Adding upstream version 1:9.11.5.P4+dfsg.upstream/1%9.11.5.P4+dfsgupstream

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

1 files changed, 3902 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/bin/dnssec/dnssec-signzone.c b/bin/dnssec/dnssec-signzone.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c6a0313
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/dnssec/dnssec-signzone.c
@@ -0,0 +1,3902 @@
+/*
+ * Portions Copyright (C) Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
+ *
+ * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+ * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+ * file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+ *
+ * See the COPYRIGHT file distributed with this work for additional
+ * information regarding copyright ownership.
+ *
+ * Portions Copyright (C) Network Associates, Inc.
+ *
+ * Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any
+ * purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
+ * copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND ISC AND NETWORK ASSOCIATES DISCLAIMS
+ * ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED
+ * WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS.  IN NO EVENT SHALL ISC BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
+ * WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
+ * ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR
+ * IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+/*! \file */
+
+#include <config.h>
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <time.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <isc/app.h>
+#include <isc/base32.h>
+#include <isc/commandline.h>
+#include <isc/entropy.h>
+#include <isc/event.h>
+#include <isc/file.h>
+#include <isc/hash.h>
+#include <isc/hex.h>
+#include <isc/mem.h>
+#include <isc/mutex.h>
+#include <isc/os.h>
+#include <isc/print.h>
+#include <isc/random.h>
+#include <isc/rwlock.h>
+#include <isc/serial.h>
+#include <isc/safe.h>
+#include <isc/stdio.h>
+#include <isc/stdlib.h>
+#include <isc/string.h>
+#include <isc/task.h>
+#include <isc/time.h>
+#include <isc/util.h>
+
+#include <dns/db.h>
+#include <dns/dbiterator.h>
+#include <dns/diff.h>
+#include <dns/dnssec.h>
+#include <dns/ds.h>
+#include <dns/fixedname.h>
+#include <dns/keyvalues.h>
+#include <dns/log.h>
+#include <dns/master.h>
+#include <dns/masterdump.h>
+#include <dns/nsec.h>
+#include <dns/nsec3.h>
+#include <dns/rdata.h>
+#include <dns/rdatalist.h>
+#include <dns/rdataset.h>
+#include <dns/rdataclass.h>
+#include <dns/rdatasetiter.h>
+#include <dns/rdatastruct.h>
+#include <dns/rdatatype.h>
+#include <dns/result.h>
+#include <dns/soa.h>
+#include <dns/time.h>
+#include <dns/update.h>
+
+#include <dst/dst.h>
+
+#ifdef PKCS11CRYPTO
+#include <pk11/result.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "dnssectool.h"
+
+#ifndef PATH_MAX
+#define PATH_MAX 1024   /* AIX, WIN32, and others don't define this. */
+#endif
+
+const char *program = "dnssec-signzone";
+int verbose;
+
+typedef struct hashlist hashlist_t;
+
+static int nsec_datatype = dns_rdatatype_nsec;
+
+#define IS_NSEC3	(nsec_datatype == dns_rdatatype_nsec3)
+#define OPTOUT(x)	(((x) & DNS_NSEC3FLAG_OPTOUT) != 0)
+
+#define REVOKE(x) ((dst_key_flags(x) & DNS_KEYFLAG_REVOKE) != 0)
+
+#define BUFSIZE 2048
+#define MAXDSKEYS 8
+
+#define SIGNER_EVENTCLASS	ISC_EVENTCLASS(0x4453)
+#define SIGNER_EVENT_WRITE	(SIGNER_EVENTCLASS + 0)
+#define SIGNER_EVENT_WORK	(SIGNER_EVENTCLASS + 1)
+
+#define SOA_SERIAL_KEEP		0
+#define SOA_SERIAL_INCREMENT	1
+#define SOA_SERIAL_UNIXTIME	2
+#define SOA_SERIAL_DATE		3
+
+typedef struct signer_event sevent_t;
+struct signer_event {
+	ISC_EVENT_COMMON(sevent_t);
+	dns_fixedname_t *fname;
+	dns_dbnode_t *node;
+};
+
+static dns_dnsseckeylist_t keylist;
+static unsigned int keycount = 0;
+isc_rwlock_t keylist_lock;
+static isc_stdtime_t starttime = 0, endtime = 0, dnskey_endtime = 0, now;
+static int cycle = -1;
+static int jitter = 0;
+static bool tryverify = false;
+static bool printstats = false;
+static isc_mem_t *mctx = NULL;
+static isc_entropy_t *ectx = NULL;
+static dns_ttl_t zone_soa_min_ttl;
+static dns_ttl_t soa_ttl;
+static FILE *outfp = NULL;
+static char *tempfile = NULL;
+static const dns_master_style_t *masterstyle;
+static dns_masterformat_t inputformat = dns_masterformat_text;
+static dns_masterformat_t outputformat = dns_masterformat_text;
+static uint32_t rawversion = 1, serialnum = 0;
+static bool snset = false;
+static unsigned int nsigned = 0, nretained = 0, ndropped = 0;
+static unsigned int nverified = 0, nverifyfailed = 0;
+static const char *directory = NULL, *dsdir = NULL;
+static isc_mutex_t namelock, statslock;
+static isc_taskmgr_t *taskmgr = NULL;
+static dns_db_t *gdb;			/* The database */
+static dns_dbversion_t *gversion;	/* The database version */
+static dns_dbiterator_t *gdbiter;	/* The database iterator */
+static dns_rdataclass_t gclass;		/* The class */
+static dns_name_t *gorigin;		/* The database origin */
+static int nsec3flags = 0;
+static dns_iterations_t nsec3iter = 10U;
+static unsigned char saltbuf[255];
+static unsigned char *gsalt = saltbuf;
+static size_t salt_length = 0;
+static isc_task_t *master = NULL;
+static unsigned int ntasks = 0;
+static bool shuttingdown = false, finished = false;
+static bool nokeys = false;
+static bool removefile = false;
+static bool generateds = false;
+static bool ignore_kskflag = false;
+static bool keyset_kskonly = false;
+static dns_name_t *dlv = NULL;
+static dns_fixedname_t dlv_fixed;
+static dns_master_style_t *dsstyle = NULL;
+static unsigned int serialformat = SOA_SERIAL_KEEP;
+static unsigned int hash_length = 0;
+static bool unknownalg = false;
+static bool disable_zone_check = false;
+static bool update_chain = false;
+static bool set_keyttl = false;
+static dns_ttl_t keyttl;
+static bool smartsign = false;
+static bool remove_orphansigs = false;
+static bool remove_inactkeysigs = false;
+static bool output_dnssec_only = false;
+static bool output_stdout = false;
+bool set_maxttl = false;
+static dns_ttl_t maxttl = 0;
+
+#define INCSTAT(counter)		\
+	if (printstats) {		\
+		LOCK(&statslock);	\
+		counter++;		\
+		UNLOCK(&statslock);	\
+	}
+
+static void
+sign(isc_task_t *task, isc_event_t *event);
+
+/*%
+ * Store a copy of 'name' in 'fzonecut' and return a pointer to that copy.
+ */
+static dns_name_t *
+savezonecut(dns_fixedname_t *fzonecut, dns_name_t *name) {
+	dns_name_t *result;
+
+	result = dns_fixedname_initname(fzonecut);
+	dns_name_copy(name, result, NULL);
+
+	return (result);
+}
+
+static void
+dumpnode(dns_name_t *name, dns_dbnode_t *node) {
+	dns_rdataset_t rds;
+	dns_rdatasetiter_t *iter = NULL;
+	isc_buffer_t *buffer = NULL;
+	isc_region_t r;
+	isc_result_t result;
+	unsigned bufsize = 4096;
+
+	if (outputformat != dns_masterformat_text)
+		return;
+
+	if (!output_dnssec_only) {
+		result = dns_master_dumpnodetostream(mctx, gdb, gversion, node,
+						     name, masterstyle, outfp);
+		check_result(result, "dns_master_dumpnodetostream");
+		return;
+	}
+
+	result = dns_db_allrdatasets(gdb, node, gversion, 0, &iter);
+	check_result(result, "dns_db_allrdatasets");
+
+	dns_rdataset_init(&rds);
+
+	result = isc_buffer_allocate(mctx, &buffer, bufsize);
+	check_result(result, "isc_buffer_allocate");
+
+	for (result = dns_rdatasetiter_first(iter);
+	     result == ISC_R_SUCCESS;
+	     result = dns_rdatasetiter_next(iter)) {
+
+		dns_rdatasetiter_current(iter, &rds);
+
+		if (rds.type != dns_rdatatype_rrsig &&
+		    rds.type != dns_rdatatype_nsec &&
+		    rds.type != dns_rdatatype_nsec3 &&
+		    rds.type != dns_rdatatype_nsec3param &&
+		    (!smartsign || rds.type != dns_rdatatype_dnskey)) {
+			dns_rdataset_disassociate(&rds);
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		for (;;) {
+			result = dns_master_rdatasettotext(name, &rds,
+							   masterstyle, buffer);
+			if (result != ISC_R_NOSPACE)
+				break;
+
+			bufsize <<= 1;
+			isc_buffer_free(&buffer);
+			result = isc_buffer_allocate(mctx, &buffer, bufsize);
+			check_result(result, "isc_buffer_allocate");
+		}
+		check_result(result, "dns_master_rdatasettotext");
+
+		isc_buffer_usedregion(buffer, &r);
+		result = isc_stdio_write(r.base, 1, r.length, outfp, NULL);
+		check_result(result, "isc_stdio_write");
+		isc_buffer_clear(buffer);
+
+		dns_rdataset_disassociate(&rds);
+	}
+
+	isc_buffer_free(&buffer);
+	dns_rdatasetiter_destroy(&iter);
+}
+
+/*%
+ * Sign the given RRset with given key, and add the signature record to the
+ * given tuple.
+ */
+static void
+signwithkey(dns_name_t *name, dns_rdataset_t *rdataset, dst_key_t *key,
+	    dns_ttl_t ttl, dns_diff_t *add, const char *logmsg)
+{
+	isc_result_t result;
+	isc_stdtime_t jendtime, expiry;
+	char keystr[DST_KEY_FORMATSIZE];
+	dns_rdata_t trdata = DNS_RDATA_INIT;
+	unsigned char array[BUFSIZE];
+	isc_buffer_t b;
+	dns_difftuple_t *tuple;
+
+	dst_key_format(key, keystr, sizeof(keystr));
+	vbprintf(1, "\t%s %s\n", logmsg, keystr);
+
+	if (rdataset->type == dns_rdatatype_dnskey)
+		expiry = dnskey_endtime;
+	else
+		expiry = endtime;
+
+	jendtime = (jitter != 0) ? isc_random_jitter(expiry, jitter) : expiry;
+	isc_buffer_init(&b, array, sizeof(array));
+	result = dns_dnssec_sign(name, rdataset, key, &starttime, &jendtime,
+				 mctx, &b, &trdata);
+	isc_entropy_stopcallbacksources(ectx);
+	if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS) {
+		fatal("dnskey '%s' failed to sign data: %s",
+		      keystr, isc_result_totext(result));
+	}
+	INCSTAT(nsigned);
+
+	if (tryverify) {
+		result = dns_dnssec_verify(name, rdataset, key,
+					   true, mctx, &trdata);
+		if (result == ISC_R_SUCCESS) {
+			vbprintf(3, "\tsignature verified\n");
+			INCSTAT(nverified);
+		} else {
+			vbprintf(3, "\tsignature failed to verify\n");
+			INCSTAT(nverifyfailed);
+		}
+	}
+
+	tuple = NULL;
+	result = dns_difftuple_create(mctx, DNS_DIFFOP_ADDRESIGN,
+				      name, ttl, &trdata, &tuple);
+	check_result(result, "dns_difftuple_create");
+	dns_diff_append(add, &tuple);
+}
+
+static inline bool
+issigningkey(dns_dnsseckey_t *key) {
+	return (key->force_sign || key->hint_sign);
+}
+
+static inline bool
+ispublishedkey(dns_dnsseckey_t *key) {
+	return ((key->force_publish || key->hint_publish) &&
+		!key->hint_remove);
+}
+
+static inline bool
+iszonekey(dns_dnsseckey_t *key) {
+	return (dns_name_equal(dst_key_name(key->key), gorigin) &&
+		dst_key_iszonekey(key->key));
+}
+
+static inline bool
+isksk(dns_dnsseckey_t *key) {
+	return (key->ksk);
+}
+
+static inline bool
+iszsk(dns_dnsseckey_t *key) {
+	return (ignore_kskflag || !key->ksk);
+}
+
+/*%
+ * Find the key that generated an RRSIG, if it is in the key list.  If
+ * so, return a pointer to it, otherwise return NULL.
+ *
+ * No locking is performed here, this must be done by the caller.
+ */
+static dns_dnsseckey_t *
+keythatsigned_unlocked(dns_rdata_rrsig_t *rrsig) {
+	dns_dnsseckey_t *key;
+
+	for (key = ISC_LIST_HEAD(keylist);
+	     key != NULL;
+	     key = ISC_LIST_NEXT(key, link)) {
+		if (rrsig->keyid == dst_key_id(key->key) &&
+		    rrsig->algorithm == dst_key_alg(key->key) &&
+		    dns_name_equal(&rrsig->signer, dst_key_name(key->key)))
+			return (key);
+	}
+	return (NULL);
+}
+
+/*%
+ * Finds the key that generated a RRSIG, if possible.  First look at the keys
+ * that we've loaded already, and then see if there's a key on disk.
+ */
+static dns_dnsseckey_t *
+keythatsigned(dns_rdata_rrsig_t *rrsig) {
+	isc_result_t result;
+	dst_key_t *pubkey = NULL, *privkey = NULL;
+	dns_dnsseckey_t *key = NULL;
+
+	isc_rwlock_lock(&keylist_lock, isc_rwlocktype_read);
+	key = keythatsigned_unlocked(rrsig);
+	isc_rwlock_unlock(&keylist_lock, isc_rwlocktype_read);
+	if (key != NULL)
+		return (key);
+
+	/*
+	 * We did not find the key in our list.  Get a write lock now, since
+	 * we may be modifying the bits.  We could do the tryupgrade() dance,
+	 * but instead just get a write lock and check once again to see if
+	 * it is on our list.  It's possible someone else may have added it
+	 * after all.
+	 */
+	isc_rwlock_lock(&keylist_lock, isc_rwlocktype_write);
+	key = keythatsigned_unlocked(rrsig);
+	if (key != NULL) {
+		isc_rwlock_unlock(&keylist_lock, isc_rwlocktype_write);
+		return (key);
+	}
+
+	result = dst_key_fromfile(&rrsig->signer, rrsig->keyid,
+				  rrsig->algorithm, DST_TYPE_PUBLIC,
+				  directory, mctx, &pubkey);
+	if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS) {
+		isc_rwlock_unlock(&keylist_lock, isc_rwlocktype_write);
+		return (NULL);
+	}
+
+	result = dst_key_fromfile(&rrsig->signer, rrsig->keyid,
+				  rrsig->algorithm,
+				  DST_TYPE_PUBLIC | DST_TYPE_PRIVATE,
+				  directory, mctx, &privkey);
+	if (result == ISC_R_SUCCESS) {
+		dst_key_free(&pubkey);
+		result = dns_dnsseckey_create(mctx, &privkey, &key);
+	} else
+		result = dns_dnsseckey_create(mctx, &pubkey, &key);
+
+	if (result == ISC_R_SUCCESS) {
+		key->force_publish = false;
+		key->force_sign = false;
+		key->index = keycount++;
+		ISC_LIST_APPEND(keylist, key, link);
+	}
+
+	isc_rwlock_unlock(&keylist_lock, isc_rwlocktype_write);
+	return (key);
+}
+
+/*%
+ * Check to see if we expect to find a key at this name.  If we see a RRSIG
+ * and can't find the signing key that we expect to find, we drop the rrsig.
