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+<!-- This text is a brief description of the features that are present in
+the Bash shell (version 5.0, 7 December 2018).
+
+This is Edition 5.0, last updated 7 December 2018,
+of The GNU Bash Reference Manual,
+for Bash, Version 5.0.
+
+Copyright (C) 1988-2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
+under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
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+<title>Bash Reference Manual</title>
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+<body lang="en">
+<h1 class="settitle" align="center">Bash Reference Manual</h1>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<a name="SEC_Contents"></a>
+<h2 class="contents-heading">Table of Contents</h2>
+
+<div class="contents">
+
+<ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Introduction-1" href="#Introduction">1 Introduction</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-What-is-Bash_003f-1" href="#What-is-Bash_003f">1.1 What is Bash?</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-What-is-a-shell_003f-1" href="#What-is-a-shell_003f">1.2 What is a shell?</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Definitions-1" href="#Definitions">2 Definitions</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Basic-Shell-Features-1" href="#Basic-Shell-Features">3 Basic Shell Features</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Shell-Syntax-1" href="#Shell-Syntax">3.1 Shell Syntax</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Shell-Operation-1" href="#Shell-Operation">3.1.1 Shell Operation</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Quoting-1" href="#Quoting">3.1.2 Quoting</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Escape-Character-1" href="#Escape-Character">3.1.2.1 Escape Character</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Single-Quotes-1" href="#Single-Quotes">3.1.2.2 Single Quotes</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Double-Quotes-1" href="#Double-Quotes">3.1.2.3 Double Quotes</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-ANSI_002dC-Quoting-1" href="#ANSI_002dC-Quoting">3.1.2.4 ANSI-C Quoting</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Locale_002dSpecific-Translation" href="#Locale-Translation">3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Comments-1" href="#Comments">3.1.3 Comments</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Shell-Commands-1" href="#Shell-Commands">3.2 Shell Commands</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Simple-Commands-1" href="#Simple-Commands">3.2.1 Simple Commands</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Pipelines-1" href="#Pipelines">3.2.2 Pipelines</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Lists-of-Commands" href="#Lists">3.2.3 Lists of Commands</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Compound-Commands-1" href="#Compound-Commands">3.2.4 Compound Commands</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Looping-Constructs-1" href="#Looping-Constructs">3.2.4.1 Looping Constructs</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Conditional-Constructs-1" href="#Conditional-Constructs">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Grouping-Commands" href="#Command-Grouping">3.2.4.3 Grouping Commands</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Coprocesses-1" href="#Coprocesses">3.2.5 Coprocesses</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-GNU-Parallel-1" href="#GNU-Parallel">3.2.6 GNU Parallel</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Shell-Functions-1" href="#Shell-Functions">3.3 Shell Functions</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Shell-Parameters-1" href="#Shell-Parameters">3.4 Shell Parameters</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Positional-Parameters-1" href="#Positional-Parameters">3.4.1 Positional Parameters</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Special-Parameters-1" href="#Special-Parameters">3.4.2 Special Parameters</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Shell-Expansions-1" href="#Shell-Expansions">3.5 Shell Expansions</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Brace-Expansion-1" href="#Brace-Expansion">3.5.1 Brace Expansion</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Tilde-Expansion-1" href="#Tilde-Expansion">3.5.2 Tilde Expansion</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Shell-Parameter-Expansion-1" href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Command-Substitution-1" href="#Command-Substitution">3.5.4 Command Substitution</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Arithmetic-Expansion-1" href="#Arithmetic-Expansion">3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Process-Substitution-1" href="#Process-Substitution">3.5.6 Process Substitution</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Word-Splitting-1" href="#Word-Splitting">3.5.7 Word Splitting</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Filename-Expansion-1" href="#Filename-Expansion">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Pattern-Matching-1" href="#Pattern-Matching">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Quote-Removal-1" href="#Quote-Removal">3.5.9 Quote Removal</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Redirections-1" href="#Redirections">3.6 Redirections</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Redirecting-Input" href="#Redirecting-Input">3.6.1 Redirecting Input</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Redirecting-Output" href="#Redirecting-Output">3.6.2 Redirecting Output</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Appending-Redirected-Output" href="#Appending-Redirected-Output">3.6.3 Appending Redirected Output</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Redirecting-Standard-Output-and-Standard-Error" href="#Redirecting-Standard-Output-and-Standard-Error">3.6.4 Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Appending-Standard-Output-and-Standard-Error" href="#Appending-Standard-Output-and-Standard-Error">3.6.5 Appending Standard Output and Standard Error</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Here-Documents" href="#Here-Documents">3.6.6 Here Documents</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Here-Strings" href="#Here-Strings">3.6.7 Here Strings</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Duplicating-File-Descriptors" href="#Duplicating-File-Descriptors">3.6.8 Duplicating File Descriptors</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Moving-File-Descriptors" href="#Moving-File-Descriptors">3.6.9 Moving File Descriptors</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Opening-File-Descriptors-for-Reading-and-Writing" href="#Opening-File-Descriptors-for-Reading-and-Writing">3.6.10 Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Executing-Commands-1" href="#Executing-Commands">3.7 Executing Commands</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Simple-Command-Expansion-1" href="#Simple-Command-Expansion">3.7.1 Simple Command Expansion</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Command-Search-and-Execution-1" href="#Command-Search-and-Execution">3.7.2 Command Search and Execution</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Command-Execution-Environment-1" href="#Command-Execution-Environment">3.7.3 Command Execution Environment</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Environment-1" href="#Environment">3.7.4 Environment</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Exit-Status-1" href="#Exit-Status">3.7.5 Exit Status</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Signals-1" href="#Signals">3.7.6 Signals</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Shell-Scripts-1" href="#Shell-Scripts">3.8 Shell Scripts</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Shell-Builtin-Commands-1" href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands">4 Shell Builtin Commands</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Bourne-Shell-Builtins-1" href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Bash-Builtin-Commands" href="#Bash-Builtins">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Modifying-Shell-Behavior-1" href="#Modifying-Shell-Behavior">4.3 Modifying Shell Behavior</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-The-Set-Builtin-1" href="#The-Set-Builtin">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-The-Shopt-Builtin-1" href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Special-Builtins-1" href="#Special-Builtins">4.4 Special Builtins</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Shell-Variables-1" href="#Shell-Variables">5 Shell Variables</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Bourne-Shell-Variables-1" href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Bash-Variables-1" href="#Bash-Variables">5.2 Bash Variables</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Bash-Features-2" href="#Bash-Features">6 Bash Features</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Invoking-Bash-1" href="#Invoking-Bash">6.1 Invoking Bash</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Bash-Startup-Files-1" href="#Bash-Startup-Files">6.2 Bash Startup Files</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Interactive-Shells-1" href="#Interactive-Shells">6.3 Interactive Shells</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-What-is-an-Interactive-Shell_003f-1" href="#What-is-an-Interactive-Shell_003f">6.3.1 What is an Interactive Shell?</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Is-this-Shell-Interactive_003f-1" href="#Is-this-Shell-Interactive_003f">6.3.2 Is this Shell Interactive?</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Interactive-Shell-Behavior-1" href="#Interactive-Shell-Behavior">6.3.3 Interactive Shell Behavior</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Bash-Conditional-Expressions-1" href="#Bash-Conditional-Expressions">6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Shell-Arithmetic-1" href="#Shell-Arithmetic">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Aliases-1" href="#Aliases">6.6 Aliases</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Arrays-1" href="#Arrays">6.7 Arrays</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-The-Directory-Stack-1" href="#The-Directory-Stack">6.8 The Directory Stack</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Directory-Stack-Builtins-1" href="#Directory-Stack-Builtins">6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Controlling-the-Prompt-1" href="#Controlling-the-Prompt">6.9 Controlling the Prompt</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-The-Restricted-Shell-1" href="#The-Restricted-Shell">6.10 The Restricted Shell</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Bash-POSIX-Mode-1" href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Job-Control-1" href="#Job-Control">7 Job Control</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Job-Control-Basics-1" href="#Job-Control-Basics">7.1 Job Control Basics</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Job-Control-Builtins-1" href="#Job-Control-Builtins">7.2 Job Control Builtins</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Job-Control-Variables-1" href="#Job-Control-Variables">7.3 Job Control Variables</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Command-Line-Editing-1" href="#Command-Line-Editing">8 Command Line Editing</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Introduction-to-Line-Editing" href="#Introduction-and-Notation">8.1 Introduction to Line Editing</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Readline-Interaction-1" href="#Readline-Interaction">8.2 Readline Interaction</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Readline-Bare-Essentials-1" href="#Readline-Bare-Essentials">8.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Readline-Movement-Commands-1" href="#Readline-Movement-Commands">8.2.2 Readline Movement Commands</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Readline-Killing-Commands-1" href="#Readline-Killing-Commands">8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Readline-Arguments-1" href="#Readline-Arguments">8.2.4 Readline Arguments</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Searching-for-Commands-in-the-History" href="#Searching">8.2.5 Searching for Commands in the History</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Readline-Init-File-1" href="#Readline-Init-File">8.3 Readline Init File</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Readline-Init-File-Syntax-1" href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Conditional-Init-Constructs-1" href="#Conditional-Init-Constructs">8.3.2 Conditional Init Constructs</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Sample-Init-File-1" href="#Sample-Init-File">8.3.3 Sample Init File</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Bindable-Readline-Commands-1" href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands">8.4 Bindable Readline Commands</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Commands-For-Moving-1" href="#Commands-For-Moving">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Commands-For-Manipulating-The-History" href="#Commands-For-History">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Commands-For-Changing-Text" href="#Commands-For-Text">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Killing-And-Yanking" href="#Commands-For-Killing">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Specifying-Numeric-Arguments" href="#Numeric-Arguments">8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Letting-Readline-Type-For-You" href="#Commands-For-Completion">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Keyboard-Macros-1" href="#Keyboard-Macros">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Some-Miscellaneous-Commands" href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Readline-vi-Mode-1" href="#Readline-vi-Mode">8.5 Readline vi Mode</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Programmable-Completion-1" href="#Programmable-Completion">8.6 Programmable Completion</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Programmable-Completion-Builtins-1" href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-A-Programmable-Completion-Example-1" href="#A-Programmable-Completion-Example">8.8 A Programmable Completion Example</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Using-History-Interactively-1" href="#Using-History-Interactively">9 Using History Interactively</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Bash-History-Facilities-1" href="#Bash-History-Facilities">9.1 Bash History Facilities</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Bash-History-Builtins-1" href="#Bash-History-Builtins">9.2 Bash History Builtins</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-History-Expansion" href="#History-Interaction">9.3 History Expansion</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Event-Designators-1" href="#Event-Designators">9.3.1 Event Designators</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Word-Designators-1" href="#Word-Designators">9.3.2 Word Designators</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Modifiers-1" href="#Modifiers">9.3.3 Modifiers</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Installing-Bash-1" href="#Installing-Bash">10 Installing Bash</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Basic-Installation-1" href="#Basic-Installation">10.1 Basic Installation</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Compilers-and-Options-1" href="#Compilers-and-Options">10.2 Compilers and Options</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Compiling-For-Multiple-Architectures-1" href="#Compiling-For-Multiple-Architectures">10.3 Compiling For Multiple Architectures</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Installation-Names-1" href="#Installation-Names">10.4 Installation Names</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Specifying-the-System-Type-1" href="#Specifying-the-System-Type">10.5 Specifying the System Type</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Sharing-Defaults-1" href="#Sharing-Defaults">10.6 Sharing Defaults</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Operation-Controls-1" href="#Operation-Controls">10.7 Operation Controls</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Optional-Features-1" href="#Optional-Features">10.8 Optional Features</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Reporting-Bugs-1" href="#Reporting-Bugs">Appendix A Reporting Bugs</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Major-Differences-From-The-Bourne-Shell-1" href="#Major-Differences-From-The-Bourne-Shell">Appendix B Major Differences From The Bourne Shell</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Implementation-Differences-From-The-SVR4_002e2-Shell" href="#Implementation-Differences-From-The-SVR4_002e2-Shell">B.1 Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-GNU-Free-Documentation-License-1" href="#GNU-Free-Documentation-License">Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Indexes-1" href="#Indexes">Appendix D Indexes</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-Index-of-Shell-Builtin-Commands" href="#Builtin-Index">D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Index-of-Shell-Reserved-Words" href="#Reserved-Word-Index">D.2 Index of Shell Reserved Words</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Parameter-and-Variable-Index" href="#Variable-Index">D.3 Parameter and Variable Index</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Function-Index-1" href="#Function-Index">D.4 Function Index</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Concept-Index-1" href="#Concept-Index">D.5 Concept Index</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+
+<a name="Top"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="n" rel="next">Introduction</a>, Previous: <a href="dir.html#Top" accesskey="p" rel="prev">(dir)</a>, Up: <a href="dir.html#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">(dir)</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Bash-Features-1"></a>
+<h1 class="top">Bash Features</h1>
+
+<p>This text is a brief description of the features that are present in
+the Bash shell (version 5.0, 7 December 2018).
+The Bash home page is <a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/">http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/</a>.
+</p>
+<p>This is Edition 5.0, last updated 7 December 2018,
+of <cite>The GNU Bash Reference Manual</cite>,
+for <code>Bash</code>, Version 5.0.
+</p>
+<p>Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some
+features that only appear in Bash. Some of the shells that Bash has
+borrowed concepts from are the Bourne Shell (<samp>sh</samp>), the Korn Shell
+(<samp>ksh</samp>), and the C-shell (<samp>csh</samp> and its successor,
+<samp>tcsh</samp>). The following menu breaks the features up into
+categories, noting which features were inspired by other shells and
+which are specific to Bash.
+</p>
+<p>This manual is meant as a brief introduction to features found in
+Bash. The Bash manual page should be used as the definitive
+reference on shell behavior.
+</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="1">Introduction</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">An introduction to the shell.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="2">Definitions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Some definitions used in the rest of this
+ manual.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="3">Basic Shell Features</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The shell &quot;building blocks&quot;.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands" accesskey="4">Shell Builtin Commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Commands that are a part of the shell.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Shell-Variables" accesskey="5">Shell Variables</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Variables used or set by Bash.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="6">Bash Features</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Features found only in Bash.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Job-Control" accesskey="7">Job Control</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">What job control is and how Bash allows you
+ to use it.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="8">Command Line Editing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Chapter describing the command line
+ editing features.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Using-History-Interactively" accesskey="9">Using History Interactively</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Command History Expansion
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Installing-Bash">Installing Bash</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to build and install Bash on your system.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Reporting-Bugs">Reporting Bugs</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to report bugs in Bash.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Major-Differences-From-The-Bourne-Shell">Major Differences From The Bourne Shell</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">A terse list of the differences
+ between Bash and historical
+ versions of /bin/sh.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#GNU-Free-Documentation-License">GNU Free Documentation License</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Copying and sharing this documentation.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Various indexes for this manual.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Introduction"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Definitions</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Introduction-1"></a>
+<h2 class="chapter">1 Introduction</h2>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#What-is-Bash_003f" accesskey="1">What is Bash?</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">A short description of Bash.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#What-is-a-shell_003f" accesskey="2">What is a shell?</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">A brief introduction to shells.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="What-is-Bash_003f"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#What-is-a-shell_003f" accesskey="n" rel="next">What is a shell?</a>, Up: <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Introduction</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="What-is-Bash_003f-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">1.1 What is Bash?</h3>
+
+<p>Bash is the shell, or command language interpreter,
+for the <small>GNU</small> operating system.
+The name is an acronym for the &lsquo;<samp>Bourne-Again SHell</samp>&rsquo;,
+a pun on Stephen Bourne, the author of the direct ancestor of
+the current Unix shell <code>sh</code>,
+which appeared in the Seventh Edition Bell Labs Research version
+of Unix.
+</p>
+<p>Bash is largely compatible with <code>sh</code> and incorporates useful
+features from the Korn shell <code>ksh</code> and the C shell <code>csh</code>.
+It is intended to be a conformant implementation of the <small>IEEE</small>
+<small>POSIX</small> Shell and Tools portion of the <small>IEEE</small> <small>POSIX</small>
+specification (<small>IEEE</small> Standard 1003.1).
+It offers functional improvements over <code>sh</code> for both interactive and
+programming use.
+</p>
+<p>While the <small>GNU</small> operating system provides other shells, including
+a version of <code>csh</code>, Bash is the default shell.
+Like other <small>GNU</small> software, Bash is quite portable. It currently runs
+on nearly every version of Unix and a few other operating systems -
+independently-supported ports exist for <small>MS-DOS</small>, <small>OS/2</small>,
+and Windows platforms.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="What-is-a-shell_003f"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#What-is-Bash_003f" accesskey="p" rel="prev">What is Bash?</a>, Up: <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Introduction</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="What-is-a-shell_003f-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">1.2 What is a shell?</h3>
+
+<p>At its base, a shell is simply a macro processor that executes
+commands. The term macro processor means functionality where text
+and symbols are expanded to create larger expressions.
+</p>
+<p>A Unix shell is both a command interpreter and a programming
+language. As a command interpreter, the shell provides the user
+interface to the rich set of <small>GNU</small> utilities. The programming
+language features allow these utilities to be combined.
+Files containing commands can be created, and become
+commands themselves. These new commands have the same status as
+system commands in directories such as <samp>/bin</samp>, allowing users
+or groups to establish custom environments to automate their common
+tasks.
+</p>
+<p>Shells may be used interactively or non-interactively. In
+interactive mode, they accept input typed from the keyboard.
+When executing non-interactively, shells execute commands read
+from a file.
+</p>
+<p>A shell allows execution of <small>GNU</small> commands, both synchronously and
+asynchronously.
+The shell waits for synchronous commands to complete before accepting
+more input; asynchronous commands continue to execute in parallel
+with the shell while it reads and executes additional commands.
+The <em>redirection</em> constructs permit
+fine-grained control of the input and output of those commands.
+Moreover, the shell allows control over the contents of commands&rsquo;
+environments.
+</p>
+<p>Shells also provide a small set of built-in
+commands (<em>builtins</em>) implementing functionality impossible
+or inconvenient to obtain via separate utilities.
+For example, <code>cd</code>, <code>break</code>, <code>continue</code>, and
+<code>exec</code> cannot be implemented outside of the shell because
+they directly manipulate the shell itself.
+The <code>history</code>, <code>getopts</code>, <code>kill</code>, or <code>pwd</code>
+builtins, among others, could be implemented in separate utilities,
+but they are more convenient to use as builtin commands.
+All of the shell builtins are described in
+subsequent sections.
+</p>
+<p>While executing commands is essential, most of the power (and
+complexity) of shells is due to their embedded programming
+languages. Like any high-level language, the shell provides
+variables, flow control constructs, quoting, and functions.
+</p>
+<p>Shells offer features geared specifically for
+interactive use rather than to augment the programming language.
+These interactive features include job control, command line
+editing, command history and aliases. Each of these features is
+described in this manual.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Definitions"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="n" rel="next">Basic Shell Features</a>, Previous: <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Introduction</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Definitions-1"></a>
+<h2 class="chapter">2 Definitions</h2>
+<p>These definitions are used throughout the remainder of this manual.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>POSIX</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-POSIX"></a>
+<p>A family of open system standards based on Unix. Bash
+is primarily concerned with the Shell and Utilities portion of the
+<small>POSIX</small> 1003.1 standard.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>blank</code></dt>
+<dd><p>A space or tab character.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>builtin</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-builtin-1"></a>
+<p>A command that is implemented internally by the shell itself, rather
+than by an executable program somewhere in the file system.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>control operator</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-control-operator"></a>
+<p>A <code>token</code> that performs a control function. It is a <code>newline</code>
+or one of the following:
+&lsquo;<samp>||</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>&amp;&amp;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>;;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>;&amp;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>;;&amp;</samp>&rsquo;,
+&lsquo;<samp>|</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>|&amp;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>(</samp>&rsquo;, or &lsquo;<samp>)</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>exit status</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-exit-status"></a>
+<p>The value returned by a command to its caller. The value is restricted
+to eight bits, so the maximum value is 255.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>field</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-field"></a>
+<p>A unit of text that is the result of one of the shell expansions. After
+expansion, when executing a command, the resulting fields are used as
+the command name and arguments.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>filename</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-filename"></a>
+<p>A string of characters used to identify a file.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>job</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-job"></a>
+<p>A set of processes comprising a pipeline, and any processes descended
+from it, that are all in the same process group.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>job control</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-job-control"></a>
+<p>A mechanism by which users can selectively stop (suspend) and restart
+(resume) execution of processes.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>metacharacter</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-metacharacter"></a>
+<p>A character that, when unquoted, separates words. A metacharacter is
+a <code>space</code>, <code>tab</code>, <code>newline</code>, or one of the following characters:
+&lsquo;<samp>|</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>(</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>)</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>&lt;</samp>&rsquo;, or
+&lsquo;<samp>&gt;</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>name</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-name"></a>
+<a name="index-identifier"></a>
+<p>A <code>word</code> consisting solely of letters, numbers, and underscores,
+and beginning with a letter or underscore. <code>Name</code>s are used as
+shell variable and function names.
+Also referred to as an <code>identifier</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>operator</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-operator_002c-shell"></a>
+<p>A <code>control operator</code> or a <code>redirection operator</code>.
+See <a href="#Redirections">Redirections</a>, for a list of redirection operators.
+Operators contain at least one unquoted <code>metacharacter</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>process group</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-process-group"></a>
+<p>A collection of related processes each having the same process
+group <small>ID</small>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>process group ID</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-process-group-ID"></a>
+<p>A unique identifier that represents a <code>process group</code>
+during its lifetime.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>reserved word</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-reserved-word"></a>
+<p>A <code>word</code> that has a special meaning to the shell. Most reserved
+words introduce shell flow control constructs, such as <code>for</code> and
+<code>while</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>return status</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-return-status"></a>
+<p>A synonym for <code>exit status</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>signal</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-signal"></a>
+<p>A mechanism by which a process may be notified by the kernel
+of an event occurring in the system.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>special builtin</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-special-builtin"></a>
+<p>A shell builtin command that has been classified as special by the
+<small>POSIX</small> standard.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>token</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-token"></a>
+<p>A sequence of characters considered a single unit by the shell.
+It is either a <code>word</code> or an <code>operator</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>word</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-word"></a>
+<p>A sequence of characters treated as a unit by the shell.
+Words may not include unquoted <code>metacharacters</code>.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Basic-Shell-Features"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Builtin Commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Definitions</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Basic-Shell-Features-1"></a>
+<h2 class="chapter">3 Basic Shell Features</h2>
+<a name="index-Bourne-shell"></a>
+
+<p>Bash is an acronym for &lsquo;<samp>Bourne-Again SHell</samp>&rsquo;.
+The Bourne shell is
+the traditional Unix shell originally written by Stephen Bourne.
+All of the Bourne shell builtin commands are available in Bash,
+The rules for evaluation and quoting are taken from the <small>POSIX</small>
+specification for the &lsquo;standard&rsquo; Unix shell.
+</p>
+<p>This chapter briefly summarizes the shell&rsquo;s &lsquo;building blocks&rsquo;:
+commands, control structures, shell functions, shell <i>parameters</i>,
+shell expansions,
+<i>redirections</i>, which are a way to direct input and output from
+and to named files, and how the shell executes commands.
+</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Shell-Syntax" accesskey="1">Shell Syntax</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">What your input means to the shell.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="2">Shell Commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The types of commands you can use.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Shell-Functions" accesskey="3">Shell Functions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Grouping commands by name.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Shell-Parameters" accesskey="4">Shell Parameters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How the shell stores values.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="5">Shell Expansions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How Bash expands parameters and the various
+ expansions available.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Redirections" accesskey="6">Redirections</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">A way to control where input and output go.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Executing-Commands" accesskey="7">Executing Commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">What happens when you run a command.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Shell-Scripts" accesskey="8">Shell Scripts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Executing files of shell commands.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Shell-Syntax"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Basic Shell Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Shell-Syntax-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">3.1 Shell Syntax</h3>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Shell-Operation" accesskey="1">Shell Operation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The basic operation of the shell.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Quoting" accesskey="2">Quoting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to remove the special meaning from characters.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Comments" accesskey="3">Comments</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to specify comments.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>When the shell reads input, it proceeds through a
+sequence of operations. If the input indicates the beginning of a
+comment, the shell ignores the comment symbol (&lsquo;<samp>#</samp>&rsquo;), and the rest
+of that line.
+</p>
+<p>Otherwise, roughly speaking, the shell reads its input and
+divides the input into words and operators, employing the quoting rules
+to select which meanings to assign various words and characters.
+</p>
+<p>The shell then parses these tokens into commands and other constructs,
+removes the special meaning of certain words or characters, expands
+others, redirects input and output as needed, executes the specified
+command, waits for the command&rsquo;s exit status, and makes that exit status
+available for further inspection or processing.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Shell-Operation"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Quoting" accesskey="n" rel="next">Quoting</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Syntax" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Syntax</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Shell-Operation-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.1.1 Shell Operation</h4>
+
+<p>The following is a brief description of the shell&rsquo;s operation when it
+reads and executes a command. Basically, the shell does the
+following:
+</p>
+<ol>
+<li> Reads its input from a file (see <a href="#Shell-Scripts">Shell Scripts</a>), from a string
+supplied as an argument to the <samp>-c</samp> invocation option
+(see <a href="#Invoking-Bash">Invoking Bash</a>), or from the user&rsquo;s terminal.
+
+</li><li> Breaks the input into words and operators, obeying the quoting rules
+described in <a href="#Quoting">Quoting</a>. These tokens are separated by
+<code>metacharacters</code>. Alias expansion is performed by this step
+(see <a href="#Aliases">Aliases</a>).
+
+</li><li> Parses the tokens into simple and compound commands
+(see <a href="#Shell-Commands">Shell Commands</a>).
+
+</li><li> Performs the various shell expansions (see <a href="#Shell-Expansions">Shell Expansions</a>), breaking
+the expanded tokens into lists of filenames (see <a href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a>)
+and commands and arguments.
+
+</li><li> Performs any necessary redirections (see <a href="#Redirections">Redirections</a>) and removes
+the redirection operators and their operands from the argument list.
+
+</li><li> Executes the command (see <a href="#Executing-Commands">Executing Commands</a>).
+
+</li><li> Optionally waits for the command to complete and collects its exit
+status (see <a href="#Exit-Status">Exit Status</a>).
+
+</li></ol>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Quoting"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Comments" accesskey="n" rel="next">Comments</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Operation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Operation</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Syntax" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Syntax</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Quoting-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.1.2 Quoting</h4>
+<a name="index-quoting"></a>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Escape-Character" accesskey="1">Escape Character</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to remove the special meaning from a single
+ character.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Single-Quotes" accesskey="2">Single Quotes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to inhibit all interpretation of a sequence
+ of characters.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Double-Quotes" accesskey="3">Double Quotes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to suppress most of the interpretation of a
+ sequence of characters.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#ANSI_002dC-Quoting" accesskey="4">ANSI-C Quoting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to expand ANSI-C sequences in quoted strings.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Locale-Translation" accesskey="5">Locale Translation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to translate strings into different languages.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Quoting is used to remove the special meaning of certain
+characters or words to the shell. Quoting can be used to
+disable special treatment for special characters, to prevent
+reserved words from being recognized as such, and to prevent
+parameter expansion.
+</p>
+<p>Each of the shell metacharacters (see <a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a>)
+has special meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to
+represent itself.
+When the command history expansion facilities are being used
+(see <a href="#History-Interaction">History Interaction</a>), the
+<var>history expansion</var> character, usually &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo;, must be quoted
+to prevent history expansion. See <a href="#Bash-History-Facilities">Bash History Facilities</a>, for
+more details concerning history expansion.
+</p>
+<p>There are three quoting mechanisms: the
+<var>escape character</var>, single quotes, and double quotes.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Escape-Character"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Single-Quotes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Single Quotes</a>, Up: <a href="#Quoting" accesskey="u" rel="up">Quoting</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Escape-Character-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsubsection">3.1.2.1 Escape Character</h4>
+<p>A non-quoted backslash &lsquo;<samp>\</samp>&rsquo; is the Bash escape character.
+It preserves the literal value of the next character that follows,
+with the exception of <code>newline</code>. If a <code>\newline</code> pair
+appears, and the backslash itself is not quoted, the <code>\newline</code>
+is treated as a line continuation (that is, it is removed from
+the input stream and effectively ignored).
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Single-Quotes"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Double-Quotes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Double Quotes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Escape-Character" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Escape Character</a>, Up: <a href="#Quoting" accesskey="u" rel="up">Quoting</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Single-Quotes-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsubsection">3.1.2.2 Single Quotes</h4>
+
+<p>Enclosing characters in single quotes (&lsquo;<samp>'</samp>&rsquo;) preserves the literal value
+of each character within the quotes. A single quote may not occur
+between single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Double-Quotes"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#ANSI_002dC-Quoting" accesskey="n" rel="next">ANSI-C Quoting</a>, Previous: <a href="#Single-Quotes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Single Quotes</a>, Up: <a href="#Quoting" accesskey="u" rel="up">Quoting</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Double-Quotes-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsubsection">3.1.2.3 Double Quotes</h4>
+
+<p>Enclosing characters in double quotes (&lsquo;<samp>&quot;</samp>&rsquo;) preserves the literal value
+of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of
+&lsquo;<samp>$</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>`</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>\</samp>&rsquo;,
+and, when history expansion is enabled, &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo;.
+When the shell is in
+<small>POSIX</small> mode (see <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>),
+the &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo; has no special meaning
+within double quotes, even when history expansion is enabled.
+The characters &lsquo;<samp>$</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>`</samp>&rsquo;
+retain their special meaning within double quotes (see <a href="#Shell-Expansions">Shell Expansions</a>).
+The backslash retains its special meaning only when followed by one of
+the following characters:
+&lsquo;<samp>$</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>`</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>&quot;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>\</samp>&rsquo;, or <code>newline</code>.
+Within double quotes, backslashes that are followed by one of these
+characters are removed. Backslashes preceding characters without a
+special meaning are left unmodified.
+A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with
+a backslash.
+If enabled, history expansion will be performed unless an &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo;
+appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash.
+The backslash preceding the &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo; is not removed.
+</p>
+<p>The special parameters &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; have special meaning
+when in double quotes (see <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>).
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="ANSI_002dC-Quoting"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Locale-Translation" accesskey="n" rel="next">Locale Translation</a>, Previous: <a href="#Double-Quotes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Double Quotes</a>, Up: <a href="#Quoting" accesskey="u" rel="up">Quoting</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="ANSI_002dC-Quoting-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsubsection">3.1.2.4 ANSI-C Quoting</h4>
+<a name="index-quoting_002c-ANSI"></a>
+
+<p>Words of the form <code>$'<var>string</var>'</code> are treated specially. The
+word expands to <var>string</var>, with backslash-escaped characters replaced
+as specified by the ANSI C standard. Backslash escape sequences, if
+present, are decoded as follows:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>\a</code></dt>
+<dd><p>alert (bell)
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\b</code></dt>
+<dd><p>backspace
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\e</code></dt>
+<dt><code>\E</code></dt>
+<dd><p>an escape character (not ANSI C)
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\f</code></dt>
+<dd><p>form feed
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\n</code></dt>
+<dd><p>newline
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\r</code></dt>
+<dd><p>carriage return
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\t</code></dt>
+<dd><p>horizontal tab
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\v</code></dt>
+<dd><p>vertical tab
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\\</code></dt>
+<dd><p>backslash
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\'</code></dt>
+<dd><p>single quote
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\&quot;</code></dt>
+<dd><p>double quote
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\?</code></dt>
+<dd><p>question mark
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\<var>nnn</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value <var>nnn</var>
+(one to three octal digits)
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\x<var>HH</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value <var>HH</var>
+(one or two hex digits)
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\u<var>HHHH</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+<var>HHHH</var> (one to four hex digits)
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\U<var>HHHHHHHH</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+<var>HHHHHHHH</var> (one to eight hex digits)
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\c<var>x</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>a control-<var>x</var> character
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not
+been present.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Locale-Translation"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#ANSI_002dC-Quoting" accesskey="p" rel="prev">ANSI-C Quoting</a>, Up: <a href="#Quoting" accesskey="u" rel="up">Quoting</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Locale_002dSpecific-Translation"></a>
+<h4 class="subsubsection">3.1.2.5 Locale-Specific Translation</h4>
+<a name="index-localization"></a>
+<a name="index-internationalization"></a>
+<a name="index-native-languages"></a>
+<a name="index-translation_002c-native-languages"></a>
+
+<p>A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign (&lsquo;<samp>$</samp>&rsquo;) will cause
+the string to be translated according to the current locale.
+If the current locale is <code>C</code> or <code>POSIX</code>, the dollar sign
+is ignored.
+If the string is translated and replaced, the replacement is
+double-quoted.
+</p>
+<a name="index-LC_005fMESSAGES"></a>
+<a name="index-TEXTDOMAIN"></a>
+<a name="index-TEXTDOMAINDIR"></a>
+<p>Some systems use the message catalog selected by the <code>LC_MESSAGES</code>
+shell variable. Others create the name of the message catalog from the
+value of the <code>TEXTDOMAIN</code> shell variable, possibly adding a
+suffix of &lsquo;<samp>.mo</samp>&rsquo;. If you use the <code>TEXTDOMAIN</code> variable, you
+may need to set the <code>TEXTDOMAINDIR</code> variable to the location of
+the message catalog files. Still others use both variables in this
+fashion:
+<code>TEXTDOMAINDIR</code>/<code>LC_MESSAGES</code>/LC_MESSAGES/<code>TEXTDOMAIN</code>.mo.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Comments"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Quoting" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Quoting</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Syntax" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Syntax</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Comments-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.1.3 Comments</h4>
+<a name="index-comments_002c-shell"></a>
+
+<p>In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the
+<code>interactive_comments</code> option to the <code>shopt</code>
+builtin is enabled (see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>),
+a word beginning with &lsquo;<samp>#</samp>&rsquo;
+causes that word and all remaining characters on that line to
+be ignored. An interactive shell without the <code>interactive_comments</code>
+option enabled does not allow comments. The <code>interactive_comments</code>
+option is on by default in interactive shells.
+See <a href="#Interactive-Shells">Interactive Shells</a>, for a description of what makes
+a shell interactive.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Shell-Commands"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Shell-Functions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Functions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Syntax" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Syntax</a>, Up: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Basic Shell Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Shell-Commands-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">3.2 Shell Commands</h3>
+<a name="index-commands_002c-shell"></a>
+
+<p>A simple shell command such as <code>echo a b c</code> consists of the command
+itself followed by arguments, separated by spaces.
+</p>
+<p>More complex shell commands are composed of simple commands arranged together
+in a variety of ways: in a pipeline in which the output of one command
+becomes the input of a second, in a loop or conditional construct, or in
+some other grouping.
+</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Simple-Commands" accesskey="1">Simple Commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The most common type of command.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Pipelines" accesskey="2">Pipelines</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Connecting the input and output of several
+ commands.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Lists" accesskey="3">Lists</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to execute commands sequentially.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Compound-Commands" accesskey="4">Compound Commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Shell commands for control flow.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Coprocesses" accesskey="5">Coprocesses</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Two-way communication between commands.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#GNU-Parallel" accesskey="6">GNU Parallel</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Running commands in parallel.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Simple-Commands"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Pipelines" accesskey="n" rel="next">Pipelines</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Simple-Commands-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.2.1 Simple Commands</h4>
+<a name="index-commands_002c-simple"></a>
+
+<p>A simple command is the kind of command encountered most often.
+It&rsquo;s just a sequence of words separated by <code>blank</code>s, terminated
+by one of the shell&rsquo;s control operators (see <a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a>). The
+first word generally specifies a command to be executed, with the
+rest of the words being that command&rsquo;s arguments.
+</p>
+<p>The return status (see <a href="#Exit-Status">Exit Status</a>) of a simple command is
+its exit status as provided
+by the <small>POSIX</small> 1003.1 <code>waitpid</code> function, or 128+<var>n</var> if
+the command was terminated by signal <var>n</var>.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Pipelines"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Lists" accesskey="n" rel="next">Lists</a>, Previous: <a href="#Simple-Commands" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Simple Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Pipelines-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.2.2 Pipelines</h4>
+<a name="index-pipeline"></a>
+<a name="index-commands_002c-pipelines"></a>
+
+<p>A <code>pipeline</code> is a sequence of one or more commands separated by
+one of the control operators &lsquo;<samp>|</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>|&amp;</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<a name="index-time"></a>
+<a name="index-_0021"></a>
+<a name="index-command-timing"></a>
+<p>The format for a pipeline is
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">[time [-p]] [!] <var>command1</var> [ | or |&amp; <var>command2</var> ] &hellip;
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The output of each command in the pipeline is connected via a pipe
+to the input of the next command.
+That is, each command reads the previous command&rsquo;s output. This
+connection is performed before any redirections specified by the
+command.
+</p>
+<p>If &lsquo;<samp>|&amp;</samp>&rsquo; is used, <var>command1</var>&rsquo;s standard error, in addition to
+its standard output, is connected to
+<var>command2</var>&rsquo;s standard input through the pipe;
+it is shorthand for <code>2&gt;&amp;1 |</code>.
+This implicit redirection of the standard error to the standard output is
+performed after any redirections specified by the command.
+</p>
+<p>The reserved word <code>time</code> causes timing statistics
+to be printed for the pipeline once it finishes.
+The statistics currently consist of elapsed (wall-clock) time and
+user and system time consumed by the command&rsquo;s execution.
+The <samp>-p</samp> option changes the output format to that specified
+by <small>POSIX</small>.
+When the shell is in <small>POSIX</small> mode (see <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>),
+it does not recognize <code>time</code> as a reserved word if the next
+token begins with a &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;.
+The <code>TIMEFORMAT</code> variable may be set to a format string that
+specifies how the timing information should be displayed.
+See <a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>, for a description of the available formats.
+The use of <code>time</code> as a reserved word permits the timing of
+shell builtins, shell functions, and pipelines. An external
+<code>time</code> command cannot time these easily.
+</p>
+<p>When the shell is in <small>POSIX</small> mode (see <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>), <code>time</code>
+may be followed by a newline. In this case, the shell displays the
+total user and system time consumed by the shell and its children.
+The <code>TIMEFORMAT</code> variable may be used to specify the format of
+the time information.
+</p>
+<p>If the pipeline is not executed asynchronously (see <a href="#Lists">Lists</a>), the
+shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to complete.
+</p>
+<p>Each command in a pipeline is executed in its own subshell, which is a
+separate process (see <a href="#Command-Execution-Environment">Command Execution Environment</a>).
+If the <code>lastpipe</code> option is enabled using the <code>shopt</code> builtin
+(see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>),
+the last element of a pipeline may be run by the shell process.
+</p>
+<p>The exit
+status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last command in the
+pipeline, unless the <code>pipefail</code> option is enabled
+(see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
+If <code>pipefail</code> is enabled, the pipeline&rsquo;s return status is the
+value of the last (rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero status,
+or zero if all commands exit successfully.
+If the reserved word &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo; precedes the pipeline, the
+exit status is the logical negation of the exit status as described
+above.
+The shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to terminate before
+returning a value.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Lists"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Compound-Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Compound Commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#Pipelines" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Pipelines</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Lists-of-Commands"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.2.3 Lists of Commands</h4>
+<a name="index-commands_002c-lists"></a>
+
+<p>A <code>list</code> is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one
+of the operators &lsquo;<samp>;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>&amp;&amp;</samp>&rsquo;, or &lsquo;<samp>||</samp>&rsquo;,
+and optionally terminated by one of &lsquo;<samp>;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo;, or a
+<code>newline</code>.
+</p>
+<p>Of these list operators, &lsquo;<samp>&amp;&amp;</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>||</samp>&rsquo;
+have equal precedence, followed by &lsquo;<samp>;</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo;,
+which have equal precedence.
+</p>
+<p>A sequence of one or more newlines may appear in a <code>list</code>
+to delimit commands, equivalent to a semicolon.
+</p>
+<p>If a command is terminated by the control operator &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo;,
+the shell executes the command asynchronously in a subshell.
+This is known as executing the command in the <var>background</var>,
+and these are referred to as <var>asynchronous</var> commands.
+The shell does not wait for the command to finish, and the return
+status is 0 (true).
+When job control is not active (see <a href="#Job-Control">Job Control</a>),
+the standard input for asynchronous commands, in the absence of any
+explicit redirections, is redirected from <code>/dev/null</code>.
+</p>
+<p>Commands separated by a &lsquo;<samp>;</samp>&rsquo; are executed sequentially; the shell
+waits for each command to terminate in turn. The return status is the
+exit status of the last command executed.
+</p>
+<p><small>AND</small> and <small>OR</small> lists are sequences of one or more pipelines
+separated by the control operators &lsquo;<samp>&amp;&amp;</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>||</samp>&rsquo;,
+respectively. <small>AND</small> and <small>OR</small> lists are executed with left
+associativity.
+</p>
+<p>An <small>AND</small> list has the form
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><var>command1</var> &amp;&amp; <var>command2</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p><var>command2</var> is executed if, and only if, <var>command1</var>
+returns an exit status of zero (success).
+</p>
+<p>An <small>OR</small> list has the form
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><var>command1</var> || <var>command2</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p><var>command2</var> is executed if, and only if, <var>command1</var>
+returns a non-zero exit status.
+</p>
+<p>The return status of
+<small>AND</small> and <small>OR</small> lists is the exit status of the last command
+executed in the list.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Compound-Commands"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Coprocesses" accesskey="n" rel="next">Coprocesses</a>, Previous: <a href="#Lists" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Lists</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Compound-Commands-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.2.4 Compound Commands</h4>
+<a name="index-commands_002c-compound"></a>
+
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Looping-Constructs" accesskey="1">Looping Constructs</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Shell commands for iterative action.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Conditional-Constructs" accesskey="2">Conditional Constructs</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Shell commands for conditional execution.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Command-Grouping" accesskey="3">Command Grouping</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Ways to group commands.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Compound commands are the shell programming language constructs.
+Each construct begins with a reserved word or control operator and is
+terminated by a corresponding reserved word or operator.
+Any redirections (see <a href="#Redirections">Redirections</a>) associated with a compound command
+apply to all commands within that compound command unless explicitly overridden.
+</p>
+<p>In most cases a list of commands in a compound command&rsquo;s description may be
+separated from the rest of the command by one or more newlines, and may be
+followed by a newline in place of a semicolon.
+</p>
+<p>Bash provides looping constructs, conditional commands, and mechanisms
+to group commands and execute them as a unit.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Looping-Constructs"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Conditional-Constructs" accesskey="n" rel="next">Conditional Constructs</a>, Up: <a href="#Compound-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Compound Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Looping-Constructs-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsubsection">3.2.4.1 Looping Constructs</h4>
+<a name="index-commands_002c-looping"></a>
+
+<p>Bash supports the following looping constructs.
+</p>
+<p>Note that wherever a &lsquo;<samp>;</samp>&rsquo; appears in the description of a
+command&rsquo;s syntax, it may be replaced with one or more newlines.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>until</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-until"></a>
+<a name="index-do"></a>
+<a name="index-done"></a>
+<p>The syntax of the <code>until</code> command is:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">until <var>test-commands</var>; do <var>consequent-commands</var>; done
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Execute <var>consequent-commands</var> as long as
+<var>test-commands</var> has an exit status which is not zero.
+The return status is the exit status of the last command executed
+in <var>consequent-commands</var>, or zero if none was executed.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>while</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-while"></a>
+<p>The syntax of the <code>while</code> command is:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">while <var>test-commands</var>; do <var>consequent-commands</var>; done
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Execute <var>consequent-commands</var> as long as
+<var>test-commands</var> has an exit status of zero.
+The return status is the exit status of the last command executed
+in <var>consequent-commands</var>, or zero if none was executed.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>for</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-for"></a>
+<p>The syntax of the <code>for</code> command is:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">for <var>name</var> [ [in [<var>words</var> &hellip;] ] ; ] do <var>commands</var>; done
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Expand <var>words</var> (see <a href="#Shell-Expansions">Shell Expansions</a>), and execute <var>commands</var>
+once for each member
+in the resultant list, with <var>name</var> bound to the current member.
+If &lsquo;<samp>in <var>words</var></samp>&rsquo; is not present, the <code>for</code> command
+executes the <var>commands</var> once for each positional parameter that is
+set, as if &lsquo;<samp>in &quot;$@&quot;</samp>&rsquo; had been specified
+(see <a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a>).
+</p>
+<p>The return status is the exit status of the last command that executes.
+If there are no items in the expansion of <var>words</var>, no commands are
+executed, and the return status is zero.
+</p>
+<p>An alternate form of the <code>for</code> command is also supported:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">for (( <var>expr1</var> ; <var>expr2</var> ; <var>expr3</var> )) ; do <var>commands</var> ; done
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>First, the arithmetic expression <var>expr1</var> is evaluated according
+to the rules described below (see <a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a>).
+The arithmetic expression <var>expr2</var> is then evaluated repeatedly
+until it evaluates to zero.
+Each time <var>expr2</var> evaluates to a non-zero value, <var>commands</var> are
+executed and the arithmetic expression <var>expr3</var> is evaluated.
+If any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1.
+The return value is the exit status of the last command in <var>commands</var>
+that is executed, or false if any of the expressions is invalid.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>The <code>break</code> and <code>continue</code> builtins (see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>)
+may be used to control loop execution.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Conditional-Constructs"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Command-Grouping" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Grouping</a>, Previous: <a href="#Looping-Constructs" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Looping Constructs</a>, Up: <a href="#Compound-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Compound Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Conditional-Constructs-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsubsection">3.2.4.2 Conditional Constructs</h4>
+<a name="index-commands_002c-conditional"></a>
+
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>if</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-if"></a>
+<a name="index-then"></a>
+<a name="index-else"></a>
+<a name="index-elif"></a>
+<a name="index-fi"></a>
+<p>The syntax of the <code>if</code> command is:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">if <var>test-commands</var>; then
+ <var>consequent-commands</var>;
+[elif <var>more-test-commands</var>; then
+ <var>more-consequents</var>;]
+[else <var>alternate-consequents</var>;]
+fi
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <var>test-commands</var> list is executed, and if its return status is zero,
+the <var>consequent-commands</var> list is executed.
+If <var>test-commands</var> returns a non-zero status, each <code>elif</code> list
+is executed in turn, and if its exit status is zero,
+the corresponding <var>more-consequents</var> is executed and the
+command completes.
+If &lsquo;<samp>else <var>alternate-consequents</var></samp>&rsquo; is present, and
+the final command in the final <code>if</code> or <code>elif</code> clause
+has a non-zero exit status, then <var>alternate-consequents</var> is executed.
+The return status is the exit status of the last command executed, or
+zero if no condition tested true.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>case</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-case"></a>
+<a name="index-in"></a>
+<a name="index-esac"></a>
+<p>The syntax of the <code>case</code> command is:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">case <var>word</var> in
+ [ [(] <var>pattern</var> [| <var>pattern</var>]&hellip;) <var>command-list</var> ;;]&hellip;
+esac
+</pre></div>
+
+<p><code>case</code> will selectively execute the <var>command-list</var> corresponding to
+the first <var>pattern</var> that matches <var>word</var>.
+The match is performed according
+to the rules described below in <a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>.
+If the <code>nocasematch</code> shell option
+(see the description of <code>shopt</code> in <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>)
+is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+of alphabetic characters.
+The &lsquo;<samp>|</samp>&rsquo; is used to separate multiple patterns, and the &lsquo;<samp>)</samp>&rsquo;
+operator terminates a pattern list.
+A list of patterns and an associated command-list is known
+as a <var>clause</var>.
+</p>
+<p>Each clause must be terminated with &lsquo;<samp>;;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>;&amp;</samp>&rsquo;, or &lsquo;<samp>;;&amp;</samp>&rsquo;.
+The <var>word</var> undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command
+substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal
+(see <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>)
+before matching is
+attempted. Each <var>pattern</var> undergoes tilde expansion, parameter
+expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.
+</p>
+<p>There may be an arbitrary number of <code>case</code> clauses, each terminated
+by a &lsquo;<samp>;;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>;&amp;</samp>&rsquo;, or &lsquo;<samp>;;&amp;</samp>&rsquo;.
+The first pattern that matches determines the
+command-list that is executed.
+It&rsquo;s a common idiom to use &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; as the final pattern to define the
+default case, since that pattern will always match.
+</p>
+<p>Here is an example using <code>case</code> in a script that could be used to
+describe one interesting feature of an animal:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">echo -n &quot;Enter the name of an animal: &quot;
+read ANIMAL
+echo -n &quot;The $ANIMAL has &quot;
+case $ANIMAL in
+ horse | dog | cat) echo -n &quot;four&quot;;;
+ man | kangaroo ) echo -n &quot;two&quot;;;
+ *) echo -n &quot;an unknown number of&quot;;;
+esac
+echo &quot; legs.&quot;
+</pre></div>
+
+
+<p>If the &lsquo;<samp>;;</samp>&rsquo; operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempted after
+the first pattern match.
+Using &lsquo;<samp>;&amp;</samp>&rsquo; in place of &lsquo;<samp>;;</samp>&rsquo; causes execution to continue with
+the <var>command-list</var> associated with the next clause, if any.
+Using &lsquo;<samp>;;&amp;</samp>&rsquo; in place of &lsquo;<samp>;;</samp>&rsquo; causes the shell to test the patterns
+in the next clause, if any, and execute any associated <var>command-list</var>
+on a successful match.
+</p>
+<p>The return status is zero if no <var>pattern</var> is matched. Otherwise, the
+return status is the exit status of the <var>command-list</var> executed.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>select</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-select"></a>
+
+<p>The <code>select</code> construct allows the easy generation of menus.
+It has almost the same syntax as the <code>for</code> command:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">select <var>name</var> [in <var>words</var> &hellip;]; do <var>commands</var>; done
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The list of words following <code>in</code> is expanded, generating a list
+of items. The set of expanded words is printed on the standard
+error output stream, each preceded by a number. If the
+&lsquo;<samp>in <var>words</var></samp>&rsquo; is omitted, the positional parameters are printed,
+as if &lsquo;<samp>in &quot;$@&quot;</samp>&rsquo; had been specified.
+The <code>PS3</code> prompt is then displayed and a line is read from the
+standard input.
+If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of the displayed
+words, then the value of <var>name</var> is set to that word.
+If the line is empty, the words and prompt are displayed again.
+If <code>EOF</code> is read, the <code>select</code> command completes.
+Any other value read causes <var>name</var> to be set to null.
+The line read is saved in the variable <code>REPLY</code>.
+</p>
+<p>The <var>commands</var> are executed after each selection until a
+<code>break</code> command is executed, at which
+point the <code>select</code> command completes.
+</p>
+<p>Here is an example that allows the user to pick a filename from the
+current directory, and displays the name and index of the file
+selected.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">select fname in *;
+do
+ echo you picked $fname \($REPLY\)
+ break;
+done
+</pre></div>
+
+</dd>
+<dt><code>((&hellip;))</code></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">(( <var>expression</var> ))
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The arithmetic <var>expression</var> is evaluated according to the rules
+described below (see <a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a>).
+If the value of the expression is non-zero, the return status is 0;
+otherwise the return status is 1. This is exactly equivalent to
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">let &quot;<var>expression</var>&quot;
+</pre></div>
+<p>See <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>, for a full description of the <code>let</code> builtin.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>[[&hellip;]]</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_005b_005b"></a>
+<a name="index-_005d_005d"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">[[ <var>expression</var> ]]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of
+the conditional expression <var>expression</var>.
+Expressions are composed of the primaries described below in
+<a href="#Bash-Conditional-Expressions">Bash Conditional Expressions</a>.
+Word splitting and filename expansion are not performed on the words
+between the <code>[[</code> and <code>]]</code>; tilde expansion, parameter and
+variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process
+substitution, and quote removal are performed.
+Conditional operators such as &lsquo;<samp>-f</samp>&rsquo; must be unquoted to be recognized
+as primaries.
+</p>
+<p>When used with <code>[[</code>, the &lsquo;<samp>&lt;</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>&gt;</samp>&rsquo; operators sort
+lexicographically using the current locale.
+</p>
+<p>When the &lsquo;<samp>==</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>!=</samp>&rsquo; operators are used, the string to the
+right of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according
+to the rules described below in <a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>,
+as if the <code>extglob</code> shell option were enabled.
+The &lsquo;<samp>=</samp>&rsquo; operator is identical to &lsquo;<samp>==</samp>&rsquo;.
+If the <code>nocasematch</code> shell option
+(see the description of <code>shopt</code> in <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>)
+is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+of alphabetic characters.
+The return value is 0 if the string matches (&lsquo;<samp>==</samp>&rsquo;) or does not
+match (&lsquo;<samp>!=</samp>&rsquo;) the pattern, and 1 otherwise.
+Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted portion
+to be matched as a string.
+</p>
+<p>An additional binary operator, &lsquo;<samp>=~</samp>&rsquo;, is available, with the same
+precedence as &lsquo;<samp>==</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>!=</samp>&rsquo;.
+When it is used, the string to the right of the operator is considered
+a <small>POSIX</small> extended regular expression and matched accordingly
+(as in <i>regex</i>3)).
+The return value is 0 if the string matches
+the pattern, and 1 otherwise.
+If the regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional
+expression&rsquo;s return value is 2.
+If the <code>nocasematch</code> shell option
+(see the description of <code>shopt</code> in <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>)
+is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+of alphabetic characters.
+Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted portion
+to be matched as a string.
+Bracket expressions in regular expressions must be treated carefully,
+since normal quoting characters lose their meanings between brackets.
+If the pattern is stored in a shell variable, quoting the variable
+expansion forces the entire pattern to be matched as a string.
+Substrings matched by parenthesized subexpressions within the regular
+expression are saved in the array variable <code>BASH_REMATCH</code>.
+The element of <code>BASH_REMATCH</code> with index 0 is the portion of the string
+matching the entire regular expression.
+The element of <code>BASH_REMATCH</code> with index <var>n</var> is the portion of the
+string matching the <var>n</var>th parenthesized subexpression.
+</p>
+<p>For example, the following will match a line
+(stored in the shell variable <var>line</var>)
+if there is a sequence of characters in the value consisting of
+any number, including zero, of
+space characters, zero or one instances of &lsquo;<samp>a</samp>&rsquo;, then a &lsquo;<samp>b</samp>&rsquo;:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">[[ $line =~ [[:space:]]*?(a)b ]]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>That means values like &lsquo;<samp>aab</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp> aaaaaab</samp>&rsquo; will match, as
+will a line containing a &lsquo;<samp>b</samp>&rsquo; anywhere in its value.
+</p>
+<p>Storing the regular expression in a shell variable is often a useful
+way to avoid problems with quoting characters that are special to the
+shell.
+It is sometimes difficult to specify a regular expression literally
+without using quotes, or to keep track of the quoting used by regular
+expressions while paying attention to the shell&rsquo;s quote removal.
+Using a shell variable to store the pattern decreases these problems.
+For example, the following is equivalent to the above:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">pattern='[[:space:]]*?(a)b'
+[[ $line =~ $pattern ]]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>If you want to match a character that&rsquo;s special to the regular expression
+grammar, it has to be quoted to remove its special meaning.
+This means that in the pattern &lsquo;<samp>xxx.txt</samp>&rsquo;, the &lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo; matches any
+character in the string (its usual regular expression meaning), but in the
+pattern &lsquo;<samp>&quot;xxx.txt&quot;</samp>&rsquo; it can only match a literal &lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo;.
+Shell programmers should take special care with backslashes, since backslashes
+are used both by the shell and regular expressions to remove the special
+meaning from the following character.
+The following two sets of commands are <em>not</em> equivalent:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">pattern='\.'
+
+[[ . =~ $pattern ]]
+[[ . =~ \. ]]
+
+[[ . =~ &quot;$pattern&quot; ]]
+[[ . =~ '\.' ]]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The first two matches will succeed, but the second two will not, because
+in the second two the backslash will be part of the pattern to be matched.
+In the first two examples, the backslash removes the special meaning from
+&lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo;, so the literal &lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo; matches.
+If the string in the first examples were anything other than &lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo;, say
+&lsquo;<samp>a</samp>&rsquo;, the pattern would not match, because the quoted &lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo; in the
+pattern loses its special meaning of matching any single character.
+</p>
+<p>Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed
+in decreasing order of precedence:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>( <var>expression</var> )</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Returns the value of <var>expression</var>.
+This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>! <var>expression</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>expression</var> is false.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code><var>expression1</var> &amp;&amp; <var>expression2</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if both <var>expression1</var> and <var>expression2</var> are true.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code><var>expression1</var> || <var>expression2</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if either <var>expression1</var> or <var>expression2</var> is true.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>The <code>&amp;&amp;</code> and <code>||</code> operators do not evaluate <var>expression2</var> if the
+value of <var>expression1</var> is sufficient to determine the return
+value of the entire conditional expression.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Command-Grouping"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Conditional-Constructs" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Conditional Constructs</a>, Up: <a href="#Compound-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Compound Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Grouping-Commands"></a>
+<h4 class="subsubsection">3.2.4.3 Grouping Commands</h4>
+<a name="index-commands_002c-grouping"></a>
+
+<p>Bash provides two ways to group a list of commands to be executed
+as a unit. When commands are grouped, redirections may be applied
+to the entire command list. For example, the output of all the
+commands in the list may be redirected to a single stream.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>()</code></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">( <var>list</var> )
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Placing a list of commands between parentheses causes a subshell
+environment to be created (see <a href="#Command-Execution-Environment">Command Execution Environment</a>), and each
+of the commands in <var>list</var> to be executed in that subshell. Since the
+<var>list</var> is executed in a subshell, variable assignments do not remain in
+effect after the subshell completes.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>{}</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_007b"></a>
+<a name="index-_007d"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">{ <var>list</var>; }
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Placing a list of commands between curly braces causes the list to
+be executed in the current shell context. No subshell is created.
+The semicolon (or newline) following <var>list</var> is required.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>In addition to the creation of a subshell, there is a subtle difference
+between these two constructs due to historical reasons. The braces
+are <code>reserved words</code>, so they must be separated from the <var>list</var>
+by <code>blank</code>s or other shell metacharacters.
+The parentheses are <code>operators</code>, and are
+recognized as separate tokens by the shell even if they are not separated
+from the <var>list</var> by whitespace.
+</p>
+<p>The exit status of both of these constructs is the exit status of
+<var>list</var>.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Coprocesses"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#GNU-Parallel" accesskey="n" rel="next">GNU Parallel</a>, Previous: <a href="#Compound-Commands" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Compound Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Coprocesses-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.2.5 Coprocesses</h4>
+<a name="index-coprocess"></a>
+
+<p>A <code>coprocess</code> is a shell command preceded by the <code>coproc</code>
+reserved word.
+A coprocess is executed asynchronously in a subshell, as if the command
+had been terminated with the &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo; control operator, with a two-way pipe
+established between the executing shell and the coprocess.
+</p>
+<p>The format for a coprocess is:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">coproc [<var>NAME</var>] <var>command</var> [<var>redirections</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>This creates a coprocess named <var>NAME</var>.
+If <var>NAME</var> is not supplied, the default name is <var>COPROC</var>.
+<var>NAME</var> must not be supplied if <var>command</var> is a simple
+command (see <a href="#Simple-Commands">Simple Commands</a>); otherwise, it is interpreted as
+the first word of the simple command.
+</p>
+<p>When the coprocess is executed, the shell creates an array variable
+(see <a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>)
+named <code>NAME</code> in the context of the executing shell.
+The standard output of <var>command</var>
+is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell,
+and that file descriptor is assigned to <code>NAME</code>[0].
+The standard input of <var>command</var>
+is connected via a pipe to a file descriptor in the executing shell,
+and that file descriptor is assigned to <code>NAME</code>[1].
+This pipe is established before any redirections specified by the
+command (see <a href="#Redirections">Redirections</a>).
+The file descriptors can be utilized as arguments to shell commands
+and redirections using standard word expansions.
+Other than those created to execute command and process substitutions,
+the file descriptors are not available in subshells.
+</p>
+<p>The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is
+available as the value of the variable <code>NAME</code>_PID.
+The <code>wait</code>
+builtin command may be used to wait for the coprocess to terminate.
+</p>
+<p>Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command,
+the <code>coproc</code> command always returns success.
+The return status of a coprocess is the exit status of <var>command</var>.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="GNU-Parallel"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Coprocesses" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Coprocesses</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="GNU-Parallel-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.2.6 GNU Parallel</h4>
+
+<p>There are ways to run commands in parallel that are not built into Bash.
+GNU Parallel is a tool to do just that.
+</p>
+<p>GNU Parallel, as its name suggests, can be used to build and run commands
+in parallel. You may run the same command with different arguments, whether
+they are filenames, usernames, hostnames, or lines read from files. GNU
+Parallel provides shorthand references to many of the most common operations
+(input lines, various portions of the input line, different ways to specify
+the input source, and so on). Parallel can replace <code>xargs</code> or feed
+commands from its input sources to several different instances of Bash.
+</p>
+<p>For a complete description, refer to the GNU Parallel documentation. A few
+examples should provide a brief introduction to its use.
+</p>
+<p>For example, it is easy to replace <code>xargs</code> to gzip all html files in the
+current directory and its subdirectories:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">find . -type f -name '*.html' -print | parallel gzip
+</pre></div>
+<p>If you need to protect special characters such as newlines in file names,
+use find&rsquo;s <samp>-print0</samp> option and parallel&rsquo;s <samp>-0</samp> option.
+</p>
+<p>You can use Parallel to move files from the current directory when the
+number of files is too large to process with one <code>mv</code> invocation:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">ls | parallel mv {} destdir
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>As you can see, the {} is replaced with each line read from standard input.
+While using <code>ls</code> will work in most instances, it is not sufficient to
+deal with all filenames.
+If you need to accommodate special characters in filenames, you can use
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">find . -depth 1 \! -name '.*' -print0 | parallel -0 mv {} destdir
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>as alluded to above.
+</p>
+<p>This will run as many <code>mv</code> commands as there are files in the current
+directory.
+You can emulate a parallel <code>xargs</code> by adding the <samp>-X</samp> option:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">find . -depth 1 \! -name '.*' -print0 | parallel -0 -X mv {} destdir
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>GNU Parallel can replace certain common idioms that operate on lines read
+from a file (in this case, filenames listed one per line):
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example"> while IFS= read -r x; do
+ do-something1 &quot;$x&quot; &quot;config-$x&quot;
+ do-something2 &lt; &quot;$x&quot;
+ done &lt; file | process-output
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>with a more compact syntax reminiscent of lambdas:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">cat list | parallel &quot;do-something1 {} config-{} ; do-something2 &lt; {}&quot; |
+ process-output
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Parallel provides a built-in mechanism to remove filename extensions, which
+lends itself to batch file transformations or renaming:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">ls *.gz | parallel -j+0 &quot;zcat {} | bzip2 &gt;{.}.bz2 &amp;&amp; rm {}&quot;
+</pre></div>
+<p>This will recompress all files in the current directory with names ending
+in .gz using bzip2, running one job per CPU (-j+0) in parallel.
+(We use <code>ls</code> for brevity here; using <code>find</code> as above is more
+robust in the face of filenames containing unexpected characters.)
+Parallel can take arguments from the command line; the above can also be
+written as
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">parallel &quot;zcat {} | bzip2 &gt;{.}.bz2 &amp;&amp; rm {}&quot; ::: *.gz
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>If a command generates output, you may want to preserve the input order in
+the output. For instance, the following command
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">{
+ echo foss.org.my ;
+ echo debian.org ;
+ echo freenetproject.org ;
+} | parallel traceroute
+</pre></div>
+<p>will display as output the traceroute invocation that finishes first.
