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-rw-r--r--examples/functions/array-stuff122
-rw-r--r--examples/functions/array-to-string15
-rw-r--r--examples/functions/arrayops.bash146
-rw-r--r--examples/functions/autoload111
-rw-r--r--examples/functions/autoload.v2192
-rw-r--r--examples/functions/autoload.v3125
-rw-r--r--examples/functions/autoload.v4556
-rw-r--r--examples/functions/autoload.v4.t184
-rw-r--r--examples/functions/basename23
-rw-r--r--examples/functions/csh-compat48
-rw-r--r--examples/functions/dirname21
-rw-r--r--examples/functions/dirstack160
-rw-r--r--examples/functions/exitstat22
-rw-r--r--examples/functions/external50
-rw-r--r--examples/functions/fact13
-rw-r--r--examples/functions/fstty77
-rw-r--r--examples/functions/func43
-rw-r--r--examples/functions/inetaddr79
-rw-r--r--examples/functions/inpath14
-rw-r--r--examples/functions/isnum241
-rw-r--r--examples/functions/isvalidip14
-rw-r--r--examples/functions/ksh-cd54
-rw-r--r--examples/functions/ksh-compat-test58
-rw-r--r--examples/functions/kshenv246
-rw-r--r--examples/functions/login11
-rw-r--r--examples/functions/notify.bash77
-rw-r--r--examples/functions/seq48
-rw-r--r--examples/functions/seq256
-rw-r--r--examples/functions/shcat7
-rw-r--r--examples/functions/shcat219
-rw-r--r--examples/functions/sort-pos-params69
-rw-r--r--examples/functions/substr97
-rw-r--r--examples/functions/substr299
-rw-r--r--examples/functions/whatis71
-rw-r--r--examples/functions/whence78
-rw-r--r--examples/functions/which62
36 files changed, 3108 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/examples/functions/array-stuff b/examples/functions/array-stuff
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e6316c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/functions/array-stuff
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+#
+# Chet Ramey <chet.ramey@case.edu>
+#
+# Copyright 1999 Chester Ramey
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
+# any later version.
+#
+# TThis program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+# Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
+
+# usage: reverse arrayname
+reverse()
+{
+ local -a R
+ local -i i
+ local rlen temp
+
+ # make r a copy of the array whose name is passed as an arg
+ eval R=\( \"\$\{$1\[@\]\}\" \)
+
+ # reverse R
+ rlen=${#R[@]}
+
+ for ((i=0; i < rlen/2; i++ ))
+ do
+ temp=${R[i]}
+ R[i]=${R[rlen-i-1]}
+ R[rlen-i-1]=$temp
+ done
+
+ # and assign R back to array whose name is passed as an arg
+ eval $1=\( \"\$\{R\[@\]\}\" \)
+}
+
+A=(1 2 3 4 5 6 7)
+echo "${A[@]}"
+reverse A
+echo "${A[@]}"
+reverse A
+echo "${A[@]}"
+
+# unset last element of A
+alen=${#A[@]}
+unset A[$alen-1]
+echo "${A[@]}"
+
+# ashift -- like shift, but for arrays
+
+ashift()
+{
+ local -a R
+ local n
+
+ case $# in
+ 1) n=1 ;;
+ 2) n=$2 ;;
+ *) echo "$FUNCNAME: usage: $FUNCNAME array [count]" >&2
+ exit 2;;
+ esac
+
+ # make r a copy of the array whose name is passed as an arg
+ eval R=\( \"\$\{$1\[@\]\}\" \)
+
+ # shift R
+ R=( "${R[@]:$n}" )
+
+ # and assign R back to array whose name is passed as an arg
+ eval $1=\( \"\$\{R\[@\]\}\" \)
+}
+
+ashift A 2
+echo "${A[@]}"
+
+ashift A
+echo "${A[@]}"
+
+ashift A 7
+echo "${A[@]}"
+
+# Sort the members of the array whose name is passed as the first non-option
+# arg. If -u is the first arg, remove duplicate array members.
+array_sort()
+{
+ local -a R
+ local u
+
+ case "$1" in
+ -u) u=-u ; shift ;;
+ esac
+
+ if [ $# -eq 0 ]; then
+ echo "array_sort: argument expected" >&2
+ return 1
+ fi
+
+ # make r a copy of the array whose name is passed as an arg
+ eval R=\( \"\$\{$1\[@\]\}\" \)
+
+ # sort R
+ R=( $( printf "%s\n" "${A[@]}" | sort $u) )
+
+ # and assign R back to array whose name is passed as an arg
+ eval $1=\( \"\$\{R\[@\]\}\" \)
+ return 0
+}
+
+A=(3 1 4 1 5 9 2 6 5 3 2)
+array_sort A
+echo "${A[@]}"
+
+A=(3 1 4 1 5 9 2 6 5 3 2)
+array_sort -u A
+echo "${A[@]}"
diff --git a/examples/functions/array-to-string b/examples/functions/array-to-string
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0d2fbe5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/functions/array-to-string
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#! /bin/bash
+
+# Format: array_to_string vname_of_array vname_of_string separator
+array_to_string()
+{
+ (( ($# < 2) || ($# > 3) )) && {
+ "$FUNCNAME: usage: $FUNCNAME arrayname stringname [separator]"
+ return 2
+ }
+
+ local array=$1 string=$2
+ ((3==$#)) && [[ $3 = ? ]] && local IFS="${3}${IFS}"
+ eval $string="\"\${$array[*]}\""
+ return 0
+}
diff --git a/examples/functions/arrayops.bash b/examples/functions/arrayops.bash
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d34353a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/functions/arrayops.bash
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+# arrayops.bash --- hide some of the nasty syntax for manipulating bash arrays
+# Author: Noah Friedman <friedman@splode.com>
+# Created: 2016-07-08
+# Public domain
+
+# $Id: arrayops.bash,v 1.3 2016/07/28 15:38:55 friedman Exp $
+
+# Commentary:
+
+# These functions try to tame the syntactic nightmare that is bash array
+# syntax, which makes perl's almost look reasonable.
+#
+# For example the apush function below lets you write:
+#
+# apush arrayvar newval
+#
+# instead of
+#
+# ${arrayvar[${#arrayvar[@]}]}=newval
+#
+# Because seriously, you've got to be kidding me.
+
+# These functions avoid the use of local variables as much as possible
+# (especially wherever modification occurs) because those variable names
+# might shadow the array name passed in. Dynamic scope!
+
+# Code:
+
+#:docstring apush:
+# Usage: apush arrayname val1 {val2 {...}}
+#
+# Appends VAL1 and any remaining arguments to the end of the array
+# ARRAYNAME as new elements.
+#:end docstring:
+apush()
+{
+ eval "$1=(\"\${$1[@]}\" \"\${@:2}\")"
+}
+
+#:docstring apop:
+# Usage: apop arrayname {n}
+#
+# Removes the last element from ARRAYNAME.
+# Optional argument N means remove the last N elements.
+#:end docstring:
+apop()
+{
+ eval "$1=(\"\${$1[@]:0:\${#$1[@]}-${2-1}}\")"
+}
+
+#:docstring aunshift:
+# Usage: aunshift arrayname val1 {val2 {...}}
+#
+# Prepends VAL1 and any remaining arguments to the beginning of the array
+# ARRAYNAME as new elements. The new elements will appear in the same order
+# as given to this function, rather than inserting them one at a time.
+#
+# For example:
+#
+# foo=(a b c)
+# aunshift foo 1 2 3
+# => foo is now (1 2 3 a b c)
+# but
+#
+# foo=(a b c)
+# aunshift foo 1
+# aunshift foo 2
+# aunshift foo 3
+# => foo is now (3 2 1 a b c)
+#
+#:end docstring:
+aunshift()
+{
+ eval "$1=(\"\${@:2}\" \"\${$1[@]}\")"
+}
+
+#:docstring ashift:
+# Usage: ashift arrayname {n}
+#
+# Removes the first element from ARRAYNAME.
+# Optional argument N means remove the first N elements.
+#:end docstring:
+ashift()
+{
+ eval "$1=(\"\${$1[@]: -\${#$1[@]}+${2-1}}\")"
+}
+
+#:docstring aset:
+# Usage: aset arrayname idx newval
+#
+# Assigns ARRAYNAME[IDX]=NEWVAL
+#:end docstring:
+aset()
+{
+ eval "$1[\$2]=${@:3}"
+}
+
+#:docstring aref:
+# Usage: aref arrayname idx {idx2 {...}}
+#
+# Echoes the value of ARRAYNAME at index IDX to stdout.
+# If more than one IDX is specified, each one is echoed.
+#
+# Unfortunately bash functions cannot return arbitrary values in the usual way.
+#:end docstring:
+aref()
+{
+ eval local "v=(\"\${$1[@]}\")"
+ local x
+ for x in ${@:2} ; do echo "${v[$x]}"; done
+}
+
+#:docstring aref:
+# Usage: alen arrayname
+#
+# Echoes the length of the number of elements in ARRAYNAME.
+#
+# It also returns number as a numeric value, but return values are limited
+# by a maximum of 255 so don't rely on this unless you know your arrays are
+# relatively small.
+#:end docstring:
+alen()
+{
+ eval echo "\${#$1[@]}"
+ eval return "\${#$1[@]}"
+}
+
+#:docstring anreverse:
+# Usage: anreverse arrayname
+#
+# Reverse the order of the elements in ARRAYNAME.
+# The array variable is altered by this operation.
+#:end docstring:
+anreverse()
+{
+ eval set $1 "\"\${$1[@]}\""
+ eval unset $1
+ while [ $# -gt 1 ]; do
+ eval "$1=(\"$2\" \"\${$1[@]}\")"
+ set $1 "${@:3}"
+ done
+}
+
+#provide arrayops
+
+# arrayops.bash ends here
diff --git a/examples/functions/autoload b/examples/functions/autoload
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cb3a673
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/functions/autoload
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+#
+# An almost ksh-compatible `autoload'. A function declared as `autoload' will
+# be read in from a file the same name as the function found by searching the
+# $FPATH (which works the same as $PATH), then that definition will be run.
+#
+# To do this without source support, we define a dummy function that, when
+# executed, will load the file (thereby re-defining the function), then
+# execute that newly-redefined function with the original arguments.
+#
+# It's not identical to ksh because ksh apparently does lazy evaluation
+# and looks for the file to load from only when the function is referenced.
+# This one requires that the file exist when the function is declared as
+# `autoload'.
+#
+# usage: autoload func [func...]
+#
+# The first cut of this was by Bill Trost, trost@reed.bitnet
+#
+# Chet Ramey
+# chet@ins.CWRU.Edu
+
+#
+# Declare a function ($1) to be autoloaded from a file ($2) when it is first
+# called. This defines a `temporary' function that will `.' the file
+# containing the real function definition, then execute that new definition with
+# the arguments given to this `fake' function. The autoload function defined
+# by the file and the file itself *must* be named identically.