+ * I'm not sure if this is completely correct, but it seems to work.
+ */
+static bool
+expecttofindkey(dns_name_t *name) {
+	unsigned int options = DNS_DBFIND_NOWILD;
+	dns_fixedname_t fname;
+	isc_result_t result;
+	char namestr[DNS_NAME_FORMATSIZE];
+
+	dns_fixedname_init(&fname);
+	result = dns_db_find(gdb, name, gversion, dns_rdatatype_dnskey, options,
+			     0, NULL, dns_fixedname_name(&fname), NULL, NULL);
+	switch (result) {
+	case ISC_R_SUCCESS:
+	case DNS_R_NXDOMAIN:
+	case DNS_R_NXRRSET:
+		return (true);
+	case DNS_R_DELEGATION:
+	case DNS_R_CNAME:
+	case DNS_R_DNAME:
+		return (false);
+	}
+	dns_name_format(name, namestr, sizeof(namestr));
+	fatal("failure looking for '%s DNSKEY' in database: %s",
+	      namestr, isc_result_totext(result));
+	/* NOTREACHED */
+	return (false); /* removes a warning */
+}
+
+static inline bool
+setverifies(dns_name_t *name, dns_rdataset_t *set, dst_key_t *key,
+	    dns_rdata_t *rrsig)
+{
+	isc_result_t result;
+	result = dns_dnssec_verify(name, set, key, false, mctx, rrsig);
+	if (result == ISC_R_SUCCESS) {
+		INCSTAT(nverified);
+		return (true);
+	} else {
+		INCSTAT(nverifyfailed);
+		return (false);
+	}
+}
+
+/*%
+ * Signs a set.  Goes through contortions to decide if each RRSIG should
+ * be dropped or retained, and then determines if any new SIGs need to
+ * be generated.
+ */
+static void
+signset(dns_diff_t *del, dns_diff_t *add, dns_dbnode_t *node, dns_name_t *name,
+	dns_rdataset_t *set)
+{
+	dns_rdataset_t sigset;
+	dns_rdata_t sigrdata = DNS_RDATA_INIT;
+	dns_rdata_rrsig_t rrsig;
+	dns_dnsseckey_t *key;
+	isc_result_t result;
+	bool nosigs = false;
+	bool *wassignedby, *nowsignedby;
+	int arraysize;
+	dns_difftuple_t *tuple;
+	dns_ttl_t ttl;
+	int i;
+	char namestr[DNS_NAME_FORMATSIZE];
+	char typestr[TYPE_FORMATSIZE];
+	char sigstr[SIG_FORMATSIZE];
+
+	dns_name_format(name, namestr, sizeof(namestr));
+	type_format(set->type, typestr, sizeof(typestr));
+
+	ttl = ISC_MIN(set->ttl, endtime - starttime);
+
+	dns_rdataset_init(&sigset);
+	result = dns_db_findrdataset(gdb, node, gversion, dns_rdatatype_rrsig,
+				     set->type, 0, &sigset, NULL);
+	if (result == ISC_R_NOTFOUND) {
+		vbprintf(2, "no existing signatures for %s/%s\n",
+			 namestr, typestr);
+		result = ISC_R_SUCCESS;
+		nosigs = true;
+	}
+	if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS)
+		fatal("failed while looking for '%s RRSIG %s': %s",
+		      namestr, typestr, isc_result_totext(result));
+
+	vbprintf(1, "%s/%s:\n", namestr, typestr);
+
+	arraysize = keycount;
+	if (!nosigs)
+		arraysize += dns_rdataset_count(&sigset);
+	wassignedby = isc_mem_get(mctx, arraysize * sizeof(bool));
+	nowsignedby = isc_mem_get(mctx, arraysize * sizeof(bool));
+	if (wassignedby == NULL || nowsignedby == NULL)
+		fatal("out of memory");
+
+	for (i = 0; i < arraysize; i++)
+		wassignedby[i] = nowsignedby[i] = false;
+
+	if (nosigs)
+		result = ISC_R_NOMORE;
+	else
+		result = dns_rdataset_first(&sigset);
+
+	while (result == ISC_R_SUCCESS) {
+		bool expired, future;
+		bool keep = false, resign = false;
+
+		dns_rdataset_current(&sigset, &sigrdata);
+
+		result = dns_rdata_tostruct(&sigrdata, &rrsig, NULL);
+		check_result(result, "dns_rdata_tostruct");
+
+		future = isc_serial_lt(now, rrsig.timesigned);
+
+		key = keythatsigned(&rrsig);
+		sig_format(&rrsig, sigstr, sizeof(sigstr));
+		if (key != NULL && issigningkey(key))
+			expired = isc_serial_gt(now + cycle, rrsig.timeexpire);
+		else
+			expired = isc_serial_gt(now, rrsig.timeexpire);
+
+		if (isc_serial_gt(rrsig.timesigned, rrsig.timeexpire)) {
+			/* rrsig is dropped and not replaced */
+			vbprintf(2, "\trrsig by %s dropped - "
+				 "invalid validity period\n",
+				 sigstr);
+		} else if (key == NULL && !future &&
+			   expecttofindkey(&rrsig.signer)) {
+			/* rrsig is dropped and not replaced */
+			vbprintf(2, "\trrsig by %s dropped - "
+				 "private dnskey not found\n",
+				 sigstr);
+		} else if (key == NULL || future) {
+			keep = (!expired && !remove_orphansigs);
+			vbprintf(2, "\trrsig by %s %s - dnskey not found\n",
+				 keep ? "retained" : "dropped", sigstr);
+		} else if (!dns_dnssec_keyactive(key->key, now) &&
+			   remove_inactkeysigs) {
+			keep = false;
+			vbprintf(2, "\trrsig by %s dropped - key inactive\n",
+				 sigstr);
+		} else if (issigningkey(key)) {
+			wassignedby[key->index] = true;
+
+			if (!expired && rrsig.originalttl == set->ttl &&
+			    setverifies(name, set, key->key, &sigrdata)) {
+				vbprintf(2, "\trrsig by %s retained\n", sigstr);
+				keep = true;
+			} else {
+				vbprintf(2, "\trrsig by %s dropped - %s\n",
+					 sigstr, expired ? "expired" :
+					 rrsig.originalttl != set->ttl ?
+					 "ttl change" : "failed to verify");
+				resign = true;
+			}
+		} else if (!ispublishedkey(key) && remove_orphansigs) {
+			vbprintf(2, "\trrsig by %s dropped - dnskey removed\n",
+				 sigstr);
+		} else if (iszonekey(key)) {
+			wassignedby[key->index] = true;
+
+			if (!expired && rrsig.originalttl == set->ttl &&
+			    setverifies(name, set, key->key, &sigrdata)) {
+				vbprintf(2, "\trrsig by %s retained\n", sigstr);
+				keep = true;
+			} else {
+				vbprintf(2, "\trrsig by %s dropped - %s\n",
+					 sigstr, expired ? "expired" :
+					 rrsig.originalttl != set->ttl ?
+					 "ttl change" : "failed to verify");
+			}
+		} else if (!expired) {
+			vbprintf(2, "\trrsig by %s retained\n", sigstr);
+			keep = true;
+		} else {
+			vbprintf(2, "\trrsig by %s expired\n", sigstr);
+		}
+
+		if (keep) {
+			if (key != NULL)
+				nowsignedby[key->index] = true;
+			INCSTAT(nretained);
+			if (sigset.ttl != ttl) {
+				vbprintf(2, "\tfixing ttl %s\n", sigstr);
+				tuple = NULL;
+				result = dns_difftuple_create(mctx,
+						      DNS_DIFFOP_DELRESIGN,
+						      name, sigset.ttl,
+						      &sigrdata, &tuple);
+				check_result(result, "dns_difftuple_create");
+				dns_diff_append(del, &tuple);
+				result = dns_difftuple_create(mctx,
+						      DNS_DIFFOP_ADDRESIGN,
+						      name, ttl,
+						      &sigrdata, &tuple);
+				check_result(result, "dns_difftuple_create");
+				dns_diff_append(add, &tuple);
+			}
+		} else {
+			tuple = NULL;
+			vbprintf(2, "removing signature by %s\n", sigstr);
+			result = dns_difftuple_create(mctx,
+						      DNS_DIFFOP_DELRESIGN,
+						      name, sigset.ttl,
+						      &sigrdata, &tuple);
+			check_result(result, "dns_difftuple_create");
+			dns_diff_append(del, &tuple);
+			INCSTAT(ndropped);
+		}
+
+		if (resign) {
+			INSIST(!keep);
+
+			signwithkey(name, set, key->key, ttl, add,
+				    "resigning with dnskey");
+			nowsignedby[key->index] = true;
+		}
+
+		dns_rdata_reset(&sigrdata);
+		dns_rdata_freestruct(&rrsig);
+		result = dns_rdataset_next(&sigset);
+	}
+	if (result == ISC_R_NOMORE)
+		result = ISC_R_SUCCESS;
+
+	check_result(result, "dns_rdataset_first/next");
+	if (dns_rdataset_isassociated(&sigset))
+		dns_rdataset_disassociate(&sigset);
+
+	for (key = ISC_LIST_HEAD(keylist);
+	     key != NULL;
+	     key = ISC_LIST_NEXT(key, link))
+	{
+		if (nowsignedby[key->index])
+			continue;
+
+		if (!issigningkey(key))
+			continue;
+
+		if (set->type == dns_rdatatype_dnskey &&
+		     dns_name_equal(name, gorigin)) {
+			bool have_ksk;
+			dns_dnsseckey_t *tmpkey;
+
+			have_ksk = isksk(key);
+			for (tmpkey = ISC_LIST_HEAD(keylist);
+			     tmpkey != NULL;
+			     tmpkey = ISC_LIST_NEXT(tmpkey, link)) {
+				if (dst_key_alg(key->key) !=
+				    dst_key_alg(tmpkey->key))
+					continue;
+				if (REVOKE(tmpkey->key))
+					continue;
+				if (isksk(tmpkey))
+					have_ksk = true;
+			}
+			if (isksk(key) || !have_ksk ||
+			    (iszsk(key) && !keyset_kskonly))
+				signwithkey(name, set, key->key, ttl, add,
+					    "signing with dnskey");
+		} else if (set->type == dns_rdatatype_cds ||
+			   set->type == dns_rdatatype_cdnskey ||
+			   iszsk(key)) {
+			signwithkey(name, set, key->key, ttl, add,
+				    "signing with dnskey");
+		}
+	}
+
+	isc_mem_put(mctx, wassignedby, arraysize * sizeof(bool));
+	isc_mem_put(mctx, nowsignedby, arraysize * sizeof(bool));
+}
+
+struct hashlist {
+	unsigned char *hashbuf;
+	size_t entries;
+	size_t size;
+	size_t length;
+};
+
+static void
+hashlist_init(hashlist_t *l, unsigned int nodes, unsigned int length) {
+
+	l->entries = 0;
+	l->length = length + 1;
+
+	if (nodes != 0) {
+		l->size = nodes;
+		l->hashbuf = malloc(l->size * l->length);
+		if (l->hashbuf == NULL)
+			l->size = 0;
+	} else {
+		l->size = 0;
+		l->hashbuf = NULL;
+	}
+}
+
+static void
+hashlist_free(hashlist_t *l) {
+	if (l->hashbuf) {
+		free(l->hashbuf);
+		l->hashbuf = NULL;
+		l->entries = 0;
+		l->length = 0;
+		l->size = 0;
+	}
+}
+
+static void
+hashlist_add(hashlist_t *l, const unsigned char *hash, size_t len)
+{
+
+	REQUIRE(len <= l->length);
+
+	if (l->entries == l->size) {
+		l->size = l->size * 2 + 100;
+		l->hashbuf = realloc(l->hashbuf, l->size * l->length);
+		if (l->hashbuf == NULL)
+			fatal("unable to grow hashlist: out of memory");
+	}
+	memset(l->hashbuf + l->entries * l->length, 0, l->length);
+	memmove(l->hashbuf + l->entries * l->length, hash, len);
+	l->entries++;
+}
+
+static void
+hashlist_add_dns_name(hashlist_t *l, /*const*/ dns_name_t *name,
+		      unsigned int hashalg, unsigned int iterations,
+		      const unsigned char *salt, size_t salt_len,
+		      bool speculative)
+{
+	char nametext[DNS_NAME_FORMATSIZE];
+	unsigned char hash[NSEC3_MAX_HASH_LENGTH + 1];
+	unsigned int len;
+	size_t i;
+
+	len = isc_iterated_hash(hash, hashalg, iterations,
+				salt, (int)salt_len,
+				name->ndata, name->length);
+	if (verbose) {
+		dns_name_format(name, nametext, sizeof nametext);
+		for (i = 0 ; i < len; i++)
+			fprintf(stderr, "%02x", hash[i]);
+		fprintf(stderr, " %s\n", nametext);
+	}
+	hash[len++] = speculative ? 1 : 0;
+	hashlist_add(l, hash, len);
+}
+
+static int
+hashlist_comp(const void *a, const void *b) {
+	return (isc_safe_memcompare(a, b, hash_length + 1));
+}
+
+static void
+hashlist_sort(hashlist_t *l) {
+	qsort(l->hashbuf, l->entries, l->length, hashlist_comp);
+}
+
+static bool
+hashlist_hasdup(hashlist_t *l) {
+	unsigned char *current;
+	unsigned char *next = l->hashbuf;
+	size_t entries = l->entries;
+
+	/*
+	 * Skip initial speculative wild card hashs.
