+take a @option{-f} option to act on shell functions, a @option{-p} option to
+display variables with various attributes set in a format that can be
+used as shell input, a @option{-n} option to remove various variable
+attributes, and @samp{name=value} arguments to set variable attributes
+and values simultaneously.
+
+@item
+The Bash @code{hash} builtin allows a name to be associated with
+an arbitrary filename, even when that filename cannot be found by
+searching the @env{$PATH}, using @samp{hash -p}
+(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}).
+
+@item
+Bash includes a @code{help} builtin for quick reference to shell
+facilities (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
+
+@item
+The @code{printf} builtin is available to display formatted output
+(@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
+
+@item
+The Bash @code{read} builtin (@pxref{Bash Builtins})
+will read a line ending in @samp{\} with
+the @option{-r} option, and will use the @env{REPLY} variable as a
+default if no non-option arguments are supplied.
+The Bash @code{read} builtin
+also accepts a prompt string with the @option{-p} option and will use
+Readline to obtain the line when given the @option{-e} option.
+The @code{read} builtin also has additional options to control input:
+the @option{-s} option will turn off echoing of input characters as
+they are read, the @option{-t} option will allow @code{read} to time out
+if input does not arrive within a specified number of seconds, the
+@option{-n} option will allow reading only a specified number of
+characters rather than a full line, and the @option{-d} option will read
+until a particular character rather than newline.
+
+@item
+The @code{return} builtin may be used to abort execution of scripts
+executed with the @code{.} or @code{source} builtins
+(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}).
+
+@item
+Bash includes the @code{shopt} builtin, for finer control of shell
+optional capabilities (@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}), and allows these options
+to be set and unset at shell invocation (@pxref{Invoking Bash}).
+
+@item
+Bash has much more optional behavior controllable with the @code{set}
+builtin (@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
+
+@item
+The @samp{-x} (@option{xtrace}) option displays commands other than
+simple commands when performing an execution trace
+(@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
+
+@item
+The @code{test} builtin (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins})
+is slightly different, as it implements the @sc{posix} algorithm,
+which specifies the behavior based on the number of arguments.
+
+@item
+Bash includes the @code{caller} builtin, which displays the context of
+any active subroutine call (a shell function or a script executed with
+the @code{.} or @code{source} builtins).  This supports the bash
+debugger.
+
+@item
+The @code{trap} builtin (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}) allows a
+@code{DEBUG} pseudo-signal specification, similar to @code{EXIT}.
+Commands specified with a @code{DEBUG} trap are executed before every
+simple command, @code{for} command, @code{case} command,
+@code{select} command, every arithmetic @code{for} command, and before
+the first command executes in a shell function.
+The @code{DEBUG} trap is not inherited by shell functions unless the
+function has been given the @code{trace} attribute or the
+@code{functrace} option has been enabled using the @code{shopt} builtin.
+The @code{extdebug} shell option has additional effects on the
+@code{DEBUG} trap.
+
+The @code{trap} builtin (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}) allows an
+@code{ERR} pseudo-signal specification, similar to @code{EXIT} and @code{DEBUG}.
+Commands specified with an @code{ERR} trap are executed after a simple
+command fails, with a few exceptions.
+The @code{ERR} trap is not inherited by shell functions unless the
+@code{-o errtrace} option to the @code{set} builtin is enabled.
+
+The @code{trap} builtin (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}) allows a
+@code{RETURN} pseudo-signal specification, similar to
+@code{EXIT} and @code{DEBUG}.
+Commands specified with an @code{RETURN} trap are executed before
+execution resumes after a shell function or a shell script executed with
+@code{.} or @code{source} returns.
+The @code{RETURN} trap is not inherited by shell functions unless the
+function has been given the @code{trace} attribute or the
+@code{functrace} option has been enabled using the @code{shopt} builtin.
+
+@item
+The Bash @code{type} builtin is more extensive and gives more information
+about the names it finds (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
+
+@item
+The Bash @code{umask} builtin permits a @option{-p} option to cause
+the output to be displayed in the form of a @code{umask} command
+that may be reused as input (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}).
+
+@item
+Bash implements a @code{csh}-like directory stack, and provides the
+@code{pushd}, @code{popd}, and @code{dirs} builtins to manipulate it
+(@pxref{The Directory Stack}).
+Bash also makes the directory stack visible as the value of the
+@env{DIRSTACK} shell variable.
+
+@item
+Bash interprets special backslash-escaped characters in the prompt
+strings when interactive (@pxref{Controlling the Prompt}).
+
+@item
+The Bash restricted mode is more useful (@pxref{The Restricted Shell});
+the SVR4.2 shell restricted mode is too limited.
+
+@item
+The @code{disown} builtin can remove a job from the internal shell
+job table (@pxref{Job Control Builtins}) or suppress the sending
+of @code{SIGHUP} to a job when the shell exits as the result of a
+@code{SIGHUP}.
+
+@item
+Bash includes a number of features to support a separate debugger for
+shell scripts.
+
+@item
+The SVR4.2 shell has two privilege-related builtins
+(@code{mldmode} and @code{priv}) not present in Bash.
+
+@item
+Bash does not have the @code{stop} or @code{newgrp} builtins.
+
+@item
+Bash does not use the @env{SHACCT} variable or perform shell accounting.
+
+@item
+The SVR4.2 @code{sh} uses a @env{TIMEOUT} variable like Bash uses
+@env{TMOUT}.
+
+@end itemize
+
+@noindent
+More features unique to Bash may be found in @ref{Bash Features}.
+
+
+@appendixsec Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell
+
+Since Bash is a completely new implementation, it does not suffer from
+many of the limitations of the SVR4.2 shell.  For instance:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+
+@item
+Bash does not fork a subshell when redirecting into or out of
+a shell control structure such as  an @code{if} or @code{while}
+statement.
+
+@item
+Bash does not allow unbalanced quotes.  The SVR4.2 shell will silently
+insert a needed closing quote at @code{EOF} under certain circumstances.
+This can be the cause of some hard-to-find errors.
+
+@item
+The SVR4.2 shell uses a baroque memory management scheme based on
+trapping @code{SIGSEGV}.  If the shell is started from a process with
+@code{SIGSEGV} blocked (e.g., by using the @code{system()} C library
+function call), it misbehaves badly.
+
+@item
+In a questionable attempt at security, the SVR4.2 shell,
+when invoked without the @option{-p} option, will alter its real
+and effective @sc{uid} and @sc{gid} if they are less than some
+magic threshold value, commonly 100.
+This can lead to unexpected results.
+
+@item
+The SVR4.2 shell does not allow users to trap @code{SIGSEGV},
+@code{SIGALRM}, or @code{SIGCHLD}.
+
+@item
+The SVR4.2 shell does not allow the @env{IFS}, @env{MAILCHECK},
+@env{PATH}, @env{PS1}, or @env{PS2} variables to be unset.
+
+@item
+The SVR4.2 shell treats @samp{^} as the undocumented equivalent of
+@samp{|}.
+
+@item
+Bash allows multiple option arguments when it is invoked (@code{-x -v});
+the SVR4.2 shell allows only one option argument (@code{-xv}).  In
+fact, some versions of the shell dump core if the second argument begins
+with a @samp{-}.
+
+@item
+The SVR4.2 shell exits a script if any builtin fails; Bash exits
+a script only if one of the @sc{posix} special builtins fails, and
+only for certain failures, as enumerated in the @sc{posix} standard.
+
+@item 
+The SVR4.2 shell behaves differently when invoked as @code{jsh}
+(it turns on job control).
+@end itemize
+
+@node GNU Free Documentation License
+@appendix GNU Free Documentation License
+
+@include fdl.texi
+
+@node Indexes
+@appendix Indexes
+
+@menu
+* Builtin Index::		Index of Bash builtin commands.
+* Reserved Word Index::		Index of Bash reserved words.
+* Variable Index::		Quick reference helps you find the
+				variable you want.
+* Function Index::		Index of bindable Readline functions.
+* Concept Index::		General index for concepts described in
+				this manual.
+@end menu
+
+@node Builtin Index
+@appendixsec Index of Shell Builtin Commands
+@printindex bt
+
+@node Reserved Word Index
+@appendixsec Index of Shell Reserved Words
+@printindex rw
+
+@node Variable Index
+@appendixsec Parameter and Variable Index
+@printindex vr
+
+@node Function Index
+@appendixsec Function Index
+@printindex fn
+
+@node Concept Index
+@appendixsec Concept Index
+@printindex cp
+
+@bye
diff --git a/doc/builtins.0 b/doc/builtins.0
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..76f08b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/builtins.0
@@ -0,0 +1,1851 @@
+BASH_BUILTINS(1)            General Commands Manual           BASH_BUILTINS(1)
+
+
+
+NNAAMMEE
+       bash,  :,  .,  [, alias, bg, bind, break, builtin, caller, cd, command,
+       compgen, complete, compopt,  continue,  declare,  dirs,  disown,  echo,
+       enable,  eval,  exec, exit, export, false, fc, fg, getopts, hash, help,
+       history, jobs, kill, let, local, logout, mapfile, popd, printf,  pushd,
+       pwd,  read, readonly, return, set, shift, shopt, source, suspend, test,
+       times, trap, true, type, typeset, ulimit, umask, unalias, unset, wait -
+       bash built-in commands, see bbaasshh(1)
+
+BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
+       Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented in this section
+       as accepting options preceded by -- accepts ---- to signify the end of the
+       options.  The ::, ttrruuee, ffaallssee, and tteesstt/[[ builtins do not accept options
+       and do not treat ---- specially.  The eexxiitt, llooggoouutt, rreettuurrnn,  bbrreeaakk,  ccoonn--
+       ttiinnuuee,  lleett,  and sshhiifftt builtins accept and process arguments beginning
+       with -- without requiring ----.  Other builtins that accept arguments  but
+       are  not  specified  as accepting options interpret arguments beginning
+       with -- as invalid options and require ---- to  prevent  this  interpreta-
+       tion.
+       :: [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s]
+              No  effect;  the command does nothing beyond expanding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s
+              and performing any specified redirections.  The return status is
+              zero.
+
+        ..  _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s]
+       ssoouurrccee _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s]
+              Read  and  execute  commands  from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e in the current shell
+              environment and return the exit status of the last command  exe-
+              cuted  from  _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e.   If  _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e  does not contain a slash,
+              filenames in PPAATTHH are used  to  find  the  directory  containing
+              _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e.  The file searched for in PPAATTHH need not be executable.
+              When bbaasshh is  not  in  _p_o_s_i_x  _m_o_d_e,  the  current  directory  is
+              searched  if no file is found in PPAATTHH.  If the ssoouurrcceeppaatthh option
+              to the sshhoopptt builtin command is turned  off,  the  PPAATTHH  is  not
+              searched.   If any _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s are supplied, they become the posi-
+              tional parameters when  _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e  is  executed.   Otherwise  the
+              positional  parameters  are  unchanged.   If  the  --TT  option is
+              enabled, ssoouurrccee inherits any trap on DDEEBBUUGG; if it  is  not,  any
+              DDEEBBUUGG  trap  string  is  saved  and  restored around the call to
+              ssoouurrccee, and ssoouurrccee unsets the DDEEBBUUGG trap while it executes.   If
+              --TT  is not set, and the sourced file changes the DDEEBBUUGG trap, the
+              new value is retained when ssoouurrccee completes.  The return  status
+              is the status of the last command exited within the script (0 if
+              no commands are executed), and false if _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is not found or
+              cannot be read.
+
+       aalliiaass [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...]
+              AAlliiaass with no arguments or with the --pp option prints the list of
+              aliases in the form aalliiaass _n_a_m_e=_v_a_l_u_e on standard  output.   When
+              arguments  are supplied, an alias is defined for each _n_a_m_e whose
+              _v_a_l_u_e is given.  A trailing space in _v_a_l_u_e causes the next  word
+              to be checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded.
+              For each _n_a_m_e in the argument list for which no  _v_a_l_u_e  is  sup-
+              plied,  the  name  and  value  of  the  alias is printed.  AAlliiaass
+              returns true unless a _n_a_m_e is given for which no alias has  been
+              defined.
+
+       bbgg [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c ...]
+              Resume  each  suspended  job _j_o_b_s_p_e_c in the background, as if it
+              had been started with &&.  If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, the shell's
+              notion  of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used.  bbgg _j_o_b_s_p_e_c returns 0 unless
+              run when job control is disabled or, when run with  job  control
+              enabled,  any  specified  _j_o_b_s_p_e_c  was  not found or was started
+              without job control.
+
+       bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] [--llppssvvPPSSVVXX]
+       bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] [--qq _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n] [--uu _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n] [--rr _k_e_y_s_e_q]
+       bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] --ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e
+       bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] --xx _k_e_y_s_e_q:_s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d
+       bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] _k_e_y_s_e_q:_f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e
+       bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] _k_e_y_s_e_q:_r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d
+              Display current rreeaaddlliinnee key and function bindings, bind  a  key
+              sequence  to  a  rreeaaddlliinnee  function  or macro, or set a rreeaaddlliinnee
+              variable.  Each non-option argument is a  command  as  it  would
+              appear  in  _._i_n_p_u_t_r_c, but each binding or command must be passed
+              as a separate argument; e.g.,  '"\C-x\C-r":  re-read-init-file'.
+              Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+              --mm _k_e_y_m_a_p
+                     Use _k_e_y_m_a_p as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent
+                     bindings.  Acceptable _k_e_y_m_a_p names are _e_m_a_c_s_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_-
+                     _d_a_r_d_,  _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_e_t_a_,  _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x_,  _v_i_, _v_i_-_m_o_v_e_, _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d,
+                     and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t.  _v_i is equivalent to  _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d  (_v_i_-_m_o_v_e
+                     is  also  a  synonym); _e_m_a_c_s is equivalent to _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_-
+                     _d_a_r_d.
+              --ll     List the names of all rreeaaddlliinnee functions.
+              --pp     Display rreeaaddlliinnee function names and bindings  in  such  a
+                     way that they can be re-read.
+              --PP     List current rreeaaddlliinnee function names and bindings.
+              --ss     Display  rreeaaddlliinnee  key  sequences bound to macros and the
+                     strings they output in such a way that they  can  be  re-
+                     read.
+              --SS     Display  rreeaaddlliinnee  key  sequences bound to macros and the
+                     strings they output.
+              --vv     Display rreeaaddlliinnee variable names and values in such a  way
+                     that they can be re-read.
+              --VV     List current rreeaaddlliinnee variable names and values.
+              --ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e
+                     Read key bindings from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e.
+              --qq _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n
+                     Query about which keys invoke the named _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n.
+              --uu _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n
+                     Unbind all keys bound to the named _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n.
+              --rr _k_e_y_s_e_q
+                     Remove any current binding for _k_e_y_s_e_q.
+              --xx _k_e_y_s_e_q::_s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d
+                     Cause  _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d  to  be  executed whenever _k_e_y_s_e_q is
+                     entered.  When _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed, the shell  sets
+                     the  RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE  variable to the contents of the rreeaadd--
+                     lliinnee line buffer and the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT variable  to  the
+                     current location of the insertion point.  If the executed
+                     command changes  the  value  of  RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE  or  RREEAADD--
+                     LLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT,  those  new  values  will be reflected in the
+                     editing state.
+              --XX     List all key sequences bound to shell  commands  and  the
+                     associated  commands  in  a  format that can be reused as
+                     input.
+
+              The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given  or
+              an error occurred.
+
+       bbrreeaakk [_n]
+              Exit  from  within a ffoorr, wwhhiillee, uunnttiill, or sseelleecctt loop.  If _n is
+              specified, break _n levels.  _n must be >= 1.   If  _n  is  greater
+              than  the  number  of  enclosing  loops, all enclosing loops are
+              exited.  The return value is 0 unless _n is not greater  than  or
+              equal to 1.
+
+       bbuuiillttiinn _s_h_e_l_l_-_b_u_i_l_t_i_n [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s]
+              Execute  the  specified shell builtin, passing it _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s, and
+              return its exit status.  This is useful when defining a function
+              whose  name  is the same as a shell builtin, retaining the func-
+              tionality of the builtin within the function.  The ccdd builtin is
+              commonly  redefined  this  way.   The  return status is false if
+              _s_h_e_l_l_-_b_u_i_l_t_i_n is not a shell builtin command.
+
+       ccaalllleerr [_e_x_p_r]
+              Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell func-
+              tion or a script executed with the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins).  With-
+              out _e_x_p_r, ccaalllleerr displays the line number and source filename of
+              the  current subroutine call.  If a non-negative integer is sup-
+              plied as _e_x_p_r, ccaalllleerr displays the line number, subroutine name,
+              and  source  file  corresponding to that position in the current
+              execution call stack.  This extra information may be  used,  for
+              example,  to print a stack trace.  The current frame is frame 0.
+              The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing  a  sub-
+              routine  call or _e_x_p_r does not correspond to a valid position in
+              the call stack.
+
+       ccdd [--LL|[--PP [--ee]] [-@]] [_d_i_r]
+              Change the current directory to _d_i_r.  if _d_i_r  is  not  supplied,
+              the  value of the HHOOMMEE shell variable is the default.  Any addi-
+              tional arguments following _d_i_r are ignored.  The variable CCDDPPAATTHH
+              defines  the  search path for the directory containing _d_i_r: each
+              directory name in  CCDDPPAATTHH  is  searched  for  _d_i_r.   Alternative
+              directory  names in CCDDPPAATTHH are separated by a colon (:).  A null
+              directory name in CCDDPPAATTHH is the same as the  current  directory,
+              i.e., ``..''.  If _d_i_r begins with a slash (/), then CCDDPPAATTHH is not
+              used.  The --PP option causes ccdd to  use  the  physical  directory
+              structure  by  resolving symbolic links while traversing _d_i_r and
+              before processing instances of _._. in _d_i_r (see also the --PP option
+              to the sseett builtin command); the --LL option forces symbolic links
+              to be followed by resolving the link after processing  instances
+              of _._. in _d_i_r.  If _._. appears in _d_i_r, it is processed by removing
+              the immediately previous pathname component from _d_i_r, back to  a
+              slash  or  the  beginning  of _d_i_r.  If the --ee option is supplied
+              with --PP, and the current working directory  cannot  be  success-
+              fully  determined  after  a successful directory change, ccdd will
+              return an unsuccessful status.  On systems that support it,  the
+              --@@  option  presents  the  extended attributes associated with a
+              file as a directory.  An argument of -- is converted  to  $$OOLLDDPPWWDD
+              before the directory change is attempted.  If a non-empty direc-
+              tory name from CCDDPPAATTHH is used, or if -- is  the  first  argument,
+              and the directory change is successful, the absolute pathname of
+              the new working directory is written  to  the  standard  output.
+              The  return  value  is  true  if  the directory was successfully
+              changed; false otherwise.
+
+       ccoommmmaanndd [--ppVVvv] _c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_a_r_g ...]
+              Run _c_o_m_m_a_n_d with _a_r_g_s  suppressing  the  normal  shell  function
+              lookup.  Only builtin commands or commands found in the PPAATTHH are
+              executed.  If the --pp option is given, the search for _c_o_m_m_a_n_d  is
+              performed  using  a default value for PPAATTHH that is guaranteed to
+              find all of the standard utilities.  If  either  the  --VV  or  --vv
+              option is supplied, a description of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is printed.  The --vv
+              option causes a single word indicating the command  or  filename
+              used to invoke _c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be displayed; the --VV option produces a
+              more verbose description.  If the --VV or --vv option  is  supplied,
+              the  exit  status  is  0 if _c_o_m_m_a_n_d was found, and 1 if not.  If
+              neither option is supplied and an error occurred or _c_o_m_m_a_n_d can-
+              not  be found, the exit status is 127.  Otherwise, the exit sta-
+              tus of the ccoommmmaanndd builtin is the exit status of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d.
+
+       ccoommppggeenn [_o_p_t_i_o_n] [_w_o_r_d]
+              Generate possible completion matches for _w_o_r_d according  to  the
+              _o_p_t_i_o_ns,  which  may  be  any  option  accepted  by the ccoommpplleettee
+              builtin with the exception of --pp and --rr, and write  the  matches
+              to  the  standard  output.  When using the --FF or --CC options, the
+              various shell  variables  set  by  the  programmable  completion
+              facilities, while available, will not have useful values.
+
+              The matches will be generated in the same way as if the program-
+              mable completion code had generated them directly from a comple-
+              tion  specification  with the same flags.  If _w_o_r_d is specified,
+              only those completions matching _w_o_r_d will be displayed.
+
+              The return value is true unless an invalid option  is  supplied,
+              or no matches were generated.
+
+       ccoommpplleettee  [--aabbccddeeffggjjkkssuuvv] [--oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n] [--DDEEII] [--AA _a_c_t_i_o_n] [--GG _g_l_o_b_-
+       _p_a_t] [--WW _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t] [--FF _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n] [--CC _c_o_m_m_a_n_d]
+              [--XX _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t] [--PP _p_r_e_f_i_x] [--SS _s_u_f_f_i_x] _n_a_m_e [_n_a_m_e _._._.]
+       ccoommpplleettee --pprr [--DDEEII] [_n_a_m_e ...]
+              Specify how arguments to each _n_a_m_e should be completed.  If  the
+              --pp  option  is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing
+              completion specifications are printed in a way that allows  them
+              to be reused as input.  The --rr option removes a completion spec-
+              ification for each _n_a_m_e, or, if no _n_a_m_es are supplied, all  com-
+              pletion specifications.  The --DD option indicates that other sup-
+              plied options and actions should apply to the  ``default''  com-
+              mand  completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for
+              which no completion has previously been defined.  The --EE  option
+              indicates  that  other supplied options and actions should apply
+              to ``empty'' command completion; that is,  completion  attempted
+              on  a  blank  line.  The --II option indicates that other supplied
+              options and actions should apply to  completion  on  the  inital
+              non-assignment  word  on  the line, or after a command delimiter
+              such as ;; or ||, which is usually command  name  completion.   If
+              multiple  options  are  supplied, the --DD option takes precedence
+              over --EE, and both take precedence over --II.  If any of --DD, --EE, or
+              --II  are  supplied,  any  other _n_a_m_e arguments are ignored; these
+              completions only apply to the case specified by the option.
+
+              The process of applying  these  completion  specifications  when
+              word  completion  is attempted is described above under PPrrooggrraamm--
+              mmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn.
+
+              Other options, if specified, have the following  meanings.   The
+              arguments  to the --GG, --WW, and --XX options (and, if necessary, the
+              --PP and --SS options) should be quoted to protect them from  expan-
+              sion before the ccoommpplleettee builtin is invoked.
+              --oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n
+                      The  _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n  controls  several aspects of the comp-
+                      spec's behavior beyond the simple generation of  comple-
+                      tions.  _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n may be one of:
+                      bbaasshhddeeffaauulltt
+                              Perform the rest of the default bbaasshh completions
+                              if the compspec generates no matches.
+                      ddeeffaauulltt Use readline's default  filename  completion  if
+                              the compspec generates no matches.
+                      ddiirrnnaammeess
+                              Perform  directory  name completion if the comp-
+                              spec generates no matches.
+                      ffiilleennaammeess
+                              Tell readline that the compspec generates  file-
+                              names,  so  it can perform any filename-specific
+                              processing (like adding  a  slash  to  directory
+                              names,  quoting special characters, or suppress-
+                              ing trailing spaces).  Intended to be used  with
+                              shell functions.
+                      nnooqquuoottee Tell  readline  not to quote the completed words
+                              if they are filenames (quoting filenames is  the
+                              default).
+                      nnoossoorrtt  Tell  readline  not to sort the list of possible
+                              completions alphabetically.
+                      nnoossppaaccee Tell  readline  not  to  append  a  space   (the
+                              default)  to  words  completed at the end of the
+                              line.
+                      pplluussddiirrss
+                              After any matches defined by  the  compspec  are
+                              generated,    directory   name   completion   is
+                              attempted and  any  matches  are  added  to  the
+                              results of the other actions.
+              --AA _a_c_t_i_o_n
+                      The  _a_c_t_i_o_n  may  be  one of the following to generate a
+                      list of possible completions:
+                      aalliiaass   Alias names.  May also be specified as --aa.
+                      aarrrraayyvvaarr
+                              Array variable names.
+                      bbiinnddiinngg RReeaaddlliinnee key binding names.
+                      bbuuiillttiinn Names of shell builtin commands.   May  also  be
+                              specified as --bb.
+                      ccoommmmaanndd Command names.  May also be specified as --cc.
+                      ddiirreeccttoorryy
+                              Directory names.  May also be specified as --dd.
+                      ddiissaabblleedd
+                              Names of disabled shell builtins.
+                      eennaabblleedd Names of enabled shell builtins.
+                      eexxppoorrtt  Names  of exported shell variables.  May also be
+                              specified as --ee.
+                      ffiillee    File names.  May also be specified as --ff.
+                      ffuunnccttiioonn
+                              Names of shell functions.
+                      ggrroouupp   Group names.  May also be specified as --gg.
+                      hheellppttooppiicc
+                              Help topics as accepted by the hheellpp builtin.
+                      hhoossttnnaammee
+                              Hostnames, as taken from the file  specified  by
+                              the HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE shell variable.
+                      jjoobb     Job  names,  if job control is active.  May also
+                              be specified as --jj.
+                      kkeeyywwoorrdd Shell reserved words.  May also be specified  as
+                              --kk.
+                      rruunnnniinngg Names of running jobs, if job control is active.
+                      sseerrvviiccee Service names.  May also be specified as --ss.
+                      sseettoopptt  Valid  arguments  for  the  --oo option to the sseett
+                              builtin.
+                      sshhoopptt   Shell option names  as  accepted  by  the  sshhoopptt
+                              builtin.
+                      ssiiggnnaall  Signal names.
+                      ssttooppppeedd Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active.
+                      uusseerr    User names.  May also be specified as --uu.
+                      vvaarriiaabbllee
+                              Names of all shell variables.  May also be spec-
+                              ified as --vv.
+              --CC _c_o_m_m_a_n_d
+                      _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed in a subshell environment,  and  its
+                      output is used as the possible completions.
+              --FF _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n
+                      The  shell  function _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n is executed in the current
+                      shell environment.  When the function is  executed,  the
+                      first  argument  ($$11)  is  the name of the command whose
+                      arguments are being completed, the second argument  ($$22)
+                      is the word being completed, and the third argument ($$33)
+                      is the word preceding the word being  completed  on  the
+                      current  command  line.   When it finishes, the possible
+                      completions are retrieved from the value of the  CCOOMMPPRREE--
+                      PPLLYY array variable.
+              --GG _g_l_o_b_p_a_t
+                      The  pathname  expansion  pattern _g_l_o_b_p_a_t is expanded to
+                      generate the possible completions.
+              --PP _p_r_e_f_i_x
+                      _p_r_e_f_i_x is added at the beginning of each  possible  com-
+                      pletion after all other options have been applied.
+              --SS _s_u_f_f_i_x
+                      _s_u_f_f_i_x is appended to each possible completion after all
+                      other options have been applied.
+              --WW _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t
+                      The _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t is split using the characters  in  the  IIFFSS
+                      special  variable as delimiters, and each resultant word
+                      is expanded.  Shell quoting is honored within  _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t,
+                      in order to provide a mechanism for the words to contain
+                      shell metacharacters or characters in the value of  IIFFSS.
+                      The  possible  completions are the members of the resul-
+                      tant list which match the word being completed.
+              --XX _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t
+                      _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is a pattern as used for  pathname  expansion.
+                      It is applied to the list of possible completions gener-
+                      ated by the preceding options and  arguments,  and  each
+                      completion  matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed from the list.
+                      A leading !! in _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t negates the  pattern;  in  this
+                      case, any completion not matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed.
+
+              The  return  value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
+              an option other than --pp or --rr is supplied without a  _n_a_m_e  argu-
+              ment,  an  attempt  is made to remove a completion specification
+              for a _n_a_m_e for which no specification exists, or an error occurs
+              adding a completion specification.
+
+       ccoommppoopptt [--oo _o_p_t_i_o_n] [--DDEEII] [++oo _o_p_t_i_o_n] [_n_a_m_e]
+              Modify  completion  options  for  each  _n_a_m_e  according  to  the
+              _o_p_t_i_o_ns, or for the currently-executing completion if  no  _n_a_m_es
+              are  supplied.   If no _o_p_t_i_o_ns are given, display the completion
+              options for each _n_a_m_e or the current completion.   The  possible
+              values  of  _o_p_t_i_o_n  are  those  valid  for  the ccoommpplleettee builtin
+              described above.  The --DD option indicates  that  other  supplied
+              options should apply to the ``default'' command completion; that
+              is, completion attempted on a command for  which  no  completion
+              has previously been defined.  The --EE option indicates that other
+              supplied options should apply to ``empty''  command  completion;
+              that  is,  completion  attempted on a blank line.  The --II option
+              indicates that other supplied options should apply to completion
+              on  the  inital non-assignment word on the line, or after a com-
+              mand delimiter such as ;; or ||, which  is  usually  command  name
+              completion.
+
+              The  return  value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
+              an attempt is made to modify the options for a _n_a_m_e for which no
+              completion specification exists, or an output error occurs.
+
+       ccoonnttiinnuuee [_n]
+              Resume the next iteration of the enclosing ffoorr, wwhhiillee, uunnttiill, or
+              sseelleecctt loop.  If _n is specified, resume  at  the  _nth  enclosing
+              loop.   _n  must  be  >=  1.   If _n is greater than the number of
+              enclosing loops, the  last  enclosing  loop  (the  ``top-level''
+              loop) is resumed.  The return value is 0 unless _n is not greater
+              than or equal to 1.
+
+       ddeeccllaarree [--aaAAffFFggiillnnrrttuuxx] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...]
+       ttyyppeesseett [--aaAAffFFggiillnnrrttuuxx] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...]
+              Declare variables and/or give them attributes.  If no _n_a_m_es  are
+              given  then display the values of variables.  The --pp option will
+              display the attributes and values of each _n_a_m_e.  When --pp is used
+              with  _n_a_m_e  arguments, additional options, other than --ff and --FF,
+              are ignored.  When --pp is supplied  without  _n_a_m_e  arguments,  it
+              will  display  the attributes and values of all variables having
+              the attributes specified by the additional options.  If no other
+              options   are   supplied  with  --pp,  ddeeccllaarree  will  display  the
+              attributes and values of all shell  variables.   The  --ff  option
+              will  restrict  the  display  to shell functions.  The --FF option
+              inhibits the display of function definitions; only the  function
+              name  and  attributes are printed.  If the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option
+              is enabled using sshhoopptt, the source file  name  and  line  number
+              where each _n_a_m_e is defined are displayed as well.  The --FF option
+              implies --ff.  The --gg option forces variables  to  be  created  or
+              modified at the global scope, even when ddeeccllaarree is executed in a
+              shell function.  It is ignored in all other cases.  The  follow-
+              ing options can be used to restrict output to variables with the
+              specified attribute or to give variables attributes:
+              --aa     Each _n_a_m_e  is  an  indexed  array  variable  (see  AArrrraayyss
+                     above).
+              --AA     Each  _n_a_m_e  is  an associative array variable (see AArrrraayyss
+                     above).
+              --ff     Use function names only.
+              --ii     The variable is treated as an integer; arithmetic evalua-
+                     tion  (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above) is performed when
+                     the variable is assigned a value.
+              --ll     When the variable is assigned  a  value,  all  upper-case
+                     characters  are  converted to lower-case.  The upper-case
+                     attribute is disabled.
+              --nn     Give each _n_a_m_e the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute, making  it  a  name
+                     reference  to  another  variable.  That other variable is
+                     defined by the value of _n_a_m_e.   All  references,  assign-
+                     ments,  and attribute modifications to _n_a_m_e, except those
+                     using or changing the --nn attribute itself, are  performed
+                     on  the variable referenced by _n_a_m_e's value.  The nameref
+                     attribute cannot be applied to array variables.
+              --rr     Make _n_a_m_es readonly.  These names cannot then be assigned
+                     values by subsequent assignment statements or unset.
+              --tt     Give  each  _n_a_m_e  the  _t_r_a_c_e attribute.  Traced functions
+                     inherit the DDEEBBUUGG  and  RREETTUURRNN  traps  from  the  calling
+                     shell.   The  trace  attribute has no special meaning for
+                     variables.
+              --uu     When the variable is assigned  a  value,  all  lower-case
+                     characters  are  converted to upper-case.  The lower-case
+                     attribute is disabled.
+              --xx     Mark _n_a_m_es for export  to  subsequent  commands  via  the
+                     environment.
+
+              Using  `+'  instead of `-' turns off the attribute instead, with
+              the exceptions that ++aa and ++AA may not be used to  destroy  array
+              variables  and  ++rr will not remove the readonly attribute.  When
+              used in a function, ddeeccllaarree and ttyyppeesseett make each _n_a_m_e local, as
+              with  the llooccaall command, unless the --gg option is supplied.  If a
+              variable name is followed by =_v_a_l_u_e, the value of  the  variable
+              is  set  to _v_a_l_u_e.  When using --aa or --AA and the compound assign-
+              ment syntax to create array variables, additional attributes  do
+              not  take effect until subsequent assignments.  The return value
+              is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an attempt is made
+              to define a function using ``-f foo=bar'', an attempt is made to
+              assign a value to a readonly variable, an  attempt  is  made  to
+              assign  a  value to an array variable without using the compound
+              assignment syntax (see AArrrraayyss above), one of the _n_a_m_e_s is not  a
+              valid  shell variable name, an attempt is made to turn off read-
+              only status for a readonly variable, an attempt is made to  turn
+              off array status for an array variable, or an attempt is made to
+              display a non-existent function with --ff.
+
+       ddiirrss [[--ccllppvv]] [[++_n]] [[--_n]]
+              Without options,  displays  the  list  of  currently  remembered
+              directories.   The  default  display  is  on  a single line with
+              directory names separated by spaces.  Directories are  added  to
+              the  list  with  the  ppuusshhdd  command;  the  ppooppdd command removes
+              entries from the list.  The  current  directory  is  always  the
+              first directory in the stack.
+              --cc     Clears  the  directory  stack  by  deleting  all  of  the
+                     entries.
+              --ll     Produces a listing  using  full  pathnames;  the  default
+                     listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory.
+              --pp     Print the directory stack with one entry per line.
+              --vv     Print  the  directory stack with one entry per line, pre-
+                     fixing each entry with its index in the stack.
+              ++_n     Displays the _nth entry counting from the left of the list
+                     shown by ddiirrss when invoked without options, starting with
+                     zero.
+              --_n     Displays the _nth entry counting from  the  right  of  the
+                     list shown by ddiirrss when invoked without options, starting
+                     with zero.
+
+              The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or  _n
+              indexes beyond the end of the directory stack.
+
+       ddiissoowwnn [--aarr] [--hh] [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c ... | _p_i_d ... ]
+              Without  options,  remove  each _j_o_b_s_p_e_c from the table of active
+              jobs.  If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, and neither the --aa nor the  --rr
+              option  is  supplied, the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used.  If the --hh option
+              is given, each _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not removed from  the  table,  but  is
+              marked  so  that  SSIIGGHHUUPP  is  not  sent  to the job if the shell
+              receives a SSIIGGHHUUPP.  If no _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is  supplied,  the  --aa  option
+              means  to  remove or mark all jobs; the --rr option without a _j_o_b_-
+              _s_p_e_c argument restricts operation to running jobs.   The  return
+              value is 0 unless a _j_o_b_s_p_e_c does not specify a valid job.
+
+       eecchhoo [--nneeEE] [_a_r_g ...]
+              Output  the  _a_r_gs,  separated  by spaces, followed by a newline.
+              The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs.   If  --nn  is
+              specified, the trailing newline is suppressed.  If the --ee option
+              is given,  interpretation  of  the  following  backslash-escaped
+              characters  is  enabled.  The --EE option disables the interpreta-
+              tion of these escape characters, even on systems where they  are
+              interpreted  by  default.  The xxppgg__eecchhoo shell option may be used
+              to dynamically determine  whether  or  not  eecchhoo  expands  these
+              escape  characters  by  default.   eecchhoo does not interpret ---- to
+              mean the end of options.  eecchhoo interprets the  following  escape
+              sequences:
+              \\aa     alert (bell)
+              \\bb     backspace
+              \\cc     suppress further output
+              \\ee
+              \\EE     an escape character
+              \\ff     form feed
+              \\nn     new line
+              \\rr     carriage return
+              \\tt     horizontal tab
+              \\vv     vertical tab
+              \\\\     backslash
+              \\00_n_n_n  the  eight-bit  character  whose value is the octal value
+                     _n_n_n (zero to three octal digits)
+              \\xx_H_H   the eight-bit character whose value  is  the  hexadecimal
+                     value _H_H (one or two hex digits)
+              \\uu_H_H_H_H the  Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the
+                     hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H (one to four hex digits)
+              \\UU_H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H
+                     the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is  the
+                     hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H (one to eight hex digits)
+
+       eennaabbllee [--aa] [--ddnnppss] [--ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e] [_n_a_m_e ...]
+              Enable  and disable builtin shell commands.  Disabling a builtin
+              allows a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin
+              to  be  executed without specifying a full pathname, even though
+              the shell normally searches for builtins before  disk  commands.
+              If  --nn  is  used,  each  _n_a_m_e  is disabled; otherwise, _n_a_m_e_s are
+              enabled.  For example, to use the tteesstt binary found via the PPAATTHH
+              instead  of  the  shell builtin version, run ``enable -n test''.
+              The --ff option means to load the new builtin  command  _n_a_m_e  from
+              shared object _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e, on systems that support dynamic loading.
+              The --dd option will delete a builtin previously loaded  with  --ff.
+              If no _n_a_m_e arguments are given, or if the --pp option is supplied,
+              a list of shell builtins is printed.  With no other option argu-
+              ments,  the  list consists of all enabled shell builtins.  If --nn
+              is supplied, only disabled builtins are printed.  If --aa is  sup-
+              plied,  the  list printed includes all builtins, with an indica-
+              tion of whether or not each is enabled.  If --ss is supplied,  the
+              output  is restricted to the POSIX _s_p_e_c_i_a_l builtins.  The return
+              value is 0 unless a _n_a_m_e is not a shell builtin or there  is  an
+              error loading a new builtin from a shared object.
+
+       eevvaall [_a_r_g ...]
+              The  _a_r_gs  are read and concatenated together into a single com-
+              mand.  This command is then read and executed by the shell,  and
+              its  exit status is returned as the value of eevvaall.  If there are
+              no _a_r_g_s, or only null arguments, eevvaall returns 0.
+
+       eexxeecc [--ccll] [--aa _n_a_m_e] [_c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s]]
+              If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is specified, it replaces the shell.  No new  process
+              is  created.  The _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s become the arguments to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d.  If
+              the --ll option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the begin-
+              ning  of  the  zeroth  argument passed to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d.  This is what
+              _l_o_g_i_n(1) does.  The --cc option causes _c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be executed with
+              an  empty environment.  If --aa is supplied, the shell passes _n_a_m_e
+              as the zeroth argument to the executed command.  If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d can-
+              not  be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits,
+              unless the eexxeeccffaaiill shell option is enabled.  In that  case,  it
+              returns  failure.   An  interactive shell returns failure if the
+              file cannot be executed.  A subshell  exits  unconditionally  if
+              eexxeecc  fails.  If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is not specified, any redirections take
+              effect in the current shell, and the return  status  is  0.   If
+              there is a redirection error, the return status is 1.
+
+       eexxiitt [_n]
+              Cause  the  shell  to exit with a status of _n.  If _n is omitted,
+              the exit status is that of the last command executed.  A trap on
+              EEXXIITT is executed before the shell terminates.
+
+       eexxppoorrtt [--ffnn] [_n_a_m_e[=_w_o_r_d]] ...
+       eexxppoorrtt --pp
+              The  supplied _n_a_m_e_s are marked for automatic export to the envi-
+              ronment of subsequently executed commands.  If the --ff option  is
+              given,  the _n_a_m_e_s refer to functions.  If no _n_a_m_e_s are given, or
+              if the --pp option is supplied, a list of names  of  all  exported
+              variables  is printed.  The --nn option causes the export property
+              to be removed from each _n_a_m_e.  If a variable name is followed by
+              =_w_o_r_d, the value of the variable is set to _w_o_r_d.  eexxppoorrtt returns
+              an exit status of 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one
+              of  the  _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable name, or --ff is sup-
+              plied with a _n_a_m_e that is not a function.
+
+       ffcc [--ee _e_n_a_m_e] [--llnnrr] [_f_i_r_s_t] [_l_a_s_t]
+       ffcc --ss [_p_a_t=_r_e_p] [_c_m_d]
+              The first form selects a range of commands from  _f_i_r_s_t  to  _l_a_s_t
+              from  the  history  list  and  displays or edits and re-executes
+              them.  _F_i_r_s_t and _l_a_s_t may be specified as a  string  (to  locate
+              the  last command beginning with that string) or as a number (an
+              index into the history list, where a negative number is used  as
+              an  offset  from  the  current  command number).  If _l_a_s_t is not
+              specified, it is set to the current command for listing (so that
+              ``fc  -l  -10'' prints the last 10 commands) and to _f_i_r_s_t other-
+              wise.  If _f_i_r_s_t is not specified, it is set to the previous com-
+              mand for editing and -16 for listing.
+
+              The  --nn option suppresses the command numbers when listing.  The
+              --rr option reverses the order of the commands.  If the --ll  option
+              is  given,  the  commands are listed on standard output.  Other-
+              wise, the editor given by _e_n_a_m_e is invoked on a file  containing
+              those  commands.  If _e_n_a_m_e is not given, the value of the FFCCEEDDIITT
+              variable is used, and the value of EEDDIITTOORR if FFCCEEDDIITT is not  set.
+              If  neither  variable  is set, _v_i is used.  When editing is com-
+              plete, the edited commands are echoed and executed.
+
+              In the second form, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is re-executed after  each  instance
+              of  _p_a_t  is replaced by _r_e_p.  _C_o_m_m_a_n_d is interpreted the same as
+              _f_i_r_s_t above.  A useful alias to use with this is ``r="fc  -s"'',
+              so  that  typing  ``r  cc'' runs the last command beginning with
+              ``cc'' and typing ``r'' re-executes the last command.
+
+              If the first form is used, the  return  value  is  0  unless  an
+              invalid  option  is encountered or _f_i_r_s_t or _l_a_s_t specify history
+              lines out of range.  If the --ee option is  supplied,  the  return
+              value is the value of the last command executed or failure if an
+              error occurs with the temporary file of commands.  If the second
+              form  is  used, the return status is that of the command re-exe-
+              cuted, unless _c_m_d does not specify  a  valid  history  line,  in
+              which case ffcc returns failure.
+
+       ffgg [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c]
+              Resume  _j_o_b_s_p_e_c  in the foreground, and make it the current job.
+              If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, the shell's notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b
+              is  used.   The  return value is that of the command placed into
+              the foreground, or failure if run when job control  is  disabled
+              or, when run with job control enabled, if _j_o_b_s_p_e_c does not spec-
+              ify a valid job or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c specifies  a  job  that  was  started
+              without job control.
+
+       ggeettooppttss _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g _n_a_m_e [_a_r_g_s]
+              ggeettooppttss  is used by shell procedures to parse positional parame-
+              ters.  _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g contains the option  characters  to  be  recog-
+              nized;  if  a  character  is  followed by a colon, the option is
+              expected to have an argument, which should be separated from  it
+              by  white space.  The colon and question mark characters may not
+              be used as option characters.  Each time it is invoked,  ggeettooppttss
+              places  the next option in the shell variable _n_a_m_e, initializing
+              _n_a_m_e if it does not exist, and the index of the next argument to
+              be processed into the variable OOPPTTIINNDD.  OOPPTTIINNDD is initialized to
+              1 each time the shell or a shell script  is  invoked.   When  an
+              option  requires  an argument, ggeettooppttss places that argument into
+              the variable OOPPTTAARRGG.  The shell does not reset OOPPTTIINNDD  automati-
+              cally;  it  must  be  manually  reset  between multiple calls to
+              ggeettooppttss within the same shell invocation if a new set of parame-
+              ters is to be used.
+
+              When  the  end  of  options is encountered, ggeettooppttss exits with a
+              return value greater than zero.  OOPPTTIINNDD is set to the  index  of
+              the first non-option argument, and _n_a_m_e is set to ?.
+
+              ggeettooppttss  normally  parses the positional parameters, but if more
+              arguments are given in _a_r_g_s, ggeettooppttss parses those instead.
+
+              ggeettooppttss can report errors in two ways.  If the  first  character
+              of  _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g  is  a  colon, _s_i_l_e_n_t error reporting is used.  In
+              normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed  when  invalid
+              options  or  missing  option  arguments are encountered.  If the
+              variable OOPPTTEERRRR is set to 0, no  error  messages  will  be  dis-
+              played, even if the first character of _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g is not a colon.
+
+              If an invalid option is seen, ggeettooppttss places ? into _n_a_m_e and, if
+              not silent, prints an  error  message  and  unsets  OOPPTTAARRGG.   If
+              ggeettooppttss  is  silent,  the  option  character  found is placed in
+              OOPPTTAARRGG and no diagnostic message is printed.
+
+              If a required argument is not found, and ggeettooppttss is not  silent,
+              a  question  mark  (??) is placed in _n_a_m_e, OOPPTTAARRGG is unset, and a
+              diagnostic message is printed.  If ggeettooppttss  is  silent,  then  a
+              colon  (::)  is  placed  in  _n_a_m_e and OOPPTTAARRGG is set to the option
+              character found.
+
+              ggeettooppttss returns true if an option, specified or unspecified,  is
+              found.  It returns false if the end of options is encountered or
+              an error occurs.
+
+       hhaasshh [--llrr] [--pp _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e] [--ddtt] [_n_a_m_e]
+              Each time hhaasshh is invoked, the full pathname of the command _n_a_m_e
+              is  determined  by searching the directories in $$PPAATTHH and remem-
+              bered.  Any previously-remembered pathname is discarded.  If the
+              --pp option is supplied, no path search is performed, and _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e
+              is used as the full filename of  the  command.   The  --rr  option
+              causes  the  shell  to  forget all remembered locations.  The --dd
+              option causes the shell to forget  the  remembered  location  of
+              each  _n_a_m_e.   If the --tt option is supplied, the full pathname to
+              which each _n_a_m_e corresponds is printed.  If multiple _n_a_m_e  argu-
+              ments  are  supplied  with  --tt,  the  _n_a_m_e is printed before the
+              hashed full pathname.  The --ll option causes output  to  be  dis-
+              played in a format that may be reused as input.  If no arguments
+              are given, or if only --ll is supplied, information  about  remem-
+              bered  commands  is printed.  The return status is true unless a
+              _n_a_m_e is not found or an invalid option is supplied.
+
+       hheellpp [--ddmmss] [_p_a_t_t_e_r_n]
+              Display helpful information about builtin commands.  If  _p_a_t_t_e_r_n
+              is  specified, hheellpp gives detailed help on all commands matching
+              _p_a_t_t_e_r_n; otherwise help for all the builtins and  shell  control
+              structures is printed.
+              --dd     Display a short description of each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n
+              --mm     Display the description of each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n in a manpage-like
+                     format
+              --ss     Display only a short usage synopsis for each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n
+
+              The return status is 0 unless no command matches _p_a_t_t_e_r_n.
+
+       hhiissttoorryy [[_n]]
+       hhiissttoorryy --cc
+       hhiissttoorryy --dd _o_f_f_s_e_t
+       hhiissttoorryy --dd _s_t_a_r_t-_e_n_d
+       hhiissttoorryy --aannrrww [_f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e]
+       hhiissttoorryy --pp _a_r_g [_a_r_g _._._.]
+       hhiissttoorryy --ss _a_r_g [_a_r_g _._._.]
+              With no options, display the command history list with line num-
+              bers.  Lines listed with a ** have been modified.  An argument of
+              _n lists only the last _n lines.  If the shell variable  HHIISSTTTTIIMMEE--
+              FFOORRMMAATT  is  set  and not null, it is used as a format string for
+              _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) to display the time stamp associated with each  dis-
+              played  history  entry.  No intervening blank is printed between
+              the formatted time stamp and the history line.  If  _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e  is
+              supplied,  it  is  used as the name of the history file; if not,
+              the value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is used.  Options, if supplied,  have  the
+              following meanings:
+              --cc     Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.
+              --dd _o_f_f_s_e_t
+                     Delete  the  history entry at position _o_f_f_s_e_t.  If _o_f_f_s_e_t
+                     is negative, it is interpreted as relative to one greater
+                     than the last history position, so negative indices count
+                     back from the end of the history,  and  an  index  of  -1
+                     refers to the current hhiissttoorryy --dd command.
+              --dd _s_t_a_r_t-_e_n_d
+                     Delete  the  history  entries between positions _s_t_a_r_t and
+                     _e_n_d, inclusive.  Positive and negative values  for  _s_t_a_r_t
+                     and _e_n_d are interpreted as described above.
+              --aa     Append  the  ``new''  history  lines to the history file.
+                     These are history lines entered since  the  beginning  of
+                     the current bbaasshh session, but not already appended to the
+                     history file.
+              --nn     Read the history lines not already read from the  history
+                     file  into  the  current  history  list.  These are lines
+                     appended to the history file since the beginning  of  the
+                     current bbaasshh session.
+              --rr     Read  the contents of the history file and append them to
+                     the current history list.
+              --ww     Write the current history list to the history file, over-
+                     writing the history file's contents.
+              --pp     Perform  history  substitution  on the following _a_r_g_s and
+                     display the result on  the  standard  output.   Does  not
+                     store  the results in the history list.  Each _a_r_g must be
+                     quoted to disable normal history expansion.
+              --ss     Store the _a_r_g_s in the history list  as  a  single  entry.
+                     The  last  command  in the history list is removed before
+                     the _a_r_g_s are added.
+
+              If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is set, the time  stamp  informa-
+              tion  associated  with each history entry is written to the his-
+              tory file, marked with the history comment character.  When  the
+              history  file  is read, lines beginning with the history comment
+              character followed immediately by a  digit  are  interpreted  as
+              timestamps for the following history entry.  The return value is
+              0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an error occurs while
+              reading  or  writing the history file, an invalid _o_f_f_s_e_t is sup-
+              plied as an argument to --dd, or the history expansion supplied as
+              an argument to --pp fails.
+
+       jjoobbss [--llnnpprrss] [ _j_o_b_s_p_e_c ... ]
+       jjoobbss --xx _c_o_m_m_a_n_d [ _a_r_g_s ... ]
+              The first form lists the active jobs.  The options have the fol-
+              lowing meanings:
+              --ll     List process IDs in addition to the normal information.
+              --nn     Display information only about  jobs  that  have  changed
+                     status since the user was last notified of their status.
+              --pp     List  only  the  process  ID  of  the job's process group
+                     leader.
+              --rr     Display only running jobs.
+              --ss     Display only stopped jobs.
+
+              If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is given, output is restricted to  information  about
+              that  job.   The  return status is 0 unless an invalid option is
+              encountered or an invalid _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is supplied.
+
+              If the --xx option is supplied, jjoobbss replaces any _j_o_b_s_p_e_c found in
+              _c_o_m_m_a_n_d  or  _a_r_g_s  with  the corresponding process group ID, and
+              executes _c_o_m_m_a_n_d passing it _a_r_g_s, returning its exit status.
+
+       kkiillll [--ss _s_i_g_s_p_e_c | --nn _s_i_g_n_u_m | --_s_i_g_s_p_e_c] [_p_i_d | _j_o_b_s_p_e_c] ...
+       kkiillll --ll|--LL [_s_i_g_s_p_e_c | _e_x_i_t___s_t_a_t_u_s]
+              Send the signal named by _s_i_g_s_p_e_c  or  _s_i_g_n_u_m  to  the  processes
+              named  by  _p_i_d or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c.  _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a case-insensitive
+              signal name such as SSIIGGKKIILLLL (with or without the SSIIGG prefix)  or
+              a  signal  number; _s_i_g_n_u_m is a signal number.  If _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is not
+              present, then SSIIGGTTEERRMM is assumed.  An argument of --ll  lists  the
+              signal  names.   If any arguments are supplied when --ll is given,
+              the names of the signals  corresponding  to  the  arguments  are
+              listed, and the return status is 0.  The _e_x_i_t___s_t_a_t_u_s argument to
+              --ll is a number specifying either a signal  number  or  the  exit
+              status  of  a  process terminated by a signal.  The --LL option is
+              equivalent to --ll.  kkiillll returns true if at least one signal  was
+              successfully  sent,  or  false  if an error occurs or an invalid
+              option is encountered.
+
+       lleett _a_r_g [_a_r_g ...]
+              Each _a_r_g is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated (see AARRIITTHH--
+              MMEETTIICC  EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN  above).   If the last _a_r_g evaluates to 0, lleett
+              returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.
+
+       llooccaall [_o_p_t_i_o_n] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ... | - ]
+              For each argument, a local variable named _n_a_m_e is  created,  and
+              assigned  _v_a_l_u_e.   The _o_p_t_i_o_n can be any of the options accepted
+              by ddeeccllaarree.  When llooccaall is used within a function, it causes the
+              variable  _n_a_m_e  to have a visible scope restricted to that func-
+              tion and its children.  If _n_a_m_e is -, the set of  shell  options
+              is  made  local to the function in which llooccaall is invoked: shell
+              options changed using the sseett builtin inside  the  function  are
+              restored  to  their  original  values when the function returns.
+              With no operands, llooccaall writes a list of local variables to  the
+              standard  output.  It is an error to use llooccaall when not within a
+              function.  The return status is 0 unless llooccaall is used outside a
+              function,  an  invalid  _n_a_m_e  is supplied, or _n_a_m_e is a readonly
+              variable.
+
+       llooggoouutt Exit a login shell.
+
+       mmaappffiillee [--dd _d_e_l_i_m] [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu  _f_d]  [--CC
+       _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k] [--cc _q_u_a_n_t_u_m] [_a_r_r_a_y]
+       rreeaaddaarrrraayy [--dd _d_e_l_i_m] [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC
+       _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k] [--cc _q_u_a_n_t_u_m] [_a_r_r_a_y]
+              Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array  vari-
+              able  _a_r_r_a_y, or from file descriptor _f_d if the --uu option is sup-
+              plied.  The variable MMAAPPFFIILLEE is the default _a_r_r_a_y.  Options,  if
+              supplied, have the following meanings:
+              --dd     The  first  character  of _d_e_l_i_m is used to terminate each
+                     input line, rather than newline.  If _d_e_l_i_m is  the  empty
+                     string, mmaappffiillee will terminate a line when it reads a NUL
+                     character.
+              --nn     Copy at most _c_o_u_n_t lines.  If _c_o_u_n_t is 0, all  lines  are
+                     copied.
+              --OO     Begin  assigning  to  _a_r_r_a_y at index _o_r_i_g_i_n.  The default
+                     index is 0.
+              --ss     Discard the first _c_o_u_n_t lines read.
+              --tt     Remove a trailing _d_e_l_i_m (default newline) from each  line
+                     read.
+              --uu     Read  lines  from file descriptor _f_d instead of the stan-
+                     dard input.
+              --CC     Evaluate _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k each time _q_u_a_n_t_u_m lines are read.   The
+                     --cc option specifies _q_u_a_n_t_u_m.
+              --cc     Specify  the  number  of  lines read between each call to
+                     _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k.
+
+              If --CC is specified without --cc,  the  default  quantum  is  5000.
+              When _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next
+              array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that
+              element  as  additional  arguments.  _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k is evaluated after
+              the line is read but before the array element is assigned.
+
+              If not supplied with an  explicit  origin,  mmaappffiillee  will  clear
+              _a_r_r_a_y before assigning to it.
+
+              mmaappffiillee  returns successfully unless an invalid option or option
+              argument is supplied, _a_r_r_a_y is invalid or  unassignable,  or  if
+              _a_r_r_a_y is not an indexed array.
+
+       ppooppdd [-nn] [+_n] [-_n]
+              Removes  entries  from  the directory stack.  With no arguments,
+              removes the top directory from the stack, and performs a  ccdd  to
+              the new top directory.  Arguments, if supplied, have the follow-
+              ing meanings:
+              --nn     Suppresses the normal change of directory  when  removing
+                     directories  from  the  stack,  so that only the stack is
+                     manipulated.
+              ++_n     Removes the _nth entry counting from the left of the  list
+                     shown  by  ddiirrss, starting with zero.  For example: ``popd
+                     +0'' removes the first directory, ``popd +1'' the second.
+              --_n     Removes the _nth entry counting from the right of the list
+                     shown  by  ddiirrss, starting with zero.  For example: ``popd
+                     -0'' removes the last directory, ``popd -1'' the next  to
+                     last.
+
+              If  the ppooppdd command is successful, a ddiirrss is performed as well,
+              and the return status is 0.  ppooppdd returns false  if  an  invalid
+              option is encountered, the directory stack is empty, a non-exis-
+              tent directory stack entry is specified, or the directory change
+              fails.
+
+       pprriinnttff [--vv _v_a_r] _f_o_r_m_a_t [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s]
+              Write  the  formatted _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s to the standard output under the
+              control of the _f_o_r_m_a_t.  The --vv option causes the  output  to  be
+              assigned  to  the  variable _v_a_r rather than being printed to the
+              standard output.
+
+              The _f_o_r_m_a_t is a character string which contains three  types  of
+              objects:  plain  characters, which are simply copied to standard
+              output, character escape  sequences,  which  are  converted  and
+              copied  to  the standard output, and format specifications, each
+              of which causes printing of the next  successive  _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t.   In
+              addition to the standard _p_r_i_n_t_f(1) format specifications, pprriinnttff
+              interprets the following extensions:
+              %%bb     causes pprriinnttff to expand backslash escape sequences in the
+                     corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t in the same way as eecchhoo --ee.
+              %%qq     causes  pprriinnttff  to output the corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t in a
+                     format that can be reused as shell input.
+              %%((_d_a_t_e_f_m_t))TT
+                     causes pprriinnttff to output the  date-time  string  resulting
+                     from  using  _d_a_t_e_f_m_t  as a format string for _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3).
+                     The corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t is an integer representing the
+                     number  of seconds since the epoch.  Two special argument
+                     values may be used: -1 represents the current  time,  and
+                     -2  represents  the  time  the  shell was invoked.  If no
+                     argument is specified, conversion behaves as  if  -1  had
+                     been  given.   This  is  an exception to the usual pprriinnttff
+                     behavior.
+
+              Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C  con-
+              stants, except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and
+              if the leading character is a single or double quote, the  value
+              is the ASCII value of the following character.
+
+              The  _f_o_r_m_a_t  is  reused as necessary to consume all of the _a_r_g_u_-
+              _m_e_n_t_s.  If the _f_o_r_m_a_t requires more _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s than are supplied,
+              the  extra  format  specifications  behave as if a zero value or
+              null string, as appropriate,  had  been  supplied.   The  return
+              value is zero on success, non-zero on failure.
+
+       ppuusshhdd [--nn] [+_n] [-_n]
+       ppuusshhdd [--nn] [_d_i_r]
+              Adds  a  directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates
+              the stack, making the new top of the stack the  current  working
+              directory.   With  no  arguments,  ppuusshhdd  exchanges  the top two
+              directories and returns 0, unless the directory stack is  empty.
+              Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+              --nn     Suppresses  the  normal change of directory when rotating
+                     or adding directories to the  stack,  so  that  only  the
+                     stack is manipulated.
+              ++_n     Rotates  the  stack  so  that the _nth directory (counting
+                     from the left of the list shown by  ddiirrss,  starting  with
+                     zero) is at the top.
+              --_n     Rotates  the  stack  so  that the _nth directory (counting
+                     from the right of the list shown by ddiirrss,  starting  with
+                     zero) is at the top.
+              _d_i_r    Adds _d_i_r to the directory stack at the top, making it the
+                     new current working directory as if it had been  supplied
+                     as the argument to the ccdd builtin.
+
+              If the ppuusshhdd command is successful, a ddiirrss is performed as well.
+              If the first form is used, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless the cd to  _d_i_r
+              fails.   With the second form, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless the direc-
+              tory stack is empty, a non-existent directory stack  element  is
+              specified,  or the directory change to the specified new current
+              directory fails.
+
+       ppwwdd [--LLPP]
+              Print the absolute pathname of the  current  working  directory.
+              The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the --PP option
+              is supplied or the --oo pphhyyssiiccaall option to the sseett builtin command
+              is  enabled.  If the --LL option is used, the pathname printed may
+              contain symbolic links.  The return status is 0 unless an  error
+              occurs  while  reading  the  name of the current directory or an
+              invalid option is supplied.
+
+       rreeaadd [--eerrss] [--aa _a_n_a_m_e] [--dd _d_e_l_i_m] [--ii _t_e_x_t] [--nn _n_c_h_a_r_s] [--NN _n_c_h_a_r_s] [--pp
+       _p_r_o_m_p_t] [--tt _t_i_m_e_o_u_t] [--uu _f_d] [_n_a_m_e ...]
+              One  line  is  read  from  the  standard input, or from the file
+              descriptor _f_d supplied as an argument to the  --uu  option,  split
+              into  words  as  described  above  under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg, and the
+              first word is assigned to the first _n_a_m_e, the second word to the
+              second _n_a_m_e, and so on.  If there are more words than names, the
+              remaining words and their intervening delimiters are assigned to
+              the  last  _n_a_m_e.   If  there are fewer words read from the input
+              stream than names, the remaining names are assigned  empty  val-
+              ues.   The  characters  in  IIFFSS  are used to split the line into
+              words  using  the  same  rules  the  shell  uses  for  expansion
+              (described above under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg).  The backslash character
+              (\\) may be used to remove any special meaning for the next char-
+              acter  read  and  for  line continuation.  Options, if supplied,
+              have the following meanings:
+              --aa _a_n_a_m_e
+                     The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array
+                     variable _a_n_a_m_e, starting at 0.  _a_n_a_m_e is unset before any
+                     new  values  are  assigned.   Other  _n_a_m_e  arguments  are
+                     ignored.
+              --dd _d_e_l_i_m
+                     The  first  character  of  _d_e_l_i_m is used to terminate the
+                     input line, rather than newline.  If _d_e_l_i_m is  the  empty
+                     string,  rreeaadd  will  terminate a line when it reads a NUL
+                     character.
+              --ee     If the standard input is coming from a terminal, rreeaaddlliinnee
+                     (see  RREEAADDLLIINNEE  above) is used to obtain the line.  Read-
+                     line uses the current (or default, if  line  editing  was
+                     not  previously  active) editing settings, but uses Read-
+                     line's default filename completion.
+              --ii _t_e_x_t
+                     If rreeaaddlliinnee is being used  to  read  the  line,  _t_e_x_t  is
+                     placed into the editing buffer before editing begins.
+              --nn _n_c_h_a_r_s
+                     rreeaadd  returns after reading _n_c_h_a_r_s characters rather than
+                     waiting for a complete line of input, but honors a delim-
+                     iter  if fewer than _n_c_h_a_r_s characters are read before the
+                     delimiter.
+              --NN _n_c_h_a_r_s
+                     rreeaadd returns  after  reading  exactly  _n_c_h_a_r_s  characters
+                     rather  than waiting for a complete line of input, unless
+                     EOF is encountered or rreeaadd times out.  Delimiter  charac-
+                     ters  encountered  in the input are not treated specially
+                     and do not cause rreeaadd to return until  _n_c_h_a_r_s  characters
+                     are  read.   The result is not split on the characters in
+                     IIFFSS; the intent is that the variable is assigned  exactly
+                     the characters read (with the exception of backslash; see
+                     the --rr option below).
+              --pp _p_r_o_m_p_t
+                     Display _p_r_o_m_p_t on standard error, without a trailing new-
+                     line, before attempting to read any input.  The prompt is
+                     displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.
+              --rr     Backslash does not act as an escape character.  The back-
+                     slash  is considered to be part of the line.  In particu-
+                     lar, a backslash-newline pair may not then be used  as  a
+                     line continuation.
+              --ss     Silent mode.  If input is coming from a terminal, charac-
+                     ters are not echoed.
+              --tt _t_i_m_e_o_u_t
+                     Cause rreeaadd to time out and return failure if  a  complete
+                     line  of  input  (or a specified number of characters) is
+                     not read within _t_i_m_e_o_u_t seconds.  _t_i_m_e_o_u_t may be a  deci-
+                     mal  number with a fractional portion following the deci-
+                     mal point.  This option is  only  effective  if  rreeaadd  is
+                     reading  input  from  a  terminal, pipe, or other special
+                     file; it has no effect when reading from  regular  files.
+                     If rreeaadd times out, rreeaadd saves any partial input read into
+                     the specified variable  _n_a_m_e.   If  _t_i_m_e_o_u_t  is  0,  rreeaadd
+                     returns  immediately,  without  trying  to read any data.
+                     The exit status is 0 if input is available on the  speci-
+                     fied  file descriptor, non-zero otherwise.  The exit sta-
+                     tus is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded.
+              --uu _f_d  Read input from file descriptor _f_d.
+
+              If no _n_a_m_e_s are supplied, the line read is assigned to the vari-
+              able  RREEPPLLYY.   The  exit  status  is zero, unless end-of-file is
+              encountered, rreeaadd times out (in which case the status is greater
+              than  128),  a variable assignment error (such as assigning to a
+              readonly variable) occurs, or an invalid file descriptor is sup-
+              plied as the argument to --uu.
+
+       rreeaaddoonnllyy [--aaAAff] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_w_o_r_d] ...]
+              The  given  _n_a_m_e_s are marked readonly; the values of these _n_a_m_e_s
+              may not be changed by subsequent assignment.  If the  --ff  option
+              is  supplied,  the  functions  corresponding to the _n_a_m_e_s are so
+              marked.  The  --aa  option  restricts  the  variables  to  indexed
+              arrays;  the  --AA  option  restricts the variables to associative
+              arrays.  If both options are supplied, --AA takes precedence.   If
+              no  _n_a_m_e arguments are given, or if the --pp option is supplied, a
+              list of all readonly names is printed.  The other options may be
+              used  to  restrict the output to a subset of the set of readonly
+              names.  The --pp option causes output to be displayed in a  format
+              that  may be reused as input.  If a variable name is followed by
+              =_w_o_r_d, the value of the variable is set  to  _w_o_r_d.   The  return
+              status  is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one of the
+              _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable name, or --ff is supplied with
+              a _n_a_m_e that is not a function.
+
+       rreettuurrnn [_n]
+              Causes  a function to stop executing and return the value speci-
+              fied by _n to its caller.  If _n is omitted, the return status  is
+              that  of  the  last  command  executed in the function body.  If
+              rreettuurrnn is executed by a trap handler, the last command  used  to
+              determine  the  status  is  the last command executed before the
+              trap handler.  If rreettuurrnn is executed during a  DDEEBBUUGG  trap,  the
+              last  command  used  to determine the status is the last command
+              executed by the trap handler  before  rreettuurrnn  was  invoked.   If
+              rreettuurrnn  is  used  outside  a function, but during execution of a
+              script by the ..  (ssoouurrccee) command, it causes the shell  to  stop
+              executing  that script and return either _n or the exit status of
+              the last command executed within the script as the  exit  status
+              of  the script.  If _n is supplied, the return value is its least
+              significant 8 bits.  The return status is non-zero if rreettuurrnn  is
+              supplied  a  non-numeric argument, or is used outside a function
+              and not during execution of a script by .. or ssoouurrccee.   Any  com-
+              mand  associated  with the RREETTUURRNN trap is executed before execu-
+              tion resumes after the function or script.
+
+       sseett [----aabbeeffhhkkmmnnppttuuvvxxBBCCEEHHPPTT] [--oo _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e] [_a_r_g ...]
+       sseett [++aabbeeffhhkkmmnnppttuuvvxxBBCCEEHHPPTT] [++oo _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e] [_a_r_g ...]
+              Without options, the name and value of each shell  variable  are
+              displayed in a format that can be reused as input for setting or
+              resetting the currently-set variables.  Read-only variables can-
+              not  be  reset.  In _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, only shell variables are listed.
+              The output is sorted according  to  the  current  locale.   When
+              options  are specified, they set or unset shell attributes.  Any
+              arguments remaining after option processing are treated as  val-
+              ues for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to
+              $$11, $$22, ......  $$_n.  Options,  if  specified,  have  the  following
+              meanings:
+              --aa      Each variable or function that is created or modified is
+                      given the export attribute and marked for export to  the
+                      environment of subsequent commands.
+              --bb      Report  the status of terminated background jobs immedi-
+                      ately, rather than before the next primary prompt.  This
+                      is effective only when job control is enabled.
+              --ee      Exit  immediately  if a _p_i_p_e_l_i_n_e (which may consist of a
+                      single _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d), a _l_i_s_t, or  a  _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d  _c_o_m_m_a_n_d
+                      (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR above), exits with a non-zero status.
+                      The shell does not exit if the  command  that  fails  is
+                      part  of  the command list immediately following a wwhhiillee
+                      or uunnttiill keyword, part of the test following the  iiff  or
+                      eelliiff  reserved  words, part of any command executed in a
+                      &&&& or |||| list except the command following the final  &&&&
+                      or ||||, any command in a pipeline but the last, or if the
+                      command's return value is being inverted with !!.   If  a
+                      compound  command  other  than a subshell returns a non-
+                      zero status because a command failed while --ee was  being
+                      ignored,  the  shell  does  not exit.  A trap on EERRRR, if
+                      set, is executed before the shell  exits.   This  option
+                      applies to the shell environment and each subshell envi-
+                      ronment separately (see  CCOOMMMMAANNDD  EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN  EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT
+                      above), and may cause subshells to exit before executing
+                      all the commands in the subshell.