+#
+
+aload()
+{
+ eval $1 '() { . '$2' ; '$1' "$@" ; return $? ; }'
+}
+
+#
+# Search $FPATH for a file the same name as the function given as $1, and
+# autoload the function from that file. There is no default $FPATH.
+#
+
+autoload()
+{
+ #
+ # Save the list of functions; we're going to blow away the arguments
+ # in a second. If any of the names contain white space, TFB.
+ #
+
+ local args="$*"
+
+ #
+ # This should, I think, list the functions marked as autoload and not
+ # yet defined, but we don't have enough information to do that here.
+ #
+ if [ $# -eq 0 ] ; then
+ echo "usage: autoload function [function...]" >&2
+ return 1
+ fi
+
+ #
+ # If there is no $FPATH, there is no work to be done
+ #
+
+ if [ -z "$FPATH" ] ; then
+ echo autoload: FPATH not set or null >&2
+ return 1
+ fi
+
+ #
+ # This treats FPATH exactly like PATH: a null field anywhere in the
+ # FPATH is treated the same as the current directory.
+ #
+ # The path splitting command is taken from Kernighan and Pike
+ #
+
+# fp=$(echo $FPATH | sed 's/^:/.:/
+# s/::/:.:/g
+# s/:$/:./
+# s/:/ /g')
+
+ # replaced with builtin mechanisms 2001 Oct 10
+
+ fp=${FPATH/#:/.:}
+ fp=${fp//::/:.:}
+ fp=${fp/%:/:.}
+ fp=${fp//:/ }
+
+ for FUNC in $args ; do
+ #
+ # We're blowing away the arguments to autoload here...
+ # We have to; there are no arrays (well, there are, but
+ # this doesn't use them yet).
+ #
+ set -- $fp
+
+ while [ $# -ne 0 ] ; do
+ if [ -f $1/$FUNC ] ; then
+ break # found it!
+ fi
+ shift
+ done
+
+ if [ $# -eq 0 ] ; then
+ echo "$FUNC: autoload function not found" >&2
+ continue
+ fi
+
+# echo auto-loading $FUNC from $1/$FUNC
+ aload $FUNC $1/$FUNC
+ done
+
+ return 0
+}
diff --git a/examples/functions/autoload.v2 b/examples/functions/autoload.v2
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e8f3433
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/functions/autoload.v2
@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+#
+# An almost ksh-compatible `autoload'. A function declared as `autoload' will
+# be read in from a file the same name as the function found by searching the
+# $FPATH (which works the same as $PATH), then that definition will be run.
+#
+# To do this without source support, we define a dummy function that, when
+# executed, will load the file (thereby re-defining the function), then
+# execute that newly-redefined function with the original arguments.
+#
+# It's not identical to ksh because ksh apparently does lazy evaluation
+# and looks for the file to load from only when the function is referenced.
+# This one requires that the file exist when the function is declared as
+# `autoload'.
+#
+# usage: autoload [-pu] [func ...]
+#
+# options:
+# -p print in a format that can be reused as input
+# -u unset each function and remove it from the autoload list
+#
+# The first cut of this was by Bill Trost, trost@reed.edu
+#
+# Chet Ramey
+# chet@ins.CWRU.Edu
+
+unset _AUTOLOADS
+_aindex=0
+
+#
+# Declare a function ($1) to be autoloaded from a file ($2) when it is first
+# called. This defines a `temporary' function that will `.' the file
+# containg the real function definition, then execute that new definition with
+# the arguments given to this `fake' function. The autoload function defined
+# by the file and the file itself *must* be named identically.
+#
+
+_aload()
+{
+ eval $1 '() { . '$2' ; '$1' "$@" ; return $? ; }'
+ _autoload_addlist "$1"
+}
+
+_autoload_addlist()
+{
+ local i=0
+
+ while (( i < $_aindex )); do
+ case "${_AUTOLOADS[i]}" in
+ "$1") return 1 ;;
+ esac
+ (( i += 1 ))
+ done
+ _AUTOLOADS[_aindex]="$1"
+ (( _aindex += 1 ))
+ return 0
+}
+
+_autoload_dump()
+{
+ local func
+
+ for func in ${_AUTOLOADS[@]}; do
+ [ -n "$1" ] && echo -n "autoload "
+ echo "$func"
+ done
+}
+
+# Remove $1 from the list of autoloaded functions
+_autoload_remove_one()
+{
+ local i=0 nnl=0
+ local -a nlist
+
+ while (( i < _aindex )); do
+ case "${_AUTOLOADS[i]}" in
+ "$1") ;;
+ *) nlist[nnl]="${_AUTOLOADS[i]}" ; (( nnl += 1 ));;
+ esac
+ (( i += 1 ))
+ done
+ unset _AUTOLOADS _aindex
+ eval _AUTOLOADS=( ${nlist[@]} )
+ _aindex=$nnl
+}
+
+# Remove all function arguments from the list of autoloaded functions
+_autoload_remove()
+{
+ local func i es=0
+
+ # first unset the autoloaded functions
+ for func; do
+ i=0
+ while (( i < _aindex )); do
+ case "${_AUTOLOADS[i]}" in
+ "$func") unset -f $func ; break ;;
+ esac
+ (( i += 1 ))
+ done
+ if (( i == _aindex )); then
+ echo "autoload: $func: not an autoloaded function" >&2
+ es=1
+ fi
+ done
+
+ # then rebuild the list of autoloaded functions
+ for func ; do
+ _autoload_remove_one "$func"
+ done
+
+ return $es
+}
+
+#
+# Search $FPATH for a file the same name as the function given as $1, and
+# autoload the function from that file. There is no default $FPATH.
+#
+
+autoload()
+{
+ local -a fp
+ local _autoload_unset nfp i
+
+ if (( $# == 0 )) ; then
+ _autoload_dump
+ return 0
+ fi
+
+ OPTIND=1
+ while getopts pu opt
+ do
+ case "$opt" in
+ p) _autoload_dump printable; return 0;;
+ u) _autoload_unset=y ;;
+ *) echo "autoload: usage: autoload [-pu] [function ...]" >&2
+ return 1 ;;
+ esac
+ done
+
+ shift $(( $OPTIND - 1 ))
+
+ if [ -n "$_autoload_unset" ]; then
+ _autoload_remove "$@"
+ return $?
+ fi
+
+ #
+ # If there is no $FPATH, there is no work to be done
+ #
+
+ if [ -z "$FPATH" ] ; then
+ echo "autoload: FPATH not set or null" >&2
+ return 1
+ fi
+
+ #
+ # This treats FPATH exactly like PATH: a null field anywhere in the
+ # FPATH is treated the same as the current directory.
+ #
+ # This turns $FPATH into an array, substituting `.' for `'
+ #
+ eval fp=( $(
+ IFS=':'
+ set -- ${FPATH}
+ for p in "$@" ; do echo -n "${p:-.} "; done
+ )
+ )
+
+ nfp=${#fp[@]}
+
+ for FUNC ; do
+ i=0;
+ while (( i < nfp )) ; do
+ if [ -f ${fp[i]}/$FUNC ] ; then
+ break # found it!
+ fi
+ (( i += 1 ))
+ done
+
+ if (( i == nfp )) ; then
+ echo "autoload: $FUNC: autoload function not found" >&2
+ es=1
+ continue
+ fi
+
+# echo auto-loading $FUNC from ${fp[i]}/$FUNC
+ _aload $FUNC ${fp[i]}/$FUNC
+ es=0
+ done
+
+ return $es
+}
diff --git a/examples/functions/autoload.v3 b/examples/functions/autoload.v3
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b1e5dfe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/functions/autoload.v3
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+#From: Mark Kennedy <mark.t.kennedy@gmail.com> (<mtk@ny.ubs.com>)
+#Message-ID: <35E2B899.63A02DF5@ny.ubs.com>
+#Date: Tue, 25 Aug 1998 09:14:01 -0400
+#To: chet@nike.ins.cwru.edu
+#Subject: a newer version of the ksh-style 'autoload'
+
+#enclosed you'll find 'autoload.v3', a version of the autoloader
+#that emulates the ksh semantics of delaying the resolution (and loading) of the function
+#until its first use. i took the liberty of simplifying the code a bit although it still uses the
+#same functional breakdown. i recently went through the exercise of converting
+#my ksh-based environment to bash (a very, very pleasant experience)
+#and this popped out.
+
+# the psuedo-ksh autoloader.
+
+# The first cut of this was by Bill Trost, trost@reed.bitnet.
+# The second cut came from Chet Ramey, chet@ins.CWRU.Edu
+# The third cut came from Mark Kennedy, mtk@ny.ubs.com. 1998/08/25
+
+unset _AUTOLOADS
+
+_aload()
+{
+ local func
+ for func; do
+ eval $func '()
+ {
+ local f=$(_autoload_resolve '$func')
+ if [[ $f ]]; then
+ . $f
+ '$func' "$@"
+ return $?
+ else
+ return 1
+ fi
+ }'
+ _autoload_addlist $func
+ done
+}
+
+_autoload_addlist()
+{
+ local func
+
+ for func in ${_AUTOLOADS[@]}; do
+ [[ $func = "$1" ]] && return
+ done
+
+ _AUTOLOADS[${#_AUTOLOADS[@]}]=$1
+}
+
+_autoload_dump()
+{
+ local func
+
+ for func in ${_AUTOLOADS[@]}; do
+ [[ $1 ]] && echo -n "autoload "
+ echo $func
+ done
+}
+
+_autoload_remove_one()
+{
+ local func
+ local -a NEW_AUTOLOADS
+
+ for func in ${_AUTOLOADS[@]}; do
+ [[ $func != "$1" ]] && NEW_AUTOLOADS[${#NEW_AUTOLOADS[@]}]=$func
+ done
+
+ _AUTOLOADS=( ${NEW_AUTOLOADS[@]} )
+}
+
+_autoload_remove()
+{
+ local victim func
+
+ for victim; do
+ for func in ${_AUTOLOADS[@]}; do
+ [[ $victim = "$func" ]] && unset -f $func && continue 2
+ done
+ echo "autoload: $func: not an autoloaded function" >&2
+ done
+
+ for func; do
+ _autoload_remove_one $func
+ done
+}
+
+_autoload_resolve()
+{
+ if [[ ! "$FPATH" ]]; then
+ echo "autoload: FPATH not set or null" >&2
+ return
+ fi
+
+ local p
+
+ for p in $( (IFS=':'; set -- ${FPATH}; echo "$@") ); do
+ p=${p:-.}
+ if [ -f $p/$1 ]; then echo $p/$1; return; fi
+ done
+
+ echo "autoload: $1: function source file not found" >&2
+}
+
+autoload()
+{
+ if (( $# == 0 )) ; then _autoload_dump; return; fi
+
+ local opt OPTIND
+
+ while getopts pu opt
+ do
+ case $opt in
+ p) _autoload_dump printable; return;;
+ u) shift $((OPTIND-1)); _autoload_remove "$@"; return;;
+ *) echo "autoload: usage: autoload [-pu] [function ...]" >&2; return;;
+ esac
+ done
+
+ shift $(($OPTIND-1))
+
+ _aload "$@"
+}
diff --git a/examples/functions/autoload.v4 b/examples/functions/autoload.v4
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a172e61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/functions/autoload.v4
@@ -0,0 +1,556 @@
+## -*- sh -*-
+
+# The psuedo-ksh autoloader.