+Adding the <samp>-k</samp> option
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">{
+ echo foss.org.my ;
+ echo debian.org ;
+ echo freenetproject.org ;
+} | parallel -k traceroute
+</pre></div>
+<p>will ensure that the output of <code>traceroute foss.org.my</code> is displayed first.
+</p>
+<p>Finally, Parallel can be used to run a sequence of shell commands in parallel,
+similar to &lsquo;<samp>cat file | bash</samp>&rsquo;.
+It is not uncommon to take a list of filenames, create a series of shell
+commands to operate on them, and feed that list of commands to a shell.
+Parallel can speed this up. Assuming that <samp>file</samp> contains a list of
+shell commands, one per line,
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">parallel -j 10 &lt; file
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>will evaluate the commands using the shell (since no explicit command is
+supplied as an argument), in blocks of ten shell jobs at a time.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Shell-Functions"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Shell-Parameters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Parameters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Commands" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Basic Shell Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Shell-Functions-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">3.3 Shell Functions</h3>
+<a name="index-shell-function"></a>
+<a name="index-functions_002c-shell"></a>
+
+<p>Shell functions are a way to group commands for later execution
+using a single name for the group. They are executed just like
+a &quot;regular&quot; command.
+When the name of a shell function is used as a simple command name,
+the list of commands associated with that function name is executed.
+Shell functions are executed in the current
+shell context; no new process is created to interpret them.
+</p>
+<p>Functions are declared using this syntax:
+<a name="index-function"></a>
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><var>name</var> () <var>compound-command</var> [ <var>redirections</var> ]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>or
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">function <var>name</var> [()] <var>compound-command</var> [ <var>redirections</var> ]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>This defines a shell function named <var>name</var>. The reserved
+word <code>function</code> is optional.
+If the <code>function</code> reserved
+word is supplied, the parentheses are optional.
+The <var>body</var> of the function is the compound command
+<var>compound-command</var> (see <a href="#Compound-Commands">Compound Commands</a>).
+That command is usually a <var>list</var> enclosed between { and }, but
+may be any compound command listed above,
+with one exception: If the <code>function</code> reserved word is used, but the
+parentheses are not supplied, the braces are required.
+<var>compound-command</var> is executed whenever <var>name</var> is specified as the
+name of a command.
+When the shell is in <small>POSIX</small> mode (see <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>),
+<var>name</var> may not be the same as one of the special builtins
+(see <a href="#Special-Builtins">Special Builtins</a>).
+Any redirections (see <a href="#Redirections">Redirections</a>) associated with the shell function
+are performed when the function is executed.
+</p>
+<p>A function definition may be deleted using the <samp>-f</samp> option to the
+<code>unset</code> builtin (see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
+</p>
+<p>The exit status of a function definition is zero unless a syntax error
+occurs or a readonly function with the same name already exists.
+When executed, the exit status of a function is the exit status of the
+last command executed in the body.
+</p>
+<p>Note that for historical reasons, in the most common usage the curly braces
+that surround the body of the function must be separated from the body by
+<code>blank</code>s or newlines.
+This is because the braces are reserved words and are only recognized
+as such when they are separated from the command list
+by whitespace or another shell metacharacter.
+Also, when using the braces, the <var>list</var> must be terminated by a semicolon,
+a &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo;, or a newline.
+</p>
+<p>When a function is executed, the arguments to the
+function become the positional parameters
+during its execution (see <a href="#Positional-Parameters">Positional Parameters</a>).
+The special parameter &lsquo;<samp>#</samp>&rsquo; that expands to the number of
+positional parameters is updated to reflect the change.
+Special parameter <code>0</code> is unchanged.
+The first element of the <code>FUNCNAME</code> variable is set to the
+name of the function while the function is executing.
+</p>
+<p>All other aspects of the shell execution
+environment are identical between a function and its caller
+with these exceptions:
+the <code>DEBUG</code> and <code>RETURN</code> traps
+are not inherited unless the function has been given the
+<code>trace</code> attribute using the <code>declare</code> builtin or
+the <code>-o functrace</code> option has been enabled with
+the <code>set</code> builtin,
+(in which case all functions inherit the <code>DEBUG</code> and <code>RETURN</code> traps),
+and the <code>ERR</code> trap is not inherited unless the <code>-o errtrace</code>
+shell option has been enabled.
+See <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>, for the description of the
+<code>trap</code> builtin.
+</p>
+<p>The <code>FUNCNEST</code> variable, if set to a numeric value greater
+than 0, defines a maximum function nesting level. Function
+invocations that exceed the limit cause the entire command to
+abort.
+</p>
+<p>If the builtin command <code>return</code>
+is executed in a function, the function completes and
+execution resumes with the next command after the function
+call.
+Any command associated with the <code>RETURN</code> trap is executed
+before execution resumes.
+When a function completes, the values of the
+positional parameters and the special parameter &lsquo;<samp>#</samp>&rsquo;
+are restored to the values they had prior to the function&rsquo;s
+execution. If a numeric argument is given to <code>return</code>,
+that is the function&rsquo;s return status; otherwise the function&rsquo;s
+return status is the exit status of the last command executed
+before the <code>return</code>.
+</p>
+<p>Variables local to the function may be declared with the
+<code>local</code> builtin. These variables are visible only to
+the function and the commands it invokes. This is particularly
+important when a shell function calls other functions.
+</p>
+<p>Local variables &quot;shadow&quot; variables with the same name declared at
+previous scopes. For instance, a local variable declared in a function
+hides a global variable of the same name: references and assignments
+refer to the local variable, leaving the global variable unmodified.
+When the function returns, the global variable is once again visible.
+</p>
+<p>The shell uses <var>dynamic scoping</var> to control a variable&rsquo;s visibility
+within functions.
+With dynamic scoping, visible variables and their values
+are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused execution
+to reach the current function.
+The value of a variable that a function sees depends
+on its value within its caller, if any, whether that caller is
+the &quot;global&quot; scope or another shell function.
+This is also the value that a local variable
+declaration &quot;shadows&quot;, and the value that is restored when the function
+returns.
+</p>
+<p>For example, if a variable <var>var</var> is declared as local in function
+<var>func1</var>, and <var>func1</var> calls another function <var>func2</var>,
+references to <var>var</var> made from within <var>func2</var> will resolve to the
+local variable <var>var</var> from <var>func1</var>, shadowing any global variable
+named <var>var</var>.
+</p>
+<p>The following script demonstrates this behavior.
+When executed, the script displays
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">In func2, var = func1 local
+</pre></div>
+
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">func1()
+{
+ local var='func1 local'
+ func2
+}
+
+func2()
+{
+ echo &quot;In func2, var = $var&quot;
+}
+
+var=global
+func1
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <code>unset</code> builtin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a
+variable is local to the current scope, <code>unset</code> will unset it;
+otherwise the unset will refer to the variable found in any calling scope
+as described above.
+If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it will remain so
+until it is reset in that scope or until the function returns.
+Once the function returns, any instance of the variable at a previous
+scope will become visible.
+If the unset acts on a variable at a previous scope, any instance of a
+variable with that name that had been shadowed will become visible.
+</p>
+<p>Function names and definitions may be listed with the
+<samp>-f</samp> option to the <code>declare</code> (<code>typeset</code>)
+builtin command (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+The <samp>-F</samp> option to <code>declare</code> or <code>typeset</code>
+will list the function names only
+(and optionally the source file and line number, if the <code>extdebug</code>
+shell option is enabled).
+Functions may be exported so that subshells
+automatically have them defined with the
+<samp>-f</samp> option to the <code>export</code> builtin
+(see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
+</p>
+<p>Functions may be recursive.
+The <code>FUNCNEST</code> variable may be used to limit the depth of the
+function call stack and restrict the number of function invocations.
+By default, no limit is placed on the number of recursive calls.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Shell-Parameters"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Expansions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Functions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Functions</a>, Up: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Basic Shell Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Shell-Parameters-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">3.4 Shell Parameters</h3>
+<a name="index-parameters"></a>
+<a name="index-variable_002c-shell"></a>
+<a name="index-shell-variable"></a>
+
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Positional-Parameters" accesskey="1">Positional Parameters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The shell&rsquo;s command-line arguments.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Special-Parameters" accesskey="2">Special Parameters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Parameters denoted by special characters.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>A <var>parameter</var> is an entity that stores values.
+It can be a <code>name</code>, a number, or one of the special characters
+listed below.
+A <var>variable</var> is a parameter denoted by a <code>name</code>.
+A variable has a <var>value</var> and zero or more <var>attributes</var>.
+Attributes are assigned using the <code>declare</code> builtin command
+(see the description of the <code>declare</code> builtin in <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+</p>
+<p>A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value. The null string is
+a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using
+the <code>unset</code> builtin command.
+</p>
+<p>A variable may be assigned to by a statement of the form
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><var>name</var>=[<var>value</var>]
+</pre></div>
+<p>If <var>value</var>
+is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All
+<var>value</var>s undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
+command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote
+removal (detailed below). If the variable has its <code>integer</code>
+attribute set, then <var>value</var>
+is evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the <code>$((&hellip;))</code>
+expansion is not used (see <a href="#Arithmetic-Expansion">Arithmetic Expansion</a>).
+Word splitting is not performed, with the exception
+of <code>&quot;$@&quot;</code> as explained below.
+Filename expansion is not performed.
+Assignment statements may also appear as arguments to the
+<code>alias</code>,
+<code>declare</code>, <code>typeset</code>, <code>export</code>, <code>readonly</code>,
+and <code>local</code> builtin commands (<var>declaration</var> commands).
+When in <small>POSIX</small> mode (see <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>), these builtins may appear
+in a command after one or more instances of the <code>command</code> builtin
+and retain these assignment statement properties.
+</p>
+<p>In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value
+to a shell variable or array index (see <a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>), the &lsquo;<samp>+=</samp>&rsquo;
+operator can be used to
+append to or add to the variable&rsquo;s previous value.
+This includes arguments to builtin commands such as <code>declare</code> that
+accept assignment statements (<var>declaration</var> commands).
+When &lsquo;<samp>+=</samp>&rsquo; is applied to a variable for which the <var>integer</var> attribute
+has been set, <var>value</var> is evaluated as an arithmetic expression and
+added to the variable&rsquo;s current value, which is also evaluated.
+When &lsquo;<samp>+=</samp>&rsquo; is applied to an array variable using compound assignment
+(see <a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>), the
+variable&rsquo;s value is not unset (as it is when using &lsquo;<samp>=</samp>&rsquo;), and new
+values are appended to the array beginning at one greater than the array&rsquo;s
+maximum index (for indexed arrays), or added as additional key-value pairs
+in an associative array.
+When applied to a string-valued variable, <var>value</var> is expanded and
+appended to the variable&rsquo;s value.
+</p>
+<p>A variable can be assigned the <var>nameref</var> attribute using the
+<samp>-n</samp> option to the <code>declare</code> or <code>local</code> builtin commands
+(see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>)
+to create a <var>nameref</var>, or a reference to another variable.
+This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly.
+Whenever the nameref variable is referenced, assigned to, unset, or has
+its attributes modified (other than using or changing the nameref
+attribute itself), the
+operation is actually performed on the variable specified by the nameref
+variable&rsquo;s value.
+A nameref is commonly used within shell functions to refer to a variable
+whose name is passed as an argument to the function.
+For instance, if a variable name is passed to a shell function as its first
+argument, running
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">declare -n ref=$1
+</pre></div>
+<p>inside the function creates a nameref variable <var>ref</var> whose value is
+the variable name passed as the first argument.
+References and assignments to <var>ref</var>, and changes to its attributes,
+are treated as references, assignments, and attribute modifications
+to the variable whose name was passed as <code>$1</code>.
+</p>
+<p>If the control variable in a <code>for</code> loop has the nameref attribute,
+the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a name reference
+will be established for each word in the list, in turn, when the loop is
+executed.
+Array variables cannot be given the nameref attribute.
+However, nameref variables can reference array variables and subscripted
+array variables.
+Namerefs can be unset using the <samp>-n</samp> option to the <code>unset</code> builtin
+(see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
+Otherwise, if <code>unset</code> is executed with the name of a nameref variable
+as an argument, the variable referenced by the nameref variable will be unset.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Positional-Parameters"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Special-Parameters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Special Parameters</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Parameters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Parameters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Positional-Parameters-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.4.1 Positional Parameters</h4>
+<a name="index-parameters_002c-positional"></a>
+
+<p>A <var>positional parameter</var> is a parameter denoted by one or more
+digits, other than the single digit <code>0</code>. Positional parameters are
+assigned from the shell&rsquo;s arguments when it is invoked,
+and may be reassigned using the <code>set</code> builtin command.
+Positional parameter <code>N</code> may be referenced as <code>${N}</code>, or
+as <code>$N</code> when <code>N</code> consists of a single digit.
+Positional parameters may not be assigned to with assignment statements.
+The <code>set</code> and <code>shift</code> builtins are used to set and
+unset them (see <a href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands">Shell Builtin Commands</a>).
+The positional parameters are
+temporarily replaced when a shell function is executed
+(see <a href="#Shell-Functions">Shell Functions</a>).
+</p>
+<p>When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single
+digit is expanded, it must be enclosed in braces.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Special-Parameters"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Positional-Parameters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Positional Parameters</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Parameters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Parameters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Special-Parameters-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.4.2 Special Parameters</h4>
+<a name="index-parameters_002c-special"></a>
+
+<p>The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may
+only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>*</code>
+<a name="index-_002a"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_0024_002a"></a>
+<p>($*) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.
+When the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional parameter
+expands to a separate word.
+In contexts where it is performed, those words
+are subject to further word splitting and pathname expansion.
+When the expansion occurs within double quotes, it expands to a single word
+with the value of each parameter separated by the first character of the
+<code>IFS</code> special variable. That is, <code>&quot;$*&quot;</code> is equivalent
+to <code>&quot;$1<var>c</var>$2<var>c</var>&hellip;&quot;</code>, where <var>c</var>
+is the first character of the value of the <code>IFS</code>
+variable.
+If <code>IFS</code> is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces.
+If <code>IFS</code> is null, the parameters are joined without intervening
+separators.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>@</code>
+<a name="index-_0040"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_0024_0040"></a>
+<p>($@) Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.
+In contexts where word splitting is performed, this expands each
+positional parameter to a separate word; if not within double
+quotes, these words are subject to word splitting.
+In contexts where word splitting is not performed,
+this expands to a single word
+with each positional parameter separated by a space.
+When the
+expansion occurs within double quotes, and word splitting is performed,
+each parameter expands to a
+separate word. That is, <code>&quot;$@&quot;</code> is equivalent to
+<code>&quot;$1&quot; &quot;$2&quot; &hellip;</code>.
+If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of
+the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original
+word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last
+part of the original word.
+When there are no positional parameters, <code>&quot;$@&quot;</code> and
+<code>$@</code>
+expand to nothing (i.e., they are removed).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>#</code>
+<a name="index-_0023"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_0024_0023"></a>
+<p>($#) Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>?</code>
+<a name="index-_003f"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_0024_003f"></a>
+<p>($?) Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed foreground
+pipeline.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-</code>
+<a name="index-_002d"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_0024_002d"></a>
+<p>($-, a hyphen.) Expands to the current option flags as specified upon
+invocation, by the <code>set</code>
+builtin command, or those set by the shell itself
+(such as the <samp>-i</samp> option).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>$</code>
+<a name="index-_0024"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_0024_0024"></a>
+<p>($$) Expands to the process <small>ID</small> of the shell. In a <code>()</code> subshell, it
+expands to the process <small>ID</small> of the invoking shell, not the subshell.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>!</code>
+<a name="index-_0021-1"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_0024_0021"></a>
+<p>($!) Expands to the process <small>ID</small> of the job most recently placed into the
+background, whether executed as an asynchronous command or using
+the <code>bg</code> builtin (see <a href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>0</code>
+<a name="index-0"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_00240"></a>
+<p>($0) Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is set at
+shell initialization. If Bash is invoked with a file of commands
+(see <a href="#Shell-Scripts">Shell Scripts</a>), <code>$0</code> is set to the name of that file.
+If Bash is started with the <samp>-c</samp> option (see <a href="#Invoking-Bash">Invoking Bash</a>),
+then <code>$0</code> is set to the first argument after the string to be
+executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is set
+to the filename used to invoke Bash, as given by argument zero.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>_</code>
+<a name="index-_005f"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_0024_005f"></a>
+<p>($_, an underscore.)
+At shell startup, set to the absolute pathname used to invoke the
+shell or shell script being executed as passed in the environment
+or argument list.
+Subsequently, expands to the last argument to the previous simple
+command executed in the foreground, after expansion.
+Also set to the full pathname used to invoke each command executed
+and placed in the environment exported to that command.
+When checking mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail file.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Shell-Expansions"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Redirections" accesskey="n" rel="next">Redirections</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Parameters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Parameters</a>, Up: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Basic Shell Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Shell-Expansions-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">3.5 Shell Expansions</h3>
+<a name="index-expansion"></a>
+
+<p>Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into
+<code>token</code>s. There are seven kinds of expansion performed:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li> brace expansion
+</li><li> tilde expansion
+</li><li> parameter and variable expansion
+</li><li> command substitution
+</li><li> arithmetic expansion
+</li><li> word splitting
+</li><li> filename expansion
+</li></ul>
+
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Brace-Expansion" accesskey="1">Brace Expansion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Expansion of expressions within braces.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Tilde-Expansion" accesskey="2">Tilde Expansion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Expansion of the ~ character.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion" accesskey="3">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How Bash expands variables to their values.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Command-Substitution" accesskey="4">Command Substitution</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Using the output of a command as an argument.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Arithmetic-Expansion" accesskey="5">Arithmetic Expansion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to use arithmetic in shell expansions.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Process-Substitution" accesskey="6">Process Substitution</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">A way to write and read to and from a
+ command.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Word-Splitting" accesskey="7">Word Splitting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How the results of expansion are split into separate
+ arguments.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Filename-Expansion" accesskey="8">Filename Expansion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">A shorthand for specifying filenames matching patterns.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Quote-Removal" accesskey="9">Quote Removal</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How and when quote characters are removed from
+ words.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The order of expansions is:
+brace expansion;
+tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion,
+and command substitution (done in a left-to-right fashion);
+word splitting;
+and filename expansion.
+</p>
+<p>On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion
+available: <var>process substitution</var>.
+This is performed at the
+same time as tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and
+command substitution.
+</p>
+<p>After these expansions are performed, quote characters present in the
+original word are removed unless they have been quoted themselves
+(<var>quote removal</var>).
+</p>
+<p>Only brace expansion, word splitting, and filename expansion
+can increase the number of words of the expansion; other expansions
+expand a single word to a single word.
+The only exceptions to this are the expansions of
+<code>&quot;$@&quot;</code> and <code>$*</code> (see <a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a>), and
+<code>&quot;${<var>name</var>[@]}&quot;</code> and <code>${<var>name</var>[*]}</code>
+(see <a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>).
+</p>
+<p>After all expansions, <code>quote removal</code> (see <a href="#Quote-Removal">Quote Removal</a>)
+is performed.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Brace-Expansion"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Tilde-Expansion" accesskey="n" rel="next">Tilde Expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Brace-Expansion-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.5.1 Brace Expansion</h4>
+<a name="index-brace-expansion"></a>
+<a name="index-expansion_002c-brace"></a>
+
+<p>Brace expansion is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be generated.
+This mechanism is similar to
+<var>filename expansion</var> (see <a href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a>),
+but the filenames generated need not exist.
+Patterns to be brace expanded take the form of an optional <var>preamble</var>,
+followed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a sequence expression
+between a pair of braces,
+followed by an optional <var>postscript</var>.
+The preamble is prefixed to each string contained within the braces, and
+the postscript is then appended to each resulting string, expanding left
+to right.
+</p>
+<p>Brace expansions may be nested.
+The results of each expanded string are not sorted; left to right order
+is preserved.
+For example,
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">bash$ echo a{d,c,b}e
+ade ace abe
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>A sequence expression takes the form <code>{<var>x</var>..<var>y</var>[..<var>incr</var>]}</code>,
+where <var>x</var> and <var>y</var> are either integers or single characters,
+and <var>incr</var>, an optional increment, is an integer.
+When integers are supplied, the expression expands to each number between
+<var>x</var> and <var>y</var>, inclusive.
+Supplied integers may be prefixed with &lsquo;<samp>0</samp>&rsquo; to force each term to have the
+same width.
+When either <var>x</var> or <var>y</var> begins with a zero, the shell
+attempts to force all generated terms to contain the same number of digits,
+zero-padding where necessary.
+When characters are supplied, the expression expands to each character
+lexicographically between <var>x</var> and <var>y</var>, inclusive,
+using the default C locale.
+Note that both <var>x</var> and <var>y</var> must be of the same type.
+When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference between
+each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate.
+</p>
+<p>Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions,
+and any characters special to other expansions are preserved
+in the result. It is strictly textual. Bash
+does not apply any syntactic interpretation to the context of the
+expansion or the text between the braces.
+</p>
+<p>A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening
+and closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid
+sequence expression.
+Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged.
+</p>
+<p>A { or &lsquo;<samp>,</samp>&rsquo; may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its
+being considered part of a brace expression.
+To avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string &lsquo;<samp>${</samp>&rsquo;
+is not considered eligible for brace expansion,
+and inhibits brace expansion until the closing &lsquo;<samp>}</samp>&rsquo;..
+</p>
+<p>This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common
+prefix of the strings to be generated is longer than in the
+above example:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,new,dist,bugs}
+</pre></div>
+<p>or
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}}
+</pre></div>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Tilde-Expansion"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>, Previous: <a href="#Brace-Expansion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Brace Expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Tilde-Expansion-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.5.2 Tilde Expansion</h4>
+<a name="index-tilde-expansion"></a>
+<a name="index-expansion_002c-tilde"></a>
+
+<p>If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character (&lsquo;<samp>~</samp>&rsquo;), all of the
+characters up to the first unquoted slash (or all characters,
+if there is no unquoted slash) are considered a <var>tilde-prefix</var>.
+If none of the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the
+characters in the tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a
+possible <var>login name</var>.
+If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the
+value of the <code>HOME</code> shell variable.
+If <code>HOME</code> is unset, the home directory of the user executing the
+shell is substituted instead.
+Otherwise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory
+associated with the specified login name.
+</p>
+<p>If the tilde-prefix is &lsquo;<samp>~+</samp>&rsquo;, the value of
+the shell variable <code>PWD</code> replaces the tilde-prefix.
+If the tilde-prefix is &lsquo;<samp>~-</samp>&rsquo;, the value of the shell variable
+<code>OLDPWD</code>, if it is set, is substituted.
+</p>
+<p>If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a
+number <var>N</var>, optionally prefixed by a &lsquo;<samp>+</samp>&rsquo; or a &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;,
+the tilde-prefix is replaced with the
+corresponding element from the directory stack, as it would be displayed
+by the <code>dirs</code> builtin invoked with the characters following tilde
+in the tilde-prefix as an argument (see <a href="#The-Directory-Stack">The Directory Stack</a>).
+If the tilde-prefix, sans the tilde, consists of a number without a
+leading &lsquo;<samp>+</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>+</samp>&rsquo; is assumed.
+</p>
+<p>If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the word is
+left unchanged.
+</p>
+<p>Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes immediately
+following a &lsquo;<samp>:</samp>&rsquo; or the first &lsquo;<samp>=</samp>&rsquo;.
+In these cases, tilde expansion is also performed.
+Consequently, one may use filenames with tildes in assignments to
+<code>PATH</code>, <code>MAILPATH</code>, and <code>CDPATH</code>,
+and the shell assigns the expanded value.
+</p>
+<p>The following table shows how Bash treats unquoted tilde-prefixes:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>~</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The value of <code>$HOME</code>
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>~/foo</code></dt>
+<dd><p><samp>$HOME/foo</samp>
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>~fred/foo</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The subdirectory <code>foo</code> of the home directory of the user
+<code>fred</code>
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>~+/foo</code></dt>
+<dd><p><samp>$PWD/foo</samp>
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>~-/foo</code></dt>
+<dd><p><samp>${OLDPWD-'~-'}/foo</samp>
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>~<var>N</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>The string that would be displayed by &lsquo;<samp>dirs +<var>N</var></samp>&rsquo;
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>~+<var>N</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>The string that would be displayed by &lsquo;<samp>dirs +<var>N</var></samp>&rsquo;
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>~-<var>N</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>The string that would be displayed by &lsquo;<samp>dirs -<var>N</var></samp>&rsquo;
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>Bash also performs tilde expansion on words satisfying the conditions of
+variable assignments (see <a href="#Shell-Parameters">Shell Parameters</a>)
+when they appear as arguments to simple commands.
+Bash does not do this, except for the <var>declaration</var> commands listed
+above, when in <small>POSIX</small> mode.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Shell-Parameter-Expansion"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Command-Substitution" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Substitution</a>, Previous: <a href="#Tilde-Expansion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Tilde Expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Shell-Parameter-Expansion-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.5.3 Shell Parameter Expansion</h4>
+<a name="index-parameter-expansion"></a>
+<a name="index-expansion_002c-parameter"></a>
+
+<p>The &lsquo;<samp>$</samp>&rsquo; character introduces parameter expansion,
+command substitution, or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name
+or symbol to be expanded may be enclosed in braces, which
+are optional but serve to protect the variable to be expanded from
+characters immediately following it which could be
+interpreted as part of the name.
+</p>
+<p>When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first &lsquo;<samp>}</samp>&rsquo;
+not escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an
+embedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter
+expansion.
+</p>
+<p>The basic form of parameter expansion is ${<var>parameter</var>}.
+The value of <var>parameter</var> is substituted.
+The <var>parameter</var> is a shell parameter as described above
+(see <a href="#Shell-Parameters">Shell Parameters</a>) or an array reference (see <a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>).
+The braces are required when <var>parameter</var>
+is a positional parameter with more than one digit,
+or when <var>parameter</var> is followed by a character that is not to be
+interpreted as part of its name.
+</p>
+<p>If the first character of <var>parameter</var> is an exclamation point (!),
+and <var>parameter</var> is not a <var>nameref</var>,
+it introduces a level of indirection.
+Bash uses the value formed by expanding the rest of
+<var>parameter</var> as the new <var>parameter</var>; this is then
+expanded and that value is used in the rest of the expansion, rather
+than the expansion of the original <var>parameter</var>.
+This is known as <code>indirect expansion</code>.
+The value is subject to tilde expansion,
+parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.
+If <var>parameter</var> is a nameref, this expands to the name of the
+variable referenced by <var>parameter</var> instead of performing the
+complete indirect expansion.
+The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${!<var>prefix</var>*}
+and ${!<var>name</var>[@]}
+described below.
+The exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to
+introduce indirection.
+</p>
+<p>In each of the cases below, <var>word</var> is subject to tilde expansion,
+parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.
+</p>
+<p>When not performing substring expansion, using the form described
+below (e.g., &lsquo;<samp>:-</samp>&rsquo;), Bash tests for a parameter that is unset or null.
+Omitting the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset.
+Put another way, if the colon is included,
+the operator tests for both <var>parameter</var>&rsquo;s existence and that its value
+is not null; if the colon is omitted, the operator tests only for existence.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>:-<var>word</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If <var>parameter</var> is unset or null, the expansion of
+<var>word</var> is substituted. Otherwise, the value of
+<var>parameter</var> is substituted.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>:=<var>word</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If <var>parameter</var>
+is unset or null, the expansion of <var>word</var>
+is assigned to <var>parameter</var>.
+The value of <var>parameter</var> is then substituted.
+Positional parameters and special parameters may not be assigned to
+in this way.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>:?<var>word</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If <var>parameter</var>
+is null or unset, the expansion of <var>word</var> (or a message
+to that effect if <var>word</var>
+is not present) is written to the standard error and the shell, if it
+is not interactive, exits. Otherwise, the value of <var>parameter</var> is
+substituted.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>:+<var>word</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If <var>parameter</var>
+is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the expansion of
+<var>word</var> is substituted.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>:<var>offset</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>:<var>offset</var>:<var>length</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><p>This is referred to as Substring Expansion.
+It expands to up to <var>length</var> characters of the value of <var>parameter</var>
+starting at the character specified by <var>offset</var>.
+If <var>parameter</var> is &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo;, an indexed array subscripted by
+&lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;, or an associative array name, the results differ as
+described below.
+If <var>length</var> is omitted, it expands to the substring of the value of
+<var>parameter</var> starting at the character specified by <var>offset</var>
+and extending to the end of the value.
+<var>length</var> and <var>offset</var> are arithmetic expressions
+(see <a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a>).
+</p>
+<p>If <var>offset</var> evaluates to a number less than zero, the value
+is used as an offset in characters
+from the end of the value of <var>parameter</var>.
+If <var>length</var> evaluates to a number less than zero,
+it is interpreted as an offset in characters
+from the end of the value of <var>parameter</var> rather than
+a number of characters, and the expansion is the characters between
+<var>offset</var> and that result.
+Note that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by at least
+one space to avoid being confused with the &lsquo;<samp>:-</samp>&rsquo; expansion.
+</p>
+<p>Here are some examples illustrating substring expansion on parameters and
+subscripted arrays:
+</p>
+<pre class="verbatim">$ string=01234567890abcdefgh
+$ echo ${string:7}
+7890abcdefgh
+$ echo ${string:7:0}
+
+$ echo ${string:7:2}
+78
+$ echo ${string:7:-2}
+7890abcdef
+$ echo ${string: -7}
+bcdefgh
+$ echo ${string: -7:0}
+
+$ echo ${string: -7:2}
+bc
+$ echo ${string: -7:-2}
+bcdef
+$ set -- 01234567890abcdefgh
+$ echo ${1:7}
+7890abcdefgh
+$ echo ${1:7:0}
+
+$ echo ${1:7:2}
+78
+$ echo ${1:7:-2}
+7890abcdef
+$ echo ${1: -7}
+bcdefgh
+$ echo ${1: -7:0}
+
+$ echo ${1: -7:2}
+bc
+$ echo ${1: -7:-2}
+bcdef
+$ array[0]=01234567890abcdefgh
+$ echo ${array[0]:7}
+7890abcdefgh
+$ echo ${array[0]:7:0}
+
+$ echo ${array[0]:7:2}
+78
+$ echo ${array[0]:7:-2}
+7890abcdef
+$ echo ${array[0]: -7}
+bcdefgh
+$ echo ${array[0]: -7:0}
+
+$ echo ${array[0]: -7:2}
+bc
+$ echo ${array[0]: -7:-2}
+bcdef
+</pre>
+<p>If <var>parameter</var> is &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo;, the result is <var>length</var> positional
+parameters beginning at <var>offset</var>.
+A negative <var>offset</var> is taken relative to one greater than the greatest
+positional parameter, so an offset of -1 evaluates to the last positional
+parameter.
+It is an expansion error if <var>length</var> evaluates to a number less than zero.
+</p>
+<p>The following examples illustrate substring expansion using positional
+parameters:
+</p>
+<pre class="verbatim">$ set -- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
+$ echo ${@:7}
+7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
+$ echo ${@:7:0}
+
+$ echo ${@:7:2}
+7 8
+$ echo ${@:7:-2}
+bash: -2: substring expression &lt; 0
+$ echo ${@: -7:2}
+b c
+$ echo ${@:0}
+./bash 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
+$ echo ${@:0:2}
+./bash 1
+$ echo ${@: -7:0}
+
+</pre>
+<p>If <var>parameter</var> is an indexed array name subscripted
+by &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;, the result is the <var>length</var>
+members of the array beginning with <code>${<var>parameter</var>[<var>offset</var>]}</code>.
+A negative <var>offset</var> is taken relative to one greater than the maximum
+index of the specified array.
+It is an expansion error if <var>length</var> evaluates to a number less than zero.
+</p>
+<p>These examples show how you can use substring expansion with indexed
+arrays:
+</p>
+<pre class="verbatim">$ array=(0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h)
+$ echo ${array[@]:7}
+7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
+$ echo ${array[@]:7:2}
+7 8
+$ echo ${array[@]: -7:2}
+b c
+$ echo ${array[@]: -7:-2}
+bash: -2: substring expression &lt; 0
+$ echo ${array[@]:0}
+0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h
+$ echo ${array[@]:0:2}
+0 1
+$ echo ${array[@]: -7:0}
+
+</pre>
+<p>Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces undefined
+results.
+</p>
+<p>Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters
+are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by default.
+If <var>offset</var> is 0, and the positional parameters are used, <code>$@</code> is
+prefixed to the list.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>${!<var>prefix</var>*}</code></dt>
+<dt><code>${!<var>prefix</var>@}</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Expands to the names of variables whose names begin with <var>prefix</var>,
+separated by the first character of the <code>IFS</code> special variable.
+When &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each
+variable name expands to a separate word.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>${!<var>name</var>[@]}</code></dt>
+<dt><code>${!<var>name</var>[*]}</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If <var>name</var> is an array variable, expands to the list of array indices
+(keys) assigned in <var>name</var>.
+If <var>name</var> is not an array, expands to 0 if <var>name</var> is set and null
+otherwise.
+When &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each
+key expands to a separate word.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>${#<var>parameter</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The length in characters of the expanded value of <var>parameter</var> is
+substituted.
+If <var>parameter</var> is &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo;, the value substituted
+is the number of positional parameters.
+If <var>parameter</var> is an array name subscripted by &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo;,
+the value substituted is the number of elements in the array.
+If <var>parameter</var>
+is an indexed array name subscripted by a negative number, that number is
+interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of
+<var>parameter</var>, so negative indices count back from the end of the
+array, and an index of -1 references the last element.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>#<var>word</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>##<var>word</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The <var>word</var>
+is expanded to produce a pattern and matched according to the rules
+described below (see <a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>). If the pattern matches
+the beginning of the expanded value of <var>parameter</var>,
+then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of <var>parameter</var>
+with the shortest matching pattern (the &lsquo;<samp>#</samp>&rsquo; case) or the
+longest matching pattern (the &lsquo;<samp>##</samp>&rsquo; case) deleted.
+If <var>parameter</var> is &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;,
+the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional
+parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+If <var>parameter</var> is an array variable subscripted with
+&lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;,
+the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the
+array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>%<var>word</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>%%<var>word</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The <var>word</var>
+is expanded to produce a pattern and matched according to the rules
+described below (see <a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>). If the pattern matches
+If the pattern matches a trailing portion of the expanded value of
+<var>parameter</var>, then the result of the expansion is the value of
+<var>parameter</var> with the shortest matching pattern (the &lsquo;<samp>%</samp>&rsquo; case)
+or the longest matching pattern (the &lsquo;<samp>%%</samp>&rsquo; case) deleted.
+If <var>parameter</var> is &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;,
+the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional
+parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+If <var>parameter</var>
+is an array variable subscripted with &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;,
+the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the
+array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>/<var>pattern</var>/<var>string</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>The <var>pattern</var> is expanded to produce a pattern just as in
+filename expansion.
+<var>Parameter</var> is expanded and the longest match of <var>pattern</var>
+against its value is replaced with <var>string</var>.
+The match is performed according to the rules described below
+(see <a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>).
+If <var>pattern</var> begins with &lsquo;<samp>/</samp>&rsquo;, all matches of <var>pattern</var> are
+replaced with <var>string</var>. Normally only the first match is replaced.
+If <var>pattern</var> begins with &lsquo;<samp>#</samp>&rsquo;, it must match at the beginning
+of the expanded value of <var>parameter</var>.
+If <var>pattern</var> begins with &lsquo;<samp>%</samp>&rsquo;, it must match at the end
+of the expanded value of <var>parameter</var>.
+If <var>string</var> is null, matches of <var>pattern</var> are deleted
+and the <code>/</code> following <var>pattern</var> may be omitted.
+If the <code>nocasematch</code> shell option
+(see the description of <code>shopt</code> in <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>)
+is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+of alphabetic characters.
+If <var>parameter</var> is &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;,
+the substitution operation is applied to each positional
+parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+If <var>parameter</var>
+is an array variable subscripted with &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;,
+the substitution operation is applied to each member of the
+array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>^<var>pattern</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>^^<var>pattern</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>,<var>pattern</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>,,<var>pattern</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><p>This expansion modifies the case of alphabetic characters in <var>parameter</var>.
+The <var>pattern</var> is expanded to produce a pattern just as in
+filename expansion.
+Each character in the expanded value of <var>parameter</var> is tested against
+<var>pattern</var>, and, if it matches the pattern, its case is converted.
+The pattern should not attempt to match more than one character.
+The &lsquo;<samp>^</samp>&rsquo; operator converts lowercase letters matching <var>pattern</var>
+to uppercase; the &lsquo;<samp>,</samp>&rsquo; operator converts matching uppercase letters
+to lowercase.
+The &lsquo;<samp>^^</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>,,</samp>&rsquo; expansions convert each matched character in the
+expanded value; the &lsquo;<samp>^</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>,</samp>&rsquo; expansions match and convert only
+the first character in the expanded value.
+If <var>pattern</var> is omitted, it is treated like a &lsquo;<samp>?</samp>&rsquo;, which matches
+every character.
+If <var>parameter</var> is &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;,
+the case modification operation is applied to each positional
+parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+If <var>parameter</var>
+is an array variable subscripted with &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;,
+the case modification operation is applied to each member of the
+array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>@<var>operator</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The expansion is either a transformation of the value of <var>parameter</var>
+or information about <var>parameter</var> itself, depending on the value of
+<var>operator</var>. Each <var>operator</var> is a single letter:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>Q</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The expansion is a string that is the value of <var>parameter</var> quoted in a
+format that can be reused as input.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>E</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The expansion is a string that is the value of <var>parameter</var> with backslash
+escape sequences expanded as with the <code>$'&hellip;'</code> quoting mechanism.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>P</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The expansion is a string that is the result of expanding the value of
+<var>parameter</var> as if it were a prompt string (see <a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt">Controlling the Prompt</a>).
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>A</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The expansion is a string in the form of
+an assignment statement or <code>declare</code> command that, if
+evaluated, will recreate <var>parameter</var> with its attributes and value.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>a</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The expansion is a string consisting of flag values representing
+<var>parameter</var>&rsquo;s attributes.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>If <var>parameter</var> is &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;,
+the operation is applied to each positional
+parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+If <var>parameter</var>
+is an array variable subscripted with &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;,
+the operation is applied to each member of the
+array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
+</p>
+<p>The result of the expansion is subject to word splitting and pathname
+expansion as described below.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Command-Substitution"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Arithmetic-Expansion" accesskey="n" rel="next">Arithmetic Expansion</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Command-Substitution-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.5.4 Command Substitution</h4>
+<a name="index-command-substitution"></a>
+
+<p>Command substitution allows the output of a command to replace
+the command itself.
+Command substitution occurs when a command is enclosed as follows:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">$(<var>command</var>)
+</pre></div>
+<p>or
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">`<var>command</var>`
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Bash performs the expansion by executing <var>command</var> in a subshell environment
+and replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the
+command, with any trailing newlines deleted.
+Embedded newlines are not deleted, but they may be removed during
+word splitting.
+The command substitution <code>$(cat <var>file</var>)</code> can be
+replaced by the equivalent but faster <code>$(&lt; <var>file</var>)</code>.
+</p>
+<p>When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used,
+backslash retains its literal meaning except when followed by
+&lsquo;<samp>$</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>`</samp>&rsquo;, or &lsquo;<samp>\</samp>&rsquo;.
+The first backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the
+command substitution.
+When using the <code>$(<var>command</var>)</code> form, all characters between
+the parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially.
+</p>
+<p>Command substitutions may be nested. To nest when using the backquoted
+form, escape the inner backquotes with backslashes.
+</p>
+<p>If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and
+filename expansion are not performed on the results.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Arithmetic-Expansion"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Process-Substitution" accesskey="n" rel="next">Process Substitution</a>, Previous: <a href="#Command-Substitution" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Command Substitution</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Arithmetic-Expansion-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.5.5 Arithmetic Expansion</h4>
+<a name="index-expansion_002c-arithmetic"></a>
+<a name="index-arithmetic-expansion"></a>
+
+<p>Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression
+and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic expansion is:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">$(( <var>expression</var> ))
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The expression is treated as if it were within double quotes, but
+a double quote inside the parentheses is not treated specially.
+All tokens in the expression undergo parameter and variable expansion,
+command substitution, and quote removal.
+The result is treated as the arithmetic expression to be evaluated.
+Arithmetic expansions may be nested.
+</p>
+<p>The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below
+(see <a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a>).
+If the expression is invalid, Bash prints a message indicating
+failure to the standard error and no substitution occurs.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Process-Substitution"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Word-Splitting" accesskey="n" rel="next">Word Splitting</a>, Previous: <a href="#Arithmetic-Expansion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Arithmetic Expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Process-Substitution-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.5.6 Process Substitution</h4>
+<a name="index-process-substitution"></a>
+
+<p>Process substitution allows a process&rsquo;s input or output to be
+referred to using a filename.
+It takes the form of
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">&lt;(<var>list</var>)
+</pre></div>
+<p>or
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">&gt;(<var>list</var>)
+</pre></div>
+<p>The process <var>list</var> is run asynchronously, and its input or output
+appears as a filename.
+This filename is
+passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the
+expansion.
+If the <code>&gt;(<var>list</var>)</code> form is used, writing to
+the file will provide input for <var>list</var>. If the
+<code>&lt;(<var>list</var>)</code> form is used, the file passed as an
+argument should be read to obtain the output of <var>list</var>.
+Note that no space may appear between the <code>&lt;</code> or <code>&gt;</code>
+and the left parenthesis, otherwise the construct would be interpreted
+as a redirection.
+Process substitution is supported on systems that support named
+pipes (<small>FIFO</small>s) or the <samp>/dev/fd</samp> method of naming open files.
+</p>
+<p>When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with
+parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
+expansion.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Word-Splitting"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Filename-Expansion" accesskey="n" rel="next">Filename Expansion</a>, Previous: <a href="#Process-Substitution" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Process Substitution</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Word-Splitting-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.5.7 Word Splitting</h4>
+<a name="index-word-splitting"></a>
+
+<p>The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command substitution,
+and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double quotes for
+word splitting.
+</p>
+<p>The shell treats each character of <code>$IFS</code> as a delimiter, and splits
+the results of the other expansions into words using these characters
+as field terminators.
+If <code>IFS</code> is unset, or its value is exactly <code>&lt;space&gt;&lt;tab&gt;&lt;newline&gt;</code>,
+the default, then sequences of
+<code> &lt;space&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;tab&gt;</code>, and <code>&lt;newline&gt;</code>
+at the beginning and end of the results of the previous
+expansions are ignored, and any sequence of <code>IFS</code>
+characters not at the beginning or end serves to delimit words.
+If <code>IFS</code> has a value other than the default, then sequences of
+the whitespace characters <code>space</code>, <code>tab</code>, and <code>newline</code>
+are ignored at the beginning and end of the
+word, as long as the whitespace character is in the
+value of <code>IFS</code> (an <code>IFS</code> whitespace character).
+Any character in <code>IFS</code> that is not <code>IFS</code>
+whitespace, along with any adjacent <code>IFS</code>
+whitespace characters, delimits a field. A sequence of <code>IFS</code>
+whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter.
+If the value of <code>IFS</code> is null, no word splitting occurs.
+</p>
+<p>Explicit null arguments (<code>&quot;&quot;</code> or <code>''</code>) are retained
+and passed to commands as empty strings.
+Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the expansion of
+parameters that have no values, are removed.
+If a parameter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a
+null argument results and is retained
+and passed to a command as an empty string.
+When a quoted null argument appears as part of a word whose expansion is
+non-null, the null argument is removed.
+That is, the word
+<code>-d''</code> becomes <code>-d</code> after word splitting and
+null argument removal.
+</p>
+<p>Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting
+is performed.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Filename-Expansion"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Quote-Removal" accesskey="n" rel="next">Quote Removal</a>, Previous: <a href="#Word-Splitting" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Word Splitting</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Filename-Expansion-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.5.8 Filename Expansion</h4>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Pattern-Matching" accesskey="1">Pattern Matching</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How the shell matches patterns.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+<a name="index-expansion_002c-filename"></a>
+<a name="index-expansion_002c-pathname"></a>
+<a name="index-filename-expansion"></a>
+<a name="index-pathname-expansion"></a>
+
+<p>After word splitting, unless the <samp>-f</samp> option has been set
+(see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>), Bash scans each word for the characters
+&lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>?</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp>[</samp>&rsquo;.
+If one of these characters appears, then the word is
+regarded as a <var>pattern</var>,
+and replaced with an alphabetically sorted list of
+filenames matching the pattern (see <a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>).
+If no matching filenames are found,
+and the shell option <code>nullglob</code> is disabled, the word is left
+unchanged.
+If the <code>nullglob</code> option is set, and no matches are found, the word
+is removed.
+If the <code>failglob</code> shell option is set, and no matches are found,
+an error message is printed and the command is not executed.
+If the shell option <code>nocaseglob</code> is enabled, the match is performed
+without regard to the case of alphabetic characters.
+</p>
+<p>When a pattern is used for filename expansion, the character &lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo;
+at the start of a filename or immediately following a slash
+must be matched explicitly, unless the shell option <code>dotglob</code> is set.
+The filenames &lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>..</samp>&rsquo; must always be matched explicitly,
+even if <code>dotglob</code> is set.
+In other cases, the &lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo; character is not treated specially.
+</p>
+<p>When matching a filename, the slash character must always be
+matched explicitly by a slash in the pattern, but in other matching
+contexts it can be matched by a special pattern character as described
+below (see <a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>).
+</p>
+<p>See the description of <code>shopt</code> in <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>,
+for a description of the <code>nocaseglob</code>, <code>nullglob</code>,
+<code>failglob</code>, and <code>dotglob</code> options.
+</p>
+<p>The <code>GLOBIGNORE</code>
+shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file names matching a
+pattern. If <code>GLOBIGNORE</code>
+is set, each matching file name that also matches one of the patterns in
+<code>GLOBIGNORE</code> is removed from the list of matches.
+If the <code>nocaseglob</code> option is set, the matching against the patterns in
+<code>GLOBIGNORE</code> is performed without regard to case.
+The filenames
+<samp>.</samp> and <samp>..</samp>
+are always ignored when <code>GLOBIGNORE</code>
+is set and not null.
+However, setting <code>GLOBIGNORE</code> to a non-null value has the effect of
+enabling the <code>dotglob</code>
+shell option, so all other filenames beginning with a
+&lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo; will match.
+To get the old behavior of ignoring filenames beginning with a
+&lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo;, make &lsquo;<samp>.*</samp>&rsquo; one of the patterns in <code>GLOBIGNORE</code>.
+The <code>dotglob</code> option is disabled when <code>GLOBIGNORE</code>
+is unset.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Pattern-Matching"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Up: <a href="#Filename-Expansion" accesskey="u" rel="up">Filename Expansion</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Pattern-Matching-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsubsection">3.5.8.1 Pattern Matching</h4>
+<a name="index-pattern-matching"></a>
+<a name="index-matching_002c-pattern"></a>
+
+<p>Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern
+characters described below, matches itself.
+The <small>NUL</small> character may not occur in a pattern.
+A backslash escapes the following character; the
+escaping backslash is discarded when matching.
+The special pattern characters must be quoted if they are to be matched
+literally.
+</p>
+<p>The special pattern characters have the following meanings:
+</p><dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>*</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Matches any string, including the null string.
+When the <code>globstar</code> shell option is enabled, and &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; is used in
+a filename expansion context, two adjacent &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;s used as a single
+pattern will match all files and zero or more directories and
+subdirectories.
+If followed by a &lsquo;<samp>/</samp>&rsquo;, two adjacent &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;s will match only
+directories and subdirectories.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>?</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Matches any single character.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>[&hellip;]</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of characters
+separated by a hyphen denotes a <var>range expression</var>;
+any character that falls between those two characters, inclusive,
+using the current locale&rsquo;s collating sequence and character set,
+is matched. If the first character following the
+&lsquo;<samp>[</samp>&rsquo; is a &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo; or a &lsquo;<samp>^</samp>&rsquo;
+then any character not enclosed is matched. A &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;
+may be matched by including it as the first or last character
+in the set. A &lsquo;<samp>]</samp>&rsquo; may be matched by including it as the first
+character in the set.
+The sorting order of characters in range expressions is determined by
+the current locale and the values of the
+<code>LC_COLLATE</code> and <code>LC_ALL</code> shell variables, if set.
+</p>
+<p>For example, in the default C locale, &lsquo;<samp>[a-dx-z]</samp>&rsquo; is equivalent to
+&lsquo;<samp>[abcdxyz]</samp>&rsquo;. Many locales sort characters in dictionary order, and in
+these locales &lsquo;<samp>[a-dx-z]</samp>&rsquo; is typically not equivalent to &lsquo;<samp>[abcdxyz]</samp>&rsquo;;
+it might be equivalent to &lsquo;<samp>[aBbCcDdxXyYz]</samp>&rsquo;, for example. To obtain
+the traditional interpretation of ranges in bracket expressions, you can
+force the use of the C locale by setting the <code>LC_COLLATE</code> or
+<code>LC_ALL</code> environment variable to the value &lsquo;<samp>C</samp>&rsquo;, or enable the
+<code>globasciiranges</code> shell option.
+</p>
+<p>Within &lsquo;<samp>[</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>]</samp>&rsquo;, <var>character classes</var> can be specified
+using the syntax
+<code>[:</code><var>class</var><code>:]</code>, where <var>class</var> is one of the
+following classes defined in the <small>POSIX</small> standard:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lower
+print punct space upper word xdigit
+</pre></div>
+<p>A character class matches any character belonging to that class.
+The <code>word</code> character class matches letters, digits, and the character
+&lsquo;<samp>_</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>Within &lsquo;<samp>[</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>]</samp>&rsquo;, an <var>equivalence class</var> can be
+specified using the syntax <code>[=</code><var>c</var><code>=]</code>, which
+matches all characters with the same collation weight (as defined
+by the current locale) as the character <var>c</var>.
+</p>
+<p>Within &lsquo;<samp>[</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>]</samp>&rsquo;, the syntax <code>[.</code><var>symbol</var><code>.]</code>
+matches the collating symbol <var>symbol</var>.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>If the <code>extglob</code> shell option is enabled using the <code>shopt</code>
+builtin, several extended pattern matching operators are recognized.
+In the following description, a <var>pattern-list</var> is a list of one
+or more patterns separated by a &lsquo;<samp>|</samp>&rsquo;.
+Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the following
+sub-patterns:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>?(<var>pattern-list</var>)</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>*(<var>pattern-list</var>)</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>+(<var>pattern-list</var>)</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>@(<var>pattern-list</var>)</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Matches one of the given patterns.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>!(<var>pattern-list</var>)</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Matches anything except one of the given patterns.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>Complicated extended pattern matching against long strings is slow,
+especially when the patterns contain alternations and the strings
+contain multiple matches.
+Using separate matches against shorter strings, or using arrays of
+strings instead of a single long string, may be faster.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Quote-Removal"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Filename-Expansion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Filename Expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Expansions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Quote-Removal-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.5.9 Quote Removal</h4>
+
+<p>After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the
+characters &lsquo;<samp>\</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>'</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp>&quot;</samp>&rsquo; that did not
+result from one of the above expansions are removed.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Redirections"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Executing-Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Executing Commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Expansions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Expansions</a>, Up: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Basic Shell Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Redirections-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">3.6 Redirections</h3>
+<a name="index-redirection"></a>
+
+<p>Before a command is executed, its input and output
+may be <var>redirected</var>
+using a special notation interpreted by the shell.
+Redirection allows commands&rsquo; file handles to be
+duplicated, opened, closed,
+made to refer to different files,
+and can change the files the command reads from and writes to.
+Redirection may also be used to modify file handles in the
+current shell execution environment. The following redirection
+operators may precede or appear anywhere within a
+simple command or may follow a command.
+Redirections are processed in the order they appear, from
+left to right.
+</p>
+<p>Each redirection that may be preceded by a file descriptor number
+may instead be preceded by a word of the form {<var>varname</var>}.
+In this case, for each redirection operator except
+&gt;&amp;- and &lt;&amp;-, the shell will allocate a file descriptor greater
+than 10 and assign it to {<var>varname</var>}. If &gt;&amp;- or &lt;&amp;- is preceded
+by {<var>varname</var>}, the value of <var>varname</var> defines the file
+descriptor to close.
+If {<var>varname</var>} is supplied, the redirection persists beyond
+the scope of the command, allowing the shell programmer to manage
+the file descriptor himself.
+</p>
+<p>In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is
+omitted, and the first character of the redirection operator is
+&lsquo;<samp>&lt;</samp>&rsquo;, the redirection refers to the standard input (file
+descriptor 0). If the first character of the redirection operator
+is &lsquo;<samp>&gt;</samp>&rsquo;, the redirection refers to the standard output (file
+descriptor 1).
+</p>
+<p>The word following the redirection operator in the following
+descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion,
+tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
+expansion, quote removal, filename expansion, and word splitting.
+If it expands to more than one word, Bash reports an error.
+</p>
+<p>Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example,
+the command
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">ls &gt; <var>dirlist</var> 2&gt;&amp;1
+</pre></div>
+<p>directs both standard output (file descriptor 1) and standard error
+(file descriptor 2) to the file <var>dirlist</var>, while the command
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">ls 2&gt;&amp;1 &gt; <var>dirlist</var>
+</pre></div>
+<p>directs only the standard output to file <var>dirlist</var>,
+because the standard error was made a copy of the standard output
+before the standard output was redirected to <var>dirlist</var>.
+</p>
+<p>Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in
+redirections, as described in the following table.
+If the operating system on which Bash is running provides these
+special files, bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them
+internally with the behavior described below.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>/dev/fd/<var>fd</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>If <var>fd</var> is a valid integer, file descriptor <var>fd</var> is duplicated.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>/dev/stdin</code></dt>
+<dd><p>File descriptor 0 is duplicated.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>/dev/stdout</code></dt>
+<dd><p>File descriptor 1 is duplicated.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>/dev/stderr</code></dt>
+<dd><p>File descriptor 2 is duplicated.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>/dev/tcp/<var>host</var>/<var>port</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>If <var>host</var> is a valid hostname or Internet address, and <var>port</var>
+is an integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open
+the corresponding TCP socket.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>/dev/udp/<var>host</var>/<var>port</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>If <var>host</var> is a valid hostname or Internet address, and <var>port</var>
+is an integer port number or service name, Bash attempts to open
+the corresponding UDP socket.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail.
+</p>
+<p>Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with
+care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses
+internally.
+</p>
+<a name="Redirecting-Input"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.6.1 Redirecting Input</h4>
+<p>Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from
+the expansion of <var>word</var>
+to be opened for reading on file descriptor <code>n</code>,
+or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if <code>n</code>
+is not specified.
+</p>
+<p>The general format for redirecting input is:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">[<var>n</var>]&lt;<var>word</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<a name="Redirecting-Output"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.6.2 Redirecting Output</h4>
+<p>Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from
+the expansion of <var>word</var>
+to be opened for writing on file descriptor <var>n</var>,
+or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if <var>n</var>
+is not specified. If the file does not exist it is created;
+if it does exist it is truncated to zero size.
+</p>
+<p>The general format for redirecting output is:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">[<var>n</var>]&gt;[|]<var>word</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>If the redirection operator is &lsquo;<samp>&gt;</samp>&rsquo;, and the <code>noclobber</code>
+option to the <code>set</code> builtin has been enabled, the redirection
+will fail if the file whose name results from the expansion of
+<var>word</var> exists and is a regular file.
+If the redirection operator is &lsquo;<samp>&gt;|</samp>&rsquo;, or the redirection operator is
+&lsquo;<samp>&gt;</samp>&rsquo; and the <code>noclobber</code> option is not enabled, the redirection
+is attempted even if the file named by <var>word</var> exists.
+</p>
+<a name="Appending-Redirected-Output"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.6.3 Appending Redirected Output</h4>
+<p>Redirection of output in this fashion
+causes the file whose name results from
+the expansion of <var>word</var>
+to be opened for appending on file descriptor <var>n</var>,
+or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if <var>n</var>
+is not specified. If the file does not exist it is created.
+</p>
+<p>The general format for appending output is:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">[<var>n</var>]&gt;&gt;<var>word</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<a name="Redirecting-Standard-Output-and-Standard-Error"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.6.4 Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error</h4>
+<p>This construct allows both the
+standard output (file descriptor 1) and
+the standard error output (file descriptor 2)
+to be redirected to the file whose name is the
+expansion of <var>word</var>.
+</p>
+<p>There are two formats for redirecting standard output and
+standard error:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">&amp;&gt;<var>word</var>
+</pre></div>
+<p>and
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">&gt;&amp;<var>word</var>
+</pre></div>
+<p>Of the two forms, the first is preferred.
+This is semantically equivalent to
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">&gt;<var>word</var> 2&gt;&amp;1
+</pre></div>
+<p>When using the second form, <var>word</var> may not expand to a number or
+&lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;. If it does, other redirection operators apply
+(see Duplicating File Descriptors below) for compatibility reasons.
+</p>
+<a name="Appending-Standard-Output-and-Standard-Error"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.6.5 Appending Standard Output and Standard Error</h4>
+<p>This construct allows both the
+standard output (file descriptor 1) and
+the standard error output (file descriptor 2)
+to be appended to the file whose name is the
+expansion of <var>word</var>.
+</p>
+<p>The format for appending standard output and standard error is:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">&amp;&gt;&gt;<var>word</var>
+</pre></div>
+<p>This is semantically equivalent to
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">&gt;&gt;<var>word</var> 2&gt;&amp;1
+</pre></div>
+<p>(see Duplicating File Descriptors below).
+</p>
+<a name="Here-Documents"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.6.6 Here Documents</h4>
+<p>This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the
+current source until a line containing only <var>word</var>
+(with no trailing blanks) is seen. All of
+the lines read up to that point are then used as the standard
+input (or file descriptor <var>n</var> if <var>n</var> is specified) for a command.
+</p>
+<p>The format of here-documents is:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">[<var>n</var>]&lt;&lt;[-]<var>word</var>
+ <var>here-document</var>
+<var>delimiter</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>No parameter and variable expansion, command substitution,
+arithmetic expansion, or filename expansion is performed on
+<var>word</var>. If any part of <var>word</var> is quoted, the
+<var>delimiter</var> is the result of quote removal on <var>word</var>,
+and the lines in the here-document are not expanded.
+If <var>word</var> is unquoted,
+all lines of the here-document are subjected to
+parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion,
+the character sequence <code>\newline</code> is ignored, and &lsquo;<samp>\</samp>&rsquo;
+must be used to quote the characters
+&lsquo;<samp>\</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>$</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp>`</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>If the redirection operator is &lsquo;<samp>&lt;&lt;-</samp>&rsquo;,
+then all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines and the
+line containing <var>delimiter</var>.
+This allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a
+natural fashion.
+</p>
+<a name="Here-Strings"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.6.7 Here Strings</h4>
+<p>A variant of here documents, the format is:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">[<var>n</var>]&lt;&lt;&lt; <var>word</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <var>word</var> undergoes
+tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
+command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal.
+Pathname expansion and word splitting are not performed.
+The result is supplied as a single string,
+with a newline appended,
+to the command on its
+standard input (or file descriptor <var>n</var> if <var>n</var> is specified).
+</p>
+<a name="Duplicating-File-Descriptors"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.6.8 Duplicating File Descriptors</h4>
+<p>The redirection operator
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">[<var>n</var>]&lt;&amp;<var>word</var>
+</pre></div>
+<p>is used to duplicate input file descriptors.
+If <var>word</var>
+expands to one or more digits, the file descriptor denoted by <var>n</var>
+is made to be a copy of that file descriptor.
+If the digits in <var>word</var> do not specify a file descriptor open for
+input, a redirection error occurs.
+If <var>word</var>
+evaluates to &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;, file descriptor <var>n</var> is closed.
+If <var>n</var> is not specified, the standard input (file descriptor 0) is used.
+</p>
+<p>The operator
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">[<var>n</var>]&gt;&amp;<var>word</var>
+</pre></div>
+<p>is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If
+<var>n</var> is not specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used.
+If the digits in <var>word</var> do not specify a file descriptor open for
+output, a redirection error occurs.
+If <var>word</var>
+evaluates to &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;, file descriptor <var>n</var> is closed.
+As a special case, if <var>n</var> is omitted, and <var>word</var> does not
+expand to one or more digits or &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;, the standard output and standard
+error are redirected as described previously.
+</p>
+<a name="Moving-File-Descriptors"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.6.9 Moving File Descriptors</h4>
+<p>The redirection operator
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">[<var>n</var>]&lt;&amp;<var>digit</var>-
+</pre></div>
+<p>moves the file descriptor <var>digit</var> to file descriptor <var>n</var>,
+or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if <var>n</var> is not specified.
+<var>digit</var> is closed after being duplicated to <var>n</var>.
+</p>
+<p>Similarly, the redirection operator
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">[<var>n</var>]&gt;&amp;<var>digit</var>-
+</pre></div>
+<p>moves the file descriptor <var>digit</var> to file descriptor <var>n</var>,
+or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if <var>n</var> is not specified.
+</p>
+<a name="Opening-File-Descriptors-for-Reading-and-Writing"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.6.10 Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing</h4>
+<p>The redirection operator
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">[<var>n</var>]&lt;&gt;<var>word</var>
+</pre></div>
+<p>causes the file whose name is the expansion of <var>word</var>
+to be opened for both reading and writing on file descriptor
+<var>n</var>, or on file descriptor 0 if <var>n</var>
+is not specified. If the file does not exist, it is created.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Executing-Commands"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Shell-Scripts" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Scripts</a>, Previous: <a href="#Redirections" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Redirections</a>, Up: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Basic Shell Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Executing-Commands-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">3.7 Executing Commands</h3>
+
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Simple-Command-Expansion" accesskey="1">Simple Command Expansion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How Bash expands simple commands before
+ executing them.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Command-Search-and-Execution" accesskey="2">Command Search and Execution</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How Bash finds commands and runs them.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Command-Execution-Environment" accesskey="3">Command Execution Environment</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The environment in which Bash
+ executes commands that are not
+ shell builtins.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Environment" accesskey="4">Environment</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The environment given to a command.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Exit-Status" accesskey="5">Exit Status</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The status returned by commands and how Bash
+ interprets it.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Signals" accesskey="6">Signals</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">What happens when Bash or a command it runs
+ receives a signal.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Simple-Command-Expansion"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Command-Search-and-Execution" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Search and Execution</a>, Up: <a href="#Executing-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Executing Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Simple-Command-Expansion-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.7.1 Simple Command Expansion</h4>
+<a name="index-command-expansion"></a>
+
+<p>When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following
+expansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right.
+</p>
+<ol>
+<li> The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments (those
+preceding the command name) and redirections are saved for later
+processing.
+
+</li><li> The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are
+expanded (see <a href="#Shell-Expansions">Shell Expansions</a>).
+If any words remain after expansion, the first word
+is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words are
+the arguments.
+
+</li><li> Redirections are performed as described above (see <a href="#Redirections">Redirections</a>).
+
+</li><li> The text after the &lsquo;<samp>=</samp>&rsquo; in each variable assignment undergoes tilde
+expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion,
+and quote removal before being assigned to the variable.
+</li></ol>
+
+<p>If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current
+shell environment. Otherwise, the variables are added to the environment
+of the executed command and do not affect the current shell environment.