+	 */
+	while (entries > 0U && next[l->length-1] != 0U) {
+		next += l->length;
+		entries--;
+	}
+
+	current = next;
+	while (entries-- > 1U) {
+		next += l->length;
+		if (next[l->length-1] != 0)
+			continue;
+		if (isc_safe_memequal(current, next, l->length - 1))
+			return (true);
+		current = next;
+	}
+	return (false);
+}
+
+static const unsigned char *
+hashlist_findnext(const hashlist_t *l,
+		  const unsigned char hash[NSEC3_MAX_HASH_LENGTH])
+{
+	size_t entries = l->entries;
+	const unsigned char *next = bsearch(hash, l->hashbuf, l->entries,
+					    l->length, hashlist_comp);
+	INSIST(next != NULL);
+
+	do {
+		if (next < l->hashbuf + (l->entries - 1) * l->length)
+			next += l->length;
+		else
+			next = l->hashbuf;
+		if (next[l->length - 1] == 0)
+			break;
+	} while (entries-- > 1U);
+	INSIST(entries != 0U);
+	return (next);
+}
+
+static bool
+hashlist_exists(const hashlist_t *l,
+		const unsigned char hash[NSEC3_MAX_HASH_LENGTH])
+{
+	if (bsearch(hash, l->hashbuf, l->entries, l->length, hashlist_comp))
+		return (true);
+	else
+		return (false);
+}
+
+static void
+addnowildcardhash(hashlist_t *l, /*const*/ dns_name_t *name,
+		  unsigned int hashalg, unsigned int iterations,
+		  const unsigned char *salt, size_t salt_len)
+{
+	dns_fixedname_t fixed;
+	dns_name_t *wild;
+	dns_dbnode_t *node = NULL;
+	isc_result_t result;
+	char namestr[DNS_NAME_FORMATSIZE];
+
+	wild = dns_fixedname_initname(&fixed);
+
+	result = dns_name_concatenate(dns_wildcardname, name, wild, NULL);
+	if (result == ISC_R_NOSPACE)
+		return;
+	check_result(result,"addnowildcardhash: dns_name_concatenate()");
+
+	result = dns_db_findnode(gdb, wild, false, &node);
+	if (result == ISC_R_SUCCESS) {
+		dns_db_detachnode(gdb, &node);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	if (verbose) {
+		dns_name_format(wild, namestr, sizeof(namestr));
+		fprintf(stderr, "adding no-wildcardhash for %s\n", namestr);
+	}
+
+	hashlist_add_dns_name(l, wild, hashalg, iterations, salt, salt_len,
+			      true);
+}
+
+static void
+opendb(const char *prefix, dns_name_t *name, dns_rdataclass_t rdclass,
+       dns_db_t **dbp)
+{
+	char filename[PATH_MAX];
+	isc_buffer_t b;
+	isc_result_t result;
+
+	isc_buffer_init(&b, filename, sizeof(filename));
+	if (dsdir != NULL) {
+		/* allow room for a trailing slash */
+		if (strlen(dsdir) >= isc_buffer_availablelength(&b))
+			fatal("path '%s' is too long", dsdir);
+		isc_buffer_putstr(&b, dsdir);
+		if (dsdir[strlen(dsdir) - 1] != '/')
+			isc_buffer_putstr(&b, "/");
+	}
+	if (strlen(prefix) > isc_buffer_availablelength(&b))
+		fatal("path '%s' is too long", dsdir);
+	isc_buffer_putstr(&b, prefix);
+	result = dns_name_tofilenametext(name, false, &b);
+	check_result(result, "dns_name_tofilenametext()");
+	if (isc_buffer_availablelength(&b) == 0) {
+		char namestr[DNS_NAME_FORMATSIZE];
+		dns_name_format(name, namestr, sizeof(namestr));
+		fatal("name '%s' is too long", namestr);
+	}
+	isc_buffer_putuint8(&b, 0);
+
+	result = dns_db_create(mctx, "rbt", dns_rootname, dns_dbtype_zone,
+			       rdclass, 0, NULL, dbp);
+	check_result(result, "dns_db_create()");
+
+	result = dns_db_load3(*dbp, filename, inputformat, DNS_MASTER_HINT);
+	if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS && result != DNS_R_SEENINCLUDE)
+		dns_db_detach(dbp);
+}
+
+/*%
+ * Load the DS set for a child zone, if a dsset-* file can be found.
+ * If not, try to find a keyset-* file from an earlier version of
+ * dnssec-signzone, and build DS records from that.
+ */
+static isc_result_t
+loadds(dns_name_t *name, uint32_t ttl, dns_rdataset_t *dsset) {
+	dns_db_t *db = NULL;
+	dns_dbversion_t *ver = NULL;
+	dns_dbnode_t *node = NULL;
+	isc_result_t result;
+	dns_rdataset_t keyset;
+	dns_rdata_t key, ds;
+	unsigned char dsbuf[DNS_DS_BUFFERSIZE];
+	dns_diff_t diff;
+	dns_difftuple_t *tuple = NULL;
+
+	opendb("dsset-", name, gclass, &db);
+	if (db != NULL) {
+		result = dns_db_findnode(db, name, false, &node);
+		if (result == ISC_R_SUCCESS) {
+			dns_rdataset_init(dsset);
+			result = dns_db_findrdataset(db, node, NULL,
+						     dns_rdatatype_ds, 0, 0,
+						     dsset, NULL);
+			dns_db_detachnode(db, &node);
+			if (result == ISC_R_SUCCESS) {
+				vbprintf(2, "found DS records\n");
+				dsset->ttl = ttl;
+				dns_db_detach(&db);
+				return (result);
+			}
+		}
+		dns_db_detach(&db);
+	}
+
+	/* No DS records found; try again, looking for DNSKEY records */
+	opendb("keyset-", name, gclass, &db);
+	if (db == NULL) {
+		return (ISC_R_NOTFOUND);
+	}
+
+	result = dns_db_findnode(db, name, false, &node);
+	if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS) {
+		dns_db_detach(&db);
+		return (result);
+	}
+
+	dns_rdataset_init(&keyset);
+	result = dns_db_findrdataset(db, node, NULL, dns_rdatatype_dnskey, 0, 0,
+				     &keyset, NULL);
+	if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS) {
+		dns_db_detachnode(db, &node);
+		dns_db_detach(&db);
+		return (result);
+	}
+	vbprintf(2, "found DNSKEY records\n");
+
+	result = dns_db_newversion(db, &ver);
+	check_result(result, "dns_db_newversion");
+	dns_diff_init(mctx, &diff);
+
+	for (result = dns_rdataset_first(&keyset);
+	     result == ISC_R_SUCCESS;
+	     result = dns_rdataset_next(&keyset))
+	{
+		dns_rdata_init(&key);
+		dns_rdata_init(&ds);
+		dns_rdataset_current(&keyset, &key);
+		result = dns_ds_buildrdata(name, &key, DNS_DSDIGEST_SHA1,
+					   dsbuf, &ds);
+		check_result(result, "dns_ds_buildrdata");
+
+		result = dns_difftuple_create(mctx, DNS_DIFFOP_ADDRESIGN, name,
+					      ttl, &ds, &tuple);
+		check_result(result, "dns_difftuple_create");
+		dns_diff_append(&diff, &tuple);
+
+		dns_rdata_reset(&ds);
+		result = dns_ds_buildrdata(name, &key, DNS_DSDIGEST_SHA256,
+					   dsbuf, &ds);
+		check_result(result, "dns_ds_buildrdata");
+
+		result = dns_difftuple_create(mctx, DNS_DIFFOP_ADDRESIGN, name,
+					      ttl, &ds, &tuple);
+		check_result(result, "dns_difftuple_create");
+		dns_diff_append(&diff, &tuple);
+	}
+
+	result = dns_diff_apply(&diff, db, ver);
+	check_result(result, "dns_diff_apply");
+	dns_diff_clear(&diff);
+
+	dns_db_closeversion(db, &ver, true);
+
+	result = dns_db_findrdataset(db, node, NULL, dns_rdatatype_ds, 0, 0,
+				     dsset, NULL);
+	check_result(result, "dns_db_findrdataset");
+
+	dns_rdataset_disassociate(&keyset);
+	dns_db_detachnode(db, &node);
+	dns_db_detach(&db);
+	return (result);
+}
+
+static bool
+secure(dns_name_t *name, dns_dbnode_t *node) {
+	dns_rdataset_t dsset;
+	isc_result_t result;
+
+	if (dns_name_equal(name, gorigin))
+		return (false);
+
+	dns_rdataset_init(&dsset);
+	result = dns_db_findrdataset(gdb, node, gversion, dns_rdatatype_ds,
+				     0, 0, &dsset, NULL);
+	if (dns_rdataset_isassociated(&dsset))
+		dns_rdataset_disassociate(&dsset);
+
+	return (result == ISC_R_SUCCESS);
+}
+
+/*%
+ * Signs all records at a name.
+ */
+static void
+signname(dns_dbnode_t *node, dns_name_t *name) {
+	isc_result_t result;
+	dns_rdataset_t rdataset;
+	dns_rdatasetiter_t *rdsiter;
+	bool isdelegation = false;
+	dns_diff_t del, add;
+	char namestr[DNS_NAME_FORMATSIZE];
+
+	dns_rdataset_init(&rdataset);
+	dns_name_format(name, namestr, sizeof(namestr));
+
+	/*
+	 * Determine if this is a delegation point.
+	 */
+	if (is_delegation(gdb, gversion, gorigin, name, node, NULL))
+		isdelegation = true;
+
+	/*
+	 * Now iterate through the rdatasets.
+	 */
+	dns_diff_init(mctx, &del);
+	dns_diff_init(mctx, &add);
+	rdsiter = NULL;
+	result = dns_db_allrdatasets(gdb, node, gversion, 0, &rdsiter);
+	check_result(result, "dns_db_allrdatasets()");
+	result = dns_rdatasetiter_first(rdsiter);
+	while (result == ISC_R_SUCCESS) {
+		dns_rdatasetiter_current(rdsiter, &rdataset);
+
+		/* If this is a RRSIG set, skip it. */
+		if (rdataset.type == dns_rdatatype_rrsig)
+			goto skip;
+
+		/*
+		 * If this name is a delegation point, skip all records
+		 * except NSEC and DS sets.  Otherwise check that there
+		 * isn't a DS record.
+		 */
+		if (isdelegation) {
+			if (rdataset.type != nsec_datatype &&
+			    rdataset.type != dns_rdatatype_ds)
+				goto skip;
+		} else if (rdataset.type == dns_rdatatype_ds) {
+			char namebuf[DNS_NAME_FORMATSIZE];
+			dns_name_format(name, namebuf, sizeof(namebuf));
+			fatal("'%s': found DS RRset without NS RRset\n",
+			      namebuf);
+		}
+
+		signset(&del, &add, node, name, &rdataset);
+
+ skip:
+		dns_rdataset_disassociate(&rdataset);
+		result = dns_rdatasetiter_next(rdsiter);
+	}
+	if (result != ISC_R_NOMORE)
+		fatal("rdataset iteration for name '%s' failed: %s",
+		      namestr, isc_result_totext(result));
+
+	dns_rdatasetiter_destroy(&rdsiter);
+
+	result = dns_diff_applysilently(&del, gdb, gversion);
+	if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS)
+		fatal("failed to delete SIGs at node '%s': %s",
+		      namestr, isc_result_totext(result));
+
+	result = dns_diff_applysilently(&add, gdb, gversion);
+	if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS)
+		fatal("failed to add SIGs at node '%s': %s",
+		      namestr, isc_result_totext(result));
+
+	dns_diff_clear(&del);
+	dns_diff_clear(&add);
+}
+
+/*
+ * See if the node contains any non RRSIG/NSEC records and report to
+ * caller.  Clean out extranous RRSIG records for node.
+ */
+static inline bool
+active_node(dns_dbnode_t *node) {
+	dns_rdatasetiter_t *rdsiter = NULL;
+	dns_rdatasetiter_t *rdsiter2 = NULL;
+	bool active = false;
+	isc_result_t result;
+	dns_rdataset_t rdataset;
+	dns_rdatatype_t type;
+	dns_rdatatype_t covers;
+	bool found;
+
+	dns_rdataset_init(&rdataset);
+	result = dns_db_allrdatasets(gdb, node, gversion, 0, &rdsiter);
+	check_result(result, "dns_db_allrdatasets()");
+	result = dns_rdatasetiter_first(rdsiter);
+	while (result == ISC_R_SUCCESS) {
+		dns_rdatasetiter_current(rdsiter, &rdataset);
+		if (rdataset.type != dns_rdatatype_nsec &&
+		    rdataset.type != dns_rdatatype_nsec3 &&
+		    rdataset.type != dns_rdatatype_rrsig)
+			active = true;
+		dns_rdataset_disassociate(&rdataset);
+		if (!active)
+			result = dns_rdatasetiter_next(rdsiter);
+		else
+			result = ISC_R_NOMORE;
+	}
+	if (result != ISC_R_NOMORE)
+		fatal("rdataset iteration failed: %s",
+		      isc_result_totext(result));
+
+	if (!active && nsec_datatype == dns_rdatatype_nsec) {
+		/*%
+		 * The node is empty of everything but NSEC / RRSIG records.
+		 */
+		for (result = dns_rdatasetiter_first(rdsiter);
+		     result == ISC_R_SUCCESS;
+		     result = dns_rdatasetiter_next(rdsiter)) {
+			dns_rdatasetiter_current(rdsiter, &rdataset);
+			result = dns_db_deleterdataset(gdb, node, gversion,
+						       rdataset.type,
+						       rdataset.covers);
+			check_result(result, "dns_db_deleterdataset()");
+			dns_rdataset_disassociate(&rdataset);
+		}
+		if (result != ISC_R_NOMORE)
+			fatal("rdataset iteration failed: %s",
+			      isc_result_totext(result));
+	} else {
+		/*
+		 * Delete RRSIGs for types that no longer exist.
+		 */
+		result = dns_db_allrdatasets(gdb, node, gversion, 0, &rdsiter2);
+		check_result(result, "dns_db_allrdatasets()");
+		for (result = dns_rdatasetiter_first(rdsiter);
+		     result == ISC_R_SUCCESS;
+		     result = dns_rdatasetiter_next(rdsiter)) {
+			dns_rdatasetiter_current(rdsiter, &rdataset);
+			type = rdataset.type;
+			covers = rdataset.covers;
+			dns_rdataset_disassociate(&rdataset);
+			/*
+			 * Delete the NSEC chain if we are signing with
+			 * NSEC3.
+			 */
+			if (nsec_datatype == dns_rdatatype_nsec3 &&
+			    (type == dns_rdatatype_nsec ||
+			     covers == dns_rdatatype_nsec)) {
+				result = dns_db_deleterdataset(gdb, node,
+							       gversion, type,
+							       covers);
+				check_result(result,
+					   "dns_db_deleterdataset(nsec/rrsig)");
+				continue;
+			}
+			if (type != dns_rdatatype_rrsig)
+				continue;
+			found = false;
+			for (result = dns_rdatasetiter_first(rdsiter2);
+			     !found && result == ISC_R_SUCCESS;
+			     result = dns_rdatasetiter_next(rdsiter2)) {
+				dns_rdatasetiter_current(rdsiter2, &rdataset);
+				if (rdataset.type == covers)
+					found = true;
+				dns_rdataset_disassociate(&rdataset);
+			}
+			if (!found) {
+				if (result != ISC_R_NOMORE)
+					fatal("rdataset iteration failed: %s",
+					      isc_result_totext(result));
+				result = dns_db_deleterdataset(gdb, node,
+							       gversion, type,
+							       covers);
+				check_result(result,
+					     "dns_db_deleterdataset(rrsig)");
+			} else if (result != ISC_R_NOMORE &&
+				   result != ISC_R_SUCCESS)
+				fatal("rdataset iteration failed: %s",
+				      isc_result_totext(result));
+		}
+		if (result != ISC_R_NOMORE)
+			fatal("rdataset iteration failed: %s",
+			      isc_result_totext(result));
+		dns_rdatasetiter_destroy(&rdsiter2);
+	}
+	dns_rdatasetiter_destroy(&rdsiter);
+
+	return (active);
+}
+
+/*%
+ * Extracts the minimum TTL from the SOA record, and the SOA record's TTL.