+
+# How to use:
+# o One function per file.
+# o File and function name match exactly.
+# o File is located in a directory that is in FPATH.
+# o This script (autoload) must be sourced in as early as possible. This
+# implies that any code in this script should NOT rely on any library of local
+# or self-defined functions having already been loaded.
+# o autoload must be called for each function before the function can be used. If
+# autoloads are in directories where there are nothing but autoloads, then
+# 'autoload /path/to/files/*' suffices (but see options -a and -f).
+# o The call must be made in the current environment, not a subshell.
+# o The command line suffices as "current environment". If you have autoload
+# calls in a script, that script must be dotted into the process.
+
+# The first cut of this was by Bill Trost, trost@reed.bitnet.
+# The second cut came from Chet Ramey, chet@ins.CWRU.Edu
+# The third cut came from Mark Kennedy, mtk@ny.ubs.com. 1998/08/25
+# The fourth cut came from Matthew Persico, matthew.persico@gmail.com 2017/August
+
+autoload_calc_shimsize ()
+{
+ echo $((AUTOLOAD_SHIM_OVERHEAD + 3 * ${#1}))
+}
+
+_autoload_split_fpath ()
+{
+ (IFS=':'; set -- ${FPATH}; echo "$@")
+}
+
+_aload()
+{
+ local opt OPTIND
+ local doexport=0
+ local doreload=0
+ local doverbose=0
+ local doevalshim=0
+ local loadthese
+ local optimize=0
+ local loaded=0
+ local exported=0
+ local optimized=0
+ local summary=0
+ local dofpath=0
+ while getopts xrvla:oyf opt; do
+ case $opt in
+ x) doexport=1;;
+ r) doreload=1;;
+ v) doverbose=1;;
+ l) doevalshim=1;;
+ a) loadthese=$(find $OPTARG -maxdepth 1 -type f -printf '%f ');;
+ o) optimize=1;;
+ y) summary=1;;
+ f) loadthese=$(find $(_autoload_split_fpath) -maxdepth 1 -type f -printf '%f ');;
+ *) echo "_aload: usage: _aload [-xrvlyf] [-a dir] [function ...]" >&2; return;;
+ esac
+ done
+
+ shift $(($OPTIND-1))
+
+ [ -z "$loadthese" ] && loadthese="$@"
+
+ local func
+ for func in $loadthese; do
+ local exists_fn
+ exists_fn=$(declare -F $func)
+ if [ -n "$exists_fn" ] && ((doreload==0)) && ((doevalshim==0))
+ then
+ if ((doverbose))
+ then
+ echo "autoload: function '$func' already exists"
+ fi
+ else
+ local andevaled=''
+ local andexported=''
+ local evalstat=0
+ local doshim=1
+ local funcfile
+ funcfile=$(_autoload_resolve $func)
+ if [[ $funcfile ]] ; then
+ ## The file was found for $func. Process it.
+
+ if ((optimize)); then
+ ## For the first function loaded, we will not know
+ ## AUTOLOAD_SHIM_OVERHEAD. We can only calculate it after
+ ## we have loaded one function.
+ if [[ $AUTOLOAD_SHIM_OVERHEAD ]]; then
+ local size=$(wc -c $funcfile| sed 's/ .*//')
+ local shimsize=$(autoload_calc_shimsize $func)
+ if (( size <= shimsize)); then
+ doshim=0
+ andevaled=', optimized'
+ ((optimized+=1))
+ fi
+ fi
+ fi
+
+ if ((doevalshim)); then
+ doshim=0
+ andevaled=', evaled'
+ fi
+
+ ## 'brand' as in branding a cow with a mark. We add a local
+ ## variable to each function we autoload so that we can tell
+ ## later on it is an autoloaded function without having to
+ ## maintain some bash array or hash that cannot be passed to
+ ## and used by subshells.
+ local brandtext
+ brandtext="eval \"\$(type $func | sed -e 1d -e 4ilocal\\ AUTOLOADED=\'$func\')\""
+ if ((doshim)); then
+ ## Don't bother trying to save space by shoving all the
+ ## eval text below onto one unreadable line; new lines will
+ ## be added at your semicolons and any indentation below
+ ## seems to be ignored anyway if you export the function;
+ ## look at its BASH_FUNCTION representation.
+ eval $func '()
+ {
+ local IS_SHIM="$func"
+ local file=$(_autoload_resolve '$func')
+ if [[ $file ]]
+ then
+ . $file
+ '$brandtext'
+ '$func' "$@"
+ return $?
+ else
+ return 1;
+ fi
+ }'
+ else
+ . $funcfile
+ eval "$brandtext"
+ fi
+ evalstat=$?
+ if((evalstat==0))
+ then
+ ((loaded+=1))
+ ((doexport)) && export -f $func && andexported=', exported' && ((exported+=1))
+ ((doverbose)) && echo "$func autoloaded${andexported}${andevaled}"
+ if [[ ! $AUTOLOAD_SHIM_OVERHEAD ]] && ((doshim)); then
+ ## ...we have just loaded the first function shim into
+ ## memory. Let's calc the AUTOLOAD_SHIM_OVERHEAD size
+ ## to use going forward. In theory, we could check
+ ## again here to see if we should optimize and source
+ ## in this function, now that we now the
+ ## AUTOLOAD_SHIM_OVERHEAD. In practice, it's not worth
+ ## duping that code or creating a function to do so for
+ ## one function.
+ AUTOLOAD_SHIM_OVERHEAD=$(type $func | grep -v -E "^$1 is a function" | sed "s/$func//g"| wc -c)
+ export AUTOLOAD_SHIM_OVERHEAD
+ fi
+ else
+ echo "$func failed to load" >&2
+ fi
+ fi
+ fi
+ done
+ ((summary)) && echo "autoload: loaded:$loaded exported:$exported optimized:$optimized overhead:$AUTOLOAD_SHIM_OVERHEAD bytes"
+}
+
+_autoload_dump()
+{
+ local opt OPTIND
+ local opt_p=''
+ local opt_s=''
+ while getopts ps opt
+ do
+ case $opt in
+ p ) opt_p=1;;
+ s ) opt_s=1;;
+ esac
+ done
+
+ shift $(($OPTIND-1))
+
+ local exported=''
+ local executed=''
+ local func
+ for func in $(declare | grep -E 'local\\{0,1} AUTOLOADED' | sed -e "s/.*AUTOLOADED=//" -e 's/\\//g' -e 's/[");]//g' -e "s/'//g")
+ do
+ if [ -n "$opt_p" ]; then echo -n "autoload "; fi
+ if [ -n "$opt_s" ]
+ then
+ exported=$(declare -F | grep -E "${func}$" | sed 's/declare -f\(x\{0,1\}\).*/\1/')
+ [ "$exported" = 'x' ] && exported=' exported' || exported=' not exported'
+ executed=$(type $func | grep 'local IS_SHIM')
+ [ -z "$executed" ] && executed=' executed' || executed=' not executed'
+ fi
+ echo "${func}${exported}${executed}"
+ done
+}
+
+_autoload_resolve()
+{
+ if [[ ! "$FPATH" ]]; then
+ echo "autoload: FPATH not set or null" >&2
+ return
+ fi
+
+ local p # for 'path'. The $() commands in the for loop split the FPATH
+ # string into its constituents so that each one may be processed.
+
+ for p in $( _autoload_split_fpath ); do
+ p=${p:-.}
+ if [ -f $p/$1 ]; then echo $p/$1; return; fi
+ done
+
+ echo "autoload: $1: function source file not found" >&2
+}
+
+_autoload_edit()
+{
+ [ -z "$EDITOR" ] && echo "Error: no EDITOR defined" && return 1
+ local toedit
+ local func
+ for func in "$@"
+ do
+ local file=$(_autoload_resolve $func)
+ if [[ $file ]]
+ then
+ toedit="$toedit $file"
+ else
+ echo "$funcname not found in FPATH funcfile. Skipping."
+ fi
+ done
+
+ [ -z "$toedit" ] && return 1
+
+ local timemarker=$(mktemp)
+
+ $EDITOR $toedit
+
+ local i
+ for i in $toedit
+ do
+ if [ $i -nt $timemarker ]
+ then
+ local f=$(basename $i)
+ echo Reloading $f
+ autoload -r $f
+ fi
+ done
+}
+
+_autoload_page()
+{
+ [ -z "$PAGER" ] && echo "Error: no PAGER defined" && return 1
+ local topage
+ local func
+ for func in "$@"
+ do
+ local file=$(_autoload_resolve $func)
+ if [[ $file ]]
+ then
+ topage="$topage $file"
+ else
+ echo "$funcname not found in FPATH funcfile. Skipping."
+ fi
+ done
+
+ [ -z "$topage" ] && return 1
+
+ $PAGER $topage
+}
+
+_autoload_remove()
+{
+ unset -f "$@"
+}
+
+_autoload_help()
+{
+ cat <<EOH
+NAME
+ autoload
+
+SYNOPSIS
+ autoload [-ps]
+ autoload [-xuremloyv] [function ...]
+ autoload -a directory [-oyv]
+ autoload -f [-oyv]
+ autoload [-h]
+
+ autoreload [function ...]
+
+DESCRIPTION
+
+ An implementation of the 'autoload' functionality built into other
+ shells, of which 'ksh' is the most prominent. It allows for a keeping
+ the process environment small by loading small 'shim' functions into
+ memory that will, on first call, load the full text of the given
+ function and run it. Subsequent calls to the function just run the
+ function.
+
+ 'autoreload' is a synonym for 'autoload -r'. See below.
+
+USAGE
+
+ o Each function to be autoloaded should be defined in a single file,
+ named exactly the same as the function.
+
+ o In order to avoid side effects, do NOT put code other than the
+ function definition in the file. Unless of course you want to do some
+ one-time initialization. But beware that if you reload the function
+ for any reason, you will rerun the initialization code. Make sure
+ your initialization is re-entrant. Or, better yet,
+
+ *** do NOT put code other than the function definition in the file ***
+
+ o These function definition files should be placed in a directory that
+ is in the FPATH environment variable. Subdirectories are NOT scanned.
+
+ o The autoload script should be sourced into the current process as
+ early as possible in process start up. See NOTES below for
+ suggestions.