+
+                      If a compound command or shell function  executes  in  a
+                      context  where --ee is being ignored, none of the commands
+                      executed within the compound command  or  function  body
+                      will  be  affected  by the --ee setting, even if --ee is set
+                      and a command returns a failure status.  If  a  compound
+                      command  or  shell function sets --ee while executing in a
+                      context where --ee is ignored, that setting will not  have
+                      any  effect  until  the  compound command or the command
+                      containing the function call completes.
+              --ff      Disable pathname expansion.
+              --hh      Remember the location of commands as they are looked  up
+                      for execution.  This is enabled by default.
+              --kk      All  arguments  in the form of assignment statements are
+                      placed in the environment for a command, not just  those
+                      that precede the command name.
+              --mm      Monitor  mode.   Job control is enabled.  This option is
+                      on by default for interactive  shells  on  systems  that
+                      support  it  (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL above).  All processes run
+                      in a separate process group.  When a background job com-
+                      pletes, the shell prints a line containing its exit sta-
+                      tus.
+              --nn      Read commands but do not execute them.  This may be used
+                      to  check  a  shell  script  for syntax errors.  This is
+                      ignored by interactive shells.
+              --oo _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e
+                      The _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e can be one of the following:
+                      aalllleexxppoorrtt
+                              Same as --aa.
+                      bbrraacceeeexxppaanndd
+                              Same as --BB.
+                      eemmaaccss   Use an emacs-style command line  editing  inter-
+                              face.  This is enabled by default when the shell
+                              is interactive, unless the shell is started with
+                              the  ----nnooeeddiittiinngg  option.  This also affects the
+                              editing interface used for rreeaadd --ee.
+                      eerrrreexxiitt Same as --ee.
+                      eerrrrttrraaccee
+                              Same as --EE.
+                      ffuunnccttrraaccee
+                              Same as --TT.
+                      hhaasshhaallll Same as --hh.
+                      hhiisstteexxppaanndd
+                              Same as --HH.
+                      hhiissttoorryy Enable command history, as described above under
+                              HHIISSTTOORRYY.  This option is on by default in inter-
+                              active shells.
+                      iiggnnoorreeeeooff
+                              The  effect  is  as   if   the   shell   command
+                              ``IGNOREEOF=10''  had  been  executed (see SShheellll
+                              VVaarriiaabblleess above).
+                      kkeeyywwoorrdd Same as --kk.
+                      mmoonniittoorr Same as --mm.
+                      nnoocclloobbbbeerr
+                              Same as --CC.
+                      nnooeexxeecc  Same as --nn.
+                      nnoogglloobb  Same as --ff.
+                      nnoolloogg   Currently ignored.
+                      nnoottiiffyy  Same as --bb.
+                      nnoouunnsseett Same as --uu.
+                      oonneeccmmdd  Same as --tt.
+                      pphhyyssiiccaall
+                              Same as --PP.
+                      ppiippeeffaaiill
+                              If set, the return value of a  pipeline  is  the
+                              value  of  the  last (rightmost) command to exit
+                              with a non-zero status, or zero if all  commands
+                              in  the pipeline exit successfully.  This option
+                              is disabled by default.
+                      ppoossiixx   Change the behavior of bbaasshh  where  the  default
+                              operation  differs  from  the  POSIX standard to
+                              match the standard (_p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e).  See  SSEEEE  AALLSSOO
+                              below for a reference to a document that details
+                              how posix mode affects bash's behavior.
+                      pprriivviilleeggeedd
+                              Same as --pp.
+                      vveerrbboossee Same as --vv.
+                      vvii      Use a vi-style command line  editing  interface.
+                              This also affects the editing interface used for
+                              rreeaadd --ee.
+                      xxttrraaccee  Same as --xx.
+                      If --oo is supplied with no _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e, the values of the
+                      current  options are printed.  If ++oo is supplied with no
+                      _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e, a series of sseett commands  to  recreate  the
+                      current  option  settings  is  displayed on the standard
+                      output.
+              --pp      Turn on _p_r_i_v_i_l_e_g_e_d mode.  In this  mode,  the  $$EENNVV  and
+                      $$BBAASSHH__EENNVV  files  are not processed, shell functions are
+                      not inherited from the environment, and  the  SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS,
+                      BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS,  CCDDPPAATTHH,  and  GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE  variables,  if they
+                      appear in the environment, are ignored.  If the shell is
+                      started  with the effective user (group) id not equal to
+                      the real user (group) id, and the --pp option is not  sup-
+                      plied, these actions are taken and the effective user id
+                      is set to the real user id.  If the --pp  option  is  sup-
+                      plied  at  startup,  the effective user id is not reset.
+                      Turning this option off causes the  effective  user  and
+                      group ids to be set to the real user and group ids.
+              --tt      Exit after reading and executing one command.
+              --uu      Treat unset variables and parameters other than the spe-
+                      cial parameters "@" and "*" as an error when  performing
+                      parameter  expansion.   If  expansion is attempted on an
+                      unset variable or parameter, the shell prints  an  error
+                      message,  and, if not interactive, exits with a non-zero
+                      status.
+              --vv      Print shell input lines as they are read.
+              --xx      After expanding each _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, ffoorr  command,  ccaassee
+                      command, sseelleecctt command, or arithmetic ffoorr command, dis-
+                      play the expanded value of PPSS44, followed by the  command
+                      and its expanded arguments or associated word list.
+              --BB      The  shell performs brace expansion (see BBrraaccee EExxppaannssiioonn
+                      above).  This is on by default.
+              --CC      If set, bbaasshh does not overwrite an  existing  file  with
+                      the  >>,  >>&&,  and <<>> redirection operators.  This may be
+                      overridden when creating output files by using the redi-
+                      rection operator >>|| instead of >>.
+              --EE      If set, any trap on EERRRR is inherited by shell functions,
+                      command substitutions, and commands executed in  a  sub-
+                      shell  environment.  The EERRRR trap is normally not inher-
+                      ited in such cases.
+              --HH      Enable !!  style history substitution.  This option is on
+                      by default when the shell is interactive.
+              --PP      If  set,  the shell does not resolve symbolic links when
+                      executing commands such as ccdd that  change  the  current
+                      working  directory.   It  uses  the  physical  directory
+                      structure instead.  By default, bbaasshh follows the logical
+                      chain  of  directories  when  performing  commands which
+                      change the current directory.
+              --TT      If set, any traps on DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN are  inherited  by
+                      shell  functions,  command  substitutions,  and commands
+                      executed in  a  subshell  environment.   The  DDEEBBUUGG  and
+                      RREETTUURRNN traps are normally not inherited in such cases.
+              ----      If  no arguments follow this option, then the positional
+                      parameters are unset.  Otherwise, the positional parame-
+                      ters  are  set  to  the _a_r_gs, even if some of them begin
+                      with a --.
+              --       Signal the end of options, cause all remaining  _a_r_gs  to
+                      be assigned to the positional parameters.  The --xx and --vv
+                      options are turned off.  If there are no _a_r_gs, the posi-
+                      tional parameters remain unchanged.
+
+              The  options are off by default unless otherwise noted.  Using +
+              rather than - causes  these  options  to  be  turned  off.   The
+              options  can  also be specified as arguments to an invocation of
+              the shell.  The current set of options may be found in $$--.   The
+              return status is always true unless an invalid option is encoun-
+              tered.
+
+       sshhiifftt [_n]
+              The positional parameters from _n+1 ... are renamed  to  $$11  ........
+              Parameters  represented  by  the  numbers  $$## down to $$##-_n+1 are
+              unset.  _n must be a non-negative number less than  or  equal  to
+              $$##.   If  _n is 0, no parameters are changed.  If _n is not given,
+              it is assumed to be 1.  If _n is greater than $$##, the  positional
+              parameters  are  not changed.  The return status is greater than
+              zero if _n is greater than $$## or less than zero; otherwise 0.
+
+       sshhoopptt [--ppqqssuu] [--oo] [_o_p_t_n_a_m_e ...]
+              Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell  behav-
+              ior.   The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the
+              --oo option is used, those available with the --oo option to the sseett
+              builtin command.  With no options, or with the --pp option, a list
+              of all settable options is  displayed,  with  an  indication  of
+              whether or not each is set; if _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s are supplied, the output
+              is restricted to those options.  The --pp option causes output  to
+              be  displayed  in  a  form  that  may be reused as input.  Other
+              options have the following meanings:
+              --ss     Enable (set) each _o_p_t_n_a_m_e.
+              --uu     Disable (unset) each _o_p_t_n_a_m_e.
+              --qq     Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return  status
+                     indicates whether the _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is set or unset.  If multi-
+                     ple _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments are given with --qq, the return  sta-
+                     tus  is zero if all _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s are enabled; non-zero other-
+                     wise.
+              --oo     Restricts the values of _o_p_t_n_a_m_e to be those  defined  for
+                     the --oo option to the sseett builtin.
+
+              If  either  --ss  or  --uu  is used with no _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments, sshhoopptt
+              shows only those options which are set or  unset,  respectively.
+              Unless  otherwise  noted, the sshhoopptt options are disabled (unset)
+              by default.
+
+              The return status when listing options is zero if  all  _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s
+              are  enabled,  non-zero  otherwise.   When  setting or unsetting
+              options, the return status is zero unless an _o_p_t_n_a_m_e  is  not  a
+              valid shell option.
+
+              The list of sshhoopptt options is:
+
+              aassssoocc__eexxppaanndd__oonnccee
+                      If  set,  the  shell  suppresses  multiple evaluation of
+                      associative array subscripts during  arithmetic  expres-
+                      sion  evaluation, while executing builtins that can per-
+                      form variable assignments, and while executing  builtins
+                      that perform array dereferencing.
+              aauuttooccdd  If  set,  a command name that is the name of a directory
+                      is executed as if it were the argument to  the  ccdd  com-
+                      mand.  This option is only used by interactive shells.
+              ccddaabbllee__vvaarrss
+                      If  set,  an  argument to the ccdd builtin command that is
+                      not a directory is assumed to be the name of a  variable
+                      whose value is the directory to change to.
+              ccddssppeellll If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory com-
+                      ponent in a ccdd command will be  corrected.   The  errors
+                      checked for are transposed characters, a missing charac-
+                      ter, and one character too many.   If  a  correction  is
+                      found,  the  corrected filename is printed, and the com-
+                      mand proceeds.  This option is only used by  interactive
+                      shells.
+              cchheecckkhhaasshh
+                      If set, bbaasshh checks that a command found in the hash ta-
+                      ble exists before trying to execute  it.   If  a  hashed
+                      command  no  longer exists, a normal path search is per-
+                      formed.
+              cchheecckkjjoobbss
+                      If set, bbaasshh lists the status of any stopped and running
+                      jobs  before  exiting an interactive shell.  If any jobs
+                      are running, this causes the exit to be deferred until a
+                      second  exit is attempted without an intervening command
+                      (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL above).   The  shell  always  postpones
+                      exiting if any jobs are stopped.
+              cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee
+                      If  set, bbaasshh checks the window size after each external
+                      (non-builtin) command and,  if  necessary,  updates  the
+                      values  of LLIINNEESS and CCOOLLUUMMNNSS.  This option is enabled by
+                      default.
+              ccmmddhhiisstt If set, bbaasshh attempts to save all lines of  a  multiple-
+                      line  command  in  the  same history entry.  This allows
+                      easy re-editing of multi-line commands.  This option  is
+                      enabled  by  default,  but only has an effect if command
+                      history is enabled, as described above under HHIISSTTOORRYY.
+              ccoommppaatt3311
+                      If set, bbaasshh changes its behavior to that of version 3.1
+                      with  respect  to quoted arguments to the [[[[ conditional
+                      command's ==~~ operator and locale-specific string compar-
+                      ison  when  using  the  [[[[ conditional command's << and >>
+                      operators.  Bash versions prior to  bash-4.1  use  ASCII
+                      collation and _s_t_r_c_m_p(3); bash-4.1 and later use the cur-
+                      rent locale's collation sequence and _s_t_r_c_o_l_l(3).
+              ccoommppaatt3322
+                      If set, bbaasshh changes its behavior to that of version 3.2
+                      with  respect  to locale-specific string comparison when
+                      using the [[[[ conditional command's  <<  and  >>  operators
+                      (see  previous  item)  and  the effect of interrupting a
+                      command list.  Bash versions 3.2  and  earlier  continue
+                      with  the  next command in the list after one terminates
+                      due to an interrupt.
+              ccoommppaatt4400
+                      If set, bbaasshh changes its behavior to that of version 4.0
+                      with  respect  to locale-specific string comparison when
+                      using the [[[[ conditional command's  <<  and  >>  operators
+                      (see  description  of ccoommppaatt3311) and the effect of inter-
+                      rupting a command list.  Bash  versions  4.0  and  later
+                      interrupt  the  list as if the shell received the inter-
+                      rupt; previous versions continue with the  next  command
+                      in the list.
+              ccoommppaatt4411
+                      If  set, bbaasshh, when in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, treats a single quote
+                      in a double-quoted  parameter  expansion  as  a  special
+                      character.   The  single quotes must match (an even num-
+                      ber) and the characters between the  single  quotes  are
+                      considered  quoted.   This is the behavior of posix mode
+                      through version 4.1.  The default bash behavior  remains
+                      as in previous versions.
+              ccoommppaatt4422
+                      If  set, bbaasshh does not process the replacement string in
+                      the pattern  substitution  word  expansion  using  quote
+                      removal.
+              ccoommppaatt4433
+                      If  set,  bbaasshh  does  not  print a warning message if an
+                      attempt is made to use a quoted compound  array  assign-
+                      ment  as  an  argument  to ddeeccllaarree, makes word expansion
+                      errors non-fatal errors that cause the  current  command
+                      to  fail  (the  default  behavior  is to make them fatal
+                      errors that cause the shell to exit), and does not reset
+                      the  loop  state when a shell function is executed (this
+                      allows bbrreeaakk or ccoonnttiinnuuee in a shell function  to  affect
+                      loops in the caller's context).
+              ccoommppaatt4444
+                      If   set,   bbaasshh  saves  the  positional  parameters  to
+                      BASH_ARGV and BASH_ARGC before they are used, regardless
+                      of whether or not extended debugging mode is enabled.
+              ccoommpplleettee__ffuullllqquuoottee
+                      If  set,  bbaasshh  quotes all shell metacharacters in file-
+                      names and directory names  when  performing  completion.
+                      If not set, bbaasshh removes metacharacters such as the dol-
+                      lar sign from the set of characters that will be  quoted
+                      in  completed filenames when these metacharacters appear
+                      in shell variable references in words to  be  completed.
+                      This  means  that  dollar  signs  in variable names that
+                      expand to directories will not be quoted;  however,  any
+                      dollar  signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted,
+                      either.  This is active only when bash  is  using  back-
+                      slashes  to quote completed filenames.  This variable is
+                      set by default, which is the default  bash  behavior  in
+                      versions through 4.2.
+              ddiirreexxppaanndd
+                      If  set,  bbaasshh replaces directory names with the results
+                      of word expansion when performing  filename  completion.
+                      This  changes  the contents of the readline editing buf-
+                      fer.  If not set, bbaasshh attempts  to  preserve  what  the
+                      user typed.
+              ddiirrssppeellll
+                      If  set,  bbaasshh attempts spelling correction on directory
+                      names during word completion if the directory name  ini-
+                      tially supplied does not exist.
+              ddoottgglloobb If  set, bbaasshh includes filenames beginning with a `.' in
+                      the results of pathname expansion.  The filenames  ````..''''
+                      and  ````....''''   must always be matched explicitly, even if
+                      ddoottgglloobb is set.
+              eexxeeccffaaiill
+                      If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it can-
+                      not  execute  the  file  specified as an argument to the
+                      eexxeecc builtin command.  An  interactive  shell  does  not
+                      exit if eexxeecc fails.
+              eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess
+                      If  set,  aliases  are expanded as described above under
+                      AALLIIAASSEESS.  This option is enabled by default for interac-
+                      tive shells.
+              eexxttddeebbuugg
+                      If  set  at  shell  invocation,  arrange  to execute the
+                      debugger profile before the shell starts,  identical  to
+                      the  ----ddeebbuuggggeerr option.  If set after invocation, behav-
+                      ior intended for use by debuggers is enabled:
+                      11..     The --FF option to the ddeeccllaarree builtin displays the
+                             source file name and line number corresponding to
+                             each function name supplied as an argument.
+                      22..     If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG  trap  returns  a
+                             non-zero  value,  the next command is skipped and
+                             not executed.
+                      33..     If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG  trap  returns  a
+                             value  of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub-
+                             routine (a shell function or a shell script  exe-
+                             cuted  by  the  ..  or ssoouurrccee builtins), the shell
+                             simulates a call to rreettuurrnn.
+                      44..     BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC and BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV are updated as  described
+                             in their descriptions above.
+                      55..     Function  tracing  is  enabled: command substitu-
+                             tion, shell functions, and subshells invoked with
+                             (( _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps.
+                      66..     Error  tracing  is enabled: command substitution,
+                             shell functions, and  subshells  invoked  with  ((
+                             _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the EERRRR trap.
+              eexxttgglloobb If set, the extended pattern matching features described
+                      above under PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn are enabled.
+              eexxttqquuoottee
+                      If set, $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' and  $$"_s_t_r_i_n_g"  quoting  is  performed
+                      within   $${{_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r}}   expansions  enclosed  in  double
+                      quotes.  This option is enabled by default.
+              ffaaiillgglloobb
+                      If set, patterns which fail to  match  filenames  during
+                      pathname expansion result in an expansion error.
+              ffoorrccee__ffiiggnnoorree
+                      If  set,  the  suffixes  specified  by the FFIIGGNNOORREE shell
+                      variable cause words to be ignored when performing  word
+                      completion even if the ignored words are the only possi-
+                      ble  completions.   See  SSHHEELLLL  VVAARRIIAABBLLEESS  above  for  a
+                      description  of  FFIIGGNNOORREE.   This  option  is  enabled by
+                      default.
+              gglloobbaasscciiiirraannggeess
+                      If set,  range  expressions  used  in  pattern  matching
+                      bracket  expressions (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg above) behave
+                      as if in the traditional C locale when  performing  com-
+                      parisons.   That  is,  the  current  locale's  collating
+                      sequence is not taken into account, so bb will  not  col-
+                      late  between  AA  and  BB,  and upper-case and lower-case
+                      ASCII characters will collate together.
+              gglloobbssttaarr
+                      If set, the pattern **** used in a pathname expansion con-
+                      text  will  match all files and zero or more directories
+                      and subdirectories.  If the pattern is followed by a  //,
+                      only directories and subdirectories match.
+              ggnnuu__eerrrrffmmtt
+                      If set, shell error messages are written in the standard
+                      GNU error message format.
+              hhiissttaappppeenndd
+                      If set, the history list is appended to the  file  named
+                      by  the  value  of  the HHIISSTTFFIILLEE variable when the shell
+                      exits, rather than overwriting the file.
+              hhiissttrreeeeddiitt
+                      If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, a user is given  the
+                      opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitution.
+              hhiissttvveerriiffyy
+                      If  set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, the results of his-
+                      tory substitution are  not  immediately  passed  to  the
+                      shell  parser.   Instead,  the  resulting line is loaded
+                      into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer, allowing further modi-
+                      fication.
+              hhoossttccoommpplleettee
+                      If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh will attempt to
+                      perform hostname completion when a word containing  a  @@
+                      is   being  completed  (see  CCoommpplleettiinngg  under  RREEAADDLLIINNEE
+                      above).  This is enabled by default.
+              hhuuppoonneexxiitt
+                      If set, bbaasshh will send SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs when an inter-
+                      active login shell exits.
+              iinnhheerriitt__eerrrreexxiitt
+                      If  set,  command substitution inherits the value of the
+                      eerrrreexxiitt option, instead of unsetting it in the  subshell
+                      environment.   This option is enabled when _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e is
+                      enabled.
+              iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss
+                      If set, allow a word beginning with ## to cause that word
+                      and  all remaining characters on that line to be ignored
+                      in an interactive  shell  (see  CCOOMMMMEENNTTSS  above).   This
+                      option is enabled by default.
+              llaassttppiippee
+                      If  set,  and  job control is not active, the shell runs
+                      the last command of a pipeline not executed in the back-
+                      ground in the current shell environment.
+              lliitthhiisstt If  set,  and  the ccmmddhhiisstt option is enabled, multi-line
+                      commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines
+                      rather than using semicolon separators where possible.
+              llooccaallvvaarr__iinnhheerriitt
+                      If set, local variables inherit the value and attributes
+                      of a variable of the same name that exists at a previous
+                      scope  before  any  new  value is assigned.  The nameref
+                      attribute is not inherited.
+              llooccaallvvaarr__uunnsseett
+                      If set, calling uunnsseett on  local  variables  in  previous
+                      function  scopes  marks  them so subsequent lookups find
+                      them unset until that function returns. This is  identi-
+                      cal  to the behavior of unsetting local variables at the
+                      current function scope.
+              llooggiinn__sshheellll
+                      The shell sets this option if it is started as  a  login
+                      shell  (see  IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN  above).   The  value may not be
+                      changed.
+              mmaaiillwwaarrnn
+                      If set, and a file that bbaasshh is checking  for  mail  has
+                      been  accessed  since  the last time it was checked, the
+                      message ``The mail in _m_a_i_l_f_i_l_e has been read''  is  dis-
+                      played.
+              nnoo__eemmppttyy__ccmmdd__ccoommpplleettiioonn
+                      If  set,  and  rreeaaddlliinnee  is  being  used,  bbaasshh will not
+                      attempt to search the PPAATTHH for possible completions when
+                      completion is attempted on an empty line.
+              nnooccaasseegglloobb
+                      If  set,  bbaasshh  matches  filenames in a case-insensitive
+                      fashion when performing pathname expansion (see PPaatthhnnaammee
+                      EExxppaannssiioonn above).
+              nnooccaasseemmaattcchh
+                      If  set,  bbaasshh  matches  patterns  in a case-insensitive
+                      fashion when performing matching while executing ccaassee or
+                      [[[[ conditional commands, when performing pattern substi-
+                      tution word expansions, or when filtering possible  com-
+                      pletions as part of programmable completion.
+              nnuullllgglloobb
+                      If  set,  bbaasshh allows patterns which match no files (see
+                      PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn above) to expand to  a  null  string,
+                      rather than themselves.
+              pprrooggccoommpp
+                      If set, the programmable completion facilities (see PPrroo--
+                      ggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn above) are enabled.  This option is
+                      enabled by default.
+              pprrooggccoommpp__aalliiaass
+                      If  set,  and  programmable  completion is enabled, bbaasshh
+                      treats a command name that doesn't have any  completions
+                      as  a possible alias and attempts alias expansion. If it
+                      has an  alias,  bbaasshh  attempts  programmable  completion
+                      using  the  command  word  resulting  from  the expanded
+                      alias.
+              pprroommppttvvaarrss
+                      If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, com-
+                      mand   substitution,  arithmetic  expansion,  and  quote
+                      removal after being expanded as described  in  PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG
+                      above.  This option is enabled by default.
+              rreessttrriicctteedd__sshheellll
+                      The   shell  sets  this  option  if  it  is  started  in
+                      restricted mode (see RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL below).  The value
+                      may  not be changed.  This is not reset when the startup
+                      files are executed, allowing the startup files  to  dis-
+                      cover whether or not a shell is restricted.
+              sshhiifftt__vveerrbboossee
+                      If  set,  the sshhiifftt builtin prints an error message when
+                      the shift count exceeds the number of positional parame-
+                      ters.
+              ssoouurrcceeppaatthh
+                      If set, the ssoouurrccee (..) builtin uses the value of PPAATTHH to
+                      find the directory containing the file  supplied  as  an
+                      argument.  This option is enabled by default.
+              xxppgg__eecchhoo
+                      If   set,  the  eecchhoo  builtin  expands  backslash-escape
+                      sequences by default.
+
+       ssuussppeenndd [--ff]
+              Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a  SSIIGGCCOONNTT
+              signal.  A login shell cannot be suspended; the --ff option can be
+              used to override this and force the suspension.  The return sta-
+              tus  is  0  unless the shell is a login shell and --ff is not sup-
+              plied, or if job control is not enabled.
+
+       tteesstt _e_x_p_r
+       [[ _e_x_p_r ]]
+              Return a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false) depending on the evalu-
+              ation of the conditional expression _e_x_p_r.  Each operator and op-
+              erand must be a separate argument.  Expressions are composed  of
+              the  primaries  described  above  under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS.
+              tteesstt does not accept any options, nor does it accept and  ignore
+              an argument of ---- as signifying the end of options.
+
+              Expressions  may  be  combined  using  the  following operators,
+              listed  in  decreasing  order  of  precedence.   The  evaluation
+              depends  on the number of arguments; see below.  Operator prece-
+              dence is used when there are five or more arguments.
+              !! _e_x_p_r True if _e_x_p_r is false.
+              (( _e_x_p_r ))
+                     Returns the value of _e_x_p_r.  This may be used to  override
+                     the normal precedence of operators.
+              _e_x_p_r_1 -aa _e_x_p_r_2
+                     True if both _e_x_p_r_1 and _e_x_p_r_2 are true.
+              _e_x_p_r_1 -oo _e_x_p_r_2
+                     True if either _e_x_p_r_1 or _e_x_p_r_2 is true.
+
+              tteesstt and [[ evaluate conditional expressions using a set of rules
+              based on the number of arguments.
+
+              0 arguments
+                     The expression is false.
+              1 argument
+                     The expression is true if and only if the argument is not
+                     null.
+              2 arguments
+                     If the first argument is !!, the expression is true if and
+                     only if the second argument is null.  If the first  argu-
+                     ment  is  one  of  the unary conditional operators listed
+                     above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS,  the  expression  is
+                     true if the unary test is true.  If the first argument is
+                     not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression is
+                     false.
+              3 arguments
+                     The following conditions are applied in the order listed.
+                     If the second argument is one of the  binary  conditional
+                     operators listed above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the
+                     result of the expression is the result of the binary test
+                     using  the first and third arguments as operands.  The --aa
+                     and --oo operators are  considered  binary  operators  when
+                     there  are  three arguments.  If the first argument is !!,
+                     the value is the negation of the two-argument test  using
+                     the second and third arguments.  If the first argument is
+                     exactly (( and the third argument is exactly )), the result
+                     is  the one-argument test of the second argument.  Other-
+                     wise, the expression is false.
+              4 arguments
+                     If the first argument is !!, the result is the negation of
+                     the  three-argument  expression composed of the remaining
+                     arguments.  Otherwise, the expression is parsed and eval-
+                     uated  according  to  precedence  using  the rules listed
+                     above.
+              5 or more arguments
+                     The expression  is  parsed  and  evaluated  according  to
+                     precedence using the rules listed above.
+
+              When  used  with  tteesstt  or [[, the << and >> operators sort lexico-
+              graphically using ASCII ordering.
+
+       ttiimmeess  Print the accumulated user and system times for  the  shell  and
+              for processes run from the shell.  The return status is 0.
+
+       ttrraapp [--llpp] [[_a_r_g] _s_i_g_s_p_e_c ...]
+              The  command  _a_r_g  is  to  be  read  and executed when the shell
+              receives signal(s) _s_i_g_s_p_e_c.  If _a_r_g is absent (and  there  is  a
+              single  _s_i_g_s_p_e_c)  or  --,  each  specified signal is reset to its
+              original disposition (the value it  had  upon  entrance  to  the
+              shell).   If _a_r_g is the null string the signal specified by each
+              _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is ignored by the shell and by the commands it  invokes.
+              If  _a_r_g  is  not present and --pp has been supplied, then the trap
+              commands associated with each  _s_i_g_s_p_e_c  are  displayed.   If  no
+              arguments  are  supplied or if only --pp is given, ttrraapp prints the
+              list of commands associated with each  signal.   The  --ll  option
+              causes  the shell to print a list of signal names and their cor-
+              responding numbers.   Each  _s_i_g_s_p_e_c  is  either  a  signal  name
+              defined  in  <_s_i_g_n_a_l_._h>,  or  a signal number.  Signal names are
+              case insensitive and the SSIIGG prefix is optional.
+
+              If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EEXXIITT (0) the command _a_r_g  is  executed  on  exit
+              from  the shell.  If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is DDEEBBUUGG, the command _a_r_g is exe-
+              cuted before every _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, _f_o_r  command,  _c_a_s_e  command,
+              _s_e_l_e_c_t  command,  every  arithmetic  _f_o_r command, and before the
+              first command executes in a shell function  (see  SSHHEELLLL  GGRRAAMMMMAARR
+              above).   Refer to the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg option to the
+              sshhoopptt builtin for details of its effect on the DDEEBBUUGG trap.  If a
+              _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is RREETTUURRNN, the command _a_r_g is executed each time a shell
+              function or a script executed with the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins fin-
+              ishes executing.
+
+              If  a  _s_i_g_s_p_e_c  is  EERRRR,  the command _a_r_g is executed whenever a
+              pipeline (which may consist of a single simple command), a list,
+              or a compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to
+              the following conditions.  The EERRRR trap is not executed  if  the
+              failed command is part of the command list immediately following
+              a wwhhiillee or uunnttiill keyword, part of the test in an  _i_f  statement,
+              part of a command executed in a &&&& or |||| list except the command
+              following the final &&&& or ||||, any command in a pipeline but  the
+              last,  or  if the command's return value is being inverted using
+              !!.  These are the same conditions obeyed  by  the  eerrrreexxiitt  (--ee)
+              option.
+
+              Signals  ignored  upon  entry  to the shell cannot be trapped or
+              reset.  Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset  to
+              their original values in a subshell or subshell environment when
+              one is created.  The return status is false if  any  _s_i_g_s_p_e_c  is
+              invalid; otherwise ttrraapp returns true.
+
+       ttyyppee [--aaffttppPP] _n_a_m_e [_n_a_m_e ...]
+              With  no options, indicate how each _n_a_m_e would be interpreted if
+              used as a command name.  If the --tt option is used, ttyyppee prints a
+              string  which  is  one  of _a_l_i_a_s, _k_e_y_w_o_r_d, _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n, _b_u_i_l_t_i_n, or
+              _f_i_l_e if  _n_a_m_e  is  an  alias,  shell  reserved  word,  function,
+              builtin,  or disk file, respectively.  If the _n_a_m_e is not found,
+              then nothing  is  printed,  and  an  exit  status  of  false  is
+              returned.   If  the  --pp  option is used, ttyyppee either returns the
+              name of the disk file that would be executed if _n_a_m_e were speci-
+              fied as a command name, or nothing if ``type -t name'' would not
+              return _f_i_l_e.  The --PP option forces a PPAATTHH search for each  _n_a_m_e,
+              even if ``type -t name'' would not return _f_i_l_e.  If a command is
+              hashed, --pp and --PP print the hashed value, which is not necessar-
+              ily  the  file  that appears first in PPAATTHH.  If the --aa option is
+              used, ttyyppee prints all of the places that contain  an  executable
+              named _n_a_m_e.  This includes aliases and functions, if and only if
+              the --pp option is not also used.  The table of hashed commands is
+              not  consulted  when  using  --aa.  The --ff option suppresses shell
+              function lookup, as with the ccoommmmaanndd builtin.  ttyyppee returns true
+              if all of the arguments are found, false if any are not found.
+
+       uulliimmiitt [--HHSSaabbccddeeffiikkllmmnnppqqrrssttuuvvxxPPTT [_l_i_m_i_t]]
+              Provides  control  over the resources available to the shell and
+              to processes started by it, on systems that allow such  control.
+              The --HH and --SS options specify that the hard or soft limit is set
+              for the given resource.  A hard limit cannot be increased  by  a
+              non-root  user  once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up
+              to the value of the hard limit.  If neither --HH nor --SS is  speci-
+              fied, both the soft and hard limits are set.  The value of _l_i_m_i_t
+              can be a number in the unit specified for the resource or one of
+              the special values hhaarrdd, ssoofftt, or uunnlliimmiitteedd, which stand for the
+              current hard limit,  the  current  soft  limit,  and  no  limit,
+              respectively.   If  _l_i_m_i_t  is  omitted, the current value of the
+              soft limit of the resource is printed, unless the --HH  option  is
+              given.  When more than one resource is specified, the limit name
+              and unit are printed before the value.  Other options are inter-
+              preted as follows:
+              --aa     All current limits are reported
+              --bb     The maximum socket buffer size
+              --cc     The maximum size of core files created
+              --dd     The maximum size of a process's data segment
+              --ee     The maximum scheduling priority ("nice")
+              --ff     The  maximum  size  of files written by the shell and its
+                     children
+              --ii     The maximum number of pending signals
+              --kk     The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated
+              --ll     The maximum size that may be locked into memory
+              --mm     The maximum resident set size (many systems do not  honor
+                     this limit)
+              --nn     The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems
+                     do not allow this value to be set)
+              --pp     The pipe size in 512-byte blocks (this may not be set)
+              --qq     The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues
+              --rr     The maximum real-time scheduling priority
+              --ss     The maximum stack size
+              --tt     The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds
+              --uu     The maximum number of processes  available  to  a  single
+                     user
+              --vv     The  maximum  amount  of  virtual memory available to the
+                     shell and, on some systems, to its children
+              --xx     The maximum number of file locks
+              --PP     The maximum number of pseudoterminals
+              --TT     The maximum number of threads
+
+              If _l_i_m_i_t is given, and the --aa option is not used, _l_i_m_i_t  is  the
+              new  value  of  the  specified resource.  If no option is given,
+              then --ff is assumed.  Values are in 1024-byte increments,  except
+              for  --tt,  which is in seconds; --pp, which is in units of 512-byte
+              blocks; --PP, --TT, --bb, --kk, --nn, and --uu, which are  unscaled  values;
+              and, when in posix mode, --cc and --ff, which are in 512-byte incre-
+              ments.  The return status is 0 unless an invalid option or argu-
+              ment is supplied, or an error occurs while setting a new limit.
+
+       uummaasskk [--pp] [--SS] [_m_o_d_e]
+              The user file-creation mask is set to _m_o_d_e.  If _m_o_d_e begins with
+              a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise  it  is
+              interpreted  as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by
+              _c_h_m_o_d(1).  If _m_o_d_e is omitted, the current value of the mask  is
+              printed.   The  --SS  option causes the mask to be printed in sym-
+              bolic form; the default output is an octal number.   If  the  --pp
+              option is supplied, and _m_o_d_e is omitted, the output is in a form
+              that may be reused as input.  The return status is 0 if the mode
+              was  successfully  changed  or if no _m_o_d_e argument was supplied,
+              and false otherwise.
+
+       uunnaalliiaass [-aa] [_n_a_m_e ...]
+              Remove each _n_a_m_e from the list of defined  aliases.   If  --aa  is
+              supplied,  all  alias definitions are removed.  The return value
+              is true unless a supplied _n_a_m_e is not a defined alias.
+
+       uunnsseett [-ffvv] [-nn] [_n_a_m_e ...]
+              For each _n_a_m_e, remove the corresponding  variable  or  function.
+              If the --vv option is given, each _n_a_m_e refers to a shell variable,
+              and that variable is removed.  Read-only variables  may  not  be
+              unset.   If  --ff  is specified, each _n_a_m_e refers to a shell func-
+              tion, and the function definition is removed.  If the --nn  option
+              is  supplied, and _n_a_m_e is a variable with the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute,
+              _n_a_m_e will be unset rather than the variable it  references.   --nn
+              has  no  effect if the --ff option is supplied.  If no options are
+              supplied, each _n_a_m_e refers to a variable; if there is  no  vari-
+              able  by  that name, any function with that name is unset.  Each
+              unset variable or  function  is  removed  from  the  environment
+              passed  to subsequent commands.  If any of CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS, RRAANN--
+              DDOOMM, SSEECCOONNDDSS, LLIINNEENNOO, HHIISSTTCCMMDD, FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE, GGRROOUUPPSS, or DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK are
+              unset, they lose their special properties, even if they are sub-
+              sequently reset.  The exit status is true unless a _n_a_m_e is read-
+              only.
+
+       wwaaiitt [--ffnn] [_i_d _._._.]
+              Wait for each specified child process and return its termination
+              status.  Each _i_d may be a process ID or a job specification;  if
+              a  job  spec  is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are
+              waited for.  If _i_d is not given, all currently active child pro-
+              cesses are waited for, and the return status is zero.  If the --nn
+              option is supplied, wwaaiitt waits for  any  job  to  terminate  and
+              returns  its exit status.  If the --ff option is supplied, and job
+              control is enabled, wwaaiitt forces _i_d to terminate before returning
+              its  status, instead of returning when it changes status.  If _i_d
+              specifies a non-existent process or job, the  return  status  is
+              127.   Otherwise,  the  return  status is the exit status of the
+              last process or job waited for.
+
+SSEEEE AALLSSOO
+       bash(1), sh(1)
+
+
+
+GNU Bash 5.0                      2004 Apr 20                 BASH_BUILTINS(1)
diff --git a/doc/builtins.1 b/doc/builtins.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4413c76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/builtins.1
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+.\" This is a hack to force bash builtins into the whatis database
+.\" and to get the list of builtins to come up with the man command.
+.\"
+.\" File Name macro.  This used to be `.PN', for Path Name,
+.\" but Sun doesn't seem to like that very much.
+.\"
+.de FN
+\fI\|\\$1\|\fP
+..
+.TH BASH_BUILTINS 1 "2004 Apr 20" "GNU Bash 5.0"
+.SH NAME
+bash, :, ., [, alias, bg, bind, break, builtin, caller,
+cd, command, compgen, complete,
+compopt, continue, declare, dirs, disown, echo, enable, eval, exec, exit,
+export, false, fc, fg, getopts, hash, help, history, jobs, kill,
+let, local, logout, mapfile, popd, printf, pushd, pwd, read,
+readonly, return, set,
+shift, shopt, source, suspend, test, times, trap, true, type, typeset,
+ulimit, umask, unalias, unset, wait \- bash built-in commands, see \fBbash\fR(1)
+.SH BASH BUILTIN COMMANDS
+.nr zZ 1
+.so bash.1
+.SH SEE ALSO
+bash(1), sh(1)
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new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c2f8de1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/builtins.ps
@@ -0,0 +1,3136 @@
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diff --git a/doc/fdl.texi b/doc/fdl.texi
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8805f1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/fdl.texi
@@ -0,0 +1,506 @@
+@c The GNU Free Documentation License.
+@center Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
+
+@c This file is intended to be included within another document,
+@c hence no sectioning command or @node.
+
+@display
+Copyright @copyright{} 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@uref{http://fsf.org/}
+
+Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
+of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
+@end display
+
+@enumerate 0
+@item
+PREAMBLE
+
+The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
+functional and useful document @dfn{free} in the sense of freedom: to
+assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
+with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
+Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way
+to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible
+for modifications made by others.
+
+This License is a kind of ``copyleft'', which means that derivative
+works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.  It
+complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
+license designed for free software.
+
+We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
+software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
+program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
+software does.  But this License is not limited to software manuals;
+it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
+whether it is published as a printed book.  We recommend this License
+principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
+
+@item
+APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
+
+This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that
+contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be
+distributed under the terms of this License.  Such a notice grants a
+world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that
+work under the conditions stated herein.  The ``Document'', below,
+refers to any such manual or work.  Any member of the public is a
+licensee, and is addressed as ``you''.  You accept the license if you
+copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission
+under copyright law.
+
+A ``Modified Version'' of the Document means any work containing the
+Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
+modifications and/or translated into another language.
+
+A ``Secondary Section'' is a named appendix or a front-matter section
+of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
+publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
+subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall
+directly within that overall subject.  (Thus, if the Document is in
+part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain
+any mathematics.)  The relationship could be a matter of historical
+connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
+commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
+them.
+
+The ``Invariant Sections'' are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
+are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
+that says that the Document is released under this License.  If a
+section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not
+allowed to be designated as Invariant.  The Document may contain zero
+Invariant Sections.  If the Document does not identify any Invariant
+Sections then there are none.
+
+The ``Cover Texts'' are certain short passages of text that are listed,
+as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
+the Document is released under this License.  A Front-Cover Text may
+be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
+
+A ``Transparent'' copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
+represented in a format whose specification is available to the
+general public, that is suitable for revising the document
+straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
+pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
+drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
+for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input
+to text formatters.  A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file
+format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart
+or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.
+An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount
+of text.  A copy that is not ``Transparent'' is called ``Opaque''.
+
+Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
+@sc{ascii} without markup, Texinfo input format, La@TeX{} input
+format, @acronym{SGML} or @acronym{XML} using a publicly available
+@acronym{DTD}, and standard-conforming simple @acronym{HTML},
+PostScript or @acronym{PDF} designed for human modification.  Examples
+of transparent image formats include @acronym{PNG}, @acronym{XCF} and
+@acronym{JPG}.  Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be
+read and edited only by proprietary word processors, @acronym{SGML} or
+@acronym{XML} for which the @acronym{DTD} and/or processing tools are
+not generally available, and the machine-generated @acronym{HTML},
+PostScript or @acronym{PDF} produced by some word processors for
+output purposes only.
+
+The ``Title Page'' means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
+plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
+this License requires to appear in the title page.  For works in
+formats which do not have any title page as such, ``Title Page'' means
+the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
+preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
+
+The ``publisher'' means any person or entity that distributes copies
+of the Document to the public.
+
+A section ``Entitled XYZ'' means a named subunit of the Document whose
+title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following
+text that translates XYZ in another language.  (Here XYZ stands for a
+specific section name mentioned below, such as ``Acknowledgements'',
+``Dedications'', ``Endorsements'', or ``History''.)  To ``Preserve the Title''
+of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a
+section ``Entitled XYZ'' according to this definition.
+
+The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which
+states that this License applies to the Document.  These Warranty
+Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this
+License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
+implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has
+no effect on the meaning of this License.
+
+@item
+VERBATIM COPYING
+
+You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
+commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
+copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
+to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
+conditions whatsoever to those of this License.  You may not use
+technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
+copying of the copies you make or distribute.  However, you may accept
+compensation in exchange for copies.  If you distribute a large enough
+number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
+
+You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
+you may publicly display copies.
+
+@item
+COPYING IN QUANTITY
+
+If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have
+printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the
+Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the
+copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
+Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
+the back cover.  Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
+you as the publisher of these copies.  The front cover must present
+the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
+visible.  You may add other material on the covers in addition.
+Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
+the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
+as verbatim copying in other respects.
+
+If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
+legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
+reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
+pages.
+
+If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
+more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
+copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
+a computer-network location from which the general network-using
+public has access to download using public-standard network protocols
+a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.
+If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps,
+when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure
+that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
+location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an
+Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that
+edition to the public.
+
+It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
+Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
+them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
+
+@item
+MODIFICATIONS
+
+You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
+the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
+the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
+Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
+and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
+of it.  In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
+
+@enumerate A
+@item
+Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
+from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
+(which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
+of the Document).  You may use the same title as a previous version
+if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
+
+@item
+List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
+responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
+Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
+Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),
+unless they release you from this requirement.
+
+@item
+State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
+Modified Version, as the publisher.
+
+@item
+Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
+
+@item
+Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
+adjacent to the other copyright notices.
+
+@item
+Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
+giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
+terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
+
+@item
+Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
+and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
+
+@item
+Include an unaltered copy of this License.
+
+@item
+Preserve the section Entitled ``History'', Preserve its Title, and add
+to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
+publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page.  If
+there is no section Entitled ``History'' in the Document, create one
+stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
+given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
+Version as stated in the previous sentence.
+
+@item
+Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
+public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
+the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
+it was based on.  These may be placed in the ``History'' section.
+You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
+least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
+publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
+
+@item
+For any section Entitled ``Acknowledgements'' or ``Dedications'', Preserve
+the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the
+substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or
+dedications given therein.
+
+@item
+Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
+unaltered in their text and in their titles.  Section numbers
+or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
+
+@item
+Delete any section Entitled ``Endorsements''.  Such a section
+may not be included in the Modified Version.
+
+@item
+Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled ``Endorsements'' or
+to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
+
+@item
+Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
+@end enumerate
+
+If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
+appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
+copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
+of these sections as invariant.  To do this, add their titles to the
+list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
+These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
+
+You may add a section Entitled ``Endorsements'', provided it contains
+nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
+parties---for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
+been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
+standard.
+
+You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
+passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
+of Cover Texts in the Modified Version.  Only one passage of
+Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
+through arrangements made by) any one entity.  If the Document already
+includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
+by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,
+you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
+permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
+
+The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
+give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
+imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
+
+@item
+COMBINING DOCUMENTS
+
+You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
+License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
+versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
+Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
+list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
+license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
+
+The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
+multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
+copy.  If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
+different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
+adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
+author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
+Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
+Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
+
+In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled ``History''
+in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled
+``History''; likewise combine any sections Entitled ``Acknowledgements'',
+and any sections Entitled ``Dedications''.  You must delete all
+sections Entitled ``Endorsements.''
+
+@item
+COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
+
+You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
+released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this
+License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in
+the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for
+verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
+
+You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute
+it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this
+License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all
+other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
+
+@item
+AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
+
+A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
+and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
+distribution medium, is called an ``aggregate'' if the copyright
+resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights
+of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.
+When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not
+apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves
+derivative works of the Document.
+
+If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
+copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of
+the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
+covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
+electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form.
+Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole
+aggregate.
+
+@item
+TRANSLATION
+
+Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
+distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
+Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
+permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
+translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
+original versions of these Invariant Sections.  You may include a
+translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
+Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include
+the original English version of this License and the original versions
+of those notices and disclaimers.  In case of a disagreement between
+the translation and the original version of this License or a notice
+or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
+
+If a section in the Document is Entitled ``Acknowledgements'',
+``Dedications'', or ``History'', the requirement (section 4) to Preserve
+its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual
+title.
+
+@item
+TERMINATION
+
+You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
+except as expressly provided under this License.  Any attempt
+otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and
+will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
+
+However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license
+from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally,
+unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally
+terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder
+fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to
+60 days after the cessation.
+
+Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
+reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
+violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
+received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that
+copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after
+your receipt of the notice.
+
+Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the
+licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under
+this License.  If your rights have been terminated and not permanently
+reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does
+not give you any rights to use it.
+
+@item
+FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
+
+The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions
+of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time.  Such new
+versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
+differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.  See
+@uref{http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/}.
+
+Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
+If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
+License ``or any later version'' applies to it, you have the option of
+following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
+of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
+Free Software Foundation.  If the Document does not specify a version
+number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
+as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.  If the Document
+specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this
+License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a
+version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the
+Document.
+
+@item
+RELICENSING
+
+``Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site'' (or ``MMC Site'') means any
+World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also
+provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works.  A
+public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server.  A
+``Massive Multiauthor Collaboration'' (or ``MMC'') contained in the
+site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC
+site.
+
+``CC-BY-SA'' means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
+license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit
+corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco,
+California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license
+published by that same organization.
+
+``Incorporate'' means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or
+in part, as part of another Document.
+
+An MMC is ``eligible for relicensing'' if it is licensed under this
+License, and if all works that were first published under this License
+somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole
+or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections,
+and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.
+
+The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site
+under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009,
+provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
+
+@end enumerate
+
+@page
+@heading ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
+
+To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
+the License in the document and put the following copyright and
+license notices just after the title page:
+
+@smallexample
+@group
+  Copyright (C)  @var{year}  @var{your name}.
+  Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
+  under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
+  or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
+  with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
+  Texts.  A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
+  Free Documentation License''.
+@end group
+@end smallexample
+
+If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
+replace the ``with@dots{}Texts.'' line with this:
+
+@smallexample
+@group
+    with the Invariant Sections being @var{list their titles}, with
+    the Front-Cover Texts being @var{list}, and with the Back-Cover Texts
+    being @var{list}.
+@end group
+@end smallexample
+
+If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
+combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
+situation.
+
+If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
+recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
+free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
+to permit their use in free software.
+
+@c Local Variables:
+@c ispell-local-pdict: "ispell-dict"
+@c End:
+
diff --git a/doc/fdl.txt b/doc/fdl.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2f7e03c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/fdl.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,451 @@
+
+                GNU Free Documentation License
+                 Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
+
+
+ Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+     <http://fsf.org/>
+ Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
+ of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
+
+0. PREAMBLE
+
+The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
+functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
+assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
+with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
+Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way
+to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible
+for modifications made by others.
+
+This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
+works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.  It
+complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
+license designed for free software.
+
+We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
+software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
+program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
+software does.  But this License is not limited to software manuals;
+it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
+whether it is published as a printed book.  We recommend this License
+principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
+
+
+1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
+
+This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that
+contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be
+distributed under the terms of this License.  Such a notice grants a
+world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that
+work under the conditions stated herein.  The "Document", below,
+refers to any such manual or work.  Any member of the public is a
+licensee, and is addressed as "you".  You accept the license if you
+copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission
+under copyright law.
+
+A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
+Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
+modifications and/or translated into another language.
+
+A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of
+the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
+publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
+subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall
+directly within that overall subject.  (Thus, if the Document is in
+part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain
+any mathematics.)  The relationship could be a matter of historical
+connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
+commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
+them.
+
+The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
+are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
+that says that the Document is released under this License.  If a
+section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not
+allowed to be designated as Invariant.  The Document may contain zero
+Invariant Sections.  If the Document does not identify any Invariant
+Sections then there are none.
+
+The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed,
+as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
+the Document is released under this License.  A Front-Cover Text may
+be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
+
+A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
+represented in a format whose specification is available to the
+general public, that is suitable for revising the document
+straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
+pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
+drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
+for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input
+to text formatters.  A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file
+format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart
+or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.
+An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount
+of text.  A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
+
+Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
+ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML
+or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple
+HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification.  Examples of
+transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG.  Opaque formats
+include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by
+proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or
+processing tools are not generally available, and the
+machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word
+processors for output purposes only.
+
+The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
+plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
+this License requires to appear in the title page.  For works in
+formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means
+the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
+preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
+
+The "publisher" means any person or entity that distributes copies of
+the Document to the public.
+
+A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose
+title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following
+text that translates XYZ in another language.  (Here XYZ stands for a
+specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements",
+"Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".)  To "Preserve the Title"
+of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a
+section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition.
+
+The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which
+states that this License applies to the Document.  These Warranty
+Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this
+License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
+implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has
+no effect on the meaning of this License.
+
+2. VERBATIM COPYING
+
+You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
+commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
+copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
+to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no
+other conditions whatsoever to those of this License.  You may not use
+technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
+copying of the copies you make or distribute.  However, you may accept
+compensation in exchange for copies.  If you distribute a large enough
+number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
+
+You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
+you may publicly display copies.
+
+
+3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
+
+If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have
+printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the
+Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the
+copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
+Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
+the back cover.  Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
+you as the publisher of these copies.  The front cover must present
+the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
+visible.  You may add other material on the covers in addition.
+Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
+the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
+as verbatim copying in other respects.
+
+If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
+legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
+reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
+pages.
+
+If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
+more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
+copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
+a computer-network location from which the general network-using
+public has access to download using public-standard network protocols
+a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.
+If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps,
+when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure
+that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
+location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an
+Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that
+edition to the public.
+
+It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
+Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to
+give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the
+Document.
+
+
+4. MODIFICATIONS
+
+You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
+the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
+the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
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+and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
+of it.  In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
+
+A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
+   from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
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+   publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
+K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
+   Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all
+   the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements
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+L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
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+   or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
+M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements".  Such a section
+   may not be included in the Modified Version.
+N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements"
+   or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
+O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
+
+If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
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+These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
+
+You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
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+
+You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
+passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
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+you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
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+
+The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
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+
+
+5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
+
+You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
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+versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
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+list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
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+
+The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
+multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
+copy.  If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
+different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
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+Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
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+
+In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History"
+in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled
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+Entitled "Endorsements".
+
+
+6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
+
+You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
+documents released under this License, and replace the individual
+copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
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+of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all
+other respects.
+
+You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
+distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a
+copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
+License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that
+document.
+
+
+7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
+
+A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
+and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
+distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright
+resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights
+of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.
+When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not
+apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves
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+
+If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
+copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of
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+
+
+8. TRANSLATION
+
+Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
+distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
+Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
+permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
+translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
+original versions of these Invariant Sections.  You may include a
+translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
+Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include
+the original English version of this License and the original versions
+of those notices and disclaimers.  In case of a disagreement between
+the translation and the original version of this License or a notice
+or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
+
+If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
+"Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve
+its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual
+title.
+
+
+9. TERMINATION
+
+You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
+except as expressly provided under this License.  Any attempt
+otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and
+will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
+
+However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license
+from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally,
+unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally
+terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder
+fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to
+60 days after the cessation.
+
+Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
+reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
+violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
+received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that
+copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after
+your receipt of the notice.
+
+Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the
+licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under
+this License.  If your rights have been terminated and not permanently
+reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does
+not give you any rights to use it.
+
+
+10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
+
+The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the
+GNU Free Documentation License from time to time.  Such new versions
+will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in
+detail to address new problems or concerns.  See
+http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
+
+Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
+If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
+License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of
+following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
+of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
+Free Software Foundation.  If the Document does not specify a version
+number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
+as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.  If the Document
+specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this
+License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a
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+11. RELICENSING
+
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+
+"CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 
+license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit 
+corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, 
+California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license 
+published by that same organization.
+
+"Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in 
+part, as part of another Document.
+
+An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this 
+License, and if all works that were first published under this License 
+somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or 
+in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and 
+(2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.
+
+The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site
+under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009,
+provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
+
+
+ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
+
+To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
+the License in the document and put the following copyright and
+license notices just after the title page:
+
+    Copyright (c)  YEAR  YOUR NAME.
+    Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
+    under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
+    or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
+    with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
+    A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
+    Free Documentation License".
+
+If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
+replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
+
+    with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
+    Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
+
+If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
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+If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
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+to permit their use in free software.
diff --git a/doc/htmlpost.sh b/doc/htmlpost.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..51241b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/htmlpost.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#! /bin/sh
+#
+# Some of these should really be done by man2html
+#
+# The ~/xxx links don't really work -- netscape doesn't expand the home
+# directory of the user running navigator
+#
+
+sed -e 's|<B>gnu.bash.bug</B>|<A HREF="news:gnu.bash.bug">gnu.bash.bug</A>|g' \
+    -e 's|<I>/bin/bash</I>|<A HREF="file:/bin/bash"><I>/bin/bash</I></A>|g' \
+    -e 's|<I>/etc/profile</I>|<A HREF="file:/etc/profile"><I>/etc/profile</I></A>|g' \
+    -e 's|<I>~/.bash_profile</I>|<A HREF="file:~/.bash_profile"><I>~/.bash_profile</I></A>|g' \
+    -e 's|<I>~/.bash_login</I>|<A HREF="file:~/.bash_login"><I>~/.bash_login</I></A>|g' \
+    -e 's|<I>~/.profile</I>|<A HREF="file:~/.profile"><I>~/.profile</I></A>|g' \
+    -e 's|<I>~/.bashrc</I>|<A HREF="file:~/.bashrc"><I>~/.bashrc</I></A>|g' \
+    -e 's|<I>~/.bash_logout</I>|<A HREF="file:~/.bash_logout"><I>~/.bash_logout</I></A>|g' \
+    -e 's|<I>~/.bash_history</I>|<A HREF="file:~/.bash_history"><I>~/.bash_history</I></A>|g' \
+    -e 's|<I>~/.inputrc</I>|<A HREF="file:~/.inputrc"><I>~/.inputrc</I></A>|g' \
+    -e 's|<I>/etc/inputrc</I>|<A HREF="file:/etc/inputrc"><I>/etc/inputrc</I></A>|g'
diff --git a/doc/infopost.sh b/doc/infopost.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..85c49b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/infopost.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#! /bin/sh
+#
+# Some of these should really be done by options to makeinfo or by
+# using @setfilename, but this way we can have both bashref.info and
+# bash.info (for installing)
+#
+
+sed -e 's|bashref.info|bash.info|g'
diff --git a/doc/rbash.0 b/doc/rbash.0
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9becaa4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/rbash.0
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+RBASH(1)                    General Commands Manual                   RBASH(1)
+
+
+
+NNAAMMEE
+       rbash - restricted bash, see bbaasshh(1)
+
+RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL
+       If bbaasshh is started with the name rrbbaasshh, or the --rr option is supplied at
+       invocation, the shell becomes restricted.  A restricted shell  is  used
+       to  set  up an environment more controlled than the standard shell.  It
+       behaves identically to bbaasshh with the exception that the  following  are
+       disallowed or not performed:
+
+       +o      changing directories with ccdd
+
+       +o      setting or unsetting the values of SSHHEELLLL, PPAATTHH, EENNVV, or BBAASSHH__EENNVV
+
+       +o      specifying command names containing //
+
+       +o      specifying  a  filename  containing  a // as an argument to the ..
+              builtin command
+
+       +o      specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument  to  the
+              --pp option to the hhaasshh builtin command
+
+       +o      importing  function  definitions  from  the shell environment at
+              startup
+
+       +o      parsing the value of SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS from  the  shell  environment  at
+              startup
+
+       +o      redirecting output using the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirect-
+              ion operators
+
+       +o      using the eexxeecc builtin command to replace the shell with another
+              command
+
+       +o      adding  or  deleting builtin commands with the --ff and --dd options
+              to the eennaabbllee builtin command
+
+       +o      using the  eennaabbllee  builtin  command  to  enable  disabled  shell
+              builtins
+
+       +o      specifying the --pp option to the ccoommmmaanndd builtin command
+
+       +o      turning off restricted mode with sseett ++rr or sseett ++oo rreessttrriicctteedd.
+
+       These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read.
+
+       When  a  command  that is found to be a shell script is executed, rrbbaasshh
+       turns off any restrictions in the shell spawned to execute the script.
+
+SSEEEE AALLSSOO
+       bash(1)
+
+
+
+GNU Bash-4.0                      2004 Apr 20                         RBASH(1)
diff --git a/doc/rbash.1 b/doc/rbash.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..56e38fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/rbash.1
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+.TH RBASH 1 "2004 Apr 20" "GNU Bash-4.0"
+.SH NAME
+rbash \- restricted bash, see \fBbash\fR(1)
+.SH RESTRICTED SHELL
+.nr zY 1
+.so bash.1
+.SH SEE ALSO
+bash(1)
diff --git a/doc/rbash.ps b/doc/rbash.ps
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..885aef0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/rbash.ps
@@ -0,0 +1,286 @@
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+Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)2.5 E F0(\(1\))A F1(RESTRICTED SHELL)72
+112.8 Q F0(If)108 124.8 Q F2(bash)4.397 E F0 1.897
+(is started with the name)4.397 F F2(rbash)4.397 E F0 4.397(,o)C 4.397
+(rt)-4.397 G(he)-4.397 E F2<ad72>4.397 E F0 1.896
+(option is supplied at in)4.397 F -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.896
+(cation, the shell becomes).2 F 3.445(restricted. A)108 136.8 R .945
+(restricted shell is used to set up an en)3.445 F .946
+(vironment more controlled than the standard shell.)-.4 F(It)5.946 E
+(beha)108 148.8 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(si).15 G(dentically to)-2.5 E F2
+(bash)2.5 E F0(with the e)2.5 E(xception that the follo)-.15 E
+(wing are disallo)-.25 E(wed or not performed:)-.25 E<83>108 165.6 Q
+(changing directories with)144 165.6 Q F2(cd)2.5 E F0<83>108 182.4 Q
+(setting or unsetting the v)144 182.4 Q(alues of)-.25 E/F3 9
+/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL)2.5 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3 -.666(PA)2.25
+G(TH)-.189 E F4(,)A F3(ENV)2.25 E F4(,)A F0(or)2.25 E F3 -.27(BA)2.5 G
+(SH_ENV).27 E F0<83>108 199.2 Q(specifying command names containing)144
+199.2 Q F2(/)2.5 E F0<83>108 216 Q(specifying a \214lename containing a)
+144 216 Q F2(/)2.5 E F0(as an ar)2.5 E(gument to the)-.18 E F2(.)2.5 E
+F0 -.2(bu)5 G(iltin command).2 E<83>108 232.8 Q .45
+(specifying a \214lename containing a slash as an ar)144 232.8 R .449
+(gument to the)-.18 F F2<ad70>2.949 E F0 .449(option to the)2.949 F F2
+(hash)2.949 E F0 -.2(bu)2.949 G .449(iltin com-).2 F(mand)144 244.8 Q
+<83>108 261.6 Q(importing function de\214nitions from the shell en)144
+261.6 Q(vironment at startup)-.4 E<83>108 278.4 Q(parsing the v)144
+278.4 Q(alue of)-.25 E F3(SHELLOPTS)2.5 E F0(from the shell en)2.25 E
+(vironment at startup)-.4 E<83>108 295.2 Q(redirecting output using the\
+ >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirection operators)144 295.2 Q<83>108 312
+Q(using the)144 312 Q F2(exec)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G
+(iltin command to replace the shell with another command).2 E<83>108
+328.8 Q(adding or deleting b)144 328.8 Q(uiltin commands with the)-.2 E
+F2<ad66>2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2<ad64>2.5 E F0(options to the)2.5 E F2
+(enable)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command).2 E<83>108 345.6 Q
+(using the)144 345.6 Q F2(enable)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G
+(iltin command to enable disabled shell b).2 E(uiltins)-.2 E<83>108
+362.4 Q(specifying the)144 362.4 Q F2<ad70>2.5 E F0(option to the)2.5 E
+F2(command)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command).2 E<83>108 379.2 Q
+(turning of)144 379.2 Q 2.5(fr)-.25 G(estricted mode with)-2.5 E F2
+(set +r)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F2(set +o r)2.5 E(estricted)-.18 E F0(.)A
+(These restrictions are enforced after an)108 396 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G
+(tartup \214les are read.)-2.5 E .429
+(When a command that is found to be a shell script is e)108 412.8 R -.15
+(xe)-.15 G(cuted,).15 E F2(rbash)2.929 E F0 .429(turns of)2.929 F 2.929
+(fa)-.25 G .729 -.15(ny r)-2.929 H .429(estrictions in the shell).15 F
+(spa)108 424.8 Q(wned to e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute the script.).15 E
+F1(SEE ALSO)72 441.6 Q F0(bash\(1\))108 453.6 Q(GNU Bash-4.0)72 768 Q
+(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(1)203.725 E 0 Cg EP
+%%Trailer
+end
+%%EOF
diff --git a/doc/texinfo.tex b/doc/texinfo.tex
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d494cce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/texinfo.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,11045 @@
+% texinfo.tex -- TeX macros to handle Texinfo files.
+% 
+% Load plain if necessary, i.e., if running under initex.
+\expandafter\ifx\csname fmtname\endcsname\relax\input plain\fi
+%
+\def\texinfoversion{2015-11-22.14}
+%
+% Copyright 1985, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995,
+% 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006,
+% 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015
+% Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+%
+% This texinfo.tex file is free software: you can redistribute it and/or
+% modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
+% published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the
+% License, or (at your option) any later version.
+%
+% This texinfo.tex file is distributed in the hope that it will be
+% useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty
+% of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+% General Public License for more details.
+%
+% You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+% along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+%
+% As a special exception, when this file is read by TeX when processing
+% a Texinfo source document, you may use the result without
+% restriction. This Exception is an additional permission under section 7
+% of the GNU General Public License, version 3 ("GPLv3").
+%
+% Please try the latest version of texinfo.tex before submitting bug
+% reports; you can get the latest version from:
+%   http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/texinfo/ (the Texinfo release area), or
+%   http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/texinfo/ (same, via a mirror), or
+%   http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ (the Texinfo home page)
+% The texinfo.tex in any given distribution could well be out
+% of date, so if that's what you're using, please check.
+%
+% Send bug reports to bug-texinfo@gnu.org.  Please include including a
+% complete document in each bug report with which we can reproduce the
+% problem.  Patches are, of course, greatly appreciated.
+%
+% To process a Texinfo manual with TeX, it's most reliable to use the
+% texi2dvi shell script that comes with the distribution.  For a simple
+% manual foo.texi, however, you can get away with this:
+%   tex foo.texi
+%   texindex foo.??
+%   tex foo.texi
+%   tex foo.texi
+%   dvips foo.dvi -o  # or whatever; this makes foo.ps.
+% The extra TeX runs get the cross-reference information correct.
+% Sometimes one run after texindex suffices, and sometimes you need more
+% than two; texi2dvi does it as many times as necessary.
+%
+% It is possible to adapt texinfo.tex for other languages, to some
+% extent.  You can get the existing language-specific files from the
+% full Texinfo distribution.
+%
+% The GNU Texinfo home page is http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo.
+
+
+\message{Loading texinfo [version \texinfoversion]:}
+
+% If in a .fmt file, print the version number
+% and turn on active characters that we couldn't do earlier because
+% they might have appeared in the input file name.
+\everyjob{\message{[Texinfo version \texinfoversion]}%
+  \catcode`+=\active \catcode`\_=\active}
+
+\chardef\other=12
+
+% We never want plain's \outer definition of \+ in Texinfo.
+% For @tex, we can use \tabalign.
+\let\+ = \relax
+
+% Save some plain tex macros whose names we will redefine.
+\let\ptexb=\b
+\let\ptexbullet=\bullet
+\let\ptexc=\c
+\let\ptexcomma=\,
+\let\ptexdot=\.
+\let\ptexdots=\dots
+\let\ptexend=\end
+\let\ptexequiv=\equiv
+\let\ptexexclam=\!
+\let\ptexfootnote=\footnote
+\let\ptexgtr=>
+\let\ptexhat=^
+\let\ptexi=\i
+\let\ptexindent=\indent
+\let\ptexinsert=\insert
+\let\ptexlbrace=\{
+\let\ptexless=<
+\let\ptexnewwrite\newwrite
+\let\ptexnoindent=\noindent
+\let\ptexplus=+
+\let\ptexraggedright=\raggedright
+\let\ptexrbrace=\}
+\let\ptexslash=\/
+\let\ptexsp=\sp
+\let\ptexstar=\*
+\let\ptexsup=\sup
+\let\ptext=\t
+\let\ptextop=\top
+{\catcode`\'=\active \global\let\ptexquoteright'}% active in plain's math mode
+
+% If this character appears in an error message or help string, it
+% starts a new line in the output.
+\newlinechar = `^^J
+
+% Use TeX 3.0's \inputlineno to get the line number, for better error
+% messages, but if we're using an old version of TeX, don't do anything.
+%
+\ifx\inputlineno\thisisundefined
+  \let\linenumber = \empty % Pre-3.0.
+\else
+  \def\linenumber{l.\the\inputlineno:\space}
+\fi
+
+% Set up fixed words for English if not already set.
+\ifx\putwordAppendix\undefined  \gdef\putwordAppendix{Appendix}\fi
+\ifx\putwordChapter\undefined   \gdef\putwordChapter{Chapter}\fi
+\ifx\putworderror\undefined     \gdef\putworderror{error}\fi
+\ifx\putwordfile\undefined      \gdef\putwordfile{file}\fi
+\ifx\putwordin\undefined        \gdef\putwordin{in}\fi
+\ifx\putwordIndexIsEmpty\undefined       \gdef\putwordIndexIsEmpty{(Index is empty)}\fi
+\ifx\putwordIndexNonexistent\undefined   \gdef\putwordIndexNonexistent{(Index is nonexistent)}\fi
+\ifx\putwordInfo\undefined      \gdef\putwordInfo{Info}\fi
+\ifx\putwordInstanceVariableof\undefined \gdef\putwordInstanceVariableof{Instance Variable of}\fi
+\ifx\putwordMethodon\undefined  \gdef\putwordMethodon{Method on}\fi
+\ifx\putwordNoTitle\undefined   \gdef\putwordNoTitle{No Title}\fi
+\ifx\putwordof\undefined        \gdef\putwordof{of}\fi
+\ifx\putwordon\undefined        \gdef\putwordon{on}\fi
+\ifx\putwordpage\undefined      \gdef\putwordpage{page}\fi
+\ifx\putwordsection\undefined   \gdef\putwordsection{section}\fi
+\ifx\putwordSection\undefined   \gdef\putwordSection{Section}\fi
+\ifx\putwordsee\undefined       \gdef\putwordsee{see}\fi
+\ifx\putwordSee\undefined       \gdef\putwordSee{See}\fi
+\ifx\putwordShortTOC\undefined  \gdef\putwordShortTOC{Short Contents}\fi
+\ifx\putwordTOC\undefined       \gdef\putwordTOC{Table of Contents}\fi
+%
+\ifx\putwordMJan\undefined \gdef\putwordMJan{January}\fi
+\ifx\putwordMFeb\undefined \gdef\putwordMFeb{February}\fi
+\ifx\putwordMMar\undefined \gdef\putwordMMar{March}\fi
+\ifx\putwordMApr\undefined \gdef\putwordMApr{April}\fi
+\ifx\putwordMMay\undefined \gdef\putwordMMay{May}\fi
+\ifx\putwordMJun\undefined \gdef\putwordMJun{June}\fi
+\ifx\putwordMJul\undefined \gdef\putwordMJul{July}\fi
+\ifx\putwordMAug\undefined \gdef\putwordMAug{August}\fi
+\ifx\putwordMSep\undefined \gdef\putwordMSep{September}\fi
+\ifx\putwordMOct\undefined \gdef\putwordMOct{October}\fi
+\ifx\putwordMNov\undefined \gdef\putwordMNov{November}\fi
+\ifx\putwordMDec\undefined \gdef\putwordMDec{December}\fi
+%
+\ifx\putwordDefmac\undefined    \gdef\putwordDefmac{Macro}\fi
+\ifx\putwordDefspec\undefined   \gdef\putwordDefspec{Special Form}\fi
+\ifx\putwordDefvar\undefined    \gdef\putwordDefvar{Variable}\fi
+\ifx\putwordDefopt\undefined    \gdef\putwordDefopt{User Option}\fi
+\ifx\putwordDeffunc\undefined   \gdef\putwordDeffunc{Function}\fi
+
+% Since the category of space is not known, we have to be careful.