+ */
+static void
+get_soa_ttls(void) {
+	dns_rdataset_t soaset;
+	dns_fixedname_t fname;
+	dns_name_t *name;
+	isc_result_t result;
+	dns_rdata_t rdata = DNS_RDATA_INIT;
+
+	name = dns_fixedname_initname(&fname);
+	dns_rdataset_init(&soaset);
+	result = dns_db_find(gdb, gorigin, gversion, dns_rdatatype_soa,
+			     0, 0, NULL, name, &soaset, NULL);
+	if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS)
+		fatal("failed to find an SOA at the zone apex: %s",
+		      isc_result_totext(result));
+
+	result = dns_rdataset_first(&soaset);
+	check_result(result, "dns_rdataset_first");
+	dns_rdataset_current(&soaset, &rdata);
+	zone_soa_min_ttl = dns_soa_getminimum(&rdata);
+	soa_ttl = soaset.ttl;
+	if (set_maxttl) {
+		zone_soa_min_ttl = ISC_MIN(zone_soa_min_ttl, maxttl);
+		soa_ttl = ISC_MIN(soa_ttl, maxttl);
+	}
+	dns_rdataset_disassociate(&soaset);
+}
+
+/*%
+ * Increment (or set if nonzero) the SOA serial
+ */
+static isc_result_t
+setsoaserial(uint32_t serial, dns_updatemethod_t method) {
+	isc_result_t result;
+	dns_dbnode_t *node = NULL;
+	dns_rdataset_t rdataset;
+	dns_rdata_t rdata = DNS_RDATA_INIT;
+	uint32_t old_serial, new_serial;
+
+	result = dns_db_getoriginnode(gdb, &node);
+	if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS)
+		return result;
+
+	dns_rdataset_init(&rdataset);
+
+	result = dns_db_findrdataset(gdb, node, gversion,
+				     dns_rdatatype_soa, 0,
+				     0, &rdataset, NULL);
+	if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS)
+		goto cleanup;
+
+	result = dns_rdataset_first(&rdataset);
+	RUNTIME_CHECK(result == ISC_R_SUCCESS);
+
+	dns_rdataset_current(&rdataset, &rdata);
+
+	old_serial = dns_soa_getserial(&rdata);
+
+	if (method == dns_updatemethod_date ||
+	    method == dns_updatemethod_unixtime) {
+		new_serial = dns_update_soaserial(old_serial, method);
+	} else if (serial != 0 || method == dns_updatemethod_none) {
+		/* Set SOA serial to the value provided. */
+		new_serial = serial;
+	} else {
+		/* Increment SOA serial using RFC 1982 arithmetics */
+		new_serial = (old_serial + 1) & 0xFFFFFFFF;
+		if (new_serial == 0)
+			new_serial = 1;
+	}
+
+	/* If the new serial is not likely to cause a zone transfer
+	 * (a/ixfr) from servers having the old serial, warn the user.
+	 *
+	 * RFC1982 section 7 defines the maximum increment to be
+	 * (2^(32-1))-1.  Using u_int32_t arithmetic, we can do a single
+	 * comparison.  (5 - 6 == (2^32)-1, not negative-one)
+	 */
+	if (new_serial == old_serial ||
+	    (new_serial - old_serial) > 0x7fffffffU)
+		fprintf(stderr, "%s: warning: Serial number not advanced, "
+			"zone may not transfer\n", program);
+
+	dns_soa_setserial(new_serial, &rdata);
+
+	result = dns_db_deleterdataset(gdb, node, gversion,
+				       dns_rdatatype_soa, 0);
+	check_result(result, "dns_db_deleterdataset");
+	if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS)
+		goto cleanup;
+
+	result = dns_db_addrdataset(gdb, node, gversion,
+				    0, &rdataset, 0, NULL);
+	check_result(result, "dns_db_addrdataset");
+	if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS)
+		goto cleanup;
+
+cleanup:
+	dns_rdataset_disassociate(&rdataset);
+	if (node != NULL)
+		dns_db_detachnode(gdb, &node);
+	dns_rdata_reset(&rdata);
+
+	return (result);
+}
+
+/*%
+ * Delete any RRSIG records at a node.
+ */
+static void
+cleannode(dns_db_t *db, dns_dbversion_t *dbversion, dns_dbnode_t *node) {
+	dns_rdatasetiter_t *rdsiter = NULL;
+	dns_rdataset_t set;
+	isc_result_t result, dresult;
+
+	if (outputformat != dns_masterformat_text || !disable_zone_check)
+		return;
+
+	dns_rdataset_init(&set);
+	result = dns_db_allrdatasets(db, node, dbversion, 0, &rdsiter);
+	check_result(result, "dns_db_allrdatasets");
+	result = dns_rdatasetiter_first(rdsiter);
+	while (result == ISC_R_SUCCESS) {
+		bool destroy = false;
+		dns_rdatatype_t covers = 0;
+		dns_rdatasetiter_current(rdsiter, &set);
+		if (set.type == dns_rdatatype_rrsig) {
+			covers = set.covers;
+			destroy = true;
+		}
+		dns_rdataset_disassociate(&set);
+		result = dns_rdatasetiter_next(rdsiter);
+		if (destroy) {
+			dresult = dns_db_deleterdataset(db, node, dbversion,
+							dns_rdatatype_rrsig,
+							covers);
+			check_result(dresult, "dns_db_deleterdataset");
+		}
+	}
+	if (result != ISC_R_NOMORE)
+		fatal("rdataset iteration failed: %s",
+		      isc_result_totext(result));
+	dns_rdatasetiter_destroy(&rdsiter);
+}
+
+/*%
+ * Set up the iterator and global state before starting the tasks.
+ */
+static void
+presign(void) {
+	isc_result_t result;
+
+	gdbiter = NULL;
+	result = dns_db_createiterator(gdb, 0, &gdbiter);
+	check_result(result, "dns_db_createiterator()");
+}
+
+/*%
+ * Clean up the iterator and global state after the tasks complete.
+ */
+static void
+postsign(void) {
+	dns_dbiterator_destroy(&gdbiter);
+}
+
+/*%
+ * Sign the apex of the zone.
+ * Note the origin may not be the first node if there are out of zone
+ * records.
+ */
+static void
+signapex(void) {
+	dns_dbnode_t *node = NULL;
+	dns_fixedname_t fixed;
+	dns_name_t *name;
+	isc_result_t result;
+
+	name = dns_fixedname_initname(&fixed);
+	result = dns_dbiterator_seek(gdbiter, gorigin);
+	check_result(result, "dns_dbiterator_seek()");
+	result = dns_dbiterator_current(gdbiter, &node, name);
+	check_dns_dbiterator_current(result);
+	signname(node, name);
+	dumpnode(name, node);
+	cleannode(gdb, gversion, node);
+	dns_db_detachnode(gdb, &node);
+	result = dns_dbiterator_first(gdbiter);
+	if (result == ISC_R_NOMORE)
+		finished = true;
+	else if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS)
+		fatal("failure iterating database: %s",
+		      isc_result_totext(result));
+}
+
+/*%
+ * Assigns a node to a worker thread.  This is protected by the master task's
+ * lock.
+ */
+static void
+assignwork(isc_task_t *task, isc_task_t *worker) {
+	dns_fixedname_t *fname;
+	dns_name_t *name;
+	dns_dbnode_t *node;
+	sevent_t *sevent;
+	dns_rdataset_t nsec;
+	bool found;
+	isc_result_t result;
+	static dns_name_t *zonecut = NULL;	/* Protected by namelock. */
+	static dns_fixedname_t fzonecut;	/* Protected by namelock. */
+	static unsigned int ended = 0;		/* Protected by namelock. */
+
+	if (shuttingdown)
+		return;
+
+	LOCK(&namelock);
+	if (finished) {
+		ended++;
+		if (ended == ntasks) {
+			isc_task_detach(&task);
+			isc_app_shutdown();
+		}
+		goto unlock;
+	}
+
+	fname = isc_mem_get(mctx, sizeof(dns_fixedname_t));
+	if (fname == NULL)
+		fatal("out of memory");
+	name = dns_fixedname_initname(fname);
+	node = NULL;
+	found = false;
+	while (!found) {
+		result = dns_dbiterator_current(gdbiter, &node, name);
+		check_dns_dbiterator_current(result);
+		/*
+		 * The origin was handled by signapex().
+		 */
+		if (dns_name_equal(name, gorigin)) {
+			dns_db_detachnode(gdb, &node);
+			goto next;
+		}
+		/*
+		 * Sort the zone data from the glue and out-of-zone data.
+		 * For NSEC zones nodes with zone data have NSEC records.
+		 * For NSEC3 zones the NSEC3 nodes are zone data but
+		 * outside of the zone name space.  For the rest we need
+		 * to track the bottom of zone cuts.
+		 * Nodes which don't need to be signed are dumped here.
+		 */
+		dns_rdataset_init(&nsec);
+		result = dns_db_findrdataset(gdb, node, gversion,
+					     nsec_datatype, 0, 0,
+					     &nsec, NULL);
+		if (dns_rdataset_isassociated(&nsec))
+			dns_rdataset_disassociate(&nsec);
+		if (result == ISC_R_SUCCESS) {
+			found = true;
+		} else if (nsec_datatype == dns_rdatatype_nsec3) {
+			if (dns_name_issubdomain(name, gorigin) &&
+			    (zonecut == NULL ||
+			     !dns_name_issubdomain(name, zonecut))) {
+				if (is_delegation(gdb, gversion, gorigin,
+						  name, node, NULL))
+				{
+					zonecut = savezonecut(&fzonecut, name);
+					if (!OPTOUT(nsec3flags) ||
+					    secure(name, node))
+						found = true;
+				} else if (has_dname(gdb, gversion, node)) {
+					zonecut = savezonecut(&fzonecut, name);
+					found = true;
+				} else {
+					found = true;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (!found) {
+			dumpnode(name, node);
+			dns_db_detachnode(gdb, &node);
+		}
+
+ next:
+		result = dns_dbiterator_next(gdbiter);
+		if (result == ISC_R_NOMORE) {
+			finished = true;
+			break;
+		} else if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS)
+			fatal("failure iterating database: %s",
+			      isc_result_totext(result));
+	}
+	if (!found) {
+		ended++;
+		if (ended == ntasks) {
+			isc_task_detach(&task);
+			isc_app_shutdown();
+		}
+		isc_mem_put(mctx, fname, sizeof(dns_fixedname_t));
+		goto unlock;
+	}
+	sevent = (sevent_t *)
+		 isc_event_allocate(mctx, task, SIGNER_EVENT_WORK,
+				    sign, NULL, sizeof(sevent_t));
+	if (sevent == NULL)
+		fatal("failed to allocate event\n");
+
+	sevent->node = node;
+	sevent->fname = fname;
+	isc_task_send(worker, ISC_EVENT_PTR(&sevent));
+ unlock:
+	UNLOCK(&namelock);
+}
+
+/*%
+ * Start a worker task
+ */
+static void
+startworker(isc_task_t *task, isc_event_t *event) {
+	isc_task_t *worker;
+
+	worker = (isc_task_t *)event->ev_arg;
+	assignwork(task, worker);
+	isc_event_free(&event);
+}
+
+/*%
+ * Write a node to the output file, and restart the worker task.
+ */
+static void
+writenode(isc_task_t *task, isc_event_t *event) {
+	isc_task_t *worker;
+	sevent_t *sevent = (sevent_t *)event;
+
+	worker = (isc_task_t *)event->ev_sender;
+	dumpnode(dns_fixedname_name(sevent->fname), sevent->node);
+	cleannode(gdb, gversion, sevent->node);
+	dns_db_detachnode(gdb, &sevent->node);
+	isc_mem_put(mctx, sevent->fname, sizeof(dns_fixedname_t));
+	assignwork(task, worker);
+	isc_event_free(&event);
+}
+
+/*%
+ *  Sign a database node.
+ */
+static void
+sign(isc_task_t *task, isc_event_t *event) {
+	dns_fixedname_t *fname;
+	dns_dbnode_t *node;
+	sevent_t *sevent, *wevent;
+
+	sevent = (sevent_t *)event;
+	node = sevent->node;
+	fname = sevent->fname;
+	isc_event_free(&event);
+
+	signname(node, dns_fixedname_name(fname));
+	wevent = (sevent_t *)
+		 isc_event_allocate(mctx, task, SIGNER_EVENT_WRITE,
+				    writenode, NULL, sizeof(sevent_t));
+	if (wevent == NULL)
+		fatal("failed to allocate event\n");
+	wevent->node = node;
+	wevent->fname = fname;
+	isc_task_send(master, ISC_EVENT_PTR(&wevent));
+}
+
+/*%
+ * Update / remove the DS RRset.  Preserve RRSIG(DS) if possible.
+ */
+static void
+add_ds(dns_name_t *name, dns_dbnode_t *node, uint32_t nsttl) {
+	dns_rdataset_t dsset;
+	dns_rdataset_t sigdsset;
+	isc_result_t result;
+
+	dns_rdataset_init(&dsset);
+	dns_rdataset_init(&sigdsset);
+	result = dns_db_findrdataset(gdb, node, gversion,
+				     dns_rdatatype_ds,
+				     0, 0, &dsset, &sigdsset);
+	if (result == ISC_R_SUCCESS) {
+		dns_rdataset_disassociate(&dsset);
+		result = dns_db_deleterdataset(gdb, node, gversion,
+					       dns_rdatatype_ds, 0);
+		check_result(result, "dns_db_deleterdataset");
+	}
+
+	result = loadds(name, nsttl, &dsset);
+	if (result == ISC_R_SUCCESS) {
+		result = dns_db_addrdataset(gdb, node, gversion, 0,
+					    &dsset, 0, NULL);
+		check_result(result, "dns_db_addrdataset");
+		dns_rdataset_disassociate(&dsset);
+		if (dns_rdataset_isassociated(&sigdsset))
+			dns_rdataset_disassociate(&sigdsset);
+	} else if (dns_rdataset_isassociated(&sigdsset)) {
+		result = dns_db_deleterdataset(gdb, node, gversion,
+					       dns_rdatatype_rrsig,
+					       dns_rdatatype_ds);
+		check_result(result, "dns_db_deleterdataset");
+		dns_rdataset_disassociate(&sigdsset);
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * Remove records of the given type and their signatures.
+ */
+static void
+remove_records(dns_dbnode_t *node, dns_rdatatype_t which,
+	       bool checknsec)
+{
+	isc_result_t result;
+	dns_rdatatype_t type, covers;
+	dns_rdatasetiter_t *rdsiter = NULL;
+	dns_rdataset_t rdataset;
+
+	dns_rdataset_init(&rdataset);
+
+	/*
+	 * Delete any records of the given type at the apex.