+
+ o The calls to the autoload function must be made in the current
+ process. If your calls are in their own script, that script must be
+ sourced in. Command line invocations are also sufficient. (But see
+ '-l' below.)
+
+ o The first time the function is called, the shim function that was
+ created by the 'autoload' call is what is executed. This function
+ then goes and finds the appropriate file in FPATH, sources it in and
+ then calls the actual function with any arguments you just passed in
+ to the shim function. Subsequent calls just run the function.
+
+OPTIONS
+
+ -a Autoload (a)ll the functions found in the given directory.
+
+ -f Autoload all the functions found in all the directories on the
+ FPATH.
+
+ -p Print all the autoloaded functions.
+
+ -s Print all the autoloaded functions and add their export status.
+
+ -x Export the specified functions to the environment for use in
+ subshells.
+
+ -u Unset the function, so it can be reloaded.
+
+ -r Reload the shims of the specified functions, even if the functions
+ have been already been executed. This will allow you to modify the
+ functions' source and have the new version executed next time the
+ function is called.
+
+ It would be very easy to modify a function's script, run the
+ function and scratch your head for a long time trying to figure out
+ why your changes are not being executed. That's why we provide the
+ '-e' flag described below for modifications.
+
+ Reloads, of course, only apply in the context of the current session
+ and any future subshell you start from the current session. Existing
+ sessions will need to have the same 'autoload -r' command run in
+ them.
+
+ -e Find the scripts in which the specified functions are defined and
+ start up \$EDITOR on those scripts. Reload the ones that were
+ modified when you exit \$EDITOR. (Note: If you use 'autoload -e foo'
+ to edit function 'foo', and then in your editor you separately load
+ up function 'bar', 'autoload' has no way of knowing that you edited
+ 'bar' and will NOT reload 'bar' for you.)
+
+ Reloads, of course, only apply in the context of the current session
+ and any future subshell you start from the current session. Existing
+ sessions will need to have the same 'autoload -r' command run in
+ them.
+
+ -m Find the scripts in which the specified functions are defined and
+ run \$PAGER on them ('m' is for 'more', because 'p' (page) and 'l'
+ (load) are already used as options in 'autoload').
+
+ -l When autoloading a function, eval the shim immediately in order to
+ load the true function code. See "Using '-l'" in the NOTES below for
+ details.
+
+ -o Optimize. When autoloading, take the time to execute
+
+ 'theCharCount=\$(wc -c \$theFuncFile)'
+
+ for each funcion and
+
+ if \$theCharCount < \$AUTOLOAD_SHIM_OVERHEAD
+
+ don't shim it, just eval directly.
+
+ -y Summar(y). Print the number of loaded, exported and optimized
+ functions.
+
+ -v Turns up the chattiness.
+
+NOTES
+
+ o Calling 'autoload' on a function that already exists (either shimmed
+ or expanded) silently ignores the request to load the shim unless it
+ has been previously removed (-u) or you force the reload (-r).
+
+ o Changing and reloading a function that has been exported does not
+ require it be re-exported; the modifications will appear in
+ subsequent subshells.
+
+ o Using '-1'
+
+ If you are running under set -x and/or set -v, you may see that the
+ shim does not appear to "work"; instead of seeing the shim first and
+ the real code subsequently, you may see the shim evaluated multiple
+ times.
+
+ This may not be an error; review your code. What is most likely
+ happening is that you are calling the function in subshells via
+ backticks or $(), or in a script that is not being sourced into the
+ current environment. If you have not previously called the function
+ in question at your command line or in a script that was sourced into
+ the current envirnoment, then the various subshells are going to
+ encounter the shim and replace with the real code before executing.
+
+ Remember, however, that environment modifications that occur in a
+ subshell are NOT propagated back to the calling shell or over to any
+ sibling shells. So, if you call an autoloaded function in a very
+ tight loop of very many subshells, you may want to make an 'autoload
+ -l' call before you start your loop. '-l' will instruct 'autoload' to
+ bypass the shim creation and just source in the function's file
+ directly. For a few calls, the overhead of repeatedly running the
+ shim is not expensive, but in a tight loop, it might be. Caveat
+ Programer.
+
+ o Although the number of functions in the environment does not change
+ by using 'autoload', the amount of memory they take up can be greatly
+ reduced, depending on the size of your functions. If you have a lot
+ of small functions, then it is possible that the shim text will be
+ larger than your actual functions, rendering the memory savings moot.
+
+ 'small' in this case can be determined by calling the function
+ 'autoload_calc_shimsize' with the name of the function to determine
+ its shim size.
+
+ o In order to support the -p and -s options, we need a way to determine
+ if a function 'func' has been autoloaded or if it was loaded
+ diredctly. In order to do that, we modify the function's code by
+ adding the text
+
+ local AUTOLOADED='func';
+
+ to the shim and to the actual function text, just after the opening
+ brace. Then supporting -p and -s is just a matter of grepping through
+ all the function text in memory. Even though grepping through the
+ environment may not be the most efficient way to support this, it is
+ the simplest to implement for -p and -s operations that are not
+ heavily used.
+
+ As a consquence of this (and other reasons), the AUTOLOAD* namespace
+ is reserved for autoloading. Make sure you check any functions that
+ you bring under autoload for use of variables or functions that start
+ with AUTOLOAD and change them.
+
+ o The easiest way to load shims for all functions on the FPATH is to run
+
+ autoload -f -x
+
+ in the profile that gets run for login shells.
+
+ When called in the profile of a login shell where no definitions
+ exist, -f will load all functions it can find on FPATH and -x will
+ export all of those functions to be available in subshells when this
+ is called in a login shell. Using this option will relieve you of the
+ need to call 'autoload' after Every Single Function Definition, nor
+ will you need to call it in subshells.
+
+ The only thing left to do is to load up the autoload function itself
+ and its helper functions. That needs to happen in your profile:
+
+ export FPATH=~/functions # or wherever you stash them
+ if [ -z $(declare -F autoload) ]
+ then
+ . ~/bin/autoload # or wherever you've put it
+ fi
+
+ The 'if' statement is used to make sure we don't reload autoload
+ needlessly. Sourcing in the autoload script loads the 'autoload'
+ function and all of its support functions. Additionally, we export
+ all of these functions so that they are available in subshells; you
+ do not have to re-source the autoload file in '.bashrc'.
+
+ o Even with all of these shenanigans, you will find cases where no
+ matter how hard you try, your autoloaded functions will be
+ unavailable to you, even if you run 'autoload -x -f'. The typical
+ condition for this is starting up not a subshell, but a brand new
+ DIFFERENT shell. And the typical example of this is git extentions.
+
+ At the time of this writing, git extentions work by taking a command
+ 'git foo' and looking for a file 'git-foo' on the path. 'git' then
+ executes 'git-foo' in a new shell - it executes your command in
+ /bin/sh. That's not a subshell of your process. It will not get your
+ exported shell functions. Ballgame over.
+
+ If you find that you want your functions to be available in such
+ circumstances, convert them back to plain old scripts, make sure they
+ are 'sh' compliant and take the read/parse hit every time they are
+ run.
+
+EOH
+}
+
+autoload()
+{
+ if (( $# == 0 )) ; then _autoload_dump; return; fi
+
+ local opt OPTIND OPTARG
+ local passthru
+ local dumpopt
+ while getopts psuema:yxrvlohf opt
+ do
+ case $opt in
+ p|s) dumpopt="$dumpopt -${opt}";;
+ u) shift $((OPTIND-1)); _autoload_remove "$@"; return;;
+ e) shift $((OPTIND-1)); _autoload_edit "$@"; return;;
+ m) shift $((OPTIND-1)); _autoload_page "$@"; return;;
+ x|r|v|l|y|f|o) passthru="$passthru -$opt";;
+ a) passthru="$passthru -$opt $OPTARG";;
+ h) _autoload_help; return;;
+ *) echo "autoload: usage: autoload [-puUx] [function ...]" >&2; return;;
+ esac
+ done
+
+ shift $(($OPTIND-1))
+ if [ -n "$dumpopt" ]
+ then
+ _autoload_dump $dumpopt
+ else
+ _aload $passthru "$@"
+ fi
+}
+
+autoreload ()
+{
+ autoload -r "$@"
+}
+
+## When we source in autoload, we export (but NOT autoload) the autoload
+## functions so that they are available in subshells and you don't have to
+## source in the autoload file in subshells.
+export -f _aload \
+ _autoload_dump \
+ _autoload_edit \
+ _autoload_help \
+ _autoload_page \
+ _autoload_resolve \
+ _autoload_split_fpath \
+ autoload \
+ autoload_calc_shimsize \
+ autoreload
diff --git a/examples/functions/autoload.v4.t b/examples/functions/autoload.v4.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6d35d14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/functions/autoload.v4.t
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+workdir=$(mktemp -d)
+
+cp autoload $workdir
+
+cd $workdir
+pwd
+
+. ./autoload
+
+funclist='ALTEST_func1 ALTEST_funcexport ALTEST_funcu'
+for funcname in $funclist; do
+ cat <<EOFFUNC > $funcname
+$funcname ()
+{
+echo this is $funcname
+
+}
+EOFFUNC
+
+done
+
+export FPATH=$workdir
+
+autoload ALTEST_func1 ALTEST_funcu
+autoload -x ALTEST_funcexport
+
+ok=0
+failed=0
+
+for funcname in $funclist; do
+
+ testname="$funcname loaded"
+ got=$(type $funcname 2>&1)
+ if [[ $got =~ "$funcname: not found" ]]; then
+ echo "## Failed $testname"
+ ((failed+=1))
+ else
+ echo "ok - $testname"
+ ((ok+=1))
+
+ testname="$funcname is a shim"
+ if [[ ! $got =~ "IS_SHIM" ]]; then
+ echo "## Failed $testname"
+ ((failed+=1))
+ else
+ echo "ok - $testname"
+ ((ok+=1))
+
+ testname="$funcname shim executed"
+ $funcname > /dev/null
+ got=$(type $funcname 2>&1)
+ if [[ $got =~ "IS_SHIM" ]]; then
+ echo "## Failed $testname"
+ ((failed+=1))
+ else
+ echo "ok - $testname"
+ ((ok+=1))
+ fi
+ fi
+ fi
+done
+
+funcname=ALTEST_func1
+testname="$funcname shim reloaded"
+autoload -r $funcname
+got=$(type $funcname 2>&1)
+if [[ ! $got =~ "IS_SHIM" ]]; then
+ echo "## Failed $testname"
+ ((failed+=1))
+else
+ echo "ok - $testname"
+ ((ok+=1))
+fi
+
+funcname=ALTEST_funcu
+testname="$funcname shim unloaded"
+autoload -u $funcname
+got=$(type $funcname 2>&1)
+if [[ ! $got =~ "$funcname: not found" ]]; then
+ echo "## Failed $testname"
+ ((failed+=1))
+else
+ echo "ok - $testname"
+ ((ok+=1))
+fi
+
+testname="autoload -p"
+got=$(autoload -p | grep ALTEST)
+if [[ ! $got =~ "autoload ALTEST_func1" ]] || \
+ [[ ! $got =~ "autoload ALTEST_funcexport" ]] ; then
+echo "## Failed $testname"
+ ((failed+=1))
+else
+ echo "ok - $testname"
+ ((ok+=1))
+fi
+
+testname="autoload -s"
+echo "Executing $testname, could take a long time..."