+\chardef\spacecat = 10
+\def\spaceisspace{\catcode`\ =\spacecat}
+
+% sometimes characters are active, so we need control sequences.
+\chardef\ampChar   = `\&
+\chardef\colonChar = `\:
+\chardef\commaChar = `\,
+\chardef\dashChar  = `\-
+\chardef\dotChar   = `\.
+\chardef\exclamChar= `\!
+\chardef\hashChar  = `\#
+\chardef\lquoteChar= `\`
+\chardef\questChar = `\?
+\chardef\rquoteChar= `\'
+\chardef\semiChar  = `\;
+\chardef\slashChar = `\/
+\chardef\underChar = `\_
+
+% Ignore a token.
+%
+\def\gobble#1{}
+
+% The following is used inside several \edef's.
+\def\makecsname#1{\expandafter\noexpand\csname#1\endcsname}
+
+% Hyphenation fixes.
+\hyphenation{
+  Flor-i-da Ghost-script Ghost-view Mac-OS Post-Script
+  ap-pen-dix bit-map bit-maps
+  data-base data-bases eshell fall-ing half-way long-est man-u-script
+  man-u-scripts mini-buf-fer mini-buf-fers over-view par-a-digm
+  par-a-digms rath-er rec-tan-gu-lar ro-bot-ics se-vere-ly set-up spa-ces
+  spell-ing spell-ings
+  stand-alone strong-est time-stamp time-stamps which-ever white-space
+  wide-spread wrap-around
+}
+
+% Sometimes it is convenient to have everything in the transcript file
+% and nothing on the terminal.  We don't just call \tracingall here,
+% since that produces some useless output on the terminal.  We also make
+% some effort to order the tracing commands to reduce output in the log
+% file; cf. trace.sty in LaTeX.
+%
+\def\gloggingall{\begingroup \globaldefs = 1 \loggingall \endgroup}%
+\def\loggingall{%
+  \tracingstats2
+  \tracingpages1
+  \tracinglostchars2  % 2 gives us more in etex
+  \tracingparagraphs1
+  \tracingoutput1
+  \tracingmacros2
+  \tracingrestores1
+  \showboxbreadth\maxdimen \showboxdepth\maxdimen
+  \ifx\eTeXversion\thisisundefined\else % etex gives us more logging
+    \tracingscantokens1
+    \tracingifs1
+    \tracinggroups1
+    \tracingnesting2
+    \tracingassigns1
+  \fi
+  \tracingcommands3  % 3 gives us more in etex
+  \errorcontextlines16
+}%
+
+% @errormsg{MSG}.  Do the index-like expansions on MSG, but if things
+% aren't perfect, it's not the end of the world, being an error message,
+% after all.
+% 
+\def\errormsg{\begingroup \indexnofonts \doerrormsg}
+\def\doerrormsg#1{\errmessage{#1}}
+
+% add check for \lastpenalty to plain's definitions.  If the last thing
+% we did was a \nobreak, we don't want to insert more space.
+%
+\def\smallbreak{\ifnum\lastpenalty<10000\par\ifdim\lastskip<\smallskipamount
+  \removelastskip\penalty-50\smallskip\fi\fi}
+\def\medbreak{\ifnum\lastpenalty<10000\par\ifdim\lastskip<\medskipamount
+  \removelastskip\penalty-100\medskip\fi\fi}
+\def\bigbreak{\ifnum\lastpenalty<10000\par\ifdim\lastskip<\bigskipamount
+  \removelastskip\penalty-200\bigskip\fi\fi}
+
+% Output routine
+%
+
+% For a final copy, take out the rectangles
+% that mark overfull boxes (in case you have decided
+% that the text looks ok even though it passes the margin).
+%
+\def\finalout{\overfullrule=0pt }
+
+% Do @cropmarks to get crop marks.
+%
+\newif\ifcropmarks
+\let\cropmarks = \cropmarkstrue
+%
+% Dimensions to add cropmarks at corners.
+% Added by P. A. MacKay, 12 Nov. 1986
+%
+\newdimen\outerhsize \newdimen\outervsize % set by the paper size routines
+\newdimen\cornerlong  \cornerlong=1pc
+\newdimen\cornerthick \cornerthick=.3pt
+\newdimen\topandbottommargin \topandbottommargin=.75in
+
+% Output a mark which sets \thischapter, \thissection and \thiscolor.
+% We dump everything together because we only have one kind of mark.
+% This works because we only use \botmark / \topmark, not \firstmark.
+%
+% A mark contains a subexpression of the \ifcase ... \fi construct.
+% \get*marks macros below extract the needed part using \ifcase.
+%
+% Another complication is to let the user choose whether \thischapter
+% (\thissection) refers to the chapter (section) in effect at the top
+% of a page, or that at the bottom of a page.  The solution is
+% described on page 260 of The TeXbook.  It involves outputting two
+% marks for the sectioning macros, one before the section break, and
+% one after.  I won't pretend I can describe this better than DEK...
+%
+\def\domark{%
+  \toks0=\expandafter{\lastchapterdefs}%
+  \toks2=\expandafter{\lastsectiondefs}%
+  \toks4=\expandafter{\prevchapterdefs}%
+  \toks6=\expandafter{\prevsectiondefs}%
+  \toks8=\expandafter{\lastcolordefs}%
+  \mark{%
+                   \the\toks0 \the\toks2  % 0: top marks (\last...)
+      \noexpand\or \the\toks4 \the\toks6  % 1: bottom marks (default, \prev...)
+    \noexpand\else \the\toks8             % 2: color marks
+  }%
+}
+
+% \gettopheadingmarks, \getbottomheadingmarks - extract needed part of mark.
+%
+% \topmark doesn't work for the very first chapter (after the title
+% page or the contents), so we use \firstmark there -- this gets us
+% the mark with the chapter defs, unless the user sneaks in, e.g.,
+% @setcolor (or @url, or @link, etc.) between @contents and the very
+% first @chapter.
+\def\gettopheadingmarks{%
+  \ifcase0\topmark\fi
+  \ifx\thischapter\empty \ifcase0\firstmark\fi \fi
+}
+\def\getbottomheadingmarks{\ifcase1\botmark\fi}
+\def\getcolormarks{\ifcase2\topmark\fi}
+
+% Avoid "undefined control sequence" errors.
+\def\lastchapterdefs{}
+\def\lastsectiondefs{}
+\def\lastsection{}
+\def\prevchapterdefs{}
+\def\prevsectiondefs{}
+\def\lastcolordefs{}
+
+% Margin to add to right of even pages, to left of odd pages.
+\newdimen\bindingoffset
+\newdimen\normaloffset
+\newdimen\pagewidth \newdimen\pageheight
+
+% Main output routine.
+%
+\chardef\PAGE = 255
+\output = {\onepageout{\pagecontents\PAGE}}
+
+\newbox\headlinebox
+\newbox\footlinebox
+
+% \onepageout takes a vbox as an argument.
+% \shipout a vbox for a single page, adding an optional header, footer,
+% cropmarks, and footnote.  This also causes index entries for this page
+% to be written to the auxiliary files.
+%
+\def\onepageout#1{%
+  \ifcropmarks \hoffset=0pt \else \hoffset=\normaloffset \fi
+  %
+  \ifodd\pageno  \advance\hoffset by \bindingoffset
+  \else \advance\hoffset by -\bindingoffset\fi
+  %
+  % Common context changes for both heading and footing.
+  % Do this outside of the \shipout so @code etc. will be expanded in
+  % the headline as they should be, not taken literally (outputting ''code).
+  \def\commmonheadfootline{\let\hsize=\pagewidth \texinfochars}
+  %
+  % Retrieve the information for the headings from the marks in the page,
+  % and call Plain TeX's \makeheadline and \makefootline, which use the
+  % values in \headline and \footline.
+  %
+  % This is used to check if we are on the first page of a chapter.
+  \ifcase0\topmark\fi
+  \ifx\thischapter\empty
+    % See comment for \gettopheadingmarks
+    \ifcase0\firstmark\fi
+    \let\curchaptername\thischaptername
+    \ifcase1\firstmark\fi
+    \let\prevchaptername\thischaptername
+  \else
+    \let\curchaptername\thischaptername
+    \ifcase1\topmark\fi
+    \let\prevchaptername\thischaptername
+  \fi
+  %
+  \ifodd\pageno \getoddheadingmarks \else \getevenheadingmarks \fi
+  \ifodd\pageno \getoddfootingmarks \else \getevenfootingmarks \fi
+  %
+  \ifx\curchaptername\prevchaptername
+    \let\thischapterheading\thischapter
+  \else
+    % \thischapterheading is the same as \thischapter except it is blank
+    % for the first page of a chapter.  This is to prevent the chapter name 
+    % being shown twice.
+    \def\thischapterheading{}%
+  \fi
+  %
+  \global\setbox\headlinebox = \vbox{\commmonheadfootline \makeheadline}%
+  \global\setbox\footlinebox = \vbox{\commmonheadfootline \makefootline}%
+  %
+  {%
+    % Set context for writing to auxiliary files like index files.
+    % Have to do this stuff outside the \shipout because we want it to
+    % take effect in \write's, yet the group defined by the \vbox ends
+    % before the \shipout runs.
+    %
+    \indexdummies         % don't expand commands in the output.
+    \normalturnoffactive  % \ in index entries must not stay \, e.g., if
+               % the page break happens to be in the middle of an example.
+               % We don't want .vr (or whatever) entries like this:
+               % \entry{{\indexbackslash }acronym}{32}{\code {\acronym}}
+               % "\acronym" won't work when it's read back in;
+               % it needs to be
+               % {\code {{\backslashcurfont }acronym}
+    \shipout\vbox{%
+      % Do this early so pdf references go to the beginning of the page.
+      \ifpdfmakepagedest \pdfdest name{\the\pageno} xyz\fi
+      %
+      \ifcropmarks \vbox to \outervsize\bgroup
+        \hsize = \outerhsize
+        \vskip-\topandbottommargin
+        \vtop to0pt{%
+          \line{\ewtop\hfil\ewtop}%
+          \nointerlineskip
+          \line{%
+            \vbox{\moveleft\cornerthick\nstop}%
+            \hfill
+            \vbox{\moveright\cornerthick\nstop}%
+          }%
+          \vss}%
+        \vskip\topandbottommargin
+        \line\bgroup
+          \hfil % center the page within the outer (page) hsize.
+          \ifodd\pageno\hskip\bindingoffset\fi
+          \vbox\bgroup
+      \fi
+      %
+      \unvbox\headlinebox
+      \pagebody{#1}%
+      \ifdim\ht\footlinebox > 0pt
+        % Only leave this space if the footline is nonempty.
+        % (We lessened \vsize for it in \oddfootingyyy.)
+        % The \baselineskip=24pt in plain's \makefootline has no effect.
+        \vskip 24pt
+        \unvbox\footlinebox
+      \fi
+      %
+      \ifcropmarks
+          \egroup % end of \vbox\bgroup
+        \hfil\egroup % end of (centering) \line\bgroup
+        \vskip\topandbottommargin plus1fill minus1fill
+        \boxmaxdepth = \cornerthick
+        \vbox to0pt{\vss
+          \line{%
+            \vbox{\moveleft\cornerthick\nsbot}%
+            \hfill
+            \vbox{\moveright\cornerthick\nsbot}%
+          }%
+          \nointerlineskip
+          \line{\ewbot\hfil\ewbot}%
+        }%
+      \egroup % \vbox from first cropmarks clause
+      \fi
+    }% end of \shipout\vbox
+  }% end of group with \indexdummies
+  \advancepageno
+  \ifnum\outputpenalty>-20000 \else\dosupereject\fi
+}
+
+\newinsert\margin \dimen\margin=\maxdimen
+
+% Main part of page, including any footnotes
+\def\pagebody#1{\vbox to\pageheight{\boxmaxdepth=\maxdepth #1}}
+{\catcode`\@ =11
+\gdef\pagecontents#1{\ifvoid\topins\else\unvbox\topins\fi
+% marginal hacks, juha@viisa.uucp (Juha Takala)
+\ifvoid\margin\else % marginal info is present
+  \rlap{\kern\hsize\vbox to\z@{\kern1pt\box\margin \vss}}\fi
+\dimen@=\dp#1\relax \unvbox#1\relax
+\ifvoid\footins\else\vskip\skip\footins\footnoterule \unvbox\footins\fi
+\ifr@ggedbottom \kern-\dimen@ \vfil \fi}
+}
+
+% Here are the rules for the cropmarks.  Note that they are
+% offset so that the space between them is truly \outerhsize or \outervsize
+% (P. A. MacKay, 12 November, 1986)
+%
+\def\ewtop{\vrule height\cornerthick depth0pt width\cornerlong}
+\def\nstop{\vbox
+  {\hrule height\cornerthick depth\cornerlong width\cornerthick}}
+\def\ewbot{\vrule height0pt depth\cornerthick width\cornerlong}
+\def\nsbot{\vbox
+  {\hrule height\cornerlong depth\cornerthick width\cornerthick}}
+
+
+% Argument parsing
+
+% Parse an argument, then pass it to #1.  The argument is the rest of
+% the input line (except we remove a trailing comment).  #1 should be a
+% macro which expects an ordinary undelimited TeX argument.
+% For example, \def\foo{\parsearg\fooxxx}.
+%
+\def\parsearg{\parseargusing{}}
+\def\parseargusing#1#2{%
+  \def\argtorun{#2}%
+  \begingroup
+    \obeylines
+    \spaceisspace
+    #1%
+    \parseargline\empty% Insert the \empty token, see \finishparsearg below.
+}
+
+{\obeylines %
+  \gdef\parseargline#1^^M{%
+    \endgroup % End of the group started in \parsearg.
+    \argremovecomment #1\comment\ArgTerm%
+  }%
+}
+
+% First remove any @comment, then any @c comment.  Also remove a @texinfoc
+% comment (see \scanmacro for details).  Pass the result on to \argcheckspaces.
+\def\argremovecomment#1\comment#2\ArgTerm{\argremovec #1\c\ArgTerm}
+\def\argremovec#1\c#2\ArgTerm{\argremovetexinfoc #1\texinfoc\ArgTerm}
+\def\argremovetexinfoc#1\texinfoc#2\ArgTerm{\argcheckspaces#1\^^M\ArgTerm}
+
+% Each occurrence of `\^^M' or `<space>\^^M' is replaced by a single space.
+%
+% \argremovec might leave us with trailing space, e.g.,
+%    @end itemize  @c foo
+% This space token undergoes the same procedure and is eventually removed
+% by \finishparsearg.
+%
+\def\argcheckspaces#1\^^M{\argcheckspacesX#1\^^M \^^M}
+\def\argcheckspacesX#1 \^^M{\argcheckspacesY#1\^^M}
+\def\argcheckspacesY#1\^^M#2\^^M#3\ArgTerm{%
+  \def\temp{#3}%
+  \ifx\temp\empty
+    % Do not use \next, perhaps the caller of \parsearg uses it; reuse \temp:
+    \let\temp\finishparsearg
+  \else
+    \let\temp\argcheckspaces
+  \fi
+  % Put the space token in:
+  \temp#1 #3\ArgTerm
+}
+
+% If a _delimited_ argument is enclosed in braces, they get stripped; so
+% to get _exactly_ the rest of the line, we had to prevent such situation.
+% We prepended an \empty token at the very beginning and we expand it now,
+% just before passing the control to \argtorun.
+% (Similarly, we have to think about #3 of \argcheckspacesY above: it is
+% either the null string, or it ends with \^^M---thus there is no danger
+% that a pair of braces would be stripped.
+%
+% But first, we have to remove the trailing space token.
+%
+\def\finishparsearg#1 \ArgTerm{\expandafter\argtorun\expandafter{#1}}
+
+
+% \parseargdef - define a command taking an argument on the line
+%
+% \parseargdef\foo{...}
+%	is roughly equivalent to
+% \def\foo{\parsearg\Xfoo}
+% \def\Xfoo#1{...}
+\def\parseargdef#1{%
+  \expandafter \doparseargdef \csname\string#1\endcsname #1%
+}
+\def\doparseargdef#1#2{%
+  \def#2{\parsearg#1}%
+  \def#1##1%
+}
+
+% Several utility definitions with active space:
+{
+  \obeyspaces
+  \gdef\obeyedspace{ }
+
+  % Make each space character in the input produce a normal interword
+  % space in the output.  Don't allow a line break at this space, as this
+  % is used only in environments like @example, where each line of input
+  % should produce a line of output anyway.
+  %
+  \gdef\sepspaces{\obeyspaces\let =\tie}
+
+  % If an index command is used in an @example environment, any spaces
+  % therein should become regular spaces in the raw index file, not the
+  % expansion of \tie (\leavevmode \penalty \@M \ ).
+  \gdef\unsepspaces{\let =\space}
+}
+
+
+\def\flushcr{\ifx\par\lisppar \def\next##1{}\else \let\next=\relax \fi \next}
+
+% Define the framework for environments in texinfo.tex.  It's used like this:
+%
+%   \envdef\foo{...}
+%   \def\Efoo{...}
+%
+% It's the responsibility of \envdef to insert \begingroup before the
+% actual body; @end closes the group after calling \Efoo.  \envdef also
+% defines \thisenv, so the current environment is known; @end checks
+% whether the environment name matches.  The \checkenv macro can also be
+% used to check whether the current environment is the one expected.
+%
+% Non-false conditionals (@iftex, @ifset) don't fit into this, so they
+% are not treated as environments; they don't open a group.  (The
+% implementation of @end takes care not to call \endgroup in this
+% special case.)
+
+
+% At run-time, environments start with this:
+\def\startenvironment#1{\begingroup\def\thisenv{#1}}
+% initialize
+\let\thisenv\empty
+
+% ... but they get defined via ``\envdef\foo{...}'':
+\long\def\envdef#1#2{\def#1{\startenvironment#1#2}}
+\def\envparseargdef#1#2{\parseargdef#1{\startenvironment#1#2}}
+
+% Check whether we're in the right environment:
+\def\checkenv#1{%
+  \def\temp{#1}%
+  \ifx\thisenv\temp
+  \else
+    \badenverr
+  \fi
+}
+
+% Environment mismatch, #1 expected:
+\def\badenverr{%
+  \errhelp = \EMsimple
+  \errmessage{This command can appear only \inenvironment\temp,
+    not \inenvironment\thisenv}%
+}
+\def\inenvironment#1{%
+  \ifx#1\empty
+    outside of any environment%
+  \else
+    in environment \expandafter\string#1%
+  \fi
+}
+
+% @end foo executes the definition of \Efoo.
+% But first, it executes a specialized version of \checkenv
+%
+\parseargdef\end{%
+  \if 1\csname iscond.#1\endcsname
+  \else
+    % The general wording of \badenverr may not be ideal.
+    \expandafter\checkenv\csname#1\endcsname
+    \csname E#1\endcsname
+    \endgroup
+  \fi
+}
+
+\newhelp\EMsimple{Press RETURN to continue.}
+
+
+% Be sure we're in horizontal mode when doing a tie, since we make space
+% equivalent to this in @example-like environments. Otherwise, a space
+% at the beginning of a line will start with \penalty -- and
+% since \penalty is valid in vertical mode, we'd end up putting the
+% penalty on the vertical list instead of in the new paragraph.
+{\catcode`@ = 11
+ % Avoid using \@M directly, because that causes trouble
+ % if the definition is written into an index file.
+ \global\let\tiepenalty = \@M
+ \gdef\tie{\leavevmode\penalty\tiepenalty\ }
+}
+
+% @: forces normal size whitespace following.
+\def\:{\spacefactor=1000 }
+
+% @* forces a line break.
+\def\*{\unskip\hfil\break\hbox{}\ignorespaces}
+
+% @/ allows a line break.
+\let\/=\allowbreak
+
+% @. is an end-of-sentence period.
+\def\.{.\spacefactor=\endofsentencespacefactor\space}
+
+% @! is an end-of-sentence bang.
+\def\!{!\spacefactor=\endofsentencespacefactor\space}
+
+% @? is an end-of-sentence query.
+\def\?{?\spacefactor=\endofsentencespacefactor\space}
+
+% @frenchspacing on|off  says whether to put extra space after punctuation.
+%
+\def\onword{on}
+\def\offword{off}
+%
+\parseargdef\frenchspacing{%
+  \def\temp{#1}%
+  \ifx\temp\onword \plainfrenchspacing
+  \else\ifx\temp\offword \plainnonfrenchspacing
+  \else
+    \errhelp = \EMsimple
+    \errmessage{Unknown @frenchspacing option `\temp', must be on|off}%
+  \fi\fi
+}
+
+% @w prevents a word break.  Without the \leavevmode, @w at the
+% beginning of a paragraph, when TeX is still in vertical mode, would
+% produce a whole line of output instead of starting the paragraph.
+\def\w#1{\leavevmode\hbox{#1}}
+
+% @group ... @end group forces ... to be all on one page, by enclosing
+% it in a TeX vbox.  We use \vtop instead of \vbox to construct the box
+% to keep its height that of a normal line.  According to the rules for
+% \topskip (p.114 of the TeXbook), the glue inserted is
+% max (\topskip - \ht (first item), 0).  If that height is large,
+% therefore, no glue is inserted, and the space between the headline and
+% the text is small, which looks bad.
+%
+% Another complication is that the group might be very large.  This can
+% cause the glue on the previous page to be unduly stretched, because it
+% does not have much material.  In this case, it's better to add an
+% explicit \vfill so that the extra space is at the bottom.  The
+% threshold for doing this is if the group is more than \vfilllimit
+% percent of a page (\vfilllimit can be changed inside of @tex).
+%
+\newbox\groupbox
+\def\vfilllimit{0.7}
+%
+\envdef\group{%
+  \ifnum\catcode`\^^M=\active \else
+    \errhelp = \groupinvalidhelp
+    \errmessage{@group invalid in context where filling is enabled}%
+  \fi
+  \startsavinginserts
+  %
+  \setbox\groupbox = \vtop\bgroup
+    % Do @comment since we are called inside an environment such as
+    % @example, where each end-of-line in the input causes an
+    % end-of-line in the output.  We don't want the end-of-line after
+    % the `@group' to put extra space in the output.  Since @group
+    % should appear on a line by itself (according to the Texinfo
+    % manual), we don't worry about eating any user text.
+    \comment
+}
+%
+% The \vtop produces a box with normal height and large depth; thus, TeX puts
+% \baselineskip glue before it, and (when the next line of text is done)
+% \lineskip glue after it.  Thus, space below is not quite equal to space
+% above.  But it's pretty close.
+\def\Egroup{%
+    % To get correct interline space between the last line of the group
+    % and the first line afterwards, we have to propagate \prevdepth.
+    \endgraf % Not \par, as it may have been set to \lisppar.
+    \global\dimen1 = \prevdepth
+  \egroup           % End the \vtop.
+  \addgroupbox
+  \prevdepth = \dimen1
+  \checkinserts
+}
+
+\def\addgroupbox{
+  % \dimen0 is the vertical size of the group's box.
+  \dimen0 = \ht\groupbox  \advance\dimen0 by \dp\groupbox
+  % \dimen2 is how much space is left on the page (more or less).
+  \dimen2 = \pageheight   \advance\dimen2 by -\pagetotal
+  % if the group doesn't fit on the current page, and it's a big big
+  % group, force a page break.
+  \ifdim \dimen0 > \dimen2
+    \ifdim \pagetotal < \vfilllimit\pageheight
+      \page
+    \fi
+  \fi
+  \box\groupbox
+}
+
+%
+% TeX puts in an \escapechar (i.e., `@') at the beginning of the help
+% message, so this ends up printing `@group can only ...'.
+%
+\newhelp\groupinvalidhelp{%
+group can only be used in environments such as @example,^^J%
+where each line of input produces a line of output.}
+
+% @need space-in-mils
+% forces a page break if there is not space-in-mils remaining.
+
+\newdimen\mil  \mil=0.001in
+
+\parseargdef\need{%
+  % Ensure vertical mode, so we don't make a big box in the middle of a
+  % paragraph.
+  \par
+  %
+  % If the @need value is less than one line space, it's useless.
+  \dimen0 = #1\mil
+  \dimen2 = \ht\strutbox
+  \advance\dimen2 by \dp\strutbox
+  \ifdim\dimen0 > \dimen2
+    %
+    % Do a \strut just to make the height of this box be normal, so the
+    % normal leading is inserted relative to the preceding line.
+    % And a page break here is fine.
+    \vtop to #1\mil{\strut\vfil}%
+    %
+    % TeX does not even consider page breaks if a penalty added to the
+    % main vertical list is 10000 or more.  But in order to see if the
+    % empty box we just added fits on the page, we must make it consider
+    % page breaks.  On the other hand, we don't want to actually break the
+    % page after the empty box.  So we use a penalty of 9999.
+    %
+    % There is an extremely small chance that TeX will actually break the
+    % page at this \penalty, if there are no other feasible breakpoints in
+    % sight.  (If the user is using lots of big @group commands, which
+    % almost-but-not-quite fill up a page, TeX will have a hard time doing
+    % good page breaking, for example.)  However, I could not construct an
+    % example where a page broke at this \penalty; if it happens in a real
+    % document, then we can reconsider our strategy.
+    \penalty9999
+    %
+    % Back up by the size of the box, whether we did a page break or not.
+    \kern -#1\mil
+    %
+    % Do not allow a page break right after this kern.
+    \nobreak
+  \fi
+}
+
+% @br   forces paragraph break (and is undocumented).
+
+\let\br = \par
+
+% @page forces the start of a new page.
+%
+\def\page{\par\vfill\supereject}
+
+% @exdent text....
+% outputs text on separate line in roman font, starting at standard page margin
+
+% This records the amount of indent in the innermost environment.
+% That's how much \exdent should take out.
+\newskip\exdentamount
+
+% This defn is used inside fill environments such as @defun.
+\parseargdef\exdent{\hfil\break\hbox{\kern -\exdentamount{\rm#1}}\hfil\break}
+
+% This defn is used inside nofill environments such as @example.
+\parseargdef\nofillexdent{{\advance \leftskip by -\exdentamount
+  \leftline{\hskip\leftskip{\rm#1}}}}
+
+% @inmargin{WHICH}{TEXT} puts TEXT in the WHICH margin next to the current
+% paragraph.  For more general purposes, use the \margin insertion
+% class.  WHICH is `l' or `r'.  Not documented, written for gawk manual.
+%
+\newskip\inmarginspacing \inmarginspacing=1cm
+\def\strutdepth{\dp\strutbox}
+%
+\def\doinmargin#1#2{\strut\vadjust{%
+  \nobreak
+  \kern-\strutdepth
+  \vtop to \strutdepth{%
+    \baselineskip=\strutdepth
+    \vss
+    % if you have multiple lines of stuff to put here, you'll need to
+    % make the vbox yourself of the appropriate size.
+    \ifx#1l%
+      \llap{\ignorespaces #2\hskip\inmarginspacing}%
+    \else
+      \rlap{\hskip\hsize \hskip\inmarginspacing \ignorespaces #2}%
+    \fi
+    \null
+  }%
+}}
+\def\inleftmargin{\doinmargin l}
+\def\inrightmargin{\doinmargin r}
+%
+% @inmargin{TEXT [, RIGHT-TEXT]}
+% (if RIGHT-TEXT is given, use TEXT for left page, RIGHT-TEXT for right;
+% else use TEXT for both).
+%
+\def\inmargin#1{\parseinmargin #1,,\finish}
+\def\parseinmargin#1,#2,#3\finish{% not perfect, but better than nothing.
+  \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #2}%
+  \ifdim\wd0 > 0pt
+    \def\lefttext{#1}%  have both texts
+    \def\righttext{#2}%
+  \else
+    \def\lefttext{#1}%  have only one text
+    \def\righttext{#1}%
+  \fi
+  %
+  \ifodd\pageno
+    \def\temp{\inrightmargin\righttext}% odd page -> outside is right margin
+  \else
+    \def\temp{\inleftmargin\lefttext}%
+  \fi
+  \temp
+}
+
+% @| inserts a changebar to the left of the current line.  It should
+% surround any changed text.  This approach does *not* work if the
+% change spans more than two lines of output.  To handle that, we would
+% have adopt a much more difficult approach (putting marks into the main
+% vertical list for the beginning and end of each change).  This command
+% is not documented, not supported, and doesn't work.
+%
+\def\|{%
+  % \vadjust can only be used in horizontal mode.
+  \leavevmode
+  %
+  % Append this vertical mode material after the current line in the output.
+  \vadjust{%
+    % We want to insert a rule with the height and depth of the current
+    % leading; that is exactly what \strutbox is supposed to record.
+    \vskip-\baselineskip
+    %
+    % \vadjust-items are inserted at the left edge of the type.  So
+    % the \llap here moves out into the left-hand margin.
+    \llap{%
+      %
+      % For a thicker or thinner bar, change the `1pt'.
+      \vrule height\baselineskip width1pt
+      %
+      % This is the space between the bar and the text.
+      \hskip 12pt
+    }%
+  }%
+}
+
+% @include FILE -- \input text of FILE.
+%
+\def\include{\parseargusing\filenamecatcodes\includezzz}
+\def\includezzz#1{%
+  \pushthisfilestack
+  \def\thisfile{#1}%
+  {%
+    \makevalueexpandable  % we want to expand any @value in FILE.
+    \turnoffactive        % and allow special characters in the expansion
+    \indexnofonts         % Allow `@@' and other weird things in file names.
+    \wlog{texinfo.tex: doing @include of #1^^J}%
+    \edef\temp{\noexpand\input #1 }%
+    %
+    % This trickery is to read FILE outside of a group, in case it makes
+    % definitions, etc.
+    \expandafter
+  }\temp
+  \popthisfilestack
+}
+\def\filenamecatcodes{%
+  \catcode`\\=\other
+  \catcode`~=\other
+  \catcode`^=\other
+  \catcode`_=\other
+  \catcode`|=\other
+  \catcode`<=\other
+  \catcode`>=\other
+  \catcode`+=\other
+  \catcode`-=\other
+  \catcode`\`=\other
+  \catcode`\'=\other
+}
+
+\def\pushthisfilestack{%
+  \expandafter\pushthisfilestackX\popthisfilestack\StackTerm
+}
+\def\pushthisfilestackX{%
+  \expandafter\pushthisfilestackY\thisfile\StackTerm
+}
+\def\pushthisfilestackY #1\StackTerm #2\StackTerm {%
+  \gdef\popthisfilestack{\gdef\thisfile{#1}\gdef\popthisfilestack{#2}}%
+}
+
+\def\popthisfilestack{\errthisfilestackempty}
+\def\errthisfilestackempty{\errmessage{Internal error:
+  the stack of filenames is empty.}}
+%
+\def\thisfile{}
+
+% @center line
+% outputs that line, centered.
+%
+\parseargdef\center{%
+  \ifhmode
+    \let\centersub\centerH
+  \else
+    \let\centersub\centerV
+  \fi
+  \centersub{\hfil \ignorespaces#1\unskip \hfil}%
+  \let\centersub\relax % don't let the definition persist, just in case
+}
+\def\centerH#1{{%
+  \hfil\break
+  \advance\hsize by -\leftskip
+  \advance\hsize by -\rightskip
+  \line{#1}%
+  \break
+}}
+%
+\newcount\centerpenalty
+\def\centerV#1{%
+  % The idea here is the same as in \startdefun, \cartouche, etc.: if
+  % @center is the first thing after a section heading, we need to wipe
+  % out the negative parskip inserted by \sectionheading, but still
+  % prevent a page break here.
+  \centerpenalty = \lastpenalty
+  \ifnum\centerpenalty>10000 \vskip\parskip \fi
+  \ifnum\centerpenalty>9999 \penalty\centerpenalty \fi
+  \line{\kern\leftskip #1\kern\rightskip}%
+}
+
+% @sp n   outputs n lines of vertical space
+%
+\parseargdef\sp{\vskip #1\baselineskip}
+
+% @comment ...line which is ignored...
+% @c is the same as @comment
+% @ignore ... @end ignore  is another way to write a comment
+%
+\def\comment{\begingroup \catcode`\^^M=\active%
+\catcode`\@=\other \catcode`\{=\other \catcode`\}=\other\commentxxx}%
+
+{\catcode`\^^M=\active%
+\gdef\commentxxx#1^^M{\endgroup%
+\futurelet\nexttoken\commentxxxx}%
+\gdef\commentxxxx{\ifx\nexttoken\aftermacro\expandafter\comment\fi}%
+}
+
+\def\c{\begingroup \catcode`\^^M=\active%
+\catcode`\@=\other \catcode`\{=\other \catcode`\}=\other%
+\cxxx}
+{\catcode`\^^M=\active \gdef\cxxx#1^^M{\endgroup}}
+% See comment in \scanmacro about why the definitions of @c and @comment differ
+
+% @paragraphindent NCHARS
+% We'll use ems for NCHARS, close enough.
+% NCHARS can also be the word `asis' or `none'.
+% We cannot feasibly implement @paragraphindent asis, though.
+%
+\def\asisword{asis} % no translation, these are keywords
+\def\noneword{none}
+%
+\parseargdef\paragraphindent{%
+  \def\temp{#1}%
+  \ifx\temp\asisword
+  \else
+    \ifx\temp\noneword
+      \defaultparindent = 0pt
+    \else
+      \defaultparindent = #1em
+    \fi
+  \fi
+  \parindent = \defaultparindent
+}
+
+% @exampleindent NCHARS
+% We'll use ems for NCHARS like @paragraphindent.
+% It seems @exampleindent asis isn't necessary, but
+% I preserve it to make it similar to @paragraphindent.
+\parseargdef\exampleindent{%
+  \def\temp{#1}%
+  \ifx\temp\asisword
+  \else
+    \ifx\temp\noneword
+      \lispnarrowing = 0pt
+    \else
+      \lispnarrowing = #1em
+    \fi
+  \fi
+}
+
+% @firstparagraphindent WORD
+% If WORD is `none', then suppress indentation of the first paragraph
+% after a section heading.  If WORD is `insert', then do indent at such
+% paragraphs.
+%
+% The paragraph indentation is suppressed or not by calling
+% \suppressfirstparagraphindent, which the sectioning commands do.
+% We switch the definition of this back and forth according to WORD.
+% By default, we suppress indentation.
+%
+\def\suppressfirstparagraphindent{\dosuppressfirstparagraphindent}
+\def\insertword{insert}
+%
+\parseargdef\firstparagraphindent{%
+  \def\temp{#1}%
+  \ifx\temp\noneword
+    \let\suppressfirstparagraphindent = \dosuppressfirstparagraphindent
+  \else\ifx\temp\insertword
+    \let\suppressfirstparagraphindent = \relax
+  \else
+    \errhelp = \EMsimple
+    \errmessage{Unknown @firstparagraphindent option `\temp'}%
+  \fi\fi
+}
+
+% Here is how we actually suppress indentation.  Redefine \everypar to
+% \kern backwards by \parindent, and then reset itself to empty.
+%
+% We also make \indent itself not actually do anything until the next
+% paragraph.
+%
+\gdef\dosuppressfirstparagraphindent{%
+  \gdef\indent  {\restorefirstparagraphindent \indent}%
+  \gdef\noindent{\restorefirstparagraphindent \noindent}%
+  \global\everypar = {\kern -\parindent \restorefirstparagraphindent}%
+}
+%
+\gdef\restorefirstparagraphindent{%
+  \global\let\indent = \ptexindent
+  \global\let\noindent = \ptexnoindent
+  \global\everypar = {}%
+}
+
+
+% @refill is a no-op.
+\let\refill=\relax
+
+% @setfilename INFO-FILENAME - ignored
+\let\setfilename=\comment
+
+% @bye.
+\outer\def\bye{\pagealignmacro\tracingstats=1\ptexend}
+
+
+\message{pdf,}
+% adobe `portable' document format
+\newcount\tempnum
+\newcount\lnkcount
+\newtoks\filename
+\newcount\filenamelength
+\newcount\pgn
+\newtoks\toksA
+\newtoks\toksB
+\newtoks\toksC
+\newtoks\toksD
+\newbox\boxA
+\newbox\boxB
+\newcount\countA
+\newif\ifpdf
+\newif\ifpdfmakepagedest
+
+% when pdftex is run in dvi mode, \pdfoutput is defined (so \pdfoutput=1
+% can be set).  So we test for \relax and 0 as well as being undefined.
+\ifx\pdfoutput\thisisundefined
+\else
+  \ifx\pdfoutput\relax
+  \else
+    \ifcase\pdfoutput
+    \else
+      \pdftrue
+    \fi
+  \fi
+\fi
+
+% PDF uses PostScript string constants for the names of xref targets,
+% for display in the outlines, and in other places.  Thus, we have to
+% double any backslashes.  Otherwise, a name like "\node" will be
+% interpreted as a newline (\n), followed by o, d, e.  Not good.
+% 
+% See http://www.ntg.nl/pipermail/ntg-pdftex/2004-July/000654.html and
+% related messages.  The final outcome is that it is up to the TeX user
+% to double the backslashes and otherwise make the string valid, so
+% that's what we do.  pdftex 1.30.0 (ca.2005) introduced a primitive to
+% do this reliably, so we use it.
+
+% #1 is a control sequence in which to do the replacements,
+% which we \xdef.
+\def\txiescapepdf#1{%
+  \ifx\pdfescapestring\thisisundefined
+    % No primitive available; should we give a warning or log?
+    % Many times it won't matter.
+  \else
+    % The expandable \pdfescapestring primitive escapes parentheses,
+    % backslashes, and other special chars.
+    \xdef#1{\pdfescapestring{#1}}%
+  \fi
+}
+
+\newhelp\nopdfimagehelp{Texinfo supports .png, .jpg, .jpeg, and .pdf images
+with PDF output, and none of those formats could be found.  (.eps cannot
+be supported due to the design of the PDF format; use regular TeX (DVI
+output) for that.)}
+
+\ifpdf
+  %
+  % Color manipulation macros using ideas from pdfcolor.tex,
+  % except using rgb instead of cmyk; the latter is said to render as a
+  % very dark gray on-screen and a very dark halftone in print, instead
+  % of actual black. The dark red here is dark enough to print on paper as
+  % nearly black, but still distinguishable for online viewing.  We use
+  % black by default, though.
+  \def\rgbDarkRed{0.50 0.09 0.12}
+  \def\rgbBlack{0 0 0}
+  %
+  % k sets the color for filling (usual text, etc.);
+  % K sets the color for stroking (thin rules, e.g., normal _'s).
+  \def\pdfsetcolor#1{\pdfliteral{#1 rg  #1 RG}}
+  %
+  % Set color, and create a mark which defines \thiscolor accordingly,
+  % so that \makeheadline knows which color to restore.
+  \def\setcolor#1{%
+    \xdef\lastcolordefs{\gdef\noexpand\thiscolor{#1}}%
+    \domark
+    \pdfsetcolor{#1}%
+  }
+  %
+  \def\maincolor{\rgbBlack}
+  \pdfsetcolor{\maincolor}
+  \edef\thiscolor{\maincolor}
+  \def\lastcolordefs{}
+  %
+  \def\makefootline{%
+    \baselineskip24pt
+    \line{\pdfsetcolor{\maincolor}\the\footline}%
+  }
+  %
+  \def\makeheadline{%
+    \vbox to 0pt{%
+      \vskip-22.5pt
+      \line{%
+        \vbox to8.5pt{}%
+        % Extract \thiscolor definition from the marks.
+        \getcolormarks
+        % Typeset the headline with \maincolor, then restore the color.
+        \pdfsetcolor{\maincolor}\the\headline\pdfsetcolor{\thiscolor}%
+      }%
+      \vss
+    }%
+    \nointerlineskip
+  }
+  %
+  %
+  \pdfcatalog{/PageMode /UseOutlines}
+  %
+  % #1 is image name, #2 width (might be empty/whitespace), #3 height (ditto).
+  \def\dopdfimage#1#2#3{%
+    \def\pdfimagewidth{#2}\setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #2}%
+    \def\pdfimageheight{#3}\setbox2 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #3}%
+    %
+    % pdftex (and the PDF format) support .pdf, .png, .jpg (among
+    % others).  Let's try in that order, PDF first since if
+    % someone has a scalable image, presumably better to use that than a
+    % bitmap.
+    \let\pdfimgext=\empty
+    \begingroup
+      \openin 1 #1.pdf \ifeof 1
+        \openin 1 #1.PDF \ifeof 1
+          \openin 1 #1.png \ifeof 1
+            \openin 1 #1.jpg \ifeof 1
+              \openin 1 #1.jpeg \ifeof 1
+                \openin 1 #1.JPG \ifeof 1
+                  \errhelp = \nopdfimagehelp
+                  \errmessage{Could not find image file #1 for pdf}%
+                \else \gdef\pdfimgext{JPG}%
+                \fi
+              \else \gdef\pdfimgext{jpeg}%
+              \fi
+            \else \gdef\pdfimgext{jpg}%
+            \fi
+          \else \gdef\pdfimgext{png}%
+          \fi
+        \else \gdef\pdfimgext{PDF}%
+        \fi
+      \else \gdef\pdfimgext{pdf}%
+      \fi
+      \closein 1
+    \endgroup
+    %
+    % without \immediate, ancient pdftex seg faults when the same image is
+    % included twice.  (Version 3.14159-pre-1.0-unofficial-20010704.)
+    \ifnum\pdftexversion < 14
+      \immediate\pdfimage
+    \else
+      \immediate\pdfximage
+    \fi
+      \ifdim \wd0 >0pt width \pdfimagewidth \fi
+      \ifdim \wd2 >0pt height \pdfimageheight \fi
+      \ifnum\pdftexversion<13
+         #1.\pdfimgext
+       \else
+         {#1.\pdfimgext}%
+       \fi
+    \ifnum\pdftexversion < 14 \else
+      \pdfrefximage \pdflastximage
+    \fi}
+  %
+  \def\pdfmkdest#1{{%
+    % We have to set dummies so commands such as @code, and characters
+    % such as \, aren't expanded when present in a section title.
+    \indexnofonts
+    \turnoffactive
+    \makevalueexpandable
+    \def\pdfdestname{#1}%
+    \txiescapepdf\pdfdestname
+    \safewhatsit{\pdfdest name{\pdfdestname} xyz}%
+  }}
+  %
+  % used to mark target names; must be expandable.
+  \def\pdfmkpgn#1{#1}
+  %
+  % by default, use black for everything.
+  \def\urlcolor{\rgbBlack}
+  \def\linkcolor{\rgbBlack}
+  \def\endlink{\setcolor{\maincolor}\pdfendlink}
+  %
+  % Adding outlines to PDF; macros for calculating structure of outlines
+  % come from Petr Olsak
+  \def\expnumber#1{\expandafter\ifx\csname#1\endcsname\relax 0%
+    \else \csname#1\endcsname \fi}
+  \def\advancenumber#1{\tempnum=\expnumber{#1}\relax
+    \advance\tempnum by 1
+    \expandafter\xdef\csname#1\endcsname{\the\tempnum}}
+  %
+  % #1 is the section text, which is what will be displayed in the
+  % outline by the pdf viewer.  #2 is the pdf expression for the number
+  % of subentries (or empty, for subsubsections).  #3 is the node text,
+  % which might be empty if this toc entry had no corresponding node.
+  % #4 is the page number
+  %
+  \def\dopdfoutline#1#2#3#4{%
+    % Generate a link to the node text if that exists; else, use the
+    % page number.  We could generate a destination for the section
+    % text in the case where a section has no node, but it doesn't
+    % seem worth the trouble, since most documents are normally structured.
+    \edef\pdfoutlinedest{#3}%
+    \ifx\pdfoutlinedest\empty
+      \def\pdfoutlinedest{#4}%
+    \else
+      \txiescapepdf\pdfoutlinedest
+    \fi
+    %
+    % Also escape PDF chars in the display string.
+    \edef\pdfoutlinetext{#1}%
+    \txiescapepdf\pdfoutlinetext
+    %
+    \pdfoutline goto name{\pdfmkpgn{\pdfoutlinedest}}#2{\pdfoutlinetext}%
+  }
+  %
+  \def\pdfmakeoutlines{%
+    \begingroup
+      % Read toc silently, to get counts of subentries for \pdfoutline.
+      \def\partentry##1##2##3##4{}% ignore parts in the outlines
+      \def\numchapentry##1##2##3##4{%
+	\def\thischapnum{##2}%
+	\def\thissecnum{0}%
+	\def\thissubsecnum{0}%
+      }%
+      \def\numsecentry##1##2##3##4{%
+	\advancenumber{chap\thischapnum}%
+	\def\thissecnum{##2}%
+	\def\thissubsecnum{0}%
+      }%
+      \def\numsubsecentry##1##2##3##4{%
+	\advancenumber{sec\thissecnum}%
+	\def\thissubsecnum{##2}%
+      }%
+      \def\numsubsubsecentry##1##2##3##4{%
+	\advancenumber{subsec\thissubsecnum}%
+      }%
+      \def\thischapnum{0}%
+      \def\thissecnum{0}%
+      \def\thissubsecnum{0}%
+      %
+      % use \def rather than \let here because we redefine \chapentry et
+      % al. a second time, below.
+      \def\appentry{\numchapentry}%
+      \def\appsecentry{\numsecentry}%
+      \def\appsubsecentry{\numsubsecentry}%
+      \def\appsubsubsecentry{\numsubsubsecentry}%
+      \def\unnchapentry{\numchapentry}%
+      \def\unnsecentry{\numsecentry}%
+      \def\unnsubsecentry{\numsubsecentry}%
+      \def\unnsubsubsecentry{\numsubsubsecentry}%
+      \readdatafile{toc}%
+      %
+      % Read toc second time, this time actually producing the outlines.
+      % The `-' means take the \expnumber as the absolute number of
+      % subentries, which we calculated on our first read of the .toc above.
+      %
+      % We use the node names as the destinations.
+      \def\numchapentry##1##2##3##4{%
+        \dopdfoutline{##1}{count-\expnumber{chap##2}}{##3}{##4}}%
+      \def\numsecentry##1##2##3##4{%
+        \dopdfoutline{##1}{count-\expnumber{sec##2}}{##3}{##4}}%
+      \def\numsubsecentry##1##2##3##4{%
+        \dopdfoutline{##1}{count-\expnumber{subsec##2}}{##3}{##4}}%
+      \def\numsubsubsecentry##1##2##3##4{% count is always zero
+        \dopdfoutline{##1}{}{##3}{##4}}%
+      %
+      % PDF outlines are displayed using system fonts, instead of
+      % document fonts.  Therefore we cannot use special characters,
+      % since the encoding is unknown.  For example, the eogonek from
+      % Latin 2 (0xea) gets translated to a | character.  Info from
+      % Staszek Wawrykiewicz, 19 Jan 2004 04:09:24 +0100.
+      %
+      % TODO this right, we have to translate 8-bit characters to
+      % their "best" equivalent, based on the @documentencoding.  Too
+      % much work for too little return.  Just use the ASCII equivalents
+      % we use for the index sort strings.
+      % 
+      \indexnofonts
+      \setupdatafile
+      % We can have normal brace characters in the PDF outlines, unlike
+      % Texinfo index files.  So set that up.
+      \def\{{\lbracecharliteral}%
+      \def\}{\rbracecharliteral}%
+      \catcode`\\=\active \otherbackslash
+      \input \tocreadfilename
+    \endgroup
+  }
+  {\catcode`[=1 \catcode`]=2
+   \catcode`{=\other \catcode`}=\other
+   \gdef\lbracecharliteral[{]%
+   \gdef\rbracecharliteral[}]%
+  ]
+  %
+  \def\skipspaces#1{\def\PP{#1}\def\D{|}%
+    \ifx\PP\D\let\nextsp\relax
+    \else\let\nextsp\skipspaces
+      \addtokens{\filename}{\PP}%
+      \advance\filenamelength by 1
+    \fi
+    \nextsp}
+  \def\getfilename#1{%
+    \filenamelength=0
+    % If we don't expand the argument now, \skipspaces will get
+    % snagged on things like "@value{foo}".
+    \edef\temp{#1}%
+    \expandafter\skipspaces\temp|\relax
+  }
+  \ifnum\pdftexversion < 14
+    \let \startlink \pdfannotlink
+  \else
+    \let \startlink \pdfstartlink
+  \fi
+  % make a live url in pdf output.
+  \def\pdfurl#1{%
+    \begingroup
+      % it seems we really need yet another set of dummies; have not
+      % tried to figure out what each command should do in the context
+      % of @url.  for now, just make @/ a no-op, that's the only one
+      % people have actually reported a problem with.
+      %
+      \normalturnoffactive
+      \def\@{@}%
+      \let\/=\empty
+      \makevalueexpandable
+      % do we want to go so far as to use \indexnofonts instead of just
+      % special-casing \var here?
+      \def\var##1{##1}%
+      %
+      \leavevmode\setcolor{\urlcolor}%
+      \startlink attr{/Border [0 0 0]}%
+        user{/Subtype /Link /A << /S /URI /URI (#1) >>}%
+    \endgroup}
+  \def\pdfgettoks#1.{\setbox\boxA=\hbox{\toksA={#1.}\toksB={}\maketoks}}
+  \def\addtokens#1#2{\edef\addtoks{\noexpand#1={\the#1#2}}\addtoks}
+  \def\adn#1{\addtokens{\toksC}{#1}\global\countA=1\let\next=\maketoks}
+  \def\poptoks#1#2|ENDTOKS|{\let\first=#1\toksD={#1}\toksA={#2}}
+  \def\maketoks{%
+    \expandafter\poptoks\the\toksA|ENDTOKS|\relax
+    \ifx\first0\adn0
+    \else\ifx\first1\adn1 \else\ifx\first2\adn2 \else\ifx\first3\adn3
+    \else\ifx\first4\adn4 \else\ifx\first5\adn5 \else\ifx\first6\adn6
+    \else\ifx\first7\adn7 \else\ifx\first8\adn8 \else\ifx\first9\adn9
+    \else
+      \ifnum0=\countA\else\makelink\fi
+      \ifx\first.\let\next=\done\else
+        \let\next=\maketoks
+        \addtokens{\toksB}{\the\toksD}
+        \ifx\first,\addtokens{\toksB}{\space}\fi
+      \fi
+    \fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi
+    \next}
+  \def\makelink{\addtokens{\toksB}%
+    {\noexpand\pdflink{\the\toksC}}\toksC={}\global\countA=0}
+  \def\pdflink#1{%
+    \startlink attr{/Border [0 0 0]} goto name{\pdfmkpgn{#1}}
+    \setcolor{\linkcolor}#1\endlink}
+  \def\done{\edef\st{\global\noexpand\toksA={\the\toksB}}\st}
+\else
+  % non-pdf mode
+  \let\pdfmkdest = \gobble
+  \let\pdfurl = \gobble
+  \let\endlink = \relax
+  \let\setcolor = \gobble
+  \let\pdfsetcolor = \gobble
+  \let\pdfmakeoutlines = \relax
+\fi  % \ifx\pdfoutput
+
+
+\message{fonts,}
+
+% Change the current font style to #1, remembering it in \curfontstyle.
+% For now, we do not accumulate font styles: @b{@i{foo}} prints foo in
+% italics, not bold italics.
+%
+\def\setfontstyle#1{%
+  \def\curfontstyle{#1}% not as a control sequence, because we are \edef'd.
+  \csname ten#1\endcsname  % change the current font
+}
+
+% Select #1 fonts with the current style.
+%
+\def\selectfonts#1{\csname #1fonts\endcsname \csname\curfontstyle\endcsname}
+
+\def\rm{\fam=0 \setfontstyle{rm}}
+\def\it{\fam=\itfam \setfontstyle{it}}
+\def\sl{\fam=\slfam \setfontstyle{sl}}
+\def\bf{\fam=\bffam \setfontstyle{bf}}\def\bfstylename{bf}
+\def\tt{\fam=\ttfam \setfontstyle{tt}}
+
+% Unfortunately, we have to override this for titles and the like, since
+% in those cases "rm" is bold.  Sigh.
+\def\rmisbold{\rm\def\curfontstyle{bf}}
+
+% Texinfo sort of supports the sans serif font style, which plain TeX does not.
+% So we set up a \sf.
+\newfam\sffam
+\def\sf{\fam=\sffam \setfontstyle{sf}}
+\let\li = \sf % Sometimes we call it \li, not \sf.
+
+% We don't need math for this font style.
+\def\ttsl{\setfontstyle{ttsl}}
+
+
+% Set the baselineskip to #1, and the lineskip and strut size
+% correspondingly.  There is no deep meaning behind these magic numbers
+% used as factors; they just match (closely enough) what Knuth defined.
+%
+\def\lineskipfactor{.08333}
+\def\strutheightpercent{.70833}
+\def\strutdepthpercent {.29167}
+%
+% can get a sort of poor man's double spacing by redefining this.
+\def\baselinefactor{1}
+%
+\newdimen\textleading
+\def\setleading#1{%
+  \dimen0 = #1\relax
+  \normalbaselineskip = \baselinefactor\dimen0
+  \normallineskip = \lineskipfactor\normalbaselineskip
+  \normalbaselines
+  \setbox\strutbox =\hbox{%
+    \vrule width0pt height\strutheightpercent\baselineskip
+                    depth \strutdepthpercent \baselineskip
+  }%
+}
+
+% PDF CMaps.  See also LaTeX's t1.cmap.
+%
+% do nothing with this by default.
+\expandafter\let\csname cmapOT1\endcsname\gobble
+\expandafter\let\csname cmapOT1IT\endcsname\gobble
+\expandafter\let\csname cmapOT1TT\endcsname\gobble
+
+% if we are producing pdf, and we have \pdffontattr, then define cmaps.
+% (\pdffontattr was introduced many years ago, but people still run
+% older pdftex's; it's easy to conditionalize, so we do.)
+\ifpdf \ifx\pdffontattr\thisisundefined \else
+  \begingroup
+    \catcode`\^^M=\active \def^^M{^^J}% Output line endings as the ^^J char.
+    \catcode`\%=12 \immediate\pdfobj stream {%!PS-Adobe-3.0 Resource-CMap
+%%DocumentNeededResources: ProcSet (CIDInit)
+%%IncludeResource: ProcSet (CIDInit)
+%%BeginResource: CMap (TeX-OT1-0)
+%%Title: (TeX-OT1-0 TeX OT1 0)
+%%Version: 1.000
+%%EndComments
+/CIDInit /ProcSet findresource begin
+12 dict begin
+begincmap
+/CIDSystemInfo
+<< /Registry (TeX)
+/Ordering (OT1)
+/Supplement 0
+>> def
+/CMapName /TeX-OT1-0 def
+/CMapType 2 def
+1 begincodespacerange
+<00> <7F>
+endcodespacerange
+8 beginbfrange
+<00> <01> <0393>
+<09> <0A> <03A8>
+<23> <26> <0023>
+<28> <3B> <0028>
+<3F> <5B> <003F>
+<5D> <5E> <005D>
+<61> <7A> <0061>
+<7B> <7C> <2013>
+endbfrange
+40 beginbfchar
+<02> <0398>
+<03> <039B>
+<04> <039E>
+<05> <03A0>
+<06> <03A3>
+<07> <03D2>
+<08> <03A6>
+<0B> <00660066>
+<0C> <00660069>
+<0D> <0066006C>
+<0E> <006600660069>
+<0F> <00660066006C>
+<10> <0131>
+<11> <0237>
+<12> <0060>
+<13> <00B4>
+<14> <02C7>
+<15> <02D8>
+<16> <00AF>
+<17> <02DA>
+<18> <00B8>
+<19> <00DF>
+<1A> <00E6>
+<1B> <0153>
+<1C> <00F8>
+<1D> <00C6>
+<1E> <0152>
+<1F> <00D8>
+<21> <0021>
+<22> <201D>
+<27> <2019>
+<3C> <00A1>
+<3D> <003D>
+<3E> <00BF>
+<5C> <201C>
+<5F> <02D9>
+<60> <2018>
+<7D> <02DD>
+<7E> <007E>
+<7F> <00A8>
+endbfchar
+endcmap
+CMapName currentdict /CMap defineresource pop
+end
+end
+%%EndResource
+%%EOF
+    }\endgroup
+  \expandafter\edef\csname cmapOT1\endcsname#1{%
+    \pdffontattr#1{/ToUnicode \the\pdflastobj\space 0 R}%
+  }%
+%
+% \cmapOT1IT
+  \begingroup
+    \catcode`\^^M=\active \def^^M{^^J}% Output line endings as the ^^J char.
+    \catcode`\%=12 \immediate\pdfobj stream {%!PS-Adobe-3.0 Resource-CMap
+%%DocumentNeededResources: ProcSet (CIDInit)
+%%IncludeResource: ProcSet (CIDInit)
+%%BeginResource: CMap (TeX-OT1IT-0)
+%%Title: (TeX-OT1IT-0 TeX OT1IT 0)
+%%Version: 1.000
+%%EndComments
+/CIDInit /ProcSet findresource begin
+12 dict begin
+begincmap
+/CIDSystemInfo
+<< /Registry (TeX)
+/Ordering (OT1IT)
+/Supplement 0
+>> def
+/CMapName /TeX-OT1IT-0 def
+/CMapType 2 def
+1 begincodespacerange
+<00> <7F>
+endcodespacerange
+8 beginbfrange
+<00> <01> <0393>
+<09> <0A> <03A8>
+<25> <26> <0025>
+<28> <3B> <0028>
+<3F> <5B> <003F>
+<5D> <5E> <005D>
+<61> <7A> <0061>
+<7B> <7C> <2013>
+endbfrange
+42 beginbfchar
+<02> <0398>
+<03> <039B>
+<04> <039E>
+<05> <03A0>
+<06> <03A3>
+<07> <03D2>
+<08> <03A6>
+<0B> <00660066>
+<0C> <00660069>
+<0D> <0066006C>
+<0E> <006600660069>
+<0F> <00660066006C>
+<10> <0131>
+<11> <0237>
+<12> <0060>
+<13> <00B4>
+<14> <02C7>
+<15> <02D8>
+<16> <00AF>
+<17> <02DA>
+<18> <00B8>
+<19> <00DF>
+<1A> <00E6>
+<1B> <0153>
+<1C> <00F8>
+<1D> <00C6>
+<1E> <0152>
+<1F> <00D8>
+<21> <0021>
+<22> <201D>
+<23> <0023>
+<24> <00A3>
+<27> <2019>
+<3C> <00A1>
+<3D> <003D>
+<3E> <00BF>
+<5C> <201C>
+<5F> <02D9>
+<60> <2018>
+<7D> <02DD>
+<7E> <007E>
+<7F> <00A8>
+endbfchar
+endcmap
+CMapName currentdict /CMap defineresource pop
+end
+end
+%%EndResource
+%%EOF
+    }\endgroup
+  \expandafter\edef\csname cmapOT1IT\endcsname#1{%
+    \pdffontattr#1{/ToUnicode \the\pdflastobj\space 0 R}%
+  }%
+%
+% \cmapOT1TT
+  \begingroup
+    \catcode`\^^M=\active \def^^M{^^J}% Output line endings as the ^^J char.
+    \catcode`\%=12 \immediate\pdfobj stream {%!PS-Adobe-3.0 Resource-CMap
+%%DocumentNeededResources: ProcSet (CIDInit)
+%%IncludeResource: ProcSet (CIDInit)
+%%BeginResource: CMap (TeX-OT1TT-0)
+%%Title: (TeX-OT1TT-0 TeX OT1TT 0)
+%%Version: 1.000
+%%EndComments
+/CIDInit /ProcSet findresource begin
+12 dict begin
+begincmap
+/CIDSystemInfo
+<< /Registry (TeX)
+/Ordering (OT1TT)
+/Supplement 0
+>> def
+/CMapName /TeX-OT1TT-0 def
+/CMapType 2 def
+1 begincodespacerange
+<00> <7F>
+endcodespacerange
+5 beginbfrange
+<00> <01> <0393>
+<09> <0A> <03A8>
+<21> <26> <0021>
+<28> <5F> <0028>
+<61> <7E> <0061>
+endbfrange
+32 beginbfchar
+<02> <0398>
+<03> <039B>
+<04> <039E>
+<05> <03A0>
+<06> <03A3>
+<07> <03D2>
+<08> <03A6>
+<0B> <2191>
+<0C> <2193>
+<0D> <0027>
+<0E> <00A1>
+<0F> <00BF>
+<10> <0131>
+<11> <0237>
+<12> <0060>
+<13> <00B4>
+<14> <02C7>
+<15> <02D8>
+<16> <00AF>
+<17> <02DA>
+<18> <00B8>
+<19> <00DF>
+<1A> <00E6>
+<1B> <0153>
+<1C> <00F8>
+<1D> <00C6>
+<1E> <0152>
+<1F> <00D8>
+<20> <2423>
+<27> <2019>
+<60> <2018>
+<7F> <00A8>
+endbfchar
+endcmap
+CMapName currentdict /CMap defineresource pop
+end
+end
+%%EndResource
+%%EOF
+    }\endgroup
+  \expandafter\edef\csname cmapOT1TT\endcsname#1{%
+    \pdffontattr#1{/ToUnicode \the\pdflastobj\space 0 R}%
+  }%
+\fi\fi
+
+
+% Set the font macro #1 to the font named \fontprefix#2.
+% #3 is the font's design size, #4 is a scale factor, #5 is the CMap
+% encoding (only OT1, OT1IT and OT1TT are allowed, or empty to omit).
+% Example:
+% #1 = \textrm
+% #2 = \rmshape
+% #3 = 10
+% #4 = \mainmagstep
+% #5 = OT1
+%
+\def\setfont#1#2#3#4#5{%
+  \font#1=\fontprefix#2#3 scaled #4
+  \csname cmap#5\endcsname#1%
+}
+% This is what gets called when #5 of \setfont is empty.
+\let\cmap\gobble
+%
+% (end of cmaps)
+
+% Use cm as the default font prefix.
+% To specify the font prefix, you must define \fontprefix
+% before you read in texinfo.tex.
+\ifx\fontprefix\thisisundefined
+\def\fontprefix{cm}
+\fi
+% Support font families that don't use the same naming scheme as CM.
+\def\rmshape{r}
+\def\rmbshape{bx}               % where the normal face is bold
+\def\bfshape{b}
+\def\bxshape{bx}
+\def\ttshape{tt}
+\def\ttbshape{tt}
+\def\ttslshape{sltt}
+\def\itshape{ti}
+\def\itbshape{bxti}
+\def\slshape{sl}
+\def\slbshape{bxsl}
+\def\sfshape{ss}
+\def\sfbshape{ss}
+\def\scshape{csc}
+\def\scbshape{csc}
+
+% Definitions for a main text size of 11pt.  (The default in Texinfo.)
+%
+\def\definetextfontsizexi{%
+% Text fonts (11.2pt, magstep1).
+\def\textnominalsize{11pt}
+\edef\mainmagstep{\magstephalf}
+\setfont\textrm\rmshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1}
+\setfont\texttt\ttshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\textbf\bfshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1}
+\setfont\textit\itshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1IT}
+\setfont\textsl\slshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1}
+\setfont\textsf\sfshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1}
+\setfont\textsc\scshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1}
+\setfont\textttsl\ttslshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1TT}
+\font\texti=cmmi10 scaled \mainmagstep
+\font\textsy=cmsy10 scaled \mainmagstep
+\def\textecsize{1095}
+
+% A few fonts for @defun names and args.
+\setfont\defbf\bfshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1}
+\setfont\deftt\ttshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\defsl\slshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\defttsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1TT}
+\def\df{\let\tentt=\deftt \let\tenbf = \defbf
+\let\tenttsl=\defttsl \let\tensl=\defsl \bf}
+
+% Fonts for indices, footnotes, small examples (9pt).
+\def\smallnominalsize{9pt}
+\setfont\smallrm\rmshape{9}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\smalltt\ttshape{9}{1000}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\smallbf\bfshape{10}{900}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallit\itshape{9}{1000}{OT1IT}
+\setfont\smallsl\slshape{9}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallsf\sfshape{9}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallsc\scshape{10}{900}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallttsl\ttslshape{10}{900}{OT1TT}
+\font\smalli=cmmi9
+\font\smallsy=cmsy9
+\def\smallecsize{0900}
+
+% Fonts for small examples (8pt).
+\def\smallernominalsize{8pt}
+\setfont\smallerrm\rmshape{8}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallertt\ttshape{8}{1000}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\smallerbf\bfshape{10}{800}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallerit\itshape{8}{1000}{OT1IT}
+\setfont\smallersl\slshape{8}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallersf\sfshape{8}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallersc\scshape{10}{800}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallerttsl\ttslshape{10}{800}{OT1TT}
+\font\smalleri=cmmi8
+\font\smallersy=cmsy8
+\def\smallerecsize{0800}
+
+% Fonts for title page (20.4pt):
+\def\titlenominalsize{20pt}
+\setfont\titlerm\rmbshape{12}{\magstep3}{OT1}
+\setfont\titleit\itbshape{10}{\magstep4}{OT1IT}
+\setfont\titlesl\slbshape{10}{\magstep4}{OT1}
+\setfont\titlett\ttbshape{12}{\magstep3}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\titlettsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstep4}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\titlesf\sfbshape{17}{\magstep1}{OT1}
+\let\titlebf=\titlerm
+\setfont\titlesc\scbshape{10}{\magstep4}{OT1}
+\font\titlei=cmmi12 scaled \magstep3
+\font\titlesy=cmsy10 scaled \magstep4
+\def\titleecsize{2074}
+
+% Chapter (and unnumbered) fonts (17.28pt).
+\def\chapnominalsize{17pt}
+\setfont\chaprm\rmbshape{12}{\magstep2}{OT1}
+\setfont\chapit\itbshape{10}{\magstep3}{OT1IT}
+\setfont\chapsl\slbshape{10}{\magstep3}{OT1}
+\setfont\chaptt\ttbshape{12}{\magstep2}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\chapttsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstep3}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\chapsf\sfbshape{17}{1000}{OT1}
+\let\chapbf=\chaprm
+\setfont\chapsc\scbshape{10}{\magstep3}{OT1}
+\font\chapi=cmmi12 scaled \magstep2
+\font\chapsy=cmsy10 scaled \magstep3
+\def\chapecsize{1728}
+
+% Section fonts (14.4pt).
+\def\secnominalsize{14pt}
+\setfont\secrm\rmbshape{12}{\magstep1}{OT1}
+\setfont\secrmnotbold\rmshape{12}{\magstep1}{OT1}
+\setfont\secit\itbshape{10}{\magstep2}{OT1IT}
+\setfont\secsl\slbshape{10}{\magstep2}{OT1}
+\setfont\sectt\ttbshape{12}{\magstep1}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\secttsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstep2}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\secsf\sfbshape{12}{\magstep1}{OT1}
+\let\secbf\secrm
+\setfont\secsc\scbshape{10}{\magstep2}{OT1}
+\font\seci=cmmi12 scaled \magstep1
+\font\secsy=cmsy10 scaled \magstep2
+\def\sececsize{1440}
+
+% Subsection fonts (13.15pt).
+\def\ssecnominalsize{13pt}
+\setfont\ssecrm\rmbshape{12}{\magstephalf}{OT1}
+\setfont\ssecit\itbshape{10}{1315}{OT1IT}
+\setfont\ssecsl\slbshape{10}{1315}{OT1}
+\setfont\ssectt\ttbshape{12}{\magstephalf}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\ssecttsl\ttslshape{10}{1315}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\ssecsf\sfbshape{12}{\magstephalf}{OT1}
+\let\ssecbf\ssecrm
+\setfont\ssecsc\scbshape{10}{1315}{OT1}
+\font\sseci=cmmi12 scaled \magstephalf
+\font\ssecsy=cmsy10 scaled 1315
+\def\ssececsize{1200}
+
+% Reduced fonts for @acro in text (10pt).