+	 */
+	result = dns_db_allrdatasets(gdb, node, gversion, 0, &rdsiter);
+	check_result(result, "dns_db_allrdatasets()");
+	for (result = dns_rdatasetiter_first(rdsiter);
+	     result == ISC_R_SUCCESS;
+	     result = dns_rdatasetiter_next(rdsiter)) {
+		dns_rdatasetiter_current(rdsiter, &rdataset);
+		type = rdataset.type;
+		covers = rdataset.covers;
+		dns_rdataset_disassociate(&rdataset);
+		if (type == which || covers == which) {
+			if (which == dns_rdatatype_nsec &&
+			    checknsec && !update_chain)
+				fatal("Zone contains NSEC records.  Use -u "
+				      "to update to NSEC3.");
+			if (which == dns_rdatatype_nsec3param &&
+			    checknsec && !update_chain)
+				fatal("Zone contains NSEC3 chains.  Use -u "
+				      "to update to NSEC.");
+			result = dns_db_deleterdataset(gdb, node, gversion,
+						       type, covers);
+			check_result(result, "dns_db_deleterdataset()");
+			continue;
+		}
+	}
+	dns_rdatasetiter_destroy(&rdsiter);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Remove signatures covering the given type.  If type == 0,
+ * then remove all signatures, unless this is a delegation, in
+ * which case remove all signatures except for DS or nsec_datatype
+ */
+static void
+remove_sigs(dns_dbnode_t *node, bool delegation,
+	    dns_rdatatype_t which)
+{
+	isc_result_t result;
+	dns_rdatatype_t type, covers;
+	dns_rdatasetiter_t *rdsiter = NULL;
+	dns_rdataset_t rdataset;
+
+	dns_rdataset_init(&rdataset);
+	result = dns_db_allrdatasets(gdb, node, gversion, 0, &rdsiter);
+	check_result(result, "dns_db_allrdatasets()");
+	for (result = dns_rdatasetiter_first(rdsiter);
+	     result == ISC_R_SUCCESS;
+	     result = dns_rdatasetiter_next(rdsiter)) {
+		dns_rdatasetiter_current(rdsiter, &rdataset);
+		type = rdataset.type;
+		covers = rdataset.covers;
+		dns_rdataset_disassociate(&rdataset);
+
+		if (type != dns_rdatatype_rrsig)
+			continue;
+
+		if (which == 0 && delegation &&
+		    (dns_rdatatype_atparent(covers) ||
+		     (nsec_datatype == dns_rdatatype_nsec &&
+		      covers == nsec_datatype)))
+			continue;
+
+		if (which != 0 && covers != which)
+			continue;
+
+		result = dns_db_deleterdataset(gdb, node, gversion,
+					       type, covers);
+		check_result(result, "dns_db_deleterdataset()");
+	}
+	dns_rdatasetiter_destroy(&rdsiter);
+}
+
+/*%
+ * Generate NSEC records for the zone and remove NSEC3/NSEC3PARAM records.
+ */
+static void
+nsecify(void) {
+	dns_dbiterator_t *dbiter = NULL;
+	dns_dbnode_t *node = NULL, *nextnode = NULL;
+	dns_fixedname_t fname, fnextname, fzonecut;
+	dns_name_t *name, *nextname, *zonecut;
+	dns_rdataset_t rdataset;
+	dns_rdatasetiter_t *rdsiter = NULL;
+	dns_rdatatype_t type, covers;
+	bool done = false;
+	isc_result_t result;
+	uint32_t nsttl = 0;
+
+	dns_rdataset_init(&rdataset);
+	name = dns_fixedname_initname(&fname);
+	nextname = dns_fixedname_initname(&fnextname);
+	zonecut = NULL;
+
+	/*
+	 * Remove any NSEC3 chains.
+	 */
+	result = dns_db_createiterator(gdb, DNS_DB_NSEC3ONLY, &dbiter);
+	check_result(result, "dns_db_createiterator()");
+	for (result = dns_dbiterator_first(dbiter);
+	     result == ISC_R_SUCCESS;
+	     result = dns_dbiterator_next(dbiter)) {
+		result = dns_dbiterator_current(dbiter, &node, name);
+		check_dns_dbiterator_current(result);
+		result = dns_db_allrdatasets(gdb, node, gversion, 0, &rdsiter);
+		check_result(result, "dns_db_allrdatasets()");
+		for (result = dns_rdatasetiter_first(rdsiter);
+		     result == ISC_R_SUCCESS;
+		     result = dns_rdatasetiter_next(rdsiter)) {
+			dns_rdatasetiter_current(rdsiter, &rdataset);
+			type = rdataset.type;
+			covers = rdataset.covers;
+			dns_rdataset_disassociate(&rdataset);
+			result = dns_db_deleterdataset(gdb, node, gversion,
+						       type, covers);
+			check_result(result,
+				     "dns_db_deleterdataset(nsec3param/rrsig)");
+		}
+		dns_rdatasetiter_destroy(&rdsiter);
+		dns_db_detachnode(gdb, &node);
+	}
+	dns_dbiterator_destroy(&dbiter);
+
+	result = dns_db_createiterator(gdb, DNS_DB_NONSEC3, &dbiter);
+	check_result(result, "dns_db_createiterator()");
+
+	result = dns_dbiterator_first(dbiter);
+	check_result(result, "dns_dbiterator_first()");
+
+	while (!done) {
+		result = dns_dbiterator_current(dbiter, &node, name);
+		check_dns_dbiterator_current(result);
+		/*
+		 * Skip out-of-zone records.
+		 */
+		if (!dns_name_issubdomain(name, gorigin)) {
+			result = dns_dbiterator_next(dbiter);
+			if (result == ISC_R_NOMORE)
+				done = true;
+			else
+				check_result(result, "dns_dbiterator_next()");
+			dns_db_detachnode(gdb, &node);
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		if (dns_name_equal(name, gorigin)) {
+			remove_records(node, dns_rdatatype_nsec3param,
+				       true);
+			/* Clean old rrsigs at apex. */
+			(void)active_node(node);
+		}
+
+		if (is_delegation(gdb, gversion, gorigin, name, node, &nsttl)) {
+			zonecut = savezonecut(&fzonecut, name);
+			remove_sigs(node, true, 0);
+			if (generateds)
+				add_ds(name, node, nsttl);
+		} else if (has_dname(gdb, gversion, node)) {
+			zonecut = savezonecut(&fzonecut, name);
+		}
+
+		result = dns_dbiterator_next(dbiter);
+		nextnode = NULL;
+		while (result == ISC_R_SUCCESS) {
+			bool active = false;
+			result = dns_dbiterator_current(dbiter, &nextnode,
+							nextname);
+			check_dns_dbiterator_current(result);
+			active = active_node(nextnode);
+			if (!active) {
+				dns_db_detachnode(gdb, &nextnode);
+				result = dns_dbiterator_next(dbiter);
+				continue;
+			}
+			if (!dns_name_issubdomain(nextname, gorigin) ||
+			    (zonecut != NULL &&
+			     dns_name_issubdomain(nextname, zonecut)))
+			{
+				remove_sigs(nextnode, false, 0);
+				remove_records(nextnode, dns_rdatatype_nsec,
+					       false);
+				dns_db_detachnode(gdb, &nextnode);
+				result = dns_dbiterator_next(dbiter);
+				continue;
+			}
+			dns_db_detachnode(gdb, &nextnode);
+			break;
+		}
+		if (result == ISC_R_NOMORE) {
+			dns_name_clone(gorigin, nextname);
+			done = true;
+		} else if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS)
+			fatal("iterating through the database failed: %s",
+			      isc_result_totext(result));
+		dns_dbiterator_pause(dbiter);
+		result = dns_nsec_build(gdb, gversion, node, nextname,
+					zone_soa_min_ttl);
+		check_result(result, "dns_nsec_build()");
+		dns_db_detachnode(gdb, &node);
+	}
+
+	dns_dbiterator_destroy(&dbiter);
+}
+
+static void
+addnsec3param(const unsigned char *salt, size_t salt_len,
+	      dns_iterations_t iterations)
+{
+	dns_dbnode_t *node = NULL;
+	dns_rdata_nsec3param_t nsec3param;
+	unsigned char nsec3parambuf[5 + 255];
+	dns_rdatalist_t rdatalist;
+	dns_rdataset_t rdataset;
+	dns_rdata_t rdata = DNS_RDATA_INIT;
+	isc_buffer_t b;
+	isc_result_t result;
+
+	dns_rdataset_init(&rdataset);
+
+	nsec3param.common.rdclass = gclass;
+	nsec3param.common.rdtype = dns_rdatatype_nsec3param;
+	ISC_LINK_INIT(&nsec3param.common, link);
+	nsec3param.mctx = NULL;
+	nsec3param.flags = 0;
+	nsec3param.hash = unknownalg ? DNS_NSEC3_UNKNOWNALG : dns_hash_sha1;
+	nsec3param.iterations = iterations;
+	nsec3param.salt_length = (unsigned char)salt_len;
+	DE_CONST(salt, nsec3param.salt);
+
+	isc_buffer_init(&b, nsec3parambuf, sizeof(nsec3parambuf));
+	result = dns_rdata_fromstruct(&rdata, gclass,
+				      dns_rdatatype_nsec3param,
+				      &nsec3param, &b);
+	check_result(result, "dns_rdata_fromstruct()");
+	dns_rdatalist_init(&rdatalist);
+	rdatalist.rdclass = rdata.rdclass;
+	rdatalist.type = rdata.type;
+	ISC_LIST_APPEND(rdatalist.rdata, &rdata, link);
+	result = dns_rdatalist_tordataset(&rdatalist, &rdataset);
+	check_result(result, "dns_rdatalist_tordataset()");
+
+	result = dns_db_findnode(gdb, gorigin, true, &node);
+	check_result(result, "dns_db_find(gorigin)");
+
+	/*
+	 * Delete any current NSEC3PARAM records.
+	 */
+	result = dns_db_deleterdataset(gdb, node, gversion,
+				       dns_rdatatype_nsec3param, 0);
+	if (result == DNS_R_UNCHANGED)
+		result = ISC_R_SUCCESS;
+	check_result(result, "dddnsec3param: dns_db_deleterdataset()");
+
+	result = dns_db_addrdataset(gdb, node, gversion, 0, &rdataset,
+				    DNS_DBADD_MERGE, NULL);
+	if (result == DNS_R_UNCHANGED)
+		result = ISC_R_SUCCESS;
+	check_result(result, "addnsec3param: dns_db_addrdataset()");
+	dns_db_detachnode(gdb, &node);
+}
+
+static void
+addnsec3(dns_name_t *name, dns_dbnode_t *node,
+	 const unsigned char *salt, size_t salt_len,
+	 unsigned int iterations, hashlist_t *hashlist,
+	 dns_ttl_t ttl)
+{
+	unsigned char hash[NSEC3_MAX_HASH_LENGTH];
+	const unsigned char *nexthash;
+	unsigned char nsec3buffer[DNS_NSEC3_BUFFERSIZE];
+	dns_fixedname_t hashname;
+	dns_rdatalist_t rdatalist;
+	dns_rdataset_t rdataset;
+	dns_rdata_t rdata = DNS_RDATA_INIT;
+	isc_result_t result;
+	dns_dbnode_t *nsec3node = NULL;
+	char namebuf[DNS_NAME_FORMATSIZE];
+	size_t hash_len;
+
+	dns_name_format(name, namebuf, sizeof(namebuf));
+
+	dns_fixedname_init(&hashname);
+	dns_rdataset_init(&rdataset);
+
+	dns_name_downcase(name, name, NULL);
+	result = dns_nsec3_hashname(&hashname, hash, &hash_len,
+				    name, gorigin, dns_hash_sha1, iterations,
+				    salt, salt_len);
+	check_result(result, "addnsec3: dns_nsec3_hashname()");
+	nexthash = hashlist_findnext(hashlist, hash);
+	result = dns_nsec3_buildrdata(gdb, gversion, node,
+				      unknownalg ?
+					  DNS_NSEC3_UNKNOWNALG : dns_hash_sha1,
+				      nsec3flags, iterations,
+				      salt, salt_len,
+				      nexthash, ISC_SHA1_DIGESTLENGTH,
+				      nsec3buffer, &rdata);
+	check_result(result, "addnsec3: dns_nsec3_buildrdata()");
+	dns_rdatalist_init(&rdatalist);
+	rdatalist.rdclass = rdata.rdclass;
+	rdatalist.type = rdata.type;
+	rdatalist.ttl = ttl;
+	ISC_LIST_APPEND(rdatalist.rdata, &rdata, link);
+	result = dns_rdatalist_tordataset(&rdatalist, &rdataset);
+	check_result(result, "dns_rdatalist_tordataset()");
+	result = dns_db_findnsec3node(gdb, dns_fixedname_name(&hashname),
+				      true, &nsec3node);
+	check_result(result, "addnsec3: dns_db_findnode()");
+	result = dns_db_addrdataset(gdb, nsec3node, gversion, 0, &rdataset,
+				    0, NULL);
+	if (result == DNS_R_UNCHANGED)
+		result = ISC_R_SUCCESS;
+	check_result(result, "addnsec3: dns_db_addrdataset()");
+	dns_db_detachnode(gdb, &nsec3node);
+}
+
+/*%
+ * Clean out NSEC3 record and RRSIG(NSEC3) that are not in the hash list.
+ *
+ * Extract the hash from the first label of 'name' then see if it
+ * is in hashlist.  If 'name' is not in the hashlist then delete the
+ * any NSEC3 records which have the same parameters as the chain we
+ * are building.
+ *
+ * XXXMPA Should we also check that it of the form &lt;hash&gt;.&lt;origin&gt;?
+ */
+static void
+nsec3clean(dns_name_t *name, dns_dbnode_t *node,
+	   unsigned int hashalg, unsigned int iterations,
+	   const unsigned char *salt, size_t salt_len, hashlist_t *hashlist)
+{
+	dns_label_t label;
+	dns_rdata_nsec3_t nsec3;
+	dns_rdata_t rdata, delrdata;
+	dns_rdatalist_t rdatalist;
+	dns_rdataset_t rdataset, delrdataset;
+	bool delete_rrsigs = false;
+	isc_buffer_t target;
+	isc_result_t result;
+	unsigned char hash[NSEC3_MAX_HASH_LENGTH + 1];
+	bool exists;
+
+	/*
+	 * Get the first label.
+	 */
+	dns_name_getlabel(name, 0, &label);
+
+	/*
+	 * We want just the label contents.
+	 */
+	isc_region_consume(&label, 1);
+
+	/*
+	 * Decode base32hex string.
+	 */
+	isc_buffer_init(&target, hash, sizeof(hash) - 1);
+	result = isc_base32hex_decoderegion(&label, &target);
+	if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS)
+		return;
+
+	hash[isc_buffer_usedlength(&target)] = 0;
+
+	exists = hashlist_exists(hashlist, hash);
+
+	/*
+	 * Verify that the NSEC3 parameters match the current ones
+	 * otherwise we are dealing with a different NSEC3 chain.
+	 */
+	dns_rdataset_init(&rdataset);
+	dns_rdataset_init(&delrdataset);
+
+	result = dns_db_findrdataset(gdb, node, gversion, dns_rdatatype_nsec3,
+				     0, 0, &rdataset, NULL);
+	if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * Delete any NSEC3 records which are not part of the current
+	 * NSEC3 chain.