+got=$(autoload -s | grep ALTEST)
+if [[ ! $got =~ "ALTEST_func1 not exported not executed" ]] || \
+ [[ ! $got =~ "ALTEST_funcexport exported executed" ]] ; then
+ echo "## Failed $testname"
+ echo "## got: $got"
+ ((failed+=1))
+else
+ echo "ok - $testname"
+ ((ok+=1))
+fi
+
+testname="autoload -r -a $FPATH"
+autoload -r -a $FPATH
+localfailed=0
+localok=0
+for funcname in $funclist; do
+ got=$(type $funcname 2>&1)
+ if [[ $got =~ "$funcname: not found" ]]; then
+ echo "## Failed $testname - $funcname"
+ ((localfailed+=1))
+ else
+ ((localok+=1))
+ if [[ ! $got =~ "IS_SHIM" ]]; then
+ ((localfailed+=1))
+ else
+ ((localok+=1))
+ fi
+ fi
+done
+if ((localfailed==0)); then
+ echo "ok - $testname"
+ ((ok+=1))
+else
+ ((failed+=1))
+fi
+
+testname="autoload -u $funclist"
+autoload -u $funclist
+localfailed=0
+localok=0
+for funcname in $funclist; do
+ got=$(type $funcname 2>&1)
+ if [[ ! $got =~ "$funcname: not found" ]]; then
+ echo "## Failed $testname - $funcname"
+ ((localfailed+=1))
+ else
+ ((localok+=1))
+ fi
+done
+if ((localfailed==0)); then
+ echo "ok - $testname"
+ ((ok+=1))
+else
+ ((failed+=1))
+fi
+
+testname="autoload -r -f"
+autoload -r -f
+localfailed=0
+localok=0
+for funcname in $funclist; do
+ got=$(type $funcname 2>&1)
+ if [[ $got =~ "$funcname: not found" ]]; then
+ echo "## Failed $testname - $funcname"
+ ((localfailed+=1))
+ else
+ ((localok+=1))
+ if [[ ! $got =~ "IS_SHIM" ]]; then
+ ((localfailed+=1))
+ else
+ ((localok+=1))
+ fi
+ fi
+done
+if ((localfailed==0)); then
+ echo "ok - $testname"
+ ((ok+=1))
+else
+ ((failed+=1))
+fi
+
+echo $ok passed, $failed failed
+exit $failed
diff --git a/examples/functions/basename b/examples/functions/basename
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a541349
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/functions/basename
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# Date: Fri, 11 Oct 91 11:22:36 edt
+# From: friedman@gnu.ai.mit.edu
+# To: bfox@gnu.ai.mit.edu
+
+# A replacement for basename(1). Not all the systems I use have this
+# program. Usage: basename [path] {extension}
+function basename ()
+{
+ local path="$1"
+ local suffix="$2"
+ local tpath="${path%/}"
+
+ # Strip trailing '/' characters from path (unusual that this should
+ # ever occur, but basename(1) seems to deal with it.)
+ while [ "${tpath}" != "${path}" ]; do
+ tpath="${path}"
+ path="${tpath%/}"
+ done
+
+ path="${path##*/}" # Strip off pathname
+ echo ${path%${suffix}} # Also strip off extension, if any.
+}
+
diff --git a/examples/functions/csh-compat b/examples/functions/csh-compat
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b8dcf8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/functions/csh-compat
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# C-shell compatabilty package.
+# setenv VAR VALUE
+function setenv ()
+{
+ export $1="$2"
+}
+
+function unsetenv ()
+{
+ unset $1
+}
+
+# Can't write foreach yet. Need pattern matching, and a few extras.
+function foreach () {
+echo 'Can'\''t do `foreach'\'' yet. Type "help for".'
+}
+
+# Make this work like csh's. Special case "term" and "path".
+#set () {
+#}
+
+chdir ()
+{
+ builtin cd "$@"
+}
+
+# alias - convert csh alias commands to bash functions
+# from Mohit Aron <aron@cs.rice.edu>
+# posted to usenet as <4i5p17$bnu@larry.rice.edu>
+function alias ()
+{
+ if [ "x$2" = "x" ]
+ then
+ declare -f $1
+ else
+ case $2 in
+ *[#\!]*)
+ comm=$(echo $2 | sed 's/\\!\*/\"$\@\"/g
+ s/\\!:\([1-9]\)/\"$\1\"/g
+ s/#/\\#/g')
+ ;;
+ *)
+ comm="$2 \"\$@\"" ;;
+ esac
+
+ eval function $1 \(\) "{" command "$comm" "; }"
+ fi
+}
diff --git a/examples/functions/dirname b/examples/functions/dirname
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ccb8c84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/functions/dirname
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# Date: Fri, 11 Oct 91 11:22:36 edt
+# From: friedman@gnu.ai.mit.edu
+# To: bfox@gnu.ai.mit.edu
+
+# A replacement for dirname(1). This one appears less often on some
+# systems I use than basename(1), and I really depend on it for some
+# things. Usage: dirname [path]
+function dirname ()
+{
+ local dir="$1"
+ local tdir="${dir%/}"
+
+ # Strip trailing '/' characters from dir (unusual that this should
+ # ever occur, but dirname(1) seems to deal with it.)
+ while [ "${tdir}" != "${dir}" ]; do
+ tdir="${dir}"
+ dir="${tdir%/}"
+ done
+
+ echo "${dir%/*}"
+}
diff --git a/examples/functions/dirstack b/examples/functions/dirstack
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d68e619
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/functions/dirstack
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# @(#) dirstack
+
+###
+# Another implementation of the directory manipulation functions
+# published in the Bolsky & Korn book : "The new Korn shell" :
+# cd, to change current directory
+# d, to display the stack content
+# Eric Sanchis (eric.sanchis@iut-rodez.fr), 2012
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+#
+###
+
+
+shopt -s expand_aliases
+shopt -s extglob
+shopt -s cdable_vars
+
+alias integer='declare -i'
+
+integer MAX=32
+integer INDMAX=MAX-1
+integer INDTOP=0
+
+unalias cd 2>/dev/null
+alias cd=cdir
+
+unset tab
+tab[INDTOP]="$(pwd)"
+
+
+function cdir
+{
+ local -i ind
+ local dir
+
+dir="${1:-$HOME}"
+case "$dir" in
+ - ) # cd - => equivalent to : cd -1
+ ind=INDTOP-1
+ cd_by_number $ind
+ ;;
+ -+([[:digit:]]) ) # cd -n
+ ind=$INDTOP-${dir#-}
+ cd_by_number $ind
+ ;;
+ *) # cd ~ or cd dir_name
+ cd_by_name "$dir"
+esac
+}
+
+
+function cd_by_number
+{
+ local -i k=$1
+ local -i j
+ local dirtmp
+
+if (( k < 0 ))
+ then
+ echo Impossible to change directory >&2
+ return 1
+ else
+ dirtmp="${tab[k]}"
+ j=k+1
+ while (( j <= INDTOP ))
+ do
+ tab[j-1]="${tab[j]}"
+ j=j+1
+ done
+ tab[INDTOP]="$dirtmp"
+ \cd "${tab[INDTOP]}"
+fi
+}
+
+
+function cd_by_name
+{
+ local -i i
+ local rep
+
+rep=$( \cd "$1" &>/dev/null && pwd)
+if [[ -z "$rep" ]]
+ then
+ echo cd : "$1" unknown >&2
+ return 1
+fi
+
+ i=$INDTOP
+ while (( i >= 0 ))
+ do
+ if [[ "${tab[i]}" == "$rep" ]]
+ then break
+ fi
+ i=i-1
+ done
+
+if (( i == INDTOP ))
+ then # cd -0 => we do nothing !
+ return 0
+ elif (( i == -1 ))
+ then # the directory isn't in the stack
+ if (( INDTOP == INDMAX ))
+ then # the stack is FULL
+ # the oldest directory is removed
+ local -i m
+
+ m=1
+ while (( m <= INDMAX ))
+ do
+ tab[m-1]="${tab[m]}"
+ m=m+1
+ done
+ else # the new directory is added to the top of the stack
+ INDTOP=INDTOP+1
+ fi
+ tab[INDTOP]="$rep"
+ \cd "${tab[INDTOP]}"
+ return 0
+
+ else # the directory is already in the stack
+ # $i gives its index
+ cd_by_number $i
+fi
+}
+
+
+function d # display the directory stack
+{
+ local -i i
+ local rep
+
+i=0
+while (( $i <= $INDTOP ))
+ do
+ rep="${tab[INDTOP-i]#$HOME/}"
+ case "$rep" in
+ $HOME) rep="~" ;;
+ /* ) : ;;
+ * ) rep="~/$rep"
+ esac
+
+ echo "$i ) $rep"
+ i=i+1
+ done
+}
+
+
diff --git a/examples/functions/exitstat b/examples/functions/exitstat
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f49ebf5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/functions/exitstat
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# Contributed by Noah Friedman and Roland McGrath.
+
+# To be run by the PROMPT_COMMAND variable, so that one can see what
+# the exit status of processes are.
+
+function check_exit_status ()
+{
+ local status="$?"
+ local signal=""
+
+ if [ ${status} -ne 0 ] && [ ${status} != 128 ]; then
+ # If process exited by a signal, determine name of signal.
+ if [ ${status} -gt 128 ]; then
+ signal="$(builtin kill -l $((${status} - 128)) 2>/dev/null)"
+ if [ "$signal" ]; then signal="($signal)"; fi
+ fi
+ echo "[Exit ${status} ${signal}]" 1>&2
+ fi
+ return 0
+}
+
+PROMPT_COMMAND=check_exit_status
diff --git a/examples/functions/external b/examples/functions/external
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c2e52cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/functions/external
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+# Contributed by Noah Friedman.
+
+# To avoid using a function in bash, you can use the `builtin' or
+# `command' builtins, but neither guarantees that you use an external
+# program instead of a bash builtin if there's a builtin by that name. So
+# this function can be used like `command' except that it guarantees the
+# program is external by first disabling any builtin by that name. After
+# the command is done executing, the state of the builtin is restored.
+function external ()
+{
+ local state=""
+ local exit_status
+
+ if builtin_p "$1"; then
+ state="builtin"
+ enable -n "$1"
+ fi
+
+ command "$@"
+ exit_status=$?