+\def\reducednominalsize{10pt}
+\setfont\reducedrm\rmshape{10}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\reducedtt\ttshape{10}{1000}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\reducedbf\bfshape{10}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\reducedit\itshape{10}{1000}{OT1IT}
+\setfont\reducedsl\slshape{10}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\reducedsf\sfshape{10}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\reducedsc\scshape{10}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\reducedttsl\ttslshape{10}{1000}{OT1TT}
+\font\reducedi=cmmi10
+\font\reducedsy=cmsy10
+\def\reducedecsize{1000}
+
+\textleading = 13.2pt % line spacing for 11pt CM
+\textfonts            % reset the current fonts
+\rm
+} % end of 11pt text font size definitions, \definetextfontsizexi
+
+
+% Definitions to make the main text be 10pt Computer Modern, with
+% section, chapter, etc., sizes following suit.  This is for the GNU
+% Press printing of the Emacs 22 manual.  Maybe other manuals in the
+% future.  Used with @smallbook, which sets the leading to 12pt.
+%
+\def\definetextfontsizex{%
+% Text fonts (10pt).
+\def\textnominalsize{10pt}
+\edef\mainmagstep{1000}
+\setfont\textrm\rmshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1}
+\setfont\texttt\ttshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\textbf\bfshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1}
+\setfont\textit\itshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1IT}
+\setfont\textsl\slshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1}
+\setfont\textsf\sfshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1}
+\setfont\textsc\scshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1}
+\setfont\textttsl\ttslshape{10}{\mainmagstep}{OT1TT}
+\font\texti=cmmi10 scaled \mainmagstep
+\font\textsy=cmsy10 scaled \mainmagstep
+\def\textecsize{1000}
+
+% A few fonts for @defun names and args.
+\setfont\defbf\bfshape{10}{\magstephalf}{OT1}
+\setfont\deftt\ttshape{10}{\magstephalf}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\defsl\slshape{10}{\magstephalf}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\defttsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstephalf}{OT1TT}
+\def\df{\let\tentt=\deftt \let\tenbf = \defbf
+\let\tensl=\defsl \let\tenttsl=\defttsl \bf}
+
+% Fonts for indices, footnotes, small examples (9pt).
+\def\smallnominalsize{9pt}
+\setfont\smallrm\rmshape{9}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\smalltt\ttshape{9}{1000}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\smallbf\bfshape{10}{900}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallit\itshape{9}{1000}{OT1IT}
+\setfont\smallsl\slshape{9}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallsf\sfshape{9}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallsc\scshape{10}{900}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallttsl\ttslshape{10}{900}{OT1TT}
+\font\smalli=cmmi9
+\font\smallsy=cmsy9
+\def\smallecsize{0900}
+
+% Fonts for small examples (8pt).
+\def\smallernominalsize{8pt}
+\setfont\smallerrm\rmshape{8}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallertt\ttshape{8}{1000}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\smallerbf\bfshape{10}{800}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallerit\itshape{8}{1000}{OT1IT}
+\setfont\smallersl\slshape{8}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallersf\sfshape{8}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallersc\scshape{10}{800}{OT1}
+\setfont\smallerttsl\ttslshape{10}{800}{OT1TT}
+\font\smalleri=cmmi8
+\font\smallersy=cmsy8
+\def\smallerecsize{0800}
+
+% Fonts for title page (20.4pt):
+\def\titlenominalsize{20pt}
+\setfont\titlerm\rmbshape{12}{\magstep3}{OT1}
+\setfont\titleit\itbshape{10}{\magstep4}{OT1IT}
+\setfont\titlesl\slbshape{10}{\magstep4}{OT1}
+\setfont\titlett\ttbshape{12}{\magstep3}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\titlettsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstep4}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\titlesf\sfbshape{17}{\magstep1}{OT1}
+\let\titlebf=\titlerm
+\setfont\titlesc\scbshape{10}{\magstep4}{OT1}
+\font\titlei=cmmi12 scaled \magstep3
+\font\titlesy=cmsy10 scaled \magstep4
+\def\titleecsize{2074}
+
+% Chapter fonts (14.4pt).
+\def\chapnominalsize{14pt}
+\setfont\chaprm\rmbshape{12}{\magstep1}{OT1}
+\setfont\chapit\itbshape{10}{\magstep2}{OT1IT}
+\setfont\chapsl\slbshape{10}{\magstep2}{OT1}
+\setfont\chaptt\ttbshape{12}{\magstep1}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\chapttsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstep2}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\chapsf\sfbshape{12}{\magstep1}{OT1}
+\let\chapbf\chaprm
+\setfont\chapsc\scbshape{10}{\magstep2}{OT1}
+\font\chapi=cmmi12 scaled \magstep1
+\font\chapsy=cmsy10 scaled \magstep2
+\def\chapecsize{1440}
+
+% Section fonts (12pt).
+\def\secnominalsize{12pt}
+\setfont\secrm\rmbshape{12}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\secit\itbshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1IT}
+\setfont\secsl\slbshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1}
+\setfont\sectt\ttbshape{12}{1000}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\secttsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\secsf\sfbshape{12}{1000}{OT1}
+\let\secbf\secrm
+\setfont\secsc\scbshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1}
+\font\seci=cmmi12
+\font\secsy=cmsy10 scaled \magstep1
+\def\sececsize{1200}
+
+% Subsection fonts (10pt).
+\def\ssecnominalsize{10pt}
+\setfont\ssecrm\rmbshape{10}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\ssecit\itbshape{10}{1000}{OT1IT}
+\setfont\ssecsl\slbshape{10}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\ssectt\ttbshape{10}{1000}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\ssecttsl\ttslshape{10}{1000}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\ssecsf\sfbshape{10}{1000}{OT1}
+\let\ssecbf\ssecrm
+\setfont\ssecsc\scbshape{10}{1000}{OT1}
+\font\sseci=cmmi10
+\font\ssecsy=cmsy10
+\def\ssececsize{1000}
+
+% Reduced fonts for @acro in text (9pt).
+\def\reducednominalsize{9pt}
+\setfont\reducedrm\rmshape{9}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\reducedtt\ttshape{9}{1000}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\reducedbf\bfshape{10}{900}{OT1}
+\setfont\reducedit\itshape{9}{1000}{OT1IT}
+\setfont\reducedsl\slshape{9}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\reducedsf\sfshape{9}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\reducedsc\scshape{10}{900}{OT1}
+\setfont\reducedttsl\ttslshape{10}{900}{OT1TT}
+\font\reducedi=cmmi9
+\font\reducedsy=cmsy9
+\def\reducedecsize{0900}
+
+\divide\parskip by 2  % reduce space between paragraphs
+\textleading = 12pt   % line spacing for 10pt CM
+\textfonts            % reset the current fonts
+\rm
+} % end of 10pt text font size definitions, \definetextfontsizex
+
+
+% We provide the user-level command
+%   @fonttextsize 10
+% (or 11) to redefine the text font size.  pt is assumed.
+%
+\def\xiword{11}
+\def\xword{10}
+\def\xwordpt{10pt}
+%
+\parseargdef\fonttextsize{%
+  \def\textsizearg{#1}%
+  %\wlog{doing @fonttextsize \textsizearg}%
+  %
+  % Set \globaldefs so that documents can use this inside @tex, since
+  % makeinfo 4.8 does not support it, but we need it nonetheless.
+  %
+ \begingroup \globaldefs=1
+  \ifx\textsizearg\xword \definetextfontsizex
+  \else \ifx\textsizearg\xiword \definetextfontsizexi
+  \else
+    \errhelp=\EMsimple
+    \errmessage{@fonttextsize only supports `10' or `11', not `\textsizearg'}
+  \fi\fi
+ \endgroup
+}
+
+% In order for the font changes to affect most math symbols and letters,
+% we have to define the \textfont of the standard families.  We don't
+% bother to reset \scriptfont and \scriptscriptfont; awaiting user need.
+%
+\def\resetmathfonts{%
+  \textfont0=\tenrm \textfont1=\teni \textfont2=\tensy
+  \textfont\itfam=\tenit \textfont\slfam=\tensl \textfont\bffam=\tenbf
+  \textfont\ttfam=\tentt \textfont\sffam=\tensf
+}
+
+% The font-changing commands redefine the meanings of \tenSTYLE, instead
+% of just \STYLE.  We do this because \STYLE needs to also set the
+% current \fam for math mode.  Our \STYLE (e.g., \rm) commands hardwire
+% \tenSTYLE to set the current font.
+%
+% Each font-changing command also sets the names \lsize (one size lower)
+% and \lllsize (three sizes lower).  These relative commands are used
+% in, e.g., the LaTeX logo and acronyms.
+%
+% This all needs generalizing, badly.
+%
+\def\textfonts{%
+  \let\tenrm=\textrm \let\tenit=\textit \let\tensl=\textsl
+  \let\tenbf=\textbf \let\tentt=\texttt \let\smallcaps=\textsc
+  \let\tensf=\textsf \let\teni=\texti \let\tensy=\textsy
+  \let\tenttsl=\textttsl
+  \def\curfontsize{text}%
+  \def\lsize{reduced}\def\lllsize{smaller}%
+  \resetmathfonts \setleading{\textleading}}
+\def\titlefonts{%
+  \let\tenrm=\titlerm \let\tenit=\titleit \let\tensl=\titlesl
+  \let\tenbf=\titlebf \let\tentt=\titlett \let\smallcaps=\titlesc
+  \let\tensf=\titlesf \let\teni=\titlei \let\tensy=\titlesy
+  \let\tenttsl=\titlettsl
+  \def\curfontsize{title}%
+  \def\lsize{chap}\def\lllsize{subsec}%
+  \resetmathfonts \setleading{27pt}}
+\def\titlefont#1{{\titlefonts\rmisbold #1}}
+\def\chapfonts{%
+  \let\tenrm=\chaprm \let\tenit=\chapit \let\tensl=\chapsl
+  \let\tenbf=\chapbf \let\tentt=\chaptt \let\smallcaps=\chapsc
+  \let\tensf=\chapsf \let\teni=\chapi \let\tensy=\chapsy
+  \let\tenttsl=\chapttsl
+  \def\curfontsize{chap}%
+  \def\lsize{sec}\def\lllsize{text}%
+  \resetmathfonts \setleading{19pt}}
+\def\secfonts{%
+  \let\tenrm=\secrm \let\tenit=\secit \let\tensl=\secsl
+  \let\tenbf=\secbf \let\tentt=\sectt \let\smallcaps=\secsc
+  \let\tensf=\secsf \let\teni=\seci \let\tensy=\secsy
+  \let\tenttsl=\secttsl
+  \def\curfontsize{sec}%
+  \def\lsize{subsec}\def\lllsize{reduced}%
+  \resetmathfonts \setleading{17pt}}
+\def\subsecfonts{%
+  \let\tenrm=\ssecrm \let\tenit=\ssecit \let\tensl=\ssecsl
+  \let\tenbf=\ssecbf \let\tentt=\ssectt \let\smallcaps=\ssecsc
+  \let\tensf=\ssecsf \let\teni=\sseci \let\tensy=\ssecsy
+  \let\tenttsl=\ssecttsl
+  \def\curfontsize{ssec}%
+  \def\lsize{text}\def\lllsize{small}%
+  \resetmathfonts \setleading{15pt}}
+\let\subsubsecfonts = \subsecfonts
+\def\reducedfonts{%
+  \let\tenrm=\reducedrm \let\tenit=\reducedit \let\tensl=\reducedsl
+  \let\tenbf=\reducedbf \let\tentt=\reducedtt \let\reducedcaps=\reducedsc
+  \let\tensf=\reducedsf \let\teni=\reducedi \let\tensy=\reducedsy
+  \let\tenttsl=\reducedttsl
+  \def\curfontsize{reduced}%
+  \def\lsize{small}\def\lllsize{smaller}%
+  \resetmathfonts \setleading{10.5pt}}
+\def\smallfonts{%
+  \let\tenrm=\smallrm \let\tenit=\smallit \let\tensl=\smallsl
+  \let\tenbf=\smallbf \let\tentt=\smalltt \let\smallcaps=\smallsc
+  \let\tensf=\smallsf \let\teni=\smalli \let\tensy=\smallsy
+  \let\tenttsl=\smallttsl
+  \def\curfontsize{small}%
+  \def\lsize{smaller}\def\lllsize{smaller}%
+  \resetmathfonts \setleading{10.5pt}}
+\def\smallerfonts{%
+  \let\tenrm=\smallerrm \let\tenit=\smallerit \let\tensl=\smallersl
+  \let\tenbf=\smallerbf \let\tentt=\smallertt \let\smallcaps=\smallersc
+  \let\tensf=\smallersf \let\teni=\smalleri \let\tensy=\smallersy
+  \let\tenttsl=\smallerttsl
+  \def\curfontsize{smaller}%
+  \def\lsize{smaller}\def\lllsize{smaller}%
+  \resetmathfonts \setleading{9.5pt}}
+
+% Fonts for short table of contents.
+\setfont\shortcontrm\rmshape{12}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\shortcontbf\bfshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1}  % no cmb12
+\setfont\shortcontsl\slshape{12}{1000}{OT1}
+\setfont\shortconttt\ttshape{12}{1000}{OT1TT}
+
+% Define these just so they can be easily changed for other fonts.
+\def\angleleft{$\langle$}
+\def\angleright{$\rangle$}
+
+% Set the fonts to use with the @small... environments.
+\let\smallexamplefonts = \smallfonts
+
+% About \smallexamplefonts.  If we use \smallfonts (9pt), @smallexample
+% can fit this many characters:
+%   8.5x11=86   smallbook=72  a4=90  a5=69
+% If we use \scriptfonts (8pt), then we can fit this many characters:
+%   8.5x11=90+  smallbook=80  a4=90+  a5=77
+% For me, subjectively, the few extra characters that fit aren't worth
+% the additional smallness of 8pt.  So I'm making the default 9pt.
+%
+% By the way, for comparison, here's what fits with @example (10pt):
+%   8.5x11=71  smallbook=60  a4=75  a5=58
+% --karl, 24jan03.
+
+% Set up the default fonts, so we can use them for creating boxes.
+%
+\definetextfontsizexi
+
+
+\message{markup,}
+
+% Check if we are currently using a typewriter font.  Since all the
+% Computer Modern typewriter fonts have zero interword stretch (and
+% shrink), and it is reasonable to expect all typewriter fonts to have
+% this property, we can check that font parameter.
+%
+\def\ifmonospace{\ifdim\fontdimen3\font=0pt }
+
+% Markup style infrastructure.  \defmarkupstylesetup\INITMACRO will
+% define and register \INITMACRO to be called on markup style changes.
+% \INITMACRO can check \currentmarkupstyle for the innermost
+% style and the set of \ifmarkupSTYLE switches for all styles
+% currently in effect.
+\newif\ifmarkupvar
+\newif\ifmarkupsamp
+\newif\ifmarkupkey
+%\newif\ifmarkupfile % @file == @samp.
+%\newif\ifmarkupoption % @option == @samp.
+\newif\ifmarkupcode
+\newif\ifmarkupkbd
+%\newif\ifmarkupenv % @env == @code.
+%\newif\ifmarkupcommand % @command == @code.
+\newif\ifmarkuptex % @tex (and part of @math, for now).
+\newif\ifmarkupexample
+\newif\ifmarkupverb
+\newif\ifmarkupverbatim
+
+\let\currentmarkupstyle\empty
+
+\def\setupmarkupstyle#1{%
+  \csname markup#1true\endcsname
+  \def\currentmarkupstyle{#1}%
+  \markupstylesetup
+}
+
+\let\markupstylesetup\empty
+
+\def\defmarkupstylesetup#1{%
+  \expandafter\def\expandafter\markupstylesetup
+    \expandafter{\markupstylesetup #1}%
+  \def#1%
+}
+
+% Markup style setup for left and right quotes.
+\defmarkupstylesetup\markupsetuplq{%
+  \expandafter\let\expandafter \temp
+    \csname markupsetuplq\currentmarkupstyle\endcsname
+  \ifx\temp\relax \markupsetuplqdefault \else \temp \fi
+}
+
+\defmarkupstylesetup\markupsetuprq{%
+  \expandafter\let\expandafter \temp
+    \csname markupsetuprq\currentmarkupstyle\endcsname
+  \ifx\temp\relax \markupsetuprqdefault \else \temp \fi
+}
+
+{
+\catcode`\'=\active
+\catcode`\`=\active
+
+\gdef\markupsetuplqdefault{\let`\lq}
+\gdef\markupsetuprqdefault{\let'\rq}
+
+\gdef\markupsetcodequoteleft{\let`\codequoteleft}
+\gdef\markupsetcodequoteright{\let'\codequoteright}
+}
+
+\let\markupsetuplqcode \markupsetcodequoteleft
+\let\markupsetuprqcode \markupsetcodequoteright
+%
+\let\markupsetuplqexample \markupsetcodequoteleft
+\let\markupsetuprqexample \markupsetcodequoteright
+%
+\let\markupsetuplqkbd     \markupsetcodequoteleft
+\let\markupsetuprqkbd     \markupsetcodequoteright
+%
+\let\markupsetuplqsamp \markupsetcodequoteleft
+\let\markupsetuprqsamp \markupsetcodequoteright
+%
+\let\markupsetuplqverb \markupsetcodequoteleft
+\let\markupsetuprqverb \markupsetcodequoteright
+%
+\let\markupsetuplqverbatim \markupsetcodequoteleft
+\let\markupsetuprqverbatim \markupsetcodequoteright
+
+% Allow an option to not use regular directed right quote/apostrophe
+% (char 0x27), but instead the undirected quote from cmtt (char 0x0d).
+% The undirected quote is ugly, so don't make it the default, but it
+% works for pasting with more pdf viewers (at least evince), the
+% lilypond developers report.  xpdf does work with the regular 0x27.
+%
+\def\codequoteright{%
+  \expandafter\ifx\csname SETtxicodequoteundirected\endcsname\relax
+    \expandafter\ifx\csname SETcodequoteundirected\endcsname\relax
+      '%
+    \else \char'15 \fi
+  \else \char'15 \fi
+}
+%
+% and a similar option for the left quote char vs. a grave accent.
+% Modern fonts display ASCII 0x60 as a grave accent, so some people like
+% the code environments to do likewise.
+%
+\def\codequoteleft{%
+  \expandafter\ifx\csname SETtxicodequotebacktick\endcsname\relax
+    \expandafter\ifx\csname SETcodequotebacktick\endcsname\relax
+      % [Knuth] pp. 380,381,391
+      % \relax disables Spanish ligatures ?` and !` of \tt font.
+      \relax`%
+    \else \char'22 \fi
+  \else \char'22 \fi
+}
+
+% Commands to set the quote options.
+% 
+\parseargdef\codequoteundirected{%
+  \def\temp{#1}%
+  \ifx\temp\onword
+    \expandafter\let\csname SETtxicodequoteundirected\endcsname
+      = t%
+  \else\ifx\temp\offword
+    \expandafter\let\csname SETtxicodequoteundirected\endcsname
+      = \relax
+  \else
+    \errhelp = \EMsimple
+    \errmessage{Unknown @codequoteundirected value `\temp', must be on|off}%
+  \fi\fi
+}
+%
+\parseargdef\codequotebacktick{%
+  \def\temp{#1}%
+  \ifx\temp\onword
+    \expandafter\let\csname SETtxicodequotebacktick\endcsname
+      = t%
+  \else\ifx\temp\offword
+    \expandafter\let\csname SETtxicodequotebacktick\endcsname
+      = \relax
+  \else
+    \errhelp = \EMsimple
+    \errmessage{Unknown @codequotebacktick value `\temp', must be on|off}%
+  \fi\fi
+}
+
+% [Knuth] pp. 380,381,391, disable Spanish ligatures ?` and !` of \tt font.
+\def\noligaturesquoteleft{\relax\lq}
+
+% Count depth in font-changes, for error checks
+\newcount\fontdepth \fontdepth=0
+
+% Font commands.
+
+% #1 is the font command (\sl or \it), #2 is the text to slant.
+% If we are in a monospaced environment, however, 1) always use \ttsl,
+% and 2) do not add an italic correction.
+\def\dosmartslant#1#2{%
+  \ifusingtt 
+    {{\ttsl #2}\let\next=\relax}%
+    {\def\next{{#1#2}\futurelet\next\smartitaliccorrection}}%
+  \next
+}
+\def\smartslanted{\dosmartslant\sl}
+\def\smartitalic{\dosmartslant\it}
+
+% Output an italic correction unless \next (presumed to be the following
+% character) is such as not to need one.
+\def\smartitaliccorrection{%
+  \ifx\next,%
+  \else\ifx\next-%
+  \else\ifx\next.%
+  \else\ifx\next\.%
+  \else\ifx\next\comma%
+  \else\ptexslash
+  \fi\fi\fi\fi\fi
+  \aftersmartic
+}
+
+% Unconditional use \ttsl, and no ic.  @var is set to this for defuns.
+\def\ttslanted#1{{\ttsl #1}}
+
+% @cite is like \smartslanted except unconditionally use \sl.  We never want
+% ttsl for book titles, do we?
+\def\cite#1{{\sl #1}\futurelet\next\smartitaliccorrection}
+
+\def\aftersmartic{}
+\def\var#1{%
+  \let\saveaftersmartic = \aftersmartic
+  \def\aftersmartic{\null\let\aftersmartic=\saveaftersmartic}%
+  \smartslanted{#1}%
+}
+
+\let\i=\smartitalic
+\let\slanted=\smartslanted
+\let\dfn=\smartslanted
+\let\emph=\smartitalic
+
+% Explicit font changes: @r, @sc, undocumented @ii.
+\def\r#1{{\rm #1}}              % roman font
+\def\sc#1{{\smallcaps#1}}       % smallcaps font
+\def\ii#1{{\it #1}}             % italic font
+
+% @b, explicit bold.  Also @strong.
+\def\b#1{{\bf #1}}
+\let\strong=\b
+
+% @sansserif, explicit sans.
+\def\sansserif#1{{\sf #1}}
+
+% We can't just use \exhyphenpenalty, because that only has effect at
+% the end of a paragraph.  Restore normal hyphenation at the end of the
+% group within which \nohyphenation is presumably called.
+%
+\def\nohyphenation{\hyphenchar\font = -1  \aftergroup\restorehyphenation}
+\def\restorehyphenation{\hyphenchar\font = `- }
+
+% Set sfcode to normal for the chars that usually have another value.
+% Can't use plain's \frenchspacing because it uses the `\x notation, and
+% sometimes \x has an active definition that messes things up.
+%
+\catcode`@=11
+  \def\plainfrenchspacing{%
+    \sfcode\dotChar  =\@m \sfcode\questChar=\@m \sfcode\exclamChar=\@m
+    \sfcode\colonChar=\@m \sfcode\semiChar =\@m \sfcode\commaChar =\@m
+    \def\endofsentencespacefactor{1000}% for @. and friends
+  }
+  \def\plainnonfrenchspacing{%
+    \sfcode`\.3000\sfcode`\?3000\sfcode`\!3000
+    \sfcode`\:2000\sfcode`\;1500\sfcode`\,1250
+    \def\endofsentencespacefactor{3000}% for @. and friends
+  }
+\catcode`@=\other
+\def\endofsentencespacefactor{3000}% default
+
+% @t, explicit typewriter.
+\def\t#1{%
+  {\tt \rawbackslash \plainfrenchspacing #1}%
+  \null
+}
+
+% @samp.
+\def\samp#1{{\setupmarkupstyle{samp}\lq\tclose{#1}\rq\null}}
+
+% @indicateurl is \samp, that is, with quotes.
+\let\indicateurl=\samp
+
+% @code (and similar) prints in typewriter, but with spaces the same
+% size as normal in the surrounding text, without hyphenation, etc.
+% This is a subroutine for that.
+\def\tclose#1{%
+  {%
+    % Change normal interword space to be same as for the current font.
+    \spaceskip = \fontdimen2\font
+    %
+    % Switch to typewriter.
+    \tt
+    %
+    % But `\ ' produces the large typewriter interword space.
+    \def\ {{\spaceskip = 0pt{} }}%
+    %
+    % Turn off hyphenation.
+    \nohyphenation
+    %
+    \rawbackslash
+    \plainfrenchspacing
+    #1%
+  }%
+  \null % reset spacefactor to 1000
+}
+
+% We *must* turn on hyphenation at `-' and `_' in @code.
+% (But see \codedashfinish below.)
+% Otherwise, it is too hard to avoid overfull hboxes
+% in the Emacs manual, the Library manual, etc.
+%
+% Unfortunately, TeX uses one parameter (\hyphenchar) to control
+% both hyphenation at - and hyphenation within words.
+% We must therefore turn them both off (\tclose does that)
+% and arrange explicitly to hyphenate at a dash. -- rms.
+{
+  \catcode`\-=\active \catcode`\_=\active
+  \catcode`\'=\active \catcode`\`=\active
+  \global\let'=\rq \global\let`=\lq  % default definitions
+  %
+  \global\def\code{\begingroup
+    \setupmarkupstyle{code}%
+    % The following should really be moved into \setupmarkupstyle handlers.
+    \catcode\dashChar=\active  \catcode\underChar=\active
+    \ifallowcodebreaks
+     \let-\codedash
+     \let_\codeunder
+    \else
+     \let-\normaldash
+     \let_\realunder
+    \fi
+    % Given -foo (with a single dash), we do not want to allow a break
+    % after the hyphen.
+    \global\let\codedashprev=\codedash
+    %
+    \codex
+  }
+  %
+  \gdef\codedash{\futurelet\next\codedashfinish}
+  \gdef\codedashfinish{%
+    \normaldash % always output the dash character itself.
+    % 
+    % Now, output a discretionary to allow a line break, unless
+    % (a) the next character is a -, or
+    % (b) the preceding character is a -.
+    % E.g., given --posix, we do not want to allow a break after either -.
+    % Given --foo-bar, we do want to allow a break between the - and the b.
+    \ifx\next\codedash \else
+      \ifx\codedashprev\codedash 
+      \else \discretionary{}{}{}\fi
+    \fi
+    % we need the space after the = for the case when \next itself is a
+    % space token; it would get swallowed otherwise.  As in @code{- a}.
+    \global\let\codedashprev= \next
+  }
+}
+\def\normaldash{-}
+%
+\def\codex #1{\tclose{#1}\endgroup}
+
+\def\codeunder{%
+  % this is all so @math{@code{var_name}+1} can work.  In math mode, _
+  % is "active" (mathcode"8000) and \normalunderscore (or \char95, etc.)
+  % will therefore expand the active definition of _, which is us
+  % (inside @code that is), therefore an endless loop.
+  \ifusingtt{\ifmmode
+               \mathchar"075F % class 0=ordinary, family 7=ttfam, pos 0x5F=_.
+             \else\normalunderscore \fi
+             \discretionary{}{}{}}%
+            {\_}%
+}
+
+% An additional complication: the above will allow breaks after, e.g.,
+% each of the four underscores in __typeof__.  This is bad.
+% @allowcodebreaks provides a document-level way to turn breaking at -
+% and _ on and off.
+%
+\newif\ifallowcodebreaks  \allowcodebreakstrue
+
+\def\keywordtrue{true}
+\def\keywordfalse{false}
+
+\parseargdef\allowcodebreaks{%
+  \def\txiarg{#1}%
+  \ifx\txiarg\keywordtrue
+    \allowcodebreakstrue
+  \else\ifx\txiarg\keywordfalse
+    \allowcodebreaksfalse
+  \else
+    \errhelp = \EMsimple
+    \errmessage{Unknown @allowcodebreaks option `\txiarg', must be true|false}%
+  \fi\fi
+}
+
+% For @command, @env, @file, @option quotes seem unnecessary,
+% so use \code rather than \samp.
+\let\command=\code
+\let\env=\code
+\let\file=\code
+\let\option=\code
+
+% @uref (abbreviation for `urlref') aka @url takes an optional
+% (comma-separated) second argument specifying the text to display and
+% an optional third arg as text to display instead of (rather than in
+% addition to) the url itself.  First (mandatory) arg is the url.
+
+% TeX-only option to allow changing PDF output to show only the second
+% arg (if given), and not the url (which is then just the link target).
+\newif\ifurefurlonlylink
+
+% The main macro is \urefbreak, which allows breaking at expected
+% places within the url.  (There used to be another version, which
+% didn't support automatic breaking.)
+\def\urefbreak{\begingroup \urefcatcodes \dourefbreak}
+\let\uref=\urefbreak
+%
+\def\dourefbreak#1{\urefbreakfinish #1,,,\finish}
+\def\urefbreakfinish#1,#2,#3,#4\finish{% doesn't work in @example
+  \unsepspaces
+  \pdfurl{#1}%
+  \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #3}%
+  \ifdim\wd0 > 0pt
+    \unhbox0 % third arg given, show only that
+  \else
+    \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #2}% look for second arg
+    \ifdim\wd0 > 0pt
+      \ifpdf
+        \ifurefurlonlylink
+          % PDF plus option to not display url, show just arg
+          \unhbox0             
+        \else
+          % PDF, normally display both arg and url for consistency,
+          % visibility, if the pdf is eventually used to print, etc.
+          \unhbox0\ (\urefcode{#1})%
+        \fi
+      \else
+        \unhbox0\ (\urefcode{#1})% DVI, always show arg and url
+      \fi
+    \else
+      \urefcode{#1}% only url given, so show it
+    \fi
+  \fi
+  \endlink
+\endgroup}
+
+% Allow line breaks around only a few characters (only).
+\def\urefcatcodes{%
+  \catcode\ampChar=\active   \catcode\dotChar=\active
+  \catcode\hashChar=\active  \catcode\questChar=\active
+  \catcode\slashChar=\active
+}
+{
+  \urefcatcodes
+  %
+  \global\def\urefcode{\begingroup
+    \setupmarkupstyle{code}%
+    \urefcatcodes
+    \let&\urefcodeamp
+    \let.\urefcodedot
+    \let#\urefcodehash
+    \let?\urefcodequest
+    \let/\urefcodeslash
+    \codex
+  }
+  %
+  % By default, they are just regular characters.
+  \global\def&{\normalamp}
+  \global\def.{\normaldot}
+  \global\def#{\normalhash}
+  \global\def?{\normalquest}
+  \global\def/{\normalslash}
+}
+
+% we put a little stretch before and after the breakable chars, to help
+% line breaking of long url's.  The unequal skips make look better in
+% cmtt at least, especially for dots.
+\def\urefprestretchamount{.13em}
+\def\urefpoststretchamount{.1em}
+\def\urefprestretch{\urefprebreak \hskip0pt plus\urefprestretchamount\relax}
+\def\urefpoststretch{\urefpostbreak \hskip0pt plus\urefprestretchamount\relax}
+%
+\def\urefcodeamp{\urefprestretch \&\urefpoststretch}
+\def\urefcodedot{\urefprestretch .\urefpoststretch}
+\def\urefcodehash{\urefprestretch \#\urefpoststretch}
+\def\urefcodequest{\urefprestretch ?\urefpoststretch}
+\def\urefcodeslash{\futurelet\next\urefcodeslashfinish}
+{
+  \catcode`\/=\active
+  \global\def\urefcodeslashfinish{%
+    \urefprestretch \slashChar
+    % Allow line break only after the final / in a sequence of
+    % slashes, to avoid line break between the slashes in http://.
+    \ifx\next/\else \urefpoststretch \fi
+  }
+}
+
+% One more complication: by default we'll break after the special
+% characters, but some people like to break before the special chars, so
+% allow that.  Also allow no breaking at all, for manual control.
+% 
+\parseargdef\urefbreakstyle{%
+  \def\txiarg{#1}%
+  \ifx\txiarg\wordnone
+    \def\urefprebreak{\nobreak}\def\urefpostbreak{\nobreak}
+  \else\ifx\txiarg\wordbefore
+    \def\urefprebreak{\allowbreak}\def\urefpostbreak{\nobreak}
+  \else\ifx\txiarg\wordafter
+    \def\urefprebreak{\nobreak}\def\urefpostbreak{\allowbreak}
+  \else
+    \errhelp = \EMsimple
+    \errmessage{Unknown @urefbreakstyle setting `\txiarg'}%
+  \fi\fi\fi
+}
+\def\wordafter{after}
+\def\wordbefore{before}
+\def\wordnone{none}
+
+\urefbreakstyle after
+
+% @url synonym for @uref, since that's how everyone uses it.
+%
+\let\url=\uref
+
+% rms does not like angle brackets --karl, 17may97.
+% So now @email is just like @uref, unless we are pdf.
+%
+%\def\email#1{\angleleft{\tt #1}\angleright}
+\ifpdf
+  \def\email#1{\doemail#1,,\finish}
+  \def\doemail#1,#2,#3\finish{\begingroup
+    \unsepspaces
+    \pdfurl{mailto:#1}%
+    \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #2}%
+    \ifdim\wd0>0pt\unhbox0\else\code{#1}\fi
+    \endlink
+  \endgroup}
+\else
+  \let\email=\uref
+\fi
+
+% @kbdinputstyle -- arg is `distinct' (@kbd uses slanted tty font always),
+%   `example' (@kbd uses ttsl only inside of @example and friends),
+%   or `code' (@kbd uses normal tty font always).
+\parseargdef\kbdinputstyle{%
+  \def\txiarg{#1}%
+  \ifx\txiarg\worddistinct
+    \gdef\kbdexamplefont{\ttsl}\gdef\kbdfont{\ttsl}%
+  \else\ifx\txiarg\wordexample
+    \gdef\kbdexamplefont{\ttsl}\gdef\kbdfont{\tt}%
+  \else\ifx\txiarg\wordcode
+    \gdef\kbdexamplefont{\tt}\gdef\kbdfont{\tt}%
+  \else
+    \errhelp = \EMsimple
+    \errmessage{Unknown @kbdinputstyle setting `\txiarg'}%
+  \fi\fi\fi
+}
+\def\worddistinct{distinct}
+\def\wordexample{example}
+\def\wordcode{code}
+
+% Default is `distinct'.
+\kbdinputstyle distinct
+
+% @kbd is like @code, except that if the argument is just one @key command,
+% then @kbd has no effect.
+\def\kbd#1{{\def\look{#1}\expandafter\kbdsub\look??\par}}
+
+\def\xkey{\key}
+\def\kbdsub#1#2#3\par{%
+  \def\one{#1}\def\three{#3}\def\threex{??}%
+  \ifx\one\xkey\ifx\threex\three \key{#2}%
+  \else{\tclose{\kbdfont\setupmarkupstyle{kbd}\look}}\fi
+  \else{\tclose{\kbdfont\setupmarkupstyle{kbd}\look}}\fi
+}
+
+% definition of @key that produces a lozenge.  Doesn't adjust to text size.
+%\setfont\keyrm\rmshape{8}{1000}{OT1}
+%\font\keysy=cmsy9
+%\def\key#1{{\keyrm\textfont2=\keysy \leavevmode\hbox{%
+%  \raise0.4pt\hbox{\angleleft}\kern-.08em\vtop{%
+%    \vbox{\hrule\kern-0.4pt
+%     \hbox{\raise0.4pt\hbox{\vphantom{\angleleft}}#1}}%
+%    \kern-0.4pt\hrule}%
+%  \kern-.06em\raise0.4pt\hbox{\angleright}}}}
+
+% definition of @key with no lozenge.  If the current font is already
+% monospace, don't change it; that way, we respect @kbdinputstyle.  But
+% if it isn't monospace, then use \tt.
+%
+\def\key#1{{\setupmarkupstyle{key}%
+  \nohyphenation
+  \ifmonospace\else\tt\fi
+  #1}\null}
+
+% @clicksequence{File @click{} Open ...}
+\def\clicksequence#1{\begingroup #1\endgroup}
+
+% @clickstyle @arrow   (by default)
+\parseargdef\clickstyle{\def\click{#1}}
+\def\click{\arrow}
+
+% Typeset a dimension, e.g., `in' or `pt'.  The only reason for the
+% argument is to make the input look right: @dmn{pt} instead of @dmn{}pt.
+%
+\def\dmn#1{\thinspace #1}
+
+% @acronym for "FBI", "NATO", and the like.
+% We print this one point size smaller, since it's intended for
+% all-uppercase.
+%
+\def\acronym#1{\doacronym #1,,\finish}
+\def\doacronym#1,#2,#3\finish{%
+  {\selectfonts\lsize #1}%
+  \def\temp{#2}%
+  \ifx\temp\empty \else
+    \space ({\unsepspaces \ignorespaces \temp \unskip})%
+  \fi
+  \null % reset \spacefactor=1000
+}
+
+% @abbr for "Comput. J." and the like.
+% No font change, but don't do end-of-sentence spacing.
+%
+\def\abbr#1{\doabbr #1,,\finish}
+\def\doabbr#1,#2,#3\finish{%
+  {\plainfrenchspacing #1}%
+  \def\temp{#2}%
+  \ifx\temp\empty \else
+    \space ({\unsepspaces \ignorespaces \temp \unskip})%
+  \fi
+  \null % reset \spacefactor=1000
+}
+
+% @asis just yields its argument.  Used with @table, for example.
+%
+\def\asis#1{#1}
+
+% @math outputs its argument in math mode.
+%
+% One complication: _ usually means subscripts, but it could also mean
+% an actual _ character, as in @math{@var{some_variable} + 1}.  So make
+% _ active, and distinguish by seeing if the current family is \slfam,
+% which is what @var uses.
+{
+  \catcode`\_ = \active
+  \gdef\mathunderscore{%
+    \catcode`\_=\active
+    \def_{\ifnum\fam=\slfam \_\else\sb\fi}%
+  }
+}
+% Another complication: we want \\ (and @\) to output a math (or tt) \.
+% FYI, plain.tex uses \\ as a temporary control sequence (for no
+% particular reason), but this is not advertised and we don't care.
+%
+% The \mathchar is class=0=ordinary, family=7=ttfam, position=5C=\.
+\def\mathbackslash{\ifnum\fam=\ttfam \mathchar"075C \else\backslash \fi}
+%
+\def\math{%
+  \tex
+  \mathunderscore
+  \let\\ = \mathbackslash
+  \mathactive
+  % make the texinfo accent commands work in math mode
+  \let\"=\ddot
+  \let\'=\acute
+  \let\==\bar
+  \let\^=\hat
+  \let\`=\grave
+  \let\u=\breve
+  \let\v=\check
+  \let\~=\tilde
+  \let\dotaccent=\dot
+  % have to provide another name for sup operator
+  \let\mathopsup=\sup
+  $\finishmath
+}
+\def\finishmath#1{#1$\endgroup}  % Close the group opened by \tex.
+
+% Some active characters (such as <) are spaced differently in math.
+% We have to reset their definitions in case the @math was an argument
+% to a command which sets the catcodes (such as @item or @section).
+%
+{
+  \catcode`^ = \active
+  \catcode`< = \active
+  \catcode`> = \active
+  \catcode`+ = \active
+  \catcode`' = \active
+  \gdef\mathactive{%
+    \let^ = \ptexhat
+    \let< = \ptexless
+    \let> = \ptexgtr
+    \let+ = \ptexplus
+    \let' = \ptexquoteright
+  }
+}
+
+% for @sub and @sup, if in math mode, just do a normal sub/superscript.
+% If in text, use math to place as sub/superscript, but switch
+% into text mode, with smaller fonts.  This is a different font than the
+% one used for real math sub/superscripts (8pt vs. 7pt), but let's not
+% fix it (significant additions to font machinery) until someone notices.
+%
+\def\sub{\ifmmode \expandafter\sb \else \expandafter\finishsub\fi}
+\def\finishsub#1{$\sb{\hbox{\selectfonts\lllsize #1}}$}%
+%
+\def\sup{\ifmmode \expandafter\ptexsp \else \expandafter\finishsup\fi}
+\def\finishsup#1{$\ptexsp{\hbox{\selectfonts\lllsize #1}}$}%
+
+% @inlinefmt{FMTNAME,PROCESSED-TEXT} and @inlineraw{FMTNAME,RAW-TEXT}.
+% Ignore unless FMTNAME == tex; then it is like @iftex and @tex,
+% except specified as a normal braced arg, so no newlines to worry about.
+% 
+\def\outfmtnametex{tex}
+%
+\long\def\inlinefmt#1{\doinlinefmt #1,\finish}
+\long\def\doinlinefmt#1,#2,\finish{%
+  \def\inlinefmtname{#1}%
+  \ifx\inlinefmtname\outfmtnametex \ignorespaces #2\fi
+}
+% 
+% @inlinefmtifelse{FMTNAME,THEN-TEXT,ELSE-TEXT} expands THEN-TEXT if
+% FMTNAME is tex, else ELSE-TEXT.
+\long\def\inlinefmtifelse#1{\doinlinefmtifelse #1,,,\finish}
+\long\def\doinlinefmtifelse#1,#2,#3,#4,\finish{%
+  \def\inlinefmtname{#1}%
+  \ifx\inlinefmtname\outfmtnametex \ignorespaces #2\else \ignorespaces #3\fi
+}
+%
+% For raw, must switch into @tex before parsing the argument, to avoid
+% setting catcodes prematurely.  Doing it this way means that, for
+% example, @inlineraw{html, foo{bar} gets a parse error instead of being
+% ignored.  But this isn't important because if people want a literal
+% *right* brace they would have to use a command anyway, so they may as
+% well use a command to get a left brace too.  We could re-use the
+% delimiter character idea from \verb, but it seems like overkill.
+% 
+\long\def\inlineraw{\tex \doinlineraw}
+\long\def\doinlineraw#1{\doinlinerawtwo #1,\finish}
+\def\doinlinerawtwo#1,#2,\finish{%
+  \def\inlinerawname{#1}%
+  \ifx\inlinerawname\outfmtnametex \ignorespaces #2\fi
+  \endgroup % close group opened by \tex.
+}
+
+% @inlineifset{VAR, TEXT} expands TEXT if VAR is @set.
+%
+\long\def\inlineifset#1{\doinlineifset #1,\finish}
+\long\def\doinlineifset#1,#2,\finish{%
+  \def\inlinevarname{#1}%
+  \expandafter\ifx\csname SET\inlinevarname\endcsname\relax
+  \else\ignorespaces#2\fi
+}
+
+% @inlineifclear{VAR, TEXT} expands TEXT if VAR is not @set.
+%
+\long\def\inlineifclear#1{\doinlineifclear #1,\finish}
+\long\def\doinlineifclear#1,#2,\finish{%
+  \def\inlinevarname{#1}%
+  \expandafter\ifx\csname SET\inlinevarname\endcsname\relax \ignorespaces#2\fi
+}
+
+
+\message{glyphs,}
+% and logos.
+
+% @@ prints an @, as does @atchar{}.
+\def\@{\char64 }
+\let\atchar=\@
+
+% @{ @} @lbracechar{} @rbracechar{} all generate brace characters.
+% Unless we're in typewriter, use \ecfont because the CM text fonts do
+% not have braces, and we don't want to switch into math.
+\def\mylbrace{{\ifmonospace\else\ecfont\fi \char123}}
+\def\myrbrace{{\ifmonospace\else\ecfont\fi \char125}}
+\let\{=\mylbrace \let\lbracechar=\{
+\let\}=\myrbrace \let\rbracechar=\}
+\begingroup
+  % Definitions to produce \{ and \} commands for indices,
+  % and @{ and @} for the aux/toc files.
+  \catcode`\{ = \other \catcode`\} = \other
+  \catcode`\[ = 1 \catcode`\] = 2
+  \catcode`\! = 0 \catcode`\\ = \other
+  !gdef!lbracecmd[\{]%
+  !gdef!rbracecmd[\}]%
+  !gdef!lbraceatcmd[@{]%
+  !gdef!rbraceatcmd[@}]%
+!endgroup
+
+% @comma{} to avoid , parsing problems.
+\let\comma = ,
+
+% Accents: @, @dotaccent @ringaccent @ubaraccent @udotaccent
+% Others are defined by plain TeX: @` @' @" @^ @~ @= @u @v @H.
+\let\, = \ptexc
+\let\dotaccent = \ptexdot
+\def\ringaccent#1{{\accent23 #1}}
+\let\tieaccent = \ptext
+\let\ubaraccent = \ptexb
+\let\udotaccent = \d
+
+% Other special characters: @questiondown @exclamdown @ordf @ordm
+% Plain TeX defines: @AA @AE @O @OE @L (plus lowercase versions) @ss.
+\def\questiondown{?`}
+\def\exclamdown{!`}
+\def\ordf{\leavevmode\raise1ex\hbox{\selectfonts\lllsize \underbar{a}}}
+\def\ordm{\leavevmode\raise1ex\hbox{\selectfonts\lllsize \underbar{o}}}
+
+% Dotless i and dotless j, used for accents.
+\def\imacro{i}
+\def\jmacro{j}
+\def\dotless#1{%
+  \def\temp{#1}%
+  \ifx\temp\imacro \ifmmode\imath \else\ptexi \fi
+  \else\ifx\temp\jmacro \ifmmode\jmath \else\j \fi
+  \else \errmessage{@dotless can be used only with i or j}%
+  \fi\fi
+}
+
+% The \TeX{} logo, as in plain, but resetting the spacing so that a
+% period following counts as ending a sentence.  (Idea found in latex.)
+%
+\edef\TeX{\TeX \spacefactor=1000 }
+
+% @LaTeX{} logo.  Not quite the same results as the definition in
+% latex.ltx, since we use a different font for the raised A; it's most
+% convenient for us to use an explicitly smaller font, rather than using
+% the \scriptstyle font (since we don't reset \scriptstyle and
+% \scriptscriptstyle).
+%
+\def\LaTeX{%
+  L\kern-.36em
+  {\setbox0=\hbox{T}%
+   \vbox to \ht0{\hbox{%
+     \ifx\textnominalsize\xwordpt
+       % for 10pt running text, \lllsize (8pt) is too small for the A in LaTeX.
+       % Revert to plain's \scriptsize, which is 7pt.
+       \count255=\the\fam $\fam\count255 \scriptstyle A$%
+     \else
+       % For 11pt, we can use our lllsize.
+       \selectfonts\lllsize A%
+     \fi
+     }%
+     \vss
+  }}%
+  \kern-.15em
+  \TeX
+}
+
+% Some math mode symbols.  Define \ensuremath to switch into math mode
+% unless we are already there.  Expansion tricks may not be needed here,
+% but safer, and can't hurt.
+\def\ensuremath{\ifmmode \expandafter\asis \else\expandafter\ensuredmath \fi}
+\def\ensuredmath#1{$\relax#1$}
+%
+\def\bullet{\ensuremath\ptexbullet}
+\def\geq{\ensuremath\ge}
+\def\leq{\ensuremath\le}
+\def\minus{\ensuremath-}
+
+% @dots{} outputs an ellipsis using the current font.
+% We do .5em per period so that it has the same spacing in the cm
+% typewriter fonts as three actual period characters; on the other hand,
+% in other typewriter fonts three periods are wider than 1.5em.  So do
+% whichever is larger.
+%
+\def\dots{%
+  \leavevmode
+  \setbox0=\hbox{...}% get width of three periods
+  \ifdim\wd0 > 1.5em
+    \dimen0 = \wd0
+  \else
+    \dimen0 = 1.5em
+  \fi
+  \hbox to \dimen0{%
+    \hskip 0pt plus.25fil
+    .\hskip 0pt plus1fil
+    .\hskip 0pt plus1fil
+    .\hskip 0pt plus.5fil
+  }%
+}
+
+% @enddots{} is an end-of-sentence ellipsis.
+%
+\def\enddots{%
+  \dots
+  \spacefactor=\endofsentencespacefactor
+}
+
+% @point{}, @result{}, @expansion{}, @print{}, @equiv{}.
+%
+% Since these characters are used in examples, they should be an even number of
+% \tt widths. Each \tt character is 1en, so two makes it 1em.
+%
+\def\point{$\star$}
+\def\arrow{\leavevmode\raise.05ex\hbox to 1em{\hfil$\rightarrow$\hfil}}
+\def\result{\leavevmode\raise.05ex\hbox to 1em{\hfil$\Rightarrow$\hfil}}
+\def\expansion{\leavevmode\hbox to 1em{\hfil$\mapsto$\hfil}}
+\def\print{\leavevmode\lower.1ex\hbox to 1em{\hfil$\dashv$\hfil}}
+\def\equiv{\leavevmode\hbox to 1em{\hfil$\ptexequiv$\hfil}}
+
+% The @error{} command.
+% Adapted from the TeXbook's \boxit.
+%
+\newbox\errorbox
+%
+{\tentt \global\dimen0 = 3em}% Width of the box.
+\dimen2 = .55pt % Thickness of rules
+% The text. (`r' is open on the right, `e' somewhat less so on the left.)
+\setbox0 = \hbox{\kern-.75pt \reducedsf \putworderror\kern-1.5pt}
+%
+\setbox\errorbox=\hbox to \dimen0{\hfil
+   \hsize = \dimen0 \advance\hsize by -5.8pt % Space to left+right.
+   \advance\hsize by -2\dimen2 % Rules.
+   \vbox{%
+      \hrule height\dimen2
+      \hbox{\vrule width\dimen2 \kern3pt          % Space to left of text.
+         \vtop{\kern2.4pt \box0 \kern2.4pt}% Space above/below.
+         \kern3pt\vrule width\dimen2}% Space to right.
+      \hrule height\dimen2}
+    \hfil}
+%
+\def\error{\leavevmode\lower.7ex\copy\errorbox}
+
+% @pounds{} is a sterling sign, which Knuth put in the CM italic font.
+%
+\def\pounds{{\it\$}}
+
+% @euro{} comes from a separate font, depending on the current style.
+% We use the free feym* fonts from the eurosym package by Henrik
+% Theiling, which support regular, slanted, bold and bold slanted (and
+% "outlined" (blackboard board, sort of) versions, which we don't need).
+% It is available from http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/eurosym.
+%
+% Although only regular is the truly official Euro symbol, we ignore
+% that.  The Euro is designed to be slightly taller than the regular
+% font height.
+%
+% feymr - regular
+% feymo - slanted
+% feybr - bold
+% feybo - bold slanted
+%
+% There is no good (free) typewriter version, to my knowledge.
+% A feymr10 euro is ~7.3pt wide, while a normal cmtt10 char is ~5.25pt wide.
+% Hmm.
+%
+% Also doesn't work in math.  Do we need to do math with euro symbols?
+% Hope not.
+%
+%
+\def\euro{{\eurofont e}}
+\def\eurofont{%
+  % We set the font at each command, rather than predefining it in
+  % \textfonts and the other font-switching commands, so that
+  % installations which never need the symbol don't have to have the
+  % font installed.
+  %
+  % There is only one designed size (nominal 10pt), so we always scale
+  % that to the current nominal size.
+  %
+  % By the way, simply using "at 1em" works for cmr10 and the like, but
+  % does not work for cmbx10 and other extended/shrunken fonts.
+  %
+  \def\eurosize{\csname\curfontsize nominalsize\endcsname}%
+  %
+  \ifx\curfontstyle\bfstylename
+    % bold:
+    \font\thiseurofont = \ifusingit{feybo10}{feybr10} at \eurosize
+  \else
+    % regular:
+    \font\thiseurofont = \ifusingit{feymo10}{feymr10} at \eurosize
+  \fi
+  \thiseurofont
+}
+
+% Glyphs from the EC fonts.  We don't use \let for the aliases, because
+% sometimes we redefine the original macro, and the alias should reflect
+% the redefinition.
+%
+% Use LaTeX names for the Icelandic letters.
+\def\DH{{\ecfont \char"D0}} % Eth
+\def\dh{{\ecfont \char"F0}} % eth
+\def\TH{{\ecfont \char"DE}} % Thorn
+\def\th{{\ecfont \char"FE}} % thorn
+%
+\def\guillemetleft{{\ecfont \char"13}}
+\def\guillemotleft{\guillemetleft}
+\def\guillemetright{{\ecfont \char"14}}
+\def\guillemotright{\guillemetright}
+\def\guilsinglleft{{\ecfont \char"0E}}
+\def\guilsinglright{{\ecfont \char"0F}}
+\def\quotedblbase{{\ecfont \char"12}}
+\def\quotesinglbase{{\ecfont \char"0D}}
+%
+% This positioning is not perfect (see the ogonek LaTeX package), but
+% we have the precomposed glyphs for the most common cases.  We put the
+% tests to use those glyphs in the single \ogonek macro so we have fewer
+% dummy definitions to worry about for index entries, etc.
+%
+% ogonek is also used with other letters in Lithuanian (IOU), but using
+% the precomposed glyphs for those is not so easy since they aren't in
+% the same EC font.
+\def\ogonek#1{{%
+  \def\temp{#1}%
+  \ifx\temp\macrocharA\Aogonek
+  \else\ifx\temp\macrochara\aogonek
+  \else\ifx\temp\macrocharE\Eogonek
+  \else\ifx\temp\macrochare\eogonek
+  \else
+    \ecfont \setbox0=\hbox{#1}%
+    \ifdim\ht0=1ex\accent"0C #1%
+    \else\ooalign{\unhbox0\crcr\hidewidth\char"0C \hidewidth}%
+    \fi
+  \fi\fi\fi\fi
+  }%
+}
+\def\Aogonek{{\ecfont \char"81}}\def\macrocharA{A}
+\def\aogonek{{\ecfont \char"A1}}\def\macrochara{a}
+\def\Eogonek{{\ecfont \char"86}}\def\macrocharE{E}
+\def\eogonek{{\ecfont \char"A6}}\def\macrochare{e}
+%
+% Use the European Computer Modern fonts (cm-super in outline format)
+% for non-CM glyphs.  That is ec* for regular text and tc* for the text
+% companion symbols (LaTeX TS1 encoding).  Both are part of the ec
+% package and follow the same conventions.
+% 
+\def\ecfont{\etcfont{e}}
+\def\tcfont{\etcfont{t}}
+%
+\def\etcfont#1{%
+  % We can't distinguish serif/sans and italic/slanted, but this
+  % is used for crude hacks anyway (like adding French and German
+  % quotes to documents typeset with CM, where we lose kerning), so
+  % hopefully nobody will notice/care.
+  \edef\ecsize{\csname\curfontsize ecsize\endcsname}%
+  \edef\nominalsize{\csname\curfontsize nominalsize\endcsname}%
+  \ifmonospace
+    % typewriter:
+    \font\thisecfont = #1ctt\ecsize \space at \nominalsize
+  \else
+    \ifx\curfontstyle\bfstylename
+      % bold:
+      \font\thisecfont = #1cb\ifusingit{i}{x}\ecsize \space at \nominalsize
+    \else
+      % regular:
+      \font\thisecfont = #1c\ifusingit{ti}{rm}\ecsize \space at \nominalsize
+    \fi
+  \fi
+  \thisecfont
+}
+
+% @registeredsymbol - R in a circle.  The font for the R should really
+% be smaller yet, but lllsize is the best we can do for now.
+% Adapted from the plain.tex definition of \copyright.
+%
+\def\registeredsymbol{%
+  $^{{\ooalign{\hfil\raise.07ex\hbox{\selectfonts\lllsize R}%
+               \hfil\crcr\Orb}}%
+    }$%
+}
+
+% @textdegree - the normal degrees sign.
+%
+\def\textdegree{$^\circ$}
+
+% Laurent Siebenmann reports \Orb undefined with:
+%  Textures 1.7.7 (preloaded format=plain 93.10.14)  (68K)  16 APR 2004 02:38
+% so we'll define it if necessary.
+%
+\ifx\Orb\thisisundefined
+\def\Orb{\mathhexbox20D}
+\fi
+
+% Quotes.
+\chardef\quotedblleft="5C
+\chardef\quotedblright=`\"
+\chardef\quoteleft=`\`
+\chardef\quoteright=`\'
+
+
+\message{page headings,}
+
+\newskip\titlepagetopglue \titlepagetopglue = 1.5in
+\newskip\titlepagebottomglue \titlepagebottomglue = 2pc
+
+% First the title page.  Must do @settitle before @titlepage.
+\newif\ifseenauthor
+\newif\iffinishedtitlepage
+
+% Do an implicit @contents or @shortcontents after @end titlepage if the
+% user says @setcontentsaftertitlepage or @setshortcontentsaftertitlepage.
+%
+\newif\ifsetcontentsaftertitlepage
+ \let\setcontentsaftertitlepage = \setcontentsaftertitlepagetrue
+\newif\ifsetshortcontentsaftertitlepage
+ \let\setshortcontentsaftertitlepage = \setshortcontentsaftertitlepagetrue
+
+\parseargdef\shorttitlepage{%
+  \begingroup \hbox{}\vskip 1.5in \chaprm \centerline{#1}%
+  \endgroup\page\hbox{}\page}
+
+\envdef\titlepage{%
+  % Open one extra group, as we want to close it in the middle of \Etitlepage.
+  \begingroup
+    \parindent=0pt \textfonts
+    % Leave some space at the very top of the page.
+    \vglue\titlepagetopglue
+    % No rule at page bottom unless we print one at the top with @title.
+    \finishedtitlepagetrue
+    %
+    % Most title ``pages'' are actually two pages long, with space
+    % at the top of the second.  We don't want the ragged left on the second.
+    \let\oldpage = \page
+    \def\page{%
+      \iffinishedtitlepage\else
+	 \finishtitlepage
+      \fi
+      \let\page = \oldpage
+      \page
+      \null
+    }%
+}
+
+\def\Etitlepage{%
+    \iffinishedtitlepage\else
+	\finishtitlepage
+    \fi
+    % It is important to do the page break before ending the group,
+    % because the headline and footline are only empty inside the group.
+    % If we use the new definition of \page, we always get a blank page
+    % after the title page, which we certainly don't want.
+    \oldpage
+  \endgroup
+  %
+  % Need this before the \...aftertitlepage checks so that if they are
+  % in effect the toc pages will come out with page numbers.
+  \HEADINGSon
+  %
+  % If they want short, they certainly want long too.
+  \ifsetshortcontentsaftertitlepage
+    \shortcontents
+    \contents
+    \global\let\shortcontents = \relax
+    \global\let\contents = \relax
+  \fi
+  %
+  \ifsetcontentsaftertitlepage
+    \contents
+    \global\let\contents = \relax
+    \global\let\shortcontents = \relax
+  \fi
+}
+
+\def\finishtitlepage{%
+  \vskip4pt \hrule height 2pt width \hsize
+  \vskip\titlepagebottomglue
+  \finishedtitlepagetrue
+}
+
+% Settings used for typesetting titles: no hyphenation, no indentation,
+% don't worry much about spacing, ragged right.  This should be used
+% inside a \vbox, and fonts need to be set appropriately first.  Because
+% it is always used for titles, nothing else, we call \rmisbold.  \par
+% should be specified before the end of the \vbox, since a vbox is a group.
+% 
+\def\raggedtitlesettings{%
+  \rmisbold
+  \hyphenpenalty=10000
+  \parindent=0pt
+  \tolerance=5000
+  \ptexraggedright
+}
+
+% Macros to be used within @titlepage:
+
+\let\subtitlerm=\tenrm
+\def\subtitlefont{\subtitlerm \normalbaselineskip = 13pt \normalbaselines}
+
+\parseargdef\title{%
+  \checkenv\titlepage
+  \vbox{\titlefonts \raggedtitlesettings #1\par}%
+  % print a rule at the page bottom also.
+  \finishedtitlepagefalse
+  \vskip4pt \hrule height 4pt width \hsize \vskip4pt
+}
+
+\parseargdef\subtitle{%
+  \checkenv\titlepage
+  {\subtitlefont \rightline{#1}}%
+}
+
+% @author should come last, but may come many times.
+% It can also be used inside @quotation.
+%
+\parseargdef\author{%
+  \def\temp{\quotation}%
+  \ifx\thisenv\temp
+    \def\quotationauthor{#1}% printed in \Equotation.
+  \else
+    \checkenv\titlepage
+    \ifseenauthor\else \vskip 0pt plus 1filll \seenauthortrue \fi
+    {\secfonts\rmisbold \leftline{#1}}%
+  \fi
+}
+
+
+% Set up page headings and footings.
+
+\let\thispage=\folio
+
+\newtoks\evenheadline    % headline on even pages
+\newtoks\oddheadline     % headline on odd pages
+\newtoks\evenfootline    % footline on even pages
+\newtoks\oddfootline     % footline on odd pages
+
+% Now make \makeheadline and \makefootline in Plain TeX use those variables
+\headline={{\textfonts\rm \ifodd\pageno \the\oddheadline
+                            \else \the\evenheadline \fi}}
+\footline={{\textfonts\rm \ifodd\pageno \the\oddfootline
+                            \else \the\evenfootline \fi}\HEADINGShook}
+\let\HEADINGShook=\relax
+
+% Commands to set those variables.
+% For example, this is what  @headings on  does
+% @evenheading @thistitle|@thispage|@thischapter
+% @oddheading @thischapter|@thispage|@thistitle
+% @evenfooting @thisfile||
+% @oddfooting ||@thisfile
+
+
+\def\evenheading{\parsearg\evenheadingxxx}
+\def\evenheadingxxx #1{\evenheadingyyy #1\|\|\|\|\finish}
+\def\evenheadingyyy #1\|#2\|#3\|#4\finish{%
+\global\evenheadline={\rlap{\centerline{#2}}\line{#1\hfil#3}}}
+
+\def\oddheading{\parsearg\oddheadingxxx}
+\def\oddheadingxxx #1{\oddheadingyyy #1\|\|\|\|\finish}
+\def\oddheadingyyy #1\|#2\|#3\|#4\finish{%
+\global\oddheadline={\rlap{\centerline{#2}}\line{#1\hfil#3}}}
+
+\parseargdef\everyheading{\oddheadingxxx{#1}\evenheadingxxx{#1}}%
+
+\def\evenfooting{\parsearg\evenfootingxxx}
+\def\evenfootingxxx #1{\evenfootingyyy #1\|\|\|\|\finish}
+\def\evenfootingyyy #1\|#2\|#3\|#4\finish{%
+\global\evenfootline={\rlap{\centerline{#2}}\line{#1\hfil#3}}}
+
+\def\oddfooting{\parsearg\oddfootingxxx}
+\def\oddfootingxxx #1{\oddfootingyyy #1\|\|\|\|\finish}
+\def\oddfootingyyy #1\|#2\|#3\|#4\finish{%
+  \global\oddfootline = {\rlap{\centerline{#2}}\line{#1\hfil#3}}%
+  %
+  % Leave some space for the footline.  Hopefully ok to assume
+  % @evenfooting will not be used by itself.
+  \global\advance\pageheight by -12pt
+  \global\advance\vsize by -12pt
+}
+
+\parseargdef\everyfooting{\oddfootingxxx{#1}\evenfootingxxx{#1}}
+
+% @evenheadingmarks top     \thischapter <- chapter at the top of a page
+% @evenheadingmarks bottom  \thischapter <- chapter at the bottom of a page
+%
+% The same set of arguments for:
+%
+% @oddheadingmarks
+% @evenfootingmarks
+% @oddfootingmarks
+% @everyheadingmarks
+% @everyfootingmarks
+
+% These define \getoddheadingmarks, \getevenheadingmarks,
+% \getoddfootingmarks, and \getevenfootingmarks, each to one of
+% \gettopheadingmarks, \getbottomheadingmarks.
+%
+\def\evenheadingmarks{\headingmarks{even}{heading}}
+\def\oddheadingmarks{\headingmarks{odd}{heading}}
+\def\evenfootingmarks{\headingmarks{even}{footing}}
+\def\oddfootingmarks{\headingmarks{odd}{footing}}
+\def\everyheadingmarks#1 {\headingmarks{even}{heading}{#1}
+                          \headingmarks{odd}{heading}{#1} }
+\def\everyfootingmarks#1 {\headingmarks{even}{footing}{#1}
+                          \headingmarks{odd}{footing}{#1} }
+% #1 = even/odd, #2 = heading/footing, #3 = top/bottom.
+\def\headingmarks#1#2#3 {%
+  \expandafter\let\expandafter\temp \csname get#3headingmarks\endcsname
+  \global\expandafter\let\csname get#1#2marks\endcsname \temp
+}
+
+\everyheadingmarks bottom
+\everyfootingmarks bottom
+
+% @headings double      turns headings on for double-sided printing.
+% @headings single      turns headings on for single-sided printing.
+% @headings off         turns them off.
+% @headings on          same as @headings double, retained for compatibility.
+% @headings after       turns on double-sided headings after this page.
+% @headings doubleafter turns on double-sided headings after this page.
+% @headings singleafter turns on single-sided headings after this page.
+% By default, they are off at the start of a document,
+% and turned `on' after @end titlepage.
+
+\def\headings #1 {\csname HEADINGS#1\endcsname}
+
+\def\headingsoff{% non-global headings elimination
+  \evenheadline={\hfil}\evenfootline={\hfil}%
+   \oddheadline={\hfil}\oddfootline={\hfil}%
+}
+
+\def\HEADINGSoff{{\globaldefs=1 \headingsoff}} % global setting
+\HEADINGSoff  % it's the default
+
+% When we turn headings on, set the page number to 1.
+% For double-sided printing, put current file name in lower left corner,
+% chapter name on inside top of right hand pages, document
+% title on inside top of left hand pages, and page numbers on outside top
+% edge of all pages.
+\def\HEADINGSdouble{%
+\global\pageno=1
+\global\evenfootline={\hfil}
+\global\oddfootline={\hfil}
+\global\evenheadline={\line{\folio\hfil\thistitle}}
+\global\oddheadline={\line{\thischapterheading\hfil\folio}}
+\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chapoddpage
+}
+\let\contentsalignmacro = \chappager
+
+% For single-sided printing, chapter title goes across top left of page,
+% page number on top right.
+\def\HEADINGSsingle{%
+\global\pageno=1
+\global\evenfootline={\hfil}
+\global\oddfootline={\hfil}
+\global\evenheadline={\line{\thischapterheading\hfil\folio}}
+\global\oddheadline={\line{\thischapterheading\hfil\folio}}
+\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chappager
+}
+\def\HEADINGSon{\HEADINGSdouble}
+
+\def\HEADINGSafter{\let\HEADINGShook=\HEADINGSdoublex}
+\let\HEADINGSdoubleafter=\HEADINGSafter
+\def\HEADINGSdoublex{%
+\global\evenfootline={\hfil}
+\global\oddfootline={\hfil}
+\global\evenheadline={\line{\folio\hfil\thistitle}}
+\global\oddheadline={\line{\thischapterheading\hfil\folio}}
+\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chapoddpage
+}
+
+\def\HEADINGSsingleafter{\let\HEADINGShook=\HEADINGSsinglex}
+\def\HEADINGSsinglex{%
+\global\evenfootline={\hfil}
+\global\oddfootline={\hfil}
+\global\evenheadline={\line{\thischapterheading\hfil\folio}}
+\global\oddheadline={\line{\thischapterheading\hfil\folio}}
+\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chappager
+}
+
+% Subroutines used in generating headings
+% This produces Day Month Year style of output.
+% Only define if not already defined, in case a txi-??.tex file has set
+% up a different format (e.g., txi-cs.tex does this).
+\ifx\today\thisisundefined
+\def\today{%
+  \number\day\space
+  \ifcase\month
+  \or\putwordMJan\or\putwordMFeb\or\putwordMMar\or\putwordMApr
+  \or\putwordMMay\or\putwordMJun\or\putwordMJul\or\putwordMAug
+  \or\putwordMSep\or\putwordMOct\or\putwordMNov\or\putwordMDec
+  \fi
+  \space\number\year}
+\fi
+
+% @settitle line...  specifies the title of the document, for headings.
+% It generates no output of its own.
+\def\thistitle{\putwordNoTitle}
+\def\settitle{\parsearg{\gdef\thistitle}}
+
+
+\message{tables,}
+% Tables -- @table, @ftable, @vtable, @item(x).
+
+% default indentation of table text
+\newdimen\tableindent \tableindent=.8in
+% default indentation of @itemize and @enumerate text
+\newdimen\itemindent  \itemindent=.3in
+% margin between end of table item and start of table text.
+\newdimen\itemmargin  \itemmargin=.1in
+
+% used internally for \itemindent minus \itemmargin
+\newdimen\itemmax
+
+% Note @table, @ftable, and @vtable define @item, @itemx, etc., with
+% these defs.
+% They also define \itemindex
+% to index the item name in whatever manner is desired (perhaps none).
+
+\newif\ifitemxneedsnegativevskip
+
+\def\itemxpar{\par\ifitemxneedsnegativevskip\nobreak\vskip-\parskip\nobreak\fi}
+
+\def\internalBitem{\smallbreak \parsearg\itemzzz}
+\def\internalBitemx{\itemxpar \parsearg\itemzzz}
+
+\def\itemzzz #1{\begingroup %
+  \advance\hsize by -\rightskip
+  \advance\hsize by -\tableindent
+  \setbox0=\hbox{\itemindicate{#1}}%
+  \itemindex{#1}%
+  \nobreak % This prevents a break before @itemx.
+  %
+  % If the item text does not fit in the space we have, put it on a line
+  % by itself, and do not allow a page break either before or after that
+  % line.  We do not start a paragraph here because then if the next
+  % command is, e.g., @kindex, the whatsit would get put into the
+  % horizontal list on a line by itself, resulting in extra blank space.
+  \ifdim \wd0>\itemmax
+    %
+    % Make this a paragraph so we get the \parskip glue and wrapping,
+    % but leave it ragged-right.
+    \begingroup
+      \advance\leftskip by-\tableindent
+      \advance\hsize by\tableindent
+      \advance\rightskip by0pt plus1fil\relax
+      \leavevmode\unhbox0\par
+    \endgroup
+    %
+    % We're going to be starting a paragraph, but we don't want the
+    % \parskip glue -- logically it's part of the @item we just started.