+If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a readonly variable,
+an error occurs, and the command exits with a non-zero status.
+</p>
+<p>If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not
+affect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the
+command to exit with a non-zero status.
+</p>
+<p>If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as
+described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expansions
+contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command is
+the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If there
+were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status of zero.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Command-Search-and-Execution"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Command-Execution-Environment" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Execution Environment</a>, Previous: <a href="#Simple-Command-Expansion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Simple Command Expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Executing-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Executing Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Command-Search-and-Execution-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.7.2 Command Search and Execution</h4>
+<a name="index-command-execution"></a>
+<a name="index-command-search"></a>
+
+<p>After a command has been split into words, if it results in a
+simple command and an optional list of arguments, the following
+actions are taken.
+</p>
+<ol>
+<li> If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to
+locate it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that
+function is invoked as described in <a href="#Shell-Functions">Shell Functions</a>.
+
+</li><li> If the name does not match a function, the shell searches for
+it in the list of shell builtins. If a match is found, that
+builtin is invoked.
+
+</li><li> If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin,
+and contains no slashes, Bash searches each element of
+<code>$PATH</code> for a directory containing an executable file
+by that name. Bash uses a hash table to remember the full
+pathnames of executable files to avoid multiple <code>PATH</code> searches
+(see the description of <code>hash</code> in <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
+A full search of the directories in <code>$PATH</code>
+is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table.
+If the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell
+function named <code>command_not_found_handle</code>.
+If that function exists, it is invoked in a separate execution environment
+with the original command and
+the original command&rsquo;s arguments as its arguments, and the function&rsquo;s
+exit status becomes the exit status of that subshell.
+If that function is not defined, the shell prints an error
+message and returns an exit status of 127.
+
+</li><li> If the search is successful, or if the command name contains
+one or more slashes, the shell executes the named program in
+a separate execution environment.
+Argument 0 is set to the name given, and the remaining arguments
+to the command are set to the arguments supplied, if any.
+
+</li><li> If this execution fails because the file is not in executable
+format, and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a
+<var>shell script</var> and the shell executes it as described in
+<a href="#Shell-Scripts">Shell Scripts</a>.
+
+</li><li> If the command was not begun asynchronously, the shell waits for
+the command to complete and collects its exit status.
+
+</li></ol>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Command-Execution-Environment"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Environment" accesskey="n" rel="next">Environment</a>, Previous: <a href="#Command-Search-and-Execution" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Command Search and Execution</a>, Up: <a href="#Executing-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Executing Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Command-Execution-Environment-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.7.3 Command Execution Environment</h4>
+<a name="index-execution-environment"></a>
+
+<p>The shell has an <var>execution environment</var>, which consists of the
+following:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li> open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
+redirections supplied to the <code>exec</code> builtin
+
+</li><li> the current working directory as set by <code>cd</code>, <code>pushd</code>, or
+<code>popd</code>, or inherited by the shell at invocation
+
+</li><li> the file creation mode mask as set by <code>umask</code> or inherited from
+the shell&rsquo;s parent
+
+</li><li> current traps set by <code>trap</code>
+
+</li><li> shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with <code>set</code>
+or inherited from the shell&rsquo;s parent in the environment
+
+</li><li> shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the shell&rsquo;s
+parent in the environment
+
+</li><li> options enabled at invocation (either by default or with command-line
+arguments) or by <code>set</code>
+
+</li><li> options enabled by <code>shopt</code> (see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>)
+
+</li><li> shell aliases defined with <code>alias</code> (see <a href="#Aliases">Aliases</a>)
+
+</li><li> various process <small>ID</small>s, including those of background jobs
+(see <a href="#Lists">Lists</a>), the value of <code>$$</code>, and the value of
+<code>$PPID</code>
+
+</li></ul>
+
+<p>When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function
+is to be executed, it
+is invoked in a separate execution environment that consists of
+the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inherited
+from the shell.
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li> the shell&rsquo;s open files, plus any modifications and additions specified
+by redirections to the command
+
+</li><li> the current working directory
+
+</li><li> the file creation mode mask
+
+</li><li> shell variables and functions marked for export, along with variables
+exported for the command, passed in the environment (see <a href="#Environment">Environment</a>)
+
+</li><li> traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from the
+shell&rsquo;s parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored
+
+</li></ul>
+
+<p>A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the
+shell&rsquo;s execution environment.
+</p>
+<p>Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses,
+and asynchronous commands are invoked in a
+subshell environment that is a duplicate of the shell environment,
+except that traps caught by the shell are reset to the values
+that the shell inherited from its parent at invocation. Builtin
+commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline are also executed
+in a subshell environment. Changes made to the subshell environment
+cannot affect the shell&rsquo;s execution environment.
+</p>
+<p>Subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of
+the <samp>-e</samp> option from the parent shell. When not in <small>POSIX</small> mode,
+Bash clears the <samp>-e</samp> option in such subshells.
+</p>
+<p>If a command is followed by a &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo; and job control is not active, the
+default standard input for the command is the empty file <samp>/dev/null</samp>.
+Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the calling
+shell as modified by redirections.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Environment"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Exit-Status" accesskey="n" rel="next">Exit Status</a>, Previous: <a href="#Command-Execution-Environment" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Command Execution Environment</a>, Up: <a href="#Executing-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Executing Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Environment-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.7.4 Environment</h4>
+<a name="index-environment"></a>
+
+<p>When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings
+called the <var>environment</var>.
+This is a list of name-value pairs, of the form <code>name=value</code>.
+</p>
+<p>Bash provides several ways to manipulate the environment.
+On invocation, the shell scans its own environment and
+creates a parameter for each name found, automatically marking
+it for <var>export</var>
+to child processes. Executed commands inherit the environment.
+The <code>export</code> and &lsquo;<samp>declare -x</samp>&rsquo;
+commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and
+deleted from the environment. If the value of a parameter
+in the environment is modified, the new value becomes part
+of the environment, replacing the old. The environment
+inherited by any executed command consists of the shell&rsquo;s
+initial environment, whose values may be modified in the shell,
+less any pairs removed by the <code>unset</code> and &lsquo;<samp>export -n</samp>&rsquo;
+commands, plus any additions via the <code>export</code> and
+&lsquo;<samp>declare -x</samp>&rsquo; commands.
+</p>
+<p>The environment for any simple command
+or function may be augmented temporarily by prefixing it with
+parameter assignments, as described in <a href="#Shell-Parameters">Shell Parameters</a>.
+These assignment statements affect only the environment seen
+by that command.
+</p>
+<p>If the <samp>-k</samp> option is set (see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>), then all
+parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command,
+not just those that precede the command name.
+</p>
+<p>When Bash invokes an external command, the variable &lsquo;<samp>$_</samp>&rsquo;
+is set to the full pathname of the command and passed to that
+command in its environment.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Exit-Status"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Signals" accesskey="n" rel="next">Signals</a>, Previous: <a href="#Environment" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Environment</a>, Up: <a href="#Executing-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Executing Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Exit-Status-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.7.5 Exit Status</h4>
+<a name="index-exit-status-1"></a>
+
+<p>The exit status of an executed command is the value returned by the
+<var>waitpid</var> system call or equivalent function. Exit statuses
+fall between 0 and 255, though, as explained below, the shell may
+use values above 125 specially. Exit statuses from shell builtins and
+compound commands are also limited to this range. Under certain
+circumstances, the shell will use special values to indicate specific
+failure modes.
+</p>
+<p>For the shell&rsquo;s purposes, a command which exits with a
+zero exit status has succeeded.
+A non-zero exit status indicates failure.
+This seemingly counter-intuitive scheme is used so there
+is one well-defined way to indicate success and a variety of
+ways to indicate various failure modes.
+When a command terminates on a fatal signal whose number is <var>N</var>,
+Bash uses the value 128+<var>N</var> as the exit status.
+</p>
+<p>If a command is not found, the child process created to
+execute it returns a status of 127. If a command is found
+but is not executable, the return status is 126.
+</p>
+<p>If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection,
+the exit status is greater than zero.
+</p>
+<p>The exit status is used by the Bash conditional commands
+(see <a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a>) and some of the list
+constructs (see <a href="#Lists">Lists</a>).
+</p>
+<p>All of the Bash builtins return an exit status of zero if they succeed
+and a non-zero status on failure, so they may be used by the
+conditional and list constructs.
+All builtins return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage,
+generally invalid options or missing arguments.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Signals"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Exit-Status" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Exit Status</a>, Up: <a href="#Executing-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Executing Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Signals-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">3.7.6 Signals</h4>
+<a name="index-signal-handling"></a>
+
+<p>When Bash is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores
+<code>SIGTERM</code> (so that &lsquo;<samp>kill 0</samp>&rsquo; does not kill an interactive shell),
+and <code>SIGINT</code>
+is caught and handled (so that the <code>wait</code> builtin is interruptible).
+When Bash receives a <code>SIGINT</code>, it breaks out of any executing loops.
+In all cases, Bash ignores <code>SIGQUIT</code>.
+If job control is in effect (see <a href="#Job-Control">Job Control</a>), Bash
+ignores <code>SIGTTIN</code>, <code>SIGTTOU</code>, and <code>SIGTSTP</code>.
+</p>
+<p>Non-builtin commands started by Bash have signal handlers set to the
+values inherited by the shell from its parent.
+When job control is not in effect, asynchronous commands
+ignore <code>SIGINT</code> and <code>SIGQUIT</code> in addition to these inherited
+handlers.
+Commands run as a result of
+command substitution ignore the keyboard-generated job control signals
+<code>SIGTTIN</code>, <code>SIGTTOU</code>, and <code>SIGTSTP</code>.
+</p>
+<p>The shell exits by default upon receipt of a <code>SIGHUP</code>.
+Before exiting, an interactive shell resends the <code>SIGHUP</code> to
+all jobs, running or stopped.
+Stopped jobs are sent <code>SIGCONT</code> to ensure that they receive
+the <code>SIGHUP</code>.
+To prevent the shell from sending the <code>SIGHUP</code> signal to a
+particular job, it should be removed
+from the jobs table with the <code>disown</code>
+builtin (see <a href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a>) or marked
+to not receive <code>SIGHUP</code> using <code>disown -h</code>.
+</p>
+<p>If the <code>huponexit</code> shell option has been set with <code>shopt</code>
+(see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>), Bash sends a <code>SIGHUP</code> to all jobs when
+an interactive login shell exits.
+</p>
+<p>If Bash is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal
+for which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until
+the command completes.
+When Bash is waiting for an asynchronous
+command via the <code>wait</code> builtin, the reception of a signal for
+which a trap has been set will cause the <code>wait</code> builtin to return
+immediately with an exit status greater than 128, immediately after
+which the trap is executed.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Shell-Scripts"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Executing-Commands" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Executing Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Basic Shell Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Shell-Scripts-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">3.8 Shell Scripts</h3>
+<a name="index-shell-script"></a>
+
+<p>A shell script is a text file containing shell commands. When such
+a file is used as the first non-option argument when invoking Bash,
+and neither the <samp>-c</samp> nor <samp>-s</samp> option is supplied
+(see <a href="#Invoking-Bash">Invoking Bash</a>),
+Bash reads and executes commands from the file, then exits. This
+mode of operation creates a non-interactive shell. The shell first
+searches for the file in the current directory, and looks in the
+directories in <code>$PATH</code> if not found there.
+</p>
+<p>When Bash runs
+a shell script, it sets the special parameter <code>0</code> to the name
+of the file, rather than the name of the shell, and the positional
+parameters are set to the remaining arguments, if any are given.
+If no additional arguments are supplied, the positional parameters
+are unset.
+</p>
+<p>A shell script may be made executable by using the <code>chmod</code> command
+to turn on the execute bit. When Bash finds such a file while
+searching the <code>$PATH</code> for a command, it spawns a subshell to
+execute it. In other words, executing
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">filename <var>arguments</var>
+</pre></div>
+<p>is equivalent to executing
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">bash filename <var>arguments</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>if <code>filename</code> is an executable shell script.
+This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as if a
+new shell had been invoked to interpret the script, with the
+exception that the locations of commands remembered by the parent
+(see the description of <code>hash</code> in <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>)
+are retained by the child.
+</p>
+<p>Most versions of Unix make this a part of the operating system&rsquo;s command
+execution mechanism. If the first line of a script begins with
+the two characters &lsquo;<samp>#!</samp>&rsquo;, the remainder of the line specifies
+an interpreter for the program.
+Thus, you can specify Bash, <code>awk</code>, Perl, or some other
+interpreter and write the rest of the script file in that language.
+</p>
+<p>The arguments to the interpreter
+consist of a single optional argument following the interpreter
+name on the first line of the script file, followed by the name of
+the script file, followed by the rest of the arguments. Bash
+will perform this action on operating systems that do not handle it
+themselves. Note that some older versions of Unix limit the interpreter
+name and argument to a maximum of 32 characters.
+</p>
+<p>Bash scripts often begin with <code>#! /bin/bash</code> (assuming that
+Bash has been installed in <samp>/bin</samp>), since this ensures that
+Bash will be used to interpret the script, even if it is executed
+under another shell.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Shell-Builtin-Commands"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Shell-Variables" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Variables</a>, Previous: <a href="#Basic-Shell-Features" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Basic Shell Features</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Shell-Builtin-Commands-1"></a>
+<h2 class="chapter">4 Shell Builtin Commands</h2>
+
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins" accesskey="1">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Builtin commands inherited from the Bourne
+ Shell.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Bash-Builtins" accesskey="2">Bash Builtins</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Table of builtins specific to Bash.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Modifying-Shell-Behavior" accesskey="3">Modifying Shell Behavior</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Builtins to modify shell attributes and
+ optional behavior.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Special-Builtins" accesskey="4">Special Builtins</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Builtin commands classified specially by
+ POSIX.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Builtin commands are contained within the shell itself.
+When the name of a builtin command is used as the first word of
+a simple command (see <a href="#Simple-Commands">Simple Commands</a>), the shell executes
+the command directly, without invoking another program.
+Builtin commands are necessary to implement functionality impossible
+or inconvenient to obtain with separate utilities.
+</p>
+<p>This section briefly describes the builtins which Bash inherits from
+the Bourne Shell, as well as the builtin commands which are unique
+to or have been extended in Bash.
+</p>
+<p>Several builtin commands are described in other chapters: builtin
+commands which provide the Bash interface to the job control
+facilities (see <a href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a>), the directory stack
+(see <a href="#Directory-Stack-Builtins">Directory Stack Builtins</a>), the command history
+(see <a href="#Bash-History-Builtins">Bash History Builtins</a>), and the programmable completion
+facilities (see <a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins">Programmable Completion Builtins</a>).
+</p>
+<p>Many of the builtins have been extended by <small>POSIX</small> or Bash.
+</p>
+<p>Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented as accepting
+options preceded by &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo; accepts &lsquo;<samp>--</samp>&rsquo;
+to signify the end of the options.
+The <code>:</code>, <code>true</code>, <code>false</code>, and <code>test</code>/<code>[</code>
+builtins do not accept options and do not treat &lsquo;<samp>--</samp>&rsquo; specially.
+The <code>exit</code>, <code>logout</code>, <code>return</code>,
+<code>break</code>, <code>continue</code>, <code>let</code>,
+and <code>shift</code> builtins accept and process arguments beginning
+with &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo; without requiring &lsquo;<samp>--</samp>&rsquo;.
+Other builtins that accept arguments but are not specified as accepting
+options interpret arguments beginning with &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo; as invalid options and
+require &lsquo;<samp>--</samp>&rsquo; to prevent this interpretation.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Bourne-Shell-Builtins"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Bash-Builtins" accesskey="n" rel="next">Bash Builtins</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Builtin Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Bourne-Shell-Builtins-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">4.1 Bourne Shell Builtins</h3>
+
+<p>The following shell builtin commands are inherited from the Bourne Shell.
+These commands are implemented as specified by the <small>POSIX</small> standard.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>: <span class="roman">(a colon)</span></code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_003a"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">: [<var>arguments</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Do nothing beyond expanding <var>arguments</var> and performing redirections.
+The return status is zero.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>. <span class="roman">(a period)</span></code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-_002e"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">. <var>filename</var> [<var>arguments</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Read and execute commands from the <var>filename</var> argument in the
+current shell context. If <var>filename</var> does not contain a slash,
+the <code>PATH</code> variable is used to find <var>filename</var>.
+When Bash is not in <small>POSIX</small> mode, the current directory is searched
+if <var>filename</var> is not found in <code>$PATH</code>.
+If any <var>arguments</var> are supplied, they become the positional
+parameters when <var>filename</var> is executed. Otherwise the positional
+parameters are unchanged.
+If the <samp>-T</samp> option is enabled, <code>source</code> inherits any trap on
+<code>DEBUG</code>; if it is not, any <code>DEBUG</code> trap string is saved and
+restored around the call to <code>source</code>, and <code>source</code> unsets the
+<code>DEBUG</code> trap while it executes.
+If <samp>-T</samp> is not set, and the sourced file changes
+the <code>DEBUG</code> trap, the new value is retained when <code>source</code> completes.
+The return status is the exit status of the last command executed, or
+zero if no commands are executed. If <var>filename</var> is not found, or
+cannot be read, the return status is non-zero.
+This builtin is equivalent to <code>source</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>break</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-break"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">break [<var>n</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Exit from a <code>for</code>, <code>while</code>, <code>until</code>, or <code>select</code> loop.
+If <var>n</var> is supplied, the <var>n</var>th enclosing loop is exited.
+<var>n</var> must be greater than or equal to 1.
+The return status is zero unless <var>n</var> is not greater than or equal to 1.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>cd</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-cd"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@] [<var>directory</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Change the current working directory to <var>directory</var>.
+If <var>directory</var> is not supplied, the value of the <code>HOME</code>
+shell variable is used.
+Any additional arguments following <var>directory</var> are ignored.
+If the shell variable
+<code>CDPATH</code> exists, it is used as a search path:
+each directory name in <code>CDPATH</code> is searched for
+<var>directory</var>, with alternative directory names in <code>CDPATH</code>
+separated by a colon (&lsquo;<samp>:</samp>&rsquo;).
+If <var>directory</var> begins with a slash, <code>CDPATH</code> is not used.
+</p>
+<p>The <samp>-P</samp> option means to not follow symbolic links: symbolic links
+are resolved while <code>cd</code> is traversing <var>directory</var> and before
+processing an instance of &lsquo;<samp>..</samp>&rsquo; in <var>directory</var>.
+</p>
+<p>By default, or when the <samp>-L</samp> option is supplied, symbolic links
+in <var>directory</var> are resolved after <code>cd</code> processes an instance
+of &lsquo;<samp>..</samp>&rsquo; in <var>directory</var>.
+</p>
+<p>If &lsquo;<samp>..</samp>&rsquo; appears in <var>directory</var>, it is processed by removing the
+immediately preceding pathname component, back to a slash or the beginning
+of <var>directory</var>.
+</p>
+<p>If the <samp>-e</samp> option is supplied with <samp>-P</samp>
+and the current working directory cannot be successfully determined
+after a successful directory change, <code>cd</code> will return an unsuccessful
+status.
+</p>
+<p>On systems that support it, the <samp>-@</samp> option presents the extended
+attributes associated with a file as a directory.
+</p>
+<p>If <var>directory</var> is &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;, it is converted to <code>$OLDPWD</code>
+before the directory change is attempted.
+</p>
+<p>If a non-empty directory name from <code>CDPATH</code> is used, or if
+&lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo; is the first argument, and the directory change is
+successful, the absolute pathname of the new working directory is
+written to the standard output.
+</p>
+<p>The return status is zero if the directory is successfully changed,
+non-zero otherwise.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>continue</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-continue"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">continue [<var>n</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Resume the next iteration of an enclosing <code>for</code>, <code>while</code>,
+<code>until</code>, or <code>select</code> loop.
+If <var>n</var> is supplied, the execution of the <var>n</var>th enclosing loop
+is resumed.
+<var>n</var> must be greater than or equal to 1.
+The return status is zero unless <var>n</var> is not greater than or equal to 1.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>eval</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-eval"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">eval [<var>arguments</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The arguments are concatenated together into a single command, which is
+then read and executed, and its exit status returned as the exit status
+of <code>eval</code>.
+If there are no arguments or only empty arguments, the return status is
+zero.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>exec</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-exec"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">exec [-cl] [-a <var>name</var>] [<var>command</var> [<var>arguments</var>]]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>If <var>command</var>
+is supplied, it replaces the shell without creating a new process.
+If the <samp>-l</samp> option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the
+beginning of the zeroth argument passed to <var>command</var>.
+This is what the <code>login</code> program does.
+The <samp>-c</samp> option causes <var>command</var> to be executed with an empty
+environment.
+If <samp>-a</samp> is supplied, the shell passes <var>name</var> as the zeroth
+argument to <var>command</var>.
+If <var>command</var>
+cannot be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits,
+unless the <code>execfail</code> shell option
+is enabled. In that case, it returns failure.
+An interactive shell returns failure if the file cannot be executed.
+A subshell exits unconditionally if <code>exec</code> fails.
+If no <var>command</var> is specified, redirections may be used to affect
+the current shell environment. If there are no redirection errors, the
+return status is zero; otherwise the return status is non-zero.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>exit</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-exit"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">exit [<var>n</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Exit the shell, returning a status of <var>n</var> to the shell&rsquo;s parent.
+If <var>n</var> is omitted, the exit status is that of the last command executed.
+Any trap on <code>EXIT</code> is executed before the shell terminates.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>export</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-export"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">export [-fn] [-p] [<var>name</var>[=<var>value</var>]]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Mark each <var>name</var> to be passed to child processes
+in the environment. If the <samp>-f</samp> option is supplied, the <var>name</var>s
+refer to shell functions; otherwise the names refer to shell variables.
+The <samp>-n</samp> option means to no longer mark each <var>name</var> for export.
+If no <var>names</var> are supplied, or if the <samp>-p</samp> option is given, a
+list of names of all exported variables is displayed.
+The <samp>-p</samp> option displays output in a form that may be reused as input.
+If a variable name is followed by =<var>value</var>, the value of
+the variable is set to <var>value</var>.
+</p>
+<p>The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied, one of
+the names is not a valid shell variable name, or <samp>-f</samp> is supplied
+with a name that is not a shell function.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>getopts</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-getopts"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">getopts <var>optstring</var> <var>name</var> [<var>args</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p><code>getopts</code> is used by shell scripts to parse positional parameters.
+<var>optstring</var> contains the option characters to be recognized; if a
+character is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an
+argument, which should be separated from it by whitespace.
+The colon (&lsquo;<samp>:</samp>&rsquo;) and question mark (&lsquo;<samp>?</samp>&rsquo;) may not be
+used as option characters.
+Each time it is invoked, <code>getopts</code>
+places the next option in the shell variable <var>name</var>, initializing
+<var>name</var> if it does not exist,
+and the index of the next argument to be processed into the
+variable <code>OPTIND</code>.
+<code>OPTIND</code> is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a shell script
+is invoked.
+When an option requires an argument,
+<code>getopts</code> places that argument into the variable <code>OPTARG</code>.
+The shell does not reset <code>OPTIND</code> automatically; it must be manually
+reset between multiple calls to <code>getopts</code> within the same shell
+invocation if a new set of parameters is to be used.
+</p>
+<p>When the end of options is encountered, <code>getopts</code> exits with a
+return value greater than zero.
+<code>OPTIND</code> is set to the index of the first non-option argument,
+and <var>name</var> is set to &lsquo;<samp>?</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p><code>getopts</code>
+normally parses the positional parameters, but if more arguments are
+given in <var>args</var>, <code>getopts</code> parses those instead.
+</p>
+<p><code>getopts</code> can report errors in two ways. If the first character of
+<var>optstring</var> is a colon, <var>silent</var>
+error reporting is used. In normal operation, diagnostic messages
+are printed when invalid options or missing option arguments are
+encountered.
+If the variable <code>OPTERR</code>
+is set to 0, no error messages will be displayed, even if the first
+character of <code>optstring</code> is not a colon.
+</p>
+<p>If an invalid option is seen,
+<code>getopts</code> places &lsquo;<samp>?</samp>&rsquo; into <var>name</var> and, if not silent,
+prints an error message and unsets <code>OPTARG</code>.
+If <code>getopts</code> is silent, the option character found is placed in
+<code>OPTARG</code> and no diagnostic message is printed.
+</p>
+<p>If a required argument is not found, and <code>getopts</code>
+is not silent, a question mark (&lsquo;<samp>?</samp>&rsquo;) is placed in <var>name</var>,
+<code>OPTARG</code> is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed.
+If <code>getopts</code> is silent, then a colon (&lsquo;<samp>:</samp>&rsquo;) is placed in
+<var>name</var> and <code>OPTARG</code> is set to the option character found.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>hash</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-hash"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">hash [-r] [-p <var>filename</var>] [-dt] [<var>name</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Each time <code>hash</code> is invoked, it remembers the full pathnames of the
+commands specified as <var>name</var> arguments,
+so they need not be searched for on subsequent invocations.
+The commands are found by searching through the directories listed in
+<code>$PATH</code>.
+Any previously-remembered pathname is discarded.
+The <samp>-p</samp> option inhibits the path search, and <var>filename</var> is
+used as the location of <var>name</var>.
+The <samp>-r</samp> option causes the shell to forget all remembered locations.
+The <samp>-d</samp> option causes the shell to forget the remembered location
+of each <var>name</var>.
+If the <samp>-t</samp> option is supplied, the full pathname to which each
+<var>name</var> corresponds is printed. If multiple <var>name</var> arguments are
+supplied with <samp>-t</samp>, the <var>name</var> is printed before the hashed
+full pathname.
+The <samp>-l</samp> option causes output to be displayed in a format
+that may be reused as input.
+If no arguments are given, or if only <samp>-l</samp> is supplied,
+information about remembered commands is printed.
+The return status is zero unless a <var>name</var> is not found or an invalid
+option is supplied.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>pwd</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-pwd"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">pwd [-LP]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.
+If the <samp>-P</samp> option is supplied, the pathname printed will not
+contain symbolic links.
+If the <samp>-L</samp> option is supplied, the pathname printed may contain
+symbolic links.
+The return status is zero unless an error is encountered while
+determining the name of the current directory or an invalid option
+is supplied.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>readonly</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-readonly"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">readonly [-aAf] [-p] [<var>name</var>[=<var>value</var>]] &hellip;
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Mark each <var>name</var> as readonly.
+The values of these names may not be changed by subsequent assignment.
+If the <samp>-f</samp> option is supplied, each <var>name</var> refers to a shell
+function.
+The <samp>-a</samp> option means each <var>name</var> refers to an indexed
+array variable; the <samp>-A</samp> option means each <var>name</var> refers
+to an associative array variable.
+If both options are supplied, <samp>-A</samp> takes precedence.
+If no <var>name</var> arguments are given, or if the <samp>-p</samp>
+option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed.
+The other options may be used to restrict the output to a subset of
+the set of readonly names.
+The <samp>-p</samp> option causes output to be displayed in a format that
+may be reused as input.
+If a variable name is followed by =<var>value</var>, the value of
+the variable is set to <var>value</var>.
+The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied, one of
+the <var>name</var> arguments is not a valid shell variable or function name,
+or the <samp>-f</samp> option is supplied with a name that is not a shell function.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>return</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-return"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">return [<var>n</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Cause a shell function to stop executing and return the value <var>n</var>
+to its caller.
+If <var>n</var> is not supplied, the return value is the exit status of the
+last command executed in the function.
+If <code>return</code> is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to
+determine the status is the last command executed before the trap handler.
+If <code>return</code> is executed during a <code>DEBUG</code> trap, the last command
+used to determine the status is the last command executed by the trap
+handler before <code>return</code> was invoked.
+<code>return</code> may also be used to terminate execution of a script
+being executed with the <code>.</code> (<code>source</code>) builtin,
+returning either <var>n</var> or
+the exit status of the last command executed within the script as the exit
+status of the script.
+If <var>n</var> is supplied, the return value is its least significant
+8 bits.
+Any command associated with the <code>RETURN</code> trap is executed
+before execution resumes after the function or script.
+The return status is non-zero if <code>return</code> is supplied a non-numeric
+argument or is used outside a function
+and not during the execution of a script by <code>.</code> or <code>source</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>shift</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-shift"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">shift [<var>n</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Shift the positional parameters to the left by <var>n</var>.
+The positional parameters from <var>n</var>+1 &hellip; <code>$#</code> are
+renamed to <code>$1</code> &hellip; <code>$#</code>-<var>n</var>.
+Parameters represented by the numbers <code>$#</code> to <code>$#</code>-<var>n</var>+1
+are unset.
+<var>n</var> must be a non-negative number less than or equal to <code>$#</code>.
+If <var>n</var> is zero or greater than <code>$#</code>, the positional parameters
+are not changed.
+If <var>n</var> is not supplied, it is assumed to be 1.
+The return status is zero unless <var>n</var> is greater than <code>$#</code> or
+less than zero, non-zero otherwise.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>test</code></dt>
+<dt><code>[</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-test"></a>
+<a name="index-_005b"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">test <var>expr</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Evaluate a conditional expression <var>expr</var> and return a status of 0
+(true) or 1 (false).
+Each operator and operand must be a separate argument.
+Expressions are composed of the primaries described below in
+<a href="#Bash-Conditional-Expressions">Bash Conditional Expressions</a>.
+<code>test</code> does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore
+an argument of <samp>--</samp> as signifying the end of options.
+</p>
+<p>When the <code>[</code> form is used, the last argument to the command must
+be a <code>]</code>.
+</p>
+<p>Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed in
+decreasing order of precedence.
+The evaluation depends on the number of arguments; see below.
+Operator precedence is used when there are five or more arguments.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>! <var>expr</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>expr</var> is false.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>( <var>expr</var> )</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Returns the value of <var>expr</var>.
+This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code><var>expr1</var> -a <var>expr2</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if both <var>expr1</var> and <var>expr2</var> are true.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code><var>expr1</var> -o <var>expr2</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if either <var>expr1</var> or <var>expr2</var> is true.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>The <code>test</code> and <code>[</code> builtins evaluate conditional
+expressions using a set of rules based on the number of arguments.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt>0 arguments</dt>
+<dd><p>The expression is false.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt>1 argument</dt>
+<dd><p>The expression is true if, and only if, the argument is not null.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt>2 arguments</dt>
+<dd><p>If the first argument is &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo;, the expression is true if and
+only if the second argument is null.
+If the first argument is one of the unary conditional operators
+(see <a href="#Bash-Conditional-Expressions">Bash Conditional Expressions</a>), the expression
+is true if the unary test is true.
+If the first argument is not a valid unary operator, the expression is
+false.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt>3 arguments</dt>
+<dd><p>The following conditions are applied in the order listed.
+</p>
+<ol>
+<li> If the second argument is one of the binary conditional
+operators (see <a href="#Bash-Conditional-Expressions">Bash Conditional Expressions</a>), the
+result of the expression is the result of the binary test using the
+first and third arguments as operands.
+The &lsquo;<samp>-a</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>-o</samp>&rsquo; operators are considered binary operators
+when there are three arguments.
+</li><li> If the first argument is &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo;, the value is the negation of
+the two-argument test using the second and third arguments.
+</li><li> If the first argument is exactly &lsquo;<samp>(</samp>&rsquo; and the third argument is
+exactly &lsquo;<samp>)</samp>&rsquo;, the result is the one-argument test of the second
+argument.
+</li><li> Otherwise, the expression is false.
+</li></ol>
+
+</dd>
+<dt>4 arguments</dt>
+<dd><p>If the first argument is &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo;, the result is the negation of
+the three-argument expression composed of the remaining arguments.
+Otherwise, the expression is parsed and evaluated according to
+precedence using the rules listed above.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt>5 or more arguments</dt>
+<dd><p>The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence
+using the rules listed above.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>When used with <code>test</code> or &lsquo;<samp>[</samp>&rsquo;, the &lsquo;<samp>&lt;</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>&gt;</samp>&rsquo;
+operators sort lexicographically using ASCII ordering.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>times</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-times"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">times
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Print out the user and system times used by the shell and its children.
+The return status is zero.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>trap</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-trap"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">trap [-lp] [<var>arg</var>] [<var>sigspec</var> &hellip;]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The commands in <var>arg</var> are to be read and executed when the
+shell receives signal <var>sigspec</var>. If <var>arg</var> is absent (and
+there is a single <var>sigspec</var>) or
+equal to &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;, each specified signal&rsquo;s disposition is reset
+to the value it had when the shell was started.
+If <var>arg</var> is the null string, then the signal specified by
+each <var>sigspec</var> is ignored by the shell and commands it invokes.
+If <var>arg</var> is not present and <samp>-p</samp> has been supplied,
+the shell displays the trap commands associated with each <var>sigspec</var>.
+If no arguments are supplied, or
+only <samp>-p</samp> is given, <code>trap</code> prints the list of commands
+associated with each signal number in a form that may be reused as
+shell input.
+The <samp>-l</samp> option causes the shell to print a list of signal names
+and their corresponding numbers.
+Each <var>sigspec</var> is either a signal name or a signal number.
+Signal names are case insensitive and the <code>SIG</code> prefix is optional.
+</p>
+<p>If a <var>sigspec</var>
+is <code>0</code> or <code>EXIT</code>, <var>arg</var> is executed when the shell exits.
+If a <var>sigspec</var> is <code>DEBUG</code>, the command <var>arg</var> is executed
+before every simple command, <code>for</code> command, <code>case</code> command,
+<code>select</code> command, every arithmetic <code>for</code> command, and before
+the first command executes in a shell function.
+Refer to the description of the <code>extdebug</code> option to the
+<code>shopt</code> builtin (see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>) for details of its
+effect on the <code>DEBUG</code> trap.
+If a <var>sigspec</var> is <code>RETURN</code>, the command <var>arg</var> is executed
+each time a shell function or a script executed with the <code>.</code> or
+<code>source</code> builtins finishes executing.
+</p>
+<p>If a <var>sigspec</var> is <code>ERR</code>, the command <var>arg</var>
+is executed whenever
+a pipeline (which may consist of a single simple
+command), a list, or a compound command returns a
+non-zero exit status,
+subject to the following conditions.
+The <code>ERR</code> trap is not executed if the failed command is part of the
+command list immediately following an <code>until</code> or <code>while</code> keyword,
+part of the test following the <code>if</code> or <code>elif</code> reserved words,
+part of a command executed in a <code>&amp;&amp;</code> or <code>||</code> list
+except the command following the final <code>&amp;&amp;</code> or <code>||</code>,
+any command in a pipeline but the last,
+or if the command&rsquo;s return
+status is being inverted using <code>!</code>.
+These are the same conditions obeyed by the <code>errexit</code> (<samp>-e</samp>)
+option.
+</p>
+<p>Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.
+Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to their original
+values in a subshell or subshell environment when one is created.
+</p>
+<p>The return status is zero unless a <var>sigspec</var> does not specify a
+valid signal.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>umask</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-umask"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">umask [-p] [-S] [<var>mode</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Set the shell process&rsquo;s file creation mask to <var>mode</var>. If
+<var>mode</var> begins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number;
+if not, it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar
+to that accepted by the <code>chmod</code> command. If <var>mode</var> is
+omitted, the current value of the mask is printed. If the <samp>-S</samp>
+option is supplied without a <var>mode</var> argument, the mask is printed
+in a symbolic format.
+If the <samp>-p</samp> option is supplied, and <var>mode</var>
+is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.
+The return status is zero if the mode is successfully changed or if
+no <var>mode</var> argument is supplied, and non-zero otherwise.
+</p>
+<p>Note that when the mode is interpreted as an octal number, each number
+of the umask is subtracted from <code>7</code>. Thus, a umask of <code>022</code>
+results in permissions of <code>755</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>unset</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-unset"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">unset [-fnv] [<var>name</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Remove each variable or function <var>name</var>.
+If the <samp>-v</samp> option is given, each
+<var>name</var> refers to a shell variable and that variable is removed.
+If the <samp>-f</samp> option is given, the <var>name</var>s refer to shell
+functions, and the function definition is removed.
+If the <samp>-n</samp> option is supplied, and <var>name</var> is a variable with
+the <var>nameref</var> attribute, <var>name</var> will be unset rather than the
+variable it references.
+<samp>-n</samp> has no effect if the <samp>-f</samp> option is supplied.
+If no options are supplied, each <var>name</var> refers to a variable; if
+there is no variable by that name, any function with that name is
+unset.
+Readonly variables and functions may not be unset.
+The return status is zero unless a <var>name</var> is readonly.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Bash-Builtins"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Modifying-Shell-Behavior" accesskey="n" rel="next">Modifying Shell Behavior</a>, Previous: <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Builtin Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Bash-Builtin-Commands"></a>
+<h3 class="section">4.2 Bash Builtin Commands</h3>
+
+<p>This section describes builtin commands which are unique to
+or have been extended in Bash.
+Some of these commands are specified in the <small>POSIX</small> standard.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>alias</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-alias"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">alias [-p] [<var>name</var>[=<var>value</var>] &hellip;]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Without arguments or with the <samp>-p</samp> option, <code>alias</code> prints
+the list of aliases on the standard output in a form that allows
+them to be reused as input.
+If arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each <var>name</var>
+whose <var>value</var> is given. If no <var>value</var> is given, the name
+and value of the alias is printed.
+Aliases are described in <a href="#Aliases">Aliases</a>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>bind</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-bind"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">bind [-m <var>keymap</var>] [-lpsvPSVX]
+bind [-m <var>keymap</var>] [-q <var>function</var>] [-u <var>function</var>] [-r <var>keyseq</var>]
+bind [-m <var>keymap</var>] -f <var>filename</var>
+bind [-m <var>keymap</var>] -x <var>keyseq:shell-command</var>
+bind [-m <var>keymap</var>] <var>keyseq:function-name</var>
+bind [-m <var>keymap</var>] <var>keyseq:readline-command</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Display current Readline (see <a href="#Command-Line-Editing">Command Line Editing</a>)
+key and function bindings,
+bind a key sequence to a Readline function or macro,
+or set a Readline variable.
+Each non-option argument is a command as it would appear in a
+Readline initialization file (see <a href="#Readline-Init-File">Readline Init File</a>),
+but each binding or command must be passed as a separate argument; e.g.,
+&lsquo;<samp>&quot;\C-x\C-r&quot;:re-read-init-file</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>-m <var>keymap</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Use <var>keymap</var> as the keymap to be affected by
+the subsequent bindings. Acceptable <var>keymap</var>
+names are
+<code>emacs</code>,
+<code>emacs-standard</code>,
+<code>emacs-meta</code>,
+<code>emacs-ctlx</code>,
+<code>vi</code>,
+<code>vi-move</code>,
+<code>vi-command</code>, and
+<code>vi-insert</code>.
+<code>vi</code> is equivalent to <code>vi-command</code> (<code>vi-move</code> is also a
+synonym); <code>emacs</code> is equivalent to <code>emacs-standard</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-l</code></dt>
+<dd><p>List the names of all Readline functions.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-p</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Display Readline function names and bindings in such a way that they
+can be used as input or in a Readline initialization file.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-P</code></dt>
+<dd><p>List current Readline function names and bindings.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-v</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Display Readline variable names and values in such a way that they
+can be used as input or in a Readline initialization file.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-V</code></dt>
+<dd><p>List current Readline variable names and values.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-s</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output
+in such a way that they can be used as input or in a Readline
+initialization file.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-S</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Display Readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-f <var>filename</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Read key bindings from <var>filename</var>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-q <var>function</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Query about which keys invoke the named <var>function</var>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-u <var>function</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Unbind all keys bound to the named <var>function</var>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-r <var>keyseq</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Remove any current binding for <var>keyseq</var>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-x <var>keyseq:shell-command</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Cause <var>shell-command</var> to be executed whenever <var>keyseq</var> is
+entered.
+When <var>shell-command</var> is executed, the shell sets the
+<code>READLINE_LINE</code> variable to the contents of the Readline line
+buffer and the <code>READLINE_POINT</code> variable to the current location
+of the insertion point.
+If the executed command changes the value of <code>READLINE_LINE</code> or
+<code>READLINE_POINT</code>, those new values will be reflected in the
+editing state.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-X</code></dt>
+<dd><p>List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the associated commands
+in a format that can be reused as input.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>The return status is zero unless an invalid option is supplied or an
+error occurs.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>builtin</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-builtin"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">builtin [<var>shell-builtin</var> [<var>args</var>]]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Run a shell builtin, passing it <var>args</var>, and return its exit status.
+This is useful when defining a shell function with the same
+name as a shell builtin, retaining the functionality of the builtin within
+the function.
+The return status is non-zero if <var>shell-builtin</var> is not a shell
+builtin command.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>caller</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-caller"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">caller [<var>expr</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell function or
+a script executed with the <code>.</code> or <code>source</code> builtins).
+</p>
+<p>Without <var>expr</var>, <code>caller</code> displays the line number and source
+filename of the current subroutine call.
+If a non-negative integer is supplied as <var>expr</var>, <code>caller</code>
+displays the line number, subroutine name, and source file corresponding
+to that position in the current execution call stack. This extra
+information may be used, for example, to print a stack trace. The
+current frame is frame 0.
+</p>
+<p>The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a subroutine
+call or <var>expr</var> does not correspond to a valid position in the
+call stack.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>command</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-command"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">command [-pVv] <var>command</var> [<var>arguments</var> &hellip;]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Runs <var>command</var> with <var>arguments</var> ignoring any shell function
+named <var>command</var>.
+Only shell builtin commands or commands found by searching the
+<code>PATH</code> are executed.
+If there is a shell function named <code>ls</code>, running &lsquo;<samp>command ls</samp>&rsquo;
+within the function will execute the external command <code>ls</code>
+instead of calling the function recursively.
+The <samp>-p</samp> option means to use a default value for <code>PATH</code>
+that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities.
+The return status in this case is 127 if <var>command</var> cannot be
+found or an error occurred, and the exit status of <var>command</var>
+otherwise.
+</p>
+<p>If either the <samp>-V</samp> or <samp>-v</samp> option is supplied, a
+description of <var>command</var> is printed. The <samp>-v</samp> option
+causes a single word indicating the command or file name used to
+invoke <var>command</var> to be displayed; the <samp>-V</samp> option produces
+a more verbose description. In this case, the return status is
+zero if <var>command</var> is found, and non-zero if not.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>declare</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-declare"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">declare [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] [<var>name</var>[=<var>value</var>] &hellip;]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Declare variables and give them attributes. If no <var>name</var>s
+are given, then display the values of variables instead.
+</p>
+<p>The <samp>-p</samp> option will display the attributes and values of each
+<var>name</var>.
+When <samp>-p</samp> is used with <var>name</var> arguments, additional options,
+other than <samp>-f</samp> and <samp>-F</samp>, are ignored.
+</p>
+<p>When <samp>-p</samp> is supplied without <var>name</var> arguments, <code>declare</code>
+will display the attributes and values of all variables having the
+attributes specified by the additional options.
+If no other options are supplied with <samp>-p</samp>, <code>declare</code> will
+display the attributes and values of all shell variables. The <samp>-f</samp>
+option will restrict the display to shell functions.
+</p>
+<p>The <samp>-F</samp> option inhibits the display of function definitions;
+only the function name and attributes are printed.
+If the <code>extdebug</code> shell option is enabled using <code>shopt</code>
+(see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>), the source file name and line number where
+each <var>name</var> is defined are displayed as well.
+<samp>-F</samp> implies <samp>-f</samp>.
+</p>
+<p>The <samp>-g</samp> option forces variables to be created or modified at
+the global scope, even when <code>declare</code> is executed in a shell function.
+It is ignored in all other cases.
+</p>
+<p>The following options can be used to restrict output to variables with
+the specified attributes or to give variables attributes:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>-a</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Each <var>name</var> is an indexed array variable (see <a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-A</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Each <var>name</var> is an associative array variable (see <a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-f</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Use function names only.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-i</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The variable is to be treated as
+an integer; arithmetic evaluation (see <a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a>) is
+performed when the variable is assigned a value.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-l</code></dt>
+<dd><p>When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case characters are
+converted to lower-case.
+The upper-case attribute is disabled.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-n</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Give each <var>name</var> the <var>nameref</var> attribute, making
+it a name reference to another variable.
+That other variable is defined by the value of <var>name</var>.
+All references, assignments, and attribute modifications
+to <var>name</var>, except for those using or changing the
+<samp>-n</samp> attribute itself, are performed on the variable referenced by
+<var>name</var>&rsquo;s value.
+The nameref attribute cannot be applied to array variables.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-r</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Make <var>name</var>s readonly. These names cannot then be assigned values
+by subsequent assignment statements or unset.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-t</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Give each <var>name</var> the <code>trace</code> attribute.
+Traced functions inherit the <code>DEBUG</code> and <code>RETURN</code> traps from
+the calling shell.
+The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-u</code></dt>
+<dd><p>When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case characters are
+converted to upper-case.
+The lower-case attribute is disabled.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-x</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Mark each <var>name</var> for export to subsequent commands via
+the environment.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>Using &lsquo;<samp>+</samp>&rsquo; instead of &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo; turns off the attribute instead,
+with the exceptions that &lsquo;<samp>+a</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>+A</samp>&rsquo;
+may not be used to destroy array variables and &lsquo;<samp>+r</samp>&rsquo; will not
+remove the readonly attribute.
+When used in a function, <code>declare</code> makes each <var>name</var> local,
+as with the <code>local</code> command, unless the <samp>-g</samp> option is used.
+If a variable name is followed by =<var>value</var>, the value of the variable
+is set to <var>value</var>.
+</p>
+<p>When using <samp>-a</samp> or <samp>-A</samp> and the compound assignment syntax to
+create array variables, additional attributes do not take effect until
+subsequent assignments.
+</p>
+<p>The return status is zero unless an invalid option is encountered,
+an attempt is made to define a function using &lsquo;<samp>-f foo=bar</samp>&rsquo;,
+an attempt is made to assign a value to a readonly variable,
+an attempt is made to assign a value to an array variable without
+using the compound assignment syntax (see <a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>),
+one of the <var>names</var> is not a valid shell variable name,
+an attempt is made to turn off readonly status for a readonly variable,
+an attempt is made to turn off array status for an array variable,
+or an attempt is made to display a non-existent function with <samp>-f</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>echo</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-echo"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">echo [-neE] [<var>arg</var> &hellip;]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Output the <var>arg</var>s, separated by spaces, terminated with a
+newline.
+The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs.
+If <samp>-n</samp> is specified, the trailing newline is suppressed.
+If the <samp>-e</samp> option is given, interpretation of the following
+backslash-escaped characters is enabled.
+The <samp>-E</samp> option disables the interpretation of these escape characters,
+even on systems where they are interpreted by default.
+The <code>xpg_echo</code> shell option may be used to
+dynamically determine whether or not <code>echo</code> expands these
+escape characters by default.
+<code>echo</code> does not interpret <samp>--</samp> to mean the end of options.
+</p>
+<p><code>echo</code> interprets the following escape sequences:
+</p><dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>\a</code></dt>
+<dd><p>alert (bell)
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\b</code></dt>
+<dd><p>backspace
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\c</code></dt>
+<dd><p>suppress further output
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\e</code></dt>
+<dt><code>\E</code></dt>
+<dd><p>escape
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\f</code></dt>
+<dd><p>form feed
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\n</code></dt>
+<dd><p>new line
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\r</code></dt>
+<dd><p>carriage return
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\t</code></dt>
+<dd><p>horizontal tab
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\v</code></dt>
+<dd><p>vertical tab
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\\</code></dt>
+<dd><p>backslash
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\0<var>nnn</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value <var>nnn</var>
+(zero to three octal digits)
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\x<var>HH</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value <var>HH</var>
+(one or two hex digits)
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\u<var>HHHH</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+<var>HHHH</var> (one to four hex digits)
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\U<var>HHHHHHHH</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
+<var>HHHHHHHH</var> (one to eight hex digits)
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+</dd>
+<dt><code>enable</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-enable"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f <var>filename</var>] [<var>name</var> &hellip;]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Enable and disable builtin shell commands.
+Disabling a builtin allows a disk command which has the same name
+as a shell builtin to be executed without specifying a full pathname,
+even though the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands.
+If <samp>-n</samp> is used, the <var>name</var>s become disabled. Otherwise
+<var>name</var>s are enabled. For example, to use the <code>test</code> binary
+found via <code>$PATH</code> instead of the shell builtin version, type
+&lsquo;<samp>enable -n test</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>If the <samp>-p</samp> option is supplied, or no <var>name</var> arguments appear,
+a list of shell builtins is printed. With no other arguments, the list
+consists of all enabled shell builtins.
+The <samp>-a</samp> option means to list
+each builtin with an indication of whether or not it is enabled.
+</p>
+<p>The <samp>-f</samp> option means to load the new builtin command <var>name</var>
+from shared object <var>filename</var>, on systems that support dynamic loading.
+The <samp>-d</samp> option will delete a builtin loaded with <samp>-f</samp>.
+</p>
+<p>If there are no options, a list of the shell builtins is displayed.
+The <samp>-s</samp> option restricts <code>enable</code> to the <small>POSIX</small> special
+builtins. If <samp>-s</samp> is used with <samp>-f</samp>, the new builtin becomes
+a special builtin (see <a href="#Special-Builtins">Special Builtins</a>).
+</p>
+<p>The return status is zero unless a <var>name</var> is not a shell builtin
+or there is an error loading a new builtin from a shared object.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>help</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-help"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">help [-dms] [<var>pattern</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Display helpful information about builtin commands.
+If <var>pattern</var> is specified, <code>help</code> gives detailed help
+on all commands matching <var>pattern</var>, otherwise a list of
+the builtins is printed.
+</p>
+<p>Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>-d</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Display a short description of each <var>pattern</var>
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>-m</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Display the description of each <var>pattern</var> in a manpage-like format
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>-s</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Display only a short usage synopsis for each <var>pattern</var>
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>The return status is zero unless no command matches <var>pattern</var>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>let</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-let"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">let <var>expression</var> [<var>expression</var> &hellip;]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <code>let</code> builtin allows arithmetic to be performed on shell
+variables. Each <var>expression</var> is evaluated according to the
+rules given below in <a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a>. If the
+last <var>expression</var> evaluates to 0, <code>let</code> returns 1;
+otherwise 0 is returned.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>local</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-local"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">local [<var>option</var>] <var>name</var>[=<var>value</var>] &hellip;
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>For each argument, a local variable named <var>name</var> is created,
+and assigned <var>value</var>.
+The <var>option</var> can be any of the options accepted by <code>declare</code>.
+<code>local</code> can only be used within a function; it makes the variable
+<var>name</var> have a visible scope restricted to that function and its
+children.
+If <var>name</var> is &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;, the set of shell options is made local to the
+function in which <code>local</code> is invoked: shell options changed using
+the <code>set</code> builtin inside the function are restored to their original
+values when the function returns.
+The return status is zero unless <code>local</code> is used outside
+a function, an invalid <var>name</var> is supplied, or <var>name</var> is a
+readonly variable.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>logout</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-logout"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">logout [<var>n</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Exit a login shell, returning a status of <var>n</var> to the shell&rsquo;s
+parent.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>mapfile</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-mapfile"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">mapfile [-d <var>delim</var>] [-n <var>count</var>] [-O <var>origin</var>] [-s <var>count</var>]
+ [-t] [-u <var>fd</var>] [-C <var>callback</var>] [-c <var>quantum</var>] [<var>array</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable <var>array</var>,
+or from file descriptor <var>fd</var>
+if the <samp>-u</samp> option is supplied.
+The variable <code>MAPFILE</code> is the default <var>array</var>.
+Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>-d</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The first character of <var>delim</var> is used to terminate each input line,
+rather than newline.
+If <var>delim</var> is the empty string, <code>mapfile</code> will terminate a line
+when it reads a NUL character.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>-n</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Copy at most <var>count</var> lines. If <var>count</var> is 0, all lines are copied.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>-O</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Begin assigning to <var>array</var> at index <var>origin</var>.
+The default index is 0.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>-s</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Discard the first <var>count</var> lines read.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>-t</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Remove a trailing <var>delim</var> (default newline) from each line read.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>-u</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Read lines from file descriptor <var>fd</var> instead of the standard input.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>-C</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Evaluate <var>callback</var> each time <var>quantum</var> lines are read.
+The <samp>-c</samp> option specifies <var>quantum</var>.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>-c</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Specify the number of lines read between each call to <var>callback</var>.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>If <samp>-C</samp> is specified without <samp>-c</samp>,
+the default quantum is 5000.
+When <var>callback</var> is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next
+array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that element
+as additional arguments.
+<var>callback</var> is evaluated after the line is read but before the
+array element is assigned.
+</p>
+<p>If not supplied with an explicit origin, <code>mapfile</code> will clear <var>array</var>
+before assigning to it.
+</p>
+<p><code>mapfile</code> returns successfully unless an invalid option or option
+argument is supplied, <var>array</var> is invalid or unassignable, or <var>array</var>
+is not an indexed array.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>printf</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-printf"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">printf [-v <var>var</var>] <var>format</var> [<var>arguments</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Write the formatted <var>arguments</var> to the standard output under the
+control of the <var>format</var>.
+The <samp>-v</samp> option causes the output to be assigned to the variable
+<var>var</var> rather than being printed to the standard output.
+</p>
+<p>The <var>format</var> is a character string which contains three types of objects:
+plain characters, which are simply copied to standard output, character
+escape sequences, which are converted and copied to the standard output, and
+format specifications, each of which causes printing of the next successive
+<var>argument</var>.
+In addition to the standard <code>printf(1)</code> formats, <code>printf</code>
+interprets the following extensions:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>%b</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Causes <code>printf</code> to expand backslash escape sequences in the
+corresponding <var>argument</var> in the same way as <code>echo -e</code>
+(see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>%q</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Causes <code>printf</code> to output the
+corresponding <var>argument</var> in a format that can be reused as shell input.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>%(<var>datefmt</var>)T</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Causes <code>printf</code> to output the date-time string resulting from using
+<var>datefmt</var> as a format string for <code>strftime</code>(3).
+The corresponding <var>argument</var> is an integer representing the number of
+seconds since the epoch.
+Two special argument values may be used: -1 represents the current
+time, and -2 represents the time the shell was invoked.
+If no argument is specified, conversion behaves as if -1 had been given.
+This is an exception to the usual <code>printf</code> behavior.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C language constants,
+except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and if the leading
+character is a single or double quote, the value is the ASCII value of
+the following character.
+</p>
+<p>The <var>format</var> is reused as necessary to consume all of the <var>arguments</var>.
+If the <var>format</var> requires more <var>arguments</var> than are supplied, the
+extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or null string, as
+appropriate, had been supplied. The return value is zero on success,
+non-zero on failure.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>read</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-read"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">read [-ers] [-a <var>aname</var>] [-d <var>delim</var>] [-i <var>text</var>] [-n <var>nchars</var>]
+ [-N <var>nchars</var>] [-p <var>prompt</var>] [-t <var>timeout</var>] [-u <var>fd</var>] [<var>name</var> &hellip;]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>One line is read from the standard input, or from the file descriptor
+<var>fd</var> supplied as an argument to the <samp>-u</samp> option,
+split into words as described above in <a href="#Word-Splitting">Word Splitting</a>,
+and the first word
+is assigned to the first <var>name</var>, the second word to the second <var>name</var>,
+and so on.
+If there are more words than names,
+the remaining words and their intervening delimiters are assigned
+to the last <var>name</var>.
+If there are fewer words read from the input stream than names,
+the remaining names are assigned empty values.
+The characters in the value of the <code>IFS</code> variable
+are used to split the line into words using the same rules the shell
+uses for expansion (described above in <a href="#Word-Splitting">Word Splitting</a>).
+The backslash character &lsquo;<samp>\</samp>&rsquo; may be used to remove any special
+meaning for the next character read and for line continuation.
+If no names are supplied, the line read is assigned to the
+variable <code>REPLY</code>.
+The exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, <code>read</code>
+times out (in which case the status is greater than 128),
+a variable assignment error (such as assigning to a readonly variable) occurs,
+or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to <samp>-u</samp>.
+</p>
+<p>Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>-a <var>aname</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array variable
+<var>aname</var>, starting at 0.
+All elements are removed from <var>aname</var> before the assignment.
+Other <var>name</var> arguments are ignored.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-d <var>delim</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>The first character of <var>delim</var> is used to terminate the input line,
+rather than newline.
+If <var>delim</var> is the empty string, <code>read</code> will terminate a line
+when it reads a NUL character.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-e</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Readline (see <a href="#Command-Line-Editing">Command Line Editing</a>) is used to obtain the line.
+Readline uses the current (or default, if line editing was not previously
+active) editing settings, but uses Readline&rsquo;s default filename completion.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-i <var>text</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>If Readline is being used to read the line, <var>text</var> is placed into
+the editing buffer before editing begins.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-n <var>nchars</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p><code>read</code> returns after reading <var>nchars</var> characters rather than
+waiting for a complete line of input, but honors a delimiter if fewer
+than <var>nchars</var> characters are read before the delimiter.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-N <var>nchars</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p><code>read</code> returns after reading exactly <var>nchars</var> characters rather
+than waiting for a complete line of input, unless EOF is encountered or
+<code>read</code> times out.
+Delimiter characters encountered in the input are
+not treated specially and do not cause <code>read</code> to return until
+<var>nchars</var> characters are read.
+The result is not split on the characters in <code>IFS</code>; the intent is
+that the variable is assigned exactly the characters read
+(with the exception of backslash; see the <samp>-r</samp> option below).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-p <var>prompt</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Display <var>prompt</var>, without a trailing newline, before attempting
+to read any input.
+The prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-r</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If this option is given, backslash does not act as an escape character.
+The backslash is considered to be part of the line.
+In particular, a backslash-newline pair may not then be used as a line
+continuation.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-s</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, characters are
+not echoed.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-t <var>timeout</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Cause <code>read</code> to time out and return failure if a complete line of
+input (or a specified number of characters)
+is not read within <var>timeout</var> seconds.
+<var>timeout</var> may be a decimal number with a fractional portion following
+the decimal point.
+This option is only effective if <code>read</code> is reading input from a
+terminal, pipe, or other special file; it has no effect when reading
+from regular files.
+If <code>read</code> times out, <code>read</code> saves any partial input read into
+the specified variable <var>name</var>.
+If <var>timeout</var> is 0, <code>read</code> returns immediately, without trying to
+read and data. The exit status is 0 if input is available on
+the specified file descriptor, non-zero otherwise.
+The exit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-u <var>fd</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Read input from file descriptor <var>fd</var>.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+</dd>
+<dt><code>readarray</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-readarray"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">readarray [-d <var>delim</var>] [-n <var>count</var>] [-O <var>origin</var>] [-s <var>count</var>]
+ [-t] [-u <var>fd</var>] [-C <var>callback</var>] [-c <var>quantum</var>] [<var>array</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable <var>array</var>,
+or from file descriptor <var>fd</var>
+if the <samp>-u</samp> option is supplied.
+</p>
+<p>A synonym for <code>mapfile</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>source</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-source"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">source <var>filename</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>A synonym for <code>.</code> (see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>type</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-type"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">type [-afptP] [<var>name</var> &hellip;]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>For each <var>name</var>, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a
+command name.
+</p>
+<p>If the <samp>-t</samp> option is used, <code>type</code> prints a single word
+which is one of &lsquo;<samp>alias</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>function</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>builtin</samp>&rsquo;,
+&lsquo;<samp>file</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>keyword</samp>&rsquo;,
+if <var>name</var> is an alias, shell function, shell builtin,
+disk file, or shell reserved word, respectively.
+If the <var>name</var> is not found, then nothing is printed, and
+<code>type</code> returns a failure status.
+</p>
+<p>If the <samp>-p</samp> option is used, <code>type</code> either returns the name
+of the disk file that would be executed, or nothing if <samp>-t</samp>
+would not return &lsquo;<samp>file</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>The <samp>-P</samp> option forces a path search for each <var>name</var>, even if
+<samp>-t</samp> would not return &lsquo;<samp>file</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>If a command is hashed, <samp>-p</samp> and <samp>-P</samp> print the hashed value,
+which is not necessarily the file that appears first in <code>$PATH</code>.
+</p>
+<p>If the <samp>-a</samp> option is used, <code>type</code> returns all of the places
+that contain an executable named <var>file</var>.
+This includes aliases and functions, if and only if the <samp>-p</samp> option
+is not also used.
+</p>
+<p>If the <samp>-f</samp> option is used, <code>type</code> does not attempt to find
+shell functions, as with the <code>command</code> builtin.
+</p>
+<p>The return status is zero if all of the <var>names</var> are found, non-zero
+if any are not found.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>typeset</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-typeset"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">typeset [-afFgrxilnrtux] [-p] [<var>name</var>[=<var>value</var>] &hellip;]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <code>typeset</code> command is supplied for compatibility with the Korn
+shell.
+It is a synonym for the <code>declare</code> builtin command.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>ulimit</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-ulimit"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">ulimit [-HSabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPT] [<var>limit</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p><code>ulimit</code> provides control over the resources available to processes
+started by the shell, on systems that allow such control. If an
+option is given, it is interpreted as follows:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>-S</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Change and report the soft limit associated with a resource.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-H</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Change and report the hard limit associated with a resource.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-a</code></dt>
+<dd><p>All current limits are reported.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-b</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum socket buffer size.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-c</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum size of core files created.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-d</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum size of a process&rsquo;s data segment.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-e</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum scheduling priority (&quot;nice&quot;).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-f</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum size of files written by the shell and its children.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-i</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum number of pending signals.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-k</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-l</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum size that may be locked into memory.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-m</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor this limit).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-n</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems do not
+allow this value to be set).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-p</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The pipe buffer size.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-q</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-r</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum real-time scheduling priority.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-s</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum stack size.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-t</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-u</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum number of processes available to a single user.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-v</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell, and, on
+some systems, to its children.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-x</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum number of file locks.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-P</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum number of pseudoterminals.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-T</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum number of threads.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>If <var>limit</var> is given, and the <samp>-a</samp> option is not used,
+<var>limit</var> is the new value of the specified resource.
+The special <var>limit</var> values <code>hard</code>, <code>soft</code>, and
+<code>unlimited</code> stand for the current hard limit, the current soft limit,
+and no limit, respectively.
+A hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set;
+a soft limit may be increased up to the value of the hard limit.
+Otherwise, the current value of the soft limit for the specified resource
+is printed, unless the <samp>-H</samp> option is supplied.
+When setting new limits, if neither <samp>-H</samp> nor <samp>-S</samp> is supplied,
+both the hard and soft limits are set.
+If no option is given, then <samp>-f</samp> is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte
+increments, except for <samp>-t</samp>, which is in seconds; <samp>-p</samp>,
+which is in units of 512-byte blocks;
+<samp>-P</samp>,
+<samp>-T</samp>,
+<samp>-b</samp>,
+<samp>-k</samp>,
+<samp>-n</samp> and <samp>-u</samp>, which are unscaled values;
+and, when in <small>POSIX</small> Mode (see <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>),
+<samp>-c</samp> and <samp>-f</samp>, which are in 512-byte increments.
+</p>
+<p>The return status is zero unless an invalid option or argument is supplied,
+or an error occurs while setting a new limit.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>unalias</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-unalias"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">unalias [-a] [<var>name</var> &hellip; ]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Remove each <var>name</var> from the list of aliases. If <samp>-a</samp> is
+supplied, all aliases are removed.