+	 */
+	for (result = dns_rdataset_first(&rdataset);
+	     result == ISC_R_SUCCESS;
+	     result = dns_rdataset_next(&rdataset)) {
+		dns_rdata_init(&rdata);
+		dns_rdataset_current(&rdataset, &rdata);
+		result = dns_rdata_tostruct(&rdata, &nsec3, NULL);
+		check_result(result, "dns_rdata_tostruct");
+		if (exists && nsec3.hash == hashalg &&
+		    nsec3.iterations == iterations &&
+		    nsec3.salt_length == salt_len &&
+		    isc_safe_memequal(nsec3.salt, salt, salt_len))
+			continue;
+		dns_rdatalist_init(&rdatalist);
+		rdatalist.rdclass = rdata.rdclass;
+		rdatalist.type = rdata.type;
+		if (set_maxttl)
+			rdatalist.ttl = ISC_MIN(rdataset.ttl, maxttl);
+		dns_rdata_init(&delrdata);
+		dns_rdata_clone(&rdata, &delrdata);
+		ISC_LIST_APPEND(rdatalist.rdata, &delrdata, link);
+		result = dns_rdatalist_tordataset(&rdatalist, &delrdataset);
+		check_result(result, "dns_rdatalist_tordataset()");
+		result = dns_db_subtractrdataset(gdb, node, gversion,
+						 &delrdataset, 0, NULL);
+		dns_rdataset_disassociate(&delrdataset);
+		if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS && result != DNS_R_NXRRSET)
+			check_result(result, "dns_db_subtractrdataset(NSEC3)");
+		delete_rrsigs = true;
+	}
+	dns_rdataset_disassociate(&rdataset);
+	if (result != ISC_R_NOMORE)
+		check_result(result, "dns_rdataset_first/next");
+
+	if (!delete_rrsigs)
+		return;
+	/*
+	 * Delete the NSEC3 RRSIGs
+	 */
+	result = dns_db_deleterdataset(gdb, node, gversion,
+				       dns_rdatatype_rrsig,
+				       dns_rdatatype_nsec3);
+	if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS && result != DNS_R_UNCHANGED)
+		check_result(result, "dns_db_deleterdataset(RRSIG(NSEC3))");
+}
+
+static void
+rrset_cleanup(dns_name_t *name, dns_rdataset_t *rdataset,
+	      dns_diff_t *add, dns_diff_t *del)
+{
+	isc_result_t result;
+	unsigned int count1 = 0;
+	dns_rdataset_t tmprdataset;
+	char namestr[DNS_NAME_FORMATSIZE];
+	char typestr[TYPE_FORMATSIZE];
+
+	dns_name_format(name, namestr, sizeof(namestr));
+	type_format(rdataset->type, typestr, sizeof(typestr));
+
+	dns_rdataset_init(&tmprdataset);
+	for (result = dns_rdataset_first(rdataset);
+	     result == ISC_R_SUCCESS;
+	     result = dns_rdataset_next(rdataset)) {
+		dns_rdata_t rdata1 = DNS_RDATA_INIT;
+		unsigned int count2 = 0;
+
+		count1++;
+		dns_rdataset_current(rdataset, &rdata1);
+		dns_rdataset_clone(rdataset, &tmprdataset);
+		for (result = dns_rdataset_first(&tmprdataset);
+		     result == ISC_R_SUCCESS;
+		     result = dns_rdataset_next(&tmprdataset)) {
+			dns_rdata_t rdata2 = DNS_RDATA_INIT;
+			dns_difftuple_t *tuple = NULL;
+			count2++;
+			dns_rdataset_current(&tmprdataset, &rdata2);
+			if (count1 < count2 &&
+			    dns_rdata_casecompare(&rdata1, &rdata2) == 0)
+			{
+				vbprintf(2, "removing duplicate at %s/%s\n",
+					    namestr, typestr);
+				result = dns_difftuple_create(mctx,
+						      DNS_DIFFOP_DELRESIGN,
+						      name, rdataset->ttl,
+						      &rdata2, &tuple);
+				check_result(result, "dns_difftuple_create");
+				dns_diff_append(del, &tuple);
+			} else if (set_maxttl && rdataset->ttl > maxttl) {
+				vbprintf(2, "reducing ttl of %s/%s "
+					    "from %d to %d\n",
+					    namestr, typestr,
+					    rdataset->ttl, maxttl);
+				result = dns_difftuple_create(mctx,
+						      DNS_DIFFOP_DELRESIGN,
+						      name, rdataset->ttl,
+						      &rdata2, &tuple);
+				check_result(result, "dns_difftuple_create");
+				dns_diff_append(del, &tuple);
+				tuple = NULL;
+				result = dns_difftuple_create(mctx,
+						      DNS_DIFFOP_ADDRESIGN,
+						      name, maxttl,
+						      &rdata2, &tuple);
+				check_result(result, "dns_difftuple_create");
+				dns_diff_append(add, &tuple);
+			}
+		}
+		dns_rdataset_disassociate(&tmprdataset);
+	}
+}
+
+static void
+cleanup_zone(void) {
+	isc_result_t result;
+	dns_dbiterator_t *dbiter = NULL;
+	dns_rdatasetiter_t *rdsiter = NULL;
+	dns_diff_t add, del;
+	dns_dbnode_t *node = NULL;
+	dns_rdataset_t rdataset;
+	dns_fixedname_t fname;
+	dns_name_t *name;
+
+	dns_diff_init(mctx, &add);
+	dns_diff_init(mctx, &del);
+	name = dns_fixedname_initname(&fname);
+	dns_rdataset_init(&rdataset);
+
+	result = dns_db_createiterator(gdb, 0, &dbiter);
+	check_result(result, "dns_db_createiterator()");
+
+	for (result = dns_dbiterator_first(dbiter);
+	     result == ISC_R_SUCCESS;
+	     result = dns_dbiterator_next(dbiter)) {
+
+		result = dns_dbiterator_current(dbiter, &node, name);
+		check_dns_dbiterator_current(result);
+		result = dns_db_allrdatasets(gdb, node, gversion, 0, &rdsiter);
+		check_result(result, "dns_db_allrdatasets()");
+		for (result = dns_rdatasetiter_first(rdsiter);
+		     result == ISC_R_SUCCESS;
+		     result = dns_rdatasetiter_next(rdsiter)) {
+			dns_rdatasetiter_current(rdsiter, &rdataset);
+			rrset_cleanup(name, &rdataset, &add, &del);
+			dns_rdataset_disassociate(&rdataset);
+		}
+		if (result != ISC_R_NOMORE)
+			fatal("rdatasets iteration failed.");
+		dns_rdatasetiter_destroy(&rdsiter);
+		dns_db_detachnode(gdb, &node);
+	}
+	if (result != ISC_R_NOMORE)
+		fatal("zone iteration failed.");
+
+	result = dns_diff_applysilently(&del, gdb, gversion);
+	check_result(result, "dns_diff_applysilently");
+
+	result = dns_diff_applysilently(&add, gdb, gversion);
+	check_result(result, "dns_diff_applysilently");
+
+	dns_diff_clear(&del);
+	dns_diff_clear(&add);
+	dns_dbiterator_destroy(&dbiter);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate NSEC3 records for the zone.
+ */
+static void
+nsec3ify(unsigned int hashalg, dns_iterations_t iterations,
+	 const unsigned char *salt, size_t salt_len, hashlist_t *hashlist)
+{
+	dns_dbiterator_t *dbiter = NULL;
+	dns_dbnode_t *node = NULL, *nextnode = NULL;
+	dns_fixedname_t fname, fnextname, fzonecut;
+	dns_name_t *name, *nextname, *zonecut;
+	dns_rdataset_t rdataset;
+	int order;
+	bool active;
+	bool done = false;
+	isc_result_t result;
+	uint32_t nsttl = 0;
+	unsigned int count, nlabels;
+
+	dns_rdataset_init(&rdataset);
+	name = dns_fixedname_initname(&fname);
+	nextname = dns_fixedname_initname(&fnextname);
+	zonecut = NULL;
+
+	/*
+	 * Walk the zone generating the hash names.
+	 */
+	result = dns_db_createiterator(gdb, DNS_DB_NONSEC3, &dbiter);
+	check_result(result, "dns_db_createiterator()");
+
+	result = dns_dbiterator_first(dbiter);
+	check_result(result, "dns_dbiterator_first()");
+
+	while (!done) {
+		result = dns_dbiterator_current(dbiter, &node, name);
+		check_dns_dbiterator_current(result);
+		/*
+		 * Skip out-of-zone records.
+		 */
+		if (!dns_name_issubdomain(name, gorigin)) {
+			result = dns_dbiterator_next(dbiter);
+			if (result == ISC_R_NOMORE)
+				done = true;
+			else
+				check_result(result, "dns_dbiterator_next()");
+			dns_db_detachnode(gdb, &node);
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		if (dns_name_equal(name, gorigin)) {
+			remove_records(node, dns_rdatatype_nsec, true);
+			/* Clean old rrsigs at apex. */
+			(void)active_node(node);
+		}
+
+		if (has_dname(gdb, gversion, node)) {
+			zonecut = savezonecut(&fzonecut, name);
+		}
+
+		result = dns_dbiterator_next(dbiter);
+		nextnode = NULL;
+		while (result == ISC_R_SUCCESS) {
+			result = dns_dbiterator_current(dbiter, &nextnode,
+							nextname);
+			check_dns_dbiterator_current(result);
+			active = active_node(nextnode);
+			if (!active) {
+				dns_db_detachnode(gdb, &nextnode);
+				result = dns_dbiterator_next(dbiter);
+				continue;
+			}
+			if (!dns_name_issubdomain(nextname, gorigin) ||
+			    (zonecut != NULL &&
+			     dns_name_issubdomain(nextname, zonecut))) {
+				remove_sigs(nextnode, false, 0);
+				dns_db_detachnode(gdb, &nextnode);
+				result = dns_dbiterator_next(dbiter);
+				continue;
+			}
+			if (is_delegation(gdb, gversion, gorigin,
+					  nextname, nextnode, &nsttl))
+			{
+				zonecut = savezonecut(&fzonecut, nextname);
+				remove_sigs(nextnode, true, 0);
+				if (generateds)
+					add_ds(nextname, nextnode, nsttl);
+				if (OPTOUT(nsec3flags) &&
+				    !secure(nextname, nextnode)) {
+					dns_db_detachnode(gdb, &nextnode);
+					result = dns_dbiterator_next(dbiter);
+					continue;
+				}
+			} else if (has_dname(gdb, gversion, nextnode)) {
+				zonecut = savezonecut(&fzonecut, nextname);
+			}
+			dns_db_detachnode(gdb, &nextnode);
+			break;
+		}
+		if (result == ISC_R_NOMORE) {
+			dns_name_copy(gorigin, nextname, NULL);
+			done = true;
+		} else if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS)
+			fatal("iterating through the database failed: %s",
+			      isc_result_totext(result));
+		dns_name_downcase(name, name, NULL);
+		hashlist_add_dns_name(hashlist, name, hashalg, iterations,
+				      salt, salt_len, false);
+		dns_db_detachnode(gdb, &node);
+		/*
+		 * Add hashs for empty nodes.  Use closest encloser logic.
+		 * The closest encloser either has data or is a empty
+		 * node for another <name,nextname> span so we don't add
+		 * it here.  Empty labels on nextname are within the span.
+		 */
+		dns_name_downcase(nextname, nextname, NULL);
+		dns_name_fullcompare(name, nextname, &order, &nlabels);
+		addnowildcardhash(hashlist, name, hashalg, iterations,
+				  salt, salt_len);
+		count = dns_name_countlabels(nextname);
+		while (count > nlabels + 1) {
+			count--;
+			dns_name_split(nextname, count, NULL, nextname);
+			hashlist_add_dns_name(hashlist, nextname, hashalg,
+					      iterations, salt, salt_len,
+					      false);
+			addnowildcardhash(hashlist, nextname, hashalg,
+					  iterations, salt, salt_len);
+		}
+	}
+	dns_dbiterator_destroy(&dbiter);
+
+	/*
+	 * We have all the hashes now so we can sort them.
+	 */
+	hashlist_sort(hashlist);
+
+	/*
+	 * Check for duplicate hashes.  If found the salt needs to
+	 * be changed.
+	 */
+	if (hashlist_hasdup(hashlist))
+		fatal("Duplicate hash detected. Pick a different salt.");
+
+	/*
+	 * Generate the nsec3 records.
+	 */
+	zonecut = NULL;
+	done = false;
+
+	addnsec3param(salt, salt_len, iterations);
+
+	/*
+	 * Clean out NSEC3 records which don't match this chain.
+	 */
+	result = dns_db_createiterator(gdb, DNS_DB_NSEC3ONLY, &dbiter);
+	check_result(result, "dns_db_createiterator()");
+
+	for (result = dns_dbiterator_first(dbiter);
+	     result == ISC_R_SUCCESS;
+	     result = dns_dbiterator_next(dbiter)) {
+		result = dns_dbiterator_current(dbiter, &node, name);
+		check_dns_dbiterator_current(result);
+		nsec3clean(name, node, hashalg, iterations, salt, salt_len,
+			   hashlist);
+		dns_db_detachnode(gdb, &node);
+	}
+	dns_dbiterator_destroy(&dbiter);
+
+	/*
+	 * Generate / complete the new chain.
+	 */
+	result = dns_db_createiterator(gdb, DNS_DB_NONSEC3, &dbiter);
+	check_result(result, "dns_db_createiterator()");
+
+	result = dns_dbiterator_first(dbiter);
+	check_result(result, "dns_dbiterator_first()");
+
+	while (!done) {
+		result = dns_dbiterator_current(dbiter, &node, name);
+		check_dns_dbiterator_current(result);
+		/*
+		 * Skip out-of-zone records.
+		 */
+		if (!dns_name_issubdomain(name, gorigin)) {
+			result = dns_dbiterator_next(dbiter);
+			if (result == ISC_R_NOMORE)
+				done = true;
+			else
+				check_result(result, "dns_dbiterator_next()");
+			dns_db_detachnode(gdb, &node);
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		if (has_dname(gdb, gversion, node)) {
+			zonecut = savezonecut(&fzonecut, name);
+		}
+
+		result = dns_dbiterator_next(dbiter);
+		nextnode = NULL;
+		while (result == ISC_R_SUCCESS) {
+			result = dns_dbiterator_current(dbiter, &nextnode,
+							nextname);
+			check_dns_dbiterator_current(result);
+			active = active_node(nextnode);
+			if (!active) {
+				dns_db_detachnode(gdb, &nextnode);
+				result = dns_dbiterator_next(dbiter);
+				continue;
+			}
+			if (!dns_name_issubdomain(nextname, gorigin) ||
+			    (zonecut != NULL &&
+			     dns_name_issubdomain(nextname, zonecut))) {
+				dns_db_detachnode(gdb, &nextnode);
+				result = dns_dbiterator_next(dbiter);
+				continue;
+			}
+			if (is_delegation(gdb, gversion, gorigin,
+					  nextname, nextnode, NULL))
+			{
+				zonecut = savezonecut(&fzonecut, nextname);
+				if (OPTOUT(nsec3flags) &&
+				    !secure(nextname, nextnode)) {
+					dns_db_detachnode(gdb, &nextnode);
+					result = dns_dbiterator_next(dbiter);
+					continue;
+				}
+			} else if (has_dname(gdb, gversion, nextnode)) {
+				zonecut = savezonecut(&fzonecut, nextname);
+			}
+			dns_db_detachnode(gdb, &nextnode);
+			break;
+		}
+		if (result == ISC_R_NOMORE) {
+			dns_name_copy(gorigin, nextname, NULL);
+			done = true;
+		} else if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS)
+			fatal("iterating through the database failed: %s",
+			      isc_result_totext(result));
+		/*
+		 * We need to pause here to release the lock on the database.