+    \nobreak \vskip-\parskip
+    %
+    % Stop a page break at the \parskip glue coming up.  However, if
+    % what follows is an environment such as @example, there will be no
+    % \parskip glue; then the negative vskip we just inserted would
+    % cause the example and the item to crash together.  So we use this
+    % bizarre value of 10001 as a signal to \aboveenvbreak to insert
+    % \parskip glue after all.  Section titles are handled this way also.
+    %
+    \penalty 10001
+    \endgroup
+    \itemxneedsnegativevskipfalse
+  \else
+    % The item text fits into the space.  Start a paragraph, so that the
+    % following text (if any) will end up on the same line.
+    \noindent
+    % Do this with kerns and \unhbox so that if there is a footnote in
+    % the item text, it can migrate to the main vertical list and
+    % eventually be printed.
+    \nobreak\kern-\tableindent
+    \dimen0 = \itemmax  \advance\dimen0 by \itemmargin \advance\dimen0 by -\wd0
+    \unhbox0
+    \nobreak\kern\dimen0
+    \endgroup
+    \itemxneedsnegativevskiptrue
+  \fi
+}
+
+\def\item{\errmessage{@item while not in a list environment}}
+\def\itemx{\errmessage{@itemx while not in a list environment}}
+
+% @table, @ftable, @vtable.
+\envdef\table{%
+  \let\itemindex\gobble
+  \tablecheck{table}%
+}
+\envdef\ftable{%
+  \def\itemindex ##1{\doind {fn}{\code{##1}}}%
+  \tablecheck{ftable}%
+}
+\envdef\vtable{%
+  \def\itemindex ##1{\doind {vr}{\code{##1}}}%
+  \tablecheck{vtable}%
+}
+\def\tablecheck#1{%
+  \ifnum \the\catcode`\^^M=\active
+    \endgroup
+    \errmessage{This command won't work in this context; perhaps the problem is
+      that we are \inenvironment\thisenv}%
+    \def\next{\doignore{#1}}%
+  \else
+    \let\next\tablex
+  \fi
+  \next
+}
+\def\tablex#1{%
+  \def\itemindicate{#1}%
+  \parsearg\tabley
+}
+\def\tabley#1{%
+  {%
+    \makevalueexpandable
+    \edef\temp{\noexpand\tablez #1\space\space\space}%
+    \expandafter
+  }\temp \endtablez
+}
+\def\tablez #1 #2 #3 #4\endtablez{%
+  \aboveenvbreak
+  \ifnum 0#1>0 \advance \leftskip by #1\mil \fi
+  \ifnum 0#2>0 \tableindent=#2\mil \fi
+  \ifnum 0#3>0 \advance \rightskip by #3\mil \fi
+  \itemmax=\tableindent
+  \advance \itemmax by -\itemmargin
+  \advance \leftskip by \tableindent
+  \exdentamount=\tableindent
+  \parindent = 0pt
+  \parskip = \smallskipamount
+  \ifdim \parskip=0pt \parskip=2pt \fi
+  \let\item = \internalBitem
+  \let\itemx = \internalBitemx
+}
+\def\Etable{\endgraf\afterenvbreak}
+\let\Eftable\Etable
+\let\Evtable\Etable
+\let\Eitemize\Etable
+\let\Eenumerate\Etable
+
+% This is the counter used by @enumerate, which is really @itemize
+
+\newcount \itemno
+
+\envdef\itemize{\parsearg\doitemize}
+
+\def\doitemize#1{%
+  \aboveenvbreak
+  \itemmax=\itemindent
+  \advance\itemmax by -\itemmargin
+  \advance\leftskip by \itemindent
+  \exdentamount=\itemindent
+  \parindent=0pt
+  \parskip=\smallskipamount
+  \ifdim\parskip=0pt \parskip=2pt \fi
+  %
+  % Try typesetting the item mark so that if the document erroneously says
+  % something like @itemize @samp (intending @table), there's an error
+  % right away at the @itemize.  It's not the best error message in the
+  % world, but it's better than leaving it to the @item.  This means if
+  % the user wants an empty mark, they have to say @w{} not just @w.
+  \def\itemcontents{#1}%
+  \setbox0 = \hbox{\itemcontents}%
+  %
+  % @itemize with no arg is equivalent to @itemize @bullet.
+  \ifx\itemcontents\empty\def\itemcontents{\bullet}\fi
+  %
+  \let\item=\itemizeitem
+}
+
+% Definition of @item while inside @itemize and @enumerate.
+%
+\def\itemizeitem{%
+  \advance\itemno by 1  % for enumerations
+  {\let\par=\endgraf \smallbreak}% reasonable place to break
+  {%
+   % If the document has an @itemize directly after a section title, a
+   % \nobreak will be last on the list, and \sectionheading will have
+   % done a \vskip-\parskip.  In that case, we don't want to zero
+   % parskip, or the item text will crash with the heading.  On the
+   % other hand, when there is normal text preceding the item (as there
+   % usually is), we do want to zero parskip, or there would be too much
+   % space.  In that case, we won't have a \nobreak before.  At least
+   % that's the theory.
+   \ifnum\lastpenalty<10000 \parskip=0in \fi
+   \noindent
+   \hbox to 0pt{\hss \itemcontents \kern\itemmargin}%
+   %
+   \ifinner\else
+     \vadjust{\penalty 1200}% not good to break after first line of item.
+   \fi
+   % We can be in inner vertical mode in a footnote, although an
+   % @itemize looks awful there.
+  }%
+  \flushcr
+}
+
+% \splitoff TOKENS\endmark defines \first to be the first token in
+% TOKENS, and \rest to be the remainder.
+%
+\def\splitoff#1#2\endmark{\def\first{#1}\def\rest{#2}}%
+
+% Allow an optional argument of an uppercase letter, lowercase letter,
+% or number, to specify the first label in the enumerated list.  No
+% argument is the same as `1'.
+%
+\envparseargdef\enumerate{\enumeratey #1  \endenumeratey}
+\def\enumeratey #1 #2\endenumeratey{%
+  % If we were given no argument, pretend we were given `1'.
+  \def\thearg{#1}%
+  \ifx\thearg\empty \def\thearg{1}\fi
+  %
+  % Detect if the argument is a single token.  If so, it might be a
+  % letter.  Otherwise, the only valid thing it can be is a number.
+  % (We will always have one token, because of the test we just made.
+  % This is a good thing, since \splitoff doesn't work given nothing at
+  % all -- the first parameter is undelimited.)
+  \expandafter\splitoff\thearg\endmark
+  \ifx\rest\empty
+    % Only one token in the argument.  It could still be anything.
+    % A ``lowercase letter'' is one whose \lccode is nonzero.
+    % An ``uppercase letter'' is one whose \lccode is both nonzero, and
+    %   not equal to itself.
+    % Otherwise, we assume it's a number.
+    %
+    % We need the \relax at the end of the \ifnum lines to stop TeX from
+    % continuing to look for a <number>.
+    %
+    \ifnum\lccode\expandafter`\thearg=0\relax
+      \numericenumerate % a number (we hope)
+    \else
+      % It's a letter.
+      \ifnum\lccode\expandafter`\thearg=\expandafter`\thearg\relax
+        \lowercaseenumerate % lowercase letter
+      \else
+        \uppercaseenumerate % uppercase letter
+      \fi
+    \fi
+  \else
+    % Multiple tokens in the argument.  We hope it's a number.
+    \numericenumerate
+  \fi
+}
+
+% An @enumerate whose labels are integers.  The starting integer is
+% given in \thearg.
+%
+\def\numericenumerate{%
+  \itemno = \thearg
+  \startenumeration{\the\itemno}%
+}
+
+% The starting (lowercase) letter is in \thearg.
+\def\lowercaseenumerate{%
+  \itemno = \expandafter`\thearg
+  \startenumeration{%
+    % Be sure we're not beyond the end of the alphabet.
+    \ifnum\itemno=0
+      \errmessage{No more lowercase letters in @enumerate; get a bigger
+                  alphabet}%
+    \fi
+    \char\lccode\itemno
+  }%
+}
+
+% The starting (uppercase) letter is in \thearg.
+\def\uppercaseenumerate{%
+  \itemno = \expandafter`\thearg
+  \startenumeration{%
+    % Be sure we're not beyond the end of the alphabet.
+    \ifnum\itemno=0
+      \errmessage{No more uppercase letters in @enumerate; get a bigger
+                  alphabet}
+    \fi
+    \char\uccode\itemno
+  }%
+}
+
+% Call \doitemize, adding a period to the first argument and supplying the
+% common last two arguments.  Also subtract one from the initial value in
+% \itemno, since @item increments \itemno.
+%
+\def\startenumeration#1{%
+  \advance\itemno by -1
+  \doitemize{#1.}\flushcr
+}
+
+% @alphaenumerate and @capsenumerate are abbreviations for giving an arg
+% to @enumerate.
+%
+\def\alphaenumerate{\enumerate{a}}
+\def\capsenumerate{\enumerate{A}}
+\def\Ealphaenumerate{\Eenumerate}
+\def\Ecapsenumerate{\Eenumerate}
+
+
+% @multitable macros
+% Amy Hendrickson, 8/18/94, 3/6/96
+%
+% @multitable ... @end multitable will make as many columns as desired.
+% Contents of each column will wrap at width given in preamble.  Width
+% can be specified either with sample text given in a template line,
+% or in percent of \hsize, the current width of text on page.
+
+% Table can continue over pages but will only break between lines.
+
+% To make preamble:
+%
+% Either define widths of columns in terms of percent of \hsize:
+%   @multitable @columnfractions .25 .3 .45
+%   @item ...
+%
+%   Numbers following @columnfractions are the percent of the total
+%   current hsize to be used for each column. You may use as many
+%   columns as desired.
+
+
+% Or use a template:
+%   @multitable {Column 1 template} {Column 2 template} {Column 3 template}
+%   @item ...
+%   using the widest term desired in each column.
+
+% Each new table line starts with @item, each subsequent new column
+% starts with @tab. Empty columns may be produced by supplying @tab's
+% with nothing between them for as many times as empty columns are needed,
+% ie, @tab@tab@tab will produce two empty columns.
+
+% @item, @tab do not need to be on their own lines, but it will not hurt
+% if they are.
+
+% Sample multitable:
+
+%   @multitable {Column 1 template} {Column 2 template} {Column 3 template}
+%   @item first col stuff @tab second col stuff @tab third col
+%   @item
+%   first col stuff
+%   @tab
+%   second col stuff
+%   @tab
+%   third col
+%   @item first col stuff @tab second col stuff
+%   @tab Many paragraphs of text may be used in any column.
+%
+%         They will wrap at the width determined by the template.
+%   @item@tab@tab This will be in third column.
+%   @end multitable
+
+% Default dimensions may be reset by user.
+% @multitableparskip is vertical space between paragraphs in table.
+% @multitableparindent is paragraph indent in table.
+% @multitablecolmargin is horizontal space to be left between columns.
+% @multitablelinespace is space to leave between table items, baseline
+%                                                            to baseline.
+%   0pt means it depends on current normal line spacing.
+%
+\newskip\multitableparskip
+\newskip\multitableparindent
+\newdimen\multitablecolspace
+\newskip\multitablelinespace
+\multitableparskip=0pt
+\multitableparindent=6pt
+\multitablecolspace=12pt
+\multitablelinespace=0pt
+
+% Macros used to set up halign preamble:
+%
+\let\endsetuptable\relax
+\def\xendsetuptable{\endsetuptable}
+\let\columnfractions\relax
+\def\xcolumnfractions{\columnfractions}
+\newif\ifsetpercent
+
+% #1 is the @columnfraction, usually a decimal number like .5, but might
+% be just 1.  We just use it, whatever it is.
+%
+\def\pickupwholefraction#1 {%
+  \global\advance\colcount by 1
+  \expandafter\xdef\csname col\the\colcount\endcsname{#1\hsize}%
+  \setuptable
+}
+
+\newcount\colcount
+\def\setuptable#1{%
+  \def\firstarg{#1}%
+  \ifx\firstarg\xendsetuptable
+    \let\go = \relax
+  \else
+    \ifx\firstarg\xcolumnfractions
+      \global\setpercenttrue
+    \else
+      \ifsetpercent
+         \let\go\pickupwholefraction
+      \else
+         \global\advance\colcount by 1
+         \setbox0=\hbox{#1\unskip\space}% Add a normal word space as a
+                   % separator; typically that is always in the input, anyway.
+         \expandafter\xdef\csname col\the\colcount\endcsname{\the\wd0}%
+      \fi
+    \fi
+    \ifx\go\pickupwholefraction
+      % Put the argument back for the \pickupwholefraction call, so
+      % we'll always have a period there to be parsed.
+      \def\go{\pickupwholefraction#1}%
+    \else
+      \let\go = \setuptable
+    \fi%
+  \fi
+  \go
+}
+
+% multitable-only commands.
+% 
+% @headitem starts a heading row, which we typeset in bold.  Assignments
+% have to be global since we are inside the implicit group of an
+% alignment entry.  \everycr below resets \everytab so we don't have to
+% undo it ourselves.
+\def\headitemfont{\b}% for people to use in the template row; not changeable
+\def\headitem{%
+  \checkenv\multitable
+  \crcr
+  \gdef\headitemcrhook{\nobreak}% attempt to avoid page break after headings
+  \global\everytab={\bf}% can't use \headitemfont since the parsing differs
+  \the\everytab % for the first item
+}%
+%
+% default for tables with no headings.
+\let\headitemcrhook=\relax
+%
+% A \tab used to include \hskip1sp.  But then the space in a template
+% line is not enough.  That is bad.  So let's go back to just `&' until
+% we again encounter the problem the 1sp was intended to solve.
+%					--karl, nathan@acm.org, 20apr99.
+\def\tab{\checkenv\multitable &\the\everytab}%
+
+% @multitable ... @end multitable definitions:
+%
+\newtoks\everytab  % insert after every tab.
+%
+\envdef\multitable{%
+  \vskip\parskip
+  \startsavinginserts
+  %
+  % @item within a multitable starts a normal row.
+  % We use \def instead of \let so that if one of the multitable entries
+  % contains an @itemize, we don't choke on the \item (seen as \crcr aka
+  % \endtemplate) expanding \doitemize.
+  \def\item{\crcr}%
+  %
+  \tolerance=9500
+  \hbadness=9500
+  \setmultitablespacing
+  \parskip=\multitableparskip
+  \parindent=\multitableparindent
+  \overfullrule=0pt
+  \global\colcount=0
+  %
+  \everycr = {%
+    \noalign{%
+      \global\everytab={}% Reset from possible headitem.
+      \global\colcount=0 % Reset the column counter.
+      %
+      % Check for saved footnotes, etc.:
+      \checkinserts
+      %
+      % Perhaps a \nobreak, then reset:
+      \headitemcrhook
+      \global\let\headitemcrhook=\relax
+    }%
+  }%
+  %
+  \parsearg\domultitable
+}
+\def\domultitable#1{%
+  % To parse everything between @multitable and @item:
+  \setuptable#1 \endsetuptable
+  %
+  % This preamble sets up a generic column definition, which will
+  % be used as many times as user calls for columns.
+  % \vtop will set a single line and will also let text wrap and
+  % continue for many paragraphs if desired.
+  \halign\bgroup &%
+    \global\advance\colcount by 1
+    \multistrut
+    \vtop{%
+      % Use the current \colcount to find the correct column width:
+      \hsize=\expandafter\csname col\the\colcount\endcsname
+      %
+      % In order to keep entries from bumping into each other
+      % we will add a \leftskip of \multitablecolspace to all columns after
+      % the first one.
+      %
+      % If a template has been used, we will add \multitablecolspace
+      % to the width of each template entry.
+      %
+      % If the user has set preamble in terms of percent of \hsize we will
+      % use that dimension as the width of the column, and the \leftskip
+      % will keep entries from bumping into each other.  Table will start at
+      % left margin and final column will justify at right margin.
+      %
+      % Make sure we don't inherit \rightskip from the outer environment.
+      \rightskip=0pt
+      \ifnum\colcount=1
+	% The first column will be indented with the surrounding text.
+	\advance\hsize by\leftskip
+      \else
+	\ifsetpercent \else
+	  % If user has not set preamble in terms of percent of \hsize
+	  % we will advance \hsize by \multitablecolspace.
+	  \advance\hsize by \multitablecolspace
+	\fi
+       % In either case we will make \leftskip=\multitablecolspace:
+      \leftskip=\multitablecolspace
+      \fi
+      % Ignoring space at the beginning and end avoids an occasional spurious
+      % blank line, when TeX decides to break the line at the space before the
+      % box from the multistrut, so the strut ends up on a line by itself.
+      % For example:
+      % @multitable @columnfractions .11 .89
+      % @item @code{#}
+      % @tab Legal holiday which is valid in major parts of the whole country.
+      % Is automatically provided with highlighting sequences respectively
+      % marking characters.
+      \noindent\ignorespaces##\unskip\multistrut
+    }\cr
+}
+\def\Emultitable{%
+  \crcr
+  \egroup % end the \halign
+  \global\setpercentfalse
+}
+
+\def\setmultitablespacing{%
+  \def\multistrut{\strut}% just use the standard line spacing
+  %
+  % Compute \multitablelinespace (if not defined by user) for use in
+  % \multitableparskip calculation.  We used define \multistrut based on
+  % this, but (ironically) that caused the spacing to be off.
+  % See bug-texinfo report from Werner Lemberg, 31 Oct 2004 12:52:20 +0100.
+\ifdim\multitablelinespace=0pt
+\setbox0=\vbox{X}\global\multitablelinespace=\the\baselineskip
+\global\advance\multitablelinespace by-\ht0
+\fi
+% Test to see if parskip is larger than space between lines of
+% table. If not, do nothing.
+%        If so, set to same dimension as multitablelinespace.
+\ifdim\multitableparskip>\multitablelinespace
+\global\multitableparskip=\multitablelinespace
+\global\advance\multitableparskip-7pt % to keep parskip somewhat smaller
+                                      % than skip between lines in the table.
+\fi%
+\ifdim\multitableparskip=0pt
+\global\multitableparskip=\multitablelinespace
+\global\advance\multitableparskip-7pt % to keep parskip somewhat smaller
+                                      % than skip between lines in the table.
+\fi}
+
+
+\message{conditionals,}
+
+% @iftex, @ifnotdocbook, @ifnothtml, @ifnotinfo, @ifnotplaintext,
+% @ifnotxml always succeed.  They currently do nothing; we don't
+% attempt to check whether the conditionals are properly nested.  But we
+% have to remember that they are conditionals, so that @end doesn't
+% attempt to close an environment group.
+%
+\def\makecond#1{%
+  \expandafter\let\csname #1\endcsname = \relax
+  \expandafter\let\csname iscond.#1\endcsname = 1
+}
+\makecond{iftex}
+\makecond{ifnotdocbook}
+\makecond{ifnothtml}
+\makecond{ifnotinfo}
+\makecond{ifnotplaintext}
+\makecond{ifnotxml}
+
+% Ignore @ignore, @ifhtml, @ifinfo, and the like.
+%
+\def\direntry{\doignore{direntry}}
+\def\documentdescription{\doignore{documentdescription}}
+\def\docbook{\doignore{docbook}}
+\def\html{\doignore{html}}
+\def\ifdocbook{\doignore{ifdocbook}}
+\def\ifhtml{\doignore{ifhtml}}
+\def\ifinfo{\doignore{ifinfo}}
+\def\ifnottex{\doignore{ifnottex}}
+\def\ifplaintext{\doignore{ifplaintext}}
+\def\ifxml{\doignore{ifxml}}
+\def\ignore{\doignore{ignore}}
+\def\menu{\doignore{menu}}
+\def\xml{\doignore{xml}}
+
+% Ignore text until a line `@end #1', keeping track of nested conditionals.
+%
+% A count to remember the depth of nesting.
+\newcount\doignorecount
+
+\def\doignore#1{\begingroup
+  % Scan in ``verbatim'' mode:
+  \obeylines
+  \catcode`\@ = \other
+  \catcode`\{ = \other
+  \catcode`\} = \other
+  %
+  % Make sure that spaces turn into tokens that match what \doignoretext wants.
+  \spaceisspace
+  %
+  % Count number of #1's that we've seen.
+  \doignorecount = 0
+  %
+  % Swallow text until we reach the matching `@end #1'.
+  \dodoignore{#1}%
+}
+
+{ \catcode`_=11 % We want to use \_STOP_ which cannot appear in texinfo source.
+  \obeylines %
+  %
+  \gdef\dodoignore#1{%
+    % #1 contains the command name as a string, e.g., `ifinfo'.
+    %
+    % Define a command to find the next `@end #1'.
+    \long\def\doignoretext##1^^M@end #1{%
+      \doignoretextyyy##1^^M@#1\_STOP_}%
+    %
+    % And this command to find another #1 command, at the beginning of a
+    % line.  (Otherwise, we would consider a line `@c @ifset', for
+    % example, to count as an @ifset for nesting.)
+    \long\def\doignoretextyyy##1^^M@#1##2\_STOP_{\doignoreyyy{##2}\_STOP_}%
+    %
+    % And now expand that command.
+    \doignoretext ^^M%
+  }%
+}
+
+\def\doignoreyyy#1{%
+  \def\temp{#1}%
+  \ifx\temp\empty			% Nothing found.
+    \let\next\doignoretextzzz
+  \else					% Found a nested condition, ...
+    \advance\doignorecount by 1
+    \let\next\doignoretextyyy		% ..., look for another.
+    % If we're here, #1 ends with ^^M\ifinfo (for example).
+  \fi
+  \next #1% the token \_STOP_ is present just after this macro.
+}
+
+% We have to swallow the remaining "\_STOP_".
+%
+\def\doignoretextzzz#1{%
+  \ifnum\doignorecount = 0	% We have just found the outermost @end.
+    \let\next\enddoignore
+  \else				% Still inside a nested condition.
+    \advance\doignorecount by -1
+    \let\next\doignoretext      % Look for the next @end.
+  \fi
+  \next
+}
+
+% Finish off ignored text.
+{ \obeylines%
+  % Ignore anything after the last `@end #1'; this matters in verbatim
+  % environments, where otherwise the newline after an ignored conditional
+  % would result in a blank line in the output.
+  \gdef\enddoignore#1^^M{\endgroup\ignorespaces}%
+}
+
+
+% @set VAR sets the variable VAR to an empty value.
+% @set VAR REST-OF-LINE sets VAR to the value REST-OF-LINE.
+%
+% Since we want to separate VAR from REST-OF-LINE (which might be
+% empty), we can't just use \parsearg; we have to insert a space of our
+% own to delimit the rest of the line, and then take it out again if we
+% didn't need it.
+% We rely on the fact that \parsearg sets \catcode`\ =10.
+%
+\parseargdef\set{\setyyy#1 \endsetyyy}
+\def\setyyy#1 #2\endsetyyy{%
+  {%
+    \makevalueexpandable
+    \def\temp{#2}%
+    \edef\next{\gdef\makecsname{SET#1}}%
+    \ifx\temp\empty
+      \next{}%
+    \else
+      \setzzz#2\endsetzzz
+    \fi
+  }%
+}
+% Remove the trailing space \setxxx inserted.
+\def\setzzz#1 \endsetzzz{\next{#1}}
+
+% @clear VAR clears (i.e., unsets) the variable VAR.
+%
+\parseargdef\clear{%
+  {%
+    \makevalueexpandable
+    \global\expandafter\let\csname SET#1\endcsname=\relax
+  }%
+}
+
+% @value{foo} gets the text saved in variable foo.
+\def\value{\begingroup\makevalueexpandable\valuexxx}
+\def\valuexxx#1{\expandablevalue{#1}\endgroup}
+{
+  \catcode`\-=\active \catcode`\_=\active
+  %
+  \gdef\makevalueexpandable{%
+    \let\value = \expandablevalue
+    % We don't want these characters active, ...
+    \catcode`\-=\other \catcode`\_=\other
+    % ..., but we might end up with active ones in the argument if
+    % we're called from @code, as @code{@value{foo-bar_}}, though.
+    % So \let them to their normal equivalents.
+    \let-\normaldash \let_\normalunderscore
+  }
+}
+
+% We have this subroutine so that we can handle at least some @value's
+% properly in indexes (we call \makevalueexpandable in \indexdummies).
+% The command has to be fully expandable (if the variable is set), since
+% the result winds up in the index file.  This means that if the
+% variable's value contains other Texinfo commands, it's almost certain
+% it will fail (although perhaps we could fix that with sufficient work
+% to do a one-level expansion on the result, instead of complete).
+% 
+% Unfortunately, this has the consequence that when _ is in the *value*
+% of an @set, it does not print properly in the roman fonts (get the cmr
+% dot accent at position 126 instead).  No fix comes to mind, and it's
+% been this way since 2003 or earlier, so just ignore it.
+% 
+\def\expandablevalue#1{%
+  \expandafter\ifx\csname SET#1\endcsname\relax
+    {[No value for ``#1'']}%
+    \message{Variable `#1', used in @value, is not set.}%
+  \else
+    \csname SET#1\endcsname
+  \fi
+}
+
+% @ifset VAR ... @end ifset reads the `...' iff VAR has been defined
+% with @set.
+% 
+% To get the special treatment we need for `@end ifset,' we call
+% \makecond and then redefine.
+%
+\makecond{ifset}
+\def\ifset{\parsearg{\doifset{\let\next=\ifsetfail}}}
+\def\doifset#1#2{%
+  {%
+    \makevalueexpandable
+    \let\next=\empty
+    \expandafter\ifx\csname SET#2\endcsname\relax
+      #1% If not set, redefine \next.
+    \fi
+    \expandafter
+  }\next
+}
+\def\ifsetfail{\doignore{ifset}}
+
+% @ifclear VAR ... @end executes the `...' iff VAR has never been
+% defined with @set, or has been undefined with @clear.
+%
+% The `\else' inside the `\doifset' parameter is a trick to reuse the
+% above code: if the variable is not set, do nothing, if it is set,
+% then redefine \next to \ifclearfail.
+%
+\makecond{ifclear}
+\def\ifclear{\parsearg{\doifset{\else \let\next=\ifclearfail}}}
+\def\ifclearfail{\doignore{ifclear}}
+
+% @ifcommandisdefined CMD ... @end executes the `...' if CMD (written
+% without the @) is in fact defined.  We can only feasibly check at the
+% TeX level, so something like `mathcode' is going to considered
+% defined even though it is not a Texinfo command.
+% 
+\makecond{ifcommanddefined}
+\def\ifcommanddefined{\parsearg{\doifcmddefined{\let\next=\ifcmddefinedfail}}}
+%
+\def\doifcmddefined#1#2{{%
+    \makevalueexpandable
+    \let\next=\empty
+    \expandafter\ifx\csname #2\endcsname\relax
+      #1% If not defined, \let\next as above.
+    \fi
+    \expandafter
+  }\next
+}
+\def\ifcmddefinedfail{\doignore{ifcommanddefined}}
+
+% @ifcommandnotdefined CMD ... handled similar to @ifclear above.
+\makecond{ifcommandnotdefined}
+\def\ifcommandnotdefined{%
+  \parsearg{\doifcmddefined{\else \let\next=\ifcmdnotdefinedfail}}}
+\def\ifcmdnotdefinedfail{\doignore{ifcommandnotdefined}}
+
+% Set the `txicommandconditionals' variable, so documents have a way to
+% test if the @ifcommand...defined conditionals are available.
+\set txicommandconditionals
+
+% @dircategory CATEGORY  -- specify a category of the dir file
+% which this file should belong to.  Ignore this in TeX.
+\let\dircategory=\comment
+
+% @defininfoenclose.
+\let\definfoenclose=\comment
+
+
+\message{indexing,}
+% Index generation facilities
+
+% Define \newwrite to be identical to plain tex's \newwrite
+% except not \outer, so it can be used within macros and \if's.
+\edef\newwrite{\makecsname{ptexnewwrite}}
+
+% \newindex {foo} defines an index named IX.
+% It automatically defines \IXindex such that
+% \IXindex ...rest of line... puts an entry in the index IX.
+% It also defines \IXindfile to be the number of the output channel for
+% the file that accumulates this index.  The file's extension is IX.
+% The name of an index should be no more than 2 characters long
+% for the sake of vms.
+%
+\def\newindex#1{%
+  \expandafter\chardef\csname#1indfile\endcsname=0
+  \expandafter\xdef\csname#1index\endcsname{%     % Define @#1index
+    \noexpand\doindex{#1}}
+}
+
+% @defindex foo  ==  \newindex{foo}
+%
+\def\defindex{\parsearg\newindex}
+
+% Define @defcodeindex, like @defindex except put all entries in @code.
+%
+\def\defcodeindex{\parsearg\newcodeindex}
+%
+\def\newcodeindex#1{%
+  \expandafter\chardef\csname#1indfile\endcsname=0
+  \expandafter\xdef\csname#1index\endcsname{%
+    \noexpand\docodeindex{#1}}%
+}
+
+% The default indices:
+\newindex{cp}%      concepts,
+\newcodeindex{fn}%  functions,
+\newcodeindex{vr}%  variables,
+\newcodeindex{tp}%  types,
+\newcodeindex{ky}%  keys
+\newcodeindex{pg}%  and programs.
+
+
+% @synindex foo bar    makes index foo feed into index bar.
+% Do this instead of @defindex foo if you don't want it as a separate index.
+%
+% @syncodeindex foo bar   similar, but put all entries made for index foo
+% inside @code.
+%
+\def\synindex#1 #2 {\dosynindex\doindex{#1}{#2}}
+\def\syncodeindex#1 #2 {\dosynindex\docodeindex{#1}{#2}}
+
+% #1 is \doindex or \docodeindex, #2 the index getting redefined (foo),
+% #3 the target index (bar).
+\def\dosynindex#1#2#3{%
+  % Only do \closeout if we haven't already done it, else we'll end up
+  % closing the target index.
+  \expandafter \ifx\csname donesynindex#2\endcsname \relax
+    % The \closeout helps reduce unnecessary open files; the limit on the
+    % Acorn RISC OS is a mere 16 files.
+    \expandafter\closeout\csname#2indfile\endcsname
+    \expandafter\let\csname donesynindex#2\endcsname = 1
+  \fi
+  % redefine \fooindfile:
+  \expandafter\let\expandafter\temp\expandafter=\csname#3indfile\endcsname
+  \expandafter\let\csname#2indfile\endcsname=\temp
+  % redefine \fooindex:
+  \expandafter\xdef\csname#2index\endcsname{\noexpand#1{#3}}%
+}
+
+% Define \doindex, the driver for all index macros.
+% Argument #1 is generated by the calling \fooindex macro,
+% and it the two-letter name of the index.
+
+\def\doindex#1{\edef\indexname{#1}\parsearg\doindexxxx}
+\def\doindexxxx #1{\doind{\indexname}{#1}}
+
+% like the previous two, but they put @code around the argument.
+\def\docodeindex#1{\edef\indexname{#1}\parsearg\docodeindexxxx}
+\def\docodeindexxxx #1{\doind{\indexname}{\code{#1}}}
+
+% Used when writing an index entry out to an index file, to prevent
+% expansion of Texinfo commands that can appear in an index entry.
+%
+\def\indexdummies{%
+  \escapechar = `\\     % use backslash in output files.
+  \def\@{@}% change to @@ when we switch to @ as escape char in index files.
+  \def\ {\realbackslash\space }%
+  %
+  % Need these unexpandable (because we define \tt as a dummy)
+  % definitions when @{ or @} appear in index entry text.  Also, more
+  % complicated, when \tex is in effect and \{ is a \delimiter again.
+  % We can't use \lbracecmd and \rbracecmd because texindex assumes
+  % braces and backslashes are used only as delimiters.  Perhaps we
+  % should use @lbracechar and @rbracechar?
+  \def\{{{\tt\char123}}%
+  \def\}{{\tt\char125}}%
+  %
+  % Do the redefinitions.
+  \commondummies
+}
+
+% For the aux and toc files, @ is the escape character.  So we want to
+% redefine everything using @ as the escape character (instead of
+% \realbackslash, still used for index files).  When everything uses @,
+% this will be simpler.
+%
+\def\atdummies{%
+  \def\@{@@}%
+  \def\ {@ }%
+  \let\{ = \lbraceatcmd
+  \let\} = \rbraceatcmd
+  %
+  % Do the redefinitions.
+  \commondummies
+  \otherbackslash
+}
+
+% Called from \indexdummies and \atdummies.
+%
+\def\commondummies{%
+  % \definedummyword defines \#1 as \string\#1\space, thus effectively
+  % preventing its expansion.  This is used only for control words,
+  % not control letters, because the \space would be incorrect for
+  % control characters, but is needed to separate the control word
+  % from whatever follows.
+  %
+  % For control letters, we have \definedummyletter, which omits the
+  % space.
+  %
+  % These can be used both for control words that take an argument and
+  % those that do not.  If it is followed by {arg} in the input, then
+  % that will dutifully get written to the index (or wherever).
+  %
+  \def\definedummyword  ##1{\def##1{\string##1\space}}%
+  \def\definedummyletter##1{\def##1{\string##1}}%
+  \let\definedummyaccent\definedummyletter
+  %
+  \commondummiesnofonts
+  %
+  \definedummyletter\_%
+  \definedummyletter\-%
+  %
+  % Non-English letters.
+  \definedummyword\AA
+  \definedummyword\AE
+  \definedummyword\DH
+  \definedummyword\L
+  \definedummyword\O
+  \definedummyword\OE
+  \definedummyword\TH
+  \definedummyword\aa
+  \definedummyword\ae
+  \definedummyword\dh
+  \definedummyword\exclamdown
+  \definedummyword\l
+  \definedummyword\o
+  \definedummyword\oe
+  \definedummyword\ordf
+  \definedummyword\ordm
+  \definedummyword\questiondown
+  \definedummyword\ss
+  \definedummyword\th
+  %
+  % Although these internal commands shouldn't show up, sometimes they do.
+  \definedummyword\bf
+  \definedummyword\gtr
+  \definedummyword\hat
+  \definedummyword\less
+  \definedummyword\sf
+  \definedummyword\sl
+  \definedummyword\tclose
+  \definedummyword\tt
+  %
+  \definedummyword\LaTeX
+  \definedummyword\TeX
+  %
+  % Assorted special characters.
+  \definedummyword\arrow
+  \definedummyword\bullet
+  \definedummyword\comma
+  \definedummyword\copyright
+  \definedummyword\registeredsymbol
+  \definedummyword\dots
+  \definedummyword\enddots
+  \definedummyword\entrybreak
+  \definedummyword\equiv
+  \definedummyword\error
+  \definedummyword\euro
+  \definedummyword\expansion
+  \definedummyword\geq
+  \definedummyword\guillemetleft
+  \definedummyword\guillemetright
+  \definedummyword\guilsinglleft
+  \definedummyword\guilsinglright
+  \definedummyword\lbracechar
+  \definedummyword\leq
+  \definedummyword\mathopsup
+  \definedummyword\minus
+  \definedummyword\ogonek
+  \definedummyword\pounds
+  \definedummyword\point
+  \definedummyword\print
+  \definedummyword\quotedblbase
+  \definedummyword\quotedblleft
+  \definedummyword\quotedblright
+  \definedummyword\quoteleft
+  \definedummyword\quoteright
+  \definedummyword\quotesinglbase
+  \definedummyword\rbracechar
+  \definedummyword\result
+  \definedummyword\sub
+  \definedummyword\sup
+  \definedummyword\textdegree
+  %
+  % We want to disable all macros so that they are not expanded by \write.
+  \macrolist
+  %
+  \normalturnoffactive
+  %
+  % Handle some cases of @value -- where it does not contain any
+  % (non-fully-expandable) commands.
+  \makevalueexpandable
+}
+
+% \commondummiesnofonts: common to \commondummies and \indexnofonts.
+% Define \definedumyletter, \definedummyaccent and \definedummyword before
+% using.
+%
+\def\commondummiesnofonts{%
+  % Control letters and accents.
+  \definedummyletter\!%
+  \definedummyaccent\"%
+  \definedummyaccent\'%
+  \definedummyletter\*%
+  \definedummyaccent\,%
+  \definedummyletter\.%
+  \definedummyletter\/%
+  \definedummyletter\:%
+  \definedummyaccent\=%
+  \definedummyletter\?%
+  \definedummyaccent\^%
+  \definedummyaccent\`%
+  \definedummyaccent\~%
+  \definedummyword\u
+  \definedummyword\v
+  \definedummyword\H
+  \definedummyword\dotaccent
+  \definedummyword\ogonek
+  \definedummyword\ringaccent
+  \definedummyword\tieaccent
+  \definedummyword\ubaraccent
+  \definedummyword\udotaccent
+  \definedummyword\dotless
+  %
+  % Texinfo font commands.
+  \definedummyword\b
+  \definedummyword\i
+  \definedummyword\r
+  \definedummyword\sansserif
+  \definedummyword\sc
+  \definedummyword\slanted
+  \definedummyword\t
+  %
+  % Commands that take arguments.
+  \definedummyword\abbr
+  \definedummyword\acronym
+  \definedummyword\anchor
+  \definedummyword\cite
+  \definedummyword\code
+  \definedummyword\command
+  \definedummyword\dfn
+  \definedummyword\dmn
+  \definedummyword\email
+  \definedummyword\emph
+  \definedummyword\env
+  \definedummyword\file
+  \definedummyword\image
+  \definedummyword\indicateurl
+  \definedummyword\inforef
+  \definedummyword\kbd
+  \definedummyword\key
+  \definedummyword\math
+  \definedummyword\option
+  \definedummyword\pxref
+  \definedummyword\ref
+  \definedummyword\samp
+  \definedummyword\strong
+  \definedummyword\tie
+  \definedummyword\U
+  \definedummyword\uref
+  \definedummyword\url
+  \definedummyword\var
+  \definedummyword\verb
+  \definedummyword\w
+  \definedummyword\xref
+}
+
+% For testing: output @{ and @} in index sort strings as \{ and \}.
+\newif\ifusebracesinindexes
+
+\let\indexlbrace\relax
+\let\indexrbrace\relax
+
+{\catcode`\@=0
+\catcode`\\=13
+  @gdef@backslashdisappear{@def\{}}
+}
+
+{
+\catcode`\<=13
+\catcode`\-=13
+\catcode`\`=13
+  \gdef\indexnonalnumdisappear{%
+    \expandafter\ifx\csname SETtxiindexlquoteignore\endcsname\relax\else
+      % @set txiindexlquoteignore makes us ignore left quotes in the sort term.
+      % (Introduced for FSFS 2nd ed.)
+      \let`=\empty
+    \fi
+    %
+    \expandafter\ifx\csname SETtxiindexbackslashignore\endcsname\relax\else
+      \backslashdisappear
+    \fi
+    %
+    \expandafter\ifx\csname SETtxiindexhyphenignore\endcsname\relax\else
+      \def-{}%
+    \fi
+    \expandafter\ifx\csname SETtxiindexlessthanignore\endcsname\relax\else
+      \def<{}%
+    \fi
+    \expandafter\ifx\csname SETtxiindexatsignignore\endcsname\relax\else
+      \def\@{}%
+    \fi
+  }
+
+  \gdef\indexnonalnumreappear{%
+    \useindexbackslash
+    \let-\normaldash
+    \let<\normalless
+    \def\@{@}%
+  }
+}
+
+
+% \indexnofonts is used when outputting the strings to sort the index
+% by, and when constructing control sequence names.  It eliminates all
+% control sequences and just writes whatever the best ASCII sort string
+% would be for a given command (usually its argument).
+%
+\def\indexnofonts{%
+  % Accent commands should become @asis.
+  \def\definedummyaccent##1{\let##1\asis}%
+  % We can just ignore other control letters.
+  \def\definedummyletter##1{\let##1\empty}%
+  % All control words become @asis by default; overrides below.
+  \let\definedummyword\definedummyaccent
+  \commondummiesnofonts
+  %
+  % Don't no-op \tt, since it isn't a user-level command
+  % and is used in the definitions of the active chars like <, >, |, etc.
+  % Likewise with the other plain tex font commands.
+  %\let\tt=\asis
+  %
+  \def\ { }%
+  \def\@{@}%
+  \def\_{\normalunderscore}%
+  \def\-{}% @- shouldn't affect sorting
+  %
+  \def\lbracechar{{\indexlbrace}}%
+  \def\rbracechar{{\indexrbrace}}%
+  \let\{=\lbracechar
+  \let\}=\rbracechar
+  %
+  %
+  % Non-English letters.
+  \def\AA{AA}%
+  \def\AE{AE}%
+  \def\DH{DZZ}%
+  \def\L{L}%
+  \def\OE{OE}%
+  \def\O{O}%
+  \def\TH{TH}%
+  \def\aa{aa}%
+  \def\ae{ae}%
+  \def\dh{dzz}%
+  \def\exclamdown{!}%
+  \def\l{l}%
+  \def\oe{oe}%
+  \def\ordf{a}%
+  \def\ordm{o}%
+  \def\o{o}%
+  \def\questiondown{?}%
+  \def\ss{ss}%
+  \def\th{th}%
+  %
+  \def\LaTeX{LaTeX}%
+  \def\TeX{TeX}%
+  %
+  % Assorted special characters.
+  % (The following {} will end up in the sort string, but that's ok.)
+  \def\arrow{->}%
+  \def\bullet{bullet}%
+  \def\comma{,}%
+  \def\copyright{copyright}%
+  \def\dots{...}%
+  \def\enddots{...}%
+  \def\equiv{==}%
+  \def\error{error}%
+  \def\euro{euro}%
+  \def\expansion{==>}%
+  \def\geq{>=}%
+  \def\guillemetleft{<<}%
+  \def\guillemetright{>>}%
+  \def\guilsinglleft{<}%
+  \def\guilsinglright{>}%
+  \def\leq{<=}%
+  \def\minus{-}%
+  \def\point{.}%
+  \def\pounds{pounds}%
+  \def\print{-|}%
+  \def\quotedblbase{"}%
+  \def\quotedblleft{"}%
+  \def\quotedblright{"}%
+  \def\quoteleft{`}%
+  \def\quoteright{'}%
+  \def\quotesinglbase{,}%
+  \def\registeredsymbol{R}%
+  \def\result{=>}%
+  \def\textdegree{o}%
+  %
+  % We need to get rid of all macros, leaving only the arguments (if present).
+  % Of course this is not nearly correct, but it is the best we can do for now.
+  % makeinfo does not expand macros in the argument to @deffn, which ends up
+  % writing an index entry, and texindex isn't prepared for an index sort entry
+  % that starts with \.
+  %
+  % Since macro invocations are followed by braces, we can just redefine them
+  % to take a single TeX argument.  The case of a macro invocation that
+  % goes to end-of-line is not handled.
+  %
+  \macrolist
+}
+
+
+\let\SETmarginindex=\relax % put index entries in margin (undocumented)?
+
+% Most index entries go through here, but \dosubind is the general case.
+% #1 is the index name, #2 is the entry text.
+\def\doind#1#2{\dosubind{#1}{#2}{}}
+
+% There is also \dosubind {index}{topic}{subtopic}
+% which makes an entry in a two-level index such as the operation index.
+% TODO: Two-level index?  Operation index?
+
+% Workhorse for all indexes.
+% #1 is name of index, #2 is stuff to put there, #3 is subentry --
+% empty if called from \doind, as we usually are (the main exception
+% is with most defuns, which call us directly).
+%
+\def\dosubind#1#2#3{%
+  \iflinks
+  {%
+    \requireopenindexfile{#1}%
+    % Store the main index entry text (including the third arg).
+    \toks0 = {#2}%
+    % If third arg is present, precede it with a space.
+    \def\thirdarg{#3}%
+    \ifx\thirdarg\empty \else
+      \toks0 = \expandafter{\the\toks0 \space #3}%
+    \fi
+    %
+    \edef\writeto{\csname#1indfile\endcsname}%
+    %
+    \safewhatsit\dosubindwrite
+  }%
+  \fi
+}
+
+% Check if an index file has been opened, and if not, open it.
+\def\requireopenindexfile#1{%
+\ifnum\csname #1indfile\endcsname=0
+  \expandafter\newwrite \csname#1indfile\endcsname
+  \edef\suffix{#1}%
+  % A .fls suffix would conflict with the file extension for the output
+  % of -recorder, so use .f1s instead.
+  \ifx\suffix\indexisfl\def\suffix{f1}\fi
+  % Open the file
+  \immediate\openout\csname#1indfile\endcsname \jobname.\suffix
+  % Using \immediate here prevents an object entering into the current box,
+  % which could confound checks such as those in \safewhatsit for preceding
+  % skips.
+\fi}
+\def\indexisfl{fl}
+
+% Output \ as {\indexbackslash}, because \ is an escape character in
+% the index files.
+\let\indexbackslash=\relax
+{\catcode`\@=0 \catcode`\\=\active
+  @gdef@useindexbackslash{@def\{{@indexbackslash}}}
+}
+
+% Definition for writing index entry text.
+\def\sortas#1{\ignorespaces}%
+
+% Definition for writing index entry sort key.  Should occur at the at
+% the beginning of the index entry, like
+%     @cindex @sortas{september} \september
+% The \ignorespaces takes care of following space, but there's no way
+% to remove space before it.
+{
+\catcode`\-=13
+\gdef\indexwritesortas{%
+  \begingroup
+  \indexnonalnumreappear
+  \indexwritesortasxxx}
+\gdef\indexwritesortasxxx#1{%
+  \xdef\indexsortkey{#1}\endgroup}
+}
+
+
+% Write the entry in \toks0 to the index file.
+%
+\def\dosubindwrite{%
+  % Put the index entry in the margin if desired.
+  \ifx\SETmarginindex\relax\else
+    \insert\margin{\hbox{\vrule height8pt depth3pt width0pt \the\toks0}}%
+  \fi
+  %
+  % Remember, we are within a group.
+  \indexdummies % Must do this here, since \bf, etc expand at this stage
+  \useindexbackslash % \indexbackslash isn't defined now so it will be output 
+                     % as is; and it will print as backslash.
+  % Get the string to sort by, by processing the index entry with all
+  % font commands turned off.
+  {\indexnofonts
+   \indexnonalnumdisappear
+   \xdef\indexsortkey{}%
+   \let\sortas=\indexwritesortas
+   \edef\temp{\the\toks0}%
+   \setbox\dummybox = \hbox{\temp}% Make sure to execute any \sortas
+   \ifx\indexsortkey\empty
+     \xdef\indexsortkey{\temp}%
+     \ifx\indexsortkey\empty\xdef\indexsortkey{ }\fi
+   \fi
+  }%
+  %
+  % Set up the complete index entry, with both the sort key and
+  % the original text, including any font commands.  We write
+  % three arguments to \entry to the .?? file (four in the
+  % subentry case), texindex reduces to two when writing the .??s
+  % sorted result.
+  \edef\temp{%
+    \write\writeto{%
+      \string\entry{\indexsortkey}{\noexpand\folio}{\the\toks0}}%
+  }%
+  \temp
+}
+\newbox\dummybox % used above
+
+% Take care of unwanted page breaks/skips around a whatsit:
+%
+% If a skip is the last thing on the list now, preserve it
+% by backing up by \lastskip, doing the \write, then inserting
+% the skip again.  Otherwise, the whatsit generated by the
+% \write or \pdfdest will make \lastskip zero.  The result is that
+% sequences like this:
+% @end defun
+% @tindex whatever
+% @defun ...
+% will have extra space inserted, because the \medbreak in the
+% start of the @defun won't see the skip inserted by the @end of
+% the previous defun.
+%
+% But don't do any of this if we're not in vertical mode.  We
+% don't want to do a \vskip and prematurely end a paragraph.
+%
+% Avoid page breaks due to these extra skips, too.
+%
+% But wait, there is a catch there:
+% We'll have to check whether \lastskip is zero skip.  \ifdim is not
+% sufficient for this purpose, as it ignores stretch and shrink parts
+% of the skip.  The only way seems to be to check the textual
+% representation of the skip.
+%
+% The following is almost like \def\zeroskipmacro{0.0pt} except that
+% the ``p'' and ``t'' characters have catcode \other, not 11 (letter).
+%
+\edef\zeroskipmacro{\expandafter\the\csname z@skip\endcsname}
+%
+\newskip\whatsitskip
+\newcount\whatsitpenalty
+%
+% ..., ready, GO:
+%
+\def\safewhatsit#1{\ifhmode
+  #1%
+ \else
+  % \lastskip and \lastpenalty cannot both be nonzero simultaneously.
+  \whatsitskip = \lastskip
+  \edef\lastskipmacro{\the\lastskip}%
+  \whatsitpenalty = \lastpenalty
+  %
+  % If \lastskip is nonzero, that means the last item was a
+  % skip.  And since a skip is discardable, that means this
+  % -\whatsitskip glue we're inserting is preceded by a
+  % non-discardable item, therefore it is not a potential
+  % breakpoint, therefore no \nobreak needed.
+  \ifx\lastskipmacro\zeroskipmacro
+  \else
+    \vskip-\whatsitskip
+  \fi
+  %
+  #1%
+  %
+  \ifx\lastskipmacro\zeroskipmacro
+    % If \lastskip was zero, perhaps the last item was a penalty, and
+    % perhaps it was >=10000, e.g., a \nobreak.  In that case, we want
+    % to re-insert the same penalty (values >10000 are used for various
+    % signals); since we just inserted a non-discardable item, any
+    % following glue (such as a \parskip) would be a breakpoint.  For example:
+    %   @deffn deffn-whatever
+    %   @vindex index-whatever
+    %   Description.
+    % would allow a break between the index-whatever whatsit
+    % and the "Description." paragraph.
+    \ifnum\whatsitpenalty>9999 \penalty\whatsitpenalty \fi
+  \else
+    % On the other hand, if we had a nonzero \lastskip,
+    % this make-up glue would be preceded by a non-discardable item
+    % (the whatsit from the \write), so we must insert a \nobreak.
+    \nobreak\vskip\whatsitskip
+  \fi
+\fi}
+
+% The index entry written in the file actually looks like
+%  \entry {sortstring}{page}{topic}
+% or
+%  \entry {sortstring}{page}{topic}{subtopic}
+% The texindex program reads in these files and writes files
+% containing these kinds of lines:
+%  \initial {c}
+%     before the first topic whose initial is c
+%  \entry {topic}{pagelist}
+%     for a topic that is used without subtopics
+%  \primary {topic}
+%     for the beginning of a topic that is used with subtopics
+%  \secondary {subtopic}{pagelist}
+%     for each subtopic.
+
+% Define the user-accessible indexing commands
+% @findex, @vindex, @kindex, @cindex.
+
+\def\findex {\fnindex}
+\def\kindex {\kyindex}
+\def\cindex {\cpindex}
+\def\vindex {\vrindex}
+\def\tindex {\tpindex}
+\def\pindex {\pgindex}
+
+\def\cindexsub {\begingroup\obeylines\cindexsub}
+{\obeylines %
+\gdef\cindexsub "#1" #2^^M{\endgroup %
+\dosubind{cp}{#2}{#1}}}
+
+% Define the macros used in formatting output of the sorted index material.
+
+% @printindex causes a particular index (the ??s file) to get printed.
+% It does not print any chapter heading (usually an @unnumbered).
+%
+\parseargdef\printindex{\begingroup
+  \dobreak \chapheadingskip{10000}%
+  %
+  \smallfonts \rm
+  \tolerance = 9500
+  \plainfrenchspacing
+  \everypar = {}% don't want the \kern\-parindent from indentation suppression.
+  %
+  % See if the index file exists and is nonempty.
+  % Change catcode of @ here so that if the index file contains
+  % \initial {@}
+  % as its first line, TeX doesn't complain about mismatched braces
+  % (because it thinks @} is a control sequence).
+  \catcode`\@ = 11
+  % See comment in \requireopenindexfile.
+  \def\indexname{#1}\ifx\indexname\indexisfl\def\indexname{f1}\fi
+  \openin 1 \jobname.\indexname s
+  \ifeof 1
+    % \enddoublecolumns gets confused if there is no text in the index,
+    % and it loses the chapter title and the aux file entries for the
+    % index.  The easiest way to prevent this problem is to make sure
+    % there is some text.
+    \putwordIndexNonexistent
+  \else
+    \catcode`\\ = 0
+    \escapechar = `\\
+    %
+    % If the index file exists but is empty, then \openin leaves \ifeof
+    % false.  We have to make TeX try to read something from the file, so
+    % it can discover if there is anything in it.
+    \read 1 to \thisline
+    \ifeof 1
+      \putwordIndexIsEmpty
+    \else
+      % Index files are almost Texinfo source, but we use \ as the escape
+      % character.  It would be better to use @, but that's too big a change
+      % to make right now.
+      \def\indexbackslash{\ttbackslash}%
+      \let\indexlbrace\{   % Likewise, set these sequences for braces
+      \let\indexrbrace\}   % used in the sort key.
+      \begindoublecolumns
+      \let\entryorphanpenalty=\indexorphanpenalty
+      %
+      % Read input from the index file line by line.
+      \loopdo
+        \ifeof1
+          \let\firsttoken\relax
+        \else
+          \read 1 to \nextline
+          \edef\act{\gdef\noexpand\firsttoken{\getfirsttoken\nextline}}%
+          \act
+        \fi
+        \thisline
+        %
+        \ifeof1\else
+        \let\thisline\nextline
+      \repeat
+      %%
+      \enddoublecolumns
+    \fi
+  \fi
+  \closein 1
+\endgroup}
+
+\def\getfirsttoken#1{\expandafter\getfirsttokenx#1\endfirsttoken}
+\long\def\getfirsttokenx#1#2\endfirsttoken{\noexpand#1}
+
+\def\loopdo#1\repeat{\def\body{#1}\loopdoxxx}
+\def\loopdoxxx{\let\next=\relax\body\let\next=\loopdoxxx\fi\next}
+
+% These macros are used by the sorted index file itself.
+% Change them to control the appearance of the index.
+
+{\catcode`\/=13 \catcode`\-=13 \catcode`\^=13 \catcode`\~=13 \catcode`\_=13
+\catcode`\|=13 \catcode`\<=13 \catcode`\>=13 \catcode`\+=13 \catcode`\"=13
+\catcode`\$=3
+\gdef\initialglyphs{%
+  % Some changes for non-alphabetic characters.  Using the glyphs from the
+  % math fonts looks more consistent than the typewriter font used elsewhere
+  % for these characters.
+  \def\indexbackslash{\math{\backslash}}%
+  \let\\=\indexbackslash
+  %
+  % Can't get bold backslash so don't use bold forward slash
+  \catcode`\/=13
+  \def/{{\secrmnotbold \normalslash}}%
+  \def-{{\normaldash\normaldash}}% en dash `--'
+  \def^{{\chapbf \normalcaret}}%
+  \def~{{\chapbf \normaltilde}}%
+  \def\_{%
+     \leavevmode \kern.07em \vbox{\hrule width.3em height.1ex}\kern .07em }%
+  \def|{$\vert$}%
+  \def<{$\less$}%
+  \def>{$\gtr$}%
+  \def+{$\normalplus$}%
+}}
+
+\def\initial{%
+  \bgroup
+  \initialglyphs
+  \initialx
+}
+
+\def\initialx#1{%
+  % Remove any glue we may have, we'll be inserting our own.
+  \removelastskip
+  %
+  % We like breaks before the index initials, so insert a bonus.
+  % The glue before the bonus allows a little bit of space at the
+  % bottom of a column to reduce an increase in inter-line spacing.
+  \nobreak
+  \vskip 0pt plus 5\baselineskip
+  \penalty -300 
+  \vskip 0pt plus -5\baselineskip
+  %
+  % Typeset the initial.  Making this add up to a whole number of
+  % baselineskips increases the chance of the dots lining up from column
+  % to column.  It still won't often be perfect, because of the stretch
+  % we need before each entry, but it's better.
+  %
+  % No shrink because it confuses \balancecolumns.
+  \vskip 1.67\baselineskip plus 1\baselineskip
+  \leftline{\secfonts \kern-0.05em \secbf #1}%
+  % \secfonts is inside the argument of \leftline so that the change of
+  % \baselineskip will not affect any glue inserted before the vbox that
+  % \leftline creates.
+  % Do our best not to break after the initial.
+  \nobreak
+  \vskip .33\baselineskip plus .1\baselineskip
+  \egroup % \initialglyphs
+}
+
+\newdimen\entryrightmargin
+\entryrightmargin=0pt
+
+% \entry typesets a paragraph consisting of the text (#1), dot leaders, and
+% then page number (#2) flushed to the right margin.  It is used for index
+% and table of contents entries.  The paragraph is indented by \leftskip.
+%
+\def\entry{%
+  \begingroup
+    %
+    % Start a new paragraph if necessary, so our assignments below can't
+    % affect previous text.
+    \par
+    %
+    % No extra space above this paragraph.
+    \parskip = 0in
+    %
+    % When reading the text of entry, convert explicit line breaks
+    % from @* into spaces.  The user might give these in long section
+    % titles, for instance.
+    \def\*{\unskip\space\ignorespaces}%
+    \def\entrybreak{\hfil\break}% An undocumented command
+    %
+    % A bit of stretch before each entry for the benefit of balancing
+    % columns.
+    \vskip 0pt plus0.5pt
+    %
+    % Swallow the left brace of the text (first parameter):
+    \afterassignment\doentry
+    \let\temp =
+}
+\def\entrybreak{\unskip\space\ignorespaces}%
+\def\doentry{%
+    % Save the text of the entry
+    \global\setbox\boxA=\hbox\bgroup
+    \bgroup % Instead of the swallowed brace.
+      \noindent
+      \aftergroup\finishentry
+      % And now comes the text of the entry.
+      % Not absorbing as a macro argument reduces the chance of problems
+      % with catcodes occurring.
+}
+{\catcode`\@=11
+\gdef\finishentry#1{%
+    \egroup % end box A
+    \dimen@ = \wd\boxA % Length of text of entry
+    \global\setbox\boxA=\hbox\bgroup\unhbox\boxA
+    % #1 is the page number.
+    %
+    % Get the width of the page numbers, and only use
+    % leaders if they are present.
+    \global\setbox\boxB = \hbox{#1}%
+    \ifdim\wd\boxB = 0pt
+      \null\nobreak\hfill\ %
+    \else
+      %
+      \null\nobreak\indexdotfill % Have leaders before the page number.
+      %
+      \ifpdf
+        \pdfgettoks#1.%
+        \hskip\skip\thinshrinkable\the\toksA
+      \else
+        \hskip\skip\thinshrinkable #1%
+      \fi
+    \fi
+    \egroup % end \boxA
+    \ifdim\wd\boxB = 0pt
+      \global\setbox\entryindexbox=\box\boxA
+    \else
+    \global\setbox\entryindexbox=\vbox\bgroup\noindent
+      % We want the text of the entries to be aligned to the left, and the
+      % page numbers to be aligned to the right.
+      %
+      \advance\leftskip by 0pt plus 1fil
+      \advance\leftskip by 0pt plus -1fill
+      \rightskip = 0pt plus -1fil
+      \advance\rightskip by 0pt plus 1fill
+      % Cause last line, which could consist of page numbers on their own
+      % if the list of page numbers is long, to be aligned to the right.
+      \parfillskip=0pt plus -1fill
+      %
+      \hangindent=1em
+      %
+      \advance\rightskip by \entryrightmargin
+      % Determine how far we can stretch into the margin.
+      % This allows, e.g., "Appendix H  GNU Free Documentation License" to
+      % fit on one line in @letterpaper format.
+      \ifdim\entryrightmargin>2.1em
+        \dimen@i=2.1em
+      \else
+        \dimen@i=0em
+      \fi
+      \advance \parfillskip by 0pt minus 1\dimen@i
+      %
+      \dimen@ii = \hsize
+      \advance\dimen@ii by -1\leftskip
+      \advance\dimen@ii by -1\entryrightmargin
+      \advance\dimen@ii by 1\dimen@i
+      \let\maybestrut=\relax
+      \ifdim\wd\boxA > \dimen@ii % If the entry doesn't fit in one line
+        \let\maybestrut=\strut
+      \ifdim\dimen@ > 0.8\dimen@ii   % due to long index text
+        \dimen@ = 0.7\dimen@ % Try to split the text roughly evenly
+        \dimen@ii = \hsize
+        \advance \dimen@ii by -1em
+        \ifnum\dimen@>\dimen@ii
+          % If the entry is too long, use the whole line
+          \dimen@ = \dimen@ii
+        \fi
+        \advance\leftskip by 0pt plus 1fill % ragged right
+        \advance \dimen@ by 1\rightskip
+        \parshape = 2 0pt \dimen@ 1em \dimen@ii
+        % Ideally we'd add a finite glue at the end of the first line only, but
+        % TeX doesn't seem to provide a way to do such a thing.
+      \fi\fi
+      \maybestrut  % Add a strut on the first and last lines
+      \unhbox\boxA
+      \maybestrut
+      %
+      % Do not prefer a separate line ending with a hyphen to fewer lines.
+      \finalhyphendemerits = 0
+      %
+      % Word spacing - no stretch
+      \spaceskip=\fontdimen2\font minus \fontdimen4\font
+      %
+      \linepenalty=1000  % Discourage line breaks.
+      \hyphenpenalty=5000  % Discourage hyphenation.
+      %
+      \par % format the paragraph
+    \egroup % The \vbox
+    \fi
+  \endgroup
+  % delay text of entry until after penalty
+  \bgroup\aftergroup\insertindexentrybox
+  \entryorphanpenalty
+}}
+
+\newskip\thinshrinkable
+\skip\thinshrinkable=.15em minus .15em
+
+\newbox\entryindexbox
+\def\insertindexentrybox{%
+\lineskip=0pt    % This comes into effect when the \vbox has a large 
+                 % height due to the paragraph in it having several 
+                 % lines.
+\box\entryindexbox}
+
+% Default is no penalty
+\let\entryorphanpenalty\egroup
+
+% Used from \printindex.  \firsttoken should be the first token
+% after the \entry.  If it's not another \entry, we are at the last
+% line of a group of index entries, so insert a penalty to discourage
+% orphaned index entries.
+\long\def\indexorphanpenalty{%
+  \def\isentry{\entry}%
+  \ifx\firsttoken\isentry
+  \else
+    \unskip\penalty 9000
+    % The \unskip here stops breaking before the glue.  It relies on the
+    % \vskip above being there, otherwise there is an error
+    % "You can't use `\unskip' in vertical mode".  There has to be glue
+    % in the current vertical list that hasn't been added to the
+    % "current page".  See Chapter 24 of the TeXbook.  This contradicts
+    % Section 8.3.7 in "TeX by Topic," though.
+  \fi
+  \egroup % now comes the box added with \aftergroup
+}
+
+% Like plain.tex's \dotfill, except uses up at least 1 em.
+% The filll stretch here overpowers both the fil and fill stretch to push
+% the page number to the right.
+\def\indexdotfill{\cleaders
+  \hbox{$\mathsurround=0pt \mkern1.5mu.\mkern1.5mu$}\hskip 1em plus 1filll}
+
+
+\def\primary #1{\line{#1\hfil}}
+
+\newskip\secondaryindent \secondaryindent=0.5cm
+\def\secondary#1#2{{%
+  \parfillskip=0in
+  \parskip=0in
+  \hangindent=1in
+  \hangafter=1
+  \noindent\hskip\secondaryindent\hbox{#1}\indexdotfill
+  \ifpdf
+    \pdfgettoks#2.\ \the\toksA % The page number ends the paragraph.
+  \else
+    #2
+  \fi
+  \par
+}}
+
+% Define two-column mode, which we use to typeset indexes.
+% Adapted from the TeXbook, page 416, which is to say,
+% the manmac.tex format used to print the TeXbook itself.
+\catcode`\@=11
+
+\newbox\partialpage
+\newdimen\doublecolumnhsize
+\newdimen\doublecolumntopgap
+\doublecolumntopgap = 0pt
+
+\newtoks\savedtopmark % Used in \begindoublecolumns
+\newtoks\savedfirstmark
+
+\def\begindoublecolumns{\begingroup % ended by \enddoublecolumns
+  % Grab any single-column material above us.
+  \output = {%
+    %
+    % Here is a possibility not foreseen in manmac: if we accumulate a
+    % whole lot of material, we might end up calling this \output
+    % routine twice in a row (see the doublecol-lose test, which is
+    % essentially a couple of indexes with @setchapternewpage off).  In
+    % that case we just ship out what is in \partialpage with the normal
+    % output routine.  Generally, \partialpage will be empty when this
+    % runs and this will be a no-op.  See the indexspread.tex test case.
+    \ifvoid\partialpage \else
+      \onepageout{\pagecontents\partialpage}%
+    \fi
+    %
+    \global\setbox\partialpage = \vbox{%
+      % Unvbox the main output page.
+      \unvbox\PAGE
+      \kern-\topskip \kern\baselineskip
+    }%
+    % Save \topmark and \firstmark
+    \global\savedtopmark=\expandafter{\topmark}%
+    \global\savedfirstmark=\expandafter{\firstmark}%
+  }%
+  \eject % run that output routine to set \partialpage
+  %
+  % We recover the two marks that the last output routine saved in order
+  % to propagate the information in marks added around a chapter heading,
+  % which could be otherwise be lost by the time the final page is output.
+  %
+  \mark{\the\savedtopmark}% Only mark in page passed to following \output.
+  \output = {%
+    \setbox0=\box\PAGE % clear box 255
+  }abc\eject
+  %
+  \mark{\the\savedfirstmark}%
+  %
+  % Use the double-column output routine for subsequent pages.
+  \output = {\doublecolumnout}%
+  %
+  % Change the page size parameters.  We could do this once outside this
+  % routine, in each of @smallbook, @afourpaper, and the default 8.5x11
+  % format, but then we repeat the same computation.  Repeating a couple
+  % of assignments once per index is clearly meaningless for the
+  % execution time, so we may as well do it in one place.
+  %
+  % First we halve the line length, less a little for the gutter between
+  % the columns.  We compute the gutter based on the line length, so it
+  % changes automatically with the paper format.  The magic constant
+  % below is chosen so that the gutter has the same value (well, +-<1pt)
+  % as it did when we hard-coded it.
+  %
+  % We put the result in a separate register, \doublecolumhsize, so we
+  % can restore it in \pagesofar, after \hsize itself has (potentially)
+  % been clobbered.
+  %
+  \doublecolumnhsize = \hsize
+    \advance\doublecolumnhsize by -.04154\hsize
+    \divide\doublecolumnhsize by 2
+  \hsize = \doublecolumnhsize
+  %
+  % Double the \vsize as well.  (We don't need a separate register here,
+  % since nobody clobbers \vsize.)
+  \global\doublecolumntopgap = \topskip
+  \global\advance\doublecolumntopgap by -1\baselineskip
+  \global\advance\vsize by -1\doublecolumntopgap
+  \vsize = 2\vsize
+  \topskip=0pt
+}
+
+% The double-column output routine for all double-column pages except
+% the last, which is done by \balancecolumns.
+%
+\def\doublecolumnout{%
+  \splittopskip=\topskip \splitmaxdepth=\maxdepth
+  % Get the available space for the double columns -- the normal
+  % (undoubled) page height minus any material left over from the
+  % previous page.
+  \dimen@ = \vsize
+  \divide\dimen@ by 2
+  \advance\dimen@ by -\ht\partialpage
+  %
+  % box0 will be the left-hand column, box2 the right.
+  \setbox0=\vsplit255 to\dimen@ \setbox2=\vsplit255 to\dimen@
+  \onepageout\pagesofar
+  \unvbox255
+  \penalty\outputpenalty
+}
+%
+% Re-output the contents of the output page -- any previous material,
+% followed by the two boxes we just split, in box0 and box2.
+\def\pagesofar{%
+  \unvbox\partialpage
+  %
+  \hsize = \doublecolumnhsize
+  \wd0=\hsize \wd2=\hsize
+  \vbox{%
+    \vskip\doublecolumntopgap
+    \hbox to\pagewidth{\box0\hfil\box2}}%
+}
+
+
+% Finished with with double columns.
+\def\enddoublecolumns{%
+  % The following penalty ensures that the page builder is exercised
+  % _before_ we change the output routine.  This is necessary in the
+  % following situation:
+  %
+  % The last section of the index consists only of a single entry.
+  % Before this section, \pagetotal is less than \pagegoal, so no
+  % break occurs before the last section starts.  However, the last
+  % section, consisting of \initial and the single \entry, does not
+  % fit on the page and has to be broken off.  Without the following
+  % penalty the page builder will not be exercised until \eject
+  % below, and by that time we'll already have changed the output
+  % routine to the \balancecolumns version, so the next-to-last
+  % double-column page will be processed with \balancecolumns, which
+  % is wrong:  The two columns will go to the main vertical list, with
+  % the broken-off section in the recent contributions.  As soon as
+  % the output routine finishes, TeX starts reconsidering the page
+  % break.  The two columns and the broken-off section both fit on the
+  % page, because the two columns now take up only half of the page
+  % goal.  When TeX sees \eject from below which follows the final
+  % section, it invokes the new output routine that we've set after
+  % \balancecolumns below; \onepageout will try to fit the two columns
+  % and the final section into the vbox of \pageheight (see
+  % \pagebody), causing an overfull box.
+  %
+  % Note that glue won't work here, because glue does not exercise the
+  % page builder, unlike penalties (see The TeXbook, pp. 280-281).