+
+ if [ "$state" = "builtin" ]; then
+ enable "$1"
+ fi
+
+ return ${exit_status}
+}
+
+# What is does is tell you if a particular keyword is currently enabled as
+# a shell builtin. It does NOT tell you if invoking that keyword will
+# necessarily run the builtin. For that, do something like
+#
+# test "$(builtin type -type [keyword])" = "builtin"
+#
+# Note also, that disabling a builtin with "enable -n" will make builtin_p
+# return false, since the builtin is no longer available.
+function builtin_p ()
+{
+ local word
+
+ set $(builtin type -all -type "$1")
+
+ for word in "$@" ; do
+ if [ "${word}" = "builtin" ]; then
+ return 0
+ fi
+ done
+
+ return 1
+}
diff --git a/examples/functions/fact b/examples/functions/fact
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..97efd49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/functions/fact
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# Who said shells can't use recursion? Here is a factorial function.
+# You call it with a number as an argument, and it returns the factorial
+# of that number.
+
+fact ()
+{
+ local num=$1;
+ if [ "$num" = 1 ] ; then
+ echo 1
+ return ;
+ fi;
+ echo $(( $num * $(fact $(( $num - 1 )) ) ))
+}
diff --git a/examples/functions/fstty b/examples/functions/fstty
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5ed594f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/functions/fstty
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+#
+# A function that works as a front end for both stty and the `bind'
+# builtin, so the tty driver and readline see the same changes
+#
+#
+# Chet Ramey <chet.ramey@case.edu>
+#
+# Copyright 2011 Chester Ramey
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
+# any later version.
+#
+# TThis program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+# Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
+
+#
+# Convert between the stty ^H control character form and the readline \C-H
+# form
+#
+cvt()
+{
+ echo "$@" | cat -v | sed 's/\^/\\C-/'
+}
+
+#
+# stty front-end. Parses the argument list and creates two command strings,
+# one for stty, another for bind.
+#
+fstty()
+{
+ local cmd="" bargs=""
+ local e
+
+ while [ $# -gt 0 ]
+ do
+ case "$1" in
+ -a) cmd="$cmd everything"
+ ;;
+ erase) shift;
+ e=$(cvt "$1")
+ cmd="$cmd erase $1"
+ bargs="$bargs '\"$e\": backward-delete-char'"
+ ;;
+ kill) shift
+ e=$(cvt "$1")
+ cmd="$cmd kill $1"
+ bargs="$bargs '\"$e\": unix-line-discard'"
+ ;;
+ werase) shift;
+ e=$(cvt "$1")
+ cmd="$cmd erase $1"
+ bargs="$bargs '\"$e\": backward-kill-word'"
+ ;;
+ lnext) shift;
+ e=$(cvt "$1")
+ cmd="$cmd erase $1"
+ bargs="$bargs '\"$e\": quoted-insert'"
+ ;;
+ *) cmd="$cmd $1"
+ ;;
+ esac
+ shift
+ done
+
+ command stty $cmd
+ if [ -n "$bargs" ]; then
+ builtin bind $bargs
+ fi
+}
diff --git a/examples/functions/func b/examples/functions/func
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e7696f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/functions/func
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+#
+# func -- print out definitions for functions named by arguments
+#
+# usage: func name [name ...]
+#
+# Chet Ramey <chet.ramey@case.edu>
+#
+# Copyright 1991 Chester Ramey
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
+# any later version.
+#
+# TThis program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+# Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
+
+func()
+{
+ local status=0
+
+ if [ $# -eq 0 ] ; then
+ echo "usage: func name [name...]" 1>&2
+ return 1
+ fi
+
+ for f
+ do
+ if [ "$(builtin type -type $f)" != "function" ] ; then
+ echo "func: $f: not a function" 1>&2
+ status=1 # one failed
+ continue
+ fi
+ builtin type $f | sed 1d
+ done
+ return $status
+}
diff --git a/examples/functions/inetaddr b/examples/functions/inetaddr
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9e72613
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/functions/inetaddr
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+#
+# Chet Ramey <chet.ramey@case.edu>
+#
+# Copyright 2002 Chester Ramey
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
+# any later version.
+#
+# TThis program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+# Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
+
+#
+# inet2hex - Internet address conversion, dotted-decimal to hex
+#
+inet2hex ()
+{
+ local IFS
+
+ IFS=.
+ set -- $1
+
+ if (( $# != 4 )); then
+ echo "inet2hex: incorrect input format: $1" >&2
+ echo "inet2hex: usage: inet2hex XX.XX.XX.XX" >&2
+ return 2
+ fi
+
+ printf "0x%02x%02x%02x%02x\n" $1 $2 $3 $4
+}
+
+#
+# hex2inet - Internet address conversion, hex to dotted-decimal
+#
+hex2inet ()
+{
+ local x1 x2 x3 x4
+ local rev
+
+ OPTIND=1
+ while getopts "r" o
+ do
+ case "$o" in
+ r) rev=true;;
+ *) echo "hex2inet: usage: hex2inet [-r] [0x]XXXXXXXX" >&2 ; exit 2;;
+ esac
+ done
+ shift $(( $OPTIND - 1 ))
+
+ case "$1" in
+ 0x*) h=${1#??} ;;
+ *) h=$1 ;;
+ esac
+
+ if (( ${#h} != 8 )); then
+ echo "hex2inet: $h not in inet format" >&2
+ echo "hex2inet: usage: hex2inet [0x]XXXXXXXX" >&2
+ return 2
+ fi
+
+ x1=$(( 0x${h:0:2} ))
+ x2=$(( 0x${h:2:2} ))
+ x3=$(( 0x${h:4:2} ))
+ x4=$(( 0x${h:6:2} ))
+
+ if [ -z "$rev" ] ; then
+ printf "%d.%d.%d.%d\n" $x1 $x2 $x3 $x4
+ else
+ printf "%d.%d.%d.%d\n" $x4 $x3 $x2 $x1
+ fi
+ return 0
+}
diff --git a/examples/functions/inpath b/examples/functions/inpath
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cb4c93d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/functions/inpath
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+inpath()
+{
+ local PROG
+ path=$(echo $PATH | sed 's/^:/.:/
+ s/::/:.:/g
+ s/:$/:./
+ s/:/ /g')
+
+ for x in $path
+ do
+ [ -x $x/$1 ] && { PROG=$x/$1; break; }
+ done
+ [ -n "$PROG" ]
+}
diff --git a/examples/functions/isnum2 b/examples/functions/isnum2
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..583e374
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/functions/isnum2
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+#
+# Chet Ramey <chet.ramey@case.edu>
+#
+# Copyright 1998 Chester Ramey
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
+# any later version.
+#
+# TThis program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+# Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
+
+isnum2()
+{
+ case "$1" in
+ '[-+]' | '') return 1;; # empty or bare `-' or `+'
+ [-+]*[!0-9]*) return 1;; # non-digit with leading sign
+ [-+]*) return 0;; # OK
+ *[!0-9]*) return 1;; # non-digit
+ *) return 0;; # OK
+ esac
+}
+
+# this one handles floating point
+isnum3()
+{
+ case "$1" in
+ '') return 1;; # empty
+ *[!0-9.+-]*) return 1;; # non-digit, +, -, or .
+ *?[-+]*) return 1;; # sign as second or later char
+ *.*.*) return 1;; # multiple decimal points
+ *) return 0;; # OK
+ esac
+}
diff --git a/examples/functions/isvalidip b/examples/functions/isvalidip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0b2dafe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/functions/isvalidip
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# Thanks to Chris F. A. Johnson <c.f.a.johnson@rogers.com> for this one
+is_validip()
+{
+ case "$*" in
+ ""|*[!0-9.]*|*[!0-9]) return 1 ;;
+ esac
+
+ local IFS=.
+ set -- $*
+
+ [ $# -eq 4 ] &&
+ [ ${1:-666} -le 255 ] && [ ${2:-666} -le 255 ] &&
+ [ ${3:-666} -le 255 ] && [ ${4:-666} -le 254 ]
+}
diff --git a/examples/functions/ksh-cd b/examples/functions/ksh-cd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..26b00a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/functions/ksh-cd
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+#
+# Chet Ramey <chet.ramey@case.edu>
+#
+# Copyright 2001 Chester Ramey
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
+# any later version.
+#
+# TThis program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+# Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
+
+#
+# ksh-like `cd': cd [-LP] [dir [change]]
+#
+cd()
+{
+ OPTIND=1
+ while getopts "LP" opt
+ do
+ case $opt in
+ L|P) CDOPTS="$CDOPTS -$opt" ;;
+ *) echo "$FUNCNAME: usage: $FUNCNAME [-LP] [dir] [change]" >&2
+ return 2;;
+ esac
+ done
+
+ shift $(( $OPTIND - 1 ))
+
+ case $# in
+ 0) builtin cd $CDOPTS "$HOME" ;;
+ 1) builtin cd $CDOPTS "$@" ;;
+ 2) old="$1" new="$2"
+ case "$PWD" in
+ *$old*) ;;
+ *) echo "${0##*/}: $FUNCNAME: bad substitution" >&2 ; return 1 ;;
+ esac
+
+ dir=${PWD//$old/$new}
+
+ builtin cd $CDOPTS "$dir" && echo "$PWD"
+
+ ;;
+ *) echo "${0##*/}: $FUNCNAME: usage: $FUNCNAME [-LP] [dir] [change]" >&2
+ return 2 ;;
+ esac
+}
diff --git a/examples/functions/ksh-compat-test b/examples/functions/ksh-compat-test
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..919d82b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/functions/ksh-compat-test
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+#
+# Chet Ramey <chet.ramey@case.edu>
+#
+# Copyright 1999 Chester Ramey
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
+# any later version.
+#
+# TThis program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+# Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
+#
+# replacements for test/[ that do arithmetic expansion on the operands to
+# the arithmetic operators, like ksh.
+#
+function test()
+{
+ local -i n1 n3
+ case "$#" in
+ 3) case "$2" in
+ -lt|-gt|-eq|-ne|-le|-ge) n1=$(( $1 ))
+ n3=$(( $3 ))
+ builtin test "$n1" $2 "$n3"
+ return $?;;
+ *) builtin test "$@" ;;
+ esac;;
+ *) builtin test "$@" ;;
+ esac
+}
+
+function [()
+{
+ local -i n1 n3
+ case "$#" in
+ 4) case "$2" in
+ -lt|-gt|-eq|-ne|-le|-ge) n1=$(( $1 ))
+ n3=$(( $3 ))
+ builtin [ "$n1" $2 "$n3" ]
+ return $?;;
+ *) builtin [ "$@" ;;
+ esac;;
+ *) builtin [ "$@" ;;
+ esac
+}
+
+q=7
+
+[ q -lt 10 ]
+echo $?
+[ $q -lt 10 ]
+echo $?
diff --git a/examples/functions/kshenv b/examples/functions/kshenv
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9faba08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/functions/kshenv
@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+#
+# .kshenv -- functions and aliases to provide the beginnings of a ksh
+# environment for bash.