+		 */
+		dns_dbiterator_pause(dbiter);
+		addnsec3(name, node, salt, salt_len, iterations,
+			 hashlist, zone_soa_min_ttl);
+		dns_db_detachnode(gdb, &node);
+		/*
+		 * Add NSEC3's for empty nodes.  Use closest encloser logic.
+		 */
+		dns_name_fullcompare(name, nextname, &order, &nlabels);
+		count = dns_name_countlabels(nextname);
+		while (count > nlabels + 1) {
+			count--;
+			dns_name_split(nextname, count, NULL, nextname);
+			addnsec3(nextname, NULL, salt, salt_len,
+				 iterations, hashlist, zone_soa_min_ttl);
+		}
+	}
+	dns_dbiterator_destroy(&dbiter);
+}
+
+/*%
+ * Load the zone file from disk
+ */
+static void
+loadzone(char *file, char *origin, dns_rdataclass_t rdclass, dns_db_t **db) {
+	isc_buffer_t b;
+	int len;
+	dns_fixedname_t fname;
+	dns_name_t *name;
+	isc_result_t result;
+
+	len = strlen(origin);
+	isc_buffer_init(&b, origin, len);
+	isc_buffer_add(&b, len);
+
+	name = dns_fixedname_initname(&fname);
+	result = dns_name_fromtext(name, &b, dns_rootname, 0, NULL);
+	if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS)
+		fatal("failed converting name '%s' to dns format: %s",
+		      origin, isc_result_totext(result));
+
+	result = dns_db_create(mctx, "rbt", name, dns_dbtype_zone,
+			       rdclass, 0, NULL, db);
+	check_result(result, "dns_db_create()");
+
+	result = dns_db_load2(*db, file, inputformat);
+	if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS && result != DNS_R_SEENINCLUDE)
+		fatal("failed loading zone from '%s': %s",
+		      file, isc_result_totext(result));
+}
+
+/*%
+ * Finds all public zone keys in the zone, and attempts to load the
+ * private keys from disk.
+ */
+static void
+loadzonekeys(bool preserve_keys, bool load_public) {
+	dns_dbnode_t *node;
+	dns_dbversion_t *currentversion = NULL;
+	isc_result_t result;
+	dns_rdataset_t rdataset, keysigs, soasigs;
+
+	node = NULL;
+	result = dns_db_findnode(gdb, gorigin, false, &node);
+	if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS)
+		fatal("failed to find the zone's origin: %s",
+		      isc_result_totext(result));
+
+	dns_db_currentversion(gdb, &currentversion);
+
+	dns_rdataset_init(&rdataset);
+	dns_rdataset_init(&soasigs);
+	dns_rdataset_init(&keysigs);
+
+	/* Make note of the keys which signed the SOA, if any */
+	result = dns_db_findrdataset(gdb, node, currentversion,
+				     dns_rdatatype_soa, 0, 0,
+				     &rdataset, &soasigs);
+	if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS)
+		goto cleanup;
+
+	/* Preserve the TTL of the DNSKEY RRset, if any */
+	dns_rdataset_disassociate(&rdataset);
+	result = dns_db_findrdataset(gdb, node, currentversion,
+				     dns_rdatatype_dnskey, 0, 0,
+				     &rdataset, &keysigs);
+
+	if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS)
+		goto cleanup;
+
+	if (set_keyttl && keyttl != rdataset.ttl) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "User-specified TTL %u conflicts "
+				"with existing DNSKEY RRset TTL.\n",
+				keyttl);
+		fprintf(stderr, "Imported keys will use the RRSet "
+				"TTL %u instead.\n",
+				rdataset.ttl);
+	}
+	keyttl = rdataset.ttl;
+
+	/* Load keys corresponding to the existing DNSKEY RRset. */
+	result = dns_dnssec_keylistfromrdataset(gorigin, directory, mctx,
+						&rdataset, &keysigs, &soasigs,
+						preserve_keys, load_public,
+						&keylist);
+	if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS)
+		fatal("failed to load the zone keys: %s",
+		      isc_result_totext(result));
+
+ cleanup:
+	if (dns_rdataset_isassociated(&rdataset))
+		dns_rdataset_disassociate(&rdataset);
+	if (dns_rdataset_isassociated(&keysigs))
+		dns_rdataset_disassociate(&keysigs);
+	if (dns_rdataset_isassociated(&soasigs))
+		dns_rdataset_disassociate(&soasigs);
+	dns_db_detachnode(gdb, &node);
+	dns_db_closeversion(gdb, &currentversion, false);
+}
+
+static void
+loadexplicitkeys(char *keyfiles[], int n, bool setksk) {
+	isc_result_t result;
+	int i;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+		dns_dnsseckey_t *key = NULL;
+		dst_key_t *newkey = NULL;
+
+		result = dst_key_fromnamedfile(keyfiles[i], directory,
+					       DST_TYPE_PUBLIC |
+					       DST_TYPE_PRIVATE,
+					       mctx, &newkey);
+		if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS)
+			fatal("cannot load dnskey %s: %s", keyfiles[i],
+			      isc_result_totext(result));
+
+		if (!dns_name_equal(gorigin, dst_key_name(newkey)))
+			fatal("key %s not at origin\n", keyfiles[i]);
+
+		if (!dst_key_isprivate(newkey))
+			fatal("cannot sign zone with non-private dnskey %s",
+			      keyfiles[i]);
+
+		/* Skip any duplicates */
+		for (key = ISC_LIST_HEAD(keylist);
+		     key != NULL;
+		     key = ISC_LIST_NEXT(key, link)) {
+			if (dst_key_id(key->key) == dst_key_id(newkey) &&
+			    dst_key_alg(key->key) == dst_key_alg(newkey))
+				break;
+		}
+
+		if (key == NULL) {
+			/* We haven't seen this key before */
+			dns_dnsseckey_create(mctx, &newkey, &key);
+			ISC_LIST_APPEND(keylist, key, link);
+			key->source = dns_keysource_user;
+		} else {
+			dst_key_free(&key->key);
+			key->key = newkey;
+		}
+
+		key->force_publish = true;
+		key->force_sign = true;
+
+		if (setksk)
+			key->ksk = true;
+	}
+}
+
+static void
+report(const char *format, ...) {
+	va_list args;
+	va_start(args, format);
+	vfprintf(stderr, format, args);
+	va_end(args);
+	putc('\n', stderr);
+}
+
+static void
+build_final_keylist(void) {
+	isc_result_t result;
+	dns_dbversion_t *ver = NULL;
+	dns_diff_t diff;
+	dns_dnsseckeylist_t matchkeys;
+	char name[DNS_NAME_FORMATSIZE];
+
+	/*
+	 * Find keys that match this zone in the key repository.
+	 */
+	ISC_LIST_INIT(matchkeys);
+	result = dns_dnssec_findmatchingkeys(gorigin, directory,
+					     mctx, &matchkeys);
+	if (result == ISC_R_NOTFOUND)
+		result = ISC_R_SUCCESS;
+	check_result(result, "dns_dnssec_findmatchingkeys");
+
+	result = dns_db_newversion(gdb, &ver);
+	check_result(result, "dns_db_newversion");
+
+	dns_diff_init(mctx, &diff);
+
+	/*
+	 * Update keylist with information from from the key repository.
+	 */
+	dns_dnssec_updatekeys(&keylist, &matchkeys, NULL, gorigin, keyttl,
+			      &diff, ignore_kskflag, mctx, report);
+
+	dns_name_format(gorigin, name, sizeof(name));
+
+	result = dns_diff_applysilently(&diff, gdb, ver);
+	if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS)
+		fatal("failed to update DNSKEY RRset at node '%s': %s",
+		      name, isc_result_totext(result));
+
+	dns_db_closeversion(gdb, &ver, true);
+
+	dns_diff_clear(&diff);
+}
+
+static void
+warnifallksk(dns_db_t *db) {
+	dns_dbversion_t *currentversion = NULL;
+	dns_dbnode_t *node = NULL;
+	dns_rdataset_t rdataset;
+	dns_rdata_t rdata = DNS_RDATA_INIT;
+	isc_result_t result;
+	dns_rdata_dnskey_t dnskey;
+	bool have_non_ksk = false;
+
+	dns_db_currentversion(db, &currentversion);
+
+	result = dns_db_findnode(db, gorigin, false, &node);
+	if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS)
+		fatal("failed to find the zone's origin: %s",
+		      isc_result_totext(result));
+
+	dns_rdataset_init(&rdataset);
+	result = dns_db_findrdataset(db, node, currentversion,
+				     dns_rdatatype_dnskey, 0, 0, &rdataset,
+				     NULL);
+	if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS)
+		fatal("failed to find keys at the zone apex: %s",
+		      isc_result_totext(result));
+	result = dns_rdataset_first(&rdataset);
+	check_result(result, "dns_rdataset_first");
+	while (result == ISC_R_SUCCESS) {
+		dns_rdata_reset(&rdata);
+		dns_rdataset_current(&rdataset, &rdata);
+		result = dns_rdata_tostruct(&rdata, &dnskey, NULL);
+		check_result(result, "dns_rdata_tostruct");
+		if ((dnskey.flags & DNS_KEYFLAG_KSK) == 0) {
+			have_non_ksk = true;
+			result = ISC_R_NOMORE;
+		} else
+			result = dns_rdataset_next(&rdataset);
+		dns_rdata_freestruct(&dnskey);
+	}
+	dns_rdataset_disassociate(&rdataset);
+	dns_db_detachnode(db, &node);
+	dns_db_closeversion(db, &currentversion, false);
+	if (!have_non_ksk && !ignore_kskflag) {
+		if (disable_zone_check)
+			fprintf(stderr, "%s: warning: No non-KSK DNSKEY found; "
+				"supply a ZSK or use '-z'.\n",
+				program);
+		else
+			fatal("No non-KSK DNSKEY found; "
+			      "supply a ZSK or use '-z'.");
+	}
+}
+
+static void
+set_nsec3params(bool update, bool set_salt,
+		bool set_optout, bool set_iter)
+{
+	isc_result_t result;
+	dns_dbversion_t *ver = NULL;
+	dns_dbnode_t *node = NULL;
+	dns_rdataset_t rdataset;
+	dns_rdata_t rdata = DNS_RDATA_INIT;
+	dns_rdata_nsec3_t nsec3;
+	dns_fixedname_t fname;
+	dns_name_t *hashname;
+	unsigned char orig_salt[255];
+	size_t orig_saltlen;
+	dns_hash_t orig_hash;
+	uint16_t orig_iter;
+
+	dns_db_currentversion(gdb, &ver);
+	dns_rdataset_init(&rdataset);
+
+	orig_saltlen = sizeof(orig_salt);
+	result = dns_db_getnsec3parameters(gdb, ver, &orig_hash, NULL,
+					   &orig_iter, orig_salt,
+					   &orig_saltlen);
+	if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS)
+		goto cleanup;
+
+	nsec_datatype = dns_rdatatype_nsec3;
+
+	if (!update && set_salt) {
+		if (salt_length != orig_saltlen ||
+		    !isc_safe_memequal(saltbuf, orig_salt, salt_length))
+			fatal("An NSEC3 chain exists with a different salt. "
+			      "Use -u to update it.");
+	} else if (!set_salt) {
+		salt_length = orig_saltlen;
+		memmove(saltbuf, orig_salt, orig_saltlen);
+		gsalt = saltbuf;
+	}
+
+	if (!update && set_iter) {
+		if (nsec3iter != orig_iter)
+			fatal("An NSEC3 chain exists with different "
+			      "iterations. Use -u to update it.");
+	} else if (!set_iter)
+		nsec3iter = orig_iter;
+
+	/*
+	 * Find an NSEC3 record to get the current OPTOUT value.
+	 * (This assumes all NSEC3 records agree.)