+  \penalty0
+  %
+  \output = {%
+    % Split the last of the double-column material.  Leave it on the
+    % current page, no automatic page break.
+    \balancecolumns
+    %
+    % If we end up splitting too much material for the current page,
+    % though, there will be another page break right after this \output
+    % invocation ends.  Having called \balancecolumns once, we do not
+    % want to call it again.  Therefore, reset \output to its normal
+    % definition right away.  (We hope \balancecolumns will never be
+    % called on to balance too much material, but if it is, this makes
+    % the output somewhat more palatable.)
+    \global\output = {\onepageout{\pagecontents\PAGE}}%
+  }%
+  \eject
+  \endgroup % started in \begindoublecolumns
+  %
+  % \pagegoal was set to the doubled \vsize above, since we restarted
+  % the current page.  We're now back to normal single-column
+  % typesetting, so reset \pagegoal to the normal \vsize (after the
+  % \endgroup where \vsize got restored).
+  \pagegoal = \vsize
+}
+%
+% Only called for the last of the double column material.  \doublecolumnout 
+% does the others.
+\def\balancecolumns{%
+  \setbox0 = \vbox{\unvbox255}% like \box255 but more efficient, see p.120.
+  \dimen@ = \ht0
+  \advance\dimen@ by \topskip
+  \advance\dimen@ by-\baselineskip
+  \ifdim\dimen@<14\baselineskip
+    % Don't split a short final column in two.
+    \setbox2=\vbox{}%
+  \else
+    \divide\dimen@ by 2 % target to split to
+    \dimen@ii = \dimen@
+    \splittopskip = \topskip
+    % Loop until the second column is no higher than the first
+    {%
+      \vbadness = 10000
+      \loop
+        \global\setbox3 = \copy0
+        \global\setbox1 = \vsplit3 to \dimen@
+        % Remove glue from bottom of first column to
+        % make sure it is higher than the second.
+        \global\setbox1 = \vbox{\unvbox1\unpenalty\unskip}%
+      \ifdim\ht3>\ht1
+        \global\advance\dimen@ by 1pt
+      \repeat
+    }%
+    \multiply\dimen@ii by 4
+    \divide\dimen@ii by 5
+    \ifdim\ht3<\dimen@ii
+      % Column heights are too different, so don't make their bottoms
+      % flush with each other.  The glue at the end of the second column
+      % allows a second column to stretch, reducing the difference in
+      % height between the two.
+      \setbox0=\vbox to\dimen@{\unvbox1\vfill}%
+      \setbox2=\vbox to\dimen@{\unvbox3\vskip 0pt plus 0.3\ht0}%
+    \else
+      \setbox0=\vbox to\dimen@{\unvbox1}%
+      \setbox2=\vbox to\dimen@{\unvbox3}%
+    \fi
+  \fi
+  %
+  \pagesofar
+}
+\catcode`\@ = \other
+
+
+\message{sectioning,}
+% Chapters, sections, etc.
+
+% Let's start with @part.
+\outer\parseargdef\part{\partzzz{#1}}
+\def\partzzz#1{%
+  \chapoddpage
+  \null
+  \vskip.3\vsize  % move it down on the page a bit
+  \begingroup
+    \noindent \titlefonts\rmisbold #1\par % the text
+    \let\lastnode=\empty      % no node to associate with
+    \writetocentry{part}{#1}{}% but put it in the toc
+    \headingsoff              % no headline or footline on the part page
+    % This outputs a mark at the end of the page that clears \thischapter
+    % and \thissection, as is done in \startcontents.
+    \let\pchapsepmacro\relax
+    \chapmacro{}{Yomitfromtoc}{}%
+    \chapoddpage
+  \endgroup
+}
+
+% \unnumberedno is an oxymoron.  But we count the unnumbered
+% sections so that we can refer to them unambiguously in the pdf
+% outlines by their "section number".  We avoid collisions with chapter
+% numbers by starting them at 10000.  (If a document ever has 10000
+% chapters, we're in trouble anyway, I'm sure.)
+\newcount\unnumberedno \unnumberedno = 10000
+\newcount\chapno
+\newcount\secno        \secno=0
+\newcount\subsecno     \subsecno=0
+\newcount\subsubsecno  \subsubsecno=0
+
+% This counter is funny since it counts through charcodes of letters A, B, ...
+\newcount\appendixno  \appendixno = `\@
+%
+% \def\appendixletter{\char\the\appendixno}
+% We do the following ugly conditional instead of the above simple
+% construct for the sake of pdftex, which needs the actual
+% letter in the expansion, not just typeset.
+%
+\def\appendixletter{%
+  \ifnum\appendixno=`A A%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`B B%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`C C%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`D D%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`E E%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`F F%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`G G%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`H H%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`I I%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`J J%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`K K%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`L L%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`M M%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`N N%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`O O%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`P P%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`Q Q%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`R R%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`S S%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`T T%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`U U%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`V V%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`W W%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`X X%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`Y Y%
+  \else\ifnum\appendixno=`Z Z%
+  % The \the is necessary, despite appearances, because \appendixletter is
+  % expanded while writing the .toc file.  \char\appendixno is not
+  % expandable, thus it is written literally, thus all appendixes come out
+  % with the same letter (or @) in the toc without it.
+  \else\char\the\appendixno
+  \fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi
+  \fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi}
+
+% Each @chapter defines these (using marks) as the number+name, number
+% and name of the chapter.  Page headings and footings can use
+% these.  @section does likewise.
+\def\thischapter{}
+\def\thischapternum{}
+\def\thischaptername{}
+\def\thissection{}
+\def\thissectionnum{}
+\def\thissectionname{}
+
+\newcount\absseclevel % used to calculate proper heading level
+\newcount\secbase\secbase=0 % @raisesections/@lowersections modify this count
+
+% @raisesections: treat @section as chapter, @subsection as section, etc.
+\def\raisesections{\global\advance\secbase by -1}
+\let\up=\raisesections % original BFox name
+
+% @lowersections: treat @chapter as section, @section as subsection, etc.
+\def\lowersections{\global\advance\secbase by 1}
+\let\down=\lowersections % original BFox name
+
+% we only have subsub.
+\chardef\maxseclevel = 3
+%
+% A numbered section within an unnumbered changes to unnumbered too.
+% To achieve this, remember the "biggest" unnum. sec. we are currently in:
+\chardef\unnlevel = \maxseclevel
+%
+% Trace whether the current chapter is an appendix or not:
+% \chapheadtype is "N" or "A", unnumbered chapters are ignored.
+\def\chapheadtype{N}
+
+% Choose a heading macro
+% #1 is heading type
+% #2 is heading level
+% #3 is text for heading
+\def\genhead#1#2#3{%
+  % Compute the abs. sec. level:
+  \absseclevel=#2
+  \advance\absseclevel by \secbase
+  % Make sure \absseclevel doesn't fall outside the range:
+  \ifnum \absseclevel < 0
+    \absseclevel = 0
+  \else
+    \ifnum \absseclevel > 3
+      \absseclevel = 3
+    \fi
+  \fi
+  % The heading type:
+  \def\headtype{#1}%
+  \if \headtype U%
+    \ifnum \absseclevel < \unnlevel
+      \chardef\unnlevel = \absseclevel
+    \fi
+  \else
+    % Check for appendix sections:
+    \ifnum \absseclevel = 0
+      \edef\chapheadtype{\headtype}%
+    \else
+      \if \headtype A\if \chapheadtype N%
+	\errmessage{@appendix... within a non-appendix chapter}%
+      \fi\fi
+    \fi
+    % Check for numbered within unnumbered:
+    \ifnum \absseclevel > \unnlevel
+      \def\headtype{U}%
+    \else
+      \chardef\unnlevel = 3
+    \fi
+  \fi
+  % Now print the heading:
+  \if \headtype U%
+    \ifcase\absseclevel
+	\unnumberedzzz{#3}%
+    \or \unnumberedseczzz{#3}%
+    \or \unnumberedsubseczzz{#3}%
+    \or \unnumberedsubsubseczzz{#3}%
+    \fi
+  \else
+    \if \headtype A%
+      \ifcase\absseclevel
+	  \appendixzzz{#3}%
+      \or \appendixsectionzzz{#3}%
+      \or \appendixsubseczzz{#3}%
+      \or \appendixsubsubseczzz{#3}%
+      \fi
+    \else
+      \ifcase\absseclevel
+	  \chapterzzz{#3}%
+      \or \seczzz{#3}%
+      \or \numberedsubseczzz{#3}%
+      \or \numberedsubsubseczzz{#3}%
+      \fi
+    \fi
+  \fi
+  \suppressfirstparagraphindent
+}
+
+% an interface:
+\def\numhead{\genhead N}
+\def\apphead{\genhead A}
+\def\unnmhead{\genhead U}
+
+% @chapter, @appendix, @unnumbered.  Increment top-level counter, reset
+% all lower-level sectioning counters to zero.
+%
+% Also set \chaplevelprefix, which we prepend to @float sequence numbers
+% (e.g., figures), q.v.  By default (before any chapter), that is empty.
+\let\chaplevelprefix = \empty
+%
+\outer\parseargdef\chapter{\numhead0{#1}} % normally numhead0 calls chapterzzz
+\def\chapterzzz#1{%
+  % section resetting is \global in case the chapter is in a group, such
+  % as an @include file.
+  \global\secno=0 \global\subsecno=0 \global\subsubsecno=0
+    \global\advance\chapno by 1
+  %
+  % Used for \float.
+  \gdef\chaplevelprefix{\the\chapno.}%
+  \resetallfloatnos
+  %
+  % \putwordChapter can contain complex things in translations.
+  \toks0=\expandafter{\putwordChapter}%
+  \message{\the\toks0 \space \the\chapno}%
+  %
+  % Write the actual heading.
+  \chapmacro{#1}{Ynumbered}{\the\chapno}%
+  %
+  % So @section and the like are numbered underneath this chapter.
+  \global\let\section = \numberedsec
+  \global\let\subsection = \numberedsubsec
+  \global\let\subsubsection = \numberedsubsubsec
+}
+
+\outer\parseargdef\appendix{\apphead0{#1}} % normally calls appendixzzz
+%
+\def\appendixzzz#1{%
+  \global\secno=0 \global\subsecno=0 \global\subsubsecno=0
+    \global\advance\appendixno by 1
+  \gdef\chaplevelprefix{\appendixletter.}%
+  \resetallfloatnos
+  %
+  % \putwordAppendix can contain complex things in translations.
+  \toks0=\expandafter{\putwordAppendix}%
+  \message{\the\toks0 \space \appendixletter}%
+  %
+  \chapmacro{#1}{Yappendix}{\appendixletter}%
+  %
+  \global\let\section = \appendixsec
+  \global\let\subsection = \appendixsubsec
+  \global\let\subsubsection = \appendixsubsubsec
+}
+
+% normally unnmhead0 calls unnumberedzzz:
+\outer\parseargdef\unnumbered{\unnmhead0{#1}}
+\def\unnumberedzzz#1{%
+  \global\secno=0 \global\subsecno=0 \global\subsubsecno=0
+    \global\advance\unnumberedno by 1
+  %
+  % Since an unnumbered has no number, no prefix for figures.
+  \global\let\chaplevelprefix = \empty
+  \resetallfloatnos
+  %
+  % This used to be simply \message{#1}, but TeX fully expands the
+  % argument to \message.  Therefore, if #1 contained @-commands, TeX
+  % expanded them.  For example, in `@unnumbered The @cite{Book}', TeX
+  % expanded @cite (which turns out to cause errors because \cite is meant
+  % to be executed, not expanded).
+  %
+  % Anyway, we don't want the fully-expanded definition of @cite to appear
+  % as a result of the \message, we just want `@cite' itself.  We use
+  % \the<toks register> to achieve this: TeX expands \the<toks> only once,
+  % simply yielding the contents of <toks register>.  (We also do this for
+  % the toc entries.)
+  \toks0 = {#1}%
+  \message{(\the\toks0)}%
+  %
+  \chapmacro{#1}{Ynothing}{\the\unnumberedno}%
+  %
+  \global\let\section = \unnumberedsec
+  \global\let\subsection = \unnumberedsubsec
+  \global\let\subsubsection = \unnumberedsubsubsec
+}
+
+% @centerchap is like @unnumbered, but the heading is centered.
+\outer\parseargdef\centerchap{%
+  \let\centerparametersmaybe = \centerparameters
+  \unnmhead0{#1}%
+  \let\centerparametersmaybe = \relax
+}
+
+% @top is like @unnumbered.
+\let\top\unnumbered
+
+% Sections.
+% 
+\outer\parseargdef\numberedsec{\numhead1{#1}} % normally calls seczzz
+\def\seczzz#1{%
+  \global\subsecno=0 \global\subsubsecno=0  \global\advance\secno by 1
+  \sectionheading{#1}{sec}{Ynumbered}{\the\chapno.\the\secno}%
+}
+
+% normally calls appendixsectionzzz:
+\outer\parseargdef\appendixsection{\apphead1{#1}}
+\def\appendixsectionzzz#1{%
+  \global\subsecno=0 \global\subsubsecno=0  \global\advance\secno by 1
+  \sectionheading{#1}{sec}{Yappendix}{\appendixletter.\the\secno}%
+}
+\let\appendixsec\appendixsection
+
+% normally calls unnumberedseczzz:
+\outer\parseargdef\unnumberedsec{\unnmhead1{#1}}
+\def\unnumberedseczzz#1{%
+  \global\subsecno=0 \global\subsubsecno=0  \global\advance\secno by 1
+  \sectionheading{#1}{sec}{Ynothing}{\the\unnumberedno.\the\secno}%
+}
+
+% Subsections.
+% 
+% normally calls numberedsubseczzz:
+\outer\parseargdef\numberedsubsec{\numhead2{#1}}
+\def\numberedsubseczzz#1{%
+  \global\subsubsecno=0  \global\advance\subsecno by 1
+  \sectionheading{#1}{subsec}{Ynumbered}{\the\chapno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno}%
+}
+
+% normally calls appendixsubseczzz:
+\outer\parseargdef\appendixsubsec{\apphead2{#1}}
+\def\appendixsubseczzz#1{%
+  \global\subsubsecno=0  \global\advance\subsecno by 1
+  \sectionheading{#1}{subsec}{Yappendix}%
+                 {\appendixletter.\the\secno.\the\subsecno}%
+}
+
+% normally calls unnumberedsubseczzz:
+\outer\parseargdef\unnumberedsubsec{\unnmhead2{#1}}
+\def\unnumberedsubseczzz#1{%
+  \global\subsubsecno=0  \global\advance\subsecno by 1
+  \sectionheading{#1}{subsec}{Ynothing}%
+                 {\the\unnumberedno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno}%
+}
+
+% Subsubsections.
+% 
+% normally numberedsubsubseczzz:
+\outer\parseargdef\numberedsubsubsec{\numhead3{#1}}
+\def\numberedsubsubseczzz#1{%
+  \global\advance\subsubsecno by 1
+  \sectionheading{#1}{subsubsec}{Ynumbered}%
+                 {\the\chapno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno.\the\subsubsecno}%
+}
+
+% normally appendixsubsubseczzz:
+\outer\parseargdef\appendixsubsubsec{\apphead3{#1}}
+\def\appendixsubsubseczzz#1{%
+  \global\advance\subsubsecno by 1
+  \sectionheading{#1}{subsubsec}{Yappendix}%
+                 {\appendixletter.\the\secno.\the\subsecno.\the\subsubsecno}%
+}
+
+% normally unnumberedsubsubseczzz:
+\outer\parseargdef\unnumberedsubsubsec{\unnmhead3{#1}}
+\def\unnumberedsubsubseczzz#1{%
+  \global\advance\subsubsecno by 1
+  \sectionheading{#1}{subsubsec}{Ynothing}%
+                 {\the\unnumberedno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno.\the\subsubsecno}%
+}
+
+% These macros control what the section commands do, according
+% to what kind of chapter we are in (ordinary, appendix, or unnumbered).
+% Define them by default for a numbered chapter.
+\let\section = \numberedsec
+\let\subsection = \numberedsubsec
+\let\subsubsection = \numberedsubsubsec
+
+% Define @majorheading, @heading and @subheading
+
+\def\majorheading{%
+  {\advance\chapheadingskip by 10pt \chapbreak }%
+  \parsearg\chapheadingzzz
+}
+
+\def\chapheading{\chapbreak \parsearg\chapheadingzzz}
+\def\chapheadingzzz#1{%
+  \vbox{\chapfonts \raggedtitlesettings #1\par}%
+  \nobreak\bigskip \nobreak
+  \suppressfirstparagraphindent
+}
+
+% @heading, @subheading, @subsubheading.
+\parseargdef\heading{\sectionheading{#1}{sec}{Yomitfromtoc}{}
+  \suppressfirstparagraphindent}
+\parseargdef\subheading{\sectionheading{#1}{subsec}{Yomitfromtoc}{}
+  \suppressfirstparagraphindent}
+\parseargdef\subsubheading{\sectionheading{#1}{subsubsec}{Yomitfromtoc}{}
+  \suppressfirstparagraphindent}
+
+% These macros generate a chapter, section, etc. heading only
+% (including whitespace, linebreaking, etc. around it),
+% given all the information in convenient, parsed form.
+
+% Args are the skip and penalty (usually negative)
+\def\dobreak#1#2{\par\ifdim\lastskip<#1\removelastskip\penalty#2\vskip#1\fi}
+
+% Parameter controlling skip before chapter headings (if needed)
+\newskip\chapheadingskip
+
+% Define plain chapter starts, and page on/off switching for it.
+\def\chapbreak{\dobreak \chapheadingskip {-4000}}
+
+% Start a new page
+\def\chappager{\par\vfill\supereject}
+
+% \chapoddpage - start on an odd page for a new chapter
+% Because \domark is called before \chapoddpage, the filler page will
+% get the headings for the next chapter, which is wrong.  But we don't
+% care -- we just disable all headings on the filler page.
+\def\chapoddpage{%
+  \chappager
+  \ifodd\pageno \else
+    \begingroup
+      \headingsoff
+      \null
+      \chappager
+    \endgroup
+  \fi
+}
+
+\def\setchapternewpage #1 {\csname CHAPPAG#1\endcsname}
+
+\def\CHAPPAGoff{%
+\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chappager
+\global\let\pchapsepmacro=\chapbreak
+\global\let\pagealignmacro=\chappager}
+
+\def\CHAPPAGon{%
+\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chappager
+\global\let\pchapsepmacro=\chappager
+\global\let\pagealignmacro=\chappager
+\global\def\HEADINGSon{\HEADINGSsingle}}
+
+\def\CHAPPAGodd{%
+\global\let\contentsalignmacro = \chapoddpage
+\global\let\pchapsepmacro=\chapoddpage
+\global\let\pagealignmacro=\chapoddpage
+\global\def\HEADINGSon{\HEADINGSdouble}}
+
+\CHAPPAGon
+
+% \chapmacro - Chapter opening.
+%
+% #1 is the text, #2 is the section type (Ynumbered, Ynothing,
+% Yappendix, Yomitfromtoc), #3 the chapter number.
+% Not used for @heading series.
+%
+% To test against our argument.
+\def\Ynothingkeyword{Ynothing}
+\def\Yappendixkeyword{Yappendix}
+\def\Yomitfromtockeyword{Yomitfromtoc}
+%
+\def\chapmacro#1#2#3{%
+  \checkenv{}% chapters, etc., should not start inside an environment.
+  %
+  % Insert the first mark before the heading break (see notes for \domark).
+  \let\prevchapterdefs=\lastchapterdefs
+  \let\prevsectiondefs=\lastsectiondefs
+  \gdef\lastsectiondefs{\gdef\thissectionname{}\gdef\thissectionnum{}%
+                        \gdef\thissection{}}%
+  %
+  \def\temptype{#2}%
+  \ifx\temptype\Ynothingkeyword
+    \gdef\lastchapterdefs{\gdef\thischaptername{#1}\gdef\thischapternum{}%
+                          \gdef\thischapter{\thischaptername}}%
+  \else\ifx\temptype\Yomitfromtockeyword
+    \gdef\lastchapterdefs{\gdef\thischaptername{#1}\gdef\thischapternum{}%
+                          \gdef\thischapter{}}%
+  \else\ifx\temptype\Yappendixkeyword
+    \toks0={#1}%
+    \xdef\lastchapterdefs{%
+      \gdef\noexpand\thischaptername{\the\toks0}%
+      \gdef\noexpand\thischapternum{\appendixletter}%
+      % \noexpand\putwordAppendix avoids expanding indigestible
+      % commands in some of the translations.
+      \gdef\noexpand\thischapter{\noexpand\putwordAppendix{}
+                                 \noexpand\thischapternum:
+                                 \noexpand\thischaptername}%
+    }%
+  \else
+    \toks0={#1}%
+    \xdef\lastchapterdefs{%
+      \gdef\noexpand\thischaptername{\the\toks0}%
+      \gdef\noexpand\thischapternum{\the\chapno}%
+      % \noexpand\putwordChapter avoids expanding indigestible
+      % commands in some of the translations.
+      \gdef\noexpand\thischapter{\noexpand\putwordChapter{}
+                                 \noexpand\thischapternum:
+                                 \noexpand\thischaptername}%
+    }%
+  \fi\fi\fi
+  %
+  % Output the mark.  Pass it through \safewhatsit, to take care of
+  % the preceding space.
+  \safewhatsit\domark
+  %
+  % Insert the chapter heading break.
+  \pchapsepmacro
+  %
+  % Now the second mark, after the heading break.  No break points
+  % between here and the heading.
+  \let\prevchapterdefs=\lastchapterdefs
+  \let\prevsectiondefs=\lastsectiondefs
+  \domark
+  %
+  {%
+    \chapfonts \rmisbold
+    \let\footnote=\errfootnoteheading % give better error message
+    %
+    % Have to define \lastsection before calling \donoderef, because the
+    % xref code eventually uses it.  On the other hand, it has to be called
+    % after \pchapsepmacro, or the headline will change too soon.
+    \gdef\lastsection{#1}%
+    %
+    % Only insert the separating space if we have a chapter/appendix
+    % number, and don't print the unnumbered ``number''.
+    \ifx\temptype\Ynothingkeyword
+      \setbox0 = \hbox{}%
+      \def\toctype{unnchap}%
+    \else\ifx\temptype\Yomitfromtockeyword
+      \setbox0 = \hbox{}% contents like unnumbered, but no toc entry
+      \def\toctype{omit}%
+    \else\ifx\temptype\Yappendixkeyword
+      \setbox0 = \hbox{\putwordAppendix{} #3\enspace}%
+      \def\toctype{app}%
+    \else
+      \setbox0 = \hbox{#3\enspace}%
+      \def\toctype{numchap}%
+    \fi\fi\fi
+    %
+    % Write the toc entry for this chapter.  Must come before the
+    % \donoderef, because we include the current node name in the toc
+    % entry, and \donoderef resets it to empty.
+    \writetocentry{\toctype}{#1}{#3}%
+    %
+    % For pdftex, we have to write out the node definition (aka, make
+    % the pdfdest) after any page break, but before the actual text has
+    % been typeset.  If the destination for the pdf outline is after the
+    % text, then jumping from the outline may wind up with the text not
+    % being visible, for instance under high magnification.
+    \donoderef{#2}%
+    %
+    % Typeset the actual heading.
+    \nobreak % Avoid page breaks at the interline glue.
+    \vbox{\raggedtitlesettings \hangindent=\wd0 \centerparametersmaybe
+          \unhbox0 #1\par}%
+  }%
+  \nobreak\bigskip % no page break after a chapter title
+  \nobreak
+}
+
+% @centerchap -- centered and unnumbered.
+\let\centerparametersmaybe = \relax
+\def\centerparameters{%
+  \advance\rightskip by 3\rightskip
+  \leftskip = \rightskip
+  \parfillskip = 0pt
+}
+
+
+% I don't think this chapter style is supported any more, so I'm not
+% updating it with the new noderef stuff.  We'll see.  --karl, 11aug03.
+%
+\def\setchapterstyle #1 {\csname CHAPF#1\endcsname}
+%
+\def\unnchfopen #1{%
+  \chapoddpage
+  \vbox{\chapfonts \raggedtitlesettings #1\par}%
+  \nobreak\bigskip\nobreak
+}
+\def\chfopen #1#2{\chapoddpage {\chapfonts
+\vbox to 3in{\vfil \hbox to\hsize{\hfil #2} \hbox to\hsize{\hfil #1} \vfil}}%
+\par\penalty 5000 %
+}
+\def\centerchfopen #1{%
+  \chapoddpage
+  \vbox{\chapfonts \raggedtitlesettings \hfill #1\hfill}%
+  \nobreak\bigskip \nobreak
+}
+\def\CHAPFopen{%
+  \global\let\chapmacro=\chfopen
+  \global\let\centerchapmacro=\centerchfopen}
+
+
+% Section titles.  These macros combine the section number parts and
+% call the generic \sectionheading to do the printing.
+%
+\newskip\secheadingskip
+\def\secheadingbreak{\dobreak \secheadingskip{-1000}}
+
+% Subsection titles.
+\newskip\subsecheadingskip
+\def\subsecheadingbreak{\dobreak \subsecheadingskip{-500}}
+
+% Subsubsection titles.
+\def\subsubsecheadingskip{\subsecheadingskip}
+\def\subsubsecheadingbreak{\subsecheadingbreak}
+
+
+% Print any size, any type, section title.
+%
+% #1 is the text of the title,
+% #2 is the section level (sec/subsec/subsubsec),
+% #3 is the section type (Ynumbered, Ynothing, Yappendix, Yomitfromtoc),
+% #4 is the section number.
+%
+\def\seckeyword{sec}
+%
+\def\sectionheading#1#2#3#4{%
+  {%
+    \def\sectionlevel{#2}%
+    \def\temptype{#3}%
+    %
+    % It is ok for the @heading series commands to appear inside an
+    % environment (it's been historically allowed, though the logic is
+    % dubious), but not the others.
+    \ifx\temptype\Yomitfromtockeyword\else
+      \checkenv{}% non-@*heading should not be in an environment.
+    \fi
+    \let\footnote=\errfootnoteheading
+    %
+    % Switch to the right set of fonts.
+    \csname #2fonts\endcsname \rmisbold
+    %
+    % Insert first mark before the heading break (see notes for \domark).
+    \let\prevsectiondefs=\lastsectiondefs
+    \ifx\temptype\Ynothingkeyword
+      \ifx\sectionlevel\seckeyword
+        \gdef\lastsectiondefs{\gdef\thissectionname{#1}\gdef\thissectionnum{}%
+                              \gdef\thissection{\thissectionname}}%
+      \fi
+    \else\ifx\temptype\Yomitfromtockeyword
+      % Don't redefine \thissection.
+    \else\ifx\temptype\Yappendixkeyword
+      \ifx\sectionlevel\seckeyword
+        \toks0={#1}%
+        \xdef\lastsectiondefs{%
+          \gdef\noexpand\thissectionname{\the\toks0}%
+          \gdef\noexpand\thissectionnum{#4}%
+          % \noexpand\putwordSection avoids expanding indigestible
+          % commands in some of the translations.
+          \gdef\noexpand\thissection{\noexpand\putwordSection{}
+                                     \noexpand\thissectionnum:
+                                     \noexpand\thissectionname}%
+        }%
+      \fi
+    \else
+      \ifx\sectionlevel\seckeyword
+        \toks0={#1}%
+        \xdef\lastsectiondefs{%
+          \gdef\noexpand\thissectionname{\the\toks0}%
+          \gdef\noexpand\thissectionnum{#4}%
+          % \noexpand\putwordSection avoids expanding indigestible
+          % commands in some of the translations.
+          \gdef\noexpand\thissection{\noexpand\putwordSection{}
+                                     \noexpand\thissectionnum:
+                                     \noexpand\thissectionname}%
+        }%
+      \fi
+    \fi\fi\fi
+    %
+    % Go into vertical mode.  Usually we'll already be there, but we
+    % don't want the following whatsit to end up in a preceding paragraph
+    % if the document didn't happen to have a blank line.
+    \par
+    %
+    % Output the mark.  Pass it through \safewhatsit, to take care of
+    % the preceding space.
+    \safewhatsit\domark
+    %
+    % Insert space above the heading.
+    \csname #2headingbreak\endcsname
+    %
+    % Now the second mark, after the heading break.  No break points
+    % between here and the heading.
+    \global\let\prevsectiondefs=\lastsectiondefs
+    \domark
+    %
+    % Only insert the space after the number if we have a section number.
+    \ifx\temptype\Ynothingkeyword
+      \setbox0 = \hbox{}%
+      \def\toctype{unn}%
+      \gdef\lastsection{#1}%
+    \else\ifx\temptype\Yomitfromtockeyword
+      % for @headings -- no section number, don't include in toc,
+      % and don't redefine \lastsection.
+      \setbox0 = \hbox{}%
+      \def\toctype{omit}%
+      \let\sectionlevel=\empty
+    \else\ifx\temptype\Yappendixkeyword
+      \setbox0 = \hbox{#4\enspace}%
+      \def\toctype{app}%
+      \gdef\lastsection{#1}%
+    \else
+      \setbox0 = \hbox{#4\enspace}%
+      \def\toctype{num}%
+      \gdef\lastsection{#1}%
+    \fi\fi\fi
+    %
+    % Write the toc entry (before \donoderef).  See comments in \chapmacro.
+    \writetocentry{\toctype\sectionlevel}{#1}{#4}%
+    %
+    % Write the node reference (= pdf destination for pdftex).
+    % Again, see comments in \chapmacro.
+    \donoderef{#3}%
+    %
+    % Interline glue will be inserted when the vbox is completed.
+    % That glue will be a valid breakpoint for the page, since it'll be
+    % preceded by a whatsit (usually from the \donoderef, or from the
+    % \writetocentry if there was no node).  We don't want to allow that
+    % break, since then the whatsits could end up on page n while the
+    % section is on page n+1, thus toc/etc. are wrong.  Debian bug 276000.
+    \nobreak
+    %
+    % Output the actual section heading.
+    \vbox{\hyphenpenalty=10000 \tolerance=5000 \parindent=0pt \ptexraggedright
+          \hangindent=\wd0  % zero if no section number
+          \unhbox0 #1}%
+  }%
+  % Add extra space after the heading -- half of whatever came above it.
+  % Don't allow stretch, though.
+  \kern .5 \csname #2headingskip\endcsname
+  %
+  % Do not let the kern be a potential breakpoint, as it would be if it
+  % was followed by glue.
+  \nobreak
+  %
+  % We'll almost certainly start a paragraph next, so don't let that
+  % glue accumulate.  (Not a breakpoint because it's preceded by a
+  % discardable item.)  However, when a paragraph is not started next
+  % (\startdefun, \cartouche, \center, etc.), this needs to be wiped out
+  % or the negative glue will cause weirdly wrong output, typically
+  % obscuring the section heading with something else.
+  \vskip-\parskip
+  %
+  % This is so the last item on the main vertical list is a known
+  % \penalty > 10000, so \startdefun, etc., can recognize the situation
+  % and do the needful.
+  \penalty 10001
+}
+
+
+\message{toc,}
+% Table of contents.
+\newwrite\tocfile
+
+% Write an entry to the toc file, opening it if necessary.
+% Called from @chapter, etc.
+%
+% Example usage: \writetocentry{sec}{Section Name}{\the\chapno.\the\secno}
+% We append the current node name (if any) and page number as additional
+% arguments for the \{chap,sec,...}entry macros which will eventually
+% read this.  The node name is used in the pdf outlines as the
+% destination to jump to.
+%
+% We open the .toc file for writing here instead of at @setfilename (or
+% any other fixed time) so that @contents can be anywhere in the document.
+% But if #1 is `omit', then we don't do anything.  This is used for the
+% table of contents chapter openings themselves.
+%
+\newif\iftocfileopened
+\def\omitkeyword{omit}%
+%
+\def\writetocentry#1#2#3{%
+  \edef\writetoctype{#1}%
+  \ifx\writetoctype\omitkeyword \else
+    \iftocfileopened\else
+      \immediate\openout\tocfile = \jobname.toc
+      \global\tocfileopenedtrue
+    \fi
+    %
+    \iflinks
+      {\atdummies
+       \edef\temp{%
+         \write\tocfile{@#1entry{#2}{#3}{\lastnode}{\noexpand\folio}}}%
+       \temp
+      }%
+    \fi
+  \fi
+  %
+  % Tell \shipout to create a pdf destination on each page, if we're
+  % writing pdf.  These are used in the table of contents.  We can't
+  % just write one on every page because the title pages are numbered
+  % 1 and 2 (the page numbers aren't printed), and so are the first
+  % two pages of the document.  Thus, we'd have two destinations named
+  % `1', and two named `2'.
+  \ifpdf \global\pdfmakepagedesttrue \fi
+}
+
+
+% These characters do not print properly in the Computer Modern roman
+% fonts, so we must take special care.  This is more or less redundant
+% with the Texinfo input format setup at the end of this file.
+%
+\def\activecatcodes{%
+  \catcode`\"=\active
+  \catcode`\$=\active
+  \catcode`\<=\active
+  \catcode`\>=\active
+  \catcode`\\=\active
+  \catcode`\^=\active
+  \catcode`\_=\active
+  \catcode`\|=\active
+  \catcode`\~=\active
+}
+
+
+% Read the toc file, which is essentially Texinfo input.
+\def\readtocfile{%
+  \setupdatafile
+  \activecatcodes
+  \input \tocreadfilename
+}
+
+\newskip\contentsrightmargin \contentsrightmargin=1in
+\newcount\savepageno
+\newcount\lastnegativepageno \lastnegativepageno = -1
+
+% Prepare to read what we've written to \tocfile.
+%
+\def\startcontents#1{%
+  % If @setchapternewpage on, and @headings double, the contents should
+  % start on an odd page, unlike chapters.  Thus, we maintain
+  % \contentsalignmacro in parallel with \pagealignmacro.
+  % From: Torbjorn Granlund <tege@matematik.su.se>
+  \contentsalignmacro
+  \immediate\closeout\tocfile
+  %
+  % Don't need to put `Contents' or `Short Contents' in the headline.
+  % It is abundantly clear what they are.
+  \chapmacro{#1}{Yomitfromtoc}{}%
+  %
+  \savepageno = \pageno
+  \begingroup                  % Set up to handle contents files properly.
+    \raggedbottom              % Worry more about breakpoints than the bottom.
+    \entryrightmargin=\contentsrightmargin % Don't use the full line length.
+    %
+    % Roman numerals for page numbers.
+    \ifnum \pageno>0 \global\pageno = \lastnegativepageno \fi
+}
+
+% redefined for the two-volume lispref.  We always output on
+% \jobname.toc even if this is redefined.
+%
+\def\tocreadfilename{\jobname.toc}
+
+% Normal (long) toc.
+%
+\def\contents{%
+  \startcontents{\putwordTOC}%
+    \openin 1 \tocreadfilename\space
+    \ifeof 1 \else
+      \readtocfile
+    \fi
+    \vfill \eject
+    \contentsalignmacro % in case @setchapternewpage odd is in effect
+    \ifeof 1 \else
+      \pdfmakeoutlines
+    \fi
+    \closein 1
+  \endgroup
+  \lastnegativepageno = \pageno
+  \global\pageno = \savepageno
+}
+
+% And just the chapters.
+\def\summarycontents{%
+  \startcontents{\putwordShortTOC}%
+    %
+    \let\partentry = \shortpartentry
+    \let\numchapentry = \shortchapentry
+    \let\appentry = \shortchapentry
+    \let\unnchapentry = \shortunnchapentry
+    % We want a true roman here for the page numbers.
+    \secfonts
+    \let\rm=\shortcontrm \let\bf=\shortcontbf
+    \let\sl=\shortcontsl \let\tt=\shortconttt
+    \rm
+    \hyphenpenalty = 10000
+    \advance\baselineskip by 1pt % Open it up a little.
+    \def\numsecentry##1##2##3##4{}
+    \let\appsecentry = \numsecentry
+    \let\unnsecentry = \numsecentry
+    \let\numsubsecentry = \numsecentry
+    \let\appsubsecentry = \numsecentry
+    \let\unnsubsecentry = \numsecentry
+    \let\numsubsubsecentry = \numsecentry
+    \let\appsubsubsecentry = \numsecentry
+    \let\unnsubsubsecentry = \numsecentry
+    \openin 1 \tocreadfilename\space
+    \ifeof 1 \else
+      \readtocfile
+    \fi
+    \closein 1
+    \vfill \eject
+    \contentsalignmacro % in case @setchapternewpage odd is in effect
+  \endgroup
+  \lastnegativepageno = \pageno
+  \global\pageno = \savepageno
+}
+\let\shortcontents = \summarycontents
+
+% Typeset the label for a chapter or appendix for the short contents.
+% The arg is, e.g., `A' for an appendix, or `3' for a chapter.
+%
+\def\shortchaplabel#1{%
+  % This space should be enough, since a single number is .5em, and the
+  % widest letter (M) is 1em, at least in the Computer Modern fonts.
+  % But use \hss just in case.
+  % (This space doesn't include the extra space that gets added after
+  % the label; that gets put in by \shortchapentry above.)
+  %
+  % We'd like to right-justify chapter numbers, but that looks strange
+  % with appendix letters.  And right-justifying numbers and
+  % left-justifying letters looks strange when there is less than 10
+  % chapters.  Have to read the whole toc once to know how many chapters
+  % there are before deciding ...
+  \hbox to 1em{#1\hss}%
+}
+
+% These macros generate individual entries in the table of contents.
+% The first argument is the chapter or section name.
+% The last argument is the page number.
+% The arguments in between are the chapter number, section number, ...
+
+% Parts, in the main contents.  Replace the part number, which doesn't
+% exist, with an empty box.  Let's hope all the numbers have the same width.
+% Also ignore the page number, which is conventionally not printed.
+\def\numeralbox{\setbox0=\hbox{8}\hbox to \wd0{\hfil}}
+\def\partentry#1#2#3#4{\dochapentry{\numeralbox\labelspace#1}{}}
+%
+% Parts, in the short toc.
+\def\shortpartentry#1#2#3#4{%
+  \penalty-300
+  \vskip.5\baselineskip plus.15\baselineskip minus.1\baselineskip
+  \shortchapentry{{\bf #1}}{\numeralbox}{}{}%
+}
+
+% Chapters, in the main contents.
+\def\numchapentry#1#2#3#4{\dochapentry{#2\labelspace#1}{#4}}
+
+% Chapters, in the short toc.
+% See comments in \dochapentry re vbox and related settings.
+\def\shortchapentry#1#2#3#4{%
+  \tocentry{\shortchaplabel{#2}\labelspace #1}{\doshortpageno\bgroup#4\egroup}%
+}
+
+% Appendices, in the main contents.
+% Need the word Appendix, and a fixed-size box.
+%
+\def\appendixbox#1{%
+  % We use M since it's probably the widest letter.
+  \setbox0 = \hbox{\putwordAppendix{} M}%
+  \hbox to \wd0{\putwordAppendix{} #1\hss}}
+%
+\def\appentry#1#2#3#4{\dochapentry{\appendixbox{#2}\hskip.7em#1}{#4}}
+
+% Unnumbered chapters.
+\def\unnchapentry#1#2#3#4{\dochapentry{#1}{#4}}
+\def\shortunnchapentry#1#2#3#4{\tocentry{#1}{\doshortpageno\bgroup#4\egroup}}
+
+% Sections.
+\def\numsecentry#1#2#3#4{\dosecentry{#2\labelspace#1}{#4}}
+\let\appsecentry=\numsecentry
+\def\unnsecentry#1#2#3#4{\dosecentry{#1}{#4}}
+
+% Subsections.
+\def\numsubsecentry#1#2#3#4{\dosubsecentry{#2\labelspace#1}{#4}}
+\let\appsubsecentry=\numsubsecentry
+\def\unnsubsecentry#1#2#3#4{\dosubsecentry{#1}{#4}}
+
+% And subsubsections.
+\def\numsubsubsecentry#1#2#3#4{\dosubsubsecentry{#2\labelspace#1}{#4}}
+\let\appsubsubsecentry=\numsubsubsecentry
+\def\unnsubsubsecentry#1#2#3#4{\dosubsubsecentry{#1}{#4}}
+
+% This parameter controls the indentation of the various levels.
+% Same as \defaultparindent.
+\newdimen\tocindent \tocindent = 15pt
+
+% Now for the actual typesetting. In all these, #1 is the text and #2 is the
+% page number.
+%
+% If the toc has to be broken over pages, we want it to be at chapters
+% if at all possible; hence the \penalty.
+\def\dochapentry#1#2{%
+   \penalty-300 \vskip1\baselineskip plus.33\baselineskip minus.25\baselineskip
+   \begingroup
+     % Move the page numbers slightly to the right
+     \advance\entryrightmargin by -0.05em
+     \chapentryfonts
+     \tocentry{#1}{\dopageno\bgroup#2\egroup}%
+   \endgroup
+   \nobreak\vskip .25\baselineskip plus.1\baselineskip
+}
+
+\def\dosecentry#1#2{\begingroup
+  \secentryfonts \leftskip=\tocindent
+  \tocentry{#1}{\dopageno\bgroup#2\egroup}%
+\endgroup}
+
+\def\dosubsecentry#1#2{\begingroup
+  \subsecentryfonts \leftskip=2\tocindent
+  \tocentry{#1}{\dopageno\bgroup#2\egroup}%
+\endgroup}
+
+\def\dosubsubsecentry#1#2{\begingroup
+  \subsubsecentryfonts \leftskip=3\tocindent
+  \tocentry{#1}{\dopageno\bgroup#2\egroup}%
+\endgroup}
+
+% We use the same \entry macro as for the index entries.
+\let\tocentry = \entry
+
+% Space between chapter (or whatever) number and the title.
+\def\labelspace{\hskip1em \relax}
+
+\def\dopageno#1{{\rm #1}}
+\def\doshortpageno#1{{\rm #1}}
+
+\def\chapentryfonts{\secfonts \rm}
+\def\secentryfonts{\textfonts}
+\def\subsecentryfonts{\textfonts}
+\def\subsubsecentryfonts{\textfonts}
+
+
+\message{environments,}
+% @foo ... @end foo.
+
+% @tex ... @end tex    escapes into raw TeX temporarily.
+% One exception: @ is still an escape character, so that @end tex works.
+% But \@ or @@ will get a plain @ character.
+
+\envdef\tex{%
+  \setupmarkupstyle{tex}%
+  \catcode `\\=0 \catcode `\{=1 \catcode `\}=2
+  \catcode `\$=3 \catcode `\&=4 \catcode `\#=6
+  \catcode `\^=7 \catcode `\_=8 \catcode `\~=\active \let~=\tie
+  \catcode `\%=14
+  \catcode `\+=\other
+  \catcode `\"=\other
+  \catcode `\|=\other
+  \catcode `\<=\other
+  \catcode `\>=\other
+  \catcode `\`=\other
+  \catcode `\'=\other
+  \escapechar=`\\
+  %
+  % ' is active in math mode (mathcode"8000).  So reset it, and all our
+  % other math active characters (just in case), to plain's definitions.
+  \mathactive
+  %
+  % Inverse of the list at the beginning of the file.
+  \let\b=\ptexb
+  \let\bullet=\ptexbullet
+  \let\c=\ptexc
+  \let\,=\ptexcomma
+  \let\.=\ptexdot
+  \let\dots=\ptexdots
+  \let\equiv=\ptexequiv
+  \let\!=\ptexexclam
+  \let\i=\ptexi
+  \let\indent=\ptexindent
+  \let\noindent=\ptexnoindent
+  \let\{=\ptexlbrace
+  \let\+=\tabalign
+  \let\}=\ptexrbrace
+  \let\/=\ptexslash
+  \let\sp=\ptexsp
+  \let\*=\ptexstar
+  %\let\sup=\ptexsup % do not redefine, we want @sup to work in math mode
+  \let\t=\ptext
+  \expandafter \let\csname top\endcsname=\ptextop  % we've made it outer
+  \let\frenchspacing=\plainfrenchspacing
+  %
+  \def\endldots{\mathinner{\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots}}%
+  \def\enddots{\relax\ifmmode\endldots\else$\mathsurround=0pt \endldots\,$\fi}%
+  \def\@{@}%
+}
+% There is no need to define \Etex.
+
+% Define @lisp ... @end lisp.
+% @lisp environment forms a group so it can rebind things,
+% including the definition of @end lisp (which normally is erroneous).
+
+% Amount to narrow the margins by for @lisp.
+\newskip\lispnarrowing \lispnarrowing=0.4in
+
+% This is the definition that ^^M gets inside @lisp, @example, and other
+% such environments.  \null is better than a space, since it doesn't
+% have any width.
+\def\lisppar{\null\endgraf}
+
+% This space is always present above and below environments.
+\newskip\envskipamount \envskipamount = 0pt
+
+% Make spacing and below environment symmetrical.  We use \parskip here
+% to help in doing that, since in @example-like environments \parskip
+% is reset to zero; thus the \afterenvbreak inserts no space -- but the
+% start of the next paragraph will insert \parskip.
+%
+\def\aboveenvbreak{{%
+  % =10000 instead of <10000 because of a special case in \itemzzz and
+  % \sectionheading, q.v.
+  \ifnum \lastpenalty=10000 \else
+    \advance\envskipamount by \parskip
+    \endgraf
+    \ifdim\lastskip<\envskipamount
+      \removelastskip
+      \ifnum\lastpenalty<10000
+        % Penalize breaking before the environment, because preceding text
+        % often leads into it.
+        \penalty100
+      \fi
+      \vskip\envskipamount
+    \fi
+  \fi
+}}
+
+\def\afterenvbreak{{%
+  % =10000 instead of <10000 because of a special case in \itemzzz and
+  % \sectionheading, q.v.
+  \ifnum \lastpenalty=10000 \else
+    \advance\envskipamount by \parskip
+    \endgraf
+    \ifdim\lastskip<\envskipamount
+      \removelastskip
+      % it's not a good place to break if the last penalty was \nobreak
+      % or better ...
+      \ifnum\lastpenalty<10000 \penalty-50 \fi
+      \vskip\envskipamount
+    \fi
+  \fi
+}}
+
+% \nonarrowing is a flag.  If "set", @lisp etc don't narrow margins; it will
+% also clear it, so that its embedded environments do the narrowing again.
+\let\nonarrowing=\relax
+
+% @cartouche ... @end cartouche: draw rectangle w/rounded corners around
+% environment contents.
+\font\circle=lcircle10
+\newdimen\circthick
+\newdimen\cartouter\newdimen\cartinner
+\newskip\normbskip\newskip\normpskip\newskip\normlskip
+\circthick=\fontdimen8\circle
+%
+\def\ctl{{\circle\char'013\hskip -6pt}}% 6pt from pl file: 1/2charwidth
+\def\ctr{{\hskip 6pt\circle\char'010}}
+\def\cbl{{\circle\char'012\hskip -6pt}}
+\def\cbr{{\hskip 6pt\circle\char'011}}
+\def\carttop{\hbox to \cartouter{\hskip\lskip
+        \ctl\leaders\hrule height\circthick\hfil\ctr
+        \hskip\rskip}}
+\def\cartbot{\hbox to \cartouter{\hskip\lskip
+        \cbl\leaders\hrule height\circthick\hfil\cbr
+        \hskip\rskip}}
+%
+\newskip\lskip\newskip\rskip
+
+\envdef\cartouche{%
+  \ifhmode\par\fi  % can't be in the midst of a paragraph.
+  \startsavinginserts
+  \lskip=\leftskip \rskip=\rightskip
+  \leftskip=0pt\rightskip=0pt % we want these *outside*.
+  \cartinner=\hsize \advance\cartinner by-\lskip
+  \advance\cartinner by-\rskip
+  \cartouter=\hsize
+  \advance\cartouter by 18.4pt	% allow for 3pt kerns on either
+				% side, and for 6pt waste from
+				% each corner char, and rule thickness
+  \normbskip=\baselineskip \normpskip=\parskip \normlskip=\lineskip
+  %
+  % If this cartouche directly follows a sectioning command, we need the
+  % \parskip glue (backspaced over by default) or the cartouche can
+  % collide with the section heading.
+  \ifnum\lastpenalty>10000 \vskip\parskip \penalty\lastpenalty \fi
+  %
+  \setbox\groupbox=\vbox\bgroup
+      \baselineskip=0pt\parskip=0pt\lineskip=0pt
+      \carttop
+      \hbox\bgroup
+	  \hskip\lskip
+	  \vrule\kern3pt
+	  \vbox\bgroup
+	      \kern3pt
+	      \hsize=\cartinner
+	      \baselineskip=\normbskip
+	      \lineskip=\normlskip
+	      \parskip=\normpskip
+	      \vskip -\parskip
+	      \comment % For explanation, see the end of def\group.
+}
+\def\Ecartouche{%
+              \ifhmode\par\fi
+	      \kern3pt
+	  \egroup
+	  \kern3pt\vrule
+	  \hskip\rskip
+      \egroup
+      \cartbot
+  \egroup
+  \addgroupbox
+  \checkinserts
+}
+
+
+% This macro is called at the beginning of all the @example variants,
+% inside a group.
+\newdimen\nonfillparindent
+\def\nonfillstart{%
+  \aboveenvbreak
+  \ifdim\hfuzz < 12pt \hfuzz = 12pt \fi % Don't be fussy
+  \sepspaces % Make spaces be word-separators rather than space tokens.
+  \let\par = \lisppar % don't ignore blank lines
+  \obeylines % each line of input is a line of output
+  \parskip = 0pt
+  % Turn off paragraph indentation but redefine \indent to emulate
+  % the normal \indent.
+  \nonfillparindent=\parindent
+  \parindent = 0pt
+  \let\indent\nonfillindent
+  %
+  \emergencystretch = 0pt % don't try to avoid overfull boxes
+  \ifx\nonarrowing\relax
+    \advance \leftskip by \lispnarrowing
+    \exdentamount=\lispnarrowing
+  \else
+    \let\nonarrowing = \relax
+  \fi
+  \let\exdent=\nofillexdent
+}
+
+\begingroup
+\obeyspaces
+% We want to swallow spaces (but not other tokens) after the fake
+% @indent in our nonfill-environments, where spaces are normally
+% active and set to @tie, resulting in them not being ignored after
+% @indent.
+\gdef\nonfillindent{\futurelet\temp\nonfillindentcheck}%
+\gdef\nonfillindentcheck{%
+\ifx\temp %
+\expandafter\nonfillindentgobble%
+\else%
+\leavevmode\nonfillindentbox%
+\fi%
+}%
+\endgroup
+\def\nonfillindentgobble#1{\nonfillindent}
+\def\nonfillindentbox{\hbox to \nonfillparindent{\hss}}
+
+% If you want all examples etc. small: @set dispenvsize small.
+% If you want even small examples the full size: @set dispenvsize nosmall.
+% This affects the following displayed environments:
+%    @example, @display, @format, @lisp
+%
+\def\smallword{small}
+\def\nosmallword{nosmall}
+\let\SETdispenvsize\relax
+\def\setnormaldispenv{%
+  \ifx\SETdispenvsize\smallword
+    % end paragraph for sake of leading, in case document has no blank
+    % line.  This is redundant with what happens in \aboveenvbreak, but
+    % we need to do it before changing the fonts, and it's inconvenient
+    % to change the fonts afterward.
+    \ifnum \lastpenalty=10000 \else \endgraf \fi
+    \smallexamplefonts \rm
+  \fi
+}
+\def\setsmalldispenv{%
+  \ifx\SETdispenvsize\nosmallword
+  \else
+    \ifnum \lastpenalty=10000 \else \endgraf \fi
+    \smallexamplefonts \rm
+  \fi
+}
+
+% We often define two environments, @foo and @smallfoo.
+% Let's do it in one command.  #1 is the env name, #2 the definition.
+\def\makedispenvdef#1#2{%
+  \expandafter\envdef\csname#1\endcsname {\setnormaldispenv #2}%
+  \expandafter\envdef\csname small#1\endcsname {\setsmalldispenv #2}%
+  \expandafter\let\csname E#1\endcsname \afterenvbreak
+  \expandafter\let\csname Esmall#1\endcsname \afterenvbreak
+}
+
+% Define two environment synonyms (#1 and #2) for an environment.
+\def\maketwodispenvdef#1#2#3{%
+  \makedispenvdef{#1}{#3}%
+  \makedispenvdef{#2}{#3}%
+}
+%
+% @lisp: indented, narrowed, typewriter font;
+% @example: same as @lisp.
+%
+% @smallexample and @smalllisp: use smaller fonts.
+% Originally contributed by Pavel@xerox.
+%
+\maketwodispenvdef{lisp}{example}{%
+  \nonfillstart
+  \tt\setupmarkupstyle{example}%
+  \let\kbdfont = \kbdexamplefont % Allow @kbd to do something special.
+  \gobble % eat return
+}
+% @display/@smalldisplay: same as @lisp except keep current font.
+%
+\makedispenvdef{display}{%
+  \nonfillstart
+  \gobble
+}
+
+% @format/@smallformat: same as @display except don't narrow margins.
+%
+\makedispenvdef{format}{%
+  \let\nonarrowing = t%
+  \nonfillstart
+  \gobble
+}
+
+% @flushleft: same as @format, but doesn't obey \SETdispenvsize.
+\envdef\flushleft{%
+  \let\nonarrowing = t%
+  \nonfillstart
+  \gobble
+}
+\let\Eflushleft = \afterenvbreak
+
+% @flushright.
+%
+\envdef\flushright{%
+  \let\nonarrowing = t%
+  \nonfillstart
+  \advance\leftskip by 0pt plus 1fill\relax
+  \gobble
+}
+\let\Eflushright = \afterenvbreak
+
+
+% @raggedright does more-or-less normal line breaking but no right
+% justification.  From plain.tex.  Don't stretch around special
+% characters in urls in this environment, since the stretch at the right
+% should be enough.
+\envdef\raggedright{%
+  \rightskip0pt plus2.4em \spaceskip.3333em \xspaceskip.5em\relax
+  \def\urefprestretchamount{0pt}%
+  \def\urefpoststretchamount{0pt}%
+}
+\let\Eraggedright\par
+
+\envdef\raggedleft{%
+  \parindent=0pt \leftskip0pt plus2em
+  \spaceskip.3333em \xspaceskip.5em \parfillskip=0pt
+  \hbadness=10000 % Last line will usually be underfull, so turn off
+                  % badness reporting.
+}
+\let\Eraggedleft\par
+
+\envdef\raggedcenter{%
+  \parindent=0pt \rightskip0pt plus1em \leftskip0pt plus1em
+  \spaceskip.3333em \xspaceskip.5em \parfillskip=0pt
+  \hbadness=10000 % Last line will usually be underfull, so turn off
+                  % badness reporting.
+}
+\let\Eraggedcenter\par
+
+
+% @quotation does normal linebreaking (hence we can't use \nonfillstart)
+% and narrows the margins.  We keep \parskip nonzero in general, since
+% we're doing normal filling.  So, when using \aboveenvbreak and
+% \afterenvbreak, temporarily make \parskip 0.
+%
+\makedispenvdef{quotation}{\quotationstart}
+%
+\def\quotationstart{%
+  \indentedblockstart % same as \indentedblock, but increase right margin too.
+  \ifx\nonarrowing\relax
+    \advance\rightskip by \lispnarrowing
+  \fi
+  \parsearg\quotationlabel
+}
+
+% We have retained a nonzero parskip for the environment, since we're
+% doing normal filling.
+%
+\def\Equotation{%
+  \par
+  \ifx\quotationauthor\thisisundefined\else
+    % indent a bit.
+    \leftline{\kern 2\leftskip \sl ---\quotationauthor}%
+  \fi
+  {\parskip=0pt \afterenvbreak}%
+}
+\def\Esmallquotation{\Equotation}
+
+% If we're given an argument, typeset it in bold with a colon after.
+\def\quotationlabel#1{%
+  \def\temp{#1}%
+  \ifx\temp\empty \else
+    {\bf #1: }%
+  \fi
+}
+
+% @indentedblock is like @quotation, but indents only on the left and
+% has no optional argument.
+% 
+\makedispenvdef{indentedblock}{\indentedblockstart}
+%
+\def\indentedblockstart{%
+  {\parskip=0pt \aboveenvbreak}% because \aboveenvbreak inserts \parskip
+  \parindent=0pt
+  %
+  % @cartouche defines \nonarrowing to inhibit narrowing at next level down.
+  \ifx\nonarrowing\relax
+    \advance\leftskip by \lispnarrowing
+    \exdentamount = \lispnarrowing
+  \else
+    \let\nonarrowing = \relax
+  \fi
+}
+
+% Keep a nonzero parskip for the environment, since we're doing normal filling.
+%
+\def\Eindentedblock{%
+  \par
+  {\parskip=0pt \afterenvbreak}%
+}
+\def\Esmallindentedblock{\Eindentedblock}
+
+
+% LaTeX-like @verbatim...@end verbatim and @verb{<char>...<char>}
+% If we want to allow any <char> as delimiter,
+% we need the curly braces so that makeinfo sees the @verb command, eg:
+% `@verbx...x' would look like the '@verbx' command.  --janneke@gnu.org
+%
+% [Knuth]: Donald Ervin Knuth, 1996.  The TeXbook.
+%
+% [Knuth] p.344; only we need to do the other characters Texinfo sets
+% active too.  Otherwise, they get lost as the first character on a
+% verbatim line.
+\def\dospecials{%
+  \do\ \do\\\do\{\do\}\do\$\do\&%
+  \do\#\do\^\do\^^K\do\_\do\^^A\do\%\do\~%
+  \do\<\do\>\do\|\do\@\do+\do\"%
+  % Don't do the quotes -- if we do, @set txicodequoteundirected and
+  % @set txicodequotebacktick will not have effect on @verb and
+  % @verbatim, and ?` and !` ligatures won't get disabled.
+  %\do\`\do\'%
+}
+%
+% [Knuth] p. 380
+\def\uncatcodespecials{%
+  \def\do##1{\catcode`##1=\other}\dospecials}
+%
+% Setup for the @verb command.
+%
+% Eight spaces for a tab
+\begingroup
+  \catcode`\^^I=\active
+  \gdef\tabeightspaces{\catcode`\^^I=\active\def^^I{\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ }}
+\endgroup
+%
+\def\setupverb{%
+  \tt  % easiest (and conventionally used) font for verbatim
+  \def\par{\leavevmode\endgraf}%
+  \setupmarkupstyle{verb}%
+  \tabeightspaces
+  % Respect line breaks,
+  % print special symbols as themselves, and
+  % make each space count
+  % must do in this order:
+  \obeylines \uncatcodespecials \sepspaces
+}
+
+% Setup for the @verbatim environment
+%
+% Real tab expansion.
+\newdimen\tabw \setbox0=\hbox{\tt\space} \tabw=8\wd0 % tab amount
+%
+% We typeset each line of the verbatim in an \hbox, so we can handle
+% tabs.  The \global is in case the verbatim line starts with an accent,
+% or some other command that starts with a begin-group.  Otherwise, the
+% entire \verbbox would disappear at the corresponding end-group, before
+% it is typeset.  Meanwhile, we can't have nested verbatim commands
+% (can we?), so the \global won't be overwriting itself.
+\newbox\verbbox
+\def\starttabbox{\global\setbox\verbbox=\hbox\bgroup}
+%
+\begingroup
+  \catcode`\^^I=\active
+  \gdef\tabexpand{%
+    \catcode`\^^I=\active
+    \def^^I{\leavevmode\egroup
+      \dimen\verbbox=\wd\verbbox % the width so far, or since the previous tab
+      \divide\dimen\verbbox by\tabw
+      \multiply\dimen\verbbox by\tabw % compute previous multiple of \tabw
+      \advance\dimen\verbbox by\tabw  % advance to next multiple of \tabw
+      \wd\verbbox=\dimen\verbbox \box\verbbox \starttabbox
+    }%
+  }
+\endgroup
+
+% start the verbatim environment.
+\def\setupverbatim{%
+  \let\nonarrowing = t%
+  \nonfillstart
+  \tt % easiest (and conventionally used) font for verbatim
+  % The \leavevmode here is for blank lines.  Otherwise, we would
+  % never \starttabox and the \egroup would end verbatim mode.
+  \def\par{\leavevmode\egroup\box\verbbox\endgraf}%
+  \tabexpand
+  \setupmarkupstyle{verbatim}%
+  % Respect line breaks,
+  % print special symbols as themselves, and
+  % make each space count.
+  % Must do in this order:
+  \obeylines \uncatcodespecials \sepspaces
+  \everypar{\starttabbox}%
+}
+
+% Do the @verb magic: verbatim text is quoted by unique
+% delimiter characters.  Before first delimiter expect a
+% right brace, after last delimiter expect closing brace:
+%
+%    \def\doverb'{'<char>#1<char>'}'{#1}
+%
+% [Knuth] p. 382; only eat outer {}
+\begingroup
+  \catcode`[=1\catcode`]=2\catcode`\{=\other\catcode`\}=\other
+  \gdef\doverb{#1[\def\next##1#1}[##1\endgroup]\next]
+\endgroup
+%
+\def\verb{\begingroup\setupverb\doverb}
+%
+%
+% Do the @verbatim magic: define the macro \doverbatim so that
+% the (first) argument ends when '@end verbatim' is reached, ie:
+%
+%     \def\doverbatim#1@end verbatim{#1}
+%
+% For Texinfo it's a lot easier than for LaTeX,
+% because texinfo's \verbatim doesn't stop at '\end{verbatim}':
+% we need not redefine '\', '{' and '}'.
+%
+% Inspired by LaTeX's verbatim command set [latex.ltx]
+%
+\begingroup
+  \catcode`\ =\active
+  \obeylines %
+  % ignore everything up to the first ^^M, that's the newline at the end
+  % of the @verbatim input line itself.  Otherwise we get an extra blank
+  % line in the output.
+  \xdef\doverbatim#1^^M#2@end verbatim{#2\noexpand\end\gobble verbatim}%
+  % We really want {...\end verbatim} in the body of the macro, but
+  % without the active space; thus we have to use \xdef and \gobble.
+\endgroup
+%
+\envdef\verbatim{%
+    \setupverbatim\doverbatim
+}
+\let\Everbatim = \afterenvbreak
+
+
+% @verbatiminclude FILE - insert text of file in verbatim environment.
+%
+\def\verbatiminclude{\parseargusing\filenamecatcodes\doverbatiminclude}
+%
+\def\doverbatiminclude#1{%
+  {%
+    \makevalueexpandable
+    \setupverbatim
+    \indexnofonts       % Allow `@@' and other weird things in file names.
+    \wlog{texinfo.tex: doing @verbatiminclude of #1^^J}%
+    \input #1
+    \afterenvbreak
+  }%
+}
+
+% @copying ... @end copying.
+% Save the text away for @insertcopying later.
+%
+% We save the uninterpreted tokens, rather than creating a box.
+% Saving the text in a box would be much easier, but then all the
+% typesetting commands (@smallbook, font changes, etc.) have to be done
+% beforehand -- and a) we want @copying to be done first in the source
+% file; b) letting users define the frontmatter in as flexible order as
+% possible is desirable.
+%
+\def\copying{\checkenv{}\begingroup\scanargctxt\docopying}
+\def\docopying#1@end copying{\endgroup\def\copyingtext{#1}}
+%
+\def\insertcopying{%
+  \begingroup
+    \parindent = 0pt  % paragraph indentation looks wrong on title page
+    \scanexp\copyingtext
+  \endgroup
+}
+
+
+\message{defuns,}
+% @defun etc.
+
+\newskip\defbodyindent \defbodyindent=.4in
+\newskip\defargsindent \defargsindent=50pt
+\newskip\deflastargmargin \deflastargmargin=18pt
+\newcount\defunpenalty
+
+% Start the processing of @deffn:
+\def\startdefun{%
+  \ifnum\lastpenalty<10000
+    \medbreak
+    \defunpenalty=10003 % Will keep this @deffn together with the
+                        % following @def command, see below.
+  \else
+    % If there are two @def commands in a row, we'll have a \nobreak,
+    % which is there to keep the function description together with its
+    % header.  But if there's nothing but headers, we need to allow a
+    % break somewhere.  Check specifically for penalty 10002, inserted
+    % by \printdefunline, instead of 10000, since the sectioning
+    % commands also insert a nobreak penalty, and we don't want to allow
+    % a break between a section heading and a defun.
+    %
+    % As a further refinement, we avoid "club" headers by signalling
+    % with penalty of 10003 after the very first @deffn in the
+    % sequence (see above), and penalty of 10002 after any following
+    % @def command.
+    \ifnum\lastpenalty=10002 \penalty2000 \else \defunpenalty=10002 \fi
+    %
+    % Similarly, after a section heading, do not allow a break.
+    % But do insert the glue.
+    \medskip  % preceded by discardable penalty, so not a breakpoint
+  \fi
+  %
+  \parindent=0in
+  \advance\leftskip by \defbodyindent
+  \exdentamount=\defbodyindent
+}
+
+\def\dodefunx#1{%
+  % First, check whether we are in the right environment:
+  \checkenv#1%
+  %
+  % As above, allow line break if we have multiple x headers in a row.
+  % It's not a great place, though.
+  \ifnum\lastpenalty=10002 \penalty3000 \else \defunpenalty=10002 \fi
+  %
+  % And now, it's time to reuse the body of the original defun:
+  \expandafter\gobbledefun#1%
+}
+\def\gobbledefun#1\startdefun{}
+
+% \printdefunline \deffnheader{text}
+%
+\def\printdefunline#1#2{%
+  \begingroup
+    % call \deffnheader:
+    #1#2 \endheader
+    % common ending:
+    \interlinepenalty = 10000
+    \advance\rightskip by 0pt plus 1fil\relax
+    \endgraf
+    \nobreak\vskip -\parskip
+    \penalty\defunpenalty  % signal to \startdefun and \dodefunx
+    % Some of the @defun-type tags do not enable magic parentheses,
+    % rendering the following check redundant.  But we don't optimize.
+    \checkparencounts
+  \endgroup
+}
+
+\def\Edefun{\endgraf\medbreak}
+
+% \makedefun{deffn} creates \deffn, \deffnx and \Edeffn;
+% the only thing remaining is to define \deffnheader.
+%
+\def\makedefun#1{%
+  \expandafter\let\csname E#1\endcsname = \Edefun
+  \edef\temp{\noexpand\domakedefun
+    \makecsname{#1}\makecsname{#1x}\makecsname{#1header}}%
+  \temp
+}
+
+% \domakedefun \deffn \deffnx \deffnheader { (defn. of \deffnheader) }
+%
+% Define \deffn and \deffnx, without parameters.
+% \deffnheader has to be defined explicitly.
+%
+\def\domakedefun#1#2#3{%
+  \envdef#1{%
+    \startdefun
+    \doingtypefnfalse    % distinguish typed functions from all else
+    \parseargusing\activeparens{\printdefunline#3}%
+  }%
+  \def#2{\dodefunx#1}%
+  \def#3%
+}
+
+\newif\ifdoingtypefn       % doing typed function?
+\newif\ifrettypeownline    % typeset return type on its own line?
+
+% @deftypefnnewline on|off says whether the return type of typed functions
+% are printed on their own line.  This affects @deftypefn, @deftypefun,
+% @deftypeop, and @deftypemethod.
+% 
+\parseargdef\deftypefnnewline{%
+  \def\temp{#1}%
+  \ifx\temp\onword
+    \expandafter\let\csname SETtxideftypefnnl\endcsname
+      = \empty
+  \else\ifx\temp\offword
+    \expandafter\let\csname SETtxideftypefnnl\endcsname
+      = \relax
+  \else
+    \errhelp = \EMsimple
+    \errmessage{Unknown @txideftypefnnl value `\temp',
+                must be on|off}%
+  \fi\fi
+}
+
+% Untyped functions:
+
+% @deffn category name args
+\makedefun{deffn}{\deffngeneral{}}
+
+% @deffn category class name args
+\makedefun{defop}#1 {\defopon{#1\ \putwordon}}
+
+% \defopon {category on}class name args
+\def\defopon#1#2 {\deffngeneral{\putwordon\ \code{#2}}{#1\ \code{#2}} }
+
+% \deffngeneral {subind}category name args
+%
+\def\deffngeneral#1#2 #3 #4\endheader{%
+  % Remember that \dosubind{fn}{foo}{} is equivalent to \doind{fn}{foo}.