+Aliases are described in <a href="#Aliases">Aliases</a>.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Modifying-Shell-Behavior"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Special-Builtins" accesskey="n" rel="next">Special Builtins</a>, Previous: <a href="#Bash-Builtins" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bash Builtins</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Builtin Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Modifying-Shell-Behavior-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">4.3 Modifying Shell Behavior</h3>
+
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#The-Set-Builtin" accesskey="1">The Set Builtin</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Change the values of shell attributes and
+ positional parameters.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin" accesskey="2">The Shopt Builtin</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Modify shell optional behavior.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="The-Set-Builtin"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin" accesskey="n" rel="next">The Shopt Builtin</a>, Up: <a href="#Modifying-Shell-Behavior" accesskey="u" rel="up">Modifying Shell Behavior</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="The-Set-Builtin-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">4.3.1 The Set Builtin</h4>
+
+<p>This builtin is so complicated that it deserves its own section. <code>set</code>
+allows you to change the values of shell options and set the positional
+parameters, or to display the names and values of shell variables.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>set</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-set"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">set [--abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [-o <var>option-name</var>] [<var>argument</var> &hellip;]
+set [+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [+o <var>option-name</var>] [<var>argument</var> &hellip;]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>If no options or arguments are supplied, <code>set</code> displays the names
+and values of all shell variables and functions, sorted according to the
+current locale, in a format that may be reused as input
+for setting or resetting the currently-set variables.
+Read-only variables cannot be reset.
+In <small>POSIX</small> mode, only shell variables are listed.
+</p>
+<p>When options are supplied, they set or unset shell attributes.
+Options, if specified, have the following meanings:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>-a</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Each variable or function that is created or modified is given the
+export attribute and marked for export to the environment of
+subsequent commands.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-b</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Cause the status of terminated background jobs to be reported
+immediately, rather than before printing the next primary prompt.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-e</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Exit immediately if
+a pipeline (see <a href="#Pipelines">Pipelines</a>), which may consist of a single simple command
+(see <a href="#Simple-Commands">Simple Commands</a>),
+a list (see <a href="#Lists">Lists</a>),
+or a compound command (see <a href="#Compound-Commands">Compound Commands</a>)
+returns a non-zero status.
+The shell does not exit if the command that fails is part of the
+command list immediately following a <code>while</code> or <code>until</code> keyword,
+part of the test in an <code>if</code> statement,
+part of any command executed in a <code>&amp;&amp;</code> or <code>||</code> list except
+the command following the final <code>&amp;&amp;</code> or <code>||</code>,
+any command in a pipeline but the last,
+or if the command&rsquo;s return status is being inverted with <code>!</code>.
+If a compound command other than a subshell
+returns a non-zero status because a command failed
+while <samp>-e</samp> was being ignored, the shell does not exit.
+A trap on <code>ERR</code>, if set, is executed before the shell exits.
+</p>
+<p>This option applies to the shell environment and each subshell environment
+separately (see <a href="#Command-Execution-Environment">Command Execution Environment</a>), and may cause
+subshells to exit before executing all the commands in the subshell.
+</p>
+<p>If a compound command or shell function executes in a context where
+<samp>-e</samp> is being ignored,
+none of the commands executed within the compound command or function body
+will be affected by the <samp>-e</samp> setting, even if <samp>-e</samp> is set
+and a command returns a failure status.
+If a compound command or shell function sets <samp>-e</samp> while executing in
+a context where <samp>-e</samp> is ignored, that setting will not have any
+effect until the compound command or the command containing the function
+call completes.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-f</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Disable filename expansion (globbing).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-h</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Locate and remember (hash) commands as they are looked up for execution.
+This option is enabled by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-k</code></dt>
+<dd><p>All arguments in the form of assignment statements are placed
+in the environment for a command, not just those that precede
+the command name.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-m</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Job control is enabled (see <a href="#Job-Control">Job Control</a>).
+All processes run in a separate process group.
+When a background job completes, the shell prints a line
+containing its exit status.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-n</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Read commands but do not execute them.
+This may be used to check a script for syntax errors.
+This option is ignored by interactive shells.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-o <var>option-name</var></code></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Set the option corresponding to <var>option-name</var>:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>allexport</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-a</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>braceexpand</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-B</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>emacs</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Use an <code>emacs</code>-style line editing interface (see <a href="#Command-Line-Editing">Command Line Editing</a>).
+This also affects the editing interface used for <code>read -e</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>errexit</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-e</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>errtrace</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-E</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>functrace</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-T</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>hashall</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-h</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>histexpand</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-H</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>history</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Enable command history, as described in <a href="#Bash-History-Facilities">Bash History Facilities</a>.
+This option is on by default in interactive shells.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>ignoreeof</code></dt>
+<dd><p>An interactive shell will not exit upon reading EOF.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>keyword</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-k</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>monitor</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-m</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>noclobber</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-C</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>noexec</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-n</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>noglob</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-f</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>nolog</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Currently ignored.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>notify</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-b</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>nounset</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-u</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>onecmd</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-t</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>physical</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-P</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>pipefail</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, the return value of a pipeline is the value of the last
+(rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all
+commands in the pipeline exit successfully.
+This option is disabled by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>posix</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation differs
+from the <small>POSIX</small> standard to match the standard
+(see <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>).
+This is intended to make Bash behave as a strict superset of that
+standard.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>privileged</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-p</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>verbose</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-v</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>vi</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Use a <code>vi</code>-style line editing interface.
+This also affects the editing interface used for <code>read -e</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>xtrace</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Same as <code>-x</code>.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-p</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Turn on privileged mode.
+In this mode, the <code>$BASH_ENV</code> and <code>$ENV</code> files are not
+processed, shell functions are not inherited from the environment,
+and the <code>SHELLOPTS</code>, <code>BASHOPTS</code>, <code>CDPATH</code> and <code>GLOBIGNORE</code>
+variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored.
+If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the
+real user (group) id, and the <samp>-p</samp> option is not supplied, these actions
+are taken and the effective user id is set to the real user id.
+If the <samp>-p</samp> option is supplied at startup, the effective user id is
+not reset.
+Turning this option off causes the effective user
+and group ids to be set to the real user and group ids.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-t</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Exit after reading and executing one command.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-u</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Treat unset variables and parameters other than the special parameters
+&lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; as an error when performing parameter expansion.
+An error message will be written to the standard error, and a non-interactive
+shell will exit.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-v</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Print shell input lines as they are read.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-x</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Print a trace of simple commands, <code>for</code> commands, <code>case</code>
+commands, <code>select</code> commands, and arithmetic <code>for</code> commands
+and their arguments or associated word lists after they are
+expanded and before they are executed. The value of the <code>PS4</code>
+variable is expanded and the resultant value is printed before
+the command and its expanded arguments.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-B</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The shell will perform brace expansion (see <a href="#Brace-Expansion">Brace Expansion</a>).
+This option is on by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-C</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Prevent output redirection using &lsquo;<samp>&gt;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>&gt;&amp;</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp>&lt;&gt;</samp>&rsquo;
+from overwriting existing files.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-E</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, any trap on <code>ERR</code> is inherited by shell functions, command
+substitutions, and commands executed in a subshell environment.
+The <code>ERR</code> trap is normally not inherited in such cases.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-H</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Enable &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo; style history substitution (see <a href="#History-Interaction">History Interaction</a>).
+This option is on by default for interactive shells.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-P</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, do not resolve symbolic links when performing commands such as
+<code>cd</code> which change the current directory. The physical directory
+is used instead. By default, Bash follows
+the logical chain of directories when performing commands
+which change the current directory.
+</p>
+<p>For example, if <samp>/usr/sys</samp> is a symbolic link to <samp>/usr/local/sys</samp>
+then:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">$ cd /usr/sys; echo $PWD
+/usr/sys
+$ cd ..; pwd
+/usr
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>If <code>set -P</code> is on, then:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">$ cd /usr/sys; echo $PWD
+/usr/local/sys
+$ cd ..; pwd
+/usr/local
+</pre></div>
+
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-T</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, any trap on <code>DEBUG</code> and <code>RETURN</code> are inherited by
+shell functions, command substitutions, and commands executed
+in a subshell environment.
+The <code>DEBUG</code> and <code>RETURN</code> traps are normally not inherited
+in such cases.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If no arguments follow this option, then the positional parameters are
+unset. Otherwise, the positional parameters are set to the
+<var>arguments</var>, even if some of them begin with a &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Signal the end of options, cause all remaining <var>arguments</var>
+to be assigned to the positional parameters. The <samp>-x</samp>
+and <samp>-v</samp> options are turned off.
+If there are no arguments, the positional parameters remain unchanged.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>Using &lsquo;<samp>+</samp>&rsquo; rather than &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo; causes these options to be
+turned off. The options can also be used upon invocation of the
+shell. The current set of options may be found in <code>$-</code>.
+</p>
+<p>The remaining N <var>arguments</var> are positional parameters and are
+assigned, in order, to <code>$1</code>, <code>$2</code>, &hellip; <code>$N</code>.
+The special parameter <code>#</code> is set to N.
+</p>
+<p>The return status is always zero unless an invalid option is supplied.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="The-Shopt-Builtin"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#The-Set-Builtin" accesskey="p" rel="prev">The Set Builtin</a>, Up: <a href="#Modifying-Shell-Behavior" accesskey="u" rel="up">Modifying Shell Behavior</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="The-Shopt-Builtin-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">4.3.2 The Shopt Builtin</h4>
+
+<p>This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>shopt</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-shopt"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [<var>optname</var> &hellip;]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behavior.
+The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the
+<samp>-o</samp> option is used, those available with the <samp>-o</samp>
+option to the <code>set</code> builtin command (see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
+With no options, or with the <samp>-p</samp> option, a list of all settable
+options is displayed, with an indication of whether or not each is set;
+if <var>optnames</var> are supplied, the output is restricted to those options.
+The <samp>-p</samp> option causes output to be displayed in a form that
+may be reused as input.
+Other options have the following meanings:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>-s</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Enable (set) each <var>optname</var>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-u</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Disable (unset) each <var>optname</var>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-q</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Suppresses normal output; the return status
+indicates whether the <var>optname</var> is set or unset.
+If multiple <var>optname</var> arguments are given with <samp>-q</samp>,
+the return status is zero if all <var>optnames</var> are enabled;
+non-zero otherwise.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-o</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Restricts the values of
+<var>optname</var> to be those defined for the <samp>-o</samp> option to the
+<code>set</code> builtin (see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>If either <samp>-s</samp> or <samp>-u</samp>
+is used with no <var>optname</var> arguments, <code>shopt</code> shows only
+those options which are set or unset, respectively.
+</p>
+<p>Unless otherwise noted, the <code>shopt</code> options are disabled (off)
+by default.
+</p>
+<p>The return status when listing options is zero if all <var>optnames</var>
+are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting options,
+the return status is zero unless an <var>optname</var> is not a valid shell
+option.
+</p>
+<p>The list of <code>shopt</code> options is:
+</p><dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>assoc_expand_once</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of associative array
+subscripts during arithmetic expression evaluation, while executing
+builtins that can perform variable assignments,
+and while executing builtins that perform array dereferencing.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>autocd</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is executed as if
+it were the argument to the <code>cd</code> command.
+This option is only used by interactive shells.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>cdable_vars</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If this is set, an argument to the <code>cd</code> builtin command that
+is not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable whose
+value is the directory to change to.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>cdspell</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a
+<code>cd</code> command will be corrected.
+The errors checked for are transposed characters,
+a missing character, and a character too many.
+If a correction is found, the corrected path is printed,
+and the command proceeds.
+This option is only used by interactive shells.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>checkhash</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If this is set, Bash checks that a command found in the hash
+table exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed command no
+longer exists, a normal path search is performed.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>checkjobs</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash lists the status of any stopped and running jobs before
+exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs are running, this causes
+the exit to be deferred until a second exit is attempted without an
+intervening command (see <a href="#Job-Control">Job Control</a>).
+The shell always postpones exiting if any jobs are stopped.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>checkwinsize</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash checks the window size after each external (non-builtin)
+command and, if necessary, updates the values of
+<code>LINES</code> and <code>COLUMNS</code>.
+This option is enabled by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>cmdhist</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash
+attempts to save all lines of a multiple-line
+command in the same history entry. This allows
+easy re-editing of multi-line commands.
+This option is enabled by default, but only has an effect if command
+history is enabled (see <a href="#Bash-History-Facilities">Bash History Facilities</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>compat31</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash
+changes its behavior to that of version 3.1 with respect to quoted
+arguments to the conditional command&rsquo;s &lsquo;<samp>=~</samp>&rsquo; operator
+and with respect to locale-specific
+string comparison when using the <code>[[</code>
+conditional command&rsquo;s &lsquo;<samp>&lt;</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>&gt;</samp>&rsquo; operators.
+Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII collation and strcmp(3);
+bash-4.1 and later use the current locale&rsquo;s collation sequence and strcoll(3).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>compat32</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash
+changes its behavior to that of version 3.2 with respect to locale-specific
+string comparison when using the <code>[[</code>
+conditional command&rsquo;s &lsquo;<samp>&lt;</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>&gt;</samp>&rsquo; operators (see previous item)
+and the effect of interrupting a command list.
+Bash versions 3.2 and earlier continue with the next command in the list
+after one terminates due to an interrupt.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>compat40</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash
+changes its behavior to that of version 4.0 with respect to locale-specific
+string comparison when using the <code>[[</code>
+conditional command&rsquo;s &lsquo;<samp>&lt;</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>&gt;</samp>&rsquo; operators (see description
+of <code>compat31</code>)
+and the effect of interrupting a command list.
+Bash versions 4.0 and later interrupt the list as if the shell received the
+interrupt; previous versions continue with the next command in the list.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>compat41</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash, when in <small>POSIX</small> mode, treats a single quote in a double-quoted
+parameter expansion as a special character. The single quotes must match
+(an even number) and the characters between the single quotes are considered
+quoted. This is the behavior of <small>POSIX</small> mode through version 4.1.
+The default Bash behavior remains as in previous versions.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>compat42</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash
+does not process the replacement string in the pattern substitution word
+expansion using quote removal.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>compat43</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash
+does not print a warning message if an attempt is made to use a quoted compound
+array assignment as an argument to <code>declare</code>,
+makes word expansion errors
+non-fatal errors that cause the current command to fail (the default behavior is
+to make them fatal errors that cause the shell to exit),
+and does not reset the
+loop state when a shell function is executed (this allows <code>break</code> or
+<code>continue</code> in a shell function to affect loops in the caller&rsquo;s context).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>compat44</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash
+saves the positional parameters to BASH_ARGV and BASH_ARGC before they are
+used, regardless of whether or not extended debugging mode is enabled.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>complete_fullquote</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash
+quotes all shell metacharacters in filenames and directory names when
+performing completion.
+If not set, Bash
+removes metacharacters such as the dollar sign from the set of
+characters that will be quoted in completed filenames
+when these metacharacters appear in shell variable references in words to be
+completed.
+This means that dollar signs in variable names that expand to directories
+will not be quoted;
+however, any dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted, either.
+This is active only when bash is using backslashes to quote completed
+filenames.
+This variable is set by default, which is the default Bash behavior in
+versions through 4.2.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>direxpand</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash
+replaces directory names with the results of word expansion when performing
+filename completion. This changes the contents of the readline editing
+buffer.
+If not set, Bash attempts to preserve what the user typed.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>dirspell</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash
+attempts spelling correction on directory names during word completion
+if the directory name initially supplied does not exist.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>dotglob</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash includes filenames beginning with a &lsquo;.&rsquo; in
+the results of filename expansion.
+The filenames &lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>..</samp>&rsquo; must always be matched explicitly,
+even if <code>dotglob</code> is set.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>execfail</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If this is set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if
+it cannot execute the file specified as an argument to the <code>exec</code>
+builtin command. An interactive shell does not exit if <code>exec</code>
+fails.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>expand_aliases</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, aliases are expanded as described below under Aliases,
+<a href="#Aliases">Aliases</a>.
+This option is enabled by default for interactive shells.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>extdebug</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set at shell invocation, arrange to execute the debugger profile
+before the shell starts, identical to the <samp>--debugger</samp> option.
+If set after invocation, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled:
+</p>
+<ol>
+<li> The <samp>-F</samp> option to the <code>declare</code> builtin (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>)
+displays the source file name and line number corresponding to each function
+name supplied as an argument.
+
+</li><li> If the command run by the <code>DEBUG</code> trap returns a non-zero value, the
+next command is skipped and not executed.
+
+</li><li> If the command run by the <code>DEBUG</code> trap returns a value of 2, and the
+shell is executing in a subroutine (a shell function or a shell script
+executed by the <code>.</code> or <code>source</code> builtins), the shell simulates
+a call to <code>return</code>.
+
+</li><li> <code>BASH_ARGC</code> and <code>BASH_ARGV</code> are updated as described in their
+descriptions (see <a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>).
+
+</li><li> Function tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and
+subshells invoked with <code>( <var>command</var> )</code> inherit the
+<code>DEBUG</code> and <code>RETURN</code> traps.
+
+</li><li> Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and
+subshells invoked with <code>( <var>command</var> )</code> inherit the
+<code>ERR</code> trap.
+</li></ol>
+
+</dd>
+<dt><code>extglob</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, the extended pattern matching features described above
+(see <a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>) are enabled.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>extquote</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, <code>$'<var>string</var>'</code> and <code>$&quot;<var>string</var>&quot;</code> quoting is
+performed within <code>${<var>parameter</var>}</code> expansions
+enclosed in double quotes. This option is enabled by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>failglob</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during filename expansion
+result in an expansion error.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>force_fignore</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, the suffixes specified by the <code>FIGNORE</code> shell variable
+cause words to be ignored when performing word completion even if
+the ignored words are the only possible completions.
+See <a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>, for a description of <code>FIGNORE</code>.
+This option is enabled by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>globasciiranges</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, range expressions used in pattern matching bracket expressions
+(see <a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>)
+behave as if in the traditional C locale when performing
+comparisons. That is, the current locale&rsquo;s collating sequence
+is not taken into account, so
+&lsquo;<samp>b</samp>&rsquo; will not collate between &lsquo;<samp>A</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>B</samp>&rsquo;,
+and upper-case and lower-case ASCII characters will collate together.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>globstar</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, the pattern &lsquo;<samp>**</samp>&rsquo; used in a filename expansion context will
+match all files and zero or more directories and subdirectories.
+If the pattern is followed by a &lsquo;<samp>/</samp>&rsquo;, only directories and
+subdirectories match.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>gnu_errfmt</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, shell error messages are written in the standard <small>GNU</small> error
+message format.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>histappend</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, the history list is appended to the file named by the value
+of the <code>HISTFILE</code>
+variable when the shell exits, rather than overwriting the file.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>histreedit</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, and Readline
+is being used, a user is given the opportunity to re-edit a
+failed history substitution.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>histverify</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, and Readline
+is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately
+passed to the shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded into
+the Readline editing buffer, allowing further modification.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>hostcomplete</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will attempt to perform
+hostname completion when a word containing a &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; is being
+completed (see <a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a>). This option is enabled
+by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>huponexit</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash will send <code>SIGHUP</code> to all jobs when an interactive
+login shell exits (see <a href="#Signals">Signals</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>inherit_errexit</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, command substitution inherits the value of the <code>errexit</code> option,
+instead of unsetting it in the subshell environment.
+This option is enabled when <small>POSIX</small> mode is enabled.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>interactive_comments</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Allow a word beginning with &lsquo;<samp>#</samp>&rsquo;
+to cause that word and all remaining characters on that
+line to be ignored in an interactive shell.
+This option is enabled by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>lastpipe</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs the last command of
+a pipeline not executed in the background in the current shell environment.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>lithist</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If enabled, and the <code>cmdhist</code>
+option is enabled, multi-line commands are saved to the history with
+embedded newlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>localvar_inherit</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, local variables inherit the value and attributes of a variable of
+the same name that exists at a previous scope before any new value is
+assigned. The <var>nameref</var> attribute is not inherited.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>localvar_unset</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, calling <code>unset</code> on local variables in previous function scopes
+marks them so subsequent lookups find them unset until that function
+returns. This is identical to the behavior of unsetting local variables
+at the current function scope.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>login_shell</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell
+(see <a href="#Invoking-Bash">Invoking Bash</a>).
+The value may not be changed.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>mailwarn</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, and a file that Bash is checking for mail has been
+accessed since the last time it was checked, the message
+<code>&quot;The mail in <var>mailfile</var> has been read&quot;</code> is displayed.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>no_empty_cmd_completion</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, and Readline is being used, Bash will not attempt to search
+the <code>PATH</code> for possible completions when completion is attempted
+on an empty line.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>nocaseglob</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash matches filenames in a case-insensitive fashion when
+performing filename expansion.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>nocasematch</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion when
+performing matching while executing <code>case</code> or <code>[[</code>
+conditional commands,
+when performing pattern substitution word expansions,
+or when filtering possible completions as part of programmable completion.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>nullglob</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash allows filename patterns which match no
+files to expand to a null string, rather than themselves.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>progcomp</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, the programmable completion facilities
+(see <a href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a>) are enabled.
+This option is enabled by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>progcomp_alias</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, and programmable completion is enabled, Bash treats a command
+name that doesn&rsquo;t have any completions as a possible alias and attempts
+alias expansion. If it has an alias, Bash attempts programmable
+completion using the command word resulting from the expanded alias.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>promptvars</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, prompt strings undergo
+parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
+expansion, and quote removal after being expanded
+as described below (see <a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt">Controlling the Prompt</a>).
+This option is enabled by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>restricted_shell</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode
+(see <a href="#The-Restricted-Shell">The Restricted Shell</a>).
+The value may not be changed.
+This is not reset when the startup files are executed, allowing
+the startup files to discover whether or not a shell is restricted.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>shift_verbose</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If this is set, the <code>shift</code>
+builtin prints an error message when the shift count exceeds the
+number of positional parameters.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>sourcepath</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, the <code>source</code> builtin uses the value of <code>PATH</code>
+to find the directory containing the file supplied as an argument.
+This option is enabled by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>xpg_echo</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set, the <code>echo</code> builtin expands backslash-escape sequences
+by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>The return status when listing options is zero if all <var>optnames</var>
+are enabled, non-zero otherwise.
+When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an
+<var>optname</var> is not a valid shell option.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Special-Builtins"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Modifying-Shell-Behavior" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Modifying Shell Behavior</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Builtin Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Special-Builtins-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">4.4 Special Builtins</h3>
+<a name="index-special-builtin-1"></a>
+
+<p>For historical reasons, the <small>POSIX</small> standard has classified
+several builtin commands as <em>special</em>.
+When Bash is executing in <small>POSIX</small> mode, the special builtins
+differ from other builtin commands in three respects:
+</p>
+<ol>
+<li> Special builtins are found before shell functions during command lookup.
+
+</li><li> If a special builtin returns an error status, a non-interactive shell exits.
+
+</li><li> Assignment statements preceding the command stay in effect in the shell
+environment after the command completes.
+</li></ol>
+
+<p>When Bash is not executing in <small>POSIX</small> mode, these builtins behave no
+differently than the rest of the Bash builtin commands.
+The Bash <small>POSIX</small> mode is described in <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>.
+</p>
+<p>These are the <small>POSIX</small> special builtins:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">break : . continue eval exec exit export readonly return set<!-- /@w -->
+shift trap unset<!-- /@w -->
+</pre></div>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Shell-Variables"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="n" rel="next">Bash Features</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Builtin-Commands" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Builtin Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Shell-Variables-1"></a>
+<h2 class="chapter">5 Shell Variables</h2>
+
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables" accesskey="1">Bourne Shell Variables</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Variables which Bash uses in the same way
+ as the Bourne Shell.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Bash-Variables" accesskey="2">Bash Variables</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">List of variables that exist in Bash.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>This chapter describes the shell variables that Bash uses.
+Bash automatically assigns default values to a number of variables.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Bourne-Shell-Variables"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Bash-Variables" accesskey="n" rel="next">Bash Variables</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Variables" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Variables</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Bourne-Shell-Variables-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">5.1 Bourne Shell Variables</h3>
+
+<p>Bash uses certain shell variables in the same way as the Bourne shell.
+In some cases, Bash assigns a default value to the variable.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>CDPATH</code>
+<a name="index-CDPATH"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A colon-separated list of directories used as a search path for
+the <code>cd</code> builtin command.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>HOME</code>
+<a name="index-HOME"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The current user&rsquo;s home directory; the default for the <code>cd</code> builtin
+command.
+The value of this variable is also used by tilde expansion
+(see <a href="#Tilde-Expansion">Tilde Expansion</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>IFS</code>
+<a name="index-IFS"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A list of characters that separate fields; used when the shell splits
+words as part of expansion.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>MAIL</code>
+<a name="index-MAIL"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>If this parameter is set to a filename or directory name
+and the <code>MAILPATH</code> variable
+is not set, Bash informs the user of the arrival of mail in
+the specified file or Maildir-format directory.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>MAILPATH</code>
+<a name="index-MAILPATH"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A colon-separated list of filenames which the shell periodically checks
+for new mail.
+Each list entry can specify the message that is printed when new mail
+arrives in the mail file by separating the filename from the message with
+a &lsquo;<samp>?</samp>&rsquo;.
+When used in the text of the message, <code>$_</code> expands to the name of
+the current mail file.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>OPTARG</code>
+<a name="index-OPTARG"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The value of the last option argument processed by the <code>getopts</code> builtin.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>OPTIND</code>
+<a name="index-OPTIND"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The index of the last option argument processed by the <code>getopts</code> builtin.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>PATH</code>
+<a name="index-PATH"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for
+commands.
+A zero-length (null) directory name in the value of <code>PATH</code> indicates the
+current directory.
+A null directory name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial
+or trailing colon.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>PS1</code>
+<a name="index-PS1"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The primary prompt string. The default value is &lsquo;<samp>\s-\v\$ </samp>&rsquo;.
+See <a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt">Controlling the Prompt</a>, for the complete list of escape
+sequences that are expanded before <code>PS1</code> is displayed.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>PS2</code>
+<a name="index-PS2"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The secondary prompt string. The default value is &lsquo;<samp>&gt; </samp>&rsquo;.
+<code>PS2</code> is expanded in the same way as <code>PS1</code> before being
+displayed.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Bash-Variables"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bourne Shell Variables</a>, Up: <a href="#Shell-Variables" accesskey="u" rel="up">Shell Variables</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Bash-Variables-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">5.2 Bash Variables</h3>
+
+<p>These variables are set or used by Bash, but other shells
+do not normally treat them specially.
+</p>
+<p>A few variables used by Bash are described in different chapters:
+variables for controlling the job control facilities
+(see <a href="#Job-Control-Variables">Job Control Variables</a>).
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>BASH</code>
+<a name="index-BASH"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The full pathname used to execute the current instance of Bash.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASHOPTS</code>
+<a name="index-BASHOPTS"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in
+the list is a valid argument for the <samp>-s</samp> option to the
+<code>shopt</code> builtin command (see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>).
+The options appearing in <code>BASHOPTS</code> are those reported
+as &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo; by &lsquo;<samp>shopt</samp>&rsquo;.
+If this variable is in the environment when Bash
+starts up, each shell option in the list will be enabled before
+reading any startup files. This variable is readonly.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASHPID</code>
+<a name="index-BASHPID"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Expands to the process ID of the current Bash process.
+This differs from <code>$$</code> under certain circumstances, such as subshells
+that do not require Bash to be re-initialized.
+Assignments to <code>BASHPID</code> have no effect.
+If <code>BASHPID</code>
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_ALIASES</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fALIASES"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal
+list of aliases as maintained by the <code>alias</code> builtin.
+(see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
+Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; however,
+unsetting array elements currently does not cause aliases to be removed
+from the alias list.
+If <code>BASH_ALIASES</code>
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_ARGC</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fARGC"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in each
+frame of the current bash execution call stack. The number of
+parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or script executed
+with <code>.</code> or <code>source</code>) is at the top of the stack. When a
+subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed is pushed onto
+<code>BASH_ARGC</code>.
+The shell sets <code>BASH_ARGC</code> only when in extended debugging mode
+(see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>
+for a description of the <code>extdebug</code> option to the <code>shopt</code>
+builtin).
+Setting <code>extdebug</code> after the shell has started to execute a script,
+or referencing this variable when <code>extdebug</code> is not set,
+may result in inconsistent values.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_ARGV</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fARGV"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An array variable containing all of the parameters in the current bash
+execution call stack. The final parameter of the last subroutine call
+is at the top of the stack; the first parameter of the initial call is
+at the bottom. When a subroutine is executed, the parameters supplied
+are pushed onto <code>BASH_ARGV</code>.
+The shell sets <code>BASH_ARGV</code> only when in extended debugging mode
+(see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>
+for a description of the <code>extdebug</code> option to the <code>shopt</code>
+builtin).
+Setting <code>extdebug</code> after the shell has started to execute a script,
+or referencing this variable when <code>extdebug</code> is not set,
+may result in inconsistent values.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_ARGV0</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fARGV0"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>When referenced, this variable expands to the name of the shell or shell
+script (identical to <code>$0</code>; See <a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a>,
+for the description of special parameter 0).
+Assignment to <code>BASH_ARGV0</code>
+causes the value assigned to also be assigned to <code>$0</code>.
+If <code>BASH_ARGV0</code>
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_CMDS</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fCMDS"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal
+hash table of commands as maintained by the <code>hash</code> builtin
+(see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
+Elements added to this array appear in the hash table; however,
+unsetting array elements currently does not cause command names to be removed
+from the hash table.
+If <code>BASH_CMDS</code>
+is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_COMMAND</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fCOMMAND"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The command currently being executed or about to be executed, unless the
+shell is executing a command as the result of a trap,
+in which case it is the command executing at the time of the trap.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_COMPAT</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fCOMPAT"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The value is used to set the shell&rsquo;s compatibility level.
+See <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>, for a description of the various compatibility
+levels and their effects.
+The value may be a decimal number (e.g., 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42)
+corresponding to the desired compatibility level.
+If <code>BASH_COMPAT</code> is unset or set to the empty string, the compatibility
+level is set to the default for the current version.
+If <code>BASH_COMPAT</code> is set to a value that is not one of the valid
+compatibility levels, the shell prints an error message and sets the
+compatibility level to the default for the current version.
+The valid compatibility levels correspond to the compatibility options
+accepted by the <code>shopt</code> builtin described above (for example,
+<var>compat42</var> means that 4.2 and 42 are valid values).
+The current version is also a valid value.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_ENV</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fENV"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>If this variable is set when Bash is invoked to execute a shell
+script, its value is expanded and used as the name of a startup file
+to read before executing the script. See <a href="#Bash-Startup-Files">Bash Startup Files</a>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_EXECUTION_STRING</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fEXECUTION_005fSTRING"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The command argument to the <samp>-c</samp> invocation option.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_LINENO</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fLINENO"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source files
+where each corresponding member of <var>FUNCNAME</var> was invoked.
+<code>${BASH_LINENO[$i]}</code> is the line number in the source file
+(<code>${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}</code>) where
+<code>${FUNCNAME[$i]}</code> was called (or <code>${BASH_LINENO[$i-1]}</code> if
+referenced within another shell function).
+Use <code>LINENO</code> to obtain the current line number.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_LOADABLES_PATH</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fLOADABLES_005fPATH"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for
+dynamically loadable builtins specified by the
+<code>enable</code> command.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_REMATCH</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fREMATCH"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An array variable whose members are assigned by the &lsquo;<samp>=~</samp>&rsquo; binary
+operator to the <code>[[</code> conditional command
+(see <a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a>).
+The element with index 0 is the portion of the string
+matching the entire regular expression.
+The element with index <var>n</var> is the portion of the
+string matching the <var>n</var>th parenthesized subexpression.
+This variable is read-only.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_SOURCE</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fSOURCE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An array variable whose members are the source filenames where the
+corresponding shell function names in the <code>FUNCNAME</code> array
+variable are defined.
+The shell function <code>${FUNCNAME[$i]}</code> is defined in the file
+<code>${BASH_SOURCE[$i]}</code> and called from <code>${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}</code>
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_SUBSHELL</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fSUBSHELL"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell environment when
+the shell begins executing in that environment.
+The initial value is 0.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_VERSINFO</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fVERSINFO"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A readonly array variable (see <a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>)
+whose members hold version information for this instance of Bash.
+The values assigned to the array members are as follows:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>BASH_VERSINFO[0]</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The major version number (the <var>release</var>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_VERSINFO[1]</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The minor version number (the <var>version</var>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_VERSINFO[2]</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The patch level.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_VERSINFO[3]</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The build version.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_VERSINFO[4]</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The release status (e.g., <var>beta1</var>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_VERSINFO[5]</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The value of <code>MACHTYPE</code>.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_VERSION</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fVERSION"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The version number of the current instance of Bash.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>BASH_XTRACEFD</code>
+<a name="index-BASH_005fXTRACEFD"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, Bash
+will write the trace output generated when &lsquo;<samp>set -x</samp>&rsquo;
+is enabled to that file descriptor.
+This allows tracing output to be separated from diagnostic and error
+messages.
+The file descriptor is closed when <code>BASH_XTRACEFD</code> is unset or assigned
+a new value.
+Unsetting <code>BASH_XTRACEFD</code> or assigning it the empty string causes the
+trace output to be sent to the standard error.
+Note that setting <code>BASH_XTRACEFD</code> to 2 (the standard error file
+descriptor) and then unsetting it will result in the standard error
+being closed.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>CHILD_MAX</code>
+<a name="index-CHILD_005fMAX"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to remember.
+Bash will not allow this value to be decreased below a <small>POSIX</small>-mandated
+minimum, and there is a maximum value (currently 8192) that this may
+not exceed.
+The minimum value is system-dependent.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>COLUMNS</code>
+<a name="index-COLUMNS"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Used by the <code>select</code> command to determine the terminal width
+when printing selection lists.
+Automatically set if the <code>checkwinsize</code> option is enabled
+(see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>), or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a
+<code>SIGWINCH</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>COMP_CWORD</code>
+<a name="index-COMP_005fCWORD"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An index into <code>${COMP_WORDS}</code> of the word containing the current
+cursor position.
+This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the
+programmable completion facilities (see <a href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>COMP_LINE</code>
+<a name="index-COMP_005fLINE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The current command line.
+This variable is available only in shell functions and external
+commands invoked by the
+programmable completion facilities (see <a href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>COMP_POINT</code>
+<a name="index-COMP_005fPOINT"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The index of the current cursor position relative to the beginning of
+the current command.
+If the current cursor position is at the end of the current command,
+the value of this variable is equal to <code>${#COMP_LINE}</code>.
+This variable is available only in shell functions and external
+commands invoked by the
+programmable completion facilities (see <a href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>COMP_TYPE</code>
+<a name="index-COMP_005fTYPE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Set to an integer value corresponding to the type of completion attempted
+that caused a completion function to be called:
+<var>TAB</var>, for normal completion,
+&lsquo;<samp>?</samp>&rsquo;, for listing completions after successive tabs,
+&lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo;, for listing alternatives on partial word completion,
+&lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo;, to list completions if the word is not unmodified,
+or
+&lsquo;<samp>%</samp>&rsquo;, for menu completion.
+This variable is available only in shell functions and external
+commands invoked by the
+programmable completion facilities (see <a href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>COMP_KEY</code>
+<a name="index-COMP_005fKEY"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The key (or final key of a key sequence) used to invoke the current
+completion function.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>COMP_WORDBREAKS</code>
+<a name="index-COMP_005fWORDBREAKS"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The set of characters that the Readline library treats as word
+separators when performing word completion.
+If <code>COMP_WORDBREAKS</code> is unset, it loses its special properties,
+even if it is subsequently reset.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>COMP_WORDS</code>
+<a name="index-COMP_005fWORDS"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An array variable consisting of the individual
+words in the current command line.
+The line is split into words as Readline would split it, using
+<code>COMP_WORDBREAKS</code> as described above.
+This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the
+programmable completion facilities (see <a href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>COMPREPLY</code>
+<a name="index-COMPREPLY"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An array variable from which Bash reads the possible completions
+generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable completion
+facility (see <a href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a>).
+Each array element contains one possible completion.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>COPROC</code>
+<a name="index-COPROC"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An array variable created to hold the file descriptors
+for output from and input to an unnamed coprocess (see <a href="#Coprocesses">Coprocesses</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>DIRSTACK</code>
+<a name="index-DIRSTACK"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An array variable containing the current contents of the directory stack.
+Directories appear in the stack in the order they are displayed by the
+<code>dirs</code> builtin.
+Assigning to members of this array variable may be used to modify
+directories already in the stack, but the <code>pushd</code> and <code>popd</code>
+builtins must be used to add and remove directories.
+Assignment to this variable will not change the current directory.
+If <code>DIRSTACK</code> is unset, it loses its special properties, even if
+it is subsequently reset.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>EMACS</code>
+<a name="index-EMACS"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>If Bash finds this variable in the environment when the shell
+starts with value &lsquo;<samp>t</samp>&rsquo;, it assumes that the shell is running in an
+Emacs shell buffer and disables line editing.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>ENV</code>
+<a name="index-ENV"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Similar to <code>BASH_ENV</code>; used when the shell is invoked in
+<small>POSIX</small> Mode (see <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>EPOCHREALTIME</code>
+<a name="index-EPOCHREALTIME"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of seconds
+since the Unix Epoch as a floating point value with micro-second granularity
+(see the documentation for the C library function <var>time</var> for the
+definition of Epoch).
+Assignments to <code>EPOCHREALTIME</code> are ignored.
+If <code>EPOCHREALTIME</code> is unset, it loses its special properties, even if
+it is subsequently reset.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>EPOCHSECONDS</code>
+<a name="index-EPOCHSECONDS"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of seconds
+since the Unix Epoch (see the documentation for the C library function
+<var>time</var> for the definition of Epoch).
+Assignments to <code>EPOCHSECONDS</code> are ignored.
+If <code>EPOCHSECONDS</code> is unset, it loses its special properties, even if
+it is subsequently reset.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>EUID</code>
+<a name="index-EUID"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The numeric effective user id of the current user. This variable
+is readonly.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>EXECIGNORE</code>
+<a name="index-EXECIGNORE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A colon-separated list of shell patterns (see <a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>)
+defining the list of filenames to be ignored by command search using
+<code>PATH</code>.
+Files whose full pathnames match one of these patterns are not considered
+executable files for the purposes of completion and command execution
+via <code>PATH</code> lookup.
+This does not affect the behavior of the <code>[</code>, <code>test</code>, and <code>[[</code>
+commands.
+Full pathnames in the command hash table are not subject to <code>EXECIGNORE</code>.
+Use this variable to ignore shared library files that have the executable
+bit set, but are not executable files.
+The pattern matching honors the setting of the <code>extglob</code> shell
+option.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>FCEDIT</code>
+<a name="index-FCEDIT"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The editor used as a default by the <samp>-e</samp> option to the <code>fc</code>
+builtin command.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>FIGNORE</code>
+<a name="index-FIGNORE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing
+filename completion.
+A filename whose suffix matches one of the entries in
+<code>FIGNORE</code>
+is excluded from the list of matched filenames. A sample
+value is &lsquo;<samp>.o:~</samp>&rsquo;
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>FUNCNAME</code>
+<a name="index-FUNCNAME"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An array variable containing the names of all shell functions
+currently in the execution call stack.
+The element with index 0 is the name of any currently-executing
+shell function.
+The bottom-most element (the one with the highest index)
+is <code>&quot;main&quot;</code>.
+This variable exists only when a shell function is executing.
+Assignments to <code>FUNCNAME</code> have no effect.
+If <code>FUNCNAME</code> is unset, it loses its special properties, even if
+it is subsequently reset.
+</p>
+<p>This variable can be used with <code>BASH_LINENO</code> and <code>BASH_SOURCE</code>.
+Each element of <code>FUNCNAME</code> has corresponding elements in
+<code>BASH_LINENO</code> and <code>BASH_SOURCE</code> to describe the call stack.
+For instance, <code>${FUNCNAME[$i]}</code> was called from the file
+<code>${BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]}</code> at line number <code>${BASH_LINENO[$i]}</code>.
+The <code>caller</code> builtin displays the current call stack using this
+information.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>FUNCNEST</code>
+<a name="index-FUNCNEST"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum function
+nesting level. Function invocations that exceed this nesting level
+will cause the current command to abort.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>GLOBIGNORE</code>
+<a name="index-GLOBIGNORE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of file names to
+be ignored by filename expansion.
+If a file name matched by a filename expansion pattern also matches one
+of the patterns in <code>GLOBIGNORE</code>, it is removed from the list
+of matches.
+The pattern matching honors the setting of the <code>extglob</code> shell
+option.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>GROUPS</code>
+<a name="index-GROUPS"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An array variable containing the list of groups of which the current
+user is a member.
+Assignments to <code>GROUPS</code> have no effect.
+If <code>GROUPS</code> is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is
+subsequently reset.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>histchars</code>
+<a name="index-histchars"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Up to three characters which control history expansion, quick
+substitution, and tokenization (see <a href="#History-Interaction">History Interaction</a>).
+The first character is the
+<var>history expansion</var> character, that is, the character which signifies the
+start of a history expansion, normally &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo;. The second character is the
+character which signifies &lsquo;quick substitution&rsquo; when seen as the first
+character on a line, normally &lsquo;<samp>^</samp>&rsquo;. The optional third character is the
+character which indicates that the remainder of the line is a comment when
+found as the first character of a word, usually &lsquo;<samp>#</samp>&rsquo;. The history
+comment character causes history substitution to be skipped for the
+remaining words on the line. It does not necessarily cause the shell
+parser to treat the rest of the line as a comment.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>HISTCMD</code>
+<a name="index-HISTCMD"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The history number, or index in the history list, of the current
+command. If <code>HISTCMD</code> is unset, it loses its special properties,
+even if it is subsequently reset.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>HISTCONTROL</code>
+<a name="index-HISTCONTROL"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are saved on
+the history list.
+If the list of values includes &lsquo;<samp>ignorespace</samp>&rsquo;, lines which begin
+with a space character are not saved in the history list.
+A value of &lsquo;<samp>ignoredups</samp>&rsquo; causes lines which match the previous
+history entry to not be saved.
+A value of &lsquo;<samp>ignoreboth</samp>&rsquo; is shorthand for
+&lsquo;<samp>ignorespace</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>ignoredups</samp>&rsquo;.
+A value of &lsquo;<samp>erasedups</samp>&rsquo; causes all previous lines matching the
+current line to be removed from the history list before that line
+is saved.
+Any value not in the above list is ignored.
+If <code>HISTCONTROL</code> is unset, or does not include a valid value,
+all lines read by the shell parser are saved on the history list,
+subject to the value of <code>HISTIGNORE</code>.
+The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are
+not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
+<code>HISTCONTROL</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>HISTFILE</code>
+<a name="index-HISTFILE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The name of the file to which the command history is saved. The
+default value is <samp>~/.bash_history</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>HISTFILESIZE</code>
+<a name="index-HISTFILESIZE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum number of lines contained in the history file.
+When this variable is assigned a value, the history file is truncated,
+if necessary, to contain no more than that number of lines
+by removing the oldest entries.
+The history file is also truncated to this size after
+writing it when a shell exits.
+If the value is 0, the history file is truncated to zero size.
+Non-numeric values and numeric values less than zero inhibit truncation.
+The shell sets the default value to the value of <code>HISTSIZE</code>
+after reading any startup files.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>HISTIGNORE</code>
+<a name="index-HISTIGNORE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command
+lines should be saved on the history list. Each pattern is
+anchored at the beginning of the line and must match the complete
+line (no implicit &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; is appended). Each pattern is tested
+against the line after the checks specified by <code>HISTCONTROL</code>
+are applied. In addition to the normal shell pattern matching
+characters, &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo; matches the previous history line. &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo;
+may be escaped using a backslash; the backslash is removed
+before attempting a match.
+The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are
+not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of
+<code>HISTIGNORE</code>.
+The pattern matching honors the setting of the <code>extglob</code> shell
+option.
+</p>
+<p><code>HISTIGNORE</code> subsumes the function of <code>HISTCONTROL</code>. A
+pattern of &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo; is identical to <code>ignoredups</code>, and a
+pattern of &lsquo;<samp>[ ]*</samp>&rsquo; is identical to <code>ignorespace</code>.
+Combining these two patterns, separating them with a colon,
+provides the functionality of <code>ignoreboth</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>HISTSIZE</code>
+<a name="index-HISTSIZE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The maximum number of commands to remember on the history list.
+If the value is 0, commands are not saved in the history list.
+Numeric values less than zero result in every command being saved
+on the history list (there is no limit).
+The shell sets the default value to 500 after reading any startup files.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>HISTTIMEFORMAT</code>
+<a name="index-HISTTIMEFORMAT"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format string
+for <var>strftime</var> to print the time stamp associated with each history
+entry displayed by the <code>history</code> builtin.
+If this variable is set, time stamps are written to the history file so
+they may be preserved across shell sessions.
+This uses the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from
+other history lines.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>HOSTFILE</code>
+<a name="index-HOSTFILE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Contains the name of a file in the same format as <samp>/etc/hosts</samp> that
+should be read when the shell needs to complete a hostname.
+The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while the shell
+is running;
+the next time hostname completion is attempted after the
+value is changed, Bash adds the contents of the new file to the
+existing list.
+If <code>HOSTFILE</code> is set, but has no value, or does not name a readable file,
+Bash attempts to read
+<samp>/etc/hosts</samp> to obtain the list of possible hostname completions.
+When <code>HOSTFILE</code> is unset, the hostname list is cleared.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>HOSTNAME</code>
+<a name="index-HOSTNAME"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The name of the current host.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>HOSTTYPE</code>
+<a name="index-HOSTTYPE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A string describing the machine Bash is running on.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>IGNOREEOF</code>
+<a name="index-IGNOREEOF"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Controls the action of the shell on receipt of an <code>EOF</code> character
+as the sole input. If set, the value denotes the number
+of consecutive <code>EOF</code> characters that can be read as the
+first character on an input line
+before the shell will exit. If the variable exists but does not
+have a numeric value, or has no value, then the default is 10.
+If the variable does not exist, then <code>EOF</code> signifies the end of
+input to the shell. This is only in effect for interactive shells.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>INPUTRC</code>
+<a name="index-INPUTRC"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The name of the Readline initialization file, overriding the default
+of <samp>~/.inputrc</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>INSIDE_EMACS</code>
+<a name="index-INSIDE_005fEMACS"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>If Bash finds this variable in the environment when the shell
+starts, it assumes that the shell is running in an Emacs shell buffer
+and may disable line editing depending on the value of <code>TERM</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>LANG</code>
+<a name="index-LANG"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Used to determine the locale category for any category not specifically
+selected with a variable starting with <code>LC_</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>LC_ALL</code>
+<a name="index-LC_005fALL"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>This variable overrides the value of <code>LANG</code> and any other
+<code>LC_</code> variable specifying a locale category.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>LC_COLLATE</code>
+<a name="index-LC_005fCOLLATE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>This variable determines the collation order used when sorting the
+results of filename expansion, and
+determines the behavior of range expressions, equivalence classes,
+and collating sequences within filename expansion and pattern matching
+(see <a href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>LC_CTYPE</code>
+<a name="index-LC_005fCTYPE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>This variable determines the interpretation of characters and the
+behavior of character classes within filename expansion and pattern
+matching (see <a href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>LC_MESSAGES</code>
+<a name="index-LC_005fMESSAGES-1"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>This variable determines the locale used to translate double-quoted
+strings preceded by a &lsquo;<samp>$</samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Locale-Translation">Locale Translation</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>LC_NUMERIC</code>
+<a name="index-LC_005fNUMERIC"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>LC_TIME</code>
+<a name="index-LC_005fTIME"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>This variable determines the locale category used for data and time
+formatting.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>LINENO</code>
+<a name="index-LINENO"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The line number in the script or shell function currently executing.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>LINES</code>
+<a name="index-LINES"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Used by the <code>select</code> command to determine the column length
+for printing selection lists.
+Automatically set if the <code>checkwinsize</code> option is enabled
+(see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>), or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a
+<code>SIGWINCH</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>MACHTYPE</code>
+<a name="index-MACHTYPE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A string that fully describes the system type on which Bash
+is executing, in the standard <small>GNU</small> <var>cpu-company-system</var> format.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>MAILCHECK</code>
+<a name="index-MAILCHECK"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>How often (in seconds) that the shell should check for mail in the
+files specified in the <code>MAILPATH</code> or <code>MAIL</code> variables.
+The default is 60 seconds. When it is time to check
+for mail, the shell does so before displaying the primary prompt.
+If this variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number
+greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>MAPFILE</code>
+<a name="index-MAPFILE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An array variable created to hold the text read by the
+<code>mapfile</code> builtin when no variable name is supplied.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>OLDPWD</code>
+<a name="index-OLDPWD"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The previous working directory as set by the <code>cd</code> builtin.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>OPTERR</code>
+<a name="index-OPTERR"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>If set to the value 1, Bash displays error messages
+generated by the <code>getopts</code> builtin command.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>OSTYPE</code>
+<a name="index-OSTYPE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A string describing the operating system Bash is running on.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>PIPESTATUS</code>
+<a name="index-PIPESTATUS"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>An array variable (see <a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>)
+containing a list of exit status values from the processes
+in the most-recently-executed foreground pipeline (which may
+contain only a single command).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>POSIXLY_CORRECT</code>
+<a name="index-POSIXLY_005fCORRECT"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>If this variable is in the environment when Bash starts, the shell
+enters <small>POSIX</small> mode (see <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>) before reading the
+startup files, as if the <samp>--posix</samp> invocation option had been supplied.
+If it is set while the shell is running, Bash enables <small>POSIX</small> mode,
+as if the command
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><code>set -o posix</code>
+</pre></div>
+<p>had been executed.
+When the shell enters <small>POSIX</small> mode, it sets this variable if it was
+not already set.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>PPID</code>
+<a name="index-PPID"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The process <small>ID</small> of the shell&rsquo;s parent process. This variable
+is readonly.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>PROMPT_COMMAND</code>
+<a name="index-PROMPT_005fCOMMAND"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>If set, the value is interpreted as a command to execute
+before the printing of each primary prompt (<code>$PS1</code>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>PROMPT_DIRTRIM</code>
+<a name="index-PROMPT_005fDIRTRIM"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the number of
+trailing directory components to retain when expanding the <code>\w</code> and
+<code>\W</code> prompt string escapes (see <a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt">Controlling the Prompt</a>).
+Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>PS0</code>
+<a name="index-PS0"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The value of this parameter is expanded like <var>PS1</var>
+and displayed by interactive shells after reading a command
+and before the command is executed.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>PS3</code>
+<a name="index-PS3"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The value of this variable is used as the prompt for the
+<code>select</code> command. If this variable is not set, the
+<code>select</code> command prompts with &lsquo;<samp>#? </samp>&rsquo;
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>PS4</code>
+<a name="index-PS4"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The value of this parameter is expanded like <var>PS1</var>
+and the expanded value is the prompt printed before the command line
+is echoed when the <samp>-x</samp> option is set (see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
+The first character of the expanded value is replicated multiple times,
+as necessary, to indicate multiple levels of indirection.
+The default is &lsquo;<samp>+ </samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>PWD</code>
+<a name="index-PWD"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The current working directory as set by the <code>cd</code> builtin.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>RANDOM</code>
+<a name="index-RANDOM"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Each time this parameter is referenced, a random integer
+between 0 and 32767 is generated. Assigning a value to this
+variable seeds the random number generator.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>READLINE_LINE</code>
+<a name="index-READLINE_005fLINE"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The contents of the Readline line buffer, for use
+with &lsquo;<samp>bind -x</samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>READLINE_POINT</code>
+<a name="index-READLINE_005fPOINT"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The position of the insertion point in the Readline line buffer, for use
+with &lsquo;<samp>bind -x</samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>REPLY</code>
+<a name="index-REPLY"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The default variable for the <code>read</code> builtin.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>SECONDS</code>
+<a name="index-SECONDS"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>This variable expands to the number of seconds since the
+shell was started. Assignment to this variable resets
+the count to the value assigned, and the expanded value
+becomes the value assigned plus the number of seconds
+since the assignment.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>SHELL</code>
+<a name="index-SHELL"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The full pathname to the shell is kept in this environment variable.
+If it is not set when the shell starts,
+Bash assigns to it the full pathname of the current user&rsquo;s login shell.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>SHELLOPTS</code>
+<a name="index-SHELLOPTS"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in
+the list is a valid argument for the <samp>-o</samp> option to the
+<code>set</code> builtin command (see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
+The options appearing in <code>SHELLOPTS</code> are those reported
+as &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo; by &lsquo;<samp>set -o</samp>&rsquo;.
+If this variable is in the environment when Bash
+starts up, each shell option in the list will be enabled before
+reading any startup files. This variable is readonly.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>SHLVL</code>
+<a name="index-SHLVL"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Incremented by one each time a new instance of Bash is started. This is
+intended to be a count of how deeply your Bash shells are nested.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>TIMEFORMAT</code>
+<a name="index-TIMEFORMAT"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The value of this parameter is used as a format string specifying
+how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the <code>time</code>
+reserved word should be displayed.
+The &lsquo;<samp>%</samp>&rsquo; character introduces an
+escape sequence that is expanded to a time value or other
+information.
+The escape sequences and their meanings are as
+follows; the braces denote optional portions.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>%%</code></dt>
+<dd><p>A literal &lsquo;<samp>%</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>%[<var>p</var>][l]R</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The elapsed time in seconds.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>%[<var>p</var>][l]U</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>%[<var>p</var>][l]S</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>%P</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>The optional <var>p</var> is a digit specifying the precision, the number of
+fractional digits after a decimal point.
+A value of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.
+At most three places after the decimal point may be specified; values
+of <var>p</var> greater than 3 are changed to 3.
+If <var>p</var> is not specified, the value 3 is used.
+</p>
+<p>The optional <code>l</code> specifies a longer format, including minutes, of
+the form <var>MM</var>m<var>SS</var>.<var>FF</var>s.
+The value of <var>p</var> determines whether or not the fraction is included.
+</p>
+<p>If this variable is not set, Bash acts as if it had the value
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><code>$'\nreal\t%3lR\nuser\t%3lU\nsys\t%3lS'</code>
+</pre></div>
+<p>If the value is null, no timing information is displayed.
+A trailing newline is added when the format string is displayed.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>TMOUT</code>
+<a name="index-TMOUT"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>If set to a value greater than zero, <code>TMOUT</code> is treated as the
+default timeout for the <code>read</code> builtin (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+The <code>select</code> command (see <a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a>) terminates
+if input does not arrive after <code>TMOUT</code> seconds when input is coming
+from a terminal.
+</p>
+<p>In an interactive shell, the value is interpreted as
+the number of seconds to wait for a line of input after issuing
+the primary prompt.
+Bash
+terminates after waiting for that number of seconds if a complete
+line of input does not arrive.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>TMPDIR</code>
+<a name="index-TMPDIR"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>If set, Bash uses its value as the name of a directory in which
+Bash creates temporary files for the shell&rsquo;s use.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>UID</code>
+<a name="index-UID"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The numeric real user id of the current user. This variable is readonly.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Bash-Features"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Job-Control" accesskey="n" rel="next">Job Control</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Variables" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Variables</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Bash-Features-2"></a>
+<h2 class="chapter">6 Bash Features</h2>
+
+<p>This chapter describes features unique to Bash.
+</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Invoking-Bash" accesskey="1">Invoking Bash</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Command line options that you can give
+ to Bash.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Bash-Startup-Files" accesskey="2">Bash Startup Files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">When and how Bash executes scripts.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Interactive-Shells" accesskey="3">Interactive Shells</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">What an interactive shell is.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Bash-Conditional-Expressions" accesskey="4">Bash Conditional Expressions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Primitives used in composing expressions for
+ the <code>test</code> builtin.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Shell-Arithmetic" accesskey="5">Shell Arithmetic</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Arithmetic on shell variables.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Aliases" accesskey="6">Aliases</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Substituting one command for another.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Arrays" accesskey="7">Arrays</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Array Variables.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#The-Directory-Stack" accesskey="8">The Directory Stack</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">History of visited directories.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt" accesskey="9">Controlling the Prompt</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Customizing the various prompt strings.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#The-Restricted-Shell">The Restricted Shell</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">A more controlled mode of shell execution.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Making Bash behave more closely to what
+ the POSIX standard specifies.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Invoking-Bash"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Bash-Startup-Files" accesskey="n" rel="next">Bash Startup Files</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Invoking-Bash-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">6.1 Invoking Bash</h3>
+
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">bash [long-opt] [-ir] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o <var>option</var>]
+ [-O <var>shopt_option</var>] [<var>argument</var> &hellip;]
+bash [long-opt] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o <var>option</var>]
+ [-O <var>shopt_option</var>] -c <var>string</var> [<var>argument</var> &hellip;]
+bash [long-opt] -s [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o <var>option</var>]
+ [-O <var>shopt_option</var>] [<var>argument</var> &hellip;]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>All of the single-character options used with the <code>set</code> builtin
+(see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>) can be used as options when the shell is invoked.
+In addition, there are several multi-character
+options that you can use. These options must appear on the command
+line before the single-character options to be recognized.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>--debugger</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell
+starts. Turns on extended debugging mode (see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>
+for a description of the <code>extdebug</code> option to the <code>shopt</code>
+builtin).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--dump-po-strings</code></dt>
+<dd><p>A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by &lsquo;<samp>$</samp>&rsquo;
+is printed on the standard output
+in the <small>GNU</small> <code>gettext</code> PO (portable object) file format.
+Equivalent to <samp>-D</samp> except for the output format.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--dump-strings</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Equivalent to <samp>-D</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--help</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Display a usage message on standard output and exit successfully.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--init-file <var>filename</var></code></dt>
+<dt><code>--rcfile <var>filename</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Execute commands from <var>filename</var> (instead of <samp>~/.bashrc</samp>)
+in an interactive shell.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--login</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Equivalent to <samp>-l</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--noediting</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Do not use the <small>GNU</small> Readline library (see <a href="#Command-Line-Editing">Command Line Editing</a>)
+to read command lines when the shell is interactive.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--noprofile</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Don&rsquo;t load the system-wide startup file <samp>/etc/profile</samp>
+or any of the personal initialization files
+<samp>~/.bash_profile</samp>, <samp>~/.bash_login</samp>, or <samp>~/.profile</samp>
+when Bash is invoked as a login shell.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--norc</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Don&rsquo;t read the <samp>~/.bashrc</samp> initialization file in an
+interactive shell. This is on by default if the shell is
+invoked as <code>sh</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--posix</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Change the behavior of Bash where the default operation differs
+from the <small>POSIX</small> standard to match the standard. This
+is intended to make Bash behave as a strict superset of that
+standard. See <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>, for a description of the Bash
+<small>POSIX</small> mode.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--restricted</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Make the shell a restricted shell (see <a href="#The-Restricted-Shell">The Restricted Shell</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--verbose</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Equivalent to <samp>-v</samp>. Print shell input lines as they&rsquo;re read.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--version</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Show version information for this instance of
+Bash on the standard output and exit successfully.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>There are several single-character options that may be supplied at
+invocation which are not available with the <code>set</code> builtin.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>-c</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Read and execute commands from the first non-option argument
+<var>command_string</var>, then exit.
+If there are arguments after the <var>command_string</var>,
+the first argument is assigned to <code>$0</code>
+and any remaining arguments are assigned to the positional parameters.
+The assignment to <code>$0</code> sets the name of the shell, which is used
+in warning and error messages.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-i</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Force the shell to run interactively. Interactive shells are
+described in <a href="#Interactive-Shells">Interactive Shells</a>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-l</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Make this shell act as if it had been directly invoked by login.
+When the shell is interactive, this is equivalent to starting a
+login shell with &lsquo;<samp>exec -l bash</samp>&rsquo;.
+When the shell is not interactive, the login shell startup files will
+be executed.
+&lsquo;<samp>exec bash -l</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>exec bash --login</samp>&rsquo;
+will replace the current shell with a Bash login shell.
+See <a href="#Bash-Startup-Files">Bash Startup Files</a>, for a description of the special behavior
+of a login shell.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-r</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Make the shell a restricted shell (see <a href="#The-Restricted-Shell">The Restricted Shell</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-s</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If this option is present, or if no arguments remain after option
+processing, then commands are read from the standard input.
+This option allows the positional parameters to be set
+when invoking an interactive shell or when reading input
+through a pipe.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-D</code></dt>
+<dd><p>A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by &lsquo;<samp>$</samp>&rsquo;
+is printed on the standard output.
+These are the strings that
+are subject to language translation when the current locale
+is not <code>C</code> or <code>POSIX</code> (see <a href="#Locale-Translation">Locale Translation</a>).
+This implies the <samp>-n</samp> option; no commands will be executed.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>[-+]O [<var>shopt_option</var>]</code></dt>
+<dd><p><var>shopt_option</var> is one of the shell options accepted by the
+<code>shopt</code> builtin (see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>).
+If <var>shopt_option</var> is present, <samp>-O</samp> sets the value of that option;
+<samp>+O</samp> unsets it.
+If <var>shopt_option</var> is not supplied, the names and values of the shell
+options accepted by <code>shopt</code> are printed on the standard output.
+If the invocation option is <samp>+O</samp>, the output is displayed in a format
+that may be reused as input.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--</code></dt>
+<dd><p>A <code>--</code> signals the end of options and disables further option
+processing.
+Any arguments after the <code>--</code> are treated as filenames and arguments.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<a name="index-login-shell"></a>
+<p>A <em>login</em> shell is one whose first character of argument zero is
+&lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;, or one invoked with the <samp>--login</samp> option.
+</p>
+<a name="index-interactive-shell"></a>
+<p>An <em>interactive</em> shell is one started without non-option arguments,
+unless <samp>-s</samp> is specified,
+without specifying the <samp>-c</samp> option, and whose input and output are both
+connected to terminals (as determined by <code>isatty(3)</code>), or one
+started with the <samp>-i</samp> option. See <a href="#Interactive-Shells">Interactive Shells</a>, for more
+information.
+</p>
+<p>If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the
+<samp>-c</samp> nor the <samp>-s</samp>
+option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed to
+be the name of a file containing shell commands (see <a href="#Shell-Scripts">Shell Scripts</a>).
+When Bash is invoked in this fashion, <code>$0</code>
+is set to the name of the file, and the positional parameters
+are set to the remaining arguments.
+Bash reads and executes commands from this file, then exits.
+Bash&rsquo;s exit status is the exit status of the last command executed
+in the script. If no commands are executed, the exit status is 0.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Bash-Startup-Files"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Interactive-Shells" accesskey="n" rel="next">Interactive Shells</a>, Previous: <a href="#Invoking-Bash" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Invoking Bash</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Bash-Startup-Files-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">6.2 Bash Startup Files</h3>
+<a name="index-startup-files"></a>
+
+<p>This section describes how Bash executes its startup files.
+If any of the files exist but cannot be read, Bash reports an error.
+Tildes are expanded in filenames as described above under
+Tilde Expansion (see <a href="#Tilde-Expansion">Tilde Expansion</a>).
+</p>
+<p>Interactive shells are described in <a href="#Interactive-Shells">Interactive Shells</a>.
+</p>
+<a name="Invoked-as-an-interactive-login-shell_002c-or-with-_002d_002dlogin"></a>
+<h4 class="subsubheading">Invoked as an interactive login shell, or with <samp>--login</samp></h4>
+
+<p>When Bash is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a
+non-interactive shell with the <samp>--login</samp> option, it first reads and
+executes commands from the file <samp>/etc/profile</samp>, if that file exists.