+	 */
+
+	hashname = dns_fixedname_initname(&fname);
+	result = dns_nsec3_hashname(&fname, NULL, NULL,
+				    gorigin, gorigin, dns_hash_sha1,
+				    orig_iter, orig_salt, orig_saltlen);
+	check_result(result, "dns_nsec3_hashname");
+
+	result = dns_db_findnsec3node(gdb, hashname, false, &node);
+	if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS)
+		goto cleanup;
+
+	result = dns_db_findrdataset(gdb, node, ver, dns_rdatatype_nsec3,
+				     0, 0, &rdataset, NULL);
+	if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS)
+		goto cleanup;
+
+	result = dns_rdataset_first(&rdataset);
+	check_result(result, "dns_rdataset_first");
+	dns_rdataset_current(&rdataset, &rdata);
+	result = dns_rdata_tostruct(&rdata, &nsec3, NULL);
+	check_result(result, "dns_rdata_tostruct");
+
+	if (!update && set_optout) {
+		if (nsec3flags != nsec3.flags)
+			fatal("An NSEC3 chain exists with%s OPTOUT. "
+			      "Use -u -%s to %s it.",
+			      OPTOUT(nsec3.flags) ? "" : "out",
+			      OPTOUT(nsec3.flags) ? "AA" : "A",
+			      OPTOUT(nsec3.flags) ? "clear" : "set");
+	} else if (!set_optout)
+		nsec3flags = nsec3.flags;
+
+	dns_rdata_freestruct(&nsec3);
+
+ cleanup:
+	if (dns_rdataset_isassociated(&rdataset))
+		dns_rdataset_disassociate(&rdataset);
+	if (node != NULL)
+		dns_db_detachnode(gdb, &node);
+	dns_db_closeversion(gdb, &ver, false);
+}
+
+static void
+writeset(const char *prefix, dns_rdatatype_t type) {
+	char *filename;
+	char namestr[DNS_NAME_FORMATSIZE];
+	dns_db_t *db = NULL;
+	dns_dbversion_t *dbversion = NULL;
+	dns_diff_t diff;
+	dns_difftuple_t *tuple = NULL;
+	dns_fixedname_t fixed;
+	dns_name_t *name;
+	dns_rdata_t rdata, ds;
+	bool have_ksk = false;
+	bool have_non_ksk = false;
+	isc_buffer_t b;
+	isc_buffer_t namebuf;
+	isc_region_t r;
+	isc_result_t result;
+	dns_dnsseckey_t *key, *tmpkey;
+	unsigned char dsbuf[DNS_DS_BUFFERSIZE];
+	unsigned char keybuf[DST_KEY_MAXSIZE];
+	unsigned int filenamelen;
+	const dns_master_style_t *style =
+		(type == dns_rdatatype_dnskey) ? masterstyle : dsstyle;
+
+	isc_buffer_init(&namebuf, namestr, sizeof(namestr));
+	result = dns_name_tofilenametext(gorigin, false, &namebuf);
+	check_result(result, "dns_name_tofilenametext");
+	isc_buffer_putuint8(&namebuf, 0);
+	filenamelen = strlen(prefix) + strlen(namestr) + 1;
+	if (dsdir != NULL)
+		filenamelen += strlen(dsdir) + 1;
+	filename = isc_mem_get(mctx, filenamelen);
+	if (filename == NULL)
+		fatal("out of memory");
+	if (dsdir != NULL)
+		snprintf(filename, filenamelen, "%s/", dsdir);
+	else
+		filename[0] = 0;
+	strlcat(filename, prefix, filenamelen);
+	strlcat(filename, namestr, filenamelen);
+
+	dns_diff_init(mctx, &diff);
+
+	if (type == dns_rdatatype_dlv) {
+		dns_name_t tname;
+		unsigned int labels;
+
+		dns_name_init(&tname, NULL);
+		name = dns_fixedname_initname(&fixed);
+		labels = dns_name_countlabels(gorigin);
+		dns_name_getlabelsequence(gorigin, 0, labels - 1, &tname);
+		result = dns_name_concatenate(&tname, dlv, name, NULL);
+		check_result(result, "dns_name_concatenate");
+	} else
+		name = gorigin;
+
+	for (key = ISC_LIST_HEAD(keylist);
+	     key != NULL;
+	     key = ISC_LIST_NEXT(key, link))
+	{
+		if (REVOKE(key->key))
+			continue;
+		if (isksk(key)) {
+			have_ksk = true;
+			have_non_ksk = false;
+		} else {
+			have_ksk = false;
+			have_non_ksk = true;
+		}
+		for (tmpkey = ISC_LIST_HEAD(keylist);
+		     tmpkey != NULL;
+		     tmpkey = ISC_LIST_NEXT(tmpkey, link)) {
+			if (dst_key_alg(key->key) != dst_key_alg(tmpkey->key))
+				continue;
+			if (REVOKE(tmpkey->key))
+				continue;
+			if (isksk(tmpkey))
+				have_ksk = true;
+			else
+				have_non_ksk = true;
+		}
+		if (have_ksk && have_non_ksk && !isksk(key))
+			continue;
+		dns_rdata_init(&rdata);
+		dns_rdata_init(&ds);
+		isc_buffer_init(&b, keybuf, sizeof(keybuf));
+		result = dst_key_todns(key->key, &b);
+		check_result(result, "dst_key_todns");
+		isc_buffer_usedregion(&b, &r);
+		dns_rdata_fromregion(&rdata, gclass, dns_rdatatype_dnskey, &r);
+		if (type != dns_rdatatype_dnskey) {
+			result = dns_ds_buildrdata(gorigin, &rdata,
+						   DNS_DSDIGEST_SHA1,
+						   dsbuf, &ds);
+			check_result(result, "dns_ds_buildrdata");
+			if (type == dns_rdatatype_dlv)
+				ds.type = dns_rdatatype_dlv;
+			result = dns_difftuple_create(mctx,
+						      DNS_DIFFOP_ADDRESIGN,
+						      name, 0, &ds, &tuple);
+			check_result(result, "dns_difftuple_create");
+			dns_diff_append(&diff, &tuple);
+
+			dns_rdata_reset(&ds);
+			result = dns_ds_buildrdata(gorigin, &rdata,
+						   DNS_DSDIGEST_SHA256,
+						   dsbuf, &ds);
+			check_result(result, "dns_ds_buildrdata");
+			if (type == dns_rdatatype_dlv)
+				ds.type = dns_rdatatype_dlv;
+			result = dns_difftuple_create(mctx,
+						      DNS_DIFFOP_ADDRESIGN,
+						      name, 0, &ds, &tuple);
+
+		} else
+			result = dns_difftuple_create(mctx,
+						      DNS_DIFFOP_ADDRESIGN,
+						      gorigin, zone_soa_min_ttl,
+						      &rdata, &tuple);
+		check_result(result, "dns_difftuple_create");
+		dns_diff_append(&diff, &tuple);
+	}
+
+	result = dns_db_create(mctx, "rbt", dns_rootname, dns_dbtype_zone,
+			       gclass, 0, NULL, &db);
+	check_result(result, "dns_db_create");
+
+	result = dns_db_newversion(db, &dbversion);
+	check_result(result, "dns_db_newversion");
+
+	result = dns_diff_apply(&diff, db, dbversion);
+	check_result(result, "dns_diff_apply");
+	dns_diff_clear(&diff);
+
+	result = dns_master_dump(mctx, db, dbversion, style, filename);
+	check_result(result, "dns_master_dump");
+
+	isc_mem_put(mctx, filename, filenamelen);
+
+	dns_db_closeversion(db, &dbversion, false);
+	dns_db_detach(&db);
+}
+
+static void
+print_time(FILE *fp) {
+	time_t currenttime;
+
+	if (outputformat != dns_masterformat_text)
+		return;
+
+	currenttime = time(NULL);
+	fprintf(fp, "; File written on %s", ctime(&currenttime));
+}
+
+static void
+print_version(FILE *fp) {
+	if (outputformat != dns_masterformat_text)
+		return;
+
+	fprintf(fp, "; dnssec_signzone version " VERSION "\n");
+}
+
+ISC_PLATFORM_NORETURN_PRE static void
+usage(void) ISC_PLATFORM_NORETURN_POST;
+
+static void
+usage(void) {
+	fprintf(stderr, "Usage:\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t%s [options] zonefile [keys]\n", program);
+
+	fprintf(stderr, "\n");
+
+	fprintf(stderr, "Version: %s\n", VERSION);
+
+	fprintf(stderr, "Options: (default value in parenthesis) \n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t-S:\tsmart signing: automatically finds key files\n"
+			"\t\tfor the zone and determines how they are to "
+			"be used\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t-K directory:\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t\tdirectory to find key files (.)\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t-d directory:\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t\tdirectory to find dsset-* files (.)\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t-g:\t");
+	fprintf(stderr, "update DS records based on child zones' "
+			"dsset-* files\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t-s [YYYYMMDDHHMMSS|+offset]:\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t\tRRSIG start time "
+				"- absolute|offset (now - 1 hour)\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t-e [YYYYMMDDHHMMSS|+offset|\"now\"+offset]:\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t\tRRSIG end time "
+				"- absolute|from start|from now "
+				"(now + 30 days)\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t-X [YYYYMMDDHHMMSS|+offset|\"now\"+offset]:\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t\tDNSKEY RRSIG end "
+				"- absolute|from start|from now "
+				"(matches -e)\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t-i interval:\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t\tcycle interval - resign "
+				"if < interval from end ( (end-start)/4 )\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t-j jitter:\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t\trandomize signature end time up to jitter seconds\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t-v debuglevel (0)\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t-V:\tprint version information\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t-o origin:\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t\tzone origin (name of zonefile)\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t-f outfile:\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t\tfile the signed zone is written in "
+				"(zonefile + .signed)\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t-I format:\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t\tfile format of input zonefile (text)\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t-O format:\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t\tfile format of signed zone file (text)\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t-N format:\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t\tsoa serial format of signed zone file (keep)\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t-D:\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t\toutput only DNSSEC-related records\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t-r randomdev:\n");
+	fprintf(stderr,	"\t\ta file containing random data\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t-a:\t");
+	fprintf(stderr, "verify generated signatures\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t-c class (IN)\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t-E engine:\n");
+#if defined(PKCS11CRYPTO)
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t\tpath to PKCS#11 provider library "
+		"(default is %s)\n", PK11_LIB_LOCATION);
+#elif defined(USE_PKCS11)
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t\tname of an OpenSSL engine to use "
+				"(default is \"pkcs11\")\n");
+#else
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t\tname of an OpenSSL engine to use\n");
+#endif
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t-p:\t");
+	fprintf(stderr, "use pseudorandom data (faster but less secure)\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t-P:\t");
+	fprintf(stderr, "disable post-sign verification\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t-Q:\t");
+	fprintf(stderr, "remove signatures from keys that are no "
+				"longer active\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t-R:\t");
+	fprintf(stderr, "remove signatures from keys that no longer exist\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t-T TTL:\tTTL for newly added DNSKEYs\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t-t:\t");
+	fprintf(stderr, "print statistics\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t-u:\t");
+	fprintf(stderr, "update or replace an existing NSEC/NSEC3 chain\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t-x:\tsign DNSKEY record with KSKs only, not ZSKs\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t-z:\tsign all records with KSKs\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t-C:\tgenerate a keyset file, for compatibility\n"
+			"\t\twith older versions of dnssec-signzone -g\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t-n ncpus (number of cpus present)\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t-k key_signing_key\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t-l lookasidezone\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t-3 NSEC3 salt\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t-H NSEC3 iterations (10)\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\t-A NSEC3 optout\n");
+
+	fprintf(stderr, "\n");
+
+	fprintf(stderr, "Signing Keys: ");
+	fprintf(stderr, "(default: all zone keys that have private keys)\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "\tkeyfile (Kname+alg+tag)\n");
+
+	exit(0);
+}
+
+static void
+removetempfile(void) {
+	if (removefile)
+		isc_file_remove(tempfile);
+}
+
+static void
+print_stats(isc_time_t *timer_start, isc_time_t *timer_finish,
+	    isc_time_t *sign_start, isc_time_t *sign_finish)
+{
+	uint64_t time_us;      /* Time in microseconds */
+	uint64_t time_ms;      /* Time in milliseconds */
+	uint64_t sig_ms;	   /* Signatures per millisecond */
+	FILE *out = output_stdout ? stderr : stdout;
+
+	fprintf(out, "Signatures generated:               %10u\n", nsigned);
+	fprintf(out, "Signatures retained:                %10u\n", nretained);
+	fprintf(out, "Signatures dropped:                 %10u\n", ndropped);
+	fprintf(out, "Signatures successfully verified:   %10u\n", nverified);
+	fprintf(out, "Signatures unsuccessfully "
+		     "verified: %10u\n", nverifyfailed);
+
+	time_us = isc_time_microdiff(sign_finish, sign_start);
+	time_ms = time_us / 1000;
+	fprintf(out, "Signing time in seconds:           %7u.%03u\n",
+		(unsigned int) (time_ms / 1000),
+		(unsigned int) (time_ms % 1000));
+	if (time_us > 0) {
+		sig_ms = ((uint64_t)nsigned * 1000000000) / time_us;
+		fprintf(out, "Signatures per second:             %7u.%03u\n",
+			(unsigned int) sig_ms / 1000,
+			(unsigned int) sig_ms % 1000);
+	}
+
+	time_us = isc_time_microdiff(timer_finish, timer_start);
+	time_ms = time_us / 1000;
+	fprintf(out, "Runtime in seconds:                %7u.%03u\n",
+		(unsigned int) (time_ms / 1000),
+		(unsigned int) (time_ms % 1000));
+}
+
+int
+main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+	int i, ch;
+	char *startstr = NULL, *endstr = NULL, *classname = NULL;
+	char *dnskey_endstr = NULL;
+	char *origin = NULL, *file = NULL, *output = NULL;
+	char *inputformatstr = NULL, *outputformatstr = NULL;
+	char *serialformatstr = NULL;
+	char *dskeyfile[MAXDSKEYS];
+	int ndskeys = 0;
+	char *endp;
+	isc_time_t timer_start, timer_finish;
+	isc_time_t sign_start, sign_finish;
+	dns_dnsseckey_t *key;
+	isc_result_t result;
+	isc_log_t *log = NULL;
+	bool pseudorandom = false;
+#ifdef USE_PKCS11
+	const char *engine = PKCS11_ENGINE;
+#else
+	const char *engine = NULL;
+#endif
+	unsigned int eflags;
+	bool free_output = false;
+	int tempfilelen = 0;
+	dns_rdataclass_t rdclass;
+	isc_task_t **tasks = NULL;
+	isc_buffer_t b;
+	int len;
+	hashlist_t hashlist;
+	bool make_keyset = false;
+	bool set_salt = false;
+	bool set_optout = false;
+	bool set_iter = false;
+	bool nonsecify = false;
+
+	/* Unused letters: Bb G J q Yy (and F is reserved). */
+#define CMDLINE_FLAGS \
+	"3:AaCc:Dd:E:e:f:FghH:i:I:j:K:k:L:l:m:M:n:N:o:O:PpQRr:s:ST:tuUv:VX:xzZ:"
+
+	/*
+	 * Process memory debugging argument first.
+	 */
+	while ((ch = isc_commandline_parse(argc, argv, CMDLINE_FLAGS)) != -1) {
+		switch (ch) {
+		case 'm':
+			if (strcasecmp(isc_commandline_argument, "record") == 0)
+				isc_mem_debugging |= ISC_MEM_DEBUGRECORD;
+			if (strcasecmp(isc_commandline_argument, "trace") == 0)
+				isc_mem_debugging |= ISC_MEM_DEBUGTRACE;
+			if (strcasecmp(isc_commandline_argument, "usage") == 0)
+				isc_mem_debugging |= ISC_MEM_DEBUGUSAGE;
+			if (strcasecmp(isc_commandline_argument, "size") == 0)
+				isc_mem_debugging |= ISC_MEM_DEBUGSIZE;
+			if (strcasecmp(isc_commandline_argument, "mctx") == 0)
+				isc_mem_debugging |= ISC_MEM_DEBUGCTX;
+			break;
+		default:
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	isc_commandline_reset = true;
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+	InitSockets();
+#endif
+
+	masterstyle = &dns_master_style_explicitttl;
+
+	check_result(isc_app_start(), "isc_app_start");
+
+	result = isc_mem_create(0, 0, &mctx);
+	if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS)
+		fatal("out of memory");
+
+#ifdef PKCS11CRYPTO
+	pk11_result_register();
+#endif
+	dns_result_register();
+
+	isc_commandline_errprint = false;
+
+	while ((ch = isc_commandline_parse(argc, argv, CMDLINE_FLAGS)) != -1) {
+		switch (ch) {
+		case '3':
+			set_salt = true;
+			nsec_datatype = dns_rdatatype_nsec3;
+			if (strcmp(isc_commandline_argument, "-") != 0) {
+				isc_buffer_t target;
+				char *sarg;
+
+				sarg = isc_commandline_argument;
+				isc_buffer_init(&target, saltbuf,
+						sizeof(saltbuf));
+				result = isc_hex_decodestring(sarg, &target);
+				check_result(result,
+					     "isc_hex_decodestring(salt)");
+				salt_length = isc_buffer_usedlength(&target);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case 'A':
+			set_optout = true;
+			if (OPTOUT(nsec3flags))
+				nsec3flags &= ~DNS_NSEC3FLAG_OPTOUT;
+			else
+				nsec3flags |= DNS_NSEC3FLAG_OPTOUT;
+			break;
+
+		case 'a':
+			tryverify = true;
+			break;
+
+		case 'C':
+			make_keyset = true;
+			break;
+
+		case 'c':
+			classname = isc_commandline_argument;
+			break;
+
+		case 'd':
+			dsdir = isc_commandline_argument;
+			if (strlen(dsdir) == 0U)
+				fatal("DS directory must be non-empty string");
+			result = try_dir(dsdir);
+			if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS)
+				fatal("cannot open directory %s: %s",
+				      dsdir, isc_result_totext(result));
+			break;
+
+		case 'D':
+			output_dnssec_only = true;
+			break;
+
+		case 'E':
+			engine = isc_commandline_argument;
+			break;
+
+		case 'e':
+			endstr = isc_commandline_argument;
+			break;
+
+		case 'f':
+			output = isc_commandline_argument;
+			if (strcmp(output, "-") == 0)
+				output_stdout = true;
+			break;
+
+		case 'g':
+			generateds = true;
+			break;
+
+		case 'H':
+			set_iter = true;
+			nsec3iter = strtoul(isc_commandline_argument, &endp, 0);
+			if (*endp != '\0')
+				fatal("iterations must be numeric");
+			if (nsec3iter  > 0xffffU)
+				fatal("iterations too big");
+			break;
+
+		case 'I':
+			inputformatstr = isc_commandline_argument;