+#
+# Chet Ramey
+# chet@ins.CWRU.Edu
+#
+
+#
+# Copyright 2002 Chester Ramey
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
+# any later version.
+#
+# TThis program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+# Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
+
+#
+# These are definitions for the ksh compiled-in `exported aliases'. There
+# are others, but we already have substitutes for them: "history", "type",
+# and "hash".
+#
+alias r="fc -s"
+alias functions="typeset -f"
+alias integer="typeset -i"
+alias nohup="nohup "
+alias command="command "
+alias stop="kill -s STOP"
+alias redirect="command exec"
+alias hist="fc"
+
+#
+# An almost-ksh compatible `whence' command. This is as hairy as it is
+# because of the desire to exactly mimic ksh (whose behavior was determined
+# empirically).
+#
+# This depends somewhat on knowing the format of the output of the bash
+# `builtin type' command.
+#
+
+whence()
+{
+ local vflag pflag fflag defarg c
+ local path
+
+ vflag= aflag= pflag= fflag=
+ path=
+ if [ "$#" = "0" ] ; then
+ echo "whence: usage: whence [-afpv] name..." >&2
+ return 2
+ fi
+
+ OPTIND=1
+ while getopts "avfp" c
+ do
+ case "$c" in
+ a) defarg=-a ;;
+ f) fflag=1 ;; # no-op
+ p) pflag=1 ;;
+ v) vflag=1 ;;
+ ?) echo "whence: $1: unknown option" >&2
+ echo "whence: usage: whence [-afpv] name..." >&2
+ return 2 ;;
+ esac
+ done
+
+ shift $(( $OPTIND - 1 ))
+
+ if [ "$#" = "0" ] ; then
+ echo "whence: usage: whence [-afpv] name..." >&2
+ return 2
+ fi
+
+ for cmd
+ do
+ if [ "$vflag" ] ; then
+ if [ -z "$defarg" ]; then
+ builtin type $cmd | sed 1q
+ else
+ if builtin type $defarg -t $cmd | grep 'function$' >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+ # HAIRY awk script to suppress
+ # printing of function body -- could
+ # do it with sed, but I don't have
+ # that kind of time
+ builtin type $defarg $cmd | awk '
+BEGIN {printit = 1;}
+$1 == "'$cmd'" && $2 == "()" {printit=0; next; }
+/^}$/ { if (printit == 0) printit=1 ; else print $0; next ; }
+/.*/ { if (printit) print $0; }'
+ else
+ builtin type $defarg $cmd
+ fi
+ fi
+ else
+ path=$(builtin type $defarg -p $cmd)
+ if [ "$path" ] ; then
+ echo $path
+ else
+ case "$cmd" in
+ /*) echo "" ;;
+ *) case "$(builtin type -t $cmd)" in
+ "") echo "" ;;
+ *) echo "$cmd" ;;
+ esac
+ ;;
+ esac
+ fi
+ fi
+ done
+ return 0
+}
+
+#
+# For real ksh homeboy fanatics, redefine the `type' builtin with a ksh
+# version.
+#
+#type()
+#{
+# whence -v "$*"
+#}
+
+#
+# ksh-like `cd': cd [-LP] [dir [change]]
+#
+cd()
+{
+ OPTIND=1
+ while getopts "LP" opt
+ do
+ case $opt in
+ L|P) CDOPTS="$CDOPTS -$opt" ;;
+ *) echo "$FUNCNAME: usage: $FUNCNAME [-LP] [dir] [change]" >&2
+ return 2;;
+ esac
+ done
+
+ shift $(( $OPTIND - 1 ))
+
+ case $# in
+ 0) builtin cd $CDOPTS "$HOME" ;;
+ 1) builtin cd $CDOPTS "$@" ;;
+ 2) old="$1" new="$2"
+ case "$PWD" in
+ *$old*) ;;
+ *) echo "${0##*/}: $FUNCNAME: bad substitution" >&2 ; return 1 ;;
+ esac
+
+ dir=${PWD//$old/$new}
+
+ builtin cd $CDOPTS "$dir" && echo "$PWD"
+
+ ;;
+ *) echo "${0##*/}: $FUNCNAME: usage: $FUNCNAME [-LP] [dir] [change]" >&2
+ return 2 ;;
+ esac
+}
+
+#
+# ksh print emulation
+#
+# print [-Rnprsu[n]] [-f format] [arg ...]
+#
+# - end of options
+# -R BSD-style -- only accept -n, no escapes
+# -n do not add trailing newline
+# -p no-op (no coprocesses)
+# -r no escapes
+# -s print to the history file
+# -u n redirect output to fd n
+# -f format printf "$format" "$@"
+#
+
+print()
+{
+ local eflag=-e
+ local nflag= fflag= c
+ local fd=1
+
+ OPTIND=1
+ while getopts "fRnprsu:" c
+ do
+ case $c in
+ R) eflag= ;;
+ r) eflag= ;;
+ n) nflag=-n ;;
+ s) sflag=y ;;
+ f) fflag=y ;;
+ u) fd=$OPTARG ;;
+ p) ;;
+ esac
+ done
+ shift $(( $OPTIND - 1 ))
+
+ if [ -n "$fflag" ]; then
+ builtin printf "$@" >&$fd
+ return
+ fi
+
+ case "$sflag" in
+ y) builtin history -s "$*" ;;
+ *) builtin echo $eflag $nflag "$@" >&$fd
+ esac
+}
+
+# substring function
+# this function should be equivalent to the substring built-in which was
+# eliminated after the 06/29/84 version
+substring ()
+{
+ local lpat flag str #local variables
+ set -f
+ case $1 in
+ -l|-L)
+ flag=$1
+ lpat=$2
+ shift 2
+ ;;
+ esac
+ # test for too few or too many arguments
+ if [ x"$1" = x ] || [ $# -gt 2 ]; then
+ print -u2 'substring: bad argument count'
+ return 1
+ fi
+ str=$1
+ if [ x"$flag" = x-l ]; then #substring -l lpat
+ str=${str#$lpat}
+ elif [ x"$flag" = x-L ]; then
+ str=${str##$lpat} #substring -L lpat
+ fi
+
+ if [ x"$2" != x ]; then
+ echo ${str%$2}
+ else
+ echo $str
+ fi
+
+ return 0
+}
diff --git a/examples/functions/login b/examples/functions/login
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3d59683
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/functions/login
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# replace the `login' and `newgrp' builtins in old bourne shells
+
+login()
+{
+ exec login "$@"
+}
+
+newgrp()
+{
+ exec newgrp "$@"
+}
diff --git a/examples/functions/notify.bash b/examples/functions/notify.bash
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ed4377c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/functions/notify.bash
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+#
+# Chet Ramey <chet.ramey@case.edu>
+#
+# Copyright 1992 Chester Ramey
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
+# any later version.
+#
+# TThis program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+# Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
+
+trap _notify CHLD
+NOTIFY_ALL=false
+unset NOTIFY_LIST
+unalias false
+
+false()
+{
+ return 1
+}
+
+_notify ()
+{
+ local i j
+ local newlist=
+
+ if $NOTIFY_ALL
+ then
+ return # let bash take care of this itself
+ elif [ -z "$NOTIFY_LIST" ]; then
+ return
+ else
+ set -- $NOTIFY_LIST
+ for i in "$@"
+ do
+ j=$(jobs -n %$i)
+ if [ -n "$j" ]; then
+ echo "$j"
+ jobs -n %$i >/dev/null
+ else
+ newlist="newlist $i"
+ fi
+ done
+ NOTIFY_LIST="$newlist"
+ fi
+}
+
+notify ()
+{
+ local i j
+
+ if [ $# -eq 0 ]; then
+ NOTIFY_ALL=:
+ set -b
+ return
+ else
+ for i in "$@"
+ do
+ # turn a valid job spec into a job number
+ j=$(jobs $i)
+ case "$j" in
+ [*) j=${j%%]*}
+ j=${j#[}
+ NOTIFY_LIST="$NOTIFY_LIST $j"
+ ;;
+ esac
+ done
+ fi
+}
diff --git a/examples/functions/seq b/examples/functions/seq
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c1953ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/functions/seq
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+#
+# Chet Ramey <chet.ramey@case.edu>
+#
+# Copyright 1995 Chester Ramey
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
+# any later version.
+#
+# TThis program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+# Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
+
+# Generate a sequence from m to n, m defaults to 1.
+
+seq ()
+{
+ declare -i lo hi i # makes local
+ local _SEQ
+
+ case $# in
+ 1) seq 1 "$1" ; return $? ;;
+ 2) lo=$1 hi=$2
+ i=$lo _SEQ=""
+ while let "i <= hi"; do
+ _SEQ="${_SEQ}$i "
+ let i+=1
+ done
+ echo "${_SEQ# }"
+ return 0 ;;
+ *) echo seq: usage: seq [low] high 1>&2 ; return 2 ;;
+ esac
+}
+
+# like the APL `iota' function (or at least how I remember it :-)
+iota()
+{
+ case $# in
+ 1) seq 1 "$1"; return $?;;
+ *) echo "iota: usage: iota high" 1>&2; return 2;;
+ esac
+}
diff --git a/examples/functions/seq2 b/examples/functions/seq2
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4a54498
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/functions/seq2
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+#
+# Chet Ramey <chet.ramey@case.edu>
+#
+# Copyright 1998 Chester Ramey
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
+# any later version.
+#
+# TThis program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+# Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
+
+# Generate a sequence from m to n, m defaults to 1.
+
+seq ()
+{
+ declare -i lo hi i # makes local
+ local _SEQ INIT COMPARE STEP
+
+ case "$1" in
+ -r) INIT='i=$hi _SEQ=""' COMPARE='let "i >= $lo"' STEP='let i-=1' ; shift ;;
+ *) INIT='i=$lo _SEQ=""' COMPARE='let "i <= $hi"' STEP='let i+=1' ;;
+ esac
+
+ case $# in
+ 1) lo=1 hi="$1" ;;
+ 2) lo=$1 hi=$2 ;;
+ *) echo seq: usage: seq [-r] [low] high 1>&2 ; return 2 ;;
+ esac
+
+ # equivalent to the as-yet-unimplemented
+ # for (( "$INIT" ; "$COMPARE" ; "$STEP" )); do _SEQ="${_SEQ}$i "; done
+ eval "$INIT"
+ while eval "$COMPARE"; do
+ _SEQ="${_SEQ}$i "
+ eval "$STEP"
+ done
+ echo "${_SEQ# }"
+ return 0
+}
+
+# like the APL `iota' function (or at least how I remember it :-)
+iota()
+{
+ case $# in
+ 1) seq 1 "$1"; return $?;;
+ *) echo "iota: usage: iota high" 1>&2; return 2;;
+ esac
+}
diff --git a/examples/functions/shcat b/examples/functions/shcat
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c5d3d63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/functions/shcat
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+shcat()
+{
+ while read -r line
+ do
+ echo "$line"
+ done
+}
diff --git a/examples/functions/shcat2 b/examples/functions/shcat2
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6fe90f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/functions/shcat2
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+shcat()
+{
+ while read -r line
+ do
+ echo "$line"
+ done
+}
+
+shcat2()
+{
+ while [ $# -ge 1 ]; do
+ case "$1" in
+ -) shcat ;;
+ *) shcat < "$1" ;;
+ esac
+ shift
+ done
+ exit 0
+}
diff --git a/examples/functions/sort-pos-params b/examples/functions/sort-pos-params
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3fbf7db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/functions/sort-pos-params
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+#
+# Chet Ramey <chet.ramey@case.edu>
+#
+# Copyright 2001 Chester Ramey
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
+# any later version.