+After reading that file, it looks for <samp>~/.bash_profile</samp>,
+<samp>~/.bash_login</samp>, and <samp>~/.profile</samp>, in that order, and reads
+and executes commands from the first one that exists and is readable.
+The <samp>--noprofile</samp> option may be used when the shell is started to
+inhibit this behavior.
+</p>
+<p>When an interactive login shell exits,
+or a non-interactive login shell executes the <code>exit</code> builtin command,
+Bash reads and executes commands from
+the file <samp>~/.bash_logout</samp>, if it exists.
+</p>
+<a name="Invoked-as-an-interactive-non_002dlogin-shell"></a>
+<h4 class="subsubheading">Invoked as an interactive non-login shell</h4>
+
+<p>When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, Bash
+reads and executes commands from <samp>~/.bashrc</samp>, if that file exists.
+This may be inhibited by using the <samp>--norc</samp> option.
+The <samp>--rcfile <var>file</var></samp> option will force Bash to read and
+execute commands from <var>file</var> instead of <samp>~/.bashrc</samp>.
+</p>
+<p>So, typically, your <samp>~/.bash_profile</samp> contains the line
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><code>if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then . ~/.bashrc; fi</code>
+</pre></div>
+<p>after (or before) any login-specific initializations.
+</p>
+<a name="Invoked-non_002dinteractively"></a>
+<h4 class="subsubheading">Invoked non-interactively</h4>
+
+<p>When Bash is started non-interactively, to run a shell script,
+for example, it looks for the variable <code>BASH_ENV</code> in the environment,
+expands its value if it appears there, and uses the expanded value as
+the name of a file to read and execute. Bash behaves as if the
+following command were executed:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><code>if [ -n &quot;$BASH_ENV&quot; ]; then . &quot;$BASH_ENV&quot;; fi</code>
+</pre></div>
+<p>but the value of the <code>PATH</code> variable is not used to search for the
+filename.
+</p>
+<p>As noted above, if a non-interactive shell is invoked with the
+<samp>--login</samp> option, Bash attempts to read and execute commands from the
+login shell startup files.
+</p>
+<a name="Invoked-with-name-sh"></a>
+<h4 class="subsubheading">Invoked with name <code>sh</code></h4>
+
+<p>If Bash is invoked with the name <code>sh</code>, it tries to mimic the
+startup behavior of historical versions of <code>sh</code> as closely as
+possible, while conforming to the <small>POSIX</small> standard as well.
+</p>
+<p>When invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-interactive
+shell with the <samp>--login</samp> option, it first attempts to read
+and execute commands from <samp>/etc/profile</samp> and <samp>~/.profile</samp>, in
+that order.
+The <samp>--noprofile</samp> option may be used to inhibit this behavior.
+When invoked as an interactive shell with the name <code>sh</code>, Bash
+looks for the variable <code>ENV</code>, expands its value if it is defined,
+and uses the expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute.
+Since a shell invoked as <code>sh</code> does not attempt to read and execute
+commands from any other startup files, the <samp>--rcfile</samp> option has
+no effect.
+A non-interactive shell invoked with the name <code>sh</code> does not attempt
+to read any other startup files.
+</p>
+<p>When invoked as <code>sh</code>, Bash enters <small>POSIX</small> mode after
+the startup files are read.
+</p>
+<a name="Invoked-in-POSIX-mode"></a>
+<h4 class="subsubheading">Invoked in <small>POSIX</small> mode</h4>
+
+<p>When Bash is started in <small>POSIX</small> mode, as with the
+<samp>--posix</samp> command line option, it follows the <small>POSIX</small> standard
+for startup files.
+In this mode, interactive shells expand the <code>ENV</code> variable
+and commands are read and executed from the file whose name is the
+expanded value.
+No other startup files are read.
+</p>
+<a name="Invoked-by-remote-shell-daemon"></a>
+<h4 class="subsubheading">Invoked by remote shell daemon</h4>
+
+<p>Bash attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input
+connected to a network connection, as when executed by the remote shell
+daemon, usually <code>rshd</code>, or the secure shell daemon <code>sshd</code>.
+If Bash determines it is being run in
+this fashion, it reads and executes commands from <samp>~/.bashrc</samp>, if that
+file exists and is readable.
+It will not do this if invoked as <code>sh</code>.
+The <samp>--norc</samp> option may be used to inhibit this behavior, and the
+<samp>--rcfile</samp> option may be used to force another file to be read, but
+neither <code>rshd</code> nor <code>sshd</code> generally invoke the shell with those
+options or allow them to be specified.
+</p>
+<a name="Invoked-with-unequal-effective-and-real-UID_002fGIDs"></a>
+<h4 class="subsubheading">Invoked with unequal effective and real <small>UID/GID</small>s</h4>
+
+<p>If Bash is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the
+real user (group) id, and the <samp>-p</samp> option is not supplied, no startup
+files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment,
+the <code>SHELLOPTS</code>, <code>BASHOPTS</code>, <code>CDPATH</code>, and <code>GLOBIGNORE</code>
+variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored, and the effective
+user id is set to the real user id.
+If the <samp>-p</samp> option is supplied at invocation, the startup behavior is
+the same, but the effective user id is not reset.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Interactive-Shells"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Bash-Conditional-Expressions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Bash Conditional Expressions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Bash-Startup-Files" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bash Startup Files</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Interactive-Shells-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">6.3 Interactive Shells</h3>
+<a name="index-interactive-shell-1"></a>
+<a name="index-shell_002c-interactive"></a>
+
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#What-is-an-Interactive-Shell_003f" accesskey="1">What is an Interactive Shell?</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">What determines whether a shell is Interactive.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Is-this-Shell-Interactive_003f" accesskey="2">Is this Shell Interactive?</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to tell if a shell is interactive.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Interactive-Shell-Behavior" accesskey="3">Interactive Shell Behavior</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">What changes in a interactive shell?
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="What-is-an-Interactive-Shell_003f"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Is-this-Shell-Interactive_003f" accesskey="n" rel="next">Is this Shell Interactive?</a>, Up: <a href="#Interactive-Shells" accesskey="u" rel="up">Interactive Shells</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="What-is-an-Interactive-Shell_003f-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">6.3.1 What is an Interactive Shell?</h4>
+
+<p>An interactive shell
+is one started without non-option arguments, unless <samp>-s</samp> is
+specified, without specifying the <samp>-c</samp> option, and
+whose input and error output are both
+connected to terminals (as determined by <code>isatty(3)</code>),
+or one started with the <samp>-i</samp> option.
+</p>
+<p>An interactive shell generally reads from and writes to a user&rsquo;s
+terminal.
+</p>
+<p>The <samp>-s</samp> invocation option may be used to set the positional parameters
+when an interactive shell is started.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Is-this-Shell-Interactive_003f"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Interactive-Shell-Behavior" accesskey="n" rel="next">Interactive Shell Behavior</a>, Previous: <a href="#What-is-an-Interactive-Shell_003f" accesskey="p" rel="prev">What is an Interactive Shell?</a>, Up: <a href="#Interactive-Shells" accesskey="u" rel="up">Interactive Shells</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Is-this-Shell-Interactive_003f-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">6.3.2 Is this Shell Interactive?</h4>
+
+<p>To determine within a startup script whether or not Bash is
+running interactively,
+test the value of the &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo; special parameter.
+It contains <code>i</code> when the shell is interactive. For example:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">case &quot;$-&quot; in
+*i*) echo This shell is interactive ;;
+*) echo This shell is not interactive ;;
+esac
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Alternatively, startup scripts may examine the variable
+<code>PS1</code>; it is unset in non-interactive shells, and set in
+interactive shells. Thus:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">if [ -z &quot;$PS1&quot; ]; then
+ echo This shell is not interactive
+else
+ echo This shell is interactive
+fi
+</pre></div>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Interactive-Shell-Behavior"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Is-this-Shell-Interactive_003f" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Is this Shell Interactive?</a>, Up: <a href="#Interactive-Shells" accesskey="u" rel="up">Interactive Shells</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Interactive-Shell-Behavior-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">6.3.3 Interactive Shell Behavior</h4>
+
+<p>When the shell is running interactively, it changes its behavior in
+several ways.
+</p>
+<ol>
+<li> Startup files are read and executed as described in <a href="#Bash-Startup-Files">Bash Startup Files</a>.
+
+</li><li> Job Control (see <a href="#Job-Control">Job Control</a>) is enabled by default. When job
+control is in effect, Bash ignores the keyboard-generated job control
+signals <code>SIGTTIN</code>, <code>SIGTTOU</code>, and <code>SIGTSTP</code>.
+
+</li><li> Bash expands and displays <code>PS1</code> before reading the first line
+of a command, and expands and displays <code>PS2</code> before reading the
+second and subsequent lines of a multi-line command.
+Bash expands and displays <code>PS0</code> after it reads a command but before
+executing it.
+See <a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt">Controlling the Prompt</a>, for a complete list of prompt
+string escape sequences.
+
+</li><li> Bash executes the value of the <code>PROMPT_COMMAND</code> variable as a command
+before printing the primary prompt, <code>$PS1</code>
+(see <a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>).
+
+</li><li> Readline (see <a href="#Command-Line-Editing">Command Line Editing</a>) is used to read commands from
+the user&rsquo;s terminal.
+
+</li><li> Bash inspects the value of the <code>ignoreeof</code> option to <code>set -o</code>
+instead of exiting immediately when it receives an <code>EOF</code> on its
+standard input when reading a command (see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
+
+</li><li> Command history (see <a href="#Bash-History-Facilities">Bash History Facilities</a>)
+and history expansion (see <a href="#History-Interaction">History Interaction</a>)
+are enabled by default.
+Bash will save the command history to the file named by <code>$HISTFILE</code>
+when a shell with history enabled exits.
+
+</li><li> Alias expansion (see <a href="#Aliases">Aliases</a>) is performed by default.
+
+</li><li> In the absence of any traps, Bash ignores <code>SIGTERM</code>
+(see <a href="#Signals">Signals</a>).
+
+</li><li> In the absence of any traps, <code>SIGINT</code> is caught and handled
+(see <a href="#Signals">Signals</a>).
+<code>SIGINT</code> will interrupt some shell builtins.
+
+</li><li> An interactive login shell sends a <code>SIGHUP</code> to all jobs on exit
+if the <code>huponexit</code> shell option has been enabled (see <a href="#Signals">Signals</a>).
+
+</li><li> The <samp>-n</samp> invocation option is ignored, and &lsquo;<samp>set -n</samp>&rsquo; has
+no effect (see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash will check for mail periodically, depending on the values of the
+<code>MAIL</code>, <code>MAILPATH</code>, and <code>MAILCHECK</code> shell variables
+(see <a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>).
+
+</li><li> Expansion errors due to references to unbound shell variables after
+&lsquo;<samp>set -u</samp>&rsquo; has been enabled will not cause the shell to exit
+(see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
+
+</li><li> The shell will not exit on expansion errors caused by <var>var</var> being unset
+or null in <code>${<var>var</var>:?<var>word</var>}</code> expansions
+(see <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>).
+
+</li><li> Redirection errors encountered by shell builtins will not cause the
+shell to exit.
+
+</li><li> When running in <small>POSIX</small> mode, a special builtin returning an error
+status will not cause the shell to exit (see <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>).
+
+</li><li> A failed <code>exec</code> will not cause the shell to exit
+(see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
+
+</li><li> Parser syntax errors will not cause the shell to exit.
+
+</li><li> Simple spelling correction for directory arguments to the <code>cd</code>
+builtin is enabled by default (see the description of the <code>cdspell</code>
+option to the <code>shopt</code> builtin in <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>).
+
+</li><li> The shell will check the value of the <code>TMOUT</code> variable and exit
+if a command is not read within the specified number of seconds after
+printing <code>$PS1</code> (see <a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>).
+
+</li></ol>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Bash-Conditional-Expressions"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Shell-Arithmetic" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell Arithmetic</a>, Previous: <a href="#Interactive-Shells" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Interactive Shells</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Bash-Conditional-Expressions-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">6.4 Bash Conditional Expressions</h3>
+<a name="index-expressions_002c-conditional"></a>
+
+<p>Conditional expressions are used by the <code>[[</code> compound command
+and the <code>test</code> and <code>[</code> builtin commands. The <code>test</code>
+and <code>[</code> commands determine their behavior based on the number
+of arguments; see the descriptions of those commands for any other
+command-specific actions.
+</p>
+<p>Expressions may be unary or binary,
+and are formed from the following primaries.
+Unary expressions are often used to examine the status of a file.
+There are string operators and numeric comparison operators as well.
+Bash handles several filenames specially when they are used in
+expressions.
+If the operating system on which Bash is running provides these
+special files, Bash will use them; otherwise it will emulate them
+internally with this behavior:
+If the <var>file</var> argument to one of the primaries is of the form
+<samp>/dev/fd/<var>N</var></samp>, then file descriptor <var>N</var> is checked.
+If the <var>file</var> argument to one of the primaries is one of
+<samp>/dev/stdin</samp>, <samp>/dev/stdout</samp>, or <samp>/dev/stderr</samp>, file
+descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, is checked.
+</p>
+<p>When used with <code>[[</code>, the &lsquo;<samp>&lt;</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>&gt;</samp>&rsquo; operators sort
+lexicographically using the current locale.
+The <code>test</code> command uses ASCII ordering.
+</p>
+<p>Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow symbolic
+links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link itself.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>-a <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-b <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is a block special file.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-c <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is a character special file.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-d <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is a directory.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-e <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-f <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is a regular file.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-g <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and its set-group-id bit is set.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-h <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is a symbolic link.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-k <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and its &quot;sticky&quot; bit is set.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-p <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is a named pipe (FIFO).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-r <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is readable.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-s <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and has a size greater than zero.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-t <var>fd</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if file descriptor <var>fd</var> is open and refers to a terminal.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-u <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and its set-user-id bit is set.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-w <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is writable.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-x <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is executable.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-G <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is owned by the effective group id.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-L <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is a symbolic link.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-N <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and has been modified since it was last read.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-O <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is owned by the effective user id.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-S <var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file</var> exists and is a socket.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code><var>file1</var> -ef <var>file2</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file1</var> and <var>file2</var> refer to the same device and
+inode numbers.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code><var>file1</var> -nt <var>file2</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file1</var> is newer (according to modification date)
+than <var>file2</var>, or if <var>file1</var> exists and <var>file2</var> does not.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code><var>file1</var> -ot <var>file2</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>file1</var> is older than <var>file2</var>,
+or if <var>file2</var> exists and <var>file1</var> does not.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-o <var>optname</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if the shell option <var>optname</var> is enabled.
+The list of options appears in the description of the <samp>-o</samp>
+option to the <code>set</code> builtin (see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-v <var>varname</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if the shell variable <var>varname</var> is set (has been assigned a value).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-R <var>varname</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if the shell variable <var>varname</var> is set and is a name reference.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-z <var>string</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if the length of <var>string</var> is zero.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-n <var>string</var></code></dt>
+<dt><code><var>string</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if the length of <var>string</var> is non-zero.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code><var>string1</var> == <var>string2</var></code></dt>
+<dt><code><var>string1</var> = <var>string2</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if the strings are equal.
+When used with the <code>[[</code> command, this performs pattern matching as
+described above (see <a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a>).
+</p>
+<p>&lsquo;<samp>=</samp>&rsquo; should be used with the <code>test</code> command for <small>POSIX</small> conformance.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code><var>string1</var> != <var>string2</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if the strings are not equal.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code><var>string1</var> &lt; <var>string2</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>string1</var> sorts before <var>string2</var> lexicographically.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code><var>string1</var> &gt; <var>string2</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>True if <var>string1</var> sorts after <var>string2</var> lexicographically.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code><var>arg1</var> OP <var>arg2</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p><code>OP</code> is one of
+&lsquo;<samp>-eq</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>-ne</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>-lt</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>-le</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>-gt</samp>&rsquo;, or &lsquo;<samp>-ge</samp>&rsquo;.
+These arithmetic binary operators return true if <var>arg1</var>
+is equal to, not equal to, less than, less than or equal to,
+greater than, or greater than or equal to <var>arg2</var>,
+respectively. <var>Arg1</var> and <var>arg2</var>
+may be positive or negative integers.
+When used with the <code>[[</code> command, <var>Arg1</var> and <var>Arg2</var>
+are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (see <a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a>).
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Shell-Arithmetic"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Aliases" accesskey="n" rel="next">Aliases</a>, Previous: <a href="#Bash-Conditional-Expressions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bash Conditional Expressions</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Shell-Arithmetic-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">6.5 Shell Arithmetic</h3>
+<a name="index-arithmetic_002c-shell"></a>
+<a name="index-shell-arithmetic"></a>
+<a name="index-expressions_002c-arithmetic"></a>
+<a name="index-evaluation_002c-arithmetic"></a>
+<a name="index-arithmetic-evaluation"></a>
+
+<p>The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, as one of
+the shell expansions or by using the <code>((</code> compound command, the
+<code>let</code> builtin, or the <samp>-i</samp> option to the <code>declare</code> builtin.
+</p>
+<p>Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check for overflow,
+though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error.
+The operators and their precedence, associativity, and values
+are the same as in the C language.
+The following list of operators is grouped into levels of
+equal-precedence operators.
+The levels are listed in order of decreasing precedence.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code><var>id</var>++ <var>id</var>--</code></dt>
+<dd><p>variable post-increment and post-decrement
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>++<var>id</var> --<var>id</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>variable pre-increment and pre-decrement
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>- +</code></dt>
+<dd><p>unary minus and plus
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>! ~</code></dt>
+<dd><p>logical and bitwise negation
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>**</code></dt>
+<dd><p>exponentiation
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>* / %</code></dt>
+<dd><p>multiplication, division, remainder
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>+ -</code></dt>
+<dd><p>addition, subtraction
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>&lt;&lt; &gt;&gt;</code></dt>
+<dd><p>left and right bitwise shifts
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>&lt;= &gt;= &lt; &gt;</code></dt>
+<dd><p>comparison
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>== !=</code></dt>
+<dd><p>equality and inequality
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>&amp;</code></dt>
+<dd><p>bitwise AND
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>^</code></dt>
+<dd><p>bitwise exclusive OR
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>|</code></dt>
+<dd><p>bitwise OR
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>&amp;&amp;</code></dt>
+<dd><p>logical AND
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>||</code></dt>
+<dd><p>logical OR
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>expr ? expr : expr</code></dt>
+<dd><p>conditional operator
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>= *= /= %= += -= &lt;&lt;= &gt;&gt;= &amp;= ^= |=</code></dt>
+<dd><p>assignment
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>expr1 , expr2</code></dt>
+<dd><p>comma
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is
+performed before the expression is evaluated.
+Within an expression, shell variables may also be referenced by name
+without using the parameter expansion syntax.
+A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to 0 when referenced
+by name without using the parameter expansion syntax.
+The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression
+when it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the
+<var>integer</var> attribute using &lsquo;<samp>declare -i</samp>&rsquo; is assigned a value.
+A null value evaluates to 0.
+A shell variable need not have its <var>integer</var> attribute turned on
+to be used in an expression.
+</p>
+<p>Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.
+A leading &lsquo;<samp>0x</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>0X</samp>&rsquo; denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise,
+numbers take the form [<var>base</var><code>#</code>]<var>n</var>, where the optional <var>base</var>
+is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic
+base, and <var>n</var> is a number in that base.
+If <var>base</var><code>#</code> is omitted, then base 10 is used.
+When specifying <var>n</var>,
+the digits greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters,
+the uppercase letters, &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp>_</samp>&rsquo;, in that order.
+If <var>base</var> is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase
+letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers between 10
+and 35.
+</p>
+<p>Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in
+parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence
+rules above.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Aliases"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Arrays" accesskey="n" rel="next">Arrays</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-Arithmetic" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell Arithmetic</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Aliases-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">6.6 Aliases</h3>
+<a name="index-alias-expansion"></a>
+
+<p><var>Aliases</var> allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used
+as the first word of a simple command.
+The shell maintains a list of aliases that may be set and unset with
+the <code>alias</code> and <code>unalias</code> builtin commands.
+</p>
+<p>The first word of each simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see
+if it has an alias.
+If so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias.
+The characters &lsquo;<samp>/</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>$</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>`</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>=</samp>&rsquo; and any of the
+shell metacharacters or quoting characters listed above may not appear
+in an alias name.
+The replacement text may contain any valid
+shell input, including shell metacharacters.
+The first word of the replacement text is tested for
+aliases, but a word that is identical to an alias being expanded
+is not expanded a second time.
+This means that one may alias <code>ls</code> to <code>&quot;ls -F&quot;</code>,
+for instance, and Bash does not try to recursively expand the
+replacement text.
+If the last character of the alias value is a
+<var>blank</var>, then the next command word following the
+alias is also checked for alias expansion.
+</p>
+<p>Aliases are created and listed with the <code>alias</code>
+command, and removed with the <code>unalias</code> command.
+</p>
+<p>There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text,
+as in <code>csh</code>.
+If arguments are needed, a shell function should be used
+(see <a href="#Shell-Functions">Shell Functions</a>).
+</p>
+<p>Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive,
+unless the <code>expand_aliases</code> shell option is set using
+<code>shopt</code> (see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>).
+</p>
+<p>The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are
+somewhat confusing. Bash
+always reads at least one complete line of input,
+and all lines that make up a compound command,
+before executing any of the commands on that line or the compound command.
+Aliases are expanded when a
+command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, an
+alias definition appearing on the same line as another
+command does not take effect until the next line of input is read.
+The commands following the alias definition
+on that line are not affected by the new alias.
+This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed.
+Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read,
+not when the function is executed, because a function definition
+is itself a command. As a consequence, aliases
+defined in a function are not available until after that
+function is executed. To be safe, always put
+alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use <code>alias</code>
+in compound commands.
+</p>
+<p>For almost every purpose, shell functions are preferred over aliases.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Arrays"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#The-Directory-Stack" accesskey="n" rel="next">The Directory Stack</a>, Previous: <a href="#Aliases" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Aliases</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Arrays-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">6.7 Arrays</h3>
+<a name="index-arrays"></a>
+
+<p>Bash provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables.
+Any variable may be used as an indexed array;
+the <code>declare</code> builtin will explicitly declare an array.
+There is no maximum
+limit on the size of an array, nor any requirement that members
+be indexed or assigned contiguously.
+Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including arithmetic
+expressions (see <a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a>)) and are zero-based;
+associative arrays use arbitrary strings.
+Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non-negative integers.
+</p>
+<p>An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to
+using the syntax
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><var>name</var>[<var>subscript</var>]=<var>value</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <var>subscript</var>
+is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number.
+To explicitly declare an array, use
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">declare -a <var>name</var>
+</pre></div>
+<p>The syntax
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">declare -a <var>name</var>[<var>subscript</var>]
+</pre></div>
+<p>is also accepted; the <var>subscript</var> is ignored.
+</p>
+<p>Associative arrays are created using
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">declare -A <var>name</var>.
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Attributes may be
+specified for an array variable using the <code>declare</code> and
+<code>readonly</code> builtins. Each attribute applies to all members of
+an array.
+</p>
+<p>Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><var>name</var>=(<var>value1</var> <var>value2</var> &hellip; )
+</pre></div>
+<p>where each
+<var>value</var> is of the form <code>[<var>subscript</var>]=</code><var>string</var>.
+Indexed array assignments do not require anything but <var>string</var>.
+When assigning to indexed arrays, if
+the optional subscript is supplied, that index is assigned to;
+otherwise the index of the element assigned is the last index assigned
+to by the statement plus one. Indexing starts at zero.
+</p>
+<p>When assigning to an associative array, the subscript is required.
+</p>
+<p>This syntax is also accepted by the <code>declare</code>
+builtin. Individual array elements may be assigned to using the
+<code><var>name</var>[<var>subscript</var>]=<var>value</var></code> syntax introduced above.
+</p>
+<p>When assigning to an indexed array, if <var>name</var>
+is subscripted by a negative number, that number is
+interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of
+<var>name</var>, so negative indices count back from the end of the
+array, and an index of -1 references the last element.
+</p>
+<p>Any element of an array may be referenced using
+<code>${<var>name</var>[<var>subscript</var>]}</code>.
+The braces are required to avoid
+conflicts with the shell&rsquo;s filename expansion operators. If the
+<var>subscript</var> is &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;, the word expands to all members
+of the array <var>name</var>. These subscripts differ only when the word
+appears within double quotes.
+If the word is double-quoted,
+<code>${<var>name</var>[*]}</code> expands to a single word with
+the value of each array member separated by the first character of the
+<code>IFS</code> variable, and <code>${<var>name</var>[@]}</code> expands each element of
+<var>name</var> to a separate word. When there are no array members,
+<code>${<var>name</var>[@]}</code> expands to nothing.
+If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of
+the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original
+word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last
+part of the original word.
+This is analogous to the
+expansion of the special parameters &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;.
+<code>${#<var>name</var>[<var>subscript</var>]}</code> expands to the length of
+<code>${<var>name</var>[<var>subscript</var>]}</code>.
+If <var>subscript</var> is &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; or
+&lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;, the expansion is the number of elements in the array.
+If the <var>subscript</var>
+used to reference an element of an indexed array
+evaluates to a number less than zero, it is
+interpreted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of the array,
+so negative indices count back from the end of the array,
+and an index of -1 refers to the last element.
+</p>
+<p>Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to
+referencing with a subscript of 0.
+Any reference to a variable using a valid subscript is legal, and
+<code>bash</code> will create an array if necessary.
+</p>
+<p>An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a
+value. The null string is a valid value.
+</p>
+<p>It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as the values.
+${!<var>name</var>[@]} and ${!<var>name</var>[*]} expand to the indices
+assigned in array variable <var>name</var>.
+The treatment when in double quotes is similar to the expansion of the
+special parameters &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; within double quotes.
+</p>
+<p>The <code>unset</code> builtin is used to destroy arrays.
+<code>unset <var>name</var>[<var>subscript</var>]</code>
+destroys the array element at index <var>subscript</var>.
+Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted as described above.
+Unsetting the last element of an array variable does not unset the variable.
+<code>unset <var>name</var></code>, where <var>name</var> is an array, removes the
+entire array. A subscript of &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo; also removes the
+entire array.
+</p>
+<p>When using a variable name with a subscript as an argument to a command,
+such as with <code>unset</code>, without using the word expansion syntax
+described above, the argument is subject to the shell&rsquo;s filename expansion.
+If filename expansion is not desired, the argument should be quoted.
+</p>
+<p>The <code>declare</code>, <code>local</code>, and <code>readonly</code>
+builtins each accept a <samp>-a</samp> option to specify an indexed
+array and a <samp>-A</samp> option to specify an associative array.
+If both options are supplied, <samp>-A</samp> takes precedence.
+The <code>read</code> builtin accepts a <samp>-a</samp>
+option to assign a list of words read from the standard input
+to an array, and can read values from the standard input into
+individual array elements. The <code>set</code> and <code>declare</code>
+builtins display array values in a way that allows them to be
+reused as input.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="The-Directory-Stack"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt" accesskey="n" rel="next">Controlling the Prompt</a>, Previous: <a href="#Arrays" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Arrays</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="The-Directory-Stack-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">6.8 The Directory Stack</h3>
+<a name="index-directory-stack"></a>
+
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Directory-Stack-Builtins" accesskey="1">Directory Stack Builtins</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Bash builtin commands to manipulate
+ the directory stack.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The directory stack is a list of recently-visited directories. The
+<code>pushd</code> builtin adds directories to the stack as it changes
+the current directory, and the <code>popd</code> builtin removes specified
+directories from the stack and changes the current directory to
+the directory removed. The <code>dirs</code> builtin displays the contents
+of the directory stack. The current directory is always the &quot;top&quot;
+of the directory stack.
+</p>
+<p>The contents of the directory stack are also visible
+as the value of the <code>DIRSTACK</code> shell variable.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Directory-Stack-Builtins"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Up: <a href="#The-Directory-Stack" accesskey="u" rel="up">The Directory Stack</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Directory-Stack-Builtins-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">6.8.1 Directory Stack Builtins</h4>
+
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>dirs</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-dirs"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">dirs [-clpv] [+<var>N</var> | -<var>N</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Display the list of currently remembered directories. Directories
+are added to the list with the <code>pushd</code> command; the
+<code>popd</code> command removes directories from the list.
+The current directory is always the first directory in the stack.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>-c</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the elements.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>-l</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Produces a listing using full pathnames;
+the default listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>-p</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Causes <code>dirs</code> to print the directory stack with one entry per
+line.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>-v</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Causes <code>dirs</code> to print the directory stack with one entry per
+line, prefixing each entry with its index in the stack.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>+<var>N</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Displays the <var>N</var>th directory (counting from the left of the
+list printed by <code>dirs</code> when invoked without options), starting
+with zero.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>-<var>N</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Displays the <var>N</var>th directory (counting from the right of the
+list printed by <code>dirs</code> when invoked without options), starting
+with zero.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+</dd>
+<dt><code>popd</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-popd"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">popd [-n] [+<var>N</var> | -<var>N</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>When no arguments are given, <code>popd</code>
+removes the top directory from the stack and
+performs a <code>cd</code> to the new top directory.
+The elements are numbered from 0 starting at the first directory
+listed with <code>dirs</code>; that is, <code>popd</code> is equivalent to <code>popd +0</code>.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>-n</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing directories
+from the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>+<var>N</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Removes the <var>N</var>th directory (counting from the left of the
+list printed by <code>dirs</code>), starting with zero.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>-<var>N</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Removes the <var>N</var>th directory (counting from the right of the
+list printed by <code>dirs</code>), starting with zero.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<a name="index-pushd"></a>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>pushd</code></dt>
+<dd><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">pushd [-n] [<var>+N</var> | <var>-N</var> | <var>dir</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Save the current directory on the top of the directory stack
+and then <code>cd</code> to <var>dir</var>.
+With no arguments, <code>pushd</code> exchanges the top two directories
+and makes the new top the current directory.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>-n</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotating or
+adding directories to the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>+<var>N</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Brings the <var>N</var>th directory (counting from the left of the
+list printed by <code>dirs</code>, starting with zero) to the top of
+the list by rotating the stack.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>-<var>N</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Brings the <var>N</var>th directory (counting from the right of the
+list printed by <code>dirs</code>, starting with zero) to the top of
+the list by rotating the stack.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code><var>dir</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Makes <var>dir</var> be the top of the stack, making
+it the new current directory as if it had been supplied as an argument
+to the <code>cd</code> builtin.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Controlling-the-Prompt"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#The-Restricted-Shell" accesskey="n" rel="next">The Restricted Shell</a>, Previous: <a href="#The-Directory-Stack" accesskey="p" rel="prev">The Directory Stack</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Controlling-the-Prompt-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">6.9 Controlling the Prompt</h3>
+<a name="index-prompting"></a>
+
+<p>The value of the variable <code>PROMPT_COMMAND</code> is examined just before
+Bash prints each primary prompt. If <code>PROMPT_COMMAND</code> is set and
+has a non-null value, then the
+value is executed just as if it had been typed on the command line.
+</p>
+<p>In addition, the following table describes the special characters which
+can appear in the prompt variables <code>PS0</code>, <code>PS1</code>, <code>PS2</code>, and
+<code>PS4</code>:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>\a</code></dt>
+<dd><p>A bell character.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\d</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The date, in &quot;Weekday Month Date&quot; format (e.g., &quot;Tue May 26&quot;).
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\D{<var>format</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The <var>format</var> is passed to <code>strftime</code>(3) and the result is inserted
+into the prompt string; an empty <var>format</var> results in a locale-specific
+time representation. The braces are required.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\e</code></dt>
+<dd><p>An escape character.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\h</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The hostname, up to the first &lsquo;.&rsquo;.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\H</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The hostname.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\j</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The number of jobs currently managed by the shell.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\l</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The basename of the shell&rsquo;s terminal device name.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\n</code></dt>
+<dd><p>A newline.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\r</code></dt>
+<dd><p>A carriage return.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\s</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The name of the shell, the basename of <code>$0</code> (the portion
+following the final slash).
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\t</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The time, in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\T</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The time, in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\@</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The time, in 12-hour am/pm format.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\A</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The time, in 24-hour HH:MM format.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\u</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The username of the current user.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\v</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The version of Bash (e.g., 2.00)
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\V</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The release of Bash, version + patchlevel (e.g., 2.00.0)
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\w</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The current working directory, with <code>$HOME</code> abbreviated with a tilde
+(uses the <code>$PROMPT_DIRTRIM</code> variable).
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\W</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The basename of <code>$PWD</code>, with <code>$HOME</code> abbreviated with a tilde.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\!</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The history number of this command.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\#</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The command number of this command.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\$</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If the effective uid is 0, <code>#</code>, otherwise <code>$</code>.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\<var>nnn</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>The character whose ASCII code is the octal value <var>nnn</var>.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\\</code></dt>
+<dd><p>A backslash.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\[</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Begin a sequence of non-printing characters. This could be used to
+embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\]</code></dt>
+<dd><p>End a sequence of non-printing characters.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>The command number and the history number are usually different:
+the history number of a command is its position in the history
+list, which may include commands restored from the history file
+(see <a href="#Bash-History-Facilities">Bash History Facilities</a>), while the command number is
+the position in the sequence of commands executed during the current
+shell session.
+</p>
+<p>After the string is decoded, it is expanded via
+parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
+expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of the
+<code>promptvars</code> shell option (see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>).
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="The-Restricted-Shell"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode" accesskey="n" rel="next">Bash POSIX Mode</a>, Previous: <a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Controlling the Prompt</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="The-Restricted-Shell-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">6.10 The Restricted Shell</h3>
+<a name="index-restricted-shell"></a>
+
+<p>If Bash is started with the name <code>rbash</code>, or the
+<samp>--restricted</samp>
+or
+<samp>-r</samp>
+option is supplied at invocation, the shell becomes restricted.
+A restricted shell is used to
+set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell.
+A restricted shell behaves identically to <code>bash</code>
+with the exception that the following are disallowed or not performed:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li> Changing directories with the <code>cd</code> builtin.
+</li><li> Setting or unsetting the values of the <code>SHELL</code>, <code>PATH</code>,
+<code>ENV</code>, or <code>BASH_ENV</code> variables.
+</li><li> Specifying command names containing slashes.
+</li><li> Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the <code>.</code>
+builtin command.
+</li><li> Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the <samp>-p</samp>
+option to the <code>hash</code> builtin command.
+</li><li> Importing function definitions from the shell environment at startup.
+</li><li> Parsing the value of <code>SHELLOPTS</code> from the shell environment at startup.
+</li><li> Redirecting output using the &lsquo;<samp>&gt;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>&gt;|</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>&lt;&gt;</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>&gt;&amp;</samp>&rsquo;,
+&lsquo;<samp>&amp;&gt;</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp>&gt;&gt;</samp>&rsquo; redirection operators.
+</li><li> Using the <code>exec</code> builtin to replace the shell with another command.
+</li><li> Adding or deleting builtin commands with the
+<samp>-f</samp> and <samp>-d</samp> options to the <code>enable</code> builtin.
+</li><li> Using the <code>enable</code> builtin command to enable disabled shell builtins.
+</li><li> Specifying the <samp>-p</samp> option to the <code>command</code> builtin.
+</li><li> Turning off restricted mode with &lsquo;<samp>set +r</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>set +o restricted</samp>&rsquo;.
+</li></ul>
+
+<p>These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read.
+</p>
+<p>When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed
+(see <a href="#Shell-Scripts">Shell Scripts</a>), <code>rbash</code> turns off any restrictions in
+the shell spawned to execute the script.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Bash-POSIX-Mode"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#The-Restricted-Shell" accesskey="p" rel="prev">The Restricted Shell</a>, Up: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bash Features</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Bash-POSIX-Mode-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">6.11 Bash POSIX Mode</h3>
+<a name="index-POSIX-Mode"></a>
+
+<p>Starting Bash with the <samp>--posix</samp> command-line option or executing
+&lsquo;<samp>set -o posix</samp>&rsquo; while Bash is running will cause Bash to conform more
+closely to the <small>POSIX</small> standard by changing the behavior to
+match that specified by <small>POSIX</small> in areas where the Bash default differs.
+</p>
+<p>When invoked as <code>sh</code>, Bash enters <small>POSIX</small> mode after reading the
+startup files.
+</p>
+<p>The following list is what&rsquo;s changed when &lsquo;<small>POSIX</small> mode&rsquo; is in effect:
+</p>
+<ol>
+<li> Bash ensures that the <code>POSIXLY_CORRECT</code> variable is set.
+
+</li><li> When a command in the hash table no longer exists, Bash will re-search
+<code>$PATH</code> to find the new location. This is also available with
+&lsquo;<samp>shopt -s checkhash</samp>&rsquo;.
+
+</li><li> The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job
+exits with a non-zero status is &lsquo;Done(status)&rsquo;.
+
+</li><li> The message printed by the job control code and builtins when a job
+is stopped is &lsquo;Stopped(<var>signame</var>)&rsquo;, where <var>signame</var> is, for
+example, <code>SIGTSTP</code>.
+
+</li><li> Alias expansion is always enabled, even in non-interactive shells.
+
+</li><li> Reserved words appearing in a context where reserved words are recognized
+do not undergo alias expansion.
+
+</li><li> The <small>POSIX</small> <code>PS1</code> and <code>PS2</code> expansions of &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo; to
+the history number and &lsquo;<samp>!!</samp>&rsquo; to &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo; are enabled,
+and parameter expansion is performed on the values of <code>PS1</code> and
+<code>PS2</code> regardless of the setting of the <code>promptvars</code> option.
+
+</li><li> The <small>POSIX</small> startup files are executed (<code>$ENV</code>) rather than
+the normal Bash files.
+
+</li><li> Tilde expansion is only performed on assignments preceding a command
+name, rather than on all assignment statements on the line.
+
+</li><li> The default history file is <samp>~/.sh_history</samp> (this is the
+default value of <code>$HISTFILE</code>).
+
+</li><li> Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the word
+in the redirection unless the shell is interactive.
+
+</li><li> Redirection operators do not perform word splitting on the word in the
+redirection.
+
+</li><li> Function names must be valid shell <code>name</code>s. That is, they may not
+contain characters other than letters, digits, and underscores, and
+may not start with a digit. Declaring a function with an invalid name
+causes a fatal syntax error in non-interactive shells.
+
+</li><li> Function names may not be the same as one of the <small>POSIX</small> special
+builtins.
+
+</li><li> <small>POSIX</small> special builtins are found before shell functions
+during command lookup.
+
+</li><li> When printing shell function definitions (e.g., by <code>type</code>), Bash does
+not print the <code>function</code> keyword.
+
+</li><li> Literal tildes that appear as the first character in elements of
+the <code>PATH</code> variable are not expanded as described above
+under <a href="#Tilde-Expansion">Tilde Expansion</a>.
+
+</li><li> The <code>time</code> reserved word may be used by itself as a command. When
+used in this way, it displays timing statistics for the shell and its
+completed children. The <code>TIMEFORMAT</code> variable controls the format
+of the timing information.
+
+</li><li> When parsing and expanding a ${&hellip;} expansion that appears within
+double quotes, single quotes are no longer special and cannot be used to
+quote a closing brace or other special character, unless the operator is
+one of those defined to perform pattern removal. In this case, they do
+not have to appear as matched pairs.
+
+</li><li> The parser does not recognize <code>time</code> as a reserved word if the next
+token begins with a &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;.
+
+</li><li> The &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo; character does not introduce history expansion within a
+double-quoted string, even if the <code>histexpand</code> option is enabled.
+
+</li><li> If a <small>POSIX</small> special builtin returns an error status, a
+non-interactive shell exits. The fatal errors are those listed in
+the <small>POSIX</small> standard, and include things like passing incorrect options,
+redirection errors, variable assignment errors for assignments preceding
+the command name, and so on.
+
+</li><li> A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
+assignment error occurs when no command name follows the assignment
+statements.
+A variable assignment error occurs, for example, when trying to assign
+a value to a readonly variable.
+
+</li><li> A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
+assignment error occurs in an assignment statement preceding a special
+builtin, but not with any other simple command.
+
+</li><li> A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the iteration
+variable in a <code>for</code> statement or the selection variable in a
+<code>select</code> statement is a readonly variable.
+
+</li><li> Non-interactive shells exit if <var>filename</var> in <code>.</code> <var>filename</var>
+is not found.
+
+</li><li> Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic expansion
+results in an invalid expression.
+
+</li><li> Non-interactive shells exit if a parameter expansion error occurs.
+
+</li><li> Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script read
+with the <code>.</code> or <code>source</code> builtins, or in a string processed by
+the <code>eval</code> builtin.
+
+</li><li> Process substitution is not available.
+
+</li><li> While variable indirection is available, it may not be applied to the
+&lsquo;<samp>#</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>?</samp>&rsquo; special parameters.
+
+</li><li> When expanding the &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; special parameter in a pattern context where the
+expansion is double-quoted does not treat the <code>$*</code> as if it were
+double-quoted.
+
+</li><li> Assignment statements preceding <small>POSIX</small> special builtins
+persist in the shell environment after the builtin completes.
+
+</li><li> Assignment statements preceding shell function calls persist in the
+shell environment after the function returns, as if a <small>POSIX</small>
+special builtin command had been executed.
+
+</li><li> The <code>command</code> builtin does not prevent builtins that take assignment
+statements as arguments from expanding them as assignment statements;
+when not in <small>POSIX</small> mode, assignment builtins lose their assignment
+statement expansion properties when preceded by <code>command</code>.
+
+</li><li> The <code>bg</code> builtin uses the required format to describe each job placed
+in the background, which does not include an indication of whether the job
+is the current or previous job.
+
+</li><li> The output of &lsquo;<samp>kill -l</samp>&rsquo; prints all the signal names on a single line,
+separated by spaces, without the &lsquo;<samp>SIG</samp>&rsquo; prefix.
+
+</li><li> The <code>kill</code> builtin does not accept signal names with a &lsquo;<samp>SIG</samp>&rsquo;
+prefix.
+
+</li><li> The <code>export</code> and <code>readonly</code> builtin commands display their
+output in the format required by <small>POSIX</small>.
+
+</li><li> The <code>trap</code> builtin displays signal names without the leading
+<code>SIG</code>.
+
+</li><li> The <code>trap</code> builtin doesn&rsquo;t check the first argument for a possible
+signal specification and revert the signal handling to the original
+disposition if it is, unless that argument consists solely of digits and
+is a valid signal number. If users want to reset the handler for a given
+signal to the original disposition, they should use &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo; as the
+first argument.
+
+</li><li> The <code>.</code> and <code>source</code> builtins do not search the current directory
+for the filename argument if it is not found by searching <code>PATH</code>.
+
+</li><li> Enabling <small>POSIX</small> mode has the effect of setting the
+<code>inherit_errexit</code> option, so
+subshells spawned to execute command substitutions inherit the value of
+the <samp>-e</samp> option from the parent shell.
+When the <code>inherit_errexit</code> option is not enabled,
+Bash clears the <samp>-e</samp> option in such subshells.
+
+</li><li> Enabling <small>POSIX</small> mode has the effect of setting the
+<code>shift_verbose</code> option, so numeric arguments to <code>shift</code>
+that exceed the number of positional parameters will result in an
+error message.
+
+</li><li> When the <code>alias</code> builtin displays alias definitions, it does not
+display them with a leading &lsquo;<samp>alias </samp>&rsquo; unless the <samp>-p</samp> option
+is supplied.
+
+</li><li> When the <code>set</code> builtin is invoked without options, it does not display
+shell function names and definitions.
+
+</li><li> When the <code>set</code> builtin is invoked without options, it displays
+variable values without quotes, unless they contain shell metacharacters,
+even if the result contains nonprinting characters.
+
+</li><li> When the <code>cd</code> builtin is invoked in <var>logical</var> mode, and the pathname
+constructed from <code>$PWD</code> and the directory name supplied as an argument
+does not refer to an existing directory, <code>cd</code> will fail instead of
+falling back to <var>physical</var> mode.
+
+</li><li> When the <code>cd</code> builtin cannot change a directory because the
+length of the pathname
+constructed from <code>$PWD</code> and the directory name supplied as an argument
+exceeds <var>PATH_MAX</var> when all symbolic links are expanded, <code>cd</code> will
+fail instead of attempting to use only the supplied directory name.
+
+</li><li> The <code>pwd</code> builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as the
+current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file system with the
+<samp>-P</samp> option.
+
+</li><li> When listing the history, the <code>fc</code> builtin does not include an
+indication of whether or not a history entry has been modified.
+
+</li><li> The default editor used by <code>fc</code> is <code>ed</code>.
+
+</li><li> The <code>type</code> and <code>command</code> builtins will not report a non-executable
+file as having been found, though the shell will attempt to execute such a
+file if it is the only so-named file found in <code>$PATH</code>.
+
+</li><li> The <code>vi</code> editing mode will invoke the <code>vi</code> editor directly when
+the &lsquo;<samp>v</samp>&rsquo; command is run, instead of checking <code>$VISUAL</code> and
+<code>$EDITOR</code>.
+
+</li><li> When the <code>xpg_echo</code> option is enabled, Bash does not attempt to interpret
+any arguments to <code>echo</code> as options. Each argument is displayed, after
+escape characters are converted.
+
+</li><li> The <code>ulimit</code> builtin uses a block size of 512 bytes for the <samp>-c</samp>
+and <samp>-f</samp> options.
+
+</li><li> The arrival of <code>SIGCHLD</code> when a trap is set on <code>SIGCHLD</code> does
+not interrupt the <code>wait</code> builtin and cause it to return immediately.
+The trap command is run once for each child that exits.
+
+</li><li> The <code>read</code> builtin may be interrupted by a signal for which a trap
+has been set.
+If Bash receives a trapped signal while executing <code>read</code>, the trap
+handler executes and <code>read</code> returns an exit status greater than 128.
+
+</li><li> Bash removes an exited background process&rsquo;s status from the list of such
+statuses after the <code>wait</code> builtin is used to obtain it.
+
+</li></ol>
+
+<p>There is other <small>POSIX</small> behavior that Bash does not implement by
+default even when in <small>POSIX</small> mode.
+Specifically:
+</p>
+<ol>
+<li> The <code>fc</code> builtin checks <code>$EDITOR</code> as a program to edit history
+entries if <code>FCEDIT</code> is unset, rather than defaulting directly to
+<code>ed</code>. <code>fc</code> uses <code>ed</code> if <code>EDITOR</code> is unset.
+
+</li><li> As noted above, Bash requires the <code>xpg_echo</code> option to be enabled for
+the <code>echo</code> builtin to be fully conformant.
+
+</li></ol>
+
+<p>Bash can be configured to be <small>POSIX</small>-conformant by default, by specifying
+the <samp>--enable-strict-posix-default</samp> to <code>configure</code> when building
+(see <a href="#Optional-Features">Optional Features</a>).
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Job-Control"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Line Editing</a>, Previous: <a href="#Bash-Features" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bash Features</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Job-Control-1"></a>
+<h2 class="chapter">7 Job Control</h2>
+
+<p>This chapter discusses what job control is, how it works, and how
+Bash allows you to access its facilities.
+</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Job-Control-Basics" accesskey="1">Job Control Basics</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How job control works.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Job-Control-Builtins" accesskey="2">Job Control Builtins</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Bash builtin commands used to interact
+ with job control.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Job-Control-Variables" accesskey="3">Job Control Variables</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Variables Bash uses to customize job
+ control.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Job-Control-Basics"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Job-Control-Builtins" accesskey="n" rel="next">Job Control Builtins</a>, Up: <a href="#Job-Control" accesskey="u" rel="up">Job Control</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Job-Control-Basics-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">7.1 Job Control Basics</h3>
+<a name="index-job-control-1"></a>
+<a name="index-foreground"></a>
+<a name="index-background"></a>
+<a name="index-suspending-jobs"></a>
+
+<p>Job control
+refers to the ability to selectively stop (suspend)
+the execution of processes and continue (resume)
+their execution at a later point. A user typically employs
+this facility via an interactive interface supplied jointly
+by the operating system kernel&rsquo;s terminal driver and Bash.
+</p>
+<p>The shell associates a <var>job</var> with each pipeline. It keeps a
+table of currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the
+<code>jobs</code> command. When Bash starts a job
+asynchronously, it prints a line that looks
+like:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">[1] 25647
+</pre></div>
+<p>indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process <small>ID</small>
+of the last process in the pipeline associated with this job is
+25647. All of the processes in a single pipeline are members of
+the same job. Bash uses the <var>job</var> abstraction as the
+basis for job control.
+</p>
+<p>To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job
+control, the operating system maintains the notion of a current terminal
+process group <small>ID</small>. Members of this process group (processes whose
+process group <small>ID</small> is equal to the current terminal process group
+<small>ID</small>) receive keyboard-generated signals such as <code>SIGINT</code>.
+These processes are said to be in the foreground. Background
+processes are those whose process group <small>ID</small> differs from the
+terminal&rsquo;s; such processes are immune to keyboard-generated
+signals. Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or, if
+the user so specifies with <code>stty tostop</code>, write to the terminal.
+Background processes which attempt to
+read from (write to when <code>stty tostop</code> is in effect) the
+terminal are sent a <code>SIGTTIN</code> (<code>SIGTTOU</code>)
+signal by the kernel&rsquo;s terminal driver,
+which, unless caught, suspends the process.
+</p>
+<p>If the operating system on which Bash is running supports
+job control, Bash contains facilities to use it. Typing the
+<var>suspend</var> character (typically &lsquo;<samp>^Z</samp>&rsquo;, Control-Z) while a
+process is running causes that process to be stopped and returns
+control to Bash. Typing the <var>delayed suspend</var> character
+(typically &lsquo;<samp>^Y</samp>&rsquo;, Control-Y) causes the process to be stopped
+when it attempts to read input from the terminal, and control to
+be returned to Bash. The user then manipulates the state of
+this job, using the <code>bg</code> command to continue it in the
+background, the <code>fg</code> command to continue it in the
+foreground, or the <code>kill</code> command to kill it. A &lsquo;<samp>^Z</samp>&rsquo;
+takes effect immediately, and has the additional side effect of
+causing pending output and typeahead to be discarded.
+</p>
+<p>There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell. The
+character &lsquo;<samp>%</samp>&rsquo; introduces a job specification (<var>jobspec</var>).
+</p>
+<p>Job number <code>n</code> may be referred to as &lsquo;<samp>%n</samp>&rsquo;.
+The symbols &lsquo;<samp>%%</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>%+</samp>&rsquo; refer to the shell&rsquo;s notion of the
+current job, which is the last job stopped while it was in the foreground
+or started in the background.
+A single &lsquo;<samp>%</samp>&rsquo; (with no accompanying job specification) also refers
+to the current job.
+The previous job may be referenced using &lsquo;<samp>%-</samp>&rsquo;.
+If there is only a single job, &lsquo;<samp>%+</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>%-</samp>&rsquo; can both be used
+to refer to that job.
+In output pertaining to jobs (e.g., the output of the <code>jobs</code>
+command), the current job is always flagged with a &lsquo;<samp>+</samp>&rsquo;, and the
+previous job with a &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>A job may also be referred to
+using a prefix of the name used to start it, or using a substring
+that appears in its command line. For example, &lsquo;<samp>%ce</samp>&rsquo; refers
+to a stopped <code>ce</code> job. Using &lsquo;<samp>%?ce</samp>&rsquo;, on the
+other hand, refers to any job containing the string &lsquo;<samp>ce</samp>&rsquo; in
+its command line. If the prefix or substring matches more than one job,
+Bash reports an error.
+</p>
+<p>Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground:
+&lsquo;<samp>%1</samp>&rsquo; is a synonym for &lsquo;<samp>fg %1</samp>&rsquo;, bringing job 1 from the
+background into the foreground. Similarly, &lsquo;<samp>%1 &amp;</samp>&rsquo; resumes
+job 1 in the background, equivalent to &lsquo;<samp>bg %1</samp>&rsquo;
+</p>
+<p>The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state.
+Normally, Bash waits until it is about to print a prompt
+before reporting changes in a job&rsquo;s status so as to not interrupt
+any other output.
+If the <samp>-b</samp> option to the <code>set</code> builtin is enabled,
+Bash reports such changes immediately (see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
+Any trap on <code>SIGCHLD</code> is executed for each child process
+that exits.
+</p>
+<p>If an attempt to exit Bash is made while jobs are stopped, (or running, if
+the <code>checkjobs</code> option is enabled &ndash; see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>), the
+shell prints a warning message, and if the <code>checkjobs</code> option is
+enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses.
+The <code>jobs</code> command may then be used to inspect their status.
+If a second attempt to exit is made without an intervening command,
+Bash does not print another warning, and any stopped jobs are terminated.
+</p>
+<p>When the shell is waiting for a job or process using the <code>wait</code>
+builtin, and job control is enabled, <code>wait</code> will return when the
+job changes state. The <samp>-f</samp> option will force <code>wait</code> to wait
+until the job or process terminates before returning.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Job-Control-Builtins"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Job-Control-Variables" accesskey="n" rel="next">Job Control Variables</a>, Previous: <a href="#Job-Control-Basics" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Job Control Basics</a>, Up: <a href="#Job-Control" accesskey="u" rel="up">Job Control</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Job-Control-Builtins-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">7.2 Job Control Builtins</h3>
+
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>bg</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-bg"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">bg [<var>jobspec</var> &hellip;]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Resume each suspended job <var>jobspec</var> in the background, as if it
+had been started with &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo;.
+If <var>jobspec</var> is not supplied, the current job is used.
+The return status is zero unless it is run when job control is not
+enabled, or, when run with job control enabled, any
+<var>jobspec</var> was not found or specifies a job
+that was started without job control.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>fg</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-fg"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">fg [<var>jobspec</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Resume the job <var>jobspec</var> in the foreground and make it the current job.
+If <var>jobspec</var> is not supplied, the current job is used.
+The return status is that of the command placed into the foreground,
+or non-zero if run when job control is disabled or, when run with
+job control enabled, <var>jobspec</var> does not specify a valid job or
+<var>jobspec</var> specifies a job that was started without job control.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>jobs</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-jobs"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">jobs [-lnprs] [<var>jobspec</var>]
+jobs -x <var>command</var> [<var>arguments</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the
+following meanings:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>-l</code></dt>
+<dd><p>List process <small>ID</small>s in addition to the normal information.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-n</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Display information only about jobs that have changed status since
+the user was last notified of their status.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-p</code></dt>
+<dd><p>List only the process <small>ID</small> of the job&rsquo;s process group leader.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-r</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Display only running jobs.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-s</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Display only stopped jobs.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>If <var>jobspec</var> is given,
+output is restricted to information about that job.
+If <var>jobspec</var> is not supplied, the status of all jobs is
+listed.
+</p>
+<p>If the <samp>-x</samp> option is supplied, <code>jobs</code> replaces any
+<var>jobspec</var> found in <var>command</var> or <var>arguments</var> with the
+corresponding process group <small>ID</small>, and executes <var>command</var>,
+passing it <var>argument</var>s, returning its exit status.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>kill</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-kill"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">kill [-s <var>sigspec</var>] [-n <var>signum</var>] [-<var>sigspec</var>] <var>jobspec</var> or <var>pid</var>
+kill -l|-L [<var>exit_status</var>]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Send a signal specified by <var>sigspec</var> or <var>signum</var> to the process
+named by job specification <var>jobspec</var> or process <small>ID</small> <var>pid</var>.
+<var>sigspec</var> is either a case-insensitive signal name such as
+<code>SIGINT</code> (with or without the <code>SIG</code> prefix)
+or a signal number; <var>signum</var> is a signal number.
+If <var>sigspec</var> and <var>signum</var> are not present, <code>SIGTERM</code> is used.
+The <samp>-l</samp> option lists the signal names.
+If any arguments are supplied when <samp>-l</samp> is given, the names of the
+signals corresponding to the arguments are listed, and the return status
+is zero.
+<var>exit_status</var> is a number specifying a signal number or the exit
+status of a process terminated by a signal.
+The <samp>-L</samp> option is equivalent to <samp>-l</samp>.
+The return status is zero if at least one signal was successfully sent,
+or non-zero if an error occurs or an invalid option is encountered.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>wait</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-wait"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">wait [-fn] [<var>jobspec</var> or <var>pid</var> &hellip;]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Wait until the child process specified by each process <small>ID</small> <var>pid</var>
+or job specification <var>jobspec</var> exits and return the exit status of the
+last command waited for.
+If a job spec is given, all processes in the job are waited for.
+If no arguments are given, all currently active child processes are
+waited for, and the return status is zero.
+If the <samp>-n</samp> option is supplied, <code>wait</code> waits for any job to
+terminate and returns its exit status.
+If the <samp>-f</samp> option is supplied, and job control is enabled,
+<code>wait</code> forces each <var>pid</var> or <var>jobspec</var> to terminate before
+returning its status, intead of returning when it changes status.
+If neither <var>jobspec</var> nor <var>pid</var> specifies an active child process
+of the shell, the return status is 127.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>disown</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-disown"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">disown [-ar] [-h] [<var>jobspec</var> &hellip; | <var>pid</var> &hellip; ]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Without options, remove each <var>jobspec</var> from the table of
+active jobs.
+If the <samp>-h</samp> option is given, the job is not removed from the table,
+but is marked so that <code>SIGHUP</code> is not sent to the job if the shell
+receives a <code>SIGHUP</code>.
+If <var>jobspec</var> is not present, and neither the <samp>-a</samp> nor the
+<samp>-r</samp> option is supplied, the current job is used.
+If no <var>jobspec</var> is supplied, the <samp>-a</samp> option means to remove or
+mark all jobs; the <samp>-r</samp> option without a <var>jobspec</var>
+argument restricts operation to running jobs.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>suspend</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-suspend"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">suspend [-f]
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a
+<code>SIGCONT</code> signal.
+A login shell cannot be suspended; the <samp>-f</samp>
+option can be used to override this and force the suspension.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>When job control is not active, the <code>kill</code> and <code>wait</code>
+builtins do not accept <var>jobspec</var> arguments. They must be
+supplied process <small>ID</small>s.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Job-Control-Variables"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Job-Control-Builtins" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Job Control Builtins</a>, Up: <a href="#Job-Control" accesskey="u" rel="up">Job Control</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Job-Control-Variables-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">7.3 Job Control Variables</h3>
+
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>auto_resume</code>
+<a name="index-auto_005fresume"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and
+job control. If this variable exists then single word simple
+commands without redirections are treated as candidates for resumption
+of an existing job. There is no ambiguity allowed; if there is
+more than one job beginning with the string typed, then
+the most recently accessed job will be selected.
+The name of a stopped job, in this context, is the command line
+used to start it. If this variable is set to the value &lsquo;<samp>exact</samp>&rsquo;,
+the string supplied must match the name of a stopped job exactly;
+if set to &lsquo;<samp>substring</samp>&rsquo;,
+the string supplied needs to match a substring of the name of a
+stopped job. The &lsquo;<samp>substring</samp>&rsquo; value provides functionality
+analogous to the &lsquo;<samp>%?</samp>&rsquo; job <small>ID</small> (see <a href="#Job-Control-Basics">Job Control Basics</a>).
+If set to any other value, the supplied string must
+be a prefix of a stopped job&rsquo;s name; this provides functionality
+analogous to the &lsquo;<samp>%</samp>&rsquo; job <small>ID</small>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<a name="index-Readline_002c-how-to-use"></a>
+
+
+
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Command-Line-Editing"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Using-History-Interactively" accesskey="n" rel="next">Using History Interactively</a>, Previous: <a href="#Job-Control" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Job Control</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Command-Line-Editing-1"></a>
+<h2 class="chapter">8 Command Line Editing</h2>
+
+<p>This chapter describes the basic features of the <small>GNU</small>
+command line editing interface.
+Command line editing is provided by the Readline library, which is
+used by several different programs, including Bash.
+Command line editing is enabled by default when using an interactive shell,
+unless the <samp>--noediting</samp> option is supplied at shell invocation.
+Line editing is also used when using the <samp>-e</samp> option to the
+<code>read</code> builtin command (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs.
+A vi-style line editing interface is also available.
+Line editing can be enabled at any time using the <samp>-o emacs</samp> or
+<samp>-o vi</samp> options to the <code>set</code> builtin command
+(see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>), or disabled using the <samp>+o emacs</samp> or
+<samp>+o vi</samp> options to <code>set</code>.
+</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Introduction-and-Notation" accesskey="1">Introduction and Notation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Notation used in this text.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Readline-Interaction" accesskey="2">Readline Interaction</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The minimum set of commands for editing a line.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Readline-Init-File" accesskey="3">Readline Init File</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Customizing Readline from a user&rsquo;s view.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="4">Bindable Readline Commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">A description of most of the Readline commands
+ available for binding
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Readline-vi-Mode" accesskey="5">Readline vi Mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">A short description of how to make Readline
+ behave like the vi editor.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Programmable-Completion" accesskey="6">Programmable Completion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to specify the possible completions for
+ a specific command.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins" accesskey="7">Programmable Completion Builtins</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Builtin commands to specify how to
+ complete arguments for a particular command.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#A-Programmable-Completion-Example" accesskey="8">A Programmable Completion Example</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">An example shell function for
+ generating possible completions.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Introduction-and-Notation"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Readline-Interaction" accesskey="n" rel="next">Readline Interaction</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command Line Editing</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Introduction-to-Line-Editing"></a>
+<h3 class="section">8.1 Introduction to Line Editing</h3>
+
+<p>The following paragraphs describe the notation used to represent
+keystrokes.
+</p>
+<p>The text <kbd>C-k</kbd> is read as &lsquo;Control-K&rsquo; and describes the character
+produced when the <tt class="key">k</tt> key is pressed while the Control key
+is depressed.
+</p>
+<p>The text <kbd>M-k</kbd> is read as &lsquo;Meta-K&rsquo; and describes the character
+produced when the Meta key (if you have one) is depressed, and the <tt class="key">k</tt>
+key is pressed.
+The Meta key is labeled <tt class="key">ALT</tt> on many keyboards.
+On keyboards with two keys labeled <tt class="key">ALT</tt> (usually to either side of
+the space bar), the <tt class="key">ALT</tt> on the left side is generally set to
+work as a Meta key.
+The <tt class="key">ALT</tt> key on the right may also be configured to work as a
+Meta key or may be configured as some other modifier, such as a
+Compose key for typing accented characters.
+</p>
+<p>If you do not have a Meta or <tt class="key">ALT</tt> key, or another key working as
+a Meta key, the identical keystroke can be generated by typing <tt class="key">ESC</tt>
+<em>first</em>, and then typing <tt class="key">k</tt>.
+Either process is known as <em>metafying</em> the <tt class="key">k</tt> key.
+</p>
+<p>The text <kbd>M-C-k</kbd> is read as &lsquo;Meta-Control-k&rsquo; and describes the
+character produced by <em>metafying</em> <kbd>C-k</kbd>.
+</p>
+<p>In addition, several keys have their own names. Specifically,
+<tt class="key">DEL</tt>, <tt class="key">ESC</tt>, <tt class="key">LFD</tt>, <tt class="key">SPC</tt>, <tt class="key">RET</tt>, and <tt class="key">TAB</tt> all
+stand for themselves when seen in this text, or in an init file
+(see <a href="#Readline-Init-File">Readline Init File</a>).
+If your keyboard lacks a <tt class="key">LFD</tt> key, typing <tt class="key">C-j</tt> will
+produce the desired character.