+  \dosubind{fn}{\code{#3}}{#1}%
+  \defname{#2}{}{#3}\magicamp\defunargs{#4\unskip}%
+}
+
+% Typed functions:
+
+% @deftypefn category type name args
+\makedefun{deftypefn}{\deftypefngeneral{}}
+
+% @deftypeop category class type name args
+\makedefun{deftypeop}#1 {\deftypeopon{#1\ \putwordon}}
+
+% \deftypeopon {category on}class type name args
+\def\deftypeopon#1#2 {\deftypefngeneral{\putwordon\ \code{#2}}{#1\ \code{#2}} }
+
+% \deftypefngeneral {subind}category type name args
+%
+\def\deftypefngeneral#1#2 #3 #4 #5\endheader{%
+  \dosubind{fn}{\code{#4}}{#1}%
+  \doingtypefntrue
+  \defname{#2}{#3}{#4}\defunargs{#5\unskip}%
+}
+
+% Typed variables:
+
+% @deftypevr category type var args
+\makedefun{deftypevr}{\deftypecvgeneral{}}
+
+% @deftypecv category class type var args
+\makedefun{deftypecv}#1 {\deftypecvof{#1\ \putwordof}}
+
+% \deftypecvof {category of}class type var args
+\def\deftypecvof#1#2 {\deftypecvgeneral{\putwordof\ \code{#2}}{#1\ \code{#2}} }
+
+% \deftypecvgeneral {subind}category type var args
+%
+\def\deftypecvgeneral#1#2 #3 #4 #5\endheader{%
+  \dosubind{vr}{\code{#4}}{#1}%
+  \defname{#2}{#3}{#4}\defunargs{#5\unskip}%
+}
+
+% Untyped variables:
+
+% @defvr category var args
+\makedefun{defvr}#1 {\deftypevrheader{#1} {} }
+
+% @defcv category class var args
+\makedefun{defcv}#1 {\defcvof{#1\ \putwordof}}
+
+% \defcvof {category of}class var args
+\def\defcvof#1#2 {\deftypecvof{#1}#2 {} }
+
+% Types:
+
+% @deftp category name args
+\makedefun{deftp}#1 #2 #3\endheader{%
+  \doind{tp}{\code{#2}}%
+  \defname{#1}{}{#2}\defunargs{#3\unskip}%
+}
+
+% Remaining @defun-like shortcuts:
+\makedefun{defun}{\deffnheader{\putwordDeffunc} }
+\makedefun{defmac}{\deffnheader{\putwordDefmac} }
+\makedefun{defspec}{\deffnheader{\putwordDefspec} }
+\makedefun{deftypefun}{\deftypefnheader{\putwordDeffunc} }
+\makedefun{defvar}{\defvrheader{\putwordDefvar} }
+\makedefun{defopt}{\defvrheader{\putwordDefopt} }
+\makedefun{deftypevar}{\deftypevrheader{\putwordDefvar} }
+\makedefun{defmethod}{\defopon\putwordMethodon}
+\makedefun{deftypemethod}{\deftypeopon\putwordMethodon}
+\makedefun{defivar}{\defcvof\putwordInstanceVariableof}
+\makedefun{deftypeivar}{\deftypecvof\putwordInstanceVariableof}
+
+% \defname, which formats the name of the @def (not the args).
+% #1 is the category, such as "Function".
+% #2 is the return type, if any.
+% #3 is the function name.
+%
+% We are followed by (but not passed) the arguments, if any.
+%
+\def\defname#1#2#3{%
+  \par
+  % Get the values of \leftskip and \rightskip as they were outside the @def...
+  \advance\leftskip by -\defbodyindent
+  %
+  % Determine if we are typesetting the return type of a typed function
+  % on a line by itself.
+  \rettypeownlinefalse
+  \ifdoingtypefn  % doing a typed function specifically?
+    % then check user option for putting return type on its own line:
+    \expandafter\ifx\csname SETtxideftypefnnl\endcsname\relax \else
+      \rettypeownlinetrue
+    \fi
+  \fi
+  %
+  % How we'll format the category name.  Putting it in brackets helps
+  % distinguish it from the body text that may end up on the next line
+  % just below it.
+  \def\temp{#1}%
+  \setbox0=\hbox{\kern\deflastargmargin \ifx\temp\empty\else [\rm\temp]\fi}
+  %
+  % Figure out line sizes for the paragraph shape.  We'll always have at
+  % least two.
+  \tempnum = 2
+  %
+  % The first line needs space for \box0; but if \rightskip is nonzero,
+  % we need only space for the part of \box0 which exceeds it:
+  \dimen0=\hsize  \advance\dimen0 by -\wd0  \advance\dimen0 by \rightskip
+  %
+  % If doing a return type on its own line, we'll have another line.
+  \ifrettypeownline
+    \advance\tempnum by 1
+    \def\maybeshapeline{0in \hsize}%
+  \else
+    \def\maybeshapeline{}%
+  \fi
+  %
+  % The continuations:
+  \dimen2=\hsize  \advance\dimen2 by -\defargsindent
+  %
+  % The final paragraph shape:
+  \parshape \tempnum  0in \dimen0  \maybeshapeline  \defargsindent \dimen2
+  %
+  % Put the category name at the right margin.
+  \noindent
+  \hbox to 0pt{%
+    \hfil\box0 \kern-\hsize
+    % \hsize has to be shortened this way:
+    \kern\leftskip
+    % Intentionally do not respect \rightskip, since we need the space.
+  }%
+  %
+  % Allow all lines to be underfull without complaint:
+  \tolerance=10000 \hbadness=10000
+  \exdentamount=\defbodyindent
+  {%
+    % defun fonts. We use typewriter by default (used to be bold) because:
+    % . we're printing identifiers, they should be in tt in principle.
+    % . in languages with many accents, such as Czech or French, it's
+    %   common to leave accents off identifiers.  The result looks ok in
+    %   tt, but exceedingly strange in rm.
+    % . we don't want -- and --- to be treated as ligatures.
+    % . this still does not fix the ?` and !` ligatures, but so far no
+    %   one has made identifiers using them :).
+    \df \tt
+    \def\temp{#2}% text of the return type
+    \ifx\temp\empty\else
+      \tclose{\temp}% typeset the return type
+      \ifrettypeownline
+        % put return type on its own line; prohibit line break following:
+        \hfil\vadjust{\nobreak}\break  
+      \else
+        \space  % type on same line, so just followed by a space
+      \fi
+    \fi           % no return type
+    #3% output function name
+  }%
+  {\rm\enskip}% hskip 0.5 em of \tenrm
+  %
+  \boldbrax
+  % arguments will be output next, if any.
+}
+
+% Print arguments in slanted roman (not ttsl), inconsistently with using
+% tt for the name.  This is because literal text is sometimes needed in
+% the argument list (groff manual), and ttsl and tt are not very
+% distinguishable.  Prevent hyphenation at `-' chars.
+%
+\def\defunargs#1{%
+  % use sl by default (not ttsl),
+  % tt for the names.
+  \df \sl \hyphenchar\font=0
+  %
+  % On the other hand, if an argument has two dashes (for instance), we
+  % want a way to get ttsl.  We used to recommend @var for that, so
+  % leave the code in, but it's strange for @var to lead to typewriter.
+  % Nowadays we recommend @code, since the difference between a ttsl hyphen
+  % and a tt hyphen is pretty tiny.  @code also disables ?` !`.
+  \def\var##1{{\setupmarkupstyle{var}\ttslanted{##1}}}%
+  #1%
+  \sl\hyphenchar\font=45
+}
+
+% We want ()&[] to print specially on the defun line.
+%
+\def\activeparens{%
+  \catcode`\(=\active \catcode`\)=\active
+  \catcode`\[=\active \catcode`\]=\active
+  \catcode`\&=\active
+}
+
+% Make control sequences which act like normal parenthesis chars.
+\let\lparen = ( \let\rparen = )
+
+% Be sure that we always have a definition for `(', etc.  For example,
+% if the fn name has parens in it, \boldbrax will not be in effect yet,
+% so TeX would otherwise complain about undefined control sequence.
+{
+  \activeparens
+  \global\let(=\lparen \global\let)=\rparen
+  \global\let[=\lbrack \global\let]=\rbrack
+  \global\let& = \&
+
+  \gdef\boldbrax{\let(=\opnr\let)=\clnr\let[=\lbrb\let]=\rbrb}
+  \gdef\magicamp{\let&=\amprm}
+}
+
+\newcount\parencount
+
+% If we encounter &foo, then turn on ()-hacking afterwards
+\newif\ifampseen
+\def\amprm#1 {\ampseentrue{\bf\&#1 }}
+
+\def\parenfont{%
+  \ifampseen
+    % At the first level, print parens in roman,
+    % otherwise use the default font.
+    \ifnum \parencount=1 \rm \fi
+  \else
+    % The \sf parens (in \boldbrax) actually are a little bolder than
+    % the contained text.  This is especially needed for [ and ] .
+    \sf
+  \fi
+}
+\def\infirstlevel#1{%
+  \ifampseen
+    \ifnum\parencount=1
+      #1%
+    \fi
+  \fi
+}
+\def\bfafterword#1 {#1 \bf}
+
+\def\opnr{%
+  \global\advance\parencount by 1
+  {\parenfont(}%
+  \infirstlevel \bfafterword
+}
+\def\clnr{%
+  {\parenfont)}%
+  \infirstlevel \sl
+  \global\advance\parencount by -1
+}
+
+\newcount\brackcount
+\def\lbrb{%
+  \global\advance\brackcount by 1
+  {\bf[}%
+}
+\def\rbrb{%
+  {\bf]}%
+  \global\advance\brackcount by -1
+}
+
+\def\checkparencounts{%
+  \ifnum\parencount=0 \else \badparencount \fi
+  \ifnum\brackcount=0 \else \badbrackcount \fi
+}
+% these should not use \errmessage; the glibc manual, at least, actually
+% has such constructs (when documenting function pointers).
+\def\badparencount{%
+  \message{Warning: unbalanced parentheses in @def...}%
+  \global\parencount=0
+}
+\def\badbrackcount{%
+  \message{Warning: unbalanced square brackets in @def...}%
+  \global\brackcount=0
+}
+
+
+\message{macros,}
+% @macro.
+
+% To do this right we need a feature of e-TeX, \scantokens,
+% which we arrange to emulate with a temporary file in ordinary TeX.
+\ifx\eTeXversion\thisisundefined
+  \newwrite\macscribble
+  \def\scantokens#1{%
+    \toks0={#1}%
+    \immediate\openout\macscribble=\jobname.tmp
+    \immediate\write\macscribble{\the\toks0}%
+    \immediate\closeout\macscribble
+    \input \jobname.tmp
+  }
+\fi
+
+\let\aftermacroxxx\relax
+\def\aftermacro{\aftermacroxxx}
+
+% alias because \c means cedilla in @tex or @math
+\let\texinfoc=\c
+
+% Used at the time of macro expansion.
+% Argument is macro body with arguments substituted
+\def\scanmacro#1{%
+  \newlinechar`\^^M
+  \def\xprocessmacroarg{\eatspaces}%
+  %
+  % Process the macro body under the current catcode regime.
+  \scantokens{#1\texinfoc}\aftermacro%
+  %
+  % The \c is to remove the \newlinechar added by \scantokens, and
+  % can be noticed by \parsearg.
+  %   The \aftermacro allows a \comment at the end of the macro definition
+  % to duplicate itself past the final \newlinechar added by \scantokens:
+  % this is used in the definition of \group to comment out a newline.  We
+  % don't do the same for \c to support Texinfo files with macros that ended
+  % with a @c, which should no longer be necessary.
+  %   We avoid surrounding the call to \scantokens with \bgroup and \egroup
+  % to allow macros to open or close groups themselves.
+}
+
+\def\scanexp#1{%
+  \bgroup
+  % Undo catcode changes of \startcontents and \printindex
+  % When called from @insertcopying or (short)caption, we need active
+  % backslash to get it printed correctly.
+  % FIXME: This may not be needed.
+  %\catcode`\@=0 \catcode`\\=\active \escapechar=`\@
+  \edef\temp{\noexpand\scanmacro{#1}}%
+  \temp
+  \egroup
+}
+
+\newcount\paramno   % Count of parameters
+\newtoks\macname    % Macro name
+\newif\ifrecursive  % Is it recursive?
+
+% List of all defined macros in the form
+%    \definedummyword\macro1\definedummyword\macro2...
+% Currently is also contains all @aliases; the list can be split
+% if there is a need.
+\def\macrolist{}
+
+% Add the macro to \macrolist
+\def\addtomacrolist#1{\expandafter \addtomacrolistxxx \csname#1\endcsname}
+\def\addtomacrolistxxx#1{%
+     \toks0 = \expandafter{\macrolist\definedummyword#1}%
+     \xdef\macrolist{\the\toks0}%
+}
+
+% Utility routines.
+% This does \let #1 = #2, with \csnames; that is,
+%   \let \csname#1\endcsname = \csname#2\endcsname
+% (except of course we have to play expansion games).
+%
+\def\cslet#1#2{%
+  \expandafter\let
+  \csname#1\expandafter\endcsname
+  \csname#2\endcsname
+}
+
+% Trim leading and trailing spaces off a string.
+% Concepts from aro-bend problem 15 (see CTAN).
+{\catcode`\@=11
+\gdef\eatspaces #1{\expandafter\trim@\expandafter{#1 }}
+\gdef\trim@ #1{\trim@@ @#1 @ #1 @ @@}
+\gdef\trim@@ #1@ #2@ #3@@{\trim@@@\empty #2 @}
+\def\unbrace#1{#1}
+\unbrace{\gdef\trim@@@ #1 } #2@{#1}
+}
+
+% Trim a single trailing ^^M off a string.
+{\catcode`\^^M=\other \catcode`\Q=3%
+\gdef\eatcr #1{\eatcra #1Q^^MQ}%
+\gdef\eatcra#1^^MQ{\eatcrb#1Q}%
+\gdef\eatcrb#1Q#2Q{#1}%
+}
+
+% Macro bodies are absorbed as an argument in a context where
+% all characters are catcode 10, 11 or 12, except \ which is active
+% (as in normal texinfo). It is necessary to change the definition of \
+% to recognize macro arguments; this is the job of \mbodybackslash.
+%
+% Non-ASCII encodings make 8-bit characters active, so un-activate
+% them to avoid their expansion.  Must do this non-globally, to
+% confine the change to the current group.
+%
+% It's necessary to have hard CRs when the macro is executed. This is
+% done by making ^^M (\endlinechar) catcode 12 when reading the macro
+% body, and then making it the \newlinechar in \scanmacro.
+%
+\def\scanctxt{% used as subroutine
+  \catcode`\"=\other
+  \catcode`\+=\other
+  \catcode`\<=\other
+  \catcode`\>=\other
+  \catcode`\^=\other
+  \catcode`\_=\other
+  \catcode`\|=\other
+  \catcode`\~=\other
+  \ifx\declaredencoding\ascii \else \setnonasciicharscatcodenonglobal\other \fi
+}
+
+\def\scanargctxt{% used for copying and captions, not macros.
+  \scanctxt
+  \catcode`\@=\other
+  \catcode`\\=\other
+  \catcode`\^^M=\other
+}
+
+\def\macrobodyctxt{% used for @macro definitions
+  \scanctxt
+  \catcode`\ =\other
+  \catcode`\@=\other
+  \catcode`\{=\other
+  \catcode`\}=\other
+  \catcode`\^^M=\other
+  \usembodybackslash
+}
+
+% Used when scanning braced macro arguments.  Note, however, that catcode
+% changes here are ineffectual if the macro invocation was nested inside
+% an argument to another Texinfo command.
+\def\macroargctxt{%
+  \scanctxt
+  \catcode`\ =\active
+  \catcode`\^^M=\other
+  \catcode`\\=\active
+}
+
+\def\macrolineargctxt{% used for whole-line arguments without braces
+  \scanctxt
+  \catcode`\{=\other
+  \catcode`\}=\other
+}
+
+% \mbodybackslash is the definition of \ in @macro bodies.
+% It maps \foo\ => \csname macarg.foo\endcsname => #N
+% where N is the macro parameter number.
+% We define \csname macarg.\endcsname to be \realbackslash, so
+% \\ in macro replacement text gets you a backslash.
+%
+{\catcode`@=0 @catcode`@\=@active
+ @gdef@usembodybackslash{@let\=@mbodybackslash}
+ @gdef@mbodybackslash#1\{@csname macarg.#1@endcsname}
+}
+\expandafter\def\csname macarg.\endcsname{\realbackslash}
+
+\def\margbackslash#1{\char`\#1 }
+
+\def\macro{\recursivefalse\parsearg\macroxxx}
+\def\rmacro{\recursivetrue\parsearg\macroxxx}
+
+\def\macroxxx#1{%
+  \getargs{#1}% now \macname is the macname and \argl the arglist
+  \ifx\argl\empty       % no arguments
+     \paramno=0\relax
+  \else
+     \expandafter\parsemargdef \argl;%
+     \if\paramno>256\relax
+       \ifx\eTeXversion\thisisundefined
+         \errhelp = \EMsimple
+         \errmessage{You need eTeX to compile a file with macros with more than 256 arguments}
+       \fi
+     \fi
+  \fi
+  \if1\csname ismacro.\the\macname\endcsname
+     \message{Warning: redefining \the\macname}%
+  \else
+     \expandafter\ifx\csname \the\macname\endcsname \relax
+     \else \errmessage{Macro name \the\macname\space already defined}\fi
+     \global\cslet{macsave.\the\macname}{\the\macname}%
+     \global\expandafter\let\csname ismacro.\the\macname\endcsname=1%
+     \addtomacrolist{\the\macname}%
+  \fi
+  \begingroup \macrobodyctxt
+  \ifrecursive \expandafter\parsermacbody
+  \else \expandafter\parsemacbody
+  \fi}
+
+\parseargdef\unmacro{%
+  \if1\csname ismacro.#1\endcsname
+    \global\cslet{#1}{macsave.#1}%
+    \global\expandafter\let \csname ismacro.#1\endcsname=0%
+    % Remove the macro name from \macrolist:
+    \begingroup
+      \expandafter\let\csname#1\endcsname \relax
+      \let\definedummyword\unmacrodo
+      \xdef\macrolist{\macrolist}%
+    \endgroup
+  \else
+    \errmessage{Macro #1 not defined}%
+  \fi
+}
+
+% Called by \do from \dounmacro on each macro.  The idea is to omit any
+% macro definitions that have been changed to \relax.
+%
+\def\unmacrodo#1{%
+  \ifx #1\relax
+    % remove this
+  \else
+    \noexpand\definedummyword \noexpand#1%
+  \fi
+}
+
+% \getargs -- Parse the arguments to a @macro line.  Set \macname to
+% the name of the macro, and \argl to the braced argument list.
+\def\getargs#1{\getargsxxx#1{}}
+\def\getargsxxx#1#{\getmacname #1 \relax\getmacargs}
+\def\getmacname#1 #2\relax{\macname={#1}}
+\def\getmacargs#1{\def\argl{#1}}
+% This made use of the feature that if the last token of a
+% <parameter list> is #, then the preceding argument is delimited by
+% an opening brace, and that opening brace is not consumed.
+
+% Parse the optional {params} list to @macro or @rmacro.
+% Set \paramno to the number of arguments,
+% and \paramlist to a parameter text for the macro (e.g. #1,#2,#3 for a
+% three-param macro.)  Define \macarg.BLAH for each BLAH in the params
+% list to some hook where the argument is to be expanded.  If there are
+% less than 10 arguments that hook is to be replaced by ##N where N
+% is the position in that list, that is to say the macro arguments are to be
+% defined `a la TeX in the macro body.  
+%
+% That gets used by \mbodybackslash (above).
+%
+% If there are 10 or more arguments, a different technique is used: see
+% \parsemmanyargdef.
+%
+\def\parsemargdef#1;{%
+  \paramno=0\def\paramlist{}%
+  \let\hash\relax
+  % \hash is redefined to `#' later to get it into definitions
+  \let\processmacroarg\relax
+  \parsemargdefxxx#1,;,%
+  \ifnum\paramno<10\relax\else
+    \paramno0\relax
+    \parsemmanyargdef@@#1,;,% 10 or more arguments
+  \fi
+}
+\def\parsemargdefxxx#1,{%
+  \if#1;\let\next=\relax
+  \else \let\next=\parsemargdefxxx
+    \advance\paramno by 1
+    \expandafter\edef\csname macarg.\eatspaces{#1}\endcsname
+        {\processmacroarg{\hash\the\paramno}}%
+    \edef\paramlist{\paramlist\hash\the\paramno,}%
+  \fi\next}
+
+% \parsemacbody, \parsermacbody
+%
+% Read recursive and nonrecursive macro bodies. (They're different since
+% rec and nonrec macros end differently.)
+% 
+% We are in \macrobodyctxt, and the \xdef causes backslashshes in the macro 
+% body to be transformed.
+% Set \macrobody to the body of the macro, and call \defmacro.
+%
+{\catcode`\ =\other\long\gdef\parsemacbody#1@end macro{%
+\xdef\macrobody{\eatcr{#1}}\endgroup\defmacro}}%
+{\catcode`\ =\other\long\gdef\parsermacbody#1@end rmacro{%
+\xdef\macrobody{\eatcr{#1}}\endgroup\defmacro}}%
+
+% Make @ a letter, so that we can make private-to-Texinfo macro names.
+\edef\texiatcatcode{\the\catcode`\@}
+\catcode `@=11\relax
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Code for > 10 arguments only   %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+% If there are 10 or more arguments, a different technique is used, where the
+% hook remains in the body, and when macro is to be expanded the body is
+% processed again to replace the arguments.
+%
+% In that case, the hook is \the\toks N-1, and we simply set \toks N-1 to the
+% argument N value and then \edef the body (nothing else will expand because of
+% the catcode regime under which the body was input).
+%
+% If you compile with TeX (not eTeX), and you have macros with 10 or more
+% arguments, no macro can have more than 256 arguments (else error).
+%
+% In case that there are 10 or more arguments we parse again the arguments
+% list to set new definitions for the \macarg.BLAH macros corresponding to
+% each BLAH argument. It was anyhow needed to parse already once this list
+% in order to count the arguments, and as macros with at most 9 arguments
+% are by far more frequent than macro with 10 or more arguments, defining
+% twice the \macarg.BLAH macros does not cost too much processing power.
+\def\parsemmanyargdef@@#1,{%
+  \if#1;\let\next=\relax
+  \else 
+    \let\next=\parsemmanyargdef@@
+    \edef\tempb{\eatspaces{#1}}%
+    \expandafter\def\expandafter\tempa
+       \expandafter{\csname macarg.\tempb\endcsname}%
+    % Note that we need some extra \noexpand\noexpand, this is because we
+    % don't want \the  to be expanded in the \parsermacbody  as it uses an
+    % \xdef .
+    \expandafter\edef\tempa
+      {\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\the\toks\the\paramno}%
+    \advance\paramno by 1\relax
+  \fi\next}
+
+
+\let\endargs@\relax
+\let\nil@\relax
+\def\nilm@{\nil@}%
+\long\def\nillm@{\nil@}%
+
+% This macro is expanded during the Texinfo macro expansion, not during its
+% definition.  It gets all the arguments' values and assigns them to macros
+% macarg.ARGNAME
+%
+% #1 is the macro name
+% #2 is the list of argument names
+% #3 is the list of argument values
+\def\getargvals@#1#2#3{%
+  \def\macargdeflist@{}%
+  \def\saveparamlist@{#2}% Need to keep a copy for parameter expansion.
+  \def\paramlist{#2,\nil@}%
+  \def\macroname{#1}%
+  \begingroup
+  \macroargctxt
+  \def\argvaluelist{#3,\nil@}%
+  \def\@tempa{#3}%
+  \ifx\@tempa\empty
+    \setemptyargvalues@
+  \else
+    \getargvals@@
+  \fi
+}
+\def\getargvals@@{%
+  \ifx\paramlist\nilm@
+      % Some sanity check needed here that \argvaluelist is also empty.
+      \ifx\argvaluelist\nillm@
+      \else
+        \errhelp = \EMsimple
+        \errmessage{Too many arguments in macro `\macroname'!}%
+      \fi
+      \let\next\macargexpandinbody@
+  \else
+    \ifx\argvaluelist\nillm@
+       % No more arguments values passed to macro.  Set remaining named-arg
+       % macros to empty.
+       \let\next\setemptyargvalues@
+    \else
+      % pop current arg name into \@tempb
+      \def\@tempa##1{\pop@{\@tempb}{\paramlist}##1\endargs@}%
+      \expandafter\@tempa\expandafter{\paramlist}%
+       % pop current argument value into \@tempc
+      \def\@tempa##1{\longpop@{\@tempc}{\argvaluelist}##1\endargs@}%
+      \expandafter\@tempa\expandafter{\argvaluelist}%
+       % Here \@tempb is the current arg name and \@tempc is the current arg value.
+       % First place the new argument macro definition into \@tempd
+       \expandafter\macname\expandafter{\@tempc}%
+       \expandafter\let\csname macarg.\@tempb\endcsname\relax
+       \expandafter\def\expandafter\@tempe\expandafter{%
+         \csname macarg.\@tempb\endcsname}%
+       \edef\@tempd{\long\def\@tempe{\the\macname}}%
+       \push@\@tempd\macargdeflist@
+       \let\next\getargvals@@
+    \fi
+  \fi
+  \next
+}
+
+\def\push@#1#2{%
+  \expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\def
+  \expandafter\expandafter\expandafter#2%
+  \expandafter\expandafter\expandafter{%
+  \expandafter#1#2}%
+}
+
+% Replace arguments by their values in the macro body, and place the result
+% in macro \@tempa.
+% 
+\def\macvalstoargs@{%
+  %  To do this we use the property that token registers that are \the'ed
+  % within an \edef  expand only once. So we are going to place all argument
+  % values into respective token registers.
+  %
+  % First we save the token context, and initialize argument numbering.
+  \begingroup
+    \paramno0\relax
+    % Then, for each argument number #N, we place the corresponding argument
+    % value into a new token list register \toks#N
+    \expandafter\putargsintokens@\saveparamlist@,;,%
+    % Then, we expand the body so that argument are replaced by their
+    % values. The trick for values not to be expanded themselves is that they
+    % are within tokens and that tokens expand only once in an \edef .
+    \edef\@tempc{\csname mac.\macroname .body\endcsname}%
+    % Now we restore the token stack pointer to free the token list registers
+    % which we have used, but we make sure that expanded body is saved after
+    % group.
+    \expandafter
+  \endgroup
+  \expandafter\def\expandafter\@tempa\expandafter{\@tempc}%
+  }
+
+% Define the named-macro outside of this group and then close this group. 
+% 
+\def\macargexpandinbody@{% 
+  \expandafter
+  \endgroup
+  \macargdeflist@
+  % First the replace in body the macro arguments by their values, the result
+  % is in \@tempa .
+  \macvalstoargs@
+  % Then we point at the \norecurse or \gobble (for recursive) macro value
+  % with \@tempb .
+  \expandafter\let\expandafter\@tempb\csname mac.\macroname .recurse\endcsname
+  % Depending on whether it is recursive or not, we need some tailing
+  % \egroup .
+  \ifx\@tempb\gobble
+     \let\@tempc\relax
+  \else
+     \let\@tempc\egroup
+  \fi
+  % And now we do the real job:
+  \edef\@tempd{\noexpand\@tempb{\macroname}\noexpand\scanmacro{\@tempa}\@tempc}%
+  \@tempd
+}
+
+\def\putargsintokens@#1,{%
+  \if#1;\let\next\relax
+  \else
+    \let\next\putargsintokens@
+    % First we allocate the new token list register, and give it a temporary
+    % alias \@tempb .
+    \toksdef\@tempb\the\paramno
+    % Then we place the argument value into that token list register.
+    \expandafter\let\expandafter\@tempa\csname macarg.#1\endcsname
+    \expandafter\@tempb\expandafter{\@tempa}%
+    \advance\paramno by 1\relax
+  \fi
+  \next
+}
+
+% Trailing missing arguments are set to empty.
+% 
+\def\setemptyargvalues@{%
+  \ifx\paramlist\nilm@
+    \let\next\macargexpandinbody@
+  \else
+    \expandafter\setemptyargvaluesparser@\paramlist\endargs@
+    \let\next\setemptyargvalues@
+  \fi
+  \next
+}
+
+\def\setemptyargvaluesparser@#1,#2\endargs@{%
+  \expandafter\def\expandafter\@tempa\expandafter{%
+    \expandafter\def\csname macarg.#1\endcsname{}}%
+  \push@\@tempa\macargdeflist@
+  \def\paramlist{#2}%
+}
+
+% #1 is the element target macro
+% #2 is the list macro
+% #3,#4\endargs@ is the list value
+\def\pop@#1#2#3,#4\endargs@{%
+   \def#1{#3}%
+   \def#2{#4}%
+}
+\long\def\longpop@#1#2#3,#4\endargs@{%
+   \long\def#1{#3}%
+   \long\def#2{#4}%
+}
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%% End of code for > 10 arguments %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+
+
+% Remove following spaces at the expansion stage.
+% This works because spaces are discarded before each argument when TeX is 
+% getting the arguments for a macro.
+% This must not be immediately followed by a }.
+\long\def\gobblespaces#1{#1}
+
+% This defines a Texinfo @macro or @rmacro, called by \parsemacbody.
+%    \macrobody has the body of the macro in it, with placeholders for
+% its parameters, looking like "\processmacroarg{\hash 1}".
+%    \paramno is the number of parameters
+%    \paramlist is a TeX parameter text, e.g. "#1,#2,#3,"
+% There are eight cases: recursive and nonrecursive macros of zero, one,
+% up to nine, and many arguments.
+% \xdef is used so that macro definitions will survive the file
+% they're defined in: @include reads the file inside a group.
+%
+\def\defmacro{%
+  \let\hash=##% convert placeholders to macro parameter chars
+  \ifnum\paramno=1
+    \def\processmacroarg{\gobblespaces}%
+    % This removes the pair of braces around the argument.  We don't
+    % use \eatspaces, because this can cause ends of lines to be lost
+    % when the argument to \eatspaces is read, leading to line-based
+    % commands like "@itemize" not being read correctly.
+  \else
+    \def\processmacroarg{\xprocessmacroarg}%
+    \let\xprocessmacroarg\relax
+  \fi
+  \ifrecursive   %%%%%%%%%%%%%% Recursive %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+    \ifcase\paramno
+    % 0
+      \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{%
+        \noexpand\scanmacro{\macrobody}}%
+    \or % 1
+      \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{%
+         \bgroup
+         \noexpand\braceorline
+         \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname @@@\endcsname}%
+      \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname @@@\endcsname##1{%
+         \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname @@@@\endcsname{%
+           \noexpand\gobblespaces##1\empty}%
+           % The \empty is for \gobblespaces in case #1 is empty
+         }%
+      \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname @@@@\endcsname##1{%
+         \egroup\noexpand\scanmacro{\macrobody}}%
+    \else
+      \ifnum\paramno<10\relax % at most 9
+        % See non-recursive section below for comments
+        \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{%
+          \bgroup
+          \noexpand\expandafter
+          \noexpand\macroargctxt
+          \noexpand\expandafter
+          \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname @@\endcsname}%
+        \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname @@\endcsname##1{%
+            \noexpand\passargtomacro
+            \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname @@@\endcsname{##1,}}%
+        \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname @@@\endcsname##1{%
+            \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname @@@@\endcsname ##1}%
+        \expandafter\expandafter
+        \expandafter\xdef
+        \expandafter\expandafter
+          \csname\the\macname @@@@\endcsname\paramlist{%
+            \egroup\noexpand\scanmacro{\macrobody}}%
+      \else % 10 or more
+        \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{%
+          \noexpand\getargvals@{\the\macname}{\argl}%
+        }%    
+        \global\expandafter\let\csname mac.\the\macname .body\endcsname\macrobody
+        \global\expandafter\let\csname mac.\the\macname .recurse\endcsname\gobble
+      \fi
+    \fi
+  \else  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Non-recursive %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+    \ifcase\paramno
+    % 0
+      \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{%
+        \noexpand\scanmacro{\macrobody}}%
+    \or % 1
+      \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{%
+         \bgroup
+         \noexpand\braceorline
+         \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname @@@\endcsname}%
+      \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname @@@\endcsname##1{%
+         \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname @@@@\endcsname{%
+           \noexpand\gobblespaces##1\empty}%
+           % The \empty is for \gobblespaces in case #1 is empty
+         }%
+      \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname @@@@\endcsname##1{%
+        \egroup
+        \noexpand\scanmacro{\macrobody}%
+        }%
+    \else % at most 9
+      \ifnum\paramno<10\relax
+        % @MACNAME sets the context for reading the macro argument
+        % @MACNAME@@ gets the argument, processes backslashes and appends a 
+        % comma.
+        % @MACNAME@@@ removes braces surrounding the argument list.
+        % @MACNAME@@@@ scans the macro body with arguments substituted.
+        \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{%
+          \bgroup
+          \noexpand\expandafter  % This \expandafter skip any spaces after the
+          \noexpand\macroargctxt % macro before we change the catcode of space.
+          \noexpand\expandafter
+          \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname @@\endcsname}%
+        \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname @@\endcsname##1{%
+            \noexpand\passargtomacro
+            \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname @@@\endcsname{##1,}}%
+        \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname @@@\endcsname##1{%
+            \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname @@@@\endcsname ##1}%
+        \expandafter\expandafter
+        \expandafter\xdef
+        \expandafter\expandafter
+          \csname\the\macname @@@@\endcsname\paramlist{%
+            \egroup\noexpand\scanmacro{\macrobody}}%
+      \else % 10 or more:
+        \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{%
+          \noexpand\getargvals@{\the\macname}{\argl}%
+        }%
+        \global\expandafter\let\csname mac.\the\macname .body\endcsname\macrobody
+        \global\expandafter\let\csname mac.\the\macname .recurse\endcsname\norecurse
+      \fi
+    \fi
+  \fi}
+
+\catcode `\@\texiatcatcode\relax % end private-to-Texinfo catcodes
+
+\def\norecurse#1{\bgroup\cslet{#1}{macsave.#1}}
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%
+{\catcode`\@=0 \catcode`\\=13  % We need to manipulate \ so use @ as escape
+@catcode`@_=11  % private names
+@catcode`@!=11  % used as argument separator
+
+% \passargtomacro#1#2 -
+% Call #1 with a list of tokens #2, with any doubled backslashes in #2
+% compressed to one.
+%
+% This implementation works by expansion, and not execution (so we cannot use 
+% \def or similar).  This reduces the risk of this failing in contexts where 
+% complete expansion is done with no execution (for example, in writing out to 
+% an auxiliary file for an index entry).
+% 
+% State is kept in the input stream: the argument passed to
+% @look_ahead, @gobble_and_check_finish and @add_segment is
+%
+% THE_MACRO ARG_RESULT ! {PENDING_BS} NEXT_TOKEN  (... rest of input)
+%
+% where:
+% THE_MACRO - name of the macro we want to call
+% ARG_RESULT - argument list we build to pass to that macro
+% PENDING_BS - either a backslash or nothing
+% NEXT_TOKEN - used to look ahead in the input stream to see what's coming next
+
+@gdef@passargtomacro#1#2{%
+  @add_segment #1!{}@relax#2\@_finish\%
+}
+@gdef@_finish{@_finishx} @global@let@_finishx@relax
+
+% #1 - THE_MACRO ARG_RESULT
+% #2 - PENDING_BS
+% #3 - NEXT_TOKEN
+% #4 used to look ahead
+%
+% If the next token is not a backslash, process the rest of the argument; 
+% otherwise, remove the next token.
+@gdef@look_ahead#1!#2#3#4{%
+  @ifx#4\%
+   @expandafter@gobble_and_check_finish 
+  @else
+   @expandafter@add_segment
+  @fi#1!{#2}#4#4%
+}
+
+% #1 - THE_MACRO ARG_RESULT
+% #2 - PENDING_BS
+% #3 - NEXT_TOKEN
+% #4 should be a backslash, which is gobbled.
+% #5 looks ahead
+%
+% Double backslash found.  Add a single backslash, and look ahead.
+@gdef@gobble_and_check_finish#1!#2#3#4#5{%
+  @add_segment#1\!{}#5#5%
+}
+
+@gdef@is_fi{@fi}
+
+% #1 - THE_MACRO ARG_RESULT
+% #2 - PENDING_BS
+% #3 - NEXT_TOKEN
+% #4 is input stream until next backslash
+%
+% Input stream is either at the start of the argument, or just after a 
+% backslash sequence, either a lone backslash, or a doubled backslash.  
+% NEXT_TOKEN contains the first token in the input stream: if it is \finish, 
+% finish; otherwise, append to ARG_RESULT the segment of the argument up until
+% the next backslash.  PENDING_BACKSLASH contains a backslash to represent
+% a backslash just before the start of the input stream that has not been
+% added to ARG_RESULT.
+@gdef@add_segment#1!#2#3#4\{%
+@ifx#3@_finish
+  @call_the_macro#1!%
+@else
+  % append the pending backslash to the result, followed by the next segment
+  @expandafter@is_fi@look_ahead#1#2#4!{\}@fi
+  % this @fi is discarded by @look_ahead.
+  % we can't get rid of it with \expandafter because we don't know how 
+  % long #4 is.
+}
+
+% #1 - THE_MACRO
+% #2 - ARG_RESULT
+% #3 discards the res of the conditional in @add_segment, and @is_fi ends the 
+% conditional.
+@gdef@call_the_macro#1#2!#3@fi{@is_fi #1{#2}}
+
+}
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+% \braceorline MAC is used for a one-argument macro MAC.  It checks
+% whether the next non-whitespace character is a {.  It sets the context
+% for reading the argument (slightly different in the two cases).  Then,
+% to read the argument, in the whole-line case, it then calls the regular
+% \parsearg MAC; in the lbrace case, it calls \passargtomacro MAC.
+% 
+\def\braceorline#1{\let\macnamexxx=#1\futurelet\nchar\braceorlinexxx}
+\def\braceorlinexxx{%
+  \ifx\nchar\bgroup
+    \macroargctxt
+    \expandafter\passargtomacro
+  \else
+    \macrolineargctxt\expandafter\parsearg
+  \fi \macnamexxx}
+
+
+% @alias.
+% We need some trickery to remove the optional spaces around the equal
+% sign.  Make them active and then expand them all to nothing.
+%
+\def\alias{\parseargusing\obeyspaces\aliasxxx}
+\def\aliasxxx #1{\aliasyyy#1\relax}
+\def\aliasyyy #1=#2\relax{%
+  {%
+    \expandafter\let\obeyedspace=\empty
+    \addtomacrolist{#1}%
+    \xdef\next{\global\let\makecsname{#1}=\makecsname{#2}}%
+  }%
+  \next
+}
+
+
+\message{cross references,}
+
+\newwrite\auxfile
+\newif\ifhavexrefs    % True if xref values are known.
+\newif\ifwarnedxrefs  % True if we warned once that they aren't known.
+
+% @inforef is relatively simple.
+\def\inforef #1{\inforefzzz #1,,,,**}
+\def\inforefzzz #1,#2,#3,#4**{%
+  \putwordSee{} \putwordInfo{} \putwordfile{} \file{\ignorespaces #3{}},
+  node \samp{\ignorespaces#1{}}}
+
+% @node's only job in TeX is to define \lastnode, which is used in
+% cross-references.  The @node line might or might not have commas, and
+% might or might not have spaces before the first comma, like:
+% @node foo , bar , ...
+% We don't want such trailing spaces in the node name.
+%
+\parseargdef\node{\checkenv{}\donode #1 ,\finishnodeparse}
+%
+% also remove a trailing comma, in case of something like this:
+% @node Help-Cross,  ,  , Cross-refs
+\def\donode#1 ,#2\finishnodeparse{\dodonode #1,\finishnodeparse}
+\def\dodonode#1,#2\finishnodeparse{\gdef\lastnode{#1}}
+
+\let\nwnode=\node
+\let\lastnode=\empty
+
+% Write a cross-reference definition for the current node.  #1 is the
+% type (Ynumbered, Yappendix, Ynothing).
+%
+\def\donoderef#1{%
+  \ifx\lastnode\empty\else
+    \setref{\lastnode}{#1}%
+    \global\let\lastnode=\empty
+  \fi
+}
+
+% @anchor{NAME} -- define xref target at arbitrary point.
+%
+\newcount\savesfregister
+%
+\def\savesf{\relax \ifhmode \savesfregister=\spacefactor \fi}
+\def\restoresf{\relax \ifhmode \spacefactor=\savesfregister \fi}
+\def\anchor#1{\savesf \setref{#1}{Ynothing}\restoresf \ignorespaces}
+
+% \setref{NAME}{SNT} defines a cross-reference point NAME (a node or an
+% anchor), which consists of three parts:
+% 1) NAME-title - the current sectioning name taken from \lastsection,
+%                 or the anchor name.
+% 2) NAME-snt   - section number and type, passed as the SNT arg, or
+%                 empty for anchors.
+% 3) NAME-pg    - the page number.
+%
+% This is called from \donoderef, \anchor, and \dofloat.  In the case of
+% floats, there is an additional part, which is not written here:
+% 4) NAME-lof   - the text as it should appear in a @listoffloats.
+%
+\def\setref#1#2{%
+  \pdfmkdest{#1}%
+  \iflinks
+    {%
+      \requireauxfile
+      \atdummies  % preserve commands, but don't expand them
+      \edef\writexrdef##1##2{%
+	\write\auxfile{@xrdef{#1-% #1 of \setref, expanded by the \edef
+	  ##1}{##2}}% these are parameters of \writexrdef
+      }%
+      \toks0 = \expandafter{\lastsection}%
+      \immediate \writexrdef{title}{\the\toks0 }%
+      \immediate \writexrdef{snt}{\csname #2\endcsname}% \Ynumbered etc.
+      \safewhatsit{\writexrdef{pg}{\folio}}% will be written later, at \shipout
+    }%
+  \fi
+}
+
+% @xrefautosectiontitle on|off says whether @section(ing) names are used
+% automatically in xrefs, if the third arg is not explicitly specified.
+% This was provided as a "secret" @set xref-automatic-section-title
+% variable, now it's official.
+% 
+\parseargdef\xrefautomaticsectiontitle{%
+  \def\temp{#1}%
+  \ifx\temp\onword
+    \expandafter\let\csname SETxref-automatic-section-title\endcsname
+      = \empty
+  \else\ifx\temp\offword
+    \expandafter\let\csname SETxref-automatic-section-title\endcsname
+      = \relax
+  \else
+    \errhelp = \EMsimple
+    \errmessage{Unknown @xrefautomaticsectiontitle value `\temp',
+                must be on|off}%
+  \fi\fi
+}
+
+% 
+% @xref, @pxref, and @ref generate cross-references.  For \xrefX, #1 is
+% the node name, #2 the name of the Info cross-reference, #3 the printed
+% node name, #4 the name of the Info file, #5 the name of the printed
+% manual.  All but the node name can be omitted.
+%
+\def\pxref{\putwordsee{} \xrefXX}
+\def\xref{\putwordSee{} \xrefXX}
+\def\ref{\xrefXX}
+
+\def\xrefXX#1{\def\xrefXXarg{#1}\futurelet\tokenafterxref\xrefXXX}
+\def\xrefXXX{\expandafter\xrefX\expandafter[\xrefXXarg,,,,,,,]}
+%
+\newbox\toprefbox
+\newbox\printedrefnamebox
+\newbox\infofilenamebox
+\newbox\printedmanualbox
+%
+\def\xrefX[#1,#2,#3,#4,#5,#6]{\begingroup
+  \unsepspaces
+  %
+  % Get args without leading/trailing spaces.
+  \def\printedrefname{\ignorespaces #3}%
+  \setbox\printedrefnamebox = \hbox{\printedrefname\unskip}%
+  %
+  \def\infofilename{\ignorespaces #4}%
+  \setbox\infofilenamebox = \hbox{\infofilename\unskip}%
+  %
+  \def\printedmanual{\ignorespaces #5}%
+  \setbox\printedmanualbox  = \hbox{\printedmanual\unskip}%
+  %
+  % If the printed reference name (arg #3) was not explicitly given in
+  % the @xref, figure out what we want to use.
+  \ifdim \wd\printedrefnamebox = 0pt
+    % No printed node name was explicitly given.
+    \expandafter\ifx\csname SETxref-automatic-section-title\endcsname \relax
+      % Not auto section-title: use node name inside the square brackets.
+      \def\printedrefname{\ignorespaces #1}%
+    \else
+      % Auto section-title: use chapter/section title inside
+      % the square brackets if we have it.
+      \ifdim \wd\printedmanualbox > 0pt
+        % It is in another manual, so we don't have it; use node name.
+        \def\printedrefname{\ignorespaces #1}%
+      \else
+        \ifhavexrefs
+          % We (should) know the real title if we have the xref values.
+          \def\printedrefname{\refx{#1-title}{}}%
+        \else
+          % Otherwise just copy the Info node name.
+          \def\printedrefname{\ignorespaces #1}%
+        \fi%
+      \fi
+    \fi
+  \fi
+  %
+  % Make link in pdf output.
+  \ifpdf
+    {\indexnofonts
+     \turnoffactive
+     \makevalueexpandable
+     % This expands tokens, so do it after making catcode changes, so _
+     % etc. don't get their TeX definitions.  This ignores all spaces in
+     % #4, including (wrongly) those in the middle of the filename.
+     \getfilename{#4}%
+     %
+     % This (wrongly) does not take account of leading or trailing
+     % spaces in #1, which should be ignored.
+     \edef\pdfxrefdest{#1}%
+     \ifx\pdfxrefdest\empty
+       \def\pdfxrefdest{Top}% no empty targets
+     \else
+       \txiescapepdf\pdfxrefdest  % escape PDF special chars
+     \fi
+     %
+     \leavevmode
+     \startlink attr{/Border [0 0 0]}%
+     \ifnum\filenamelength>0
+       goto file{\the\filename.pdf} name{\pdfxrefdest}%
+     \else
+       goto name{\pdfmkpgn{\pdfxrefdest}}%
+     \fi
+    }%
+    \setcolor{\linkcolor}%
+  \fi
+  %
+  % Float references are printed completely differently: "Figure 1.2"
+  % instead of "[somenode], p.3".  We distinguish them by the
+  % LABEL-title being set to a magic string.
+  {%
+    % Have to otherify everything special to allow the \csname to
+    % include an _ in the xref name, etc.
+    \indexnofonts
+    \turnoffactive
+    \expandafter\global\expandafter\let\expandafter\Xthisreftitle
+      \csname XR#1-title\endcsname
+  }%
+  \iffloat\Xthisreftitle
+    % If the user specified the print name (third arg) to the ref,
+    % print it instead of our usual "Figure 1.2".
+    \ifdim\wd\printedrefnamebox = 0pt
+      \refx{#1-snt}{}%
+    \else
+      \printedrefname
+    \fi
+    %
+    % If the user also gave the printed manual name (fifth arg), append
+    % "in MANUALNAME".
+    \ifdim \wd\printedmanualbox > 0pt
+      \space \putwordin{} \cite{\printedmanual}%
+    \fi
+  \else
+    % node/anchor (non-float) references.
+    % 
+    % If we use \unhbox to print the node names, TeX does not insert
+    % empty discretionaries after hyphens, which means that it will not
+    % find a line break at a hyphen in a node names.  Since some manuals
+    % are best written with fairly long node names, containing hyphens,
+    % this is a loss.  Therefore, we give the text of the node name
+    % again, so it is as if TeX is seeing it for the first time.
+    % 
+    \ifdim \wd\printedmanualbox > 0pt
+      % Cross-manual reference with a printed manual name.
+      % 
+      \crossmanualxref{\cite{\printedmanual\unskip}}%
+    %
+    \else\ifdim \wd\infofilenamebox > 0pt
+      % Cross-manual reference with only an info filename (arg 4), no
+      % printed manual name (arg 5).  This is essentially the same as
+      % the case above; we output the filename, since we have nothing else.
+      % 
+      \crossmanualxref{\code{\infofilename\unskip}}%
+    %
+    \else
+      % Reference within this manual.
+      %
+      % _ (for example) has to be the character _ for the purposes of the
+      % control sequence corresponding to the node, but it has to expand
+      % into the usual \leavevmode...\vrule stuff for purposes of
+      % printing. So we \turnoffactive for the \refx-snt, back on for the
+      % printing, back off for the \refx-pg.
+      {\turnoffactive
+       % Only output a following space if the -snt ref is nonempty; for
+       % @unnumbered and @anchor, it won't be.
+       \setbox2 = \hbox{\ignorespaces \refx{#1-snt}{}}%
+       \ifdim \wd2 > 0pt \refx{#1-snt}\space\fi
+      }%
+      % output the `[mynode]' via the macro below so it can be overridden.
+      \xrefprintnodename\printedrefname
+      %
+      % But we always want a comma and a space:
+      ,\space
+      %
+      % output the `page 3'.
+      \turnoffactive \putwordpage\tie\refx{#1-pg}{}%
+           \ifx,\tokenafterxref
+      \else\ifx.\tokenafterxref
+      \else\ifx;\tokenafterxref
+      \else\ifx)\tokenafterxref
+      \else,% add a , if xref not followed by punctuation
+      \fi\fi\fi\fi
+    \fi\fi
+  \fi
+  \endlink
+\endgroup}
+
+% Output a cross-manual xref to #1.  Used just above (twice).
+% 
+% Only include the text "Section ``foo'' in" if the foo is neither
+% missing or Top.  Thus, @xref{,,,foo,The Foo Manual} outputs simply
+% "see The Foo Manual", the idea being to refer to the whole manual.
+% 
+% But, this being TeX, we can't easily compare our node name against the
+% string "Top" while ignoring the possible spaces before and after in
+% the input.  By adding the arbitrary 7sp below, we make it much less
+% likely that a real node name would have the same width as "Top" (e.g.,
+% in a monospaced font).  Hopefully it will never happen in practice.
+% 
+% For the same basic reason, we retypeset the "Top" at every
+% reference, since the current font is indeterminate.
+% 
+\def\crossmanualxref#1{%
+  \setbox\toprefbox = \hbox{Top\kern7sp}%
+  \setbox2 = \hbox{\ignorespaces \printedrefname \unskip \kern7sp}%
+  \ifdim \wd2 > 7sp  % nonempty?
+    \ifdim \wd2 = \wd\toprefbox \else  % same as Top?
+      \putwordSection{} ``\printedrefname'' \putwordin{}\space
+    \fi
+  \fi
+  #1%
+}
+
+% This macro is called from \xrefX for the `[nodename]' part of xref
+% output.  It's a separate macro only so it can be changed more easily,
+% since square brackets don't work well in some documents.  Particularly
+% one that Bob is working on :).
+%
+\def\xrefprintnodename#1{[#1]}
+
+% Things referred to by \setref.
+%
+\def\Ynothing{}
+\def\Yomitfromtoc{}
+\def\Ynumbered{%
+  \ifnum\secno=0
+    \putwordChapter@tie \the\chapno
+  \else \ifnum\subsecno=0
+    \putwordSection@tie \the\chapno.\the\secno
+  \else \ifnum\subsubsecno=0
+    \putwordSection@tie \the\chapno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno
+  \else
+    \putwordSection@tie \the\chapno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno.\the\subsubsecno
+  \fi\fi\fi
+}
+\def\Yappendix{%
+  \ifnum\secno=0
+     \putwordAppendix@tie @char\the\appendixno{}%
+  \else \ifnum\subsecno=0
+     \putwordSection@tie @char\the\appendixno.\the\secno
+  \else \ifnum\subsubsecno=0
+    \putwordSection@tie @char\the\appendixno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno
+  \else
+    \putwordSection@tie
+      @char\the\appendixno.\the\secno.\the\subsecno.\the\subsubsecno
+  \fi\fi\fi
+}
+
+% Define \refx{NAME}{SUFFIX} to reference a cross-reference string named NAME.
+% If its value is nonempty, SUFFIX is output afterward.
+%
+\def\refx#1#2{%
+  \requireauxfile
+  {%
+    \indexnofonts
+    \otherbackslash
+    \expandafter\global\expandafter\let\expandafter\thisrefX
+      \csname XR#1\endcsname
+  }%
+  \ifx\thisrefX\relax
+    % If not defined, say something at least.
+    \angleleft un\-de\-fined\angleright
+    \iflinks
+      \ifhavexrefs
+        {\toks0 = {#1}% avoid expansion of possibly-complex value
+         \message{\linenumber Undefined cross reference `\the\toks0'.}}%
+      \else
+        \ifwarnedxrefs\else
+          \global\warnedxrefstrue
+          \message{Cross reference values unknown; you must run TeX again.}%
+        \fi
+      \fi
+    \fi
+  \else
+    % It's defined, so just use it.
+    \thisrefX
+  \fi
+  #2% Output the suffix in any case.
+}
+
+% This is the macro invoked by entries in the aux file.  Usually it's
+% just a \def (we prepend XR to the control sequence name to avoid
+% collisions).  But if this is a float type, we have more work to do.
+%
+\def\xrdef#1#2{%
+  {% The node name might contain 8-bit characters, which in our current
+   % implementation are changed to commands like @'e.  Don't let these
+   % mess up the control sequence name.
+    \indexnofonts
+    \turnoffactive
+    \xdef\safexrefname{#1}%
+  }%
+  %
+  \expandafter\gdef\csname XR\safexrefname\endcsname{#2}% remember this xref
+  %
+  % Was that xref control sequence that we just defined for a float?
+  \expandafter\iffloat\csname XR\safexrefname\endcsname
+    % it was a float, and we have the (safe) float type in \iffloattype.
+    \expandafter\let\expandafter\floatlist
+      \csname floatlist\iffloattype\endcsname
+    %
+    % Is this the first time we've seen this float type?
+    \expandafter\ifx\floatlist\relax
+      \toks0 = {\do}% yes, so just \do
+    \else
+      % had it before, so preserve previous elements in list.
+      \toks0 = \expandafter{\floatlist\do}%
+    \fi
+    %
+    % Remember this xref in the control sequence \floatlistFLOATTYPE,
+    % for later use in \listoffloats.
+    \expandafter\xdef\csname floatlist\iffloattype\endcsname{\the\toks0
+      {\safexrefname}}%
+  \fi
+}
+
+% If working on a large document in chapters, it is convenient to
+% be able to disable indexing, cross-referencing, and contents, for test runs.
+% This is done with @novalidate at the beginning of the file.
+%
+\newif\iflinks \linkstrue % by default we want the aux files.
+\let\novalidate = \linksfalse
+
+% Used when writing to the aux file, or when using data from it.
+\def\requireauxfile{%
+  \iflinks
+    \tryauxfile
+    % Open the new aux file.  TeX will close it automatically at exit.
+    \immediate\openout\auxfile=\jobname.aux
+  \fi
+  \global\let\requireauxfile=\relax   % Only do this once.
+}
+
+% Read the last existing aux file, if any.  No error if none exists.
+%
+\def\tryauxfile{%
+  \openin 1 \jobname.aux
+  \ifeof 1 \else
+    \readdatafile{aux}%
+    \global\havexrefstrue
+  \fi
+  \closein 1
+}
+
+\def\setupdatafile{%
+  \catcode`\^^@=\other
+  \catcode`\^^A=\other
+  \catcode`\^^B=\other
+  \catcode`\^^C=\other
+  \catcode`\^^D=\other
+  \catcode`\^^E=\other
+  \catcode`\^^F=\other
+  \catcode`\^^G=\other
+  \catcode`\^^H=\other
+  \catcode`\^^K=\other
+  \catcode`\^^L=\other
+  \catcode`\^^N=\other
+  \catcode`\^^P=\other
+  \catcode`\^^Q=\other
+  \catcode`\^^R=\other
+  \catcode`\^^S=\other
+  \catcode`\^^T=\other
+  \catcode`\^^U=\other
+  \catcode`\^^V=\other
+  \catcode`\^^W=\other
+  \catcode`\^^X=\other
+  \catcode`\^^Z=\other
+  \catcode`\^^[=\other
+  \catcode`\^^\=\other
+  \catcode`\^^]=\other
+  \catcode`\^^^=\other
+  \catcode`\^^_=\other
+  % It was suggested to set the catcode of ^ to 7, which would allow ^^e4 etc.
+  % in xref tags, i.e., node names.  But since ^^e4 notation isn't
+  % supported in the main text, it doesn't seem desirable.  Furthermore,
+  % that is not enough: for node names that actually contain a ^
+  % character, we would end up writing a line like this: 'xrdef {'hat
+  % b-title}{'hat b} and \xrdef does a \csname...\endcsname on the first
+  % argument, and \hat is not an expandable control sequence.  It could
+  % all be worked out, but why?  Either we support ^^ or we don't.
+  %
+  % The other change necessary for this was to define \auxhat:
+  % \def\auxhat{\def^{'hat }}% extra space so ok if followed by letter
+  % and then to call \auxhat in \setq.
+  %
+  \catcode`\^=\other
+  %
+  % Special characters.  Should be turned off anyway, but...
+  \catcode`\~=\other
+  \catcode`\[=\other
+  \catcode`\]=\other
+  \catcode`\"=\other
+  \catcode`\_=\other
+  \catcode`\|=\other
+  \catcode`\<=\other
+  \catcode`\>=\other
+  \catcode`\$=\other
+  \catcode`\#=\other
+  \catcode`\&=\other
+  \catcode`\%=\other
+  \catcode`+=\other % avoid \+ for paranoia even though we've turned it off
+  %
+  % This is to support \ in node names and titles, since the \
+  % characters end up in a \csname.  It's easier than
+  % leaving it active and making its active definition an actual \
+  % character.  What I don't understand is why it works in the *value*
+  % of the xrdef.  Seems like it should be a catcode12 \, and that
+  % should not typeset properly.  But it works, so I'm moving on for
+  % now.  --karl, 15jan04.
+  \catcode`\\=\other
+  %
+  % Make the characters 128-255 be printing characters.
+  {\setnonasciicharscatcodenonglobal\other}%
+  %
+  % @ is our escape character in .aux files, and we need braces.
+  \catcode`\{=1
+  \catcode`\}=2
+  \catcode`\@=0
+}
+
+\def\readdatafile#1{%
+\begingroup
+  \setupdatafile
+  \input\jobname.#1
+\endgroup}
+
+
+\message{insertions,}
+% including footnotes.
+
+\newcount \footnoteno
+
+% The trailing space in the following definition for supereject is
+% vital for proper filling; pages come out unaligned when you do a
+% pagealignmacro call if that space before the closing brace is
+% removed. (Generally, numeric constants should always be followed by a
+% space to prevent strange expansion errors.)
+\def\supereject{\par\penalty -20000\footnoteno =0 }
+
+% @footnotestyle is meaningful for Info output only.
+\let\footnotestyle=\comment
+
+{\catcode `\@=11
+%
+% Auto-number footnotes.  Otherwise like plain.
+\gdef\footnote{%
+  \global\advance\footnoteno by \@ne
+  \edef\thisfootno{$^{\the\footnoteno}$}%
+  %
+  % In case the footnote comes at the end of a sentence, preserve the
+  % extra spacing after we do the footnote number.
+  \let\@sf\empty
+  \ifhmode\edef\@sf{\spacefactor\the\spacefactor}\ptexslash\fi
+  %
+  % Remove inadvertent blank space before typesetting the footnote number.
+  \unskip
+  \thisfootno\@sf
+  \dofootnote
+}%
+
+% Don't bother with the trickery in plain.tex to not require the
+% footnote text as a parameter.  Our footnotes don't need to be so general.
+%
+% Oh yes, they do; otherwise, @ifset (and anything else that uses
+% \parseargline) fails inside footnotes because the tokens are fixed when
+% the footnote is read.  --karl, 16nov96.
+%
+\gdef\dofootnote{%
+  \insert\footins\bgroup
+  %
+  % Nested footnotes are not supported in TeX, that would take a lot
+  % more work.  (\startsavinginserts does not suffice.)
+  \let\footnote=\errfootnotenest
+  %
+  % We want to typeset this text as a normal paragraph, even if the
+  % footnote reference occurs in (for example) a display environment.
+  % So reset some parameters.
+  \hsize=\pagewidth
+  \interlinepenalty\interfootnotelinepenalty
+  \splittopskip\ht\strutbox % top baseline for broken footnotes
+  \splitmaxdepth\dp\strutbox
+  \floatingpenalty\@MM
+  \leftskip\z@skip
+  \rightskip\z@skip
+  \spaceskip\z@skip
+  \xspaceskip\z@skip
+  \parindent\defaultparindent
+  %
+  \smallfonts \rm
+  %
+  % Because we use hanging indentation in footnotes, a @noindent appears
+  % to exdent this text, so make it be a no-op.  makeinfo does not use
+  % hanging indentation so @noindent can still be needed within footnote
+  % text after an @example or the like (not that this is good style).
+  \let\noindent = \relax
+  %
+  % Hang the footnote text off the number.  Use \everypar in case the
+  % footnote extends for more than one paragraph.
+  \everypar = {\hang}%
+  \textindent{\thisfootno}%
+  %
+  % Don't crash into the line above the footnote text.  Since this
+  % expands into a box, it must come within the paragraph, lest it
+  % provide a place where TeX can split the footnote.
+  \footstrut
+  %
+  % Invoke rest of plain TeX footnote routine.
+  \futurelet\next\fo@t
+}
+}%end \catcode `\@=11
+
+\def\errfootnotenest{%
+  \errhelp=\EMsimple
+  \errmessage{Nested footnotes not supported in texinfo.tex,
+    even though they work in makeinfo; sorry}
+}
+
+\def\errfootnoteheading{%
+  \errhelp=\EMsimple
+  \errmessage{Footnotes in chapters, sections, etc., are not supported}
+}
+
+% In case a @footnote appears in a vbox, save the footnote text and create
+% the real \insert just after the vbox finished.  Otherwise, the insertion
+% would be lost.
+% Similarly, if a @footnote appears inside an alignment, save the footnote
+% text to a box and make the \insert when a row of the table is finished.
+% And the same can be done for other insert classes.  --kasal, 16nov03.
+%
+% Replace the \insert primitive by a cheating macro.
+% Deeper inside, just make sure that the saved insertions are not spilled
+% out prematurely.
+%
+\def\startsavinginserts{%
+  \ifx \insert\ptexinsert
+    \let\insert\saveinsert
+  \else
+    \let\checkinserts\relax
+  \fi
+}
+
+% This \insert replacement works for both \insert\footins{foo} and
+% \insert\footins\bgroup foo\egroup, but it doesn't work for \insert27{foo}.
+%
+\def\saveinsert#1{%
+  \edef\next{\noexpand\savetobox \makeSAVEname#1}%
+  \afterassignment\next
+  % swallow the left brace
+  \let\temp =
+}
+\def\makeSAVEname#1{\makecsname{SAVE\expandafter\gobble\string#1}}
+\def\savetobox#1{\global\setbox#1 = \vbox\bgroup \unvbox#1}
+
+\def\checksaveins#1{\ifvoid#1\else \placesaveins#1\fi}
+
+\def\placesaveins#1{%
+  \ptexinsert \csname\expandafter\gobblesave\string#1\endcsname
+    {\box#1}%
+}
+
+% eat @SAVE -- beware, all of them have catcode \other:
+{
+  \def\dospecials{\do S\do A\do V\do E} \uncatcodespecials  %  ;-)
+  \gdef\gobblesave @SAVE{}
+}
+
+% initialization:
+\def\newsaveins #1{%
+  \edef\next{\noexpand\newsaveinsX \makeSAVEname#1}%
+  \next
+}
+\def\newsaveinsX #1{%
+  \csname newbox\endcsname #1%
+  \expandafter\def\expandafter\checkinserts\expandafter{\checkinserts
+    \checksaveins #1}%
+}
+
+% initialize:
+\let\checkinserts\empty
+\newsaveins\footins
+\newsaveins\margin
+
+
+% @image.  We use the macros from epsf.tex to support this.
+% If epsf.tex is not installed and @image is used, we complain.
+%
+% Check for and read epsf.tex up front.  If we read it only at @image
+% time, we might be inside a group, and then its definitions would get
+% undone and the next image would fail.
+\openin 1 = epsf.tex
+\ifeof 1 \else
+  % Do not bother showing banner with epsf.tex v2.7k (available in
+  % doc/epsf.tex and on ctan).
+  \def\epsfannounce{\toks0 = }%
+  \input epsf.tex
+\fi
+\closein 1
+%
+% We will only complain once about lack of epsf.tex.
+\newif\ifwarnednoepsf
+\newhelp\noepsfhelp{epsf.tex must be installed for images to
+  work.  It is also included in the Texinfo distribution, or you can get
+  it from ftp://tug.org/tex/epsf.tex.}
+%
+\def\image#1{%
+  \ifx\epsfbox\thisisundefined
+    \ifwarnednoepsf \else
+      \errhelp = \noepsfhelp
+      \errmessage{epsf.tex not found, images will be ignored}%
+      \global\warnednoepsftrue
+    \fi
+  \else
+    \imagexxx #1,,,,,\finish
+  \fi
+}
+%
+% Arguments to @image:
+% #1 is (mandatory) image filename; we tack on .eps extension.
+% #2 is (optional) width, #3 is (optional) height.
+% #4 is (ignored optional) html alt text.
+% #5 is (ignored optional) extension.
+% #6 is just the usual extra ignored arg for parsing stuff.
+\newif\ifimagevmode
+\def\imagexxx#1,#2,#3,#4,#5,#6\finish{\begingroup
+  \catcode`\^^M = 5     % in case we're inside an example
+  \normalturnoffactive  % allow _ et al. in names
+  \def\xprocessmacroarg{\eatspaces}% in case we are being used via a macro
+  % If the image is by itself, center it.
+  \ifvmode
+    \imagevmodetrue
+  \else \ifx\centersub\centerV
+    % for @center @image, we need a vbox so we can have our vertical space
+    \imagevmodetrue
+    \vbox\bgroup % vbox has better behavior than vtop herev
+  \fi\fi
+  %
+  \ifimagevmode
+    \nobreak\medskip
+    % Usually we'll have text after the image which will insert
+    % \parskip glue, so insert it here too to equalize the space
+    % above and below.
+    \nobreak\vskip\parskip
+    \nobreak
+  \fi
+  %
+  % Leave vertical mode so that indentation from an enclosing
+  %  environment such as @quotation is respected.
+  % However, if we're at the top level, we don't want the
+  %  normal paragraph indentation.
+  % On the other hand, if we are in the case of @center @image, we don't
+  %  want to start a paragraph, which will create a hsize-width box and
+  %  eradicate the centering.
+  \ifx\centersub\centerV\else \noindent \fi
+  %
+  % Output the image.
+  \ifpdf
+    \dopdfimage{#1}{#2}{#3}%
+  \else
+    % \epsfbox itself resets \epsf?size at each figure.
+    \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #2}\ifdim\wd0 > 0pt \epsfxsize=#2\relax \fi
+    \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #3}\ifdim\wd0 > 0pt \epsfysize=#3\relax \fi
+    \epsfbox{#1.eps}%
+  \fi
+  %
+  \ifimagevmode
+    \medskip  % space after a standalone image
+  \fi  
+  \ifx\centersub\centerV \egroup \fi
+\endgroup}
+
+
+% @float FLOATTYPE,LABEL,LOC ... @end float for displayed figures, tables,
+% etc.  We don't actually implement floating yet, we always include the
+% float "here".  But it seemed the best name for the future.
+%
+\envparseargdef\float{\eatcommaspace\eatcommaspace\dofloat#1, , ,\finish}
+
+% There may be a space before second and/or third parameter; delete it.
+\def\eatcommaspace#1, {#1,}
+
+% #1 is the optional FLOATTYPE, the text label for this float, typically
+% "Figure", "Table", "Example", etc.  Can't contain commas.  If omitted,
+% this float will not be numbered and cannot be referred to.
+%
+% #2 is the optional xref label.  Also must be present for the float to
+% be referable.
+%
+% #3 is the optional positioning argument; for now, it is ignored.  It
+% will somehow specify the positions allowed to float to (here, top, bottom).
+%
+% We keep a separate counter for each FLOATTYPE, which we reset at each
+% chapter-level command.
+\let\resetallfloatnos=\empty
+%
+\def\dofloat#1,#2,#3,#4\finish{%
+  \let\thiscaption=\empty
+  \let\thisshortcaption=\empty
+  %
+  % don't lose footnotes inside @float.
+  %
+  % BEWARE: when the floats start float, we have to issue warning whenever an
+  % insert appears inside a float which could possibly float. --kasal, 26may04
+  %
+  \startsavinginserts
+  %
+  % We can't be used inside a paragraph.
+  \par
+  %
+  \vtop\bgroup
+    \def\floattype{#1}%
+    \def\floatlabel{#2}%
+    \def\floatloc{#3}% we do nothing with this yet.
+    %
+    \ifx\floattype\empty
+      \let\safefloattype=\empty
+    \else
+      {%
+        % the floattype might have accents or other special characters,
+        % but we need to use it in a control sequence name.
+        \indexnofonts
+        \turnoffactive
+        \xdef\safefloattype{\floattype}%
+      }%
+    \fi
+    %
+    % If label is given but no type, we handle that as the empty type.
+    \ifx\floatlabel\empty \else
+      % We want each FLOATTYPE to be numbered separately (Figure 1,
+      % Table 1, Figure 2, ...).  (And if no label, no number.)
+      %
+      \expandafter\getfloatno\csname\safefloattype floatno\endcsname
+      \global\advance\floatno by 1
+      %
+      {%
+        % This magic value for \lastsection is output by \setref as the
+        % XREFLABEL-title value.  \xrefX uses it to distinguish float
+        % labels (which have a completely different output format) from
+        % node and anchor labels.  And \xrdef uses it to construct the
+        % lists of floats.
+        %
+        \edef\lastsection{\floatmagic=\safefloattype}%
+        \setref{\floatlabel}{Yfloat}%
+      }%
+    \fi
+    %
+    % start with \parskip glue, I guess.
+    \vskip\parskip
+    %
+    % Don't suppress indentation if a float happens to start a section.