+#
+# TThis program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+# Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
+
+# Sort the positional paramters.
+# Make sure the positional parameters are passed as arguments to the function.
+# If -u is the first arg, remove duplicate array members.
+sort_posparams()
+{
+ local -a R
+ local u
+
+ case "$1" in
+ -u) u=-u ; shift ;;
+ esac
+
+ # if you want the case of no positional parameters to return success,
+ # remove the error message and return 0
+ if [ $# -eq 0 ]; then
+ echo "$FUNCNAME: argument expected" >&2
+ return 1
+ fi
+
+ # make R a copy of the positional parameters
+ R=( "${@}" )
+
+ # sort R.
+ R=( $( printf "%s\n" "${R[@]}" | sort $u) )
+
+ printf "%s\n" "${R[@]}"
+ return 0
+}
+
+# will print everything on separate lines
+set -- 3 1 4 1 5 9 2 6 5 3 2
+sort_posparams "$@"
+
+# sets without preserving quoted parameters
+set -- $( sort_posparams "$@" )
+echo "$@"
+echo $#
+
+# sets preserving quoted parameters, beware pos params with embedded newlines
+set -- 'a b' 'a c' 'x z'
+
+oifs=$IFS
+IFS=$'\n'
+set -- $( sort_posparams "$@" )
+IFS="$oifs"
+
+echo "$@"
+echo $#
+
+sort_posparams
diff --git a/examples/functions/substr b/examples/functions/substr
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f19f5d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/functions/substr
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+#
+# Chet Ramey <chet.ramey@case.edu>
+#
+# Copyright 2002 Chester Ramey
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
+# any later version.
+#
+# TThis program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+# Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
+#
+# substr -- a function to emulate the ancient ksh builtin
+#
+
+#
+# -l == shortest from left
+# -L == longest from left
+# -r == shortest from right (the default)
+# -R == longest from right
+
+substr()
+{
+ local flag pat str
+ local usage="usage: substr -lLrR pat string or substr string pat"
+
+ case "$1" in
+ -l | -L | -r | -R)
+ flag="$1"
+ pat="$2"
+ shift 2
+ ;;
+ -*)
+ echo "substr: unknown option: $1"
+ echo "$usage"
+ return 1
+ ;;
+ *)
+ flag="-r"
+ pat="$2"
+ ;;
+ esac
+
+ if [ "$#" -eq 0 ] || [ "$#" -gt 2 ] ; then
+ echo "substr: bad argument count"
+ return 2
+ fi
+
+ str="$1"
+
+ #
+ # We don't want -f, but we don't want to turn it back on if
+ # we didn't have it already
+ #
+ case "$-" in
+ "*f*")
+ ;;
+ *)
+ fng=1
+ set -f
+ ;;
+ esac
+
+ case "$flag" in
+ -l)
+ str="${str#$pat}" # substr -l pat string
+ ;;
+ -L)
+ str="${str##$pat}" # substr -L pat string
+ ;;
+ -r)
+ str="${str%$pat}" # substr -r pat string
+ ;;
+ -R)
+ str="${str%%$pat}" # substr -R pat string
+ ;;
+ *)
+ str="${str%$2}" # substr string pat
+ ;;
+ esac
+
+ echo "$str"
+
+ #
+ # If we had file name generation when we started, re-enable it
+ #
+ if [ "$fng" = "1" ] ; then
+ set +f
+ fi
+}
diff --git a/examples/functions/substr2 b/examples/functions/substr2
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc21b98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/functions/substr2
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+#
+# Chet Ramey <chet.ramey@case.edu>
+#
+# Copyright 2002 Chester Ramey
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
+# any later version.
+#
+# TThis program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+# Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
+#
+# substr -- a function to emulate the ancient ksh builtin
+#
+
+# -l == remove shortest from left
+# -L == remove longest from left
+# -r == remove shortest from right (the default)
+# -R == remove longest from right
+
+substr()
+{
+ local flag pat str
+ local usage="usage: substr -lLrR pat string or substr string pat"
+ local options="l:L:r:R:"
+
+ OPTIND=1
+ while getopts "$options" c
+ do
+ case "$c" in
+ l | L | r | R)
+ flag="-$c"
+ pat="$OPTARG"
+ ;;
+ '?')
+ echo "$usage"
+ return 1
+ ;;
+ esac
+ done
+
+ if [ "$OPTIND" -gt 1 ] ; then
+ shift $(( $OPTIND -1 ))
+ fi
+
+ if [ "$#" -eq 0 ] || [ "$#" -gt 2 ] ; then
+ echo "substr: bad argument count"
+ return 2
+ fi
+
+ str="$1"
+
+ #
+ # We don't want -f, but we don't want to turn it back on if
+ # we didn't have it already
+ #
+ case "$-" in
+ "*f*")
+ ;;
+ *)
+ fng=1
+ set -f
+ ;;
+ esac
+
+ case "$flag" in
+ -l)
+ str="${str#$pat}" # substr -l pat string
+ ;;
+ -L)
+ str="${str##$pat}" # substr -L pat string
+ ;;
+ -r)
+ str="${str%$pat}" # substr -r pat string
+ ;;
+ -R)
+ str="${str%%$pat}" # substr -R pat string
+ ;;
+ *)
+ str="${str%$2}" # substr string pat
+ ;;
+ esac
+
+ echo "$str"
+
+ #
+ # If we had file name generation when we started, re-enable it
+ #
+ if [ "$fng" = "1" ] ; then
+ set +f
+ fi
+}
diff --git a/examples/functions/whatis b/examples/functions/whatis
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..570c585
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/functions/whatis
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+#
+# whatis -- and implementation of the 10th Edition Unix sh builtin `whatis'
+# command.
+#
+# usage: whatis arg [...]
+#
+# For each argument, whatis prints the associated value as a parameter,
+# builtin, function, alias, or executable file as appropriate. In each
+# case, the value is printed in a form which would yield the same value
+# if typed as input to the shell itself.
+#
+#
+# Chet Ramey <chet.ramey@case.edu>
+#
+# Copyright 1994 Chester Ramey
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
+# any later version.
+#
+# TThis program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+# Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
+
+
+whatis()
+{
+ local wusage='usage: whatis arg [arg...]'
+ local fail=0
+
+ if [ $# -eq 0 ] ; then
+ echo "$wusage"
+ return 1
+ fi
+
+ for arg
+ do
+ case $(builtin type -type $arg 2>/dev/null) in
+ "alias")
+ builtin alias "$arg"
+ ;;
+ "function")
+ builtin type "$arg" | sed 1d
+ ;;
+ "builtin")
+ echo builtin "$arg"
+ ;;
+ "file")
+ builtin type -path "$arg"
+ ;;
+ *)
+ # OK, we could have a variable, or we could have nada
+ if [ "$(eval echo \${$arg+set})" = "set" ] ; then
+ # It is a variable, and it is set
+ echo -n "$arg="
+ eval echo '\"'\$$arg'\"'
+ else
+ echo whatis: $arg: not found
+ fail=1
+ fi
+ ;;
+ esac
+ done
+ return $fail
+}
diff --git a/examples/functions/whence b/examples/functions/whence
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ba27b00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/functions/whence
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+#
+# An almost-ksh compatible `whence' command. This is as hairy as it is
+# because of the desire to exactly mimic ksh.
+#
+# This depends somewhat on knowing the format of the output of the bash
+# `builtin type' command.
+#
+# Chet Ramey
+# chet@ins.CWRU.Edu
+#
+#
+# Chet Ramey <chet.ramey@case.edu>
+#
+# Copyright 1994 Chester Ramey
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
+# any later version.
+#
+# TThis program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+# Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
+
+whence()
+{
+ local vflag= path=
+
+ if [ "$#" = "0" ] ; then
+ echo "whence: argument expected"
+ return 1
+ fi
+ case "$1" in
+ -v) vflag=1
+ shift 1
+ ;;
+ -*) echo "whence: bad option: $1"
+ return 1
+ ;;
+ *) ;;
+ esac
+
+ if [ "$#" = "0" ] ; then
+ echo "whence: bad argument count"
+ return 1
+ fi
+
+ for cmd
+ do
+ if [ "$vflag" ] ; then
+ echo $(builtin type $cmd | sed 1q)
+ else
+ path=$(builtin type -path $cmd)
+ if [ "$path" ] ; then
+ echo $path
+ else
+ case "$cmd" in
+ /*) if [ -x "$cmd" ]; then
+ echo "$cmd"
+ fi
+ ;;
+ *) case "$(builtin type -type $cmd)" in
+ "") ;;
+ *) echo "$cmd"
+ ;;
+ esac
+ ;;
+ esac
+ fi
+ fi
+ done
+ return 0
+}
diff --git a/examples/functions/which b/examples/functions/which
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f0db290
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/functions/which
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+#
+# which - emulation of `which' as it appears in FreeBSD
+#
+# usage: which [-as] command [command...]
+#
+#
+# Chet Ramey <chet.ramey@case.edu>
+#
+# Copyright 1999 Chester Ramey
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
+# any later version.
+#
+# TThis program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+# Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
+
+which()
+{
+ local aflag sflag ES a opt
+
+ OPTIND=1
+ while builtin getopts as opt ; do
+ case "$opt" in
+ a) aflag=-a ;;
+ s) sflag=1 ;;
+ ?) echo "which: usage: which [-as] command [command ...]" >&2
+ exit 2 ;;
+ esac
+ done
+
+ (( $OPTIND > 1 )) && shift $(( $OPTIND - 1 ))
+
+ # without command arguments, exit with status 1
+ ES=1
+
+ # exit status is 0 if all commands are found, 1 if any are not found
+ for command; do
+ # if $command is a function, make sure we add -a so type
+ # will look in $PATH after finding the function
+ a=$aflag
+ case "$(builtin type -t $command)" in
+ "function") a=-a;;
+ esac
+
+ if [ -n "$sflag" ]; then
+ builtin type -p $a $command >/dev/null 2>&1
+ else
+ builtin type -p $a $command
+ fi
+ ES=$?
+ done
+
+ return $ES
+}