+The <tt class="key">RET</tt> key may be labeled <tt class="key">Return</tt> or <tt class="key">Enter</tt> on
+some keyboards.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Readline-Interaction"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Readline-Init-File" accesskey="n" rel="next">Readline Init File</a>, Previous: <a href="#Introduction-and-Notation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Introduction and Notation</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command Line Editing</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Readline-Interaction-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">8.2 Readline Interaction</h3>
+<a name="index-interaction_002c-readline"></a>
+
+<p>Often during an interactive session you type in a long line of text,
+only to notice that the first word on the line is misspelled. The
+Readline library gives you a set of commands for manipulating the text
+as you type it in, allowing you to just fix your typo, and not forcing
+you to retype the majority of the line. Using these editing commands,
+you move the cursor to the place that needs correction, and delete or
+insert the text of the corrections. Then, when you are satisfied with
+the line, you simply press <tt class="key">RET</tt>. You do not have to be at the
+end of the line to press <tt class="key">RET</tt>; the entire line is accepted
+regardless of the location of the cursor within the line.
+</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Readline-Bare-Essentials" accesskey="1">Readline Bare Essentials</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The least you need to know about Readline.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Readline-Movement-Commands" accesskey="2">Readline Movement Commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Moving about the input line.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Readline-Killing-Commands" accesskey="3">Readline Killing Commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to delete text, and how to get it back!
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Readline-Arguments" accesskey="4">Readline Arguments</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Giving numeric arguments to commands.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Searching" accesskey="5">Searching</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Searching through previous lines.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Readline-Bare-Essentials"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Readline-Movement-Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Readline Movement Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Readline-Interaction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Readline Interaction</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Readline-Bare-Essentials-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials</h4>
+<a name="index-notation_002c-readline"></a>
+<a name="index-command-editing"></a>
+<a name="index-editing-command-lines"></a>
+
+<p>In order to enter characters into the line, simply type them. The typed
+character appears where the cursor was, and then the cursor moves one
+space to the right. If you mistype a character, you can use your
+erase character to back up and delete the mistyped character.
+</p>
+<p>Sometimes you may mistype a character, and
+not notice the error until you have typed several other characters. In
+that case, you can type <kbd>C-b</kbd> to move the cursor to the left, and then
+correct your mistake. Afterwards, you can move the cursor to the right
+with <kbd>C-f</kbd>.
+</p>
+<p>When you add text in the middle of a line, you will notice that characters
+to the right of the cursor are &lsquo;pushed over&rsquo; to make room for the text
+that you have inserted. Likewise, when you delete text behind the cursor,
+characters to the right of the cursor are &lsquo;pulled back&rsquo; to fill in the
+blank space created by the removal of the text. A list of the bare
+essentials for editing the text of an input line follows.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><kbd>C-b</kbd></dt>
+<dd><p>Move back one character.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><kbd>C-f</kbd></dt>
+<dd><p>Move forward one character.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><tt class="key">DEL</tt> or <tt class="key">Backspace</tt></dt>
+<dd><p>Delete the character to the left of the cursor.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><kbd>C-d</kbd></dt>
+<dd><p>Delete the character underneath the cursor.
+</p></dd>
+<dt>Printing&nbsp;characters<!-- /@w --></dt>
+<dd><p>Insert the character into the line at the cursor.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><kbd>C-_</kbd> or <kbd>C-x C-u</kbd></dt>
+<dd><p>Undo the last editing command. You can undo all the way back to an
+empty line.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>(Depending on your configuration, the <tt class="key">Backspace</tt> key be set to
+delete the character to the left of the cursor and the <tt class="key">DEL</tt> key set
+to delete the character underneath the cursor, like <kbd>C-d</kbd>, rather
+than the character to the left of the cursor.)
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Readline-Movement-Commands"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Readline-Killing-Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Readline Killing Commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#Readline-Bare-Essentials" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Readline Bare Essentials</a>, Up: <a href="#Readline-Interaction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Readline Interaction</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Readline-Movement-Commands-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.2.2 Readline Movement Commands</h4>
+
+
+<p>The above table describes the most basic keystrokes that you need
+in order to do editing of the input line. For your convenience, many
+other commands have been added in addition to <kbd>C-b</kbd>, <kbd>C-f</kbd>,
+<kbd>C-d</kbd>, and <tt class="key">DEL</tt>. Here are some commands for moving more rapidly
+about the line.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><kbd>C-a</kbd></dt>
+<dd><p>Move to the start of the line.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><kbd>C-e</kbd></dt>
+<dd><p>Move to the end of the line.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><kbd>M-f</kbd></dt>
+<dd><p>Move forward a word, where a word is composed of letters and digits.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><kbd>M-b</kbd></dt>
+<dd><p>Move backward a word.
+</p></dd>
+<dt><kbd>C-l</kbd></dt>
+<dd><p>Clear the screen, reprinting the current line at the top.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>Notice how <kbd>C-f</kbd> moves forward a character, while <kbd>M-f</kbd> moves
+forward a word. It is a loose convention that control keystrokes
+operate on characters while meta keystrokes operate on words.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Readline-Killing-Commands"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Readline-Arguments" accesskey="n" rel="next">Readline Arguments</a>, Previous: <a href="#Readline-Movement-Commands" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Readline Movement Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Readline-Interaction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Readline Interaction</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Readline-Killing-Commands-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands</h4>
+
+<a name="index-killing-text"></a>
+<a name="index-yanking-text"></a>
+
+<p><em>Killing</em> text means to delete the text from the line, but to save
+it away for later use, usually by <em>yanking</em> (re-inserting)
+it back into the line.
+(&lsquo;Cut&rsquo; and &lsquo;paste&rsquo; are more recent jargon for &lsquo;kill&rsquo; and &lsquo;yank&rsquo;.)
+</p>
+<p>If the description for a command says that it &lsquo;kills&rsquo; text, then you can
+be sure that you can get the text back in a different (or the same)
+place later.
+</p>
+<p>When you use a kill command, the text is saved in a <em>kill-ring</em>.
+Any number of consecutive kills save all of the killed text together, so
+that when you yank it back, you get it all. The kill
+ring is not line specific; the text that you killed on a previously
+typed line is available to be yanked back later, when you are typing
+another line.
+<a name="index-kill-ring"></a>
+</p>
+<p>Here is the list of commands for killing text.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><kbd>C-k</kbd></dt>
+<dd><p>Kill the text from the current cursor position to the end of the line.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><kbd>M-d</kbd></dt>
+<dd><p>Kill from the cursor to the end of the current word, or, if between
+words, to the end of the next word.
+Word boundaries are the same as those used by <kbd>M-f</kbd>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><kbd>M-<span class="key">DEL</span></kbd></dt>
+<dd><p>Kill from the cursor the start of the current word, or, if between
+words, to the start of the previous word.
+Word boundaries are the same as those used by <kbd>M-b</kbd>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><kbd>C-w</kbd></dt>
+<dd><p>Kill from the cursor to the previous whitespace. This is different than
+<kbd>M-<span class="key">DEL</span></kbd> because the word boundaries differ.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>Here is how to <em>yank</em> the text back into the line. Yanking
+means to copy the most-recently-killed text from the kill buffer.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><kbd>C-y</kbd></dt>
+<dd><p>Yank the most recently killed text back into the buffer at the cursor.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><kbd>M-y</kbd></dt>
+<dd><p>Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this if
+the prior command is <kbd>C-y</kbd> or <kbd>M-y</kbd>.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Readline-Arguments"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Searching" accesskey="n" rel="next">Searching</a>, Previous: <a href="#Readline-Killing-Commands" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Readline Killing Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Readline-Interaction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Readline Interaction</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Readline-Arguments-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.2.4 Readline Arguments</h4>
+
+<p>You can pass numeric arguments to Readline commands. Sometimes the
+argument acts as a repeat count, other times it is the <i>sign</i> of the
+argument that is significant. If you pass a negative argument to a
+command which normally acts in a forward direction, that command will
+act in a backward direction. For example, to kill text back to the
+start of the line, you might type &lsquo;<samp>M-- C-k</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>The general way to pass numeric arguments to a command is to type meta
+digits before the command. If the first &lsquo;digit&rsquo; typed is a minus
+sign (&lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;), then the sign of the argument will be negative. Once
+you have typed one meta digit to get the argument started, you can type
+the remainder of the digits, and then the command. For example, to give
+the <kbd>C-d</kbd> command an argument of 10, you could type &lsquo;<samp>M-1 0 C-d</samp>&rsquo;,
+which will delete the next ten characters on the input line.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Searching"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Readline-Arguments" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Readline Arguments</a>, Up: <a href="#Readline-Interaction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Readline Interaction</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Searching-for-Commands-in-the-History"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.2.5 Searching for Commands in the History</h4>
+
+<p>Readline provides commands for searching through the command history
+(see <a href="#Bash-History-Facilities">Bash History Facilities</a>)
+for lines containing a specified string.
+There are two search modes: <em>incremental</em> and <em>non-incremental</em>.
+</p>
+<p>Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the
+search string.
+As each character of the search string is typed, Readline displays
+the next entry from the history matching the string typed so far.
+An incremental search requires only as many characters as needed to
+find the desired history entry.
+To search backward in the history for a particular string, type
+<kbd>C-r</kbd>. Typing <kbd>C-s</kbd> searches forward through the history.
+The characters present in the value of the <code>isearch-terminators</code> variable
+are used to terminate an incremental search.
+If that variable has not been assigned a value, the <tt class="key">ESC</tt> and
+<kbd>C-J</kbd> characters will terminate an incremental search.
+<kbd>C-g</kbd> will abort an incremental search and restore the original line.
+When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the
+search string becomes the current line.
+</p>
+<p>To find other matching entries in the history list, type <kbd>C-r</kbd> or
+<kbd>C-s</kbd> as appropriate.
+This will search backward or forward in the history for the next
+entry matching the search string typed so far.
+Any other key sequence bound to a Readline command will terminate
+the search and execute that command.
+For instance, a <tt class="key">RET</tt> will terminate the search and accept
+the line, thereby executing the command from the history list.
+A movement command will terminate the search, make the last line found
+the current line, and begin editing.
+</p>
+<p>Readline remembers the last incremental search string. If two
+<kbd>C-r</kbd>s are typed without any intervening characters defining a new
+search string, any remembered search string is used.
+</p>
+<p>Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting
+to search for matching history lines. The search string may be
+typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Readline-Init-File"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Bindable Readline Commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#Readline-Interaction" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Readline Interaction</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command Line Editing</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Readline-Init-File-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">8.3 Readline Init File</h3>
+<a name="index-initialization-file_002c-readline"></a>
+
+<p>Although the Readline library comes with a set of Emacs-like
+keybindings installed by default, it is possible to use a different set
+of keybindings.
+Any user can customize programs that use Readline by putting
+commands in an <em>inputrc</em> file, conventionally in his home directory.
+The name of this
+file is taken from the value of the shell variable <code>INPUTRC</code>. If
+that variable is unset, the default is <samp>~/.inputrc</samp>. If that
+file does not exist or cannot be read, the ultimate default is
+<samp>/etc/inputrc</samp>.
+</p>
+<p>When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, the
+init file is read, and the key bindings are set.
+</p>
+<p>In addition, the <code>C-x C-r</code> command re-reads this init file, thus
+incorporating any changes that you might have made to it.
+</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax" accesskey="1">Readline Init File Syntax</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Syntax for the commands in the inputrc file.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
+
+</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Conditional-Init-Constructs" accesskey="2">Conditional Init Constructs</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Conditional key bindings in the inputrc file.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
+
+</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Sample-Init-File" accesskey="3">Sample Init File</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">An example inputrc file.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Readline-Init-File-Syntax"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Conditional-Init-Constructs" accesskey="n" rel="next">Conditional Init Constructs</a>, Up: <a href="#Readline-Init-File" accesskey="u" rel="up">Readline Init File</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Readline-Init-File-Syntax-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax</h4>
+
+<p>There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the
+Readline init file. Blank lines are ignored.
+Lines beginning with a &lsquo;<samp>#</samp>&rsquo; are comments.
+Lines beginning with a &lsquo;<samp>$</samp>&rsquo; indicate conditional
+constructs (see <a href="#Conditional-Init-Constructs">Conditional Init Constructs</a>). Other lines
+denote variable settings and key bindings.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt>Variable Settings</dt>
+<dd><p>You can modify the run-time behavior of Readline by
+altering the values of variables in Readline
+using the <code>set</code> command within the init file.
+The syntax is simple:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">set <var>variable</var> <var>value</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Here, for example, is how to
+change from the default Emacs-like key binding to use
+<code>vi</code> line editing commands:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">set editing-mode vi
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Variable names and values, where appropriate, are recognized without regard
+to case. Unrecognized variable names are ignored.
+</p>
+<p>Boolean variables (those that can be set to on or off) are set to on if
+the value is null or empty, <var>on</var> (case-insensitive), or 1. Any other
+value results in the variable being set to off.
+</p>
+<p>The <code>bind&nbsp;<span class="nolinebreak">-V</span></code><!-- /@w --> command lists the current Readline variable names
+and values. See <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>.
+</p>
+<p>A great deal of run-time behavior is changeable with the following
+variables.
+</p>
+<a name="index-variables_002c-readline"></a>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>bell-style</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-bell_002dstyle"></a>
+<p>Controls what happens when Readline wants to ring the terminal bell.
+If set to &lsquo;<samp>none</samp>&rsquo;, Readline never rings the bell. If set to
+&lsquo;<samp>visible</samp>&rsquo;, Readline uses a visible bell if one is available.
+If set to &lsquo;<samp>audible</samp>&rsquo; (the default), Readline attempts to ring
+the terminal&rsquo;s bell.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>bind-tty-special-chars</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-bind_002dtty_002dspecial_002dchars"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo; (the default), Readline attempts to bind the control
+characters treated specially by the kernel&rsquo;s terminal driver to their
+Readline equivalents.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>blink-matching-paren</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-blink_002dmatching_002dparen"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, Readline attempts to briefly move the cursor to an
+opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is inserted. The default
+is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>colored-completion-prefix</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-colored_002dcompletion_002dprefix"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, when listing completions, Readline displays the
+common prefix of the set of possible completions using a different color.
+The color definitions are taken from the value of the <code>LS_COLORS</code>
+environment variable.
+The default is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>colored-stats</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-colored_002dstats"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, Readline displays possible completions using different
+colors to indicate their file type.
+The color definitions are taken from the value of the <code>LS_COLORS</code>
+environment variable.
+The default is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>comment-begin</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-comment_002dbegin"></a>
+<p>The string to insert at the beginning of the line when the
+<code>insert-comment</code> command is executed. The default value
+is <code>&quot;#&quot;</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>completion-display-width</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-completion_002ddisplay_002dwidth"></a>
+<p>The number of screen columns used to display possible matches
+when performing completion.
+The value is ignored if it is less than 0 or greater than the terminal
+screen width.
+A value of 0 will cause matches to be displayed one per line.
+The default value is -1.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>completion-ignore-case</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-completion_002dignore_002dcase"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, Readline performs filename matching and completion
+in a case-insensitive fashion.
+The default value is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>completion-map-case</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-completion_002dmap_002dcase"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, and <var>completion-ignore-case</var> is enabled, Readline
+treats hyphens (&lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;) and underscores (&lsquo;<samp>_</samp>&rsquo;) as equivalent when
+performing case-insensitive filename matching and completion.
+The default value is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>completion-prefix-display-length</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-completion_002dprefix_002ddisplay_002dlength"></a>
+<p>The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of possible
+completions that is displayed without modification. When set to a
+value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than this value are
+replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>completion-query-items</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-completion_002dquery_002ditems"></a>
+<p>The number of possible completions that determines when the user is
+asked whether the list of possibilities should be displayed.
+If the number of possible completions is greater than this value,
+Readline will ask the user whether or not he wishes to view
+them; otherwise, they are simply listed.
+This variable must be set to an integer value greater than or equal to 0.
+A negative value means Readline should never ask.
+The default limit is <code>100</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>convert-meta</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-convert_002dmeta"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, Readline will convert characters with the
+eighth bit set to an <small>ASCII</small> key sequence by stripping the eighth
+bit and prefixing an <tt class="key">ESC</tt> character, converting them to a
+meta-prefixed key sequence. The default value is &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, but
+will be set to &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo; if the locale is one that contains
+eight-bit characters.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>disable-completion</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-disable_002dcompletion"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>On</samp>&rsquo;, Readline will inhibit word completion.
+Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if they had
+been mapped to <code>self-insert</code>. The default is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>echo-control-characters</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-echo_002dcontrol_002dcharacters"></a>
+<p>When set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, on operating systems that indicate they support it,
+readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal generated from the
+keyboard. The default is &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>editing-mode</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-editing_002dmode"></a>
+<p>The <code>editing-mode</code> variable controls which default set of
+key bindings is used. By default, Readline starts up in Emacs editing
+mode, where the keystrokes are most similar to Emacs. This variable can be
+set to either &lsquo;<samp>emacs</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>vi</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>emacs-mode-string</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-emacs_002dmode_002dstring"></a>
+<p>If the <var>show-mode-in-prompt</var> variable is enabled,
+this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
+prompt when emacs editing mode is active. The value is expanded like a
+key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and
+backslash escape sequences is available.
+Use the &lsquo;<samp>\1</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>\2</samp>&rsquo; escapes to begin and end sequences of
+non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
+sequence into the mode string.
+The default is &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>enable-bracketed-paste</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-enable_002dbracketed_002dpaste"></a>
+<p>When set to &lsquo;<samp>On</samp>&rsquo;, Readline will configure the terminal in a way
+that will enable it to insert each paste into the editing buffer as a
+single string of characters, instead of treating each character as if
+it had been read from the keyboard. This can prevent pasted characters
+from being interpreted as editing commands. The default is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>enable-keypad</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-enable_002dkeypad"></a>
+<p>When set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, Readline will try to enable the application
+keypad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the
+arrow keys. The default is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>enable-meta-key</code></dt>
+<dd><p>When set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, Readline will try to enable any meta modifier
+key the terminal claims to support when it is called. On many terminals,
+the meta key is used to send eight-bit characters.
+The default is &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>expand-tilde</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-expand_002dtilde"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, tilde expansion is performed when Readline
+attempts word completion. The default is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>history-preserve-point</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-history_002dpreserve_002dpoint"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, the history code attempts to place the point (the
+current cursor position) at the
+same location on each history line retrieved with <code>previous-history</code>
+or <code>next-history</code>. The default is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>history-size</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-history_002dsize"></a>
+<p>Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history list.
+If set to zero, any existing history entries are deleted and no new entries
+are saved.
+If set to a value less than zero, the number of history entries is not
+limited.
+By default, the number of history entries is not limited.
+If an attempt is made to set <var>history-size</var> to a non-numeric value,
+the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>horizontal-scroll-mode</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-horizontal_002dscroll_002dmode"></a>
+<p>This variable can be set to either &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;. Setting it
+to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo; means that the text of the lines being edited will scroll
+horizontally on a single screen line when they are longer than the width
+of the screen, instead of wrapping onto a new screen line. By default,
+this variable is set to &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>input-meta</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-input_002dmeta"></a>
+<a name="index-meta_002dflag"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, Readline will enable eight-bit input (it
+will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
+regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The
+default value is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;, but Readline will set it to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo; if the
+locale contains eight-bit characters.
+The name <code>meta-flag</code> is a synonym for this variable.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>isearch-terminators</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-isearch_002dterminators"></a>
+<p>The string of characters that should terminate an incremental search without
+subsequently executing the character as a command (see <a href="#Searching">Searching</a>).
+If this variable has not been given a value, the characters <tt class="key">ESC</tt> and
+<kbd>C-J</kbd> will terminate an incremental search.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>keymap</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-keymap"></a>
+<p>Sets Readline&rsquo;s idea of the current keymap for key binding commands.
+Built-in <code>keymap</code> names are
+<code>emacs</code>,
+<code>emacs-standard</code>,
+<code>emacs-meta</code>,
+<code>emacs-ctlx</code>,
+<code>vi</code>,
+<code>vi-move</code>,
+<code>vi-command</code>, and
+<code>vi-insert</code>.
+<code>vi</code> is equivalent to <code>vi-command</code> (<code>vi-move</code> is also a
+synonym); <code>emacs</code> is equivalent to <code>emacs-standard</code>.
+Applications may add additional names.
+The default value is <code>emacs</code>.
+The value of the <code>editing-mode</code> variable also affects the
+default keymap.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>keyseq-timeout</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Specifies the duration Readline will wait for a character when reading an
+ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete key sequence using
+the input read so far, or can take additional input to complete a longer
+key sequence).
+If no input is received within the timeout, Readline will use the shorter
+but complete key sequence.
+Readline uses this value to determine whether or not input is
+available on the current input source (<code>rl_instream</code> by default).
+The value is specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that
+Readline will wait one second for additional input.
+If this variable is set to a value less than or equal to zero, or to a
+non-numeric value, Readline will wait until another key is pressed to
+decide which key sequence to complete.
+The default value is <code>500</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>mark-directories</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, completed directory names have a slash
+appended. The default is &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>mark-modified-lines</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-mark_002dmodified_002dlines"></a>
+<p>This variable, when set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, causes Readline to display an
+asterisk (&lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;) at the start of history lines which have been modified.
+This variable is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo; by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>mark-symlinked-directories</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-mark_002dsymlinked_002ddirectories"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, completed names which are symbolic links
+to directories have a slash appended (subject to the value of
+<code>mark-directories</code>).
+The default is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>match-hidden-files</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-match_002dhidden_002dfiles"></a>
+<p>This variable, when set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, causes Readline to match files whose
+names begin with a &lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo; (hidden files) when performing filename
+completion.
+If set to &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;, the leading &lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo; must be
+supplied by the user in the filename to be completed.
+This variable is &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo; by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>menu-complete-display-prefix</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-menu_002dcomplete_002ddisplay_002dprefix"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, menu completion displays the common prefix of the
+list of possible completions (which may be empty) before cycling through
+the list. The default is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>output-meta</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-output_002dmeta"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, Readline will display characters with the
+eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape
+sequence.
+The default is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;, but Readline will set it to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo; if the
+locale contains eight-bit characters.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>page-completions</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-page_002dcompletions"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, Readline uses an internal <code>more</code>-like pager
+to display a screenful of possible completions at a time.
+This variable is &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo; by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>print-completions-horizontally</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, Readline will display completions with matches
+sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen.
+The default is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>revert-all-at-newline</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-revert_002dall_002dat_002dnewline"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, Readline will undo all changes to history lines
+before returning when <code>accept-line</code> is executed. By default,
+history lines may be modified and retain individual undo lists across
+calls to <code>readline</code>. The default is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>show-all-if-ambiguous</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-show_002dall_002dif_002dambiguous"></a>
+<p>This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. If
+set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;,
+words which have more than one possible completion cause the
+matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.
+The default value is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>show-all-if-unmodified</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-show_002dall_002dif_002dunmodified"></a>
+<p>This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in
+a fashion similar to <var>show-all-if-ambiguous</var>.
+If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;,
+words which have more than one possible completion without any
+possible partial completion (the possible completions don&rsquo;t share
+a common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately instead
+of ringing the bell.
+The default value is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>show-mode-in-prompt</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-show_002dmode_002din_002dprompt"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, add a string to the beginning of the prompt
+indicating the editing mode: emacs, vi command, or vi insertion.
+The mode strings are user-settable (e.g., <var>emacs-mode-string</var>).
+The default value is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>skip-completed-text</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-skip_002dcompleted_002dtext"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, this alters the default completion behavior when
+inserting a single match into the line. It&rsquo;s only active when
+performing completion in the middle of a word. If enabled, readline
+does not insert characters from the completion that match characters
+after point in the word being completed, so portions of the word
+following the cursor are not duplicated.
+For instance, if this is enabled, attempting completion when the cursor
+is after the &lsquo;<samp>e</samp>&rsquo; in &lsquo;<samp>Makefile</samp>&rsquo; will result in &lsquo;<samp>Makefile</samp>&rsquo;
+rather than &lsquo;<samp>Makefilefile</samp>&rsquo;, assuming there is a single possible
+completion.
+The default value is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>vi-cmd-mode-string</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-vi_002dcmd_002dmode_002dstring"></a>
+<p>If the <var>show-mode-in-prompt</var> variable is enabled,
+this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
+prompt when vi editing mode is active and in command mode.
+The value is expanded like a
+key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and
+backslash escape sequences is available.
+Use the &lsquo;<samp>\1</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>\2</samp>&rsquo; escapes to begin and end sequences of
+non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
+sequence into the mode string.
+The default is &lsquo;<samp>(cmd)</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>vi-ins-mode-string</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-vi_002dins_002dmode_002dstring"></a>
+<p>If the <var>show-mode-in-prompt</var> variable is enabled,
+this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
+prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode.
+The value is expanded like a
+key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and
+backslash escape sequences is available.
+Use the &lsquo;<samp>\1</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>\2</samp>&rsquo; escapes to begin and end sequences of
+non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control
+sequence into the mode string.
+The default is &lsquo;<samp>(ins)</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>visible-stats</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-visible_002dstats"></a>
+<p>If set to &lsquo;<samp>on</samp>&rsquo;, a character denoting a file&rsquo;s type
+is appended to the filename when listing possible
+completions. The default is &lsquo;<samp>off</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+</dd>
+<dt>Key Bindings</dt>
+<dd><p>The syntax for controlling key bindings in the init file is
+simple. First you need to find the name of the command that you
+want to change. The following sections contain tables of the command
+name, the default keybinding, if any, and a short description of what
+the command does.
+</p>
+<p>Once you know the name of the command, simply place on a line
+in the init file the name of the key
+you wish to bind the command to, a colon, and then the name of the
+command.
+There can be no space between the key name and the colon &ndash; that will be
+interpreted as part of the key name.
+The name of the key can be expressed in different ways, depending on
+what you find most comfortable.
+</p>
+<p>In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound
+to a string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a <var>macro</var>).
+</p>
+<p>The <code>bind&nbsp;<span class="nolinebreak">-p</span></code><!-- /@w --> command displays Readline function names and
+bindings in a format that can put directly into an initialization file.
+See <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><var>keyname</var>:&nbsp;<var><span class="nolinebreak">function-name</span></var>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<var>macro</var><!-- /@w --></dt>
+<dd><p><var>keyname</var> is the name of a key spelled out in English. For example:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">Control-u: universal-argument
+Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word
+Control-o: &quot;&gt; output&quot;
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>In the example above, <kbd>C-u</kbd> is bound to the function
+<code>universal-argument</code>,
+<kbd>M-DEL</kbd> is bound to the function <code>backward-kill-word</code>, and
+<kbd>C-o</kbd> is bound to run the macro
+expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text
+&lsquo;<samp>&gt; output</samp>&rsquo; into the line).
+</p>
+<p>A number of symbolic character names are recognized while
+processing this key binding syntax:
+<var>DEL</var>,
+<var>ESC</var>,
+<var>ESCAPE</var>,
+<var>LFD</var>,
+<var>NEWLINE</var>,
+<var>RET</var>,
+<var>RETURN</var>,
+<var>RUBOUT</var>,
+<var>SPACE</var>,
+<var>SPC</var>,
+and
+<var>TAB</var>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt>&quot;<var>keyseq</var>&quot;:&nbsp;<var><span class="nolinebreak">function-name</span></var>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<var>macro</var><!-- /@w --></dt>
+<dd><p><var>keyseq</var> differs from <var>keyname</var> above in that strings
+denoting an entire key sequence can be specified, by placing
+the key sequence in double quotes. Some <small>GNU</small> Emacs style key
+escapes can be used, as in the following example, but the
+special character names are not recognized.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">&quot;\C-u&quot;: universal-argument
+&quot;\C-x\C-r&quot;: re-read-init-file
+&quot;\e[11~&quot;: &quot;Function Key 1&quot;
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>In the above example, <kbd>C-u</kbd> is again bound to the function
+<code>universal-argument</code> (just as it was in the first example),
+&lsquo;<samp><kbd>C-x</kbd> <kbd>C-r</kbd></samp>&rsquo; is bound to the function <code>re-read-init-file</code>,
+and &lsquo;<samp><span class="key">ESC</span> <span class="key">[</span> <span class="key">1</span> <span class="key">1</span> <span class="key">~</span></samp>&rsquo; is bound to insert
+the text &lsquo;<samp>Function Key 1</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>The following <small>GNU</small> Emacs style escape sequences are available when
+specifying key sequences:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code><kbd>\C-</kbd></code></dt>
+<dd><p>control prefix
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code><kbd>\M-</kbd></code></dt>
+<dd><p>meta prefix
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code><kbd>\e</kbd></code></dt>
+<dd><p>an escape character
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code><kbd>\\</kbd></code></dt>
+<dd><p>backslash
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code><kbd>\&quot;</kbd></code></dt>
+<dd><p><tt class="key">&quot;</tt>, a double quotation mark
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code><kbd>\'</kbd></code></dt>
+<dd><p><tt class="key">'</tt>, a single quote or apostrophe
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>In addition to the <small>GNU</small> Emacs style escape sequences, a second
+set of backslash escapes is available:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>\a</code></dt>
+<dd><p>alert (bell)
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\b</code></dt>
+<dd><p>backspace
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\d</code></dt>
+<dd><p>delete
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\f</code></dt>
+<dd><p>form feed
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\n</code></dt>
+<dd><p>newline
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\r</code></dt>
+<dd><p>carriage return
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\t</code></dt>
+<dd><p>horizontal tab
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\v</code></dt>
+<dd><p>vertical tab
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\<var>nnn</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value <var>nnn</var>
+(one to three digits)
+</p></dd>
+<dt><code>\x<var>HH</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value <var>HH</var>
+(one or two hex digits)
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must
+be used to indicate a macro definition.
+Unquoted text is assumed to be a function name.
+In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above are expanded.
+Backslash will quote any other character in the macro text,
+including &lsquo;<samp>&quot;</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>'</samp>&rsquo;.
+For example, the following binding will make &lsquo;<samp><kbd>C-x</kbd> \</samp>&rsquo;
+insert a single &lsquo;<samp>\</samp>&rsquo; into the line:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">&quot;\C-x\\&quot;: &quot;\\&quot;
+</pre></div>
+
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Conditional-Init-Constructs"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Sample-Init-File" accesskey="n" rel="next">Sample Init File</a>, Previous: <a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Readline Init File Syntax</a>, Up: <a href="#Readline-Init-File" accesskey="u" rel="up">Readline Init File</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Conditional-Init-Constructs-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.3.2 Conditional Init Constructs</h4>
+
+<p>Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional
+compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key
+bindings and variable settings to be performed as the result
+of tests. There are four parser directives used.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>$if</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The <code>$if</code> construct allows bindings to be made based on the
+editing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using
+Readline. The text of the test, after any comparison operator,
+extends to the end of the line;
+unless otherwise noted, no characters are required to isolate it.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>mode</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The <code>mode=</code> form of the <code>$if</code> directive is used to test
+whether Readline is in <code>emacs</code> or <code>vi</code> mode.
+This may be used in conjunction
+with the &lsquo;<samp>set keymap</samp>&rsquo; command, for instance, to set bindings in
+the <code>emacs-standard</code> and <code>emacs-ctlx</code> keymaps only if
+Readline is starting out in <code>emacs</code> mode.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>term</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The <code>term=</code> form may be used to include terminal-specific
+key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the
+terminal&rsquo;s function keys. The word on the right side of the
+&lsquo;<samp>=</samp>&rsquo; is tested against both the full name of the terminal and
+the portion of the terminal name before the first &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;. This
+allows <code>sun</code> to match both <code>sun</code> and <code>sun-cmd</code>,
+for instance.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>version</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The <code>version</code> test may be used to perform comparisons against
+specific Readline versions.
+The <code>version</code> expands to the current Readline version.
+The set of comparison operators includes
+&lsquo;<samp>=</samp>&rsquo; (and &lsquo;<samp>==</samp>&rsquo;), &lsquo;<samp>!=</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>&lt;=</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>&gt;=</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>&lt;</samp>&rsquo;,
+and &lsquo;<samp>&gt;</samp>&rsquo;.
+The version number supplied on the right side of the operator consists
+of a major version number, an optional decimal point, and an optional
+minor version (e.g., &lsquo;<samp>7.1</samp>&rsquo;). If the minor version is omitted, it
+is assumed to be &lsquo;<samp>0</samp>&rsquo;.
+The operator may be separated from the string <code>version</code> and
+from the version number argument by whitespace.
+The following example sets a variable if the Readline version being used
+is 7.0 or newer:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">$if version &gt;= 7.0
+set show-mode-in-prompt on
+$endif
+</pre></div>
+
+</dd>
+<dt><code>application</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The <var>application</var> construct is used to include
+application-specific settings. Each program using the Readline
+library sets the <var>application name</var>, and you can test for
+a particular value.
+This could be used to bind key sequences to functions useful for
+a specific program. For instance, the following command adds a
+key sequence that quotes the current or previous word in Bash:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">$if Bash
+# Quote the current or previous word
+&quot;\C-xq&quot;: &quot;\eb\&quot;\ef\&quot;&quot;
+$endif
+</pre></div>
+
+</dd>
+<dt><code>variable</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The <var>variable</var> construct provides simple equality tests for Readline
+variables and values.
+The permitted comparison operators are &lsquo;<samp>=</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>==</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp>!=</samp>&rsquo;.
+The variable name must be separated from the comparison operator by
+whitespace; the operator may be separated from the value on the right hand
+side by whitespace.
+Both string and boolean variables may be tested. Boolean variables must be
+tested against the values <var>on</var> and <var>off</var>.
+The following example is equivalent to the <code>mode=emacs</code> test described
+above:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">$if editing-mode == emacs
+set show-mode-in-prompt on
+$endif
+</pre></div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+</dd>
+<dt><code>$endif</code></dt>
+<dd><p>This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an
+<code>$if</code> command.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>$else</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Commands in this branch of the <code>$if</code> directive are executed if
+the test fails.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>$include</code></dt>
+<dd><p>This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads commands
+and bindings from that file.
+For example, the following directive reads from <samp>/etc/inputrc</samp>:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">$include /etc/inputrc
+</pre></div>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Sample-Init-File"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Conditional-Init-Constructs" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Conditional Init Constructs</a>, Up: <a href="#Readline-Init-File" accesskey="u" rel="up">Readline Init File</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Sample-Init-File-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.3.3 Sample Init File</h4>
+
+<p>Here is an example of an <var>inputrc</var> file. This illustrates key
+binding, variable assignment, and conditional syntax.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example"># This file controls the behaviour of line input editing for
+# programs that use the GNU Readline library. Existing
+# programs include FTP, Bash, and GDB.
+#
+# You can re-read the inputrc file with C-x C-r.
+# Lines beginning with '#' are comments.
+#
+# First, include any system-wide bindings and variable
+# assignments from /etc/Inputrc
+$include /etc/Inputrc
+
+#
+# Set various bindings for emacs mode.
+
+set editing-mode emacs
+
+$if mode=emacs
+
+Meta-Control-h: backward-kill-word Text after the function name is ignored
+
+#
+# Arrow keys in keypad mode
+#
+#&quot;\M-OD&quot;: backward-char
+#&quot;\M-OC&quot;: forward-char
+#&quot;\M-OA&quot;: previous-history
+#&quot;\M-OB&quot;: next-history
+#
+# Arrow keys in ANSI mode
+#
+&quot;\M-[D&quot;: backward-char
+&quot;\M-[C&quot;: forward-char
+&quot;\M-[A&quot;: previous-history
+&quot;\M-[B&quot;: next-history
+#
+# Arrow keys in 8 bit keypad mode
+#
+#&quot;\M-\C-OD&quot;: backward-char
+#&quot;\M-\C-OC&quot;: forward-char
+#&quot;\M-\C-OA&quot;: previous-history
+#&quot;\M-\C-OB&quot;: next-history
+#
+# Arrow keys in 8 bit ANSI mode
+#
+#&quot;\M-\C-[D&quot;: backward-char
+#&quot;\M-\C-[C&quot;: forward-char
+#&quot;\M-\C-[A&quot;: previous-history
+#&quot;\M-\C-[B&quot;: next-history
+
+C-q: quoted-insert
+
+$endif
+
+# An old-style binding. This happens to be the default.
+TAB: complete
+
+# Macros that are convenient for shell interaction
+$if Bash
+# edit the path
+&quot;\C-xp&quot;: &quot;PATH=${PATH}\e\C-e\C-a\ef\C-f&quot;
+# prepare to type a quoted word --
+# insert open and close double quotes
+# and move to just after the open quote
+&quot;\C-x\&quot;&quot;: &quot;\&quot;\&quot;\C-b&quot;
+# insert a backslash (testing backslash escapes
+# in sequences and macros)
+&quot;\C-x\\&quot;: &quot;\\&quot;
+# Quote the current or previous word
+&quot;\C-xq&quot;: &quot;\eb\&quot;\ef\&quot;&quot;
+# Add a binding to refresh the line, which is unbound
+&quot;\C-xr&quot;: redraw-current-line
+# Edit variable on current line.
+&quot;\M-\C-v&quot;: &quot;\C-a\C-k$\C-y\M-\C-e\C-a\C-y=&quot;
+$endif
+
+# use a visible bell if one is available
+set bell-style visible
+
+# don't strip characters to 7 bits when reading
+set input-meta on
+
+# allow iso-latin1 characters to be inserted rather
+# than converted to prefix-meta sequences
+set convert-meta off
+
+# display characters with the eighth bit set directly
+# rather than as meta-prefixed characters
+set output-meta on
+
+# if there are more than 150 possible completions for
+# a word, ask the user if he wants to see all of them
+set completion-query-items 150
+
+# For FTP
+$if Ftp
+&quot;\C-xg&quot;: &quot;get \M-?&quot;
+&quot;\C-xt&quot;: &quot;put \M-?&quot;
+&quot;\M-.&quot;: yank-last-arg
+$endif
+</pre></div>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Bindable-Readline-Commands"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Readline-vi-Mode" accesskey="n" rel="next">Readline vi Mode</a>, Previous: <a href="#Readline-Init-File" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Readline Init File</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command Line Editing</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Bindable-Readline-Commands-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">8.4 Bindable Readline Commands</h3>
+
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Commands-For-Moving" accesskey="1">Commands For Moving</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Moving about the line.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Commands-For-History" accesskey="2">Commands For History</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Getting at previous lines.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Commands-For-Text" accesskey="3">Commands For Text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Commands for changing text.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Commands-For-Killing" accesskey="4">Commands For Killing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Commands for killing and yanking.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Numeric-Arguments" accesskey="5">Numeric Arguments</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Specifying numeric arguments, repeat counts.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Commands-For-Completion" accesskey="6">Commands For Completion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Getting Readline to do the typing for you.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Keyboard-Macros" accesskey="7">Keyboard Macros</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Saving and re-executing typed characters
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands" accesskey="8">Miscellaneous Commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Other miscellaneous commands.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>This section describes Readline commands that may be bound to key
+sequences.
+You can list your key bindings by executing
+<code>bind&nbsp;<span class="nolinebreak">-P</span></code><!-- /@w --> or, for a more terse format, suitable for an
+<var>inputrc</var> file, <code>bind&nbsp;<span class="nolinebreak">-p</span></code><!-- /@w -->. (See <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>.)
+Command names without an accompanying key sequence are unbound by default.
+</p>
+<p>In the following descriptions, <em>point</em> refers to the current cursor
+position, and <em>mark</em> refers to a cursor position saved by the
+<code>set-mark</code> command.
+The text between the point and mark is referred to as the <em>region</em>.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Commands-For-Moving"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Commands-For-History" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands For History</a>, Up: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Commands-For-Moving-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.4.1 Commands For Moving</h4>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>beginning-of-line (C-a)</code>
+<a name="index-beginning_002dof_002dline-_0028C_002da_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Move to the start of the current line.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>end-of-line (C-e)</code>
+<a name="index-end_002dof_002dline-_0028C_002de_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Move to the end of the line.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>forward-char (C-f)</code>
+<a name="index-forward_002dchar-_0028C_002df_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Move forward a character.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>backward-char (C-b)</code>
+<a name="index-backward_002dchar-_0028C_002db_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Move back a character.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>forward-word (M-f)</code>
+<a name="index-forward_002dword-_0028M_002df_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Move forward to the end of the next word.
+Words are composed of letters and digits.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>backward-word (M-b)</code>
+<a name="index-backward_002dword-_0028M_002db_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Move back to the start of the current or previous word.
+Words are composed of letters and digits.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>shell-forward-word ()</code>
+<a name="index-shell_002dforward_002dword-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Move forward to the end of the next word.
+Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>shell-backward-word ()</code>
+<a name="index-shell_002dbackward_002dword-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Move back to the start of the current or previous word.
+Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>previous-screen-line ()</code>
+<a name="index-previous_002dscreen_002dline-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the previous
+physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect if the current
+Readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if point is not
+greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>next-screen-line ()</code>
+<a name="index-next_002dscreen_002dline-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the next
+physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect if the current
+Readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if the length
+of the current Readline line is not greater than the length of the prompt
+plus the screen width.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>clear-screen (C-l)</code>
+<a name="index-clear_002dscreen-_0028C_002dl_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Clear the screen and redraw the current line,
+leaving the current line at the top of the screen.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>redraw-current-line ()</code>
+<a name="index-redraw_002dcurrent_002dline-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Refresh the current line. By default, this is unbound.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Commands-For-History"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Commands-For-Text" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands For Text</a>, Previous: <a href="#Commands-For-Moving" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Commands For Moving</a>, Up: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Commands-For-Manipulating-The-History"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History</h4>
+
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>accept-line (Newline or Return)</code>
+<a name="index-accept_002dline-_0028Newline-or-Return_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is.
+If this line is
+non-empty, add it to the history list according to the setting of
+the <code>HISTCONTROL</code> and <code>HISTIGNORE</code> variables.
+If this line is a modified history line, then restore the history line
+to its original state.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>previous-history (C-p)</code>
+<a name="index-previous_002dhistory-_0028C_002dp_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Move &lsquo;back&rsquo; through the history list, fetching the previous command.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>next-history (C-n)</code>
+<a name="index-next_002dhistory-_0028C_002dn_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Move &lsquo;forward&rsquo; through the history list, fetching the next command.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>beginning-of-history (M-&lt;)</code>
+<a name="index-beginning_002dof_002dhistory-_0028M_002d_003c_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Move to the first line in the history.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>end-of-history (M-&gt;)</code>
+<a name="index-end_002dof_002dhistory-_0028M_002d_003e_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently
+being entered.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>reverse-search-history (C-r)</code>
+<a name="index-reverse_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028C_002dr_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Search backward starting at the current line and moving &lsquo;up&rsquo; through
+the history as necessary. This is an incremental search.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>forward-search-history (C-s)</code>
+<a name="index-forward_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028C_002ds_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Search forward starting at the current line and moving &lsquo;down&rsquo; through
+the history as necessary. This is an incremental search.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)</code>
+<a name="index-non_002dincremental_002dreverse_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028M_002dp_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Search backward starting at the current line and moving &lsquo;up&rsquo;
+through the history as necessary using a non-incremental search
+for a string supplied by the user.
+The search string may match anywhere in a history line.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)</code>
+<a name="index-non_002dincremental_002dforward_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028M_002dn_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Search forward starting at the current line and moving &lsquo;down&rsquo;
+through the history as necessary using a non-incremental search
+for a string supplied by the user.
+The search string may match anywhere in a history line.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>history-search-forward ()</code>
+<a name="index-history_002dsearch_002dforward-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Search forward through the history for the string of characters
+between the start of the current line and the point.
+The search string must match at the beginning of a history line.
+This is a non-incremental search.
+By default, this command is unbound.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>history-search-backward ()</code>
+<a name="index-history_002dsearch_002dbackward-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Search backward through the history for the string of characters
+between the start of the current line and the point.
+The search string must match at the beginning of a history line.
+This is a non-incremental search.
+By default, this command is unbound.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>history-substring-search-forward ()</code>
+<a name="index-history_002dsubstring_002dsearch_002dforward-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Search forward through the history for the string of characters
+between the start of the current line and the point.
+The search string may match anywhere in a history line.
+This is a non-incremental search.
+By default, this command is unbound.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>history-substring-search-backward ()</code>
+<a name="index-history_002dsubstring_002dsearch_002dbackward-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Search backward through the history for the string of characters
+between the start of the current line and the point.
+The search string may match anywhere in a history line.
+This is a non-incremental search.
+By default, this command is unbound.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)</code>
+<a name="index-yank_002dnth_002darg-_0028M_002dC_002dy_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually
+the second word on the previous line) at point.
+With an argument <var>n</var>,
+insert the <var>n</var>th word from the previous command (the words
+in the previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument
+inserts the <var>n</var>th word from the end of the previous command.
+Once the argument <var>n</var> is computed, the argument is extracted
+as if the &lsquo;<samp>!<var>n</var></samp>&rsquo; history expansion had been specified.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)</code>
+<a name="index-yank_002dlast_002darg-_0028M_002d_002e-or-M_002d_005f_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Insert last argument to the previous command (the last word of the
+previous history entry).
+With a numeric argument, behave exactly like <code>yank-nth-arg</code>.
+Successive calls to <code>yank-last-arg</code> move back through the history
+list, inserting the last word (or the word specified by the argument to
+the first call) of each line in turn.
+Any numeric argument supplied to these successive calls determines
+the direction to move through the history. A negative argument switches
+the direction through the history (back or forward).
+The history expansion facilities are used to extract the last argument,
+as if the &lsquo;<samp>!$</samp>&rsquo; history expansion had been specified.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Commands-For-Text"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Commands-For-Killing" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands For Killing</a>, Previous: <a href="#Commands-For-History" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Commands For History</a>, Up: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Commands-For-Changing-Text"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.4.3 Commands For Changing Text</h4>
+
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code><i>end-of-file</i> (usually C-d)</code>
+<a name="index-end_002dof_002dfile-_0028usually-C_002dd_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by
+<code>stty</code>. If this character is read when there are no characters
+on the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, Readline
+interprets it as the end of input and returns <small>EOF</small>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>delete-char (C-d)</code>
+<a name="index-delete_002dchar-_0028C_002dd_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Delete the character at point. If this function is bound to the
+same character as the tty <small>EOF</small> character, as <kbd>C-d</kbd>
+commonly is, see above for the effects.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>backward-delete-char (Rubout)</code>
+<a name="index-backward_002ddelete_002dchar-_0028Rubout_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Delete the character behind the cursor. A numeric argument means
+to kill the characters instead of deleting them.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>forward-backward-delete-char ()</code>
+<a name="index-forward_002dbackward_002ddelete_002dchar-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the
+end of the line, in which case the character behind the cursor is
+deleted. By default, this is not bound to a key.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)</code>
+<a name="index-quoted_002dinsert-_0028C_002dq-or-C_002dv_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is
+how to insert key sequences like <kbd>C-q</kbd>, for example.
+</p>
+
+</dd>
+<dt><code>self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, &hellip;)</code>
+<a name="index-self_002dinsert-_0028a_002c-b_002c-A_002c-1_002c-_0021_002c-_2026_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Insert yourself.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>bracketed-paste-begin ()</code>
+<a name="index-bracketed_002dpaste_002dbegin-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>This function is intended to be bound to the &quot;bracketed paste&quot; escape
+sequence sent by some terminals, and such a binding is assigned by default.
+It allows Readline to insert the pasted text as a single unit without treating
+each character as if it had been read from the keyboard. The characters
+are inserted as if each one was bound to <code>self-insert</code> instead of
+executing any editing commands.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>transpose-chars (C-t)</code>
+<a name="index-transpose_002dchars-_0028C_002dt_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Drag the character before the cursor forward over
+the character at the cursor, moving the
+cursor forward as well. If the insertion point
+is at the end of the line, then this
+transposes the last two characters of the line.
+Negative arguments have no effect.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>transpose-words (M-t)</code>
+<a name="index-transpose_002dwords-_0028M_002dt_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Drag the word before point past the word after point,
+moving point past that word as well.
+If the insertion point is at the end of the line, this transposes
+the last two words on the line.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>upcase-word (M-u)</code>
+<a name="index-upcase_002dword-_0028M_002du_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument,
+uppercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>downcase-word (M-l)</code>
+<a name="index-downcase_002dword-_0028M_002dl_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument,
+lowercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>capitalize-word (M-c)</code>
+<a name="index-capitalize_002dword-_0028M_002dc_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative argument,
+capitalize the previous word, but do not move the cursor.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>overwrite-mode ()</code>
+<a name="index-overwrite_002dmode-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argument,
+switches to overwrite mode. With an explicit non-positive numeric
+argument, switches to insert mode. This command affects only
+<code>emacs</code> mode; <code>vi</code> mode does overwrite differently.
+Each call to <code>readline()</code> starts in insert mode.
+</p>
+<p>In overwrite mode, characters bound to <code>self-insert</code> replace
+the text at point rather than pushing the text to the right.
+Characters bound to <code>backward-delete-char</code> replace the character
+before point with a space.
+</p>
+<p>By default, this command is unbound.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Commands-For-Killing"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Numeric-Arguments" accesskey="n" rel="next">Numeric Arguments</a>, Previous: <a href="#Commands-For-Text" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Commands For Text</a>, Up: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Killing-And-Yanking"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.4.4 Killing And Yanking</h4>
+
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>kill-line (C-k)</code>
+<a name="index-kill_002dline-_0028C_002dk_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Kill the text from point to the end of the line.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)</code>
+<a name="index-backward_002dkill_002dline-_0028C_002dx-Rubout_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>unix-line-discard (C-u)</code>
+<a name="index-unix_002dline_002ddiscard-_0028C_002du_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>kill-whole-line ()</code>
+<a name="index-kill_002dwhole_002dline-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.
+By default, this is unbound.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>kill-word (M-d)</code>
+<a name="index-kill_002dword-_0028M_002dd_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
+words, to the end of the next word.
+Word boundaries are the same as <code>forward-word</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>backward-kill-word (M-<span class="key">DEL</span>)</code>
+<a name="index-backward_002dkill_002dword-_0028M_002dDEL_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Kill the word behind point.
+Word boundaries are the same as <code>backward-word</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>shell-kill-word ()</code>
+<a name="index-shell_002dkill_002dword-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
+words, to the end of the next word.
+Word boundaries are the same as <code>shell-forward-word</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>shell-backward-kill-word ()</code>
+<a name="index-shell_002dbackward_002dkill_002dword-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Kill the word behind point.
+Word boundaries are the same as <code>shell-backward-word</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>unix-word-rubout (C-w)</code>
+<a name="index-unix_002dword_002drubout-_0028C_002dw_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary.
+The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>unix-filename-rubout ()</code>
+<a name="index-unix_002dfilename_002drubout-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash character
+as the word boundaries.
+The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>delete-horizontal-space ()</code>
+<a name="index-delete_002dhorizontal_002dspace-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Delete all spaces and tabs around point. By default, this is unbound.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>kill-region ()</code>
+<a name="index-kill_002dregion-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Kill the text in the current region.
+By default, this command is unbound.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>copy-region-as-kill ()</code>
+<a name="index-copy_002dregion_002das_002dkill-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer, so it can be yanked
+right away. By default, this command is unbound.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>copy-backward-word ()</code>
+<a name="index-copy_002dbackward_002dword-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Copy the word before point to the kill buffer.
+The word boundaries are the same as <code>backward-word</code>.
+By default, this command is unbound.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>copy-forward-word ()</code>
+<a name="index-copy_002dforward_002dword-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Copy the word following point to the kill buffer.
+The word boundaries are the same as <code>forward-word</code>.
+By default, this command is unbound.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>yank (C-y)</code>
+<a name="index-yank-_0028C_002dy_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>yank-pop (M-y)</code>
+<a name="index-yank_002dpop-_0028M_002dy_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this if
+the prior command is <code>yank</code> or <code>yank-pop</code>.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Numeric-Arguments"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Commands-For-Completion" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands For Completion</a>, Previous: <a href="#Commands-For-Killing" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Commands For Killing</a>, Up: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Specifying-Numeric-Arguments"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments</h4>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>digit-argument (<kbd>M-0</kbd>, <kbd>M-1</kbd>, &hellip; <kbd>M--</kbd>)</code>
+<a name="index-digit_002dargument-_0028M_002d0_002c-M_002d1_002c-_2026-M_002d_002d_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new
+argument. <kbd>M--</kbd> starts a negative argument.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>universal-argument ()</code>
+<a name="index-universal_002dargument-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>This is another way to specify an argument.
+If this command is followed by one or more digits, optionally with a
+leading minus sign, those digits define the argument.
+If the command is followed by digits, executing <code>universal-argument</code>
+again ends the numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored.
+As a special case, if this command is immediately followed by a
+character that is neither a digit nor minus sign, the argument count
+for the next command is multiplied by four.
+The argument count is initially one, so executing this function the
+first time makes the argument count four, a second time makes the
+argument count sixteen, and so on.
+By default, this is not bound to a key.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Commands-For-Completion"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Keyboard-Macros" accesskey="n" rel="next">Keyboard Macros</a>, Previous: <a href="#Numeric-Arguments" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Numeric Arguments</a>, Up: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Letting-Readline-Type-For-You"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You</h4>
+
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>complete (<span class="key">TAB</span>)</code>
+<a name="index-complete-_0028TAB_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Attempt to perform completion on the text before point.
+The actual completion performed is application-specific.
+Bash attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the
+text begins with &lsquo;<samp>$</samp>&rsquo;), username (if the text begins with
+&lsquo;<samp>~</samp>&rsquo;), hostname (if the text begins with &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo;), or
+command (including aliases and functions) in turn. If none
+of these produces a match, filename completion is attempted.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>possible-completions (M-?)</code>
+<a name="index-possible_002dcompletions-_0028M_002d_003f_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>List the possible completions of the text before point.
+When displaying completions, Readline sets the number of columns used
+for display to the value of <code>completion-display-width</code>, the value of
+the environment variable <code>COLUMNS</code>, or the screen width, in that order.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>insert-completions (M-*)</code>
+<a name="index-insert_002dcompletions-_0028M_002d_002a_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Insert all completions of the text before point that would have
+been generated by <code>possible-completions</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>menu-complete ()</code>
+<a name="index-menu_002dcomplete-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Similar to <code>complete</code>, but replaces the word to be completed
+with a single match from the list of possible completions.
+Repeated execution of <code>menu-complete</code> steps through the list
+of possible completions, inserting each match in turn.
+At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung
+(subject to the setting of <code>bell-style</code>)
+and the original text is restored.
+An argument of <var>n</var> moves <var>n</var> positions forward in the list
+of matches; a negative argument may be used to move backward
+through the list.
+This command is intended to be bound to <tt class="key">TAB</tt>, but is unbound
+by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>menu-complete-backward ()</code>
+<a name="index-menu_002dcomplete_002dbackward-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Identical to <code>menu-complete</code>, but moves backward through the list
+of possible completions, as if <code>menu-complete</code> had been given a
+negative argument.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>delete-char-or-list ()</code>
+<a name="index-delete_002dchar_002dor_002dlist-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or
+end of the line (like <code>delete-char</code>).
+If at the end of the line, behaves identically to
+<code>possible-completions</code>.
+This command is unbound by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>complete-filename (M-/)</code>
+<a name="index-complete_002dfilename-_0028M_002d_002f_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Attempt filename completion on the text before point.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>possible-filename-completions (C-x /)</code>
+<a name="index-possible_002dfilename_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_002f_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>List the possible completions of the text before point,
+treating it as a filename.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>complete-username (M-~)</code>
+<a name="index-complete_002dusername-_0028M_002d_007e_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Attempt completion on the text before point, treating
+it as a username.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>possible-username-completions (C-x ~)</code>
+<a name="index-possible_002dusername_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_007e_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>List the possible completions of the text before point,
+treating it as a username.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>complete-variable (M-$)</code>
+<a name="index-complete_002dvariable-_0028M_002d_0024_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Attempt completion on the text before point, treating
+it as a shell variable.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>possible-variable-completions (C-x $)</code>
+<a name="index-possible_002dvariable_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_0024_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>List the possible completions of the text before point,
+treating it as a shell variable.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>complete-hostname (M-@)</code>
+<a name="index-complete_002dhostname-_0028M_002d_0040_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Attempt completion on the text before point, treating
+it as a hostname.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)</code>
+<a name="index-possible_002dhostname_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_0040_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>List the possible completions of the text before point,
+treating it as a hostname.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>complete-command (M-!)</code>
+<a name="index-complete_002dcommand-_0028M_002d_0021_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Attempt completion on the text before point, treating
+it as a command name. Command completion attempts to
+match the text against aliases, reserved words, shell
+functions, shell builtins, and finally executable filenames,
+in that order.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>possible-command-completions (C-x !)</code>
+<a name="index-possible_002dcommand_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_0021_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>List the possible completions of the text before point,
+treating it as a command name.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>dynamic-complete-history (M-<span class="key">TAB</span>)</code>
+<a name="index-dynamic_002dcomplete_002dhistory-_0028M_002dTAB_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing
+the text against lines from the history list for possible
+completion matches.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>dabbrev-expand ()</code>
+<a name="index-dabbrev_002dexpand-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing
+the text against lines from the history list for possible
+completion matches.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>complete-into-braces (M-{)</code>
+<a name="index-complete_002dinto_002dbraces-_0028M_002d_007b_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible completions
+enclosed within braces so the list is available to the shell
+(see <a href="#Brace-Expansion">Brace Expansion</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Keyboard-Macros"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Miscellaneous Commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#Commands-For-Completion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Commands For Completion</a>, Up: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Keyboard-Macros-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.4.7 Keyboard Macros</h4>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>start-kbd-macro (C-x ()</code>
+<a name="index-start_002dkbd_002dmacro-_0028C_002dx-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>end-kbd-macro (C-x ))</code>
+<a name="index-end_002dkbd_002dmacro-_0028C_002dx-_0029_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro
+and save the definition.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)</code>
+<a name="index-call_002dlast_002dkbd_002dmacro-_0028C_002dx-e_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the characters
+in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>print-last-kbd-macro ()</code>
+<a name="index-print_002dlast_002dkbd_002dmacro-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Print the last keboard macro defined in a format suitable for the
+<var>inputrc</var> file.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Miscellaneous-Commands"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Keyboard-Macros" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Keyboard Macros</a>, Up: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="u" rel="up">Bindable Readline Commands</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Some-Miscellaneous-Commands"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">8.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands</h4>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)</code>
+<a name="index-re_002dread_002dinit_002dfile-_0028C_002dx-C_002dr_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Read in the contents of the <var>inputrc</var> file, and incorporate
+any bindings or variable assignments found there.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>abort (C-g)</code>
+<a name="index-abort-_0028C_002dg_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Abort the current editing command and
+ring the terminal&rsquo;s bell (subject to the setting of
+<code>bell-style</code>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-<var>x</var>, &hellip;)</code>
+<a name="index-do_002dlowercase_002dversion-_0028M_002dA_002c-M_002dB_002c-M_002dx_002c-_2026_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>If the metafied character <var>x</var> is upper case, run the command
+that is bound to the corresponding metafied lower case character.
+The behavior is undefined if <var>x</var> is already lower case.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>prefix-meta (<span class="key">ESC</span>)</code>
+<a name="index-prefix_002dmeta-_0028ESC_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Metafy the next character typed. This is for keyboards
+without a meta key. Typing &lsquo;<samp><span class="key">ESC</span> f</samp>&rsquo; is equivalent to typing
+<kbd>M-f</kbd>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)</code>
+<a name="index-undo-_0028C_002d_005f-or-C_002dx-C_002du_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>revert-line (M-r)</code>
+<a name="index-revert_002dline-_0028M_002dr_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the <code>undo</code>
+command enough times to get back to the beginning.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>tilde-expand (M-&amp;)</code>
+<a name="index-tilde_002dexpand-_0028M_002d_0026_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Perform tilde expansion on the current word.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>set-mark (C-@)</code>
+<a name="index-set_002dmark-_0028C_002d_0040_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Set the mark to the point. If a
+numeric argument is supplied, the mark is set to that position.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)</code>
+<a name="index-exchange_002dpoint_002dand_002dmark-_0028C_002dx-C_002dx_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is set to
+the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the mark.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>character-search (C-])</code>
+<a name="index-character_002dsearch-_0028C_002d_005d_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of that
+character. A negative count searches for previous occurrences.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>character-search-backward (M-C-])</code>
+<a name="index-character_002dsearch_002dbackward-_0028M_002dC_002d_005d_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence
+of that character. A negative count searches for subsequent
+occurrences.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>skip-csi-sequence ()</code>
+<a name="index-skip_002dcsi_002dsequence-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as those
+defined for keys like Home and End. Such sequences begin with a
+Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[. If this sequence is
+bound to &quot;\e[&quot;, keys producing such sequences will have no effect
+unless explicitly bound to a readline command, instead of inserting
+stray characters into the editing buffer. This is unbound by default,
+but usually bound to ESC-[.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>insert-comment (M-#)</code>
+<a name="index-insert_002dcomment-_0028M_002d_0023_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Without a numeric argument, the value of the <code>comment-begin</code>
+variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line.
+If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if
+the characters at the beginning of the line do not match the value
+of <code>comment-begin</code>, the value is inserted, otherwise
+the characters in <code>comment-begin</code> are deleted from the beginning of
+the line.
+In either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed.
+The default value of <code>comment-begin</code> causes this command
+to make the current line a shell comment.
+If a numeric argument causes the comment character to be removed, the line
+will be executed by the shell.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>dump-functions ()</code>
+<a name="index-dump_002dfunctions-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the
+Readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied,
+the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
+of an <var>inputrc</var> file. This command is unbound by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>dump-variables ()</code>
+<a name="index-dump_002dvariables-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Print all of the settable variables and their values to the
+Readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied,
+the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
+of an <var>inputrc</var> file. This command is unbound by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>dump-macros ()</code>
+<a name="index-dump_002dmacros-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Print all of the Readline key sequences bound to macros and the
+strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied,
+the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part
+of an <var>inputrc</var> file. This command is unbound by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>glob-complete-word (M-g)</code>
+<a name="index-glob_002dcomplete_002dword-_0028M_002dg_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion,
+with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern is used to
+generate a list of matching file names for possible completions.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>glob-expand-word (C-x *)</code>
+<a name="index-glob_002dexpand_002dword-_0028C_002dx-_002a_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion,
+and the list of matching file names is inserted, replacing the word.
+If a numeric argument is supplied, a &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; is appended before
+pathname expansion.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>glob-list-expansions (C-x g)</code>
+<a name="index-glob_002dlist_002dexpansions-_0028C_002dx-g_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>The list of expansions that would have been generated by
+<code>glob-expand-word</code> is displayed, and the line is redrawn.
+If a numeric argument is supplied, a &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; is appended before
+pathname expansion.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>display-shell-version (C-x C-v)</code>
+<a name="index-display_002dshell_002dversion-_0028C_002dx-C_002dv_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Display version information about the current instance of Bash.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>shell-expand-line (M-C-e)</code>
+<a name="index-shell_002dexpand_002dline-_0028M_002dC_002de_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Expand the line as the shell does.