+    \restorefirstparagraphindent
+}
+
+% we have these possibilities:
+% @float Foo,lbl & @caption{Cap}: Foo 1.1: Cap
+% @float Foo,lbl & no caption:    Foo 1.1
+% @float Foo & @caption{Cap}:     Foo: Cap
+% @float Foo & no caption:        Foo
+% @float ,lbl & Caption{Cap}:     1.1: Cap
+% @float ,lbl & no caption:       1.1
+% @float & @caption{Cap}:         Cap
+% @float & no caption:
+%
+\def\Efloat{%
+    \let\floatident = \empty
+    %
+    % In all cases, if we have a float type, it comes first.
+    \ifx\floattype\empty \else \def\floatident{\floattype}\fi
+    %
+    % If we have an xref label, the number comes next.
+    \ifx\floatlabel\empty \else
+      \ifx\floattype\empty \else % if also had float type, need tie first.
+        \appendtomacro\floatident{\tie}%
+      \fi
+      % the number.
+      \appendtomacro\floatident{\chaplevelprefix\the\floatno}%
+    \fi
+    %
+    % Start the printed caption with what we've constructed in
+    % \floatident, but keep it separate; we need \floatident again.
+    \let\captionline = \floatident
+    %
+    \ifx\thiscaption\empty \else
+      \ifx\floatident\empty \else
+	\appendtomacro\captionline{: }% had ident, so need a colon between
+      \fi
+      %
+      % caption text.
+      \appendtomacro\captionline{\scanexp\thiscaption}%
+    \fi
+    %
+    % If we have anything to print, print it, with space before.
+    % Eventually this needs to become an \insert.
+    \ifx\captionline\empty \else
+      \vskip.5\parskip
+      \captionline
+      %
+      % Space below caption.
+      \vskip\parskip
+    \fi
+    %
+    % If have an xref label, write the list of floats info.  Do this
+    % after the caption, to avoid chance of it being a breakpoint.
+    \ifx\floatlabel\empty \else
+      % Write the text that goes in the lof to the aux file as
+      % \floatlabel-lof.  Besides \floatident, we include the short
+      % caption if specified, else the full caption if specified, else nothing.
+      {%
+        \requireauxfile
+        \atdummies
+        %
+        % since we read the caption text in the macro world, where ^^M
+        % is turned into a normal character, we have to scan it back, so
+        % we don't write the literal three characters "^^M" into the aux file.
+	\scanexp{%
+	  \xdef\noexpand\gtemp{%
+	    \ifx\thisshortcaption\empty
+	      \thiscaption
+	    \else
+	      \thisshortcaption
+	    \fi
+	  }%
+	}%
+        \immediate\write\auxfile{@xrdef{\floatlabel-lof}{\floatident
+	  \ifx\gtemp\empty \else : \gtemp \fi}}%
+      }%
+    \fi
+  \egroup  % end of \vtop
+  %
+  % place the captured inserts
+  %
+  % BEWARE: when the floats start floating, we have to issue warning
+  % whenever an insert appears inside a float which could possibly
+  % float. --kasal, 26may04
+  %
+  \checkinserts
+}
+
+% Append the tokens #2 to the definition of macro #1, not expanding either.
+%
+\def\appendtomacro#1#2{%
+  \expandafter\def\expandafter#1\expandafter{#1#2}%
+}
+
+% @caption, @shortcaption
+%
+\def\caption{\docaption\thiscaption}
+\def\shortcaption{\docaption\thisshortcaption}
+\def\docaption{\checkenv\float \bgroup\scanargctxt\defcaption}
+\def\defcaption#1#2{\egroup \def#1{#2}}
+
+% The parameter is the control sequence identifying the counter we are
+% going to use.  Create it if it doesn't exist and assign it to \floatno.
+\def\getfloatno#1{%
+  \ifx#1\relax
+      % Haven't seen this figure type before.
+      \csname newcount\endcsname #1%
+      %
+      % Remember to reset this floatno at the next chap.
+      \expandafter\gdef\expandafter\resetallfloatnos
+        \expandafter{\resetallfloatnos #1=0 }%
+  \fi
+  \let\floatno#1%
+}
+
+% \setref calls this to get the XREFLABEL-snt value.  We want an @xref
+% to the FLOATLABEL to expand to "Figure 3.1".  We call \setref when we
+% first read the @float command.
+%
+\def\Yfloat{\floattype@tie \chaplevelprefix\the\floatno}%
+
+% Magic string used for the XREFLABEL-title value, so \xrefX can
+% distinguish floats from other xref types.
+\def\floatmagic{!!float!!}
+
+% #1 is the control sequence we are passed; we expand into a conditional
+% which is true if #1 represents a float ref.  That is, the magic
+% \lastsection value which we \setref above.
+%
+\def\iffloat#1{\expandafter\doiffloat#1==\finish}
+%
+% #1 is (maybe) the \floatmagic string.  If so, #2 will be the
+% (safe) float type for this float.  We set \iffloattype to #2.
+%
+\def\doiffloat#1=#2=#3\finish{%
+  \def\temp{#1}%
+  \def\iffloattype{#2}%
+  \ifx\temp\floatmagic
+}
+
+% @listoffloats FLOATTYPE - print a list of floats like a table of contents.
+%
+\parseargdef\listoffloats{%
+  \def\floattype{#1}% floattype
+  {%
+    % the floattype might have accents or other special characters,
+    % but we need to use it in a control sequence name.
+    \indexnofonts
+    \turnoffactive
+    \xdef\safefloattype{\floattype}%
+  }%
+  %
+  % \xrdef saves the floats as a \do-list in \floatlistSAFEFLOATTYPE.
+  \expandafter\ifx\csname floatlist\safefloattype\endcsname \relax
+    \ifhavexrefs
+      % if the user said @listoffloats foo but never @float foo.
+      \message{\linenumber No `\safefloattype' floats to list.}%
+    \fi
+  \else
+    \begingroup
+      \leftskip=\tocindent  % indent these entries like a toc
+      \let\do=\listoffloatsdo
+      \csname floatlist\safefloattype\endcsname
+    \endgroup
+  \fi
+}
+
+% This is called on each entry in a list of floats.  We're passed the
+% xref label, in the form LABEL-title, which is how we save it in the
+% aux file.  We strip off the -title and look up \XRLABEL-lof, which
+% has the text we're supposed to typeset here.
+%
+% Figures without xref labels will not be included in the list (since
+% they won't appear in the aux file).
+%
+\def\listoffloatsdo#1{\listoffloatsdoentry#1\finish}
+\def\listoffloatsdoentry#1-title\finish{{%
+  % Can't fully expand XR#1-lof because it can contain anything.  Just
+  % pass the control sequence.  On the other hand, XR#1-pg is just the
+  % page number, and we want to fully expand that so we can get a link
+  % in pdf output.
+  \toksA = \expandafter{\csname XR#1-lof\endcsname}%
+  %
+  % use the same \entry macro we use to generate the TOC and index.
+  \edef\writeentry{\noexpand\entry{\the\toksA}{\csname XR#1-pg\endcsname}}%
+  \writeentry
+}}
+
+
+\message{localization,}
+
+% For single-language documents, @documentlanguage is usually given very
+% early, just after @documentencoding.  Single argument is the language
+% (de) or locale (de_DE) abbreviation.
+%
+{
+  \catcode`\_ = \active
+  \globaldefs=1
+\parseargdef\documentlanguage{%
+  \tex % read txi-??.tex file in plain TeX.
+    % Read the file by the name they passed if it exists.
+    \let_ = \normalunderscore  % normal _ character for filename test
+    \openin 1 txi-#1.tex
+    \ifeof 1
+      \documentlanguagetrywithoutunderscore #1_\finish
+    \else
+      \globaldefs = 1  % everything in the txi-LL files needs to persist
+      \input txi-#1.tex
+    \fi
+    \closein 1
+  \endgroup % end raw TeX
+}
+%
+% If they passed de_DE, and txi-de_DE.tex doesn't exist,
+% try txi-de.tex.
+%
+\gdef\documentlanguagetrywithoutunderscore#1_#2\finish{%
+  \openin 1 txi-#1.tex
+  \ifeof 1
+    \errhelp = \nolanghelp
+    \errmessage{Cannot read language file txi-#1.tex}%
+  \else
+    \globaldefs = 1  % everything in the txi-LL files needs to persist
+    \input txi-#1.tex
+  \fi
+  \closein 1
+}
+}% end of special _ catcode
+%
+\newhelp\nolanghelp{The given language definition file cannot be found or
+is empty.  Maybe you need to install it?  Putting it in the current
+directory should work if nowhere else does.}
+
+% This macro is called from txi-??.tex files; the first argument is the
+% \language name to set (without the "\lang@" prefix), the second and
+% third args are \{left,right}hyphenmin.
+%
+% The language names to pass are determined when the format is built.
+% See the etex.log file created at that time, e.g.,
+% /usr/local/texlive/2008/texmf-var/web2c/pdftex/etex.log.
+%
+% With TeX Live 2008, etex now includes hyphenation patterns for all
+% available languages.  This means we can support hyphenation in
+% Texinfo, at least to some extent.  (This still doesn't solve the
+% accented characters problem.)
+%
+\catcode`@=11
+\def\txisetlanguage#1#2#3{%
+  % do not set the language if the name is undefined in the current TeX.
+  \expandafter\ifx\csname lang@#1\endcsname \relax
+    \message{no patterns for #1}%
+  \else
+    \global\language = \csname lang@#1\endcsname
+  \fi
+  % but there is no harm in adjusting the hyphenmin values regardless.
+  \global\lefthyphenmin = #2\relax
+  \global\righthyphenmin = #3\relax
+}
+
+% Helpers for encodings.
+% Set the catcode of characters 128 through 255 to the specified number.
+%
+\def\setnonasciicharscatcode#1{%
+   \count255=128
+   \loop\ifnum\count255<256
+      \global\catcode\count255=#1\relax
+      \advance\count255 by 1
+   \repeat
+}
+
+\def\setnonasciicharscatcodenonglobal#1{%
+   \count255=128
+   \loop\ifnum\count255<256
+      \catcode\count255=#1\relax
+      \advance\count255 by 1
+   \repeat
+}
+
+% @documentencoding sets the definition of non-ASCII characters
+% according to the specified encoding.
+%
+\def\documentencoding{\parseargusing\filenamecatcodes\documentencodingzzz}
+\def\documentencodingzzz#1{%
+  % Encoding being declared for the document.
+  \def\declaredencoding{\csname #1.enc\endcsname}%
+  %
+  % Supported encodings: names converted to tokens in order to be able
+  % to compare them with \ifx.
+  \def\ascii{\csname US-ASCII.enc\endcsname}%
+  \def\latnine{\csname ISO-8859-15.enc\endcsname}%
+  \def\latone{\csname ISO-8859-1.enc\endcsname}%
+  \def\lattwo{\csname ISO-8859-2.enc\endcsname}%
+  \def\utfeight{\csname UTF-8.enc\endcsname}%
+  %
+  \ifx \declaredencoding \ascii
+     \asciichardefs
+  %
+  \else \ifx \declaredencoding \lattwo
+     \setnonasciicharscatcode\active
+     \lattwochardefs
+  %
+  \else \ifx \declaredencoding \latone
+     \setnonasciicharscatcode\active
+     \latonechardefs
+  %
+  \else \ifx \declaredencoding \latnine
+     \setnonasciicharscatcode\active
+     \latninechardefs
+  %
+  \else \ifx \declaredencoding \utfeight
+     \setnonasciicharscatcode\active
+     % since we already invoked \utfeightchardefs at the top level
+     % (below), do not re-invoke it, then our check for duplicated
+     % definitions triggers.  Making non-ascii chars active is enough.
+  %
+  \else
+    \message{Ignoring unknown document encoding: #1.}%
+  %
+  \fi % utfeight
+  \fi % latnine
+  \fi % latone
+  \fi % lattwo
+  \fi % ascii
+}
+
+% emacs-page
+% A message to be logged when using a character that isn't available
+% the default font encoding (OT1).
+%
+\def\missingcharmsg#1{\message{Character missing, sorry: #1.}}
+
+% Take account of \c (plain) vs. \, (Texinfo) difference.
+\def\cedilla#1{\ifx\c\ptexc\c{#1}\else\,{#1}\fi}
+
+% First, make active non-ASCII characters in order for them to be
+% correctly categorized when TeX reads the replacement text of
+% macros containing the character definitions.
+\setnonasciicharscatcode\active
+%
+% Latin1 (ISO-8859-1) character definitions.
+\def\latonechardefs{%
+  \gdef^^a0{\tie}
+  \gdef^^a1{\exclamdown}
+  \gdef^^a2{{\tcfont \char162}} % cent
+  \gdef^^a3{\pounds}
+  \gdef^^a4{{\tcfont \char164}} % currency
+  \gdef^^a5{{\tcfont \char165}} % yen
+  \gdef^^a6{{\tcfont \char166}} % broken bar
+  \gdef^^a7{\S}
+  \gdef^^a8{\"{}}
+  \gdef^^a9{\copyright}
+  \gdef^^aa{\ordf}
+  \gdef^^ab{\guillemetleft}
+  \gdef^^ac{\ensuremath\lnot}
+  \gdef^^ad{\-}
+  \gdef^^ae{\registeredsymbol}
+  \gdef^^af{\={}}
+  %
+  \gdef^^b0{\textdegree}
+  \gdef^^b1{$\pm$}
+  \gdef^^b2{$^2$}
+  \gdef^^b3{$^3$}
+  \gdef^^b4{\'{}}
+  \gdef^^b5{$\mu$}
+  \gdef^^b6{\P}
+  \gdef^^b7{\ensuremath\cdot}
+  \gdef^^b8{\cedilla\ }
+  \gdef^^b9{$^1$}
+  \gdef^^ba{\ordm}
+  \gdef^^bb{\guillemetright}
+  \gdef^^bc{$1\over4$}
+  \gdef^^bd{$1\over2$}
+  \gdef^^be{$3\over4$}
+  \gdef^^bf{\questiondown}
+  %
+  \gdef^^c0{\`A}
+  \gdef^^c1{\'A}
+  \gdef^^c2{\^A}
+  \gdef^^c3{\~A}
+  \gdef^^c4{\"A}
+  \gdef^^c5{\ringaccent A}
+  \gdef^^c6{\AE}
+  \gdef^^c7{\cedilla C}
+  \gdef^^c8{\`E}
+  \gdef^^c9{\'E}
+  \gdef^^ca{\^E}
+  \gdef^^cb{\"E}
+  \gdef^^cc{\`I}
+  \gdef^^cd{\'I}
+  \gdef^^ce{\^I}
+  \gdef^^cf{\"I}
+  %
+  \gdef^^d0{\DH}
+  \gdef^^d1{\~N}
+  \gdef^^d2{\`O}
+  \gdef^^d3{\'O}
+  \gdef^^d4{\^O}
+  \gdef^^d5{\~O}
+  \gdef^^d6{\"O}
+  \gdef^^d7{$\times$}
+  \gdef^^d8{\O}
+  \gdef^^d9{\`U}
+  \gdef^^da{\'U}
+  \gdef^^db{\^U}
+  \gdef^^dc{\"U}
+  \gdef^^dd{\'Y}
+  \gdef^^de{\TH}
+  \gdef^^df{\ss}
+  %
+  \gdef^^e0{\`a}
+  \gdef^^e1{\'a}
+  \gdef^^e2{\^a}
+  \gdef^^e3{\~a}
+  \gdef^^e4{\"a}
+  \gdef^^e5{\ringaccent a}
+  \gdef^^e6{\ae}
+  \gdef^^e7{\cedilla c}
+  \gdef^^e8{\`e}
+  \gdef^^e9{\'e}
+  \gdef^^ea{\^e}
+  \gdef^^eb{\"e}
+  \gdef^^ec{\`{\dotless i}}
+  \gdef^^ed{\'{\dotless i}}
+  \gdef^^ee{\^{\dotless i}}
+  \gdef^^ef{\"{\dotless i}}
+  %
+  \gdef^^f0{\dh}
+  \gdef^^f1{\~n}
+  \gdef^^f2{\`o}
+  \gdef^^f3{\'o}
+  \gdef^^f4{\^o}
+  \gdef^^f5{\~o}
+  \gdef^^f6{\"o}
+  \gdef^^f7{$\div$}
+  \gdef^^f8{\o}
+  \gdef^^f9{\`u}
+  \gdef^^fa{\'u}
+  \gdef^^fb{\^u}
+  \gdef^^fc{\"u}
+  \gdef^^fd{\'y}
+  \gdef^^fe{\th}
+  \gdef^^ff{\"y}
+}
+
+% Latin9 (ISO-8859-15) encoding character definitions.
+\def\latninechardefs{%
+  % Encoding is almost identical to Latin1.
+  \latonechardefs
+  %
+  \gdef^^a4{\euro}
+  \gdef^^a6{\v S}
+  \gdef^^a8{\v s}
+  \gdef^^b4{\v Z}
+  \gdef^^b8{\v z}
+  \gdef^^bc{\OE}
+  \gdef^^bd{\oe}
+  \gdef^^be{\"Y}
+}
+
+% Latin2 (ISO-8859-2) character definitions.
+\def\lattwochardefs{%
+  \gdef^^a0{\tie}
+  \gdef^^a1{\ogonek{A}}
+  \gdef^^a2{\u{}}
+  \gdef^^a3{\L}
+  \gdef^^a4{\missingcharmsg{CURRENCY SIGN}}
+  \gdef^^a5{\v L}
+  \gdef^^a6{\'S}
+  \gdef^^a7{\S}
+  \gdef^^a8{\"{}}
+  \gdef^^a9{\v S}
+  \gdef^^aa{\cedilla S}
+  \gdef^^ab{\v T}
+  \gdef^^ac{\'Z}
+  \gdef^^ad{\-}
+  \gdef^^ae{\v Z}
+  \gdef^^af{\dotaccent Z}
+  %
+  \gdef^^b0{\textdegree}
+  \gdef^^b1{\ogonek{a}}
+  \gdef^^b2{\ogonek{ }}
+  \gdef^^b3{\l}
+  \gdef^^b4{\'{}}
+  \gdef^^b5{\v l}
+  \gdef^^b6{\'s}
+  \gdef^^b7{\v{}}
+  \gdef^^b8{\cedilla\ }
+  \gdef^^b9{\v s}
+  \gdef^^ba{\cedilla s}
+  \gdef^^bb{\v t}
+  \gdef^^bc{\'z}
+  \gdef^^bd{\H{}}
+  \gdef^^be{\v z}
+  \gdef^^bf{\dotaccent z}
+  %
+  \gdef^^c0{\'R}
+  \gdef^^c1{\'A}
+  \gdef^^c2{\^A}
+  \gdef^^c3{\u A}
+  \gdef^^c4{\"A}
+  \gdef^^c5{\'L}
+  \gdef^^c6{\'C}
+  \gdef^^c7{\cedilla C}
+  \gdef^^c8{\v C}
+  \gdef^^c9{\'E}
+  \gdef^^ca{\ogonek{E}}
+  \gdef^^cb{\"E}
+  \gdef^^cc{\v E}
+  \gdef^^cd{\'I}
+  \gdef^^ce{\^I}
+  \gdef^^cf{\v D}
+  %
+  \gdef^^d0{\DH}
+  \gdef^^d1{\'N}
+  \gdef^^d2{\v N}
+  \gdef^^d3{\'O}
+  \gdef^^d4{\^O}
+  \gdef^^d5{\H O}
+  \gdef^^d6{\"O}
+  \gdef^^d7{$\times$}
+  \gdef^^d8{\v R}
+  \gdef^^d9{\ringaccent U}
+  \gdef^^da{\'U}
+  \gdef^^db{\H U}
+  \gdef^^dc{\"U}
+  \gdef^^dd{\'Y}
+  \gdef^^de{\cedilla T}
+  \gdef^^df{\ss}
+  %
+  \gdef^^e0{\'r}
+  \gdef^^e1{\'a}
+  \gdef^^e2{\^a}
+  \gdef^^e3{\u a}
+  \gdef^^e4{\"a}
+  \gdef^^e5{\'l}
+  \gdef^^e6{\'c}
+  \gdef^^e7{\cedilla c}
+  \gdef^^e8{\v c}
+  \gdef^^e9{\'e}
+  \gdef^^ea{\ogonek{e}}
+  \gdef^^eb{\"e}
+  \gdef^^ec{\v e}
+  \gdef^^ed{\'{\dotless{i}}}
+  \gdef^^ee{\^{\dotless{i}}}
+  \gdef^^ef{\v d}
+  %
+  \gdef^^f0{\dh}
+  \gdef^^f1{\'n}
+  \gdef^^f2{\v n}
+  \gdef^^f3{\'o}
+  \gdef^^f4{\^o}
+  \gdef^^f5{\H o}
+  \gdef^^f6{\"o}
+  \gdef^^f7{$\div$}
+  \gdef^^f8{\v r}
+  \gdef^^f9{\ringaccent u}
+  \gdef^^fa{\'u}
+  \gdef^^fb{\H u}
+  \gdef^^fc{\"u}
+  \gdef^^fd{\'y}
+  \gdef^^fe{\cedilla t}
+  \gdef^^ff{\dotaccent{}}
+}
+
+% UTF-8 character definitions.
+%
+% This code to support UTF-8 is based on LaTeX's utf8.def, with some
+% changes for Texinfo conventions.  It is included here under the GPL by
+% permission from Frank Mittelbach and the LaTeX team.
+%
+\newcount\countUTFx
+\newcount\countUTFy
+\newcount\countUTFz
+
+\gdef\UTFviiiTwoOctets#1#2{\expandafter
+   \UTFviiiDefined\csname u8:#1\string #2\endcsname}
+%
+\gdef\UTFviiiThreeOctets#1#2#3{\expandafter
+   \UTFviiiDefined\csname u8:#1\string #2\string #3\endcsname}
+%
+\gdef\UTFviiiFourOctets#1#2#3#4{\expandafter
+   \UTFviiiDefined\csname u8:#1\string #2\string #3\string #4\endcsname}
+
+\gdef\UTFviiiDefined#1{%
+  \ifx #1\relax
+    \message{\linenumber Unicode char \string #1 not defined for Texinfo}%
+  \else
+    \expandafter #1%
+  \fi
+}
+
+\begingroup
+  \catcode`\~13
+  \catcode`\"12
+
+  \def\UTFviiiLoop{%
+    \global\catcode\countUTFx\active
+    \uccode`\~\countUTFx
+    \uppercase\expandafter{\UTFviiiTmp}%
+    \advance\countUTFx by 1
+    \ifnum\countUTFx < \countUTFy
+      \expandafter\UTFviiiLoop
+    \fi}
+
+  \countUTFx = "C2
+  \countUTFy = "E0
+  \def\UTFviiiTmp{%
+    \xdef~{\noexpand\UTFviiiTwoOctets\string~}}
+  \UTFviiiLoop
+
+  \countUTFx = "E0
+  \countUTFy = "F0
+  \def\UTFviiiTmp{%
+    \xdef~{\noexpand\UTFviiiThreeOctets\string~}}
+  \UTFviiiLoop
+
+  \countUTFx = "F0
+  \countUTFy = "F4
+  \def\UTFviiiTmp{%
+    \xdef~{\noexpand\UTFviiiFourOctets\string~}}
+  \UTFviiiLoop
+\endgroup
+
+\def\globallet{\global\let} % save some \expandafter's below
+
+% @U{xxxx} to produce U+xxxx, if we support it.
+\def\U#1{%
+  \expandafter\ifx\csname uni:#1\endcsname \relax
+    \errhelp = \EMsimple	
+    \errmessage{Unicode character U+#1 not supported, sorry}%
+  \else
+    \csname uni:#1\endcsname
+  \fi
+}
+
+\begingroup
+  \catcode`\"=12
+  \catcode`\<=12
+  \catcode`\.=12
+  \catcode`\,=12
+  \catcode`\;=12
+  \catcode`\!=12
+  \catcode`\~=13
+  \gdef\DeclareUnicodeCharacter#1#2{%
+    \countUTFz = "#1\relax
+    %\wlog{\space\space defining Unicode char U+#1 (decimal \the\countUTFz)}%
+    \begingroup
+      \parseXMLCharref
+      \def\UTFviiiTwoOctets##1##2{%
+        \csname u8:##1\string ##2\endcsname}%
+      \def\UTFviiiThreeOctets##1##2##3{%
+        \csname u8:##1\string ##2\string ##3\endcsname}%
+      \def\UTFviiiFourOctets##1##2##3##4{%
+        \csname u8:##1\string ##2\string ##3\string ##4\endcsname}%
+      \expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\expandafter
+       \expandafter\expandafter\expandafter
+       \gdef\UTFviiiTmp{#2}%
+      % 
+      \expandafter\ifx\csname uni:#1\endcsname \relax \else
+       \message{Internal error, already defined: #1}%
+      \fi
+      %
+      % define an additional control sequence for this code point.
+      \expandafter\globallet\csname uni:#1\endcsname \UTFviiiTmp
+    \endgroup}
+
+  \gdef\parseXMLCharref{%
+    \ifnum\countUTFz < "A0\relax
+      \errhelp = \EMsimple
+      \errmessage{Cannot define Unicode char value < 00A0}%
+    \else\ifnum\countUTFz < "800\relax
+      \parseUTFviiiA,%
+      \parseUTFviiiB C\UTFviiiTwoOctets.,%
+    \else\ifnum\countUTFz < "10000\relax
+      \parseUTFviiiA;%
+      \parseUTFviiiA,%
+      \parseUTFviiiB E\UTFviiiThreeOctets.{,;}%
+    \else
+      \parseUTFviiiA;%
+      \parseUTFviiiA,%
+      \parseUTFviiiA!%
+      \parseUTFviiiB F\UTFviiiFourOctets.{!,;}%
+    \fi\fi\fi
+  }
+
+  \gdef\parseUTFviiiA#1{%
+    \countUTFx = \countUTFz
+    \divide\countUTFz by 64
+    \countUTFy = \countUTFz
+    \multiply\countUTFz by 64
+    \advance\countUTFx by -\countUTFz
+    \advance\countUTFx by 128
+    \uccode `#1\countUTFx
+    \countUTFz = \countUTFy}
+
+  \gdef\parseUTFviiiB#1#2#3#4{%
+    \advance\countUTFz by "#10\relax
+    \uccode `#3\countUTFz
+    \uppercase{\gdef\UTFviiiTmp{#2#3#4}}}
+\endgroup
+
+% https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_(Unicode)#Basic_M
+% U+0000..U+007F = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Latin_(Unicode_block)
+% U+0080..U+00FF = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin-1_Supplement_(Unicode_block)
+% U+0100..U+017F = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Extended-A
+% U+0180..U+024F = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Extended-B
+% 
+% Many of our renditions are less than wonderful, and all the missing
+% characters are available somewhere.  Loading the necessary fonts
+% awaits user request.  We can't truly support Unicode without
+% reimplementing everything that's been done in LaTeX for many years,
+% plus probably using luatex or xetex, and who knows what else.
+% We won't be doing that here in this simple file.  But we can try to at
+% least make most of the characters not bomb out.
+%
+\def\utfeightchardefs{%
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00A0}{\tie}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00A1}{\exclamdown}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00A2}{{\tcfont \char162}}% 0242=cent
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00A3}{\pounds}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00A4}{{\tcfont \char164}}% 0244=currency
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00A5}{{\tcfont \char165}}% 0245=yen
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00A6}{{\tcfont \char166}}% 0246=brokenbar
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00A7}{\S}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00A8}{\"{ }}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00A9}{\copyright}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00AA}{\ordf}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00AB}{\guillemetleft}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00AC}{\ensuremath\lnot}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00AD}{\-}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00AE}{\registeredsymbol}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00AF}{\={ }}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00B0}{\ringaccent{ }}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00B1}{\ensuremath\pm}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00B2}{$^2$}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00B3}{$^3$}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00B4}{\'{ }}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00B5}{$\mu$}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00B6}{\P}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00B7}{\ensuremath\cdot}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00B8}{\cedilla{ }}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00B9}{$^1$}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00BA}{\ordm}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00BB}{\guillemetright}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00BC}{$1\over4$}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00BD}{$1\over2$}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00BE}{$3\over4$}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00BF}{\questiondown}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C0}{\`A}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C1}{\'A}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C2}{\^A}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C3}{\~A}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C4}{\"A}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C5}{\AA}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C6}{\AE}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C7}{\cedilla{C}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C8}{\`E}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00C9}{\'E}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00CA}{\^E}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00CB}{\"E}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00CC}{\`I}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00CD}{\'I}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00CE}{\^I}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00CF}{\"I}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D0}{\DH}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D1}{\~N}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D2}{\`O}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D3}{\'O}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D4}{\^O}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D5}{\~O}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D6}{\"O}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D7}{\ensuremath\times}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D8}{\O}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00D9}{\`U}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00DA}{\'U}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00DB}{\^U}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00DC}{\"U}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00DD}{\'Y}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00DE}{\TH}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00DF}{\ss}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E0}{\`a}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E1}{\'a}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E2}{\^a}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E3}{\~a}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E4}{\"a}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E5}{\aa}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E6}{\ae}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E7}{\cedilla{c}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E8}{\`e}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00E9}{\'e}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00EA}{\^e}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00EB}{\"e}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00EC}{\`{\dotless{i}}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00ED}{\'{\dotless{i}}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00EE}{\^{\dotless{i}}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00EF}{\"{\dotless{i}}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F0}{\dh}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F1}{\~n}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F2}{\`o}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F3}{\'o}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F4}{\^o}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F5}{\~o}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F6}{\"o}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F7}{\ensuremath\div}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F8}{\o}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00F9}{\`u}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00FA}{\'u}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00FB}{\^u}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00FC}{\"u}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00FD}{\'y}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00FE}{\th}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{00FF}{\"y}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0100}{\=A}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0101}{\=a}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0102}{\u{A}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0103}{\u{a}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0104}{\ogonek{A}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0105}{\ogonek{a}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0106}{\'C}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0107}{\'c}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0108}{\^C}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0109}{\^c}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{010A}{\dotaccent{C}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{010B}{\dotaccent{c}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{010C}{\v{C}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{010D}{\v{c}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{010E}{\v{D}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{010F}{d'}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0110}{\DH}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0111}{\dh}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0112}{\=E}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0113}{\=e}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0114}{\u{E}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0115}{\u{e}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0116}{\dotaccent{E}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0117}{\dotaccent{e}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0118}{\ogonek{E}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0119}{\ogonek{e}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{011A}{\v{E}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{011B}{\v{e}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{011C}{\^G}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{011D}{\^g}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{011E}{\u{G}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{011F}{\u{g}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0120}{\dotaccent{G}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0121}{\dotaccent{g}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0122}{\cedilla{G}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0123}{\cedilla{g}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0124}{\^H}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0125}{\^h}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0126}{\missingcharmsg{H WITH STROKE}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0127}{\missingcharmsg{h WITH STROKE}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0128}{\~I}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0129}{\~{\dotless{i}}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{012A}{\=I}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{012B}{\={\dotless{i}}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{012C}{\u{I}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{012D}{\u{\dotless{i}}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{012E}{\ogonek{I}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{012F}{\ogonek{i}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0130}{\dotaccent{I}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0131}{\dotless{i}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0132}{IJ}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0133}{ij}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0134}{\^J}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0135}{\^{\dotless{j}}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0136}{\cedilla{K}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0137}{\cedilla{k}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0138}{\ensuremath\kappa}  
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0139}{\'L}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{013A}{\'l}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{013B}{\cedilla{L}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{013C}{\cedilla{l}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{013D}{L'}% should kern
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{013E}{l'}% should kern
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{013F}{L\U{00B7}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0140}{l\U{00B7}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0141}{\L}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0142}{\l}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0143}{\'N}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0144}{\'n}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0145}{\cedilla{N}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0146}{\cedilla{n}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0147}{\v{N}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0148}{\v{n}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0149}{'n}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{014A}{\missingcharmsg{ENG}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{014B}{\missingcharmsg{eng}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{014C}{\=O}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{014D}{\=o}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{014E}{\u{O}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{014F}{\u{o}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0150}{\H{O}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0151}{\H{o}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0152}{\OE}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0153}{\oe}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0154}{\'R}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0155}{\'r}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0156}{\cedilla{R}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0157}{\cedilla{r}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0158}{\v{R}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0159}{\v{r}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{015A}{\'S}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{015B}{\'s}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{015C}{\^S}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{015D}{\^s}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{015E}{\cedilla{S}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{015F}{\cedilla{s}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0160}{\v{S}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0161}{\v{s}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0162}{\cedilla{T}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0163}{\cedilla{t}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0164}{\v{T}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0165}{\v{t}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0166}{\missingcharmsg{H WITH STROKE}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0167}{\missingcharmsg{h WITH STROKE}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0168}{\~U}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0169}{\~u}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{016A}{\=U}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{016B}{\=u}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{016C}{\u{U}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{016D}{\u{u}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{016E}{\ringaccent{U}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{016F}{\ringaccent{u}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0170}{\H{U}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0171}{\H{u}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0172}{\ogonek{U}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0173}{\ogonek{u}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0174}{\^W}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0175}{\^w}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0176}{\^Y}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0177}{\^y}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0178}{\"Y}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0179}{\'Z}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{017A}{\'z}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{017B}{\dotaccent{Z}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{017C}{\dotaccent{z}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{017D}{\v{Z}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{017E}{\v{z}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{017F}{\missingcharmsg{LONG S}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01C4}{D\v{Z}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01C5}{D\v{z}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01C6}{d\v{z}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01C7}{LJ}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01C8}{Lj}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01C9}{lj}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01CA}{NJ}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01CB}{Nj}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01CC}{nj}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01CD}{\v{A}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01CE}{\v{a}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01CF}{\v{I}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01D0}{\v{\dotless{i}}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01D1}{\v{O}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01D2}{\v{o}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01D3}{\v{U}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01D4}{\v{u}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01E2}{\={\AE}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01E3}{\={\ae}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01E6}{\v{G}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01E7}{\v{g}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01E8}{\v{K}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01E9}{\v{k}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01F0}{\v{\dotless{j}}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01F1}{DZ}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01F2}{Dz}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01F3}{dz}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01F4}{\'G}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01F5}{\'g}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01F8}{\`N}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01F9}{\`n}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01FC}{\'{\AE}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01FD}{\'{\ae}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01FE}{\'{\O}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01FF}{\'{\o}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{021E}{\v{H}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{021F}{\v{h}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0226}{\dotaccent{A}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0227}{\dotaccent{a}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0228}{\cedilla{E}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0229}{\cedilla{e}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{022E}{\dotaccent{O}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{022F}{\dotaccent{o}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0232}{\=Y}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0233}{\=y}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0237}{\dotless{j}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{02DB}{\ogonek{ }}
+
+  % Greek letters upper case
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0391}{{\it A}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0392}{{\it B}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0393}{\ensuremath{\mit\Gamma}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0394}{\ensuremath{\mit\Delta}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0395}{{\it E}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0396}{{\it Z}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0397}{{\it H}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0398}{\ensuremath{\mit\Theta}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0399}{{\it I}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{039A}{{\it K}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{039B}{\ensuremath{\mit\Lambda}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{039C}{{\it M}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{039D}{{\it N}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{039E}{\ensuremath{\mit\Xi}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{039F}{{\it O}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03A0}{\ensuremath{\mit\Pi}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03A1}{{\it P}}
+  %\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03A2}{} % none - corresponds to final sigma
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03A3}{\ensuremath{\mit\Sigma}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03A4}{{\it T}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03A5}{\ensuremath{\mit\Upsilon}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03A6}{\ensuremath{\mit\Phi}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03A7}{{\it X}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03A8}{\ensuremath{\mit\Psi}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03A9}{\ensuremath{\mit\Omega}}
+
+  % Vowels with accents
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0390}{\ensuremath{\ddot{\acute\iota}}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03AC}{\ensuremath{\acute\alpha}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03AD}{\ensuremath{\acute\epsilon}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03AE}{\ensuremath{\acute\eta}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03AF}{\ensuremath{\acute\iota}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03B0}{\ensuremath{\acute{\ddot\upsilon}}}
+
+  % Standalone accent
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0384}{\ensuremath{\acute{\ }}}
+
+  % Greek letters lower case
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03B1}{\ensuremath\alpha}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03B2}{\ensuremath\beta}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03B3}{\ensuremath\gamma}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03B4}{\ensuremath\delta}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03B5}{\ensuremath\epsilon}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03B6}{\ensuremath\zeta}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03B7}{\ensuremath\eta}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03B8}{\ensuremath\theta}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03B9}{\ensuremath\iota}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03BA}{\ensuremath\kappa}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03BB}{\ensuremath\lambda}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03BC}{\ensuremath\mu}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03BD}{\ensuremath\nu}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03BE}{\ensuremath\xi}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03BF}{{\it o}} % omicron
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03C0}{\ensuremath\pi}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03C1}{\ensuremath\rho}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03C2}{\ensuremath\varsigma}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03C3}{\ensuremath\sigma}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03C4}{\ensuremath\tau}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03C5}{\ensuremath\upsilon}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03C6}{\ensuremath\phi}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03C7}{\ensuremath\chi}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03C8}{\ensuremath\psi}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03C9}{\ensuremath\omega}
+
+  % More Greek vowels with accents
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03CA}{\ensuremath{\ddot\iota}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03CB}{\ensuremath{\ddot\upsilon}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03CC}{\ensuremath{\acute o}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03CD}{\ensuremath{\acute\upsilon}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03CE}{\ensuremath{\acute\omega}}
+
+  % Variant Greek letters
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03D1}{\ensuremath\vartheta}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03D6}{\ensuremath\varpi}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{03F1}{\ensuremath\varrho}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E02}{\dotaccent{B}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E03}{\dotaccent{b}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E04}{\udotaccent{B}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E05}{\udotaccent{b}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E06}{\ubaraccent{B}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E07}{\ubaraccent{b}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E0A}{\dotaccent{D}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E0B}{\dotaccent{d}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E0C}{\udotaccent{D}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E0D}{\udotaccent{d}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E0E}{\ubaraccent{D}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E0F}{\ubaraccent{d}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E1E}{\dotaccent{F}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E1F}{\dotaccent{f}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E20}{\=G}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E21}{\=g}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E22}{\dotaccent{H}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E23}{\dotaccent{h}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E24}{\udotaccent{H}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E25}{\udotaccent{h}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E26}{\"H}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E27}{\"h}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E30}{\'K}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E31}{\'k}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E32}{\udotaccent{K}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E33}{\udotaccent{k}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E34}{\ubaraccent{K}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E35}{\ubaraccent{k}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E36}{\udotaccent{L}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E37}{\udotaccent{l}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E3A}{\ubaraccent{L}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E3B}{\ubaraccent{l}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E3E}{\'M}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E3F}{\'m}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E40}{\dotaccent{M}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E41}{\dotaccent{m}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E42}{\udotaccent{M}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E43}{\udotaccent{m}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E44}{\dotaccent{N}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E45}{\dotaccent{n}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E46}{\udotaccent{N}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E47}{\udotaccent{n}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E48}{\ubaraccent{N}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E49}{\ubaraccent{n}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E54}{\'P}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E55}{\'p}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E56}{\dotaccent{P}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E57}{\dotaccent{p}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E58}{\dotaccent{R}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E59}{\dotaccent{r}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E5A}{\udotaccent{R}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E5B}{\udotaccent{r}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E5E}{\ubaraccent{R}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E5F}{\ubaraccent{r}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E60}{\dotaccent{S}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E61}{\dotaccent{s}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E62}{\udotaccent{S}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E63}{\udotaccent{s}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E6A}{\dotaccent{T}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E6B}{\dotaccent{t}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E6C}{\udotaccent{T}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E6D}{\udotaccent{t}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E6E}{\ubaraccent{T}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E6F}{\ubaraccent{t}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E7C}{\~V}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E7D}{\~v}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E7E}{\udotaccent{V}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E7F}{\udotaccent{v}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E80}{\`W}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E81}{\`w}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E82}{\'W}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E83}{\'w}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E84}{\"W}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E85}{\"w}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E86}{\dotaccent{W}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E87}{\dotaccent{w}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E88}{\udotaccent{W}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E89}{\udotaccent{w}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E8A}{\dotaccent{X}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E8B}{\dotaccent{x}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E8C}{\"X}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E8D}{\"x}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E8E}{\dotaccent{Y}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E8F}{\dotaccent{y}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E90}{\^Z}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E91}{\^z}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E92}{\udotaccent{Z}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E93}{\udotaccent{z}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E94}{\ubaraccent{Z}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E95}{\ubaraccent{z}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E96}{\ubaraccent{h}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E97}{\"t}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E98}{\ringaccent{w}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1E99}{\ringaccent{y}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EA0}{\udotaccent{A}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EA1}{\udotaccent{a}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EB8}{\udotaccent{E}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EB9}{\udotaccent{e}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EBC}{\~E}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EBD}{\~e}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1ECA}{\udotaccent{I}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1ECB}{\udotaccent{i}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1ECC}{\udotaccent{O}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1ECD}{\udotaccent{o}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EE4}{\udotaccent{U}}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EE5}{\udotaccent{u}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EF2}{\`Y}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EF3}{\`y}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EF4}{\udotaccent{Y}}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EF8}{\~Y}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{1EF9}{\~y}
+
+  % Punctuation
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2013}{--}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2014}{---}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2018}{\quoteleft}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2019}{\quoteright}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{201A}{\quotesinglbase}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{201C}{\quotedblleft}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{201D}{\quotedblright}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{201E}{\quotedblbase}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2020}{\ensuremath\dagger}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2021}{\ensuremath\ddagger}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2022}{\bullet}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{202F}{\thinspace}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2026}{\dots}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2039}{\guilsinglleft}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{203A}{\guilsinglright}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{20AC}{\euro}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2192}{\expansion}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21D2}{\result}
+
+  % Mathematical symbols
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2200}{\ensuremath\forall}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2203}{\ensuremath\exists}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2208}{\ensuremath\in}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2212}{\minus}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2217}{\ast}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{221E}{\ensuremath\infty}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2225}{\ensuremath\parallel}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2227}{\ensuremath\wedge}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2229}{\ensuremath\cap}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2261}{\equiv}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2264}{\ensuremath\leq}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2265}{\ensuremath\geq}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2282}{\ensuremath\subset}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2287}{\ensuremath\supseteq}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2016}{\ensuremath\Vert}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2032}{\ensuremath\prime}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{210F}{\ensuremath\hbar}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2111}{\ensuremath\Im}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2113}{\ensuremath\ell}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2118}{\ensuremath\wp}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{211C}{\ensuremath\Re}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2127}{\ensuremath\mho}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2135}{\ensuremath\aleph}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2190}{\ensuremath\leftarrow}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2191}{\ensuremath\uparrow}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2193}{\ensuremath\downarrow}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2194}{\ensuremath\leftrightarrow}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2195}{\ensuremath\updownarrow}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2196}{\ensuremath\nwarrow}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2197}{\ensuremath\nearrow}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2198}{\ensuremath\searrow}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2199}{\ensuremath\swarrow}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21A6}{\ensuremath\mapsto}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21A9}{\ensuremath\hookleftarrow}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21AA}{\ensuremath\hookrightarrow}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21BC}{\ensuremath\leftharpoonup}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21BD}{\ensuremath\leftharpoondown}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21BE}{\ensuremath\upharpoonright}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21C0}{\ensuremath\rightharpoonup}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21C1}{\ensuremath\rightharpoondown}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21CC}{\ensuremath\rightleftharpoons}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21D0}{\ensuremath\Leftarrow}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21D1}{\ensuremath\Uparrow}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21D3}{\ensuremath\Downarrow}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21D4}{\ensuremath\Leftrightarrow}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21D5}{\ensuremath\Updownarrow}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{21DD}{\ensuremath\leadsto}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2201}{\ensuremath\complement}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2202}{\ensuremath\partial}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2205}{\ensuremath\emptyset}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2207}{\ensuremath\nabla}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2209}{\ensuremath\notin}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{220B}{\ensuremath\owns}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{220F}{\ensuremath\prod}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2210}{\ensuremath\coprod}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2211}{\ensuremath\sum}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2213}{\ensuremath\mp}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2218}{\ensuremath\circ}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{221A}{\ensuremath\surd}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{221D}{\ensuremath\propto}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2220}{\ensuremath\angle}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2223}{\ensuremath\mid}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2228}{\ensuremath\vee}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{222A}{\ensuremath\cup}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{222B}{\ensuremath\smallint}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{222E}{\ensuremath\oint}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{223C}{\ensuremath\sim}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2240}{\ensuremath\wr}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2243}{\ensuremath\simeq}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2245}{\ensuremath\cong}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2248}{\ensuremath\approx}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{224D}{\ensuremath\asymp}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2250}{\ensuremath\doteq}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2260}{\ensuremath\neq}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{226A}{\ensuremath\ll}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{226B}{\ensuremath\gg}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{227A}{\ensuremath\prec}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{227B}{\ensuremath\succ}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2283}{\ensuremath\supset}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2286}{\ensuremath\subseteq}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{228E}{\ensuremath\uplus}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{228F}{\ensuremath\sqsubset}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2290}{\ensuremath\sqsupset}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2291}{\ensuremath\sqsubseteq}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2292}{\ensuremath\sqsupseteq}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2293}{\ensuremath\sqcap}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2294}{\ensuremath\sqcup}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2295}{\ensuremath\oplus}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2296}{\ensuremath\ominus}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2297}{\ensuremath\otimes}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2298}{\ensuremath\oslash}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2299}{\ensuremath\odot}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{22A2}{\ensuremath\vdash}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{22A3}{\ensuremath\dashv}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{22A4}{\ensuremath\ptextop}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{22A5}{\ensuremath\bot}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{22A8}{\ensuremath\models}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{22B4}{\ensuremath\unlhd}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{22B5}{\ensuremath\unrhd}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{22C0}{\ensuremath\bigwedge}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{22C1}{\ensuremath\bigvee}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{22C2}{\ensuremath\bigcap}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{22C3}{\ensuremath\bigcup}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{22C4}{\ensuremath\diamond}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{22C5}{\ensuremath\cdot}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{22C6}{\ensuremath\star}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{22C8}{\ensuremath\bowtie}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2308}{\ensuremath\lceil}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2309}{\ensuremath\rceil}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{230A}{\ensuremath\lfloor}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{230B}{\ensuremath\rfloor}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2322}{\ensuremath\frown}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2323}{\ensuremath\smile}
+
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{25A1}{\ensuremath\Box}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{25B3}{\ensuremath\triangle}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{25B7}{\ensuremath\triangleright}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{25BD}{\ensuremath\bigtriangledown}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{25C1}{\ensuremath\triangleleft}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{25C7}{\ensuremath\Diamond}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2660}{\ensuremath\spadesuit}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2661}{\ensuremath\heartsuit}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2662}{\ensuremath\diamondsuit}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2663}{\ensuremath\clubsuit}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{266D}{\ensuremath\flat}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{266E}{\ensuremath\natural}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{266F}{\ensuremath\sharp}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{26AA}{\ensuremath\bigcirc}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{27B9}{\ensuremath\rangle}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{27C2}{\ensuremath\perp}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{27E8}{\ensuremath\langle}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{27F5}{\ensuremath\longleftarrow}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{27F6}{\ensuremath\longrightarrow}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{27F7}{\ensuremath\longleftrightarrow}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{27FC}{\ensuremath\longmapsto}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{29F5}{\ensuremath\setminus}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2A00}{\ensuremath\bigodot}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2A01}{\ensuremath\bigoplus}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2A02}{\ensuremath\bigotimes}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2A04}{\ensuremath\biguplus}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2A06}{\ensuremath\bigsqcup}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2A1D}{\ensuremath\Join}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2A3F}{\ensuremath\amalg}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2AAF}{\ensuremath\preceq}
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2AB0}{\ensuremath\succeq}
+
+  \global\mathchardef\checkmark="1370 % actually the square root sign
+  \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2713}{\ensuremath\checkmark}
+}% end of \utfeightchardefs
+
+% US-ASCII character definitions.
+\def\asciichardefs{% nothing need be done
+   \relax
+}
+
+% Latin1 (ISO-8859-1) character definitions.
+\def\nonasciistringdefs{%
+  \setnonasciicharscatcode\active
+  \def\defstringchar##1{\def##1{\string##1}}%
+  %
+  \defstringchar^^80\defstringchar^^81\defstringchar^^82\defstringchar^^83%
+  \defstringchar^^84\defstringchar^^85\defstringchar^^86\defstringchar^^87%
+  \defstringchar^^88\defstringchar^^89\defstringchar^^8a\defstringchar^^8b%
+  \defstringchar^^8c\defstringchar^^8d\defstringchar^^8e\defstringchar^^8f%
+  %
+  \defstringchar^^90\defstringchar^^91\defstringchar^^92\defstringchar^^93%
+  \defstringchar^^94\defstringchar^^95\defstringchar^^96\defstringchar^^97%
+  \defstringchar^^98\defstringchar^^99\defstringchar^^9a\defstringchar^^9b%
+  \defstringchar^^9c\defstringchar^^9d\defstringchar^^9e\defstringchar^^9f%
+  %
+  \defstringchar^^a0\defstringchar^^a1\defstringchar^^a2\defstringchar^^a3%
+  \defstringchar^^a4\defstringchar^^a5\defstringchar^^a6\defstringchar^^a7%
+  \defstringchar^^a8\defstringchar^^a9\defstringchar^^aa\defstringchar^^ab%
+  \defstringchar^^ac\defstringchar^^ad\defstringchar^^ae\defstringchar^^af%
+  %
+  \defstringchar^^b0\defstringchar^^b1\defstringchar^^b2\defstringchar^^b3%
+  \defstringchar^^b4\defstringchar^^b5\defstringchar^^b6\defstringchar^^b7%
+  \defstringchar^^b8\defstringchar^^b9\defstringchar^^ba\defstringchar^^bb%
+  \defstringchar^^bc\defstringchar^^bd\defstringchar^^be\defstringchar^^bf%
+  %
+  \defstringchar^^c0\defstringchar^^c1\defstringchar^^c2\defstringchar^^c3%
+  \defstringchar^^c4\defstringchar^^c5\defstringchar^^c6\defstringchar^^c7%
+  \defstringchar^^c8\defstringchar^^c9\defstringchar^^ca\defstringchar^^cb%
+  \defstringchar^^cc\defstringchar^^cd\defstringchar^^ce\defstringchar^^cf%
+  %
+  \defstringchar^^d0\defstringchar^^d1\defstringchar^^d2\defstringchar^^d3%
+  \defstringchar^^d4\defstringchar^^d5\defstringchar^^d6\defstringchar^^d7%
+  \defstringchar^^d8\defstringchar^^d9\defstringchar^^da\defstringchar^^db%
+  \defstringchar^^dc\defstringchar^^dd\defstringchar^^de\defstringchar^^df%
+  %
+  \defstringchar^^e0\defstringchar^^e1\defstringchar^^e2\defstringchar^^e3%
+  \defstringchar^^e4\defstringchar^^e5\defstringchar^^e6\defstringchar^^e7%
+  \defstringchar^^e8\defstringchar^^e9\defstringchar^^ea\defstringchar^^eb%
+  \defstringchar^^ec\defstringchar^^ed\defstringchar^^ee\defstringchar^^ef%
+  %
+  \defstringchar^^f0\defstringchar^^f1\defstringchar^^f2\defstringchar^^f3%
+  \defstringchar^^f4\defstringchar^^f5\defstringchar^^f6\defstringchar^^f7%
+  \defstringchar^^f8\defstringchar^^f9\defstringchar^^fa\defstringchar^^fb%
+  \defstringchar^^fc\defstringchar^^fd\defstringchar^^fe\defstringchar^^ff%
+}
+
+
+% define all the unicode characters we know about, for the sake of @U.
+\utfeightchardefs
+
+
+% Make non-ASCII characters printable again for compatibility with
+% existing Texinfo documents that may use them, even without declaring a
+% document encoding.
+%
+\setnonasciicharscatcode \other
+
+
+\message{formatting,}
+
+\newdimen\defaultparindent \defaultparindent = 15pt
+
+\chapheadingskip = 15pt plus 4pt minus 2pt
+\secheadingskip = 12pt plus 3pt minus 2pt
+\subsecheadingskip = 9pt plus 2pt minus 2pt
+
+% Prevent underfull vbox error messages.
+\vbadness = 10000
+
+% Don't be very finicky about underfull hboxes, either.
+\hbadness = 6666
+
+% Following George Bush, get rid of widows and orphans.
+\widowpenalty=10000
+\clubpenalty=10000
+
+% Use TeX 3.0's \emergencystretch to help line breaking, but if we're
+% using an old version of TeX, don't do anything.  We want the amount of
+% stretch added to depend on the line length, hence the dependence on
+% \hsize.  We call this whenever the paper size is set.
+%
+\def\setemergencystretch{%
+  \ifx\emergencystretch\thisisundefined
+    % Allow us to assign to \emergencystretch anyway.
+    \def\emergencystretch{\dimen0}%
+  \else
+    \emergencystretch = .15\hsize
+  \fi
+}
+
+% Parameters in order: 1) textheight; 2) textwidth;
+% 3) voffset; 4) hoffset; 5) binding offset; 6) topskip;
+% 7) physical page height; 8) physical page width.
+%
+% We also call \setleading{\textleading}, so the caller should define
+% \textleading.  The caller should also set \parskip.
+%
+\def\internalpagesizes#1#2#3#4#5#6#7#8{%
+  \voffset = #3\relax
+  \topskip = #6\relax
+  \splittopskip = \topskip
+  %
+  \vsize = #1\relax
+  \advance\vsize by \topskip
+  \outervsize = \vsize
+  \advance\outervsize by 2\topandbottommargin
+  \pageheight = \vsize
+  %
+  \hsize = #2\relax
+  \outerhsize = \hsize
+  \advance\outerhsize by 0.5in
+  \pagewidth = \hsize
+  %
+  \normaloffset = #4\relax
+  \bindingoffset = #5\relax
+  %
+  \ifpdf
+    \pdfpageheight #7\relax
+    \pdfpagewidth #8\relax
+    % if we don't reset these, they will remain at "1 true in" of
+    % whatever layout pdftex was dumped with.
+    \pdfhorigin = 1 true in
+    \pdfvorigin = 1 true in
+  \fi
+  %
+  \setleading{\textleading}
+  %
+  \parindent = \defaultparindent
+  \setemergencystretch
+}
+
+% @letterpaper (the default).
+\def\letterpaper{{\globaldefs = 1
+  \parskip = 3pt plus 2pt minus 1pt
+  \textleading = 13.2pt
+  %
+  % If page is nothing but text, make it come out even.
+  \internalpagesizes{607.2pt}{6in}% that's 46 lines
+                    {\voffset}{.25in}%
+                    {\bindingoffset}{36pt}%
+                    {11in}{8.5in}%
+}}
+
+% Use @smallbook to reset parameters for 7x9.25 trim size.
+\def\smallbook{{\globaldefs = 1
+  \parskip = 2pt plus 1pt
+  \textleading = 12pt
+  %
+  \internalpagesizes{7.5in}{5in}%
+                    {-.2in}{0in}%
+                    {\bindingoffset}{16pt}%
+                    {9.25in}{7in}%
+  %
+  \lispnarrowing = 0.3in
+  \tolerance = 700
+  \hfuzz = 1pt
+  \contentsrightmargin = 0pt
+  \defbodyindent = .5cm
+}}
+
+% Use @smallerbook to reset parameters for 6x9 trim size.
+% (Just testing, parameters still in flux.)
+\def\smallerbook{{\globaldefs = 1
+  \parskip = 1.5pt plus 1pt
+  \textleading = 12pt
+  %
+  \internalpagesizes{7.4in}{4.8in}%
+                    {-.2in}{-.4in}%
+                    {0pt}{14pt}%
+                    {9in}{6in}%
+  %
+  \lispnarrowing = 0.25in
+  \tolerance = 700
+  \hfuzz = 1pt
+  \contentsrightmargin = 0pt
+  \defbodyindent = .4cm
+}}
+
+% Use @afourpaper to print on European A4 paper.
+\def\afourpaper{{\globaldefs = 1
+  \parskip = 3pt plus 2pt minus 1pt
+  \textleading = 13.2pt
+  %
+  % Double-side printing via postscript on Laserjet 4050
+  % prints double-sided nicely when \bindingoffset=10mm and \hoffset=-6mm.
+  % To change the settings for a different printer or situation, adjust
+  % \normaloffset until the front-side and back-side texts align.  Then
+  % do the same for \bindingoffset.  You can set these for testing in
+  % your texinfo source file like this:
+  % @tex
+  % \global\normaloffset = -6mm
+  % \global\bindingoffset = 10mm
+  % @end tex
+  \internalpagesizes{673.2pt}{160mm}% that's 51 lines
+                    {\voffset}{\hoffset}%
+                    {\bindingoffset}{44pt}%
+                    {297mm}{210mm}%
+  %
+  \tolerance = 700
+  \hfuzz = 1pt
+  \contentsrightmargin = 0pt
+  \defbodyindent = 5mm
+}}
+
+% Use @afivepaper to print on European A5 paper.
+% From romildo@urano.iceb.ufop.br, 2 July 2000.
+% He also recommends making @example and @lisp be small.
+\def\afivepaper{{\globaldefs = 1
+  \parskip = 2pt plus 1pt minus 0.1pt
+  \textleading = 12.5pt
+  %
+  \internalpagesizes{160mm}{120mm}%
+                    {\voffset}{\hoffset}%
+                    {\bindingoffset}{8pt}%
+                    {210mm}{148mm}%
+  %
+  \lispnarrowing = 0.2in
+  \tolerance = 800
+  \hfuzz = 1.2pt
+  \contentsrightmargin = 0pt
+  \defbodyindent = 2mm
+  \tableindent = 12mm
+}}
+
+% A specific text layout, 24x15cm overall, intended for A4 paper.
+\def\afourlatex{{\globaldefs = 1
+  \afourpaper
+  \internalpagesizes{237mm}{150mm}%
+                    {\voffset}{4.6mm}%
+                    {\bindingoffset}{7mm}%
+                    {297mm}{210mm}%
+  %
+  % Must explicitly reset to 0 because we call \afourpaper.
+  \globaldefs = 0
+}}
+
+% Use @afourwide to print on A4 paper in landscape format.
+\def\afourwide{{\globaldefs = 1
+  \afourpaper
+  \internalpagesizes{241mm}{165mm}%
+                    {\voffset}{-2.95mm}%
+                    {\bindingoffset}{7mm}%
+                    {297mm}{210mm}%
+  \globaldefs = 0
+}}
+
+% @pagesizes TEXTHEIGHT[,TEXTWIDTH]
+% Perhaps we should allow setting the margins, \topskip, \parskip,
+% and/or leading, also. Or perhaps we should compute them somehow.
+%
+\parseargdef\pagesizes{\pagesizesyyy #1,,\finish}
+\def\pagesizesyyy#1,#2,#3\finish{{%
+  \setbox0 = \hbox{\ignorespaces #2}\ifdim\wd0 > 0pt \hsize=#2\relax \fi
+  \globaldefs = 1
+  %
+  \parskip = 3pt plus 2pt minus 1pt
+  \setleading{\textleading}%
+  %
+  \dimen0 = #1\relax
+  \advance\dimen0 by \voffset
+  %
+  \dimen2 = \hsize
+  \advance\dimen2 by \normaloffset
+  %
+  \internalpagesizes{#1}{\hsize}%
+                    {\voffset}{\normaloffset}%
+                    {\bindingoffset}{44pt}%
+                    {\dimen0}{\dimen2}%
+}}
+
+% Set default to letter.
+%
+\letterpaper
+
+
+\message{and turning on texinfo input format.}
+
+\def^^L{\par} % remove \outer, so ^L can appear in an @comment
+
+% DEL is a comment character, in case @c does not suffice.
+\catcode`\^^? = 14
+
+% Define macros to output various characters with catcode for normal text.
+\catcode`\"=\other \def\normaldoublequote{"}
+\catcode`\$=\other \def\normaldollar{$}%$ font-lock fix
+\catcode`\+=\other \def\normalplus{+}
+\catcode`\<=\other \def\normalless{<}
+\catcode`\>=\other \def\normalgreater{>}
+\catcode`\^=\other \def\normalcaret{^}
+\catcode`\_=\other \def\normalunderscore{_}
+\catcode`\|=\other \def\normalverticalbar{|}
+\catcode`\~=\other \def\normaltilde{~}
+
+% This macro is used to make a character print one way in \tt
+% (where it can probably be output as-is), and another way in other fonts,
+% where something hairier probably needs to be done.
+%
+% #1 is what to print if we are indeed using \tt; #2 is what to print
+% otherwise.  Since all the Computer Modern typewriter fonts have zero
+% interword stretch (and shrink), and it is reasonable to expect all
+% typewriter fonts to have this, we can check that font parameter.
+%
+\def\ifusingtt#1#2{\ifdim \fontdimen3\font=0pt #1\else #2\fi}
+
+% Same as above, but check for italic font.  Actually this also catches
+% non-italic slanted fonts since it is impossible to distinguish them from
+% italic fonts.  But since this is only used by $ and it uses \sl anyway
+% this is not a problem.
+\def\ifusingit#1#2{\ifdim \fontdimen1\font>0pt #1\else #2\fi}
+
+% Turn off all special characters except @
+% (and those which the user can use as if they were ordinary).
+% Most of these we simply print from the \tt font, but for some, we can
+% use math or other variants that look better in normal text.
+
+\catcode`\"=\active
+\def\activedoublequote{{\tt\char34}}
+\let"=\activedoublequote
+\catcode`\~=\active \def\activetilde{{\tt\char126}} \let~ = \activetilde
+\chardef\hatchar=`\^
+\catcode`\^=\active \def\activehat{{\tt \hatchar}} \let^ = \activehat
+
+\catcode`\_=\active
+\def_{\ifusingtt\normalunderscore\_}
+\let\realunder=_
+% Subroutine for the previous macro.
+\def\_{\leavevmode \kern.07em \vbox{\hrule width.3em height.1ex}\kern .07em }
+
+\catcode`\|=\active
+\def|{{\tt\char124}}
+
+\chardef \less=`\<
+\catcode`\<=\active \def\activeless{{\tt \less}}\let< = \activeless
+\chardef \gtr=`\>
+\catcode`\>=\active \def\activegtr{{\tt \gtr}}\let> = \activegtr
+\catcode`\+=\active \def+{{\tt \char 43}}
+\catcode`\$=\active \def${\ifusingit{{\sl\$}}\normaldollar}%$ font-lock fix
+\catcode`\-=\active \let-=\normaldash
+
+
+% used for headline/footline in the output routine, in case the page
+% breaks in the middle of an @tex block.
+\def\texinfochars{%
+  \let< = \activeless
+  \let> = \activegtr
+  \let~ = \activetilde 
+  \let^ = \activehat
+  \markupsetuplqdefault \markupsetuprqdefault 
+  \let\b = \strong
+  \let\i = \smartitalic
+  % in principle, all other definitions in \tex have to be undone too.
+}
+
+% Used sometimes to turn off (effectively) the active characters even after
+% parsing them.
+\def\turnoffactive{%
+  \normalturnoffactive
+  \otherbackslash
+}
+
+\catcode`\@=0
+
+% \backslashcurfont outputs one backslash character in current font,
+% as in \char`\\.
+\global\chardef\backslashcurfont=`\\
+\global\let\rawbackslashxx=\backslashcurfont  % let existing .??s files work
+
+% \realbackslash is an actual character `\' with catcode other, and
+% \doublebackslash is two of them (for the pdf outlines).
+{\catcode`\\=\other @gdef@realbackslash{\} @gdef@doublebackslash{\\}}
+
+% In Texinfo, backslash is an active character; it prints the backslash
+% in fixed width font.
+\catcode`\\=\active  % @ for escape char from now on.
+
+% Print a typewriter backslash.  For math mode, we can't simply use
+% \backslashcurfont: the story here is that in math mode, the \char
+% of \backslashcurfont ends up printing the roman \ from the math symbol
+% font (because \char in math mode uses the \mathcode, and plain.tex
+% sets \mathcode`\\="026E).  Hence we use an explicit \mathchar,
+% which is the decimal equivalent of "715c (class 7, e.g., use \fam;
+% ignored family value; char position "5C).  We can't use " for the
+% usual hex value because it has already been made active.
+
+@def@ttbackslash{{@tt @ifmmode @mathchar29020 @else @backslashcurfont @fi}}
+@let@backslashchar = @ttbackslash % @backslashchar{} is for user documents.
+
+% \rawbackslash defines an active \ to do \backslashcurfont.
+% \otherbackslash defines an active \ to be a literal `\' character with
+% catcode other.  We switch back and forth between these.
+@gdef@rawbackslash{@let\=@backslashcurfont}
+@gdef@otherbackslash{@let\=@realbackslash}
+
+% Same as @turnoffactive except outputs \ as {\tt\char`\\} instead of
+% the literal character `\'.
+%
+{@catcode`- = @active
+ @gdef@normalturnoffactive{%
+   @nonasciistringdefs
+   @let-=@normaldash
+   @let"=@normaldoublequote
+   @let$=@normaldollar %$ font-lock fix
+   @let+=@normalplus
+   @let<=@normalless
+   @let>=@normalgreater
+   @let^=@normalcaret
+   @let_=@normalunderscore
+   @let|=@normalverticalbar
+   @let~=@normaltilde
+   @let\=@ttbackslash
+   @markupsetuplqdefault
+   @markupsetuprqdefault
+   @unsepspaces
+ }
+}
+
+% If a .fmt file is being used, characters that might appear in a file
+% name cannot be active until we have parsed the command line.
+% So turn them off again, and have @fixbackslash turn them back on.
+@catcode`+=@other @catcode`@_=@other
+
+% \enablebackslashhack - allow file to begin `\input texinfo'
+%
+% If a .fmt file is being used, we don't want the `\input texinfo' to show up.
+% That is what \eatinput is for; after that, the `\' should revert to printing
+% a backslash.
+% If the file did not have a `\input texinfo', then it is turned off after
+% the first line; otherwise the first `\' in the file would cause an error.
+% This is used on the very last line of this file, texinfo.tex.
+% We also use @c to call @fixbackslash, in case ends of lines are hidden.
+{
+@catcode`@^=7
+@catcode`@^^M=13@gdef@enablebackslashhack{%
+  @global@let\ = @eatinput%
+  @catcode`@^^M=13%
+  @def@c{@fixbackslash@c}%
+  @def ^^M{@let^^M@secondlinenl}%
+  @gdef @secondlinenl{@let^^M@thirdlinenl}%
+  @gdef @thirdlinenl{@fixbackslash}%
+}}
+
+{@catcode`@^=7 @catcode`@^^M=13%
+@gdef@eatinput input texinfo#1^^M{@fixbackslash}}
+
+@gdef@fixbackslash{%
+  @ifx\@eatinput @let\ = @ttbackslash @fi
+  @catcode13=5 % regular end of line
+  @let@c=@texinfoc
+  % Also turn back on active characters that might appear in the input
+  % file name, in case not using a pre-dumped format.
+  @catcode`+=@active
+  @catcode`@_=@active
+  %
+  % If texinfo.cnf is present on the system, read it.
+  % Useful for site-wide @afourpaper, etc.  This macro, @fixbackslash, gets
+  % called at the beginning of every Texinfo file.  Not opening texinfo.cnf
+  % directly in this file, texinfo.tex, makes it possible to make a format
+  % file for Texinfo.
+  %
+  @openin 1 texinfo.cnf
+  @ifeof 1 @else @input texinfo.cnf @fi
+  @closein 1
+}
+
+
+% Say @foo, not \foo, in error messages.
+@escapechar = `@@
+
+% These (along with & and #) are made active for url-breaking, so need
+% active definitions as the normal characters.
+@def@normaldot{.}
+@def@normalquest{?}
+@def@normalslash{/}
+
+% These look ok in all fonts, so just make them not special.
+% @hashchar{} gets its own user-level command, because of #line.
+@catcode`@& = @other @def@normalamp{&}
+@catcode`@# = @other @def@normalhash{#}
+@catcode`@% = @other @def@normalpercent{%}
+
+@let @hashchar = @normalhash
+
+@c Finally, make ` and ' active, so that txicodequoteundirected and
+@c txicodequotebacktick work right in, e.g., @w{@code{`foo'}}.  If we
+@c don't make ` and ' active, @code will not get them as active chars.
+@c Do this last of all since we use ` in the previous @catcode assignments.
+@catcode`@'=@active
+@catcode`@`=@active
+@markupsetuplqdefault
+@markupsetuprqdefault
+
+@c Local variables:
+@c eval: (add-hook 'write-file-hooks 'time-stamp)
+@c page-delimiter: "^\\\\message\\|emacs-page"
+@c time-stamp-start: "def\\\\texinfoversion{"
+@c time-stamp-format: "%:y-%02m-%02d.%02H"
+@c time-stamp-end: "}"
+@c End:
+
+@c vim:sw=2:
+
+@ignore
+   arch-tag: e1b36e32-c96e-4135-a41a-0b2efa2ea115
+@end ignore
+@enablebackslashhack
diff --git a/doc/version.texi b/doc/version.texi
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1246247
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/version.texi
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+@ignore
+Copyright (C) 1988-2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@end ignore
+
+@set LASTCHANGE Fri Dec  7 09:49:07 EST 2018
+
+@set EDITION 5.0
+@set VERSION 5.0
+
+@set UPDATED 7 December 2018
+@set UPDATED-MONTH December 2018