+This performs alias and history expansion as well as all of the shell
+word expansions (see <a href="#Shell-Expansions">Shell Expansions</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>history-expand-line (M-^)</code>
+<a name="index-history_002dexpand_002dline-_0028M_002d_005e_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Perform history expansion on the current line.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>magic-space ()</code>
+<a name="index-magic_002dspace-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a space
+(see <a href="#History-Interaction">History Interaction</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>alias-expand-line ()</code>
+<a name="index-alias_002dexpand_002dline-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Perform alias expansion on the current line (see <a href="#Aliases">Aliases</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>history-and-alias-expand-line ()</code>
+<a name="index-history_002dand_002dalias_002dexpand_002dline-_0028_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Perform history and alias expansion on the current line.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)</code>
+<a name="index-insert_002dlast_002dargument-_0028M_002d_002e-or-M_002d_005f_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>A synonym for <code>yank-last-arg</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>operate-and-get-next (C-o)</code>
+<a name="index-operate_002dand_002dget_002dnext-_0028C_002do_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line
+relative to the current line from the history for editing.
+A numeric argument, if supplied, specifies the history entry to use instead
+of the current line.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e)</code>
+<a name="index-edit_002dand_002dexecute_002dcommand-_0028C_002dx-C_002de_0029"></a>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the result as shell
+commands.
+Bash attempts to invoke
+<code>$VISUAL</code>, <code>$EDITOR</code>, and <code>emacs</code>
+as the editor, in that order.
+</p>
+
+
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Readline-vi-Mode"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Programmable-Completion" accesskey="n" rel="next">Programmable Completion</a>, Previous: <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bindable Readline Commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command Line Editing</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Readline-vi-Mode-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">8.5 Readline vi Mode</h3>
+
+<p>While the Readline library does not have a full set of <code>vi</code>
+editing functions, it does contain enough to allow simple editing
+of the line. The Readline <code>vi</code> mode behaves as specified in
+the <small>POSIX</small> standard.
+</p>
+<p>In order to switch interactively between <code>emacs</code> and <code>vi</code>
+editing modes, use the &lsquo;<samp>set -o emacs</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>set -o vi</samp>&rsquo;
+commands (see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
+The Readline default is <code>emacs</code> mode.
+</p>
+<p>When you enter a line in <code>vi</code> mode, you are already placed in
+&lsquo;insertion&rsquo; mode, as if you had typed an &lsquo;<samp>i</samp>&rsquo;. Pressing <tt class="key">ESC</tt>
+switches you into &lsquo;command&rsquo; mode, where you can edit the text of the
+line with the standard <code>vi</code> movement keys, move to previous
+history lines with &lsquo;<samp>k</samp>&rsquo; and subsequent lines with &lsquo;<samp>j</samp>&rsquo;, and
+so forth.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Programmable-Completion"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins" accesskey="n" rel="next">Programmable Completion Builtins</a>, Previous: <a href="#Readline-vi-Mode" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Readline vi Mode</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command Line Editing</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Programmable-Completion-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">8.6 Programmable Completion</h3>
+<a name="index-programmable-completion"></a>
+
+<p>When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for
+which a completion specification (a <var>compspec</var>) has been defined
+using the <code>complete</code> builtin (see <a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins">Programmable Completion Builtins</a>),
+the programmable completion facilities are invoked.
+</p>
+<p>First, the command name is identified.
+If a compspec has been defined for that command, the
+compspec is used to generate the list of possible completions for the word.
+If the command word is the empty string (completion attempted at the
+beginning of an empty line), any compspec defined with
+the <samp>-E</samp> option to <code>complete</code> is used.
+If the command word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full
+pathname is searched for first.
+If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an attempt is made to
+find a compspec for the portion following the final slash.
+If those searches do not result in a compspec, any compspec defined with
+the <samp>-D</samp> option to <code>complete</code> is used as the default.
+If there is no default compspec, Bash attempts alias expansion
+on the command word as a final resort, and attempts to find a compspec
+for the command word from any successful expansion
+</p>
+<p>Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of
+matching words.
+If a compspec is not found, the default Bash completion
+described above (see <a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a>) is performed.
+</p>
+<p>First, the actions specified by the compspec are used.
+Only matches which are prefixed by the word being completed are
+returned.
+When the <samp>-f</samp> or <samp>-d</samp> option is used for filename or
+directory name completion, the shell variable <code>FIGNORE</code> is
+used to filter the matches.
+See <a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>, for a description of <code>FIGNORE</code>.
+</p>
+<p>Any completions specified by a filename expansion pattern to the
+<samp>-G</samp> option are generated next.
+The words generated by the pattern need not match the word being completed.
+The <code>GLOBIGNORE</code> shell variable is not used to filter the matches,
+but the <code>FIGNORE</code> shell variable is used.
+</p>
+<p>Next, the string specified as the argument to the <samp>-W</samp> option
+is considered.
+The string is first split using the characters in the <code>IFS</code>
+special variable as delimiters.
+Shell quoting is honored within the string, in order to provide a
+mechanism for the words to contain shell metacharacters or characters
+in the value of <code>IFS</code>.
+Each word is then expanded using
+brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion,
+command substitution, and arithmetic expansion,
+as described above (see <a href="#Shell-Expansions">Shell Expansions</a>).
+The results are split using the rules described above
+(see <a href="#Word-Splitting">Word Splitting</a>).
+The results of the expansion are prefix-matched against the word being
+completed, and the matching words become the possible completions.
+</p>
+<p>After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command
+specified with the <samp>-F</samp> and <samp>-C</samp> options is invoked.
+When the command or function is invoked, the <code>COMP_LINE</code>,
+<code>COMP_POINT</code>, <code>COMP_KEY</code>, and <code>COMP_TYPE</code> variables are
+assigned values as described above (see <a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>).
+If a shell function is being invoked, the <code>COMP_WORDS</code> and
+<code>COMP_CWORD</code> variables are also set.
+When the function or command is invoked, the first argument ($1) is the
+name of the command whose arguments are being completed, the
+second argument ($2) is the word being completed, and the third argument
+($3) is the word preceding the word being completed on the current command
+line.
+No filtering of the generated completions against the word being completed
+is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in generating
+the matches.
+</p>
+<p>Any function specified with <samp>-F</samp> is invoked first.
+The function may use any of the shell facilities, including the
+<code>compgen</code> and <code>compopt</code> builtins described below
+(see <a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins">Programmable Completion Builtins</a>), to generate the matches.
+It must put the possible completions in the <code>COMPREPLY</code> array
+variable, one per array element.
+</p>
+<p>Next, any command specified with the <samp>-C</samp> option is invoked
+in an environment equivalent to command substitution.
+It should print a list of completions, one per line, to
+the standard output.
+Backslash may be used to escape a newline, if necessary.
+</p>
+<p>After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter
+specified with the <samp>-X</samp> option is applied to the list.
+The filter is a pattern as used for pathname expansion; a &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo;
+in the pattern is replaced with the text of the word being completed.
+A literal &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo; may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash
+is removed before attempting a match.
+Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list.
+A leading &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo; negates the pattern; in this case any completion
+not matching the pattern will be removed.
+If the <code>nocasematch</code> shell option
+(see the description of <code>shopt</code> in <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>)
+is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
+of alphabetic characters.
+</p>
+<p>Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the <samp>-P</samp> and <samp>-S</samp>
+options are added to each member of the completion list, and the result is
+returned to the Readline completion code as the list of possible
+completions.
+</p>
+<p>If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the
+<samp>-o dirnames</samp> option was supplied to <code>complete</code> when the
+compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted.
+</p>
+<p>If the <samp>-o plusdirs</samp> option was supplied to <code>complete</code> when
+the compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any
+matches are added to the results of the other actions.
+</p>
+<p>By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned to
+the completion code as the full set of possible completions.
+The default Bash completions are not attempted, and the Readline default
+of filename completion is disabled.
+If the <samp>-o bashdefault</samp> option was supplied to <code>complete</code> when
+the compspec was defined, the default Bash completions are attempted
+if the compspec generates no matches.
+If the <samp>-o default</samp> option was supplied to <code>complete</code> when the
+compspec was defined, Readline&rsquo;s default completion will be performed
+if the compspec (and, if attempted, the default Bash completions)
+generate no matches.
+</p>
+<p>When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired,
+the programmable completion functions force Readline to append a slash
+to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to
+the value of the <var>mark-directories</var> Readline variable, regardless
+of the setting of the <var>mark-symlinked-directories</var> Readline variable.
+</p>
+<p>There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. This is
+most useful when used in combination with a default completion specified
+with <samp>-D</samp>. It&rsquo;s possible for shell functions executed as completion
+handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by returning an
+exit status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and changes
+the compspec associated with the command on which completion is being
+attempted (supplied as the first argument when the function is executed),
+programmable completion restarts from the beginning, with an
+attempt to find a new compspec for that command. This allows a set of
+completions to be built dynamically as completion is attempted, rather than
+being loaded all at once.
+</p>
+<p>For instance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each kept in a
+file corresponding to the name of the command, the following default
+completion function would load completions dynamically:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">_completion_loader()
+{
+ . &quot;/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh&quot; &gt;/dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1 &amp;&amp; return 124
+}
+complete -D -F _completion_loader -o bashdefault -o default
+</pre></div>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Programmable-Completion-Builtins"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#A-Programmable-Completion-Example" accesskey="n" rel="next">A Programmable Completion Example</a>, Previous: <a href="#Programmable-Completion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Programmable Completion</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command Line Editing</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Programmable-Completion-Builtins-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">8.7 Programmable Completion Builtins</h3>
+<a name="index-completion-builtins"></a>
+
+<p>Three builtin commands are available to manipulate the programmable completion
+facilities: one to specify how the arguments to a particular command are to
+be completed, and two to modify the completion as it is happening.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>compgen</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-compgen"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><code>compgen [<var>option</var>] [<var>word</var>]</code>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Generate possible completion matches for <var>word</var> according to
+the <var>option</var>s, which may be any option accepted by the
+<code>complete</code>
+builtin with the exception of <samp>-p</samp> and <samp>-r</samp>, and write
+the matches to the standard output.
+When using the <samp>-F</samp> or <samp>-C</samp> options, the various shell variables
+set by the programmable completion facilities, while available, will not
+have useful values.
+</p>
+<p>The matches will be generated in the same way as if the programmable
+completion code had generated them directly from a completion specification
+with the same flags.
+If <var>word</var> is specified, only those completions matching <var>word</var>
+will be displayed.
+</p>
+<p>The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, or no
+matches were generated.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>complete</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-complete"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><code>complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o <var>comp-option</var>] [-DEI] [-A <var>action</var>] [-G <var>globpat</var>]
+[-W <var>wordlist</var>] [-F <var>function</var>] [-C <var>command</var>] [-X <var>filterpat</var>]
+[-P <var>prefix</var>] [-S <var>suffix</var>] <var>name</var> [<var>name</var> &hellip;]</code>
+<code>complete -pr [-DEI] [<var>name</var> &hellip;]</code>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Specify how arguments to each <var>name</var> should be completed.
+If the <samp>-p</samp> option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing
+completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them to be
+reused as input.
+The <samp>-r</samp> option removes a completion specification for
+each <var>name</var>, or, if no <var>name</var>s are supplied, all
+completion specifications.
+The <samp>-D</samp> option indicates that other supplied options and actions should
+apply to the &ldquo;default&rdquo; command completion; that is, completion attempted
+on a command for which no completion has previously been defined.
+The <samp>-E</samp> option indicates that other supplied options and actions should
+apply to &ldquo;empty&rdquo; command completion; that is, completion attempted on a
+blank line.
+The <samp>-I</samp> option indicates that other supplied options and actions should
+apply to completion on the inital non-assignment word on the line, or after a
+command delimiter such as &lsquo;<samp>;</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>|</samp>&rsquo;, which is usually command
+name completion.
+If multiple options are supplied, the <samp>-D</samp> option takes precedence
+over <samp>-E</samp>, and both take precedence over <samp>-I</samp>.
+If any of <samp>-D</samp>, <samp>-E</samp>, or <samp>-I</samp> are supplied, any other
+<var>name</var> arguments are ignored; these completions only apply to the case
+specified by the option.
+</p>
+<p>The process of applying these completion specifications when word completion
+is attempted is described above (see <a href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a>).
+</p>
+<p>Other options, if specified, have the following meanings.
+The arguments to the <samp>-G</samp>, <samp>-W</samp>, and <samp>-X</samp> options
+(and, if necessary, the <samp>-P</samp> and <samp>-S</samp> options)
+should be quoted to protect them from expansion before the
+<code>complete</code> builtin is invoked.
+</p>
+
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>-o <var>comp-option</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>The <var>comp-option</var> controls several aspects of the compspec&rsquo;s behavior
+beyond the simple generation of completions.
+<var>comp-option</var> may be one of:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>bashdefault</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Perform the rest of the default Bash completions if the compspec
+generates no matches.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>default</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Use Readline&rsquo;s default filename completion if the compspec generates
+no matches.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>dirnames</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Perform directory name completion if the compspec generates no matches.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>filenames</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Tell Readline that the compspec generates filenames, so it can perform any
+filename-specific processing (like adding a slash to directory names,
+quoting special characters, or suppressing trailing spaces).
+This option is intended to be used with shell functions specified
+with <samp>-F</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>noquote</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Tell Readline not to quote the completed words if they are filenames
+(quoting filenames is the default).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>nosort</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Tell Readline not to sort the list of possible completions alphabetically.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>nospace</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Tell Readline not to append a space (the default) to words completed at
+the end of the line.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>plusdirs</code></dt>
+<dd><p>After any matches defined by the compspec are generated,
+directory name completion is attempted and any
+matches are added to the results of the other actions.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-A <var>action</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>The <var>action</var> may be one of the following to generate a list of possible
+completions:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>alias</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Alias names. May also be specified as <samp>-a</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>arrayvar</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Array variable names.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>binding</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Readline key binding names (see <a href="#Bindable-Readline-Commands">Bindable Readline Commands</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>builtin</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Names of shell builtin commands. May also be specified as <samp>-b</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>command</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Command names. May also be specified as <samp>-c</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>directory</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Directory names. May also be specified as <samp>-d</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>disabled</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Names of disabled shell builtins.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>enabled</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Names of enabled shell builtins.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>export</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Names of exported shell variables. May also be specified as <samp>-e</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>file</code></dt>
+<dd><p>File names. May also be specified as <samp>-f</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>function</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Names of shell functions.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>group</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Group names. May also be specified as <samp>-g</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>helptopic</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Help topics as accepted by the <code>help</code> builtin (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>hostname</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by the
+<code>HOSTFILE</code> shell variable (see <a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>job</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Job names, if job control is active. May also be specified as <samp>-j</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>keyword</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Shell reserved words. May also be specified as <samp>-k</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>running</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Names of running jobs, if job control is active.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>service</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Service names. May also be specified as <samp>-s</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>setopt</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Valid arguments for the <samp>-o</samp> option to the <code>set</code> builtin
+(see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>shopt</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Shell option names as accepted by the <code>shopt</code> builtin
+(see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>signal</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Signal names.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>stopped</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>user</code></dt>
+<dd><p>User names. May also be specified as <samp>-u</samp>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>variable</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Names of all shell variables. May also be specified as <samp>-v</samp>.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-C <var>command</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p><var>command</var> is executed in a subshell environment, and its output is
+used as the possible completions.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-F <var>function</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>The shell function <var>function</var> is executed in the current shell
+environment.
+When it is executed, $1 is the name of the command whose arguments are
+being completed, $2 is the word being completed, and $3 is the word
+preceding the word being completed, as described above
+(see <a href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a>).
+When it finishes, the possible completions are retrieved from the value
+of the <code>COMPREPLY</code> array variable.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-G <var>globpat</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>The filename expansion pattern <var>globpat</var> is expanded to generate
+the possible completions.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-P <var>prefix</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p><var>prefix</var> is added at the beginning of each possible completion
+after all other options have been applied.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-S <var>suffix</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p><var>suffix</var> is appended to each possible completion
+after all other options have been applied.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-W <var>wordlist</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>The <var>wordlist</var> is split using the characters in the
+<code>IFS</code> special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word
+is expanded.
+The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which
+match the word being completed.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-X <var>filterpat</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p><var>filterpat</var> is a pattern as used for filename expansion.
+It is applied to the list of possible completions generated by the
+preceding options and arguments, and each completion matching
+<var>filterpat</var> is removed from the list.
+A leading &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo; in <var>filterpat</var> negates the pattern; in this
+case, any completion not matching <var>filterpat</var> is removed.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an option
+other than <samp>-p</samp> or <samp>-r</samp> is supplied without a <var>name</var>
+argument, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification for
+a <var>name</var> for which no specification exists, or
+an error occurs adding a completion specification.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>compopt</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-compopt"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><code>compopt</code> [-o <var>option</var>] [-DEI] [+o <var>option</var>] [<var>name</var>]
+</pre></div>
+<p>Modify completion options for each <var>name</var> according to the
+<var>option</var>s, or for the currently-executing completion if no <var>name</var>s
+are supplied.
+If no <var>option</var>s are given, display the completion options for each
+<var>name</var> or the current completion.
+The possible values of <var>option</var> are those valid for the <code>complete</code>
+builtin described above.
+The <samp>-D</samp> option indicates that other supplied options should
+apply to the &ldquo;default&rdquo; command completion; that is, completion attempted
+on a command for which no completion has previously been defined.
+The <samp>-E</samp> option indicates that other supplied options should
+apply to &ldquo;empty&rdquo; command completion; that is, completion attempted on a
+blank line.
+The <samp>-I</samp> option indicates that other supplied options should
+apply to completion on the inital non-assignment word on the line, or after a
+command delimiter such as &lsquo;<samp>;</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>|</samp>&rsquo;, which is usually command
+name completion.
+</p>
+<p>If multiple options are supplied, the <samp>-D</samp> option takes precedence
+over <samp>-E</samp>, and both take precedence over <samp>-I</samp>
+</p>
+<p>The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an attempt
+is made to modify the options for a <var>name</var> for which no completion
+specification exists, or an output error occurs.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="A-Programmable-Completion-Example"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Programmable Completion Builtins</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command Line Editing</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="A-Programmable-Completion-Example-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">8.8 A Programmable Completion Example</h3>
+
+<p>The most common way to obtain additional completion functionality beyond
+the default actions <code>complete</code> and <code>compgen</code> provide is to use
+a shell function and bind it to a particular command using <code>complete -F</code>.
+</p>
+<p>The following function provides completions for the <code>cd</code> builtin.
+It is a reasonably good example of what shell functions must do when
+used for completion. This function uses the word passed as <code>$2</code>
+to determine the directory name to complete. You can also use the
+<code>COMP_WORDS</code> array variable; the current word is indexed by the
+<code>COMP_CWORD</code> variable.
+</p>
+<p>The function relies on the <code>complete</code> and <code>compgen</code> builtins
+to do much of the work, adding only the things that the Bash <code>cd</code>
+does beyond accepting basic directory names:
+tilde expansion (see <a href="#Tilde-Expansion">Tilde Expansion</a>),
+searching directories in <var>$CDPATH</var>, which is described above
+(see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>),
+and basic support for the <code>cdable_vars</code> shell option
+(see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>).
+<code>_comp_cd</code> modifies the value of <var>IFS</var> so that it contains only
+a newline to accommodate file names containing spaces and tabs &ndash;
+<code>compgen</code> prints the possible completions it generates one per line.
+</p>
+<p>Possible completions go into the <var>COMPREPLY</var> array variable, one
+completion per array element. The programmable completion system retrieves
+the completions from there when the function returns.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example"># A completion function for the cd builtin
+# based on the cd completion function from the bash_completion package
+_comp_cd()
+{
+ local IFS=$' \t\n' # normalize IFS
+ local cur _skipdot _cdpath
+ local i j k
+
+ # Tilde expansion, which also expands tilde to full pathname
+ case &quot;$2&quot; in
+ \~*) eval cur=&quot;$2&quot; ;;
+ *) cur=$2 ;;
+ esac
+
+ # no cdpath or absolute pathname -- straight directory completion
+ if [[ -z &quot;${CDPATH:-}&quot; ]] || [[ &quot;$cur&quot; == @(./*|../*|/*) ]]; then
+ # compgen prints paths one per line; could also use while loop
+ IFS=$'\n'
+ COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -d -- &quot;$cur&quot;) )
+ IFS=$' \t\n'
+ # CDPATH+directories in the current directory if not in CDPATH
+ else
+ IFS=$'\n'
+ _skipdot=false
+ # preprocess CDPATH to convert null directory names to .
+ _cdpath=${CDPATH/#:/.:}
+ _cdpath=${_cdpath//::/:.:}
+ _cdpath=${_cdpath/%:/:.}
+ for i in ${_cdpath//:/$'\n'}; do
+ if [[ $i -ef . ]]; then _skipdot=true; fi
+ k=&quot;${#COMPREPLY[@]}&quot;
+ for j in $( compgen -d -- &quot;$i/$cur&quot; ); do
+ COMPREPLY[k++]=${j#$i/} # cut off directory
+ done
+ done
+ $_skipdot || COMPREPLY+=( $(compgen -d -- &quot;$cur&quot;) )
+ IFS=$' \t\n'
+ fi
+
+ # variable names if appropriate shell option set and no completions
+ if shopt -q cdable_vars &amp;&amp; [[ ${#COMPREPLY[@]} -eq 0 ]]; then
+ COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -v -- &quot;$cur&quot;) )
+ fi
+
+ return 0
+}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>We install the completion function using the <samp>-F</samp> option to
+<code>complete</code>:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example"># Tell readline to quote appropriate and append slashes to directories;
+# use the bash default completion for other arguments
+complete -o filenames -o nospace -o bashdefault -F _comp_cd cd
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Since we&rsquo;d like Bash and Readline to take care of some
+of the other details for us, we use several other options to tell Bash
+and Readline what to do. The <samp>-o filenames</samp> option tells Readline
+that the possible completions should be treated as filenames, and quoted
+appropriately. That option will also cause Readline to append a slash to
+filenames it can determine are directories (which is why we might want to
+extend <code>_comp_cd</code> to append a slash if we&rsquo;re using directories found
+via <var>CDPATH</var>: Readline can&rsquo;t tell those completions are directories).
+The <samp>-o nospace</samp> option tells Readline to not append a space
+character to the directory name, in case we want to append to it.
+The <samp>-o bashdefault</samp> option brings in the rest of the &quot;Bash default&quot;
+completions &ndash; possible completion that Bash adds to the default Readline
+set. These include things like command name completion, variable completion
+for words beginning with &lsquo;<samp>{</samp>&rsquo;, completions containing pathname
+expansion patterns (see <a href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a>), and so on.
+</p>
+<p>Once installed using <code>complete</code>, <code>_comp_cd</code> will be called every
+time we attempt word completion for a <code>cd</code> command.
+</p>
+<p>Many more examples &ndash; an extensive collection of completions for most of
+the common GNU, Unix, and Linux commands &ndash; are available as part of the
+bash_completion project. This is installed by default on many GNU/Linux
+distributions. Originally written by Ian Macdonald, the project now lives
+at <a href="http://bash-completion.alioth.debian.org/">http://bash-completion.alioth.debian.org/</a>. There are ports for
+other systems such as Solaris and Mac OS X.
+</p>
+<p>An older version of the bash_completion package is distributed with bash
+in the <samp>examples/complete</samp> subdirectory.
+</p>
+<a name="index-History_002c-how-to-use"></a>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Using-History-Interactively"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Installing-Bash" accesskey="n" rel="next">Installing Bash</a>, Previous: <a href="#Command-Line-Editing" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Command Line Editing</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Using-History-Interactively-1"></a>
+<h2 class="chapter">9 Using History Interactively</h2>
+
+
+<p>This chapter describes how to use the <small>GNU</small> History Library
+interactively, from a user&rsquo;s standpoint.
+It should be considered a user&rsquo;s guide.
+For information on using the <small>GNU</small> History Library in other programs,
+see the <small>GNU</small> Readline Library Manual.
+</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Bash-History-Facilities" accesskey="1">Bash History Facilities</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How Bash lets you manipulate your command
+ history.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Bash-History-Builtins" accesskey="2">Bash History Builtins</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The Bash builtin commands that manipulate
+ the command history.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#History-Interaction" accesskey="3">History Interaction</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">What it feels like using History as a user.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Bash-History-Facilities"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Bash-History-Builtins" accesskey="n" rel="next">Bash History Builtins</a>, Up: <a href="#Using-History-Interactively" accesskey="u" rel="up">Using History Interactively</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Bash-History-Facilities-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">9.1 Bash History Facilities</h3>
+<a name="index-command-history"></a>
+<a name="index-history-list"></a>
+
+<p>When the <samp>-o history</samp> option to the <code>set</code> builtin
+is enabled (see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>),
+the shell provides access to the <em>command history</em>,
+the list of commands previously typed.
+The value of the <code>HISTSIZE</code> shell variable is used as the
+number of commands to save in a history list.
+The text of the last <code>$HISTSIZE</code>
+commands (default 500) is saved.
+The shell stores each command in the history list prior to
+parameter and variable expansion
+but after history expansion is performed, subject to the
+values of the shell variables
+<code>HISTIGNORE</code> and <code>HISTCONTROL</code>.
+</p>
+<p>When the shell starts up, the history is initialized from the
+file named by the <code>HISTFILE</code> variable (default <samp>~/.bash_history</samp>).
+The file named by the value of <code>HISTFILE</code> is truncated, if
+necessary, to contain no more than the number of lines specified by
+the value of the <code>HISTFILESIZE</code> variable.
+When a shell with history enabled exits, the last
+<code>$HISTSIZE</code> lines are copied from the history list to the file
+named by <code>$HISTFILE</code>.
+If the <code>histappend</code> shell option is set (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>),
+the lines are appended to the history file,
+otherwise the history file is overwritten.
+If <code>HISTFILE</code>
+is unset, or if the history file is unwritable, the history is not saved.
+After saving the history, the history file is truncated
+to contain no more than <code>$HISTFILESIZE</code> lines.
+If <code>HISTFILESIZE</code> is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, or
+a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not truncated.
+</p>
+<p>If the <code>HISTTIMEFORMAT</code> is set, the time stamp information
+associated with each history entry is written to the history file,
+marked with the history comment character.
+When the history file is read, lines beginning with the history
+comment character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted
+as timestamps for the following history entry.
+</p>
+<p>The builtin command <code>fc</code> may be used to list or edit and re-execute
+a portion of the history list.
+The <code>history</code> builtin may be used to display or modify the history
+list and manipulate the history file.
+When using command-line editing, search commands
+are available in each editing mode that provide access to the
+history list (see <a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a>).
+</p>
+<p>The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history
+list. The <code>HISTCONTROL</code> and <code>HISTIGNORE</code>
+variables may be set to cause the shell to save only a subset of the
+commands entered.
+The <code>cmdhist</code>
+shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each
+line of a multi-line command in the same history entry, adding
+semicolons where necessary to preserve syntactic correctness.
+The <code>lithist</code>
+shell option causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines
+instead of semicolons.
+The <code>shopt</code> builtin is used to set these options.
+See <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>, for a description of <code>shopt</code>.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Bash-History-Builtins"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#History-Interaction" accesskey="n" rel="next">History Interaction</a>, Previous: <a href="#Bash-History-Facilities" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bash History Facilities</a>, Up: <a href="#Using-History-Interactively" accesskey="u" rel="up">Using History Interactively</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Bash-History-Builtins-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">9.2 Bash History Builtins</h3>
+<a name="index-history-builtins"></a>
+
+<p>Bash provides two builtin commands which manipulate the
+history list and history file.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>fc</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-fc"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><code>fc [-e <var>ename</var>] [-lnr] [<var>first</var>] [<var>last</var>]</code>
+<code>fc -s [<var>pat</var>=<var>rep</var>] [<var>command</var>]</code>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The first form selects a range of commands from <var>first</var> to
+<var>last</var> from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes
+them.
+Both <var>first</var> and
+<var>last</var> may be specified as a string (to locate the most recent
+command beginning with that string) or as a number (an index into the
+history list, where a negative number is used as an offset from the
+current command number). If <var>last</var> is not specified, it is set to
+<var>first</var>. If <var>first</var> is not specified, it is set to the previous
+command for editing and -16 for listing. If the <samp>-l</samp> flag is
+given, the commands are listed on standard output. The <samp>-n</samp> flag
+suppresses the command numbers when listing. The <samp>-r</samp> flag
+reverses the order of the listing. Otherwise, the editor given by
+<var>ename</var> is invoked on a file containing those commands. If
+<var>ename</var> is not given, the value of the following variable expansion
+is used: <code>${FCEDIT:-${EDITOR:-vi}}</code>. This says to use the
+value of the <code>FCEDIT</code> variable if set, or the value of the
+<code>EDITOR</code> variable if that is set, or <code>vi</code> if neither is set.
+When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and executed.
+</p>
+<p>In the second form, <var>command</var> is re-executed after each instance
+of <var>pat</var> in the selected command is replaced by <var>rep</var>.
+<var>command</var> is intepreted the same as <var>first</var> above.
+</p>
+<p>A useful alias to use with the <code>fc</code> command is <code>r='fc -s'</code>, so
+that typing &lsquo;<samp>r cc</samp>&rsquo; runs the last command beginning with <code>cc</code>
+and typing &lsquo;<samp>r</samp>&rsquo; re-executes the last command (see <a href="#Aliases">Aliases</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>history</code></dt>
+<dd><a name="index-history"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">history [<var>n</var>]
+history -c
+history -d <var>offset</var>
+history -d <var>start</var>-<var>end</var>
+history [-anrw] [<var>filename</var>]
+history -ps <var>arg</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>With no options, display the history list with line numbers.
+Lines prefixed with a &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; have been modified.
+An argument of <var>n</var> lists only the last <var>n</var> lines.
+If the shell variable <code>HISTTIMEFORMAT</code> is set and not null,
+it is used as a format string for <var>strftime</var> to display
+the time stamp associated with each displayed history entry.
+No intervening blank is printed between the formatted time stamp
+and the history line.
+</p>
+<p>Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>-c</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Clear the history list. This may be combined
+with the other options to replace the history list completely.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-d <var>offset</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Delete the history entry at position <var>offset</var>.
+If <var>offset</var> is positive, it should be specified as it appears when
+the history is displayed.
+If <var>offset</var> is negative, it is interpreted as relative to one greater
+than the last history position, so negative indices count back from the
+end of the history, and an index of &lsquo;<samp>-1</samp>&rsquo; refers to the current
+<code>history -d</code> command.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-d <var>start</var>-<var>end</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Delete the history entries between positions <var>start</var> and <var>end</var>,
+inclusive. Positive and negative values for <var>start</var> and <var>end</var>
+are interpreted as described above.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-a</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Append the new history lines to the history file.
+These are history lines entered since the beginning of the current
+Bash session, but not already appended to the history file.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-n</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Append the history lines not already read from the history file
+to the current history list. These are lines appended to the history
+file since the beginning of the current Bash session.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-r</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Read the history file and append its contents to
+the history list.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-w</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Write out the current history list to the history file.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-p</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Perform history substitution on the <var>arg</var>s and display the result
+on the standard output, without storing the results in the history list.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>-s</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The <var>arg</var>s are added to the end of
+the history list as a single entry.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>When any of the <samp>-w</samp>, <samp>-r</samp>, <samp>-a</samp>, or <samp>-n</samp> options is
+used, if <var>filename</var>
+is given, then it is used as the history file. If not, then
+the value of the <code>HISTFILE</code> variable is used.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="History-Interaction"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Bash-History-Builtins" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bash History Builtins</a>, Up: <a href="#Using-History-Interactively" accesskey="u" rel="up">Using History Interactively</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="History-Expansion"></a>
+<h3 class="section">9.3 History Expansion</h3>
+<a name="index-history-expansion"></a>
+
+<p>The History library provides a history expansion feature that is similar
+to the history expansion provided by <code>csh</code>. This section
+describes the syntax used to manipulate the history information.
+</p>
+<p>History expansions introduce words from the history list into
+the input stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the
+arguments to a previous command into the current input line, or
+fix errors in previous commands quickly.
+</p>
+<p>History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line
+is read, before the shell breaks it into words, and is performed
+on each line individually. Bash attempts to inform the history
+expansion functions about quoting still in effect from previous lines.
+</p>
+<p>History expansion takes place in two parts. The first is to determine
+which line from the history list should be used during substitution.
+The second is to select portions of that line for inclusion into the
+current one. The line selected from the history is called the
+<em>event</em>, and the portions of that line that are acted upon are
+called <em>words</em>. Various <em>modifiers</em> are available to manipulate
+the selected words. The line is broken into words in the same fashion
+that Bash does, so that several words
+surrounded by quotes are considered one word.
+History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the
+history expansion character, which is &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo; by default.
+</p>
+<p>History expansion implements shell-like quoting conventions:
+a backslash can be used to remove the special handling for the next character;
+single quotes enclose verbatim sequences of characters, and can be used to
+inhibit history expansion;
+and characters enclosed within double quotes may be subject to history
+expansion, since backslash can escape the history expansion character,
+but single quotes may not, since they are not treated specially within
+double quotes.
+</p>
+<p>When using the shell, only &lsquo;<samp>\</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>'</samp>&rsquo; may be used to escape the
+history expansion character, but the history expansion character is
+also treated as quoted if it immediately precedes the closing double quote
+in a double-quoted string.
+</p>
+<p>Several shell options settable with the <code>shopt</code>
+builtin (see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>) may be used to tailor
+the behavior of history expansion. If the
+<code>histverify</code> shell option is enabled, and Readline
+is being used, history substitutions are not immediately passed to
+the shell parser.
+Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the Readline
+editing buffer for further modification.
+If Readline is being used, and the <code>histreedit</code>
+shell option is enabled, a failed history expansion will be
+reloaded into the Readline editing buffer for correction.
+The <samp>-p</samp> option to the <code>history</code> builtin command
+may be used to see what a history expansion will do before using it.
+The <samp>-s</samp> option to the <code>history</code> builtin may be used to
+add commands to the end of the history list without actually executing
+them, so that they are available for subsequent recall.
+This is most useful in conjunction with Readline.
+</p>
+<p>The shell allows control of the various characters used by the
+history expansion mechanism with the <code>histchars</code> variable,
+as explained above (see <a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>). The shell uses
+the history comment character to mark history timestamps when
+writing the history file.
+</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Event-Designators" accesskey="1">Event Designators</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to specify which history line to use.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Word-Designators" accesskey="2">Word Designators</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Specifying which words are of interest.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Modifiers" accesskey="3">Modifiers</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Modifying the results of substitution.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Event-Designators"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Word-Designators" accesskey="n" rel="next">Word Designators</a>, Up: <a href="#History-Interaction" accesskey="u" rel="up">History Interaction</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Event-Designators-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">9.3.1 Event Designators</h4>
+<a name="index-event-designators"></a>
+
+<p>An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the
+history list.
+Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to the current
+position in the history list.
+<a name="index-history-events"></a>
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>!</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Start a history substitution, except when followed by a space, tab,
+the end of the line, &lsquo;<samp>=</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>(</samp>&rsquo; (when the
+<code>extglob</code> shell option is enabled using the <code>shopt</code> builtin).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>!<var>n</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Refer to command line <var>n</var>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>!-<var>n</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Refer to the command <var>n</var> lines back.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>!!</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for &lsquo;<samp>!-1</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>!<var>string</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Refer to the most recent command
+preceding the current position in the history list
+starting with <var>string</var>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>!?<var>string</var>[?]</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Refer to the most recent command
+preceding the current position in the history list
+containing <var>string</var>.
+The trailing
+&lsquo;<samp>?</samp>&rsquo; may be omitted if the <var>string</var> is followed immediately by
+a newline.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>^<var>string1</var>^<var>string2</var>^</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Quick Substitution. Repeat the last command, replacing <var>string1</var>
+with <var>string2</var>. Equivalent to
+<code>!!:s/<var>string1</var>/<var>string2</var>/</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>!#</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The entire command line typed so far.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Word-Designators"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Modifiers" accesskey="n" rel="next">Modifiers</a>, Previous: <a href="#Event-Designators" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Event Designators</a>, Up: <a href="#History-Interaction" accesskey="u" rel="up">History Interaction</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Word-Designators-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">9.3.2 Word Designators</h4>
+
+<p>Word designators are used to select desired words from the event.
+A &lsquo;<samp>:</samp>&rsquo; separates the event specification from the word designator. It
+may be omitted if the word designator begins with a &lsquo;<samp>^</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>$</samp>&rsquo;,
+&lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;, or &lsquo;<samp>%</samp>&rsquo;. Words are numbered from the beginning
+of the line, with the first word being denoted by 0 (zero). Words are
+inserted into the current line separated by single spaces.
+</p>
+<p>For example,
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>!!</code></dt>
+<dd><p>designates the preceding command. When you type this, the preceding
+command is repeated in toto.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>!!:$</code></dt>
+<dd><p>designates the last argument of the preceding command. This may be
+shortened to <code>!$</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>!fi:2</code></dt>
+<dd><p>designates the second argument of the most recent command starting with
+the letters <code>fi</code>.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>Here are the word designators:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>0 (zero)</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The <code>0</code>th word. For many applications, this is the command word.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code><var>n</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>The <var>n</var>th word.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>^</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The first argument; that is, word 1.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>$</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The last argument.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>%</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The word matched by the most recent &lsquo;<samp>?<var>string</var>?</samp>&rsquo; search.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code><var>x</var>-<var>y</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>A range of words; &lsquo;<samp>-<var>y</var></samp>&rsquo; abbreviates &lsquo;<samp>0-<var>y</var></samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>*</code></dt>
+<dd><p>All of the words, except the <code>0</code>th. This is a synonym for &lsquo;<samp>1-$</samp>&rsquo;.
+It is not an error to use &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; if there is just one word in the event;
+the empty string is returned in that case.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code><var>x</var>*</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Abbreviates &lsquo;<samp><var>x</var>-$</samp>&rsquo;
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code><var>x</var>-</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Abbreviates &lsquo;<samp><var>x</var>-$</samp>&rsquo; like &lsquo;<samp><var>x</var>*</samp>&rsquo;, but omits the last word.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the
+previous command is used as the event.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Modifiers"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Word-Designators" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Word Designators</a>, Up: <a href="#History-Interaction" accesskey="u" rel="up">History Interaction</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Modifiers-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">9.3.3 Modifiers</h4>
+
+<p>After the optional word designator, you can add a sequence of one or more
+of the following modifiers, each preceded by a &lsquo;<samp>:</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>h</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>t</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>r</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Remove a trailing suffix of the form &lsquo;<samp>.<var>suffix</var></samp>&rsquo;, leaving
+the basename.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>e</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Remove all but the trailing suffix.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>p</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Print the new command but do not execute it.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>q</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>x</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Quote the substituted words as with &lsquo;<samp>q</samp>&rsquo;,
+but break into words at spaces, tabs, and newlines.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>s/<var>old</var>/<var>new</var>/</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Substitute <var>new</var> for the first occurrence of <var>old</var> in the
+event line. Any delimiter may be used in place of &lsquo;<samp>/</samp>&rsquo;.
+The delimiter may be quoted in <var>old</var> and <var>new</var>
+with a single backslash. If &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo; appears in <var>new</var>,
+it is replaced by <var>old</var>. A single backslash will quote
+the &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo;. The final delimiter is optional if it is the last
+character on the input line.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>&amp;</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Repeat the previous substitution.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>g</code></dt>
+<dt><code>a</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. Used in
+conjunction with &lsquo;<samp>s</samp>&rsquo;, as in <code>gs/<var>old</var>/<var>new</var>/</code>,
+or with &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>G</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Apply the following &lsquo;<samp>s</samp>&rsquo; modifier once to each word in the event.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Installing-Bash"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Reporting-Bugs" accesskey="n" rel="next">Reporting Bugs</a>, Previous: <a href="#Using-History-Interactively" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Using History Interactively</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Installing-Bash-1"></a>
+<h2 class="chapter">10 Installing Bash</h2>
+
+<p>This chapter provides basic instructions for installing Bash on
+the various supported platforms. The distribution supports the
+<small>GNU</small> operating systems, nearly every version of Unix, and several
+non-Unix systems such as BeOS and Interix.
+Other independent ports exist for
+<small>MS-DOS</small>, <small>OS/2</small>, and Windows platforms.
+</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Basic-Installation" accesskey="1">Basic Installation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Installation instructions.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Compilers-and-Options" accesskey="2">Compilers and Options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to set special options for various
+ systems.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Compiling-For-Multiple-Architectures" accesskey="3">Compiling For Multiple Architectures</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to compile Bash for more
+ than one kind of system from
+ the same source tree.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Installation-Names" accesskey="4">Installation Names</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to set the various paths used by the installation.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Specifying-the-System-Type" accesskey="5">Specifying the System Type</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to configure Bash for a particular system.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Sharing-Defaults" accesskey="6">Sharing Defaults</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to share default configuration values among GNU
+ programs.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Operation-Controls" accesskey="7">Operation Controls</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Options recognized by the configuration program.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Optional-Features" accesskey="8">Optional Features</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to enable and disable optional features when
+ building Bash.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Basic-Installation"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Compilers-and-Options" accesskey="n" rel="next">Compilers and Options</a>, Up: <a href="#Installing-Bash" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installing Bash</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Basic-Installation-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">10.1 Basic Installation</h3>
+<a name="index-installation"></a>
+<a name="index-configuration"></a>
+<a name="index-Bash-installation"></a>
+<a name="index-Bash-configuration"></a>
+
+<p>These are installation instructions for Bash.
+</p>
+<p>The simplest way to compile Bash is:
+</p>
+<ol>
+<li> <code>cd</code> to the directory containing the source code and type
+&lsquo;<samp>./configure</samp>&rsquo; to configure Bash for your system. If you&rsquo;re
+using <code>csh</code> on an old version of System V, you might need to
+type &lsquo;<samp>sh ./configure</samp>&rsquo; instead to prevent <code>csh</code> from trying
+to execute <code>configure</code> itself.
+
+<p>Running <code>configure</code> takes some time.
+While running, it prints messages telling which features it is
+checking for.
+</p>
+</li><li> Type &lsquo;<samp>make</samp>&rsquo; to compile Bash and build the <code>bashbug</code> bug
+reporting script.
+
+</li><li> Optionally, type &lsquo;<samp>make tests</samp>&rsquo; to run the Bash test suite.
+
+</li><li> Type &lsquo;<samp>make install</samp>&rsquo; to install <code>bash</code> and <code>bashbug</code>.
+This will also install the manual pages and Info file.
+
+</li></ol>
+
+<p>The <code>configure</code> shell script attempts to guess correct
+values for various system-dependent variables used during
+compilation. It uses those values to create a <samp>Makefile</samp> in
+each directory of the package (the top directory, the
+<samp>builtins</samp>, <samp>doc</samp>, and <samp>support</samp> directories,
+each directory under <samp>lib</samp>, and several others). It also creates a
+<samp>config.h</samp> file containing system-dependent definitions.
+Finally, it creates a shell script named <code>config.status</code> that you
+can run in the future to recreate the current configuration, a
+file <samp>config.cache</samp> that saves the results of its tests to
+speed up reconfiguring, and a file <samp>config.log</samp> containing
+compiler output (useful mainly for debugging <code>configure</code>).
+If at some point
+<samp>config.cache</samp> contains results you don&rsquo;t want to keep, you
+may remove or edit it.
+</p>
+<p>To find out more about the options and arguments that the
+<code>configure</code> script understands, type
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">bash-4.2$ ./configure --help
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>at the Bash prompt in your Bash source directory.
+</p>
+<p>If you want to build Bash in a directory separate from the source
+directory &ndash; to build for multiple architectures, for example &ndash;
+just use the full path to the configure script. The following commands
+will build bash in a directory under <samp>/usr/local/build</samp> from
+the source code in <samp>/usr/local/src/bash-4.4</samp>:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">mkdir /usr/local/build/bash-4.4
+cd /usr/local/build/bash-4.4
+bash /usr/local/src/bash-4.4/configure
+make
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>See <a href="#Compiling-For-Multiple-Architectures">Compiling For Multiple Architectures</a> for more information
+about building in a directory separate from the source.
+</p>
+<p>If you need to do unusual things to compile Bash, please
+try to figure out how <code>configure</code> could check whether or not
+to do them, and mail diffs or instructions to
+<a href="mailto:bash-maintainers@gnu.org">bash-maintainers@gnu.org</a> so they can be
+considered for the next release.
+</p>
+<p>The file <samp>configure.ac</samp> is used to create <code>configure</code>
+by a program called Autoconf. You only need
+<samp>configure.ac</samp> if you want to change it or regenerate
+<code>configure</code> using a newer version of Autoconf. If
+you do this, make sure you are using Autoconf version 2.50 or
+newer.
+</p>
+<p>You can remove the program binaries and object files from the
+source code directory by typing &lsquo;<samp>make clean</samp>&rsquo;. To also remove the
+files that <code>configure</code> created (so you can compile Bash for
+a different kind of computer), type &lsquo;<samp>make distclean</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Compilers-and-Options"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Compiling-For-Multiple-Architectures" accesskey="n" rel="next">Compiling For Multiple Architectures</a>, Previous: <a href="#Basic-Installation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Basic Installation</a>, Up: <a href="#Installing-Bash" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installing Bash</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Compilers-and-Options-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">10.2 Compilers and Options</h3>
+
+<p>Some systems require unusual options for compilation or linking
+that the <code>configure</code> script does not know about. You can
+give <code>configure</code> initial values for variables by setting
+them in the environment. Using a Bourne-compatible shell, you
+can do that on the command line like this:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">CC=c89 CFLAGS=-O2 LIBS=-lposix ./configure
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>On systems that have the <code>env</code> program, you can do it like this:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">env CPPFLAGS=-I/usr/local/include LDFLAGS=-s ./configure
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The configuration process uses GCC to build Bash if it
+is available.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Compiling-For-Multiple-Architectures"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Installation-Names" accesskey="n" rel="next">Installation Names</a>, Previous: <a href="#Compilers-and-Options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Compilers and Options</a>, Up: <a href="#Installing-Bash" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installing Bash</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Compiling-For-Multiple-Architectures-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">10.3 Compiling For Multiple Architectures</h3>
+
+<p>You can compile Bash for more than one kind of computer at the
+same time, by placing the object files for each architecture in their
+own directory. To do this, you must use a version of <code>make</code> that
+supports the <code>VPATH</code> variable, such as GNU <code>make</code>.
+<code>cd</code> to the
+directory where you want the object files and executables to go and run
+the <code>configure</code> script from the source directory
+(see <a href="#Basic-Installation">Basic Installation</a>).
+You may need to
+supply the <samp>--srcdir=PATH</samp> argument to tell <code>configure</code> where the
+source files are. <code>configure</code> automatically checks for the
+source code in the directory that <code>configure</code> is in and in &lsquo;..&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>If you have to use a <code>make</code> that does not supports the <code>VPATH</code>
+variable, you can compile Bash for one architecture at a
+time in the source code directory. After you have installed
+Bash for one architecture, use &lsquo;<samp>make distclean</samp>&rsquo; before
+reconfiguring for another architecture.
+</p>
+<p>Alternatively, if your system supports symbolic links, you can use the
+<samp>support/mkclone</samp> script to create a build tree which has
+symbolic links back to each file in the source directory. Here&rsquo;s an
+example that creates a build directory in the current directory from a
+source directory <samp>/usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0</samp>:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">bash /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0/support/mkclone -s /usr/gnu/src/bash-2.0 .
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <code>mkclone</code> script requires Bash, so you must have already built
+Bash for at least one architecture before you can create build
+directories for other architectures.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Installation-Names"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Specifying-the-System-Type" accesskey="n" rel="next">Specifying the System Type</a>, Previous: <a href="#Compiling-For-Multiple-Architectures" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Compiling For Multiple Architectures</a>, Up: <a href="#Installing-Bash" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installing Bash</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Installation-Names-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">10.4 Installation Names</h3>
+
+<p>By default, &lsquo;<samp>make install</samp>&rsquo; will install into
+<samp>/usr/local/bin</samp>, <samp>/usr/local/man</samp>, etc. You can
+specify an installation prefix other than <samp>/usr/local</samp> by
+giving <code>configure</code> the option <samp>--prefix=<var>PATH</var></samp>,
+or by specifying a value for the <code>DESTDIR</code> &lsquo;<samp>make</samp>&rsquo;
+variable when running &lsquo;<samp>make install</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>You can specify separate installation prefixes for
+architecture-specific files and architecture-independent files.
+If you give <code>configure</code> the option
+<samp>--exec-prefix=<var>PATH</var></samp>, &lsquo;<samp>make install</samp>&rsquo; will use
+<var>PATH</var> as the prefix for installing programs and libraries.
+Documentation and other data files will still use the regular prefix.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Specifying-the-System-Type"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Sharing-Defaults" accesskey="n" rel="next">Sharing Defaults</a>, Previous: <a href="#Installation-Names" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Installation Names</a>, Up: <a href="#Installing-Bash" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installing Bash</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Specifying-the-System-Type-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">10.5 Specifying the System Type</h3>
+
+<p>There may be some features <code>configure</code> can not figure out
+automatically, but need to determine by the type of host Bash
+will run on. Usually <code>configure</code> can figure that
+out, but if it prints a message saying it can not guess the host
+type, give it the <samp>--host=TYPE</samp> option. &lsquo;<samp>TYPE</samp>&rsquo; can
+either be a short name for the system type, such as &lsquo;<samp>sun4</samp>&rsquo;,
+or a canonical name with three fields: &lsquo;<samp>CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM</samp>&rsquo;
+(e.g., &lsquo;<samp>i386-unknown-freebsd4.2</samp>&rsquo;).
+</p>
+<p>See the file <samp>support/config.sub</samp> for the possible
+values of each field.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Sharing-Defaults"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Operation-Controls" accesskey="n" rel="next">Operation Controls</a>, Previous: <a href="#Specifying-the-System-Type" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Specifying the System Type</a>, Up: <a href="#Installing-Bash" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installing Bash</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Sharing-Defaults-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">10.6 Sharing Defaults</h3>
+
+<p>If you want to set default values for <code>configure</code> scripts to
+share, you can create a site shell script called
+<code>config.site</code> that gives default values for variables like
+<code>CC</code>, <code>cache_file</code>, and <code>prefix</code>. <code>configure</code>
+looks for <samp>PREFIX/share/config.site</samp> if it exists, then
+<samp>PREFIX/etc/config.site</samp> if it exists. Or, you can set the
+<code>CONFIG_SITE</code> environment variable to the location of the site
+script. A warning: the Bash <code>configure</code> looks for a site script,
+but not all <code>configure</code> scripts do.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Operation-Controls"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Optional-Features" accesskey="n" rel="next">Optional Features</a>, Previous: <a href="#Sharing-Defaults" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Sharing Defaults</a>, Up: <a href="#Installing-Bash" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installing Bash</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Operation-Controls-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">10.7 Operation Controls</h3>
+
+<p><code>configure</code> recognizes the following options to control how it
+operates.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>--cache-file=<var>file</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Use and save the results of the tests in
+<var>file</var> instead of <samp>./config.cache</samp>. Set <var>file</var> to
+<samp>/dev/null</samp> to disable caching, for debugging
+<code>configure</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--help</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Print a summary of the options to <code>configure</code>, and exit.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--quiet</code></dt>
+<dt><code>--silent</code></dt>
+<dt><code>-q</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Do not print messages saying which checks are being made.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--srcdir=<var>dir</var></code></dt>
+<dd><p>Look for the Bash source code in directory <var>dir</var>. Usually
+<code>configure</code> can determine that directory automatically.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--version</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Print the version of Autoconf used to generate the <code>configure</code>
+script, and exit.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p><code>configure</code> also accepts some other, not widely used, boilerplate
+options. &lsquo;<samp>configure --help</samp>&rsquo; prints the complete list.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Optional-Features"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Operation-Controls" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Operation Controls</a>, Up: <a href="#Installing-Bash" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installing Bash</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Optional-Features-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">10.8 Optional Features</h3>
+
+<p>The Bash <code>configure</code> has a number of <samp>--enable-<var>feature</var></samp>
+options, where <var>feature</var> indicates an optional part of Bash.
+There are also several <samp>--with-<var>package</var></samp> options,
+where <var>package</var> is something like &lsquo;<samp>bash-malloc</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>purify</samp>&rsquo;.
+To turn off the default use of a package, use
+<samp>--without-<var>package</var></samp>. To configure Bash without a feature
+that is enabled by default, use <samp>--disable-<var>feature</var></samp>.
+</p>
+<p>Here is a complete list of the <samp>--enable-</samp> and
+<samp>--with-</samp> options that the Bash <code>configure</code> recognizes.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>--with-afs</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Define if you are using the Andrew File System from Transarc.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--with-bash-malloc</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Use the Bash version of
+<code>malloc</code> in the directory <samp>lib/malloc</samp>. This is not the same
+<code>malloc</code> that appears in <small>GNU</small> libc, but an older version
+originally derived from the 4.2 <small>BSD</small> <code>malloc</code>. This <code>malloc</code>
+is very fast, but wastes some space on each allocation.
+This option is enabled by default.
+The <samp>NOTES</samp> file contains a list of systems for
+which this should be turned off, and <code>configure</code> disables this
+option automatically for a number of systems.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--with-curses</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Use the curses library instead of the termcap library. This should
+be supplied if your system has an inadequate or incomplete termcap
+database.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--with-gnu-malloc</code></dt>
+<dd><p>A synonym for <code>--with-bash-malloc</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--with-installed-readline[=<var>PREFIX</var>]</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Define this to make Bash link with a locally-installed version of Readline
+rather than the version in <samp>lib/readline</samp>. This works only with
+Readline 5.0 and later versions. If <var>PREFIX</var> is <code>yes</code> or not
+supplied, <code>configure</code> uses the values of the make variables
+<code>includedir</code> and <code>libdir</code>, which are subdirectories of <code>prefix</code>
+by default, to find the installed version of Readline if it is not in
+the standard system include and library directories.
+If <var>PREFIX</var> is <code>no</code>, Bash links with the version in
+<samp>lib/readline</samp>.
+If <var>PREFIX</var> is set to any other value, <code>configure</code> treats it as
+a directory pathname and looks for
+the installed version of Readline in subdirectories of that directory
+(include files in <var>PREFIX</var>/<code>include</code> and the library in
+<var>PREFIX</var>/<code>lib</code>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--with-purify</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Define this to use the Purify memory allocation checker from Rational
+Software.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-minimal-config</code></dt>
+<dd><p>This produces a shell with minimal features, close to the historical
+Bourne shell.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>There are several <samp>--enable-</samp> options that alter how Bash is
+compiled and linked, rather than changing run-time features.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>--enable-largefile</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Enable support for <a href="http://www.unix.org/version2/whatsnew/lfs20mar.html">large files</a> if the operating system requires special compiler options
+to build programs which can access large files. This is enabled by
+default, if the operating system provides large file support.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-profiling</code></dt>
+<dd><p>This builds a Bash binary that produces profiling information to be
+processed by <code>gprof</code> each time it is executed.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-static-link</code></dt>
+<dd><p>This causes Bash to be linked statically, if <code>gcc</code> is being used.
+This could be used to build a version to use as root&rsquo;s shell.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>The &lsquo;<samp>minimal-config</samp>&rsquo; option can be used to disable all of
+the following options, but it is processed first, so individual
+options may be enabled using &lsquo;<samp>enable-<var>feature</var></samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>All of the following options except for &lsquo;<samp>disabled-builtins</samp>&rsquo;,
+&lsquo;<samp>direxpand-default</samp>&rsquo;, and
+&lsquo;<samp>xpg-echo-default</samp>&rsquo; are
+enabled by default, unless the operating system does not provide the
+necessary support.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>--enable-alias</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Allow alias expansion and include the <code>alias</code> and <code>unalias</code>
+builtins (see <a href="#Aliases">Aliases</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-arith-for-command</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include support for the alternate form of the <code>for</code> command
+that behaves like the C language <code>for</code> statement
+(see <a href="#Looping-Constructs">Looping Constructs</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-array-variables</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include support for one-dimensional array shell variables
+(see <a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-bang-history</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include support for <code>csh</code>-like history substitution
+(see <a href="#History-Interaction">History Interaction</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-brace-expansion</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include <code>csh</code>-like brace expansion
+( <code>b{a,b}c</code> &rarr; <code>bac bbc</code> ).
+See <a href="#Brace-Expansion">Brace Expansion</a>, for a complete description.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-casemod-attributes</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include support for case-modifying attributes in the <code>declare</code> builtin
+and assignment statements. Variables with the <var>uppercase</var> attribute,
+for example, will have their values converted to uppercase upon assignment.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-casemod-expansion</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include support for case-modifying word expansions.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-command-timing</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include support for recognizing <code>time</code> as a reserved word and for
+displaying timing statistics for the pipeline following <code>time</code>
+(see <a href="#Pipelines">Pipelines</a>).
+This allows pipelines as well as shell builtins and functions to be timed.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-cond-command</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include support for the <code>[[</code> conditional command.
+(see <a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-cond-regexp</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include support for matching <small>POSIX</small> regular expressions using the
+&lsquo;<samp>=~</samp>&rsquo; binary operator in the <code>[[</code> conditional command.
+(see <a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-coprocesses</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include support for coprocesses and the <code>coproc</code> reserved word
+(see <a href="#Pipelines">Pipelines</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-debugger</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include support for the bash debugger (distributed separately).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-dev-fd-stat-broken</code></dt>
+<dd><p>If calling <code>stat</code> on /dev/fd/<var>N</var> returns different results than
+calling <code>fstat</code> on file descriptor <var>N</var>, supply this option to
+enable a workaround.
+This has implications for conditional commands that test file attributes.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-direxpand-default</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Cause the <code>direxpand</code> shell option (see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>)
+to be enabled by default when the shell starts.
+It is normally disabled by default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-directory-stack</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include support for a <code>csh</code>-like directory stack and the
+<code>pushd</code>, <code>popd</code>, and <code>dirs</code> builtins
+(see <a href="#The-Directory-Stack">The Directory Stack</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-disabled-builtins</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Allow builtin commands to be invoked via &lsquo;<samp>builtin xxx</samp>&rsquo;
+even after <code>xxx</code> has been disabled using &lsquo;<samp>enable -n xxx</samp>&rsquo;.
+See <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>, for details of the <code>builtin</code> and
+<code>enable</code> builtin commands.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-dparen-arithmetic</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include support for the <code>((&hellip;))</code> command
+(see <a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-extended-glob</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include support for the extended pattern matching features described
+above under <a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-extended-glob-default</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Set the default value of the <var>extglob</var> shell option described
+above under <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a> to be enabled.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-function-import</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include support for importing function definitions exported by another
+instance of the shell from the environment. This option is enabled by
+default.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-glob-asciirange-default</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Set the default value of the <var>globasciiranges</var> shell option described
+above under <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a> to be enabled.
+This controls the behavior of character ranges when used in pattern matching
+bracket expressions.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-help-builtin</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include the <code>help</code> builtin, which displays help on shell builtins and
+variables (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-history</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include command history and the <code>fc</code> and <code>history</code>
+builtin commands (see <a href="#Bash-History-Facilities">Bash History Facilities</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-job-control</code></dt>
+<dd><p>This enables the job control features (see <a href="#Job-Control">Job Control</a>),
+if the operating system supports them.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-multibyte</code></dt>
+<dd><p>This enables support for multibyte characters if the operating
+system provides the necessary support.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-net-redirections</code></dt>
+<dd><p>This enables the special handling of filenames of the form
+<code>/dev/tcp/<var>host</var>/<var>port</var></code> and
+<code>/dev/udp/<var>host</var>/<var>port</var></code>
+when used in redirections (see <a href="#Redirections">Redirections</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-process-substitution</code></dt>
+<dd><p>This enables process substitution (see <a href="#Process-Substitution">Process Substitution</a>) if
+the operating system provides the necessary support.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-progcomp</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Enable the programmable completion facilities
+(see <a href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a>).
+If Readline is not enabled, this option has no effect.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-prompt-string-decoding</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Turn on the interpretation of a number of backslash-escaped characters
+in the <code>$PS0</code>, <code>$PS1</code>, <code>$PS2</code>, and <code>$PS4</code> prompt
+strings. See <a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt">Controlling the Prompt</a>, for a complete list of prompt
+string escape sequences.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-readline</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include support for command-line editing and history with the Bash
+version of the Readline library (see <a href="#Command-Line-Editing">Command Line Editing</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-restricted</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include support for a <em>restricted shell</em>. If this is enabled, Bash,
+when called as <code>rbash</code>, enters a restricted mode. See
+<a href="#The-Restricted-Shell">The Restricted Shell</a>, for a description of restricted mode.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-select</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Include the <code>select</code> compound command, which allows the generation of
+simple menus (see <a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-separate-helpfiles</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Use external files for the documentation displayed by the <code>help</code> builtin
+instead of storing the text internally.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-single-help-strings</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Store the text displayed by the <code>help</code> builtin as a single string for
+each help topic. This aids in translating the text to different languages.
+You may need to disable this if your compiler cannot handle very long string
+literals.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-strict-posix-default</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Make Bash <small>POSIX</small>-conformant by default (see <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>).
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-usg-echo-default</code></dt>
+<dd><p>A synonym for <code>--enable-xpg-echo-default</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>--enable-xpg-echo-default</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Make the <code>echo</code> builtin expand backslash-escaped characters by default,
+without requiring the <samp>-e</samp> option.
+This sets the default value of the <code>xpg_echo</code> shell option to <code>on</code>,
+which makes the Bash <code>echo</code> behave more like the version specified in
+the Single Unix Specification, version 3.
+See <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>, for a description of the escape sequences that
+<code>echo</code> recognizes.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>The file <samp>config-top.h</samp> contains C Preprocessor
+&lsquo;<samp>#define</samp>&rsquo; statements for options which are not settable from
+<code>configure</code>.
+Some of these are not meant to be changed; beware of the consequences if
+you do.
+Read the comments associated with each definition for more
+information about its effect.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Reporting-Bugs"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Major-Differences-From-The-Bourne-Shell" accesskey="n" rel="next">Major Differences From The Bourne Shell</a>, Previous: <a href="#Installing-Bash" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Installing Bash</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Reporting-Bugs-1"></a>
+<h2 class="appendix">Appendix A Reporting Bugs</h2>
+
+<p>Please report all bugs you find in Bash.
+But first, you should
+make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest
+version of Bash.
+The latest version of Bash is always available for FTP from
+<a href="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/">ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/</a>.
+</p>
+<p>Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the
+<code>bashbug</code> command to submit a bug report.
+If you have a fix, you are encouraged to mail that as well!
+Suggestions and &lsquo;philosophical&rsquo; bug reports may be mailed
+to <a href="mailto:bug-bash@gnu.org">bug-bash@gnu.org</a> or posted to the Usenet
+newsgroup <code>gnu.bash.bug</code>.
+</p>
+<p>All bug reports should include:
+</p><ul>
+<li> The version number of Bash.
+</li><li> The hardware and operating system.
+</li><li> The compiler used to compile Bash.
+</li><li> A description of the bug behaviour.
+</li><li> A short script or &lsquo;recipe&rsquo; which exercises the bug and may be used
+to reproduce it.
+</li></ul>
+
+<p><code>bashbug</code> inserts the first three items automatically into
+the template it provides for filing a bug report.
+</p>
+<p>Please send all reports concerning this manual to
+<a href="mailto:bug-bash@gnu.org">bug-bash@gnu.org</a>.
+</p>
+<hr>
+<a name="Major-Differences-From-The-Bourne-Shell"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#GNU-Free-Documentation-License" accesskey="n" rel="next">GNU Free Documentation License</a>, Previous: <a href="#Reporting-Bugs" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Reporting Bugs</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Major-Differences-From-The-Bourne-Shell-1"></a>
+<h2 class="appendix">Appendix B Major Differences From The Bourne Shell</h2>
+
+<p>Bash implements essentially the same grammar, parameter and
+variable expansion, redirection, and quoting as the Bourne Shell.
+Bash uses the <small>POSIX</small> standard as the specification of
+how these features are to be implemented. There are some
+differences between the traditional Bourne shell and Bash; this
+section quickly details the differences of significance. A
+number of these differences are explained in greater depth in
+previous sections.
+This section uses the version of <code>sh</code> included in SVR4.2 (the
+last version of the historical Bourne shell) as the baseline reference.
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li> Bash is <small>POSIX</small>-conformant, even where the <small>POSIX</small> specification
+differs from traditional <code>sh</code> behavior (see <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash has multi-character invocation options (see <a href="#Invoking-Bash">Invoking Bash</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash has command-line editing (see <a href="#Command-Line-Editing">Command Line Editing</a>) and
+the <code>bind</code> builtin.
+
+</li><li> Bash provides a programmable word completion mechanism
+(see <a href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a>), and builtin commands
+<code>complete</code>, <code>compgen</code>, and <code>compopt</code>, to
+manipulate it.
+
+</li><li> Bash has command history (see <a href="#Bash-History-Facilities">Bash History Facilities</a>) and the
+<code>history</code> and <code>fc</code> builtins to manipulate it.
+The Bash history list maintains timestamp information and uses the
+value of the <code>HISTTIMEFORMAT</code> variable to display it.
+
+</li><li> Bash implements <code>csh</code>-like history expansion
+(see <a href="#History-Interaction">History Interaction</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash has one-dimensional array variables (see <a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>), and the
+appropriate variable expansions and assignment syntax to use them.
+Several of the Bash builtins take options to act on arrays.
+Bash provides a number of built-in array variables.
+
+</li><li> The <code>$'&hellip;'</code> quoting syntax, which expands ANSI-C
+backslash-escaped characters in the text between the single quotes,
+is supported (see <a href="#ANSI_002dC-Quoting">ANSI-C Quoting</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash supports the <code>$&quot;&hellip;&quot;</code> quoting syntax to do
+locale-specific translation of the characters between the double
+quotes. The <samp>-D</samp>, <samp>--dump-strings</samp>, and <samp>--dump-po-strings</samp>
+invocation options list the translatable strings found in a script
+(see <a href="#Locale-Translation">Locale Translation</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash implements the <code>!</code> keyword to negate the return value of
+a pipeline (see <a href="#Pipelines">Pipelines</a>).
+Very useful when an <code>if</code> statement needs to act only if a test fails.
+The Bash &lsquo;<samp>-o pipefail</samp>&rsquo; option to <code>set</code> will cause a pipeline to
+return a failure status if any command fails.
+
+</li><li> Bash has the <code>time</code> reserved word and command timing (see <a href="#Pipelines">Pipelines</a>).
+The display of the timing statistics may be controlled with the
+<code>TIMEFORMAT</code> variable.
+
+</li><li> Bash implements the <code>for (( <var>expr1</var> ; <var>expr2</var> ; <var>expr3</var> ))</code>
+arithmetic for command, similar to the C language (see <a href="#Looping-Constructs">Looping Constructs</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash includes the <code>select</code> compound command, which allows the
+generation of simple menus (see <a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash includes the <code>[[</code> compound command, which makes conditional
+testing part of the shell grammar (see <a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a>), including
+optional regular expression matching.
+
+</li><li> Bash provides optional case-insensitive matching for the <code>case</code> and
+<code>[[</code> constructs.
+
+</li><li> Bash includes brace expansion (see <a href="#Brace-Expansion">Brace Expansion</a>) and tilde
+expansion (see <a href="#Tilde-Expansion">Tilde Expansion</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash implements command aliases and the <code>alias</code> and <code>unalias</code>
+builtins (see <a href="#Aliases">Aliases</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash provides shell arithmetic, the <code>((</code> compound command
+(see <a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a>),
+and arithmetic expansion (see <a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a>).
+
+</li><li> Variables present in the shell&rsquo;s initial environment are automatically
+exported to child processes. The Bourne shell does not normally do
+this unless the variables are explicitly marked using the <code>export</code>
+command.
+
+</li><li> Bash supports the &lsquo;<samp>+=</samp>&rsquo; assignment operator, which appends to the value
+of the variable named on the left hand side.
+
+</li><li> Bash includes the <small>POSIX</small> pattern removal &lsquo;<samp>%</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>#</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>%%</samp>&rsquo;
+and &lsquo;<samp>##</samp>&rsquo; expansions to remove leading or trailing substrings from
+variable values (see <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>).
+
+</li><li> The expansion <code>${#xx}</code>, which returns the length of <code>${xx}</code>,
+is supported (see <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>).
+
+</li><li> The expansion <code>${var:</code><var>offset</var><code>[:</code><var>length</var><code>]}</code>,
+which expands to the substring of <code>var</code>&rsquo;s value of length
+<var>length</var>, beginning at <var>offset</var>, is present
+(see <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>).
+
+</li><li> The expansion
+<code>${var/[/]</code><var>pattern</var><code>[/</code><var>replacement</var><code>]}</code>,
+which matches <var>pattern</var> and replaces it with <var>replacement</var> in
+the value of <code>var</code>, is available (see <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>).
+
+</li><li> The expansion <code>${!<var>prefix</var>*}</code> expansion, which expands to
+the names of all shell variables whose names begin with <var>prefix</var>,
+is available (see <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash has <var>indirect</var> variable expansion using <code>${!word}</code>
+(see <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash can expand positional parameters beyond <code>$9</code> using
+<code>${<var>num</var>}</code>.
+
+</li><li> The <small>POSIX</small> <code>$()</code> form of command substitution
+is implemented (see <a href="#Command-Substitution">Command Substitution</a>),
+and preferred to the Bourne shell&rsquo;s <code>``</code> (which
+is also implemented for backwards compatibility).
+
+</li><li> Bash has process substitution (see <a href="#Process-Substitution">Process Substitution</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash automatically assigns variables that provide information about the
+current user (<code>UID</code>, <code>EUID</code>, and <code>GROUPS</code>), the current host
+(<code>HOSTTYPE</code>, <code>OSTYPE</code>, <code>MACHTYPE</code>, and <code>HOSTNAME</code>),
+and the instance of Bash that is running (<code>BASH</code>,
+<code>BASH_VERSION</code>, and <code>BASH_VERSINFO</code>). See <a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a>,
+for details.
+
+</li><li> The <code>IFS</code> variable is used to split only the results of expansion,
+not all words (see <a href="#Word-Splitting">Word Splitting</a>).
+This closes a longstanding shell security hole.
+
+</li><li> The filename expansion bracket expression code uses &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>^</samp>&rsquo;
+to negate the set of characters between the brackets.
+The Bourne shell uses only &lsquo;<samp>!</samp>&rsquo;.
+
+</li><li> Bash implements the full set of <small>POSIX</small> filename expansion operators,
+including <var>character classes</var>, <var>equivalence classes</var>, and
+<var>collating symbols</var> (see <a href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash implements extended pattern matching features when the <code>extglob</code>
+shell option is enabled (see <a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>).
+
+</li><li> It is possible to have a variable and a function with the same name;
+<code>sh</code> does not separate the two name spaces.
+
+</li><li> Bash functions are permitted to have local variables using the
+<code>local</code> builtin, and thus useful recursive functions may be written
+(see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+
+</li><li> Variable assignments preceding commands affect only that command, even
+builtins and functions (see <a href="#Environment">Environment</a>).
+In <code>sh</code>, all variable assignments
+preceding commands are global unless the command is executed from the
+file system.
+
+</li><li> Bash performs filename expansion on filenames specified as operands
+to input and output redirection operators (see <a href="#Redirections">Redirections</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash contains the &lsquo;<samp>&lt;&gt;</samp>&rsquo; redirection operator, allowing a file to be
+opened for both reading and writing, and the &lsquo;<samp>&amp;&gt;</samp>&rsquo; redirection
+operator, for directing standard output and standard error to the same
+file (see <a href="#Redirections">Redirections</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash includes the &lsquo;<samp>&lt;&lt;&lt;</samp>&rsquo; redirection operator, allowing a string to
+be used as the standard input to a command.
+
+</li><li> Bash implements the &lsquo;<samp>[n]&lt;&amp;<var>word</var></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>[n]&gt;&amp;<var>word</var></samp>&rsquo;
+redirection operators, which move one file descriptor to another.
+
+</li><li> Bash treats a number of filenames specially when they are
+used in redirection operators (see <a href="#Redirections">Redirections</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash can open network connections to arbitrary machines and services
+with the redirection operators (see <a href="#Redirections">Redirections</a>).
+
+</li><li> The <code>noclobber</code> option is available to avoid overwriting existing
+files with output redirection (see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
+The &lsquo;<samp>&gt;|</samp>&rsquo; redirection operator may be used to override <code>noclobber</code>.
+
+</li><li> The Bash <code>cd</code> and <code>pwd</code> builtins (see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>)
+each take <samp>-L</samp> and <samp>-P</samp> options to switch between logical and
+physical modes.
+
+</li><li> Bash allows a function to override a builtin with the same name, and provides
+access to that builtin&rsquo;s functionality within the function via the
+<code>builtin</code> and <code>command</code> builtins (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+
+</li><li> The <code>command</code> builtin allows selective disabling of functions
+when command lookup is performed (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+
+</li><li> Individual builtins may be enabled or disabled using the <code>enable</code>
+builtin (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+
+</li><li> The Bash <code>exec</code> builtin takes additional options that allow users
+to control the contents of the environment passed to the executed
+command, and what the zeroth argument to the command is to be
+(see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
+
+</li><li> Shell functions may be exported to children via the environment
+using <code>export -f</code> (see <a href="#Shell-Functions">Shell Functions</a>).
+
+</li><li> The Bash <code>export</code>, <code>readonly</code>, and <code>declare</code> builtins can
+take a <samp>-f</samp> option to act on shell functions, a <samp>-p</samp> option to
+display variables with various attributes set in a format that can be
+used as shell input, a <samp>-n</samp> option to remove various variable
+attributes, and &lsquo;<samp>name=value</samp>&rsquo; arguments to set variable attributes
+and values simultaneously.
+
+</li><li> The Bash <code>hash</code> builtin allows a name to be associated with
+an arbitrary filename, even when that filename cannot be found by
+searching the <code>$PATH</code>, using &lsquo;<samp>hash -p</samp>&rsquo;
+(see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash includes a <code>help</code> builtin for quick reference to shell
+facilities (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+
+</li><li> The <code>printf</code> builtin is available to display formatted output
+(see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+
+</li><li> The Bash <code>read</code> builtin (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>)
+will read a line ending in &lsquo;<samp>\</samp>&rsquo; with
+the <samp>-r</samp> option, and will use the <code>REPLY</code> variable as a
+default if no non-option arguments are supplied.
+The Bash <code>read</code> builtin
+also accepts a prompt string with the <samp>-p</samp> option and will use
+Readline to obtain the line when given the <samp>-e</samp> option.
+The <code>read</code> builtin also has additional options to control input:
+the <samp>-s</samp> option will turn off echoing of input characters as
+they are read, the <samp>-t</samp> option will allow <code>read</code> to time out
+if input does not arrive within a specified number of seconds, the
+<samp>-n</samp> option will allow reading only a specified number of
+characters rather than a full line, and the <samp>-d</samp> option will read
+until a particular character rather than newline.
+
+</li><li> The <code>return</code> builtin may be used to abort execution of scripts
+executed with the <code>.</code> or <code>source</code> builtins
+(see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash includes the <code>shopt</code> builtin, for finer control of shell
+optional capabilities (see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>), and allows these options
+to be set and unset at shell invocation (see <a href="#Invoking-Bash">Invoking Bash</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash has much more optional behavior controllable with the <code>set</code>
+builtin (see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
+
+</li><li> The &lsquo;<samp>-x</samp>&rsquo; (<samp>xtrace</samp>) option displays commands other than
+simple commands when performing an execution trace
+(see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>).
+
+</li><li> The <code>test</code> builtin (see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>)
+is slightly different, as it implements the <small>POSIX</small> algorithm,
+which specifies the behavior based on the number of arguments.
+
+</li><li> Bash includes the <code>caller</code> builtin, which displays the context of
+any active subroutine call (a shell function or a script executed with
+the <code>.</code> or <code>source</code> builtins). This supports the bash
+debugger.
+
+</li><li> The <code>trap</code> builtin (see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>) allows a
+<code>DEBUG</code> pseudo-signal specification, similar to <code>EXIT</code>.
+Commands specified with a <code>DEBUG</code> trap are executed before every
+simple command, <code>for</code> command, <code>case</code> command,
+<code>select</code> command, every arithmetic <code>for</code> command, and before
+the first command executes in a shell function.
+The <code>DEBUG</code> trap is not inherited by shell functions unless the
+function has been given the <code>trace</code> attribute or the
+<code>functrace</code> option has been enabled using the <code>shopt</code> builtin.
+The <code>extdebug</code> shell option has additional effects on the
+<code>DEBUG</code> trap.
+
+<p>The <code>trap</code> builtin (see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>) allows an
+<code>ERR</code> pseudo-signal specification, similar to <code>EXIT</code> and <code>DEBUG</code>.
+Commands specified with an <code>ERR</code> trap are executed after a simple
+command fails, with a few exceptions.
+The <code>ERR</code> trap is not inherited by shell functions unless the
+<code>-o errtrace</code> option to the <code>set</code> builtin is enabled.
+</p>
+<p>The <code>trap</code> builtin (see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>) allows a
+<code>RETURN</code> pseudo-signal specification, similar to
+<code>EXIT</code> and <code>DEBUG</code>.
+Commands specified with an <code>RETURN</code> trap are executed before
+execution resumes after a shell function or a shell script executed with
+<code>.</code> or <code>source</code> returns.
+The <code>RETURN</code> trap is not inherited by shell functions unless the
+function has been given the <code>trace</code> attribute or the
+<code>functrace</code> option has been enabled using the <code>shopt</code> builtin.
+</p>
+</li><li> The Bash <code>type</code> builtin is more extensive and gives more information
+about the names it finds (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>).
+
+</li><li> The Bash <code>umask</code> builtin permits a <samp>-p</samp> option to cause
+the output to be displayed in the form of a <code>umask</code> command
+that may be reused as input (see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>).
+
+</li><li> Bash implements a <code>csh</code>-like directory stack, and provides the
+<code>pushd</code>, <code>popd</code>, and <code>dirs</code> builtins to manipulate it
+(see <a href="#The-Directory-Stack">The Directory Stack</a>).
+Bash also makes the directory stack visible as the value of the
+<code>DIRSTACK</code> shell variable.
+
+</li><li> Bash interprets special backslash-escaped characters in the prompt
+strings when interactive (see <a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt">Controlling the Prompt</a>).
+
+</li><li> The Bash restricted mode is more useful (see <a href="#The-Restricted-Shell">The Restricted Shell</a>);
+the SVR4.2 shell restricted mode is too limited.
+
+</li><li> The <code>disown</code> builtin can remove a job from the internal shell
+job table (see <a href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a>) or suppress the sending
+of <code>SIGHUP</code> to a job when the shell exits as the result of a
+<code>SIGHUP</code>.
+
+</li><li> Bash includes a number of features to support a separate debugger for
+shell scripts.
+
+</li><li> The SVR4.2 shell has two privilege-related builtins
+(<code>mldmode</code> and <code>priv</code>) not present in Bash.
+
+</li><li> Bash does not have the <code>stop</code> or <code>newgrp</code> builtins.
+
+</li><li> Bash does not use the <code>SHACCT</code> variable or perform shell accounting.
+
+</li><li> The SVR4.2 <code>sh</code> uses a <code>TIMEOUT</code> variable like Bash uses
+<code>TMOUT</code>.
+
+</li></ul>
+
+<p>More features unique to Bash may be found in <a href="#Bash-Features">Bash Features</a>.
+</p>
+
+<a name="Implementation-Differences-From-The-SVR4_002e2-Shell"></a>
+<h3 class="appendixsec">B.1 Implementation Differences From The SVR4.2 Shell</h3>
+
+<p>Since Bash is a completely new implementation, it does not suffer from
+many of the limitations of the SVR4.2 shell. For instance:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li> Bash does not fork a subshell when redirecting into or out of
+a shell control structure such as an <code>if</code> or <code>while</code>
+statement.
+
+</li><li> Bash does not allow unbalanced quotes. The SVR4.2 shell will silently
+insert a needed closing quote at <code>EOF</code> under certain circumstances.
+This can be the cause of some hard-to-find errors.
+
+</li><li> The SVR4.2 shell uses a baroque memory management scheme based on
+trapping <code>SIGSEGV</code>. If the shell is started from a process with
+<code>SIGSEGV</code> blocked (e.g., by using the <code>system()</code> C library
+function call), it misbehaves badly.
+
+</li><li> In a questionable attempt at security, the SVR4.2 shell,
+when invoked without the <samp>-p</samp> option, will alter its real
+and effective <small>UID</small> and <small>GID</small> if they are less than some
+magic threshold value, commonly 100.
+This can lead to unexpected results.
+
+</li><li> The SVR4.2 shell does not allow users to trap <code>SIGSEGV</code>,
+<code>SIGALRM</code>, or <code>SIGCHLD</code>.
+
+</li><li> The SVR4.2 shell does not allow the <code>IFS</code>, <code>MAILCHECK</code>,
+<code>PATH</code>, <code>PS1</code>, or <code>PS2</code> variables to be unset.
+
+</li><li> The SVR4.2 shell treats &lsquo;<samp>^</samp>&rsquo; as the undocumented equivalent of
+&lsquo;<samp>|</samp>&rsquo;.
+
+</li><li> Bash allows multiple option arguments when it is invoked (<code>-x -v</code>);
+the SVR4.2 shell allows only one option argument (<code>-xv</code>). In
+fact, some versions of the shell dump core if the second argument begins
+with a &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo;.
+
+</li><li> The SVR4.2 shell exits a script if any builtin fails; Bash exits
+a script only if one of the <small>POSIX</small> special builtins fails, and
+only for certain failures, as enumerated in the <small>POSIX</small> standard.
+
+</li><li> The SVR4.2 shell behaves differently when invoked as <code>jsh</code>
+(it turns on job control).
+</li></ul>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="GNU-Free-Documentation-License"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Indexes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Major-Differences-From-The-Bourne-Shell" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Major Differences From The Bourne Shell</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="GNU-Free-Documentation-License-1"></a>
+<h2 class="appendix">Appendix C GNU Free Documentation License</h2>
+
+<div align="center">Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
+</div>
+
+<div class="display">
+<pre class="display">Copyright &copy; 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+<a href="http://fsf.org/">http://fsf.org/</a>
+
+Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
+of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
+</pre></div>
+
+<ol start="0">
+<li> PREAMBLE
+
+<p>The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
+functional and useful document <em>free</em> in the sense of freedom: to
+assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
+with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
+Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way
+to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible
+for modifications made by others.
+</p>
+<p>This License is a kind of &ldquo;copyleft&rdquo;, which means that derivative
+works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It
+complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
+license designed for free software.
+</p>
+<p>We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
+software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
+program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
+software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals;
+it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
+whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License
+principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
+</p>
+</li><li> APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
+
+<p>This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that
+contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be
+distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a
+world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that
+work under the conditions stated herein. The &ldquo;Document&rdquo;, below,
+refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a
+licensee, and is addressed as &ldquo;you&rdquo;. You accept the license if you
+copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission
+under copyright law.
+</p>
+<p>A &ldquo;Modified Version&rdquo; of the Document means any work containing the
+Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
+modifications and/or translated into another language.
+</p>
+<p>A &ldquo;Secondary Section&rdquo; is a named appendix or a front-matter section
+of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
+publishers or authors of the Document to the Document&rsquo;s overall
+subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall
+directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in
+part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain
+any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical
+connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
+commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
+them.
+</p>
+<p>The &ldquo;Invariant Sections&rdquo; are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
+are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
+that says that the Document is released under this License. If a
+section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not
+allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero
+Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant
+Sections then there are none.
+</p>
+<p>The &ldquo;Cover Texts&rdquo; are certain short passages of text that are listed,
+as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
+the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may
+be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
+</p>
+<p>A &ldquo;Transparent&rdquo; copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
+represented in a format whose specification is available to the
+general public, that is suitable for revising the document
+straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
+pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
+drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
+for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input
+to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file
+format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart
+or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.
+An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount
+of text. A copy that is not &ldquo;Transparent&rdquo; is called &ldquo;Opaque&rdquo;.
+</p>
+<p>Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
+<small>ASCII</small> without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input
+format, <acronym>SGML</acronym> or <acronym>XML</acronym> using a publicly available
+<acronym>DTD</acronym>, and standard-conforming simple <acronym>HTML</acronym>,
+PostScript or <acronym>PDF</acronym> designed for human modification. Examples
+of transparent image formats include <acronym>PNG</acronym>, <acronym>XCF</acronym> and
+<acronym>JPG</acronym>. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be
+read and edited only by proprietary word processors, <acronym>SGML</acronym> or
+<acronym>XML</acronym> for which the <acronym>DTD</acronym> and/or processing tools are
+not generally available, and the machine-generated <acronym>HTML</acronym>,
+PostScript or <acronym>PDF</acronym> produced by some word processors for
+output purposes only.
+</p>
+<p>The &ldquo;Title Page&rdquo; means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
+plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
+this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in
+formats which do not have any title page as such, &ldquo;Title Page&rdquo; means
+the text near the most prominent appearance of the work&rsquo;s title,
+preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
+</p>
+<p>The &ldquo;publisher&rdquo; means any person or entity that distributes copies
+of the Document to the public.
+</p>
+<p>A section &ldquo;Entitled XYZ&rdquo; means a named subunit of the Document whose
+title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following
+text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a
+specific section name mentioned below, such as &ldquo;Acknowledgements&rdquo;,
+&ldquo;Dedications&rdquo;, &ldquo;Endorsements&rdquo;, or &ldquo;History&rdquo;.) To &ldquo;Preserve the Title&rdquo;
+of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a
+section &ldquo;Entitled XYZ&rdquo; according to this definition.
+</p>
+<p>The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which
+states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty
+Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this
+License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
+implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has
+no effect on the meaning of this License.
+</p>
+</li><li> VERBATIM COPYING
+
+<p>You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
+commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
+copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
+to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
+conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use
+technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
+copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept
+compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough
+number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
+</p>
+<p>You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
+you may publicly display copies.
+</p>
+</li><li> COPYING IN QUANTITY
+
+<p>If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have
+printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the
+Document&rsquo;s license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the
+copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
+Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
+the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
+you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present
+the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
+visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition.
+Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
+the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
+as verbatim copying in other respects.
+</p>
+<p>If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
+legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
+reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
+pages.
+</p>
+<p>If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
+more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
+copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
+a computer-network location from which the general network-using
+public has access to download using public-standard network protocols
+a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.
+If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps,
+when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure
+that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
+location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an
+Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that
+edition to the public.
+</p>
+<p>It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
+Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
+them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
+</p>
+</li><li> MODIFICATIONS
+
+<p>You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
+the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
+the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
+Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
+and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
+of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
+</p>
+<ol type="A" start="1">
+<li> Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
+from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
+(which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
+of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version
+if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
+
+</li><li> List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
+responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
+Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
+Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),
+unless they release you from this requirement.
+
+</li><li> State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
+Modified Version, as the publisher.
+
+</li><li> Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
+
+</li><li> Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
+adjacent to the other copyright notices.
+
+</li><li> Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
+giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
+terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
+
+</li><li> Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
+and required Cover Texts given in the Document&rsquo;s license notice.
+
+</li><li> Include an unaltered copy of this License.
+
+</li><li> Preserve the section Entitled &ldquo;History&rdquo;, Preserve its Title, and add
+to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
+publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If
+there is no section Entitled &ldquo;History&rdquo; in the Document, create one
+stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
+given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
+Version as stated in the previous sentence.
+
+</li><li> Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
+public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
+the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
+it was based on. These may be placed in the &ldquo;History&rdquo; section.
+You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
+least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
+publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
+
+</li><li> For any section Entitled &ldquo;Acknowledgements&rdquo; or &ldquo;Dedications&rdquo;, Preserve
+the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the
+substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or
+dedications given therein.
+
+</li><li> Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
+unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
+or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
+
+</li><li> Delete any section Entitled &ldquo;Endorsements&rdquo;. Such a section
+may not be included in the Modified Version.
+
+</li><li> Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled &ldquo;Endorsements&rdquo; or
+to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
+
+</li><li> Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
+</li></ol>
+
+<p>If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
+appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
+copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
+of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the
+list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version&rsquo;s license notice.
+These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
+</p>
+<p>You may add a section Entitled &ldquo;Endorsements&rdquo;, provided it contains
+nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
+parties&mdash;for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
+been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
+standard.
+</p>
+<p>You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
+passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
+of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of
+Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
+through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already
+includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
+by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,
+you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
+permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
+</p>
+<p>The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
+give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
+imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
+</p>
+</li><li> COMBINING DOCUMENTS
+
+<p>You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
+License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
+versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
+Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
+list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
+license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
+</p>
+<p>The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
+multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
+copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
+different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
+adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
+author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
+Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
+Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
+</p>
+<p>In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled &ldquo;History&rdquo;
+in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled
+&ldquo;History&rdquo;; likewise combine any sections Entitled &ldquo;Acknowledgements&rdquo;,
+and any sections Entitled &ldquo;Dedications&rdquo;. You must delete all
+sections Entitled &ldquo;Endorsements.&rdquo;
+</p>
+</li><li> COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
+
+<p>You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
+released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this
+License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in
+the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for
+verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
+</p>
+<p>You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute
+it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this
+License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all
+other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
+</p>
+</li><li> AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
+
+<p>A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
+and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
+distribution medium, is called an &ldquo;aggregate&rdquo; if the copyright
+resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights
+of the compilation&rsquo;s users beyond what the individual works permit.
+When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not
+apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves
+derivative works of the Document.
+</p>
+<p>If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
+copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of
+the entire aggregate, the Document&rsquo;s Cover Texts may be placed on
+covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
+electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form.
+Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole
+aggregate.
+</p>
+</li><li> TRANSLATION
+
+<p>Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
+distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
+Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
+permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
+translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
+original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
+translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
+Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include
+the original English version of this License and the original versions
+of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between
+the translation and the original version of this License or a notice
+or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
+</p>
+<p>If a section in the Document is Entitled &ldquo;Acknowledgements&rdquo;,
+&ldquo;Dedications&rdquo;, or &ldquo;History&rdquo;, the requirement (section 4) to Preserve
+its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual
+title.
+</p>
+</li><li> TERMINATION
+
+<p>You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
+except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
+otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and
+will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
+</p>
+<p>However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license
+from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally,
+unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally
+terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder
+fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to
+60 days after the cessation.
+</p>
+<p>Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
+reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
+violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
+received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that
+copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after
+your receipt of the notice.
+</p>
+<p>Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the
+licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under
+this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently
+reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does
+not give you any rights to use it.
+</p>
+</li><li> FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
+
+<p>The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions
+of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
+versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
+differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
+<a href="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/">http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/</a>.
+</p>
+<p>Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
+If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
+License &ldquo;or any later version&rdquo; applies to it, you have the option of
+following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
+of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
+Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version
+number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
+as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document
+specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this
+License can be used, that proxy&rsquo;s public statement of acceptance of a
+version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the
+Document.
+</p>
+</li><li> RELICENSING
+
+<p>&ldquo;Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site&rdquo; (or &ldquo;MMC Site&rdquo;) means any
+World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also
+provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A
+public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A
+&ldquo;Massive Multiauthor Collaboration&rdquo; (or &ldquo;MMC&rdquo;) contained in the
+site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC
+site.
+</p>
+<p>&ldquo;CC-BY-SA&rdquo; means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
+license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit
+corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco,
+California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license
+published by that same organization.
+</p>
+<p>&ldquo;Incorporate&rdquo; means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or
+in part, as part of another Document.
+</p>
+<p>An MMC is &ldquo;eligible for relicensing&rdquo; if it is licensed under this
+License, and if all works that were first published under this License
+somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole
+or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections,
+and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.
+</p>
+<p>The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site
+under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009,
+provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
+</p>
+</li></ol>
+
+<a name="ADDENDUM_003a-How-to-use-this-License-for-your-documents"></a>
+<h3 class="heading">ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents</h3>
+
+<p>To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
+the License in the document and put the following copyright and
+license notices just after the title page:
+</p>
+<div class="smallexample">
+<pre class="smallexample"> Copyright (C) <var>year</var> <var>your name</var>.
+ Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
+ under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
+ or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
+ with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
+ Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
+ Free Documentation License''.
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
+replace the &ldquo;with&hellip;Texts.&rdquo; line with this:
+</p>
+<div class="smallexample">
+<pre class="smallexample"> with the Invariant Sections being <var>list their titles</var>, with
+ the Front-Cover Texts being <var>list</var>, and with the Back-Cover Texts
+ being <var>list</var>.
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
+combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
+situation.
+</p>
+<p>If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
+recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
+free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
+to permit their use in free software.
+</p>
+
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Indexes"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#GNU-Free-Documentation-License" accesskey="p" rel="prev">GNU Free Documentation License</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Indexes-1"></a>
+<h2 class="appendix">Appendix D Indexes</h2>
+
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Builtin-Index" accesskey="1">Builtin Index</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Index of Bash builtin commands.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Reserved-Word-Index" accesskey="2">Reserved Word Index</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Index of Bash reserved words.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Variable-Index" accesskey="3">Variable Index</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Quick reference helps you find the
+ variable you want.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Function-Index" accesskey="4">Function Index</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Index of bindable Readline functions.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="5">Concept Index</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">General index for concepts described in
+ this manual.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Builtin-Index"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Reserved-Word-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Reserved Word Index</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Index-of-Shell-Builtin-Commands"></a>
+<h3 class="appendixsec">D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands</h3>
+<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_symbol-1"><b>.</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_symbol-2"><b>:</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_symbol-3"><b>[</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<br>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-G"><b>G</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-J"><b>J</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-K"><b>K</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+</td></tr></table>
+<table class="index-bt" border="0">
+<tr><td></td><th align="left">Index Entry</th><td>&nbsp;</td><th align="left"> Section</th></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_symbol-1">.</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002e"><code>.</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_symbol-2">:</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_003a"><code>:</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_symbol-3">[</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005b"><code>[</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-A">A</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-alias"><code>alias</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-B">B</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bg"><code>bg</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bind"><code>bind</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-break"><code>break</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-builtin"><code>builtin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-C">C</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-caller"><code>caller</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cd"><code>cd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-command"><code>command</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-compgen"><code>compgen</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins">Programmable Completion Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-complete"><code>complete</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins">Programmable Completion Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-compopt"><code>compopt</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins">Programmable Completion Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-continue"><code>continue</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-D">D</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-declare"><code>declare</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dirs"><code>dirs</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directory-Stack-Builtins">Directory Stack Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-disown"><code>disown</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-E">E</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-echo"><code>echo</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enable"><code>enable</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eval"><code>eval</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-exec"><code>exec</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-exit"><code>exit</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-export"><code>export</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-F">F</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fc"><code>fc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-History-Builtins">Bash History Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fg"><code>fg</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-G">G</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-getopts"><code>getopts</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-H">H</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hash"><code>hash</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-help"><code>help</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-history"><code>history</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-History-Builtins">Bash History Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-J">J</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-jobs"><code>jobs</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-K">K</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kill"><code>kill</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-L">L</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-let"><code>let</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-local"><code>local</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-logout"><code>logout</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-M">M</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mapfile"><code>mapfile</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-P">P</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-popd"><code>popd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directory-Stack-Builtins">Directory Stack Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-printf"><code>printf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pushd"><code>pushd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Directory-Stack-Builtins">Directory Stack Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pwd"><code>pwd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-R">R</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-read"><code>read</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-readarray"><code>readarray</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-readonly"><code>readonly</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-return"><code>return</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-S">S</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-set"><code>set</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shift"><code>shift</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shopt"><code>shopt</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-source"><code>source</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-suspend"><code>suspend</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-T">T</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-test"><code>test</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-times"><code>times</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-trap"><code>trap</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-type"><code>type</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typeset"><code>typeset</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-U">U</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ulimit"><code>ulimit</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-umask"><code>umask</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unalias"><code>unalias</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unset"><code>unset</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Builtin-Index_bt_letter-W">W</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-wait"><code>wait</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Job-Control-Builtins">Job Control Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+</table>
+<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_symbol-1"><b>.</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_symbol-2"><b>:</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_symbol-3"><b>[</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<br>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-G"><b>G</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-J"><b>J</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-K"><b>K</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Builtin-Index_bt_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Reserved-Word-Index"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Variable-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Variable Index</a>, Previous: <a href="#Builtin-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Builtin Index</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Index-of-Shell-Reserved-Words"></a>
+<h3 class="appendixsec">D.2 Index of Shell Reserved Words</h3>
+<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-1"><b>!</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-2"><b>[</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-3"><b>]</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-4"><b>{</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-5"><b>}</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<br>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+</td></tr></table>
+<table class="index-rw" border="0">
+<tr><td></td><th align="left">Index Entry</th><td>&nbsp;</td><th align="left"> Section</th></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-1">!</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0021"><code>!</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Pipelines">Pipelines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-2">[</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005b_005b"><code>[[</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-3">]</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005d_005d"><code>]]</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-4">{</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_007b"><code>{</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-Grouping">Command Grouping</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-5">}</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_007d"><code>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-Grouping">Command Grouping</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-C">C</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-case"><code>case</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-D">D</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-do"><code>do</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Looping-Constructs">Looping Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-done"><code>done</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Looping-Constructs">Looping Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-E">E</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-elif"><code>elif</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-else"><code>else</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-esac"><code>esac</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-F">F</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fi"><code>fi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-for"><code>for</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Looping-Constructs">Looping Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-function"><code>function</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-Functions">Shell Functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-I">I</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-if"><code>if</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-in"><code>in</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-S">S</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-select"><code>select</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-T">T</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-then"><code>then</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-time"><code>time</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Pipelines">Pipelines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-U">U</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-until"><code>until</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Looping-Constructs">Looping Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-W">W</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-while"><code>while</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Looping-Constructs">Looping Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+</table>
+<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-1"><b>!</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-2"><b>[</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-3"><b>]</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-4"><b>{</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_symbol-5"><b>}</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<br>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Reserved-Word-Index_rw_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Variable-Index"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Function-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Function Index</a>, Previous: <a href="#Reserved-Word-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Reserved Word Index</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Parameter-and-Variable-Index"></a>
+<h3 class="appendixsec">D.3 Parameter and Variable Index</h3>
+<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-1"><b>!</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-2"><b>#</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-3"><b>$</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-4"><b>*</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-5"><b>-</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-6"><b>0</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-7"><b>?</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-8"><b>@</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-9"><b>_</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<br>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-G"><b>G</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-K"><b>K</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-V"><b>V</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+</td></tr></table>
+<table class="index-vr" border="0">
+<tr><td></td><th align="left">Index Entry</th><td>&nbsp;</td><th align="left"> Section</th></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_symbol-1">!</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0021-1"><code>!</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_symbol-2">#</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0023"><code>#</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_symbol-3">$</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0024"><code>$</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0024_0021"><code>$!</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0024_0023"><code>$#</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0024_0024"><code>$$</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0024_002a"><code>$*</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0024_002d"><code>$-</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_00240"><code>$0</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0024_003f"><code>$?</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0024_0040"><code>$@</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0024_005f"><code>$_</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_symbol-4">*</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a"><code>*</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_symbol-5">-</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d"><code>-</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_symbol-6">0</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-0"><code>0</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_symbol-7">?</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_003f"><code>?</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_symbol-8">@</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0040"><code>@</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_symbol-9">_</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005f"><code>_</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-A">A</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-auto_005fresume"><code>auto_resume</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Job-Control-Variables">Job Control Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-B">B</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH"><code>BASH</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASHOPTS"><code>BASHOPTS</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASHPID"><code>BASHPID</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fALIASES"><code>BASH_ALIASES</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fARGC"><code>BASH_ARGC</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fARGV"><code>BASH_ARGV</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fARGV0"><code>BASH_ARGV0</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fCMDS"><code>BASH_CMDS</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fCOMMAND"><code>BASH_COMMAND</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fCOMPAT"><code>BASH_COMPAT</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fENV"><code>BASH_ENV</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fEXECUTION_005fSTRING"><code>BASH_EXECUTION_STRING</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fLINENO"><code>BASH_LINENO</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fLOADABLES_005fPATH"><code>BASH_LOADABLES_PATH</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fREMATCH"><code>BASH_REMATCH</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fSOURCE"><code>BASH_SOURCE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fSUBSHELL"><code>BASH_SUBSHELL</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fVERSINFO"><code>BASH_VERSINFO</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fVERSION"><code>BASH_VERSION</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fXTRACEFD"><code>BASH_XTRACEFD</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bell_002dstyle"><code>bell-style</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bind_002dtty_002dspecial_002dchars"><code>bind-tty-special-chars</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-blink_002dmatching_002dparen"><code>blink-matching-paren</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-C">C</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-CDPATH"><code>CDPATH</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-CHILD_005fMAX"><code>CHILD_MAX</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-colored_002dcompletion_002dprefix"><code>colored-completion-prefix</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-colored_002dstats"><code>colored-stats</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-COLUMNS"><code>COLUMNS</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-comment_002dbegin"><code>comment-begin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-completion_002ddisplay_002dwidth"><code>completion-display-width</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-completion_002dignore_002dcase"><code>completion-ignore-case</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-completion_002dmap_002dcase"><code>completion-map-case</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-completion_002dprefix_002ddisplay_002dlength"><code>completion-prefix-display-length</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-completion_002dquery_002ditems"><code>completion-query-items</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-COMPREPLY"><code>COMPREPLY</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-COMP_005fCWORD"><code>COMP_CWORD</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-COMP_005fKEY"><code>COMP_KEY</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-COMP_005fLINE"><code>COMP_LINE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-COMP_005fPOINT"><code>COMP_POINT</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-COMP_005fTYPE"><code>COMP_TYPE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-COMP_005fWORDBREAKS"><code>COMP_WORDBREAKS</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-COMP_005fWORDS"><code>COMP_WORDS</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-convert_002dmeta"><code>convert-meta</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-COPROC"><code>COPROC</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-D">D</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-DIRSTACK"><code>DIRSTACK</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-disable_002dcompletion"><code>disable-completion</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-E">E</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-echo_002dcontrol_002dcharacters"><code>echo-control-characters</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-editing_002dmode"><code>editing-mode</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-EMACS"><code>EMACS</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-emacs_002dmode_002dstring"><code>emacs-mode-string</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enable_002dbracketed_002dpaste"><code>enable-bracketed-paste</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enable_002dkeypad"><code>enable-keypad</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ENV"><code>ENV</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-EPOCHREALTIME"><code>EPOCHREALTIME</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-EPOCHSECONDS"><code>EPOCHSECONDS</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-EUID"><code>EUID</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-EXECIGNORE"><code>EXECIGNORE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expand_002dtilde"><code>expand-tilde</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-F">F</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-FCEDIT"><code>FCEDIT</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-FIGNORE"><code>FIGNORE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-FUNCNAME"><code>FUNCNAME</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-FUNCNEST"><code>FUNCNEST</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-G">G</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-GLOBIGNORE"><code>GLOBIGNORE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-GROUPS"><code>GROUPS</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-H">H</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-histchars"><code>histchars</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-HISTCMD"><code>HISTCMD</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-HISTCONTROL"><code>HISTCONTROL</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-HISTFILE"><code>HISTFILE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-HISTFILESIZE"><code>HISTFILESIZE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-HISTIGNORE"><code>HISTIGNORE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-history_002dpreserve_002dpoint"><code>history-preserve-point</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-history_002dsize"><code>history-size</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-HISTSIZE"><code>HISTSIZE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-HISTTIMEFORMAT"><code>HISTTIMEFORMAT</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-HOME"><code>HOME</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-horizontal_002dscroll_002dmode"><code>horizontal-scroll-mode</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-HOSTFILE"><code>HOSTFILE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-HOSTNAME"><code>HOSTNAME</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-HOSTTYPE"><code>HOSTTYPE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-I">I</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-IFS"><code>IFS</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-IGNOREEOF"><code>IGNOREEOF</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-input_002dmeta"><code>input-meta</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-INPUTRC"><code>INPUTRC</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-INSIDE_005fEMACS"><code>INSIDE_EMACS</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-isearch_002dterminators"><code>isearch-terminators</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-K">K</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-keymap"><code>keymap</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-L">L</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LANG"><code>LANG</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LC_005fALL"><code>LC_ALL</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LC_005fCOLLATE"><code>LC_COLLATE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LC_005fCTYPE"><code>LC_CTYPE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LC_005fMESSAGES"><code>LC_MESSAGES</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Locale-Translation">Locale Translation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LC_005fMESSAGES-1"><code>LC_MESSAGES</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LC_005fNUMERIC"><code>LC_NUMERIC</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LC_005fTIME"><code>LC_TIME</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LINENO"><code>LINENO</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LINES"><code>LINES</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-M">M</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MACHTYPE"><code>MACHTYPE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MAIL"><code>MAIL</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MAILCHECK"><code>MAILCHECK</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MAILPATH"><code>MAILPATH</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MAPFILE"><code>MAPFILE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mark_002dmodified_002dlines"><code>mark-modified-lines</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mark_002dsymlinked_002ddirectories"><code>mark-symlinked-directories</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-match_002dhidden_002dfiles"><code>match-hidden-files</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-menu_002dcomplete_002ddisplay_002dprefix"><code>menu-complete-display-prefix</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-meta_002dflag"><code>meta-flag</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-O">O</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-OLDPWD"><code>OLDPWD</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-OPTARG"><code>OPTARG</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-OPTERR"><code>OPTERR</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-OPTIND"><code>OPTIND</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-OSTYPE"><code>OSTYPE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-output_002dmeta"><code>output-meta</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-P">P</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page_002dcompletions"><code>page-completions</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PATH"><code>PATH</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PIPESTATUS"><code>PIPESTATUS</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-POSIXLY_005fCORRECT"><code>POSIXLY_CORRECT</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PPID"><code>PPID</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PROMPT_005fCOMMAND"><code>PROMPT_COMMAND</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PROMPT_005fDIRTRIM"><code>PROMPT_DIRTRIM</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PS0"><code>PS0</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PS1"><code>PS1</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PS2"><code>PS2</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bourne-Shell-Variables">Bourne Shell Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PS3"><code>PS3</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PS4"><code>PS4</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PWD"><code>PWD</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-R">R</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-RANDOM"><code>RANDOM</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-READLINE_005fLINE"><code>READLINE_LINE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-READLINE_005fPOINT"><code>READLINE_POINT</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-REPLY"><code>REPLY</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-revert_002dall_002dat_002dnewline"><code>revert-all-at-newline</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-S">S</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-SECONDS"><code>SECONDS</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-SHELL"><code>SHELL</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-SHELLOPTS"><code>SHELLOPTS</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-SHLVL"><code>SHLVL</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-show_002dall_002dif_002dambiguous"><code>show-all-if-ambiguous</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-show_002dall_002dif_002dunmodified"><code>show-all-if-unmodified</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-show_002dmode_002din_002dprompt"><code>show-mode-in-prompt</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-skip_002dcompleted_002dtext"><code>skip-completed-text</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-T">T</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXTDOMAIN"><code>TEXTDOMAIN</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Locale-Translation">Locale Translation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXTDOMAINDIR"><code>TEXTDOMAINDIR</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Locale-Translation">Locale Translation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TIMEFORMAT"><code>TIMEFORMAT</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TMOUT"><code>TMOUT</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TMPDIR"><code>TMPDIR</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-U">U</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-UID"><code>UID</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Variable-Index_vr_letter-V">V</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vi_002dcmd_002dmode_002dstring"><code>vi-cmd-mode-string</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vi_002dins_002dmode_002dstring"><code>vi-ins-mode-string</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-visible_002dstats"><code>visible-stats</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+</table>
+<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-1"><b>!</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-2"><b>#</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-3"><b>$</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-4"><b>*</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-5"><b>-</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-6"><b>0</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-7"><b>?</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-8"><b>@</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_symbol-9"><b>_</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<br>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-G"><b>G</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-K"><b>K</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Variable-Index_vr_letter-V"><b>V</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Function-Index"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Concept Index</a>, Previous: <a href="#Variable-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Variable Index</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Function-Index-1"></a>
+<h3 class="appendixsec">D.4 Function Index</h3>
+<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-G"><b>G</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-K"><b>K</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-N"><b>N</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-Y"><b>Y</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+</td></tr></table>
+<table class="index-fn" border="0">
+<tr><td></td><th align="left">Index Entry</th><td>&nbsp;</td><th align="left"> Section</th></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-A">A</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-abort-_0028C_002dg_0029"><code>abort (C-g)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accept_002dline-_0028Newline-or-Return_0029"><code>accept-line (Newline or Return)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-alias_002dexpand_002dline-_0028_0029"><code>alias-expand-line ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-B">B</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-backward_002dchar-_0028C_002db_0029"><code>backward-char (C-b)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-backward_002ddelete_002dchar-_0028Rubout_0029"><code>backward-delete-char (Rubout)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-backward_002dkill_002dline-_0028C_002dx-Rubout_0029"><code>backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-backward_002dkill_002dword-_0028M_002dDEL_0029"><code>backward-kill-word (M-<span class="key">DEL</span>)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-backward_002dword-_0028M_002db_0029"><code>backward-word (M-b)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-beginning_002dof_002dhistory-_0028M_002d_003c_0029"><code>beginning-of-history (M-&lt;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-beginning_002dof_002dline-_0028C_002da_0029"><code>beginning-of-line (C-a)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bracketed_002dpaste_002dbegin-_0028_0029"><code>bracketed-paste-begin ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-C">C</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-call_002dlast_002dkbd_002dmacro-_0028C_002dx-e_0029"><code>call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Keyboard-Macros">Keyboard Macros</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-capitalize_002dword-_0028M_002dc_0029"><code>capitalize-word (M-c)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-character_002dsearch-_0028C_002d_005d_0029"><code>character-search (C-])</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-character_002dsearch_002dbackward-_0028M_002dC_002d_005d_0029"><code>character-search-backward (M-C-])</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-clear_002dscreen-_0028C_002dl_0029"><code>clear-screen (C-l)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-complete-_0028TAB_0029"><code>complete (<span class="key">TAB</span>)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-complete_002dcommand-_0028M_002d_0021_0029"><code>complete-command (M-!)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-complete_002dfilename-_0028M_002d_002f_0029"><code>complete-filename (M-/)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-complete_002dhostname-_0028M_002d_0040_0029"><code>complete-hostname (M-@)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-complete_002dinto_002dbraces-_0028M_002d_007b_0029"><code>complete-into-braces (M-{)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-complete_002dusername-_0028M_002d_007e_0029"><code>complete-username (M-~)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-complete_002dvariable-_0028M_002d_0024_0029"><code>complete-variable (M-$)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-copy_002dbackward_002dword-_0028_0029"><code>copy-backward-word ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-copy_002dforward_002dword-_0028_0029"><code>copy-forward-word ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-copy_002dregion_002das_002dkill-_0028_0029"><code>copy-region-as-kill ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-D">D</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dabbrev_002dexpand-_0028_0029"><code>dabbrev-expand ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-delete_002dchar-_0028C_002dd_0029"><code>delete-char (C-d)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-delete_002dchar_002dor_002dlist-_0028_0029"><code>delete-char-or-list ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-delete_002dhorizontal_002dspace-_0028_0029"><code>delete-horizontal-space ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-digit_002dargument-_0028M_002d0_002c-M_002d1_002c-_2026-M_002d_002d_0029"><code>digit-argument (<kbd>M-0</kbd>, <kbd>M-1</kbd>, &hellip; <kbd>M--</kbd>)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Numeric-Arguments">Numeric Arguments</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-display_002dshell_002dversion-_0028C_002dx-C_002dv_0029"><code>display-shell-version (C-x C-v)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-do_002dlowercase_002dversion-_0028M_002dA_002c-M_002dB_002c-M_002dx_002c-_2026_0029"><code>do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-<var>x</var>, &hellip;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-downcase_002dword-_0028M_002dl_0029"><code>downcase-word (M-l)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dump_002dfunctions-_0028_0029"><code>dump-functions ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dump_002dmacros-_0028_0029"><code>dump-macros ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dump_002dvariables-_0028_0029"><code>dump-variables ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dynamic_002dcomplete_002dhistory-_0028M_002dTAB_0029"><code>dynamic-complete-history (M-<span class="key">TAB</span>)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-E">E</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-edit_002dand_002dexecute_002dcommand-_0028C_002dx-C_002de_0029"><code>edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-end_002dkbd_002dmacro-_0028C_002dx-_0029_0029"><code>end-kbd-macro (C-x ))</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Keyboard-Macros">Keyboard Macros</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-end_002dof_002dfile-_0028usually-C_002dd_0029"><code><i>end-of-file</i> (usually C-d)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-end_002dof_002dhistory-_0028M_002d_003e_0029"><code>end-of-history (M-&gt;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-end_002dof_002dline-_0028C_002de_0029"><code>end-of-line (C-e)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-exchange_002dpoint_002dand_002dmark-_0028C_002dx-C_002dx_0029"><code>exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-F">F</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-forward_002dbackward_002ddelete_002dchar-_0028_0029"><code>forward-backward-delete-char ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-forward_002dchar-_0028C_002df_0029"><code>forward-char (C-f)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-forward_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028C_002ds_0029"><code>forward-search-history (C-s)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-forward_002dword-_0028M_002df_0029"><code>forward-word (M-f)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-G">G</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glob_002dcomplete_002dword-_0028M_002dg_0029"><code>glob-complete-word (M-g)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glob_002dexpand_002dword-_0028C_002dx-_002a_0029"><code>glob-expand-word (C-x *)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glob_002dlist_002dexpansions-_0028C_002dx-g_0029"><code>glob-list-expansions (C-x g)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-H">H</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-history_002dand_002dalias_002dexpand_002dline-_0028_0029"><code>history-and-alias-expand-line ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-history_002dexpand_002dline-_0028M_002d_005e_0029"><code>history-expand-line (M-^)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-history_002dsearch_002dbackward-_0028_0029"><code>history-search-backward ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-history_002dsearch_002dforward-_0028_0029"><code>history-search-forward ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-history_002dsubstring_002dsearch_002dbackward-_0028_0029"><code>history-substring-search-backward ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-history_002dsubstring_002dsearch_002dforward-_0028_0029"><code>history-substring-search-forward ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-I">I</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-insert_002dcomment-_0028M_002d_0023_0029"><code>insert-comment (M-#)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-insert_002dcompletions-_0028M_002d_002a_0029"><code>insert-completions (M-*)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-insert_002dlast_002dargument-_0028M_002d_002e-or-M_002d_005f_0029"><code>insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-K">K</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kill_002dline-_0028C_002dk_0029"><code>kill-line (C-k)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kill_002dregion-_0028_0029"><code>kill-region ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kill_002dwhole_002dline-_0028_0029"><code>kill-whole-line ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kill_002dword-_0028M_002dd_0029"><code>kill-word (M-d)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-M">M</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-magic_002dspace-_0028_0029"><code>magic-space ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-menu_002dcomplete-_0028_0029"><code>menu-complete ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-menu_002dcomplete_002dbackward-_0028_0029"><code>menu-complete-backward ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-N">N</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-next_002dhistory-_0028C_002dn_0029"><code>next-history (C-n)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-next_002dscreen_002dline-_0028_0029"><code>next-screen-line ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-non_002dincremental_002dforward_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028M_002dn_0029"><code>non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-non_002dincremental_002dreverse_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028M_002dp_0029"><code>non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-O">O</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-operate_002dand_002dget_002dnext-_0028C_002do_0029"><code>operate-and-get-next (C-o)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overwrite_002dmode-_0028_0029"><code>overwrite-mode ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-P">P</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-possible_002dcommand_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_0021_0029"><code>possible-command-completions (C-x !)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-possible_002dcompletions-_0028M_002d_003f_0029"><code>possible-completions (M-?)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-possible_002dfilename_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_002f_0029"><code>possible-filename-completions (C-x /)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-possible_002dhostname_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_0040_0029"><code>possible-hostname-completions (C-x @)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-possible_002dusername_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_007e_0029"><code>possible-username-completions (C-x ~)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-possible_002dvariable_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_0024_0029"><code>possible-variable-completions (C-x $)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-prefix_002dmeta-_0028ESC_0029"><code>prefix-meta (<span class="key">ESC</span>)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-previous_002dhistory-_0028C_002dp_0029"><code>previous-history (C-p)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-previous_002dscreen_002dline-_0028_0029"><code>previous-screen-line ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-print_002dlast_002dkbd_002dmacro-_0028_0029"><code>print-last-kbd-macro ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Keyboard-Macros">Keyboard Macros</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-Q">Q</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quoted_002dinsert-_0028C_002dq-or-C_002dv_0029"><code>quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-R">R</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-re_002dread_002dinit_002dfile-_0028C_002dx-C_002dr_0029"><code>re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-redraw_002dcurrent_002dline-_0028_0029"><code>redraw-current-line ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reverse_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028C_002dr_0029"><code>reverse-search-history (C-r)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-revert_002dline-_0028M_002dr_0029"><code>revert-line (M-r)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-S">S</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-self_002dinsert-_0028a_002c-b_002c-A_002c-1_002c-_0021_002c-_2026_0029"><code>self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, &hellip;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-set_002dmark-_0028C_002d_0040_0029"><code>set-mark (C-@)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shell_002dbackward_002dkill_002dword-_0028_0029"><code>shell-backward-kill-word ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shell_002dbackward_002dword-_0028_0029"><code>shell-backward-word ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shell_002dexpand_002dline-_0028M_002dC_002de_0029"><code>shell-expand-line (M-C-e)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shell_002dforward_002dword-_0028_0029"><code>shell-forward-word ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shell_002dkill_002dword-_0028_0029"><code>shell-kill-word ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-skip_002dcsi_002dsequence-_0028_0029"><code>skip-csi-sequence ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-start_002dkbd_002dmacro-_0028C_002dx-_0028_0029"><code>start-kbd-macro (C-x ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Keyboard-Macros">Keyboard Macros</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-T">T</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tilde_002dexpand-_0028M_002d_0026_0029"><code>tilde-expand (M-&amp;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-transpose_002dchars-_0028C_002dt_0029"><code>transpose-chars (C-t)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-transpose_002dwords-_0028M_002dt_0029"><code>transpose-words (M-t)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-U">U</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-undo-_0028C_002d_005f-or-C_002dx-C_002du_0029"><code>undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-universal_002dargument-_0028_0029"><code>universal-argument ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Numeric-Arguments">Numeric Arguments</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unix_002dfilename_002drubout-_0028_0029"><code>unix-filename-rubout ()</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unix_002dline_002ddiscard-_0028C_002du_0029"><code>unix-line-discard (C-u)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unix_002dword_002drubout-_0028C_002dw_0029"><code>unix-word-rubout (C-w)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-upcase_002dword-_0028M_002du_0029"><code>upcase-word (M-u)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-Y">Y</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-yank-_0028C_002dy_0029"><code>yank (C-y)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-yank_002dlast_002darg-_0028M_002d_002e-or-M_002d_005f_0029"><code>yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-yank_002dnth_002darg-_0028M_002dC_002dy_0029"><code>yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-yank_002dpop-_0028M_002dy_0029"><code>yank-pop (M-y)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+</table>
+<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-G"><b>G</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-K"><b>K</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-N"><b>N</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Function-Index_fn_letter-Y"><b>Y</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="Concept-Index"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Function-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Function Index</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Indexes" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="Concept-Index-1"></a>
+<h3 class="appendixsec">D.5 Concept Index</h3>
+<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-J"><b>J</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-K"><b>K</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-N"><b>N</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-V"><b>V</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-Y"><b>Y</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+</td></tr></table>
+<table class="index-cp" border="0">
+<tr><td></td><th align="left">Index Entry</th><td>&nbsp;</td><th align="left"> Section</th></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-A">A</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-alias-expansion">alias expansion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Aliases">Aliases</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arithmetic-evaluation">arithmetic evaluation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arithmetic-expansion">arithmetic expansion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arithmetic-Expansion">Arithmetic Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arithmetic_002c-shell">arithmetic, shell</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arrays">arrays</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-B">B</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-background">background</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Job-Control-Basics">Job Control Basics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Bash-configuration">Bash configuration</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Basic-Installation">Basic Installation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Bash-installation">Bash installation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Basic-Installation">Basic Installation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Bourne-shell">Bourne shell</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Basic-Shell-Features">Basic Shell Features</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-brace-expansion">brace expansion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Brace-Expansion">Brace Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-builtin-1">builtin</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-C">C</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-command-editing">command editing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Bare-Essentials">Readline Bare Essentials</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-command-execution">command execution</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-Search-and-Execution">Command Search and Execution</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-command-expansion">command expansion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Simple-Command-Expansion">Simple Command Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-command-history">command history</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-History-Facilities">Bash History Facilities</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-command-search">command search</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-Search-and-Execution">Command Search and Execution</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-command-substitution">command substitution</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-Substitution">Command Substitution</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-command-timing">command timing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Pipelines">Pipelines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-compound">commands, compound</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Compound-Commands">Compound Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-conditional">commands, conditional</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Conditional-Constructs">Conditional Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-grouping">commands, grouping</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-Grouping">Command Grouping</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-lists">commands, lists</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lists">Lists</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-looping">commands, looping</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Looping-Constructs">Looping Constructs</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-pipelines">commands, pipelines</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Pipelines">Pipelines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-shell">commands, shell</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-Commands">Shell Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-simple">commands, simple</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Simple-Commands">Simple Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-comments_002c-shell">comments, shell</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Comments">Comments</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-completion-builtins">completion builtins</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins">Programmable Completion Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-configuration">configuration</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Basic-Installation">Basic Installation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-control-operator">control operator</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-coprocess">coprocess</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Coprocesses">Coprocesses</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-D">D</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-directory-stack">directory stack</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#The-Directory-Stack">The Directory Stack</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-E">E</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-editing-command-lines">editing command lines</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Bare-Essentials">Readline Bare Essentials</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment">environment</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environment">Environment</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-evaluation_002c-arithmetic">evaluation, arithmetic</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-event-designators">event designators</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Event-Designators">Event Designators</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-execution-environment">execution environment</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-Execution-Environment">Command Execution Environment</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-exit-status">exit status</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-exit-status-1">exit status</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Exit-Status">Exit Status</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expansion">expansion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-Expansions">Shell Expansions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expansion_002c-arithmetic">expansion, arithmetic</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arithmetic-Expansion">Arithmetic Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expansion_002c-brace">expansion, brace</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Brace-Expansion">Brace Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expansion_002c-filename">expansion, filename</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expansion_002c-parameter">expansion, parameter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expansion_002c-pathname">expansion, pathname</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expansion_002c-tilde">expansion, tilde</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tilde-Expansion">Tilde Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expressions_002c-arithmetic">expressions, arithmetic</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expressions_002c-conditional">expressions, conditional</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Conditional-Expressions">Bash Conditional Expressions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-F">F</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-field">field</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filename">filename</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filename-expansion">filename expansion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-foreground">foreground</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Job-Control-Basics">Job Control Basics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-functions_002c-shell">functions, shell</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-Functions">Shell Functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-H">H</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-history-builtins">history builtins</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-History-Builtins">Bash History Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-history-events">history events</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Event-Designators">Event Designators</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-history-expansion">history expansion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#History-Interaction">History Interaction</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-history-list">history list</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-History-Facilities">Bash History Facilities</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-History_002c-how-to-use">History, how to use</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#A-Programmable-Completion-Example">A Programmable Completion Example</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-I">I</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-identifier">identifier</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-initialization-file_002c-readline">initialization file, readline</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File">Readline Init File</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-installation">installation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Basic-Installation">Basic Installation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-interaction_002c-readline">interaction, readline</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Interaction">Readline Interaction</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-interactive-shell">interactive shell</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Invoking-Bash">Invoking Bash</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-interactive-shell-1">interactive shell</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Interactive-Shells">Interactive Shells</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-internationalization">internationalization</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Locale-Translation">Locale Translation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-J">J</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-job">job</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-job-control">job control</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-job-control-1">job control</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Job-Control-Basics">Job Control Basics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-K">K</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kill-ring">kill ring</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Killing-Commands">Readline Killing Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-killing-text">killing text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Killing-Commands">Readline Killing Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-L">L</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-localization">localization</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Locale-Translation">Locale Translation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-login-shell">login shell</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Invoking-Bash">Invoking Bash</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-M">M</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-matching_002c-pattern">matching, pattern</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-metacharacter">metacharacter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-N">N</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-name">name</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-native-languages">native languages</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Locale-Translation">Locale Translation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-notation_002c-readline">notation, readline</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Bare-Essentials">Readline Bare Essentials</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-O">O</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-operator_002c-shell">operator, shell</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-P">P</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parameter-expansion">parameter expansion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parameters">parameters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-Parameters">Shell Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-positional">parameters, positional</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Positional-Parameters">Positional Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-special">parameters, special</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pathname-expansion">pathname expansion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pattern-matching">pattern matching</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pipeline">pipeline</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Pipelines">Pipelines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-POSIX">POSIX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-POSIX-Mode">POSIX Mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-process-group">process group</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-process-group-ID">process group ID</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-process-substitution">process substitution</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Process-Substitution">Process Substitution</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-programmable-completion">programmable completion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programmable-Completion">Programmable Completion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-prompting">prompting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt">Controlling the Prompt</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-Q">Q</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quoting">quoting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Quoting">Quoting</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quoting_002c-ANSI">quoting, ANSI</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#ANSI_002dC-Quoting">ANSI-C Quoting</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-R">R</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Readline_002c-how-to-use">Readline, how to use</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Job-Control-Variables">Job Control Variables</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-redirection">redirection</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Redirections">Redirections</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reserved-word">reserved word</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-restricted-shell">restricted shell</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#The-Restricted-Shell">The Restricted Shell</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-return-status">return status</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-S">S</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shell-arithmetic">shell arithmetic</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shell-function">shell function</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-Functions">Shell Functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shell-script">shell script</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-Scripts">Shell Scripts</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shell-variable">shell variable</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-Parameters">Shell Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shell_002c-interactive">shell, interactive</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Interactive-Shells">Interactive Shells</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-signal">signal</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-signal-handling">signal handling</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Signals">Signals</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special-builtin">special builtin</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special-builtin-1">special builtin</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-Builtins">Special Builtins</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-startup-files">startup files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Startup-Files">Bash Startup Files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-suspending-jobs">suspending jobs</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Job-Control-Basics">Job Control Basics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-T">T</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tilde-expansion">tilde expansion</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tilde-Expansion">Tilde Expansion</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-token">token</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-translation_002c-native-languages">translation, native languages</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Locale-Translation">Locale Translation</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-V">V</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-variable_002c-shell">variable, shell</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-Parameters">Shell Parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-variables_002c-readline">variables, readline</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-W">W</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-word">word</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-word-splitting">word splitting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Word-Splitting">Word Splitting</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-Y">Y</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-yanking-text">yanking text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Killing-Commands">Readline Killing Commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+</table>
+<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-J"><b>J</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-K"><b>K</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-N"><b>N</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-V"><b>V</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-Y"><b>Y</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+</td></tr></table>
+
+<hr>
+
+
+
+</body>
+</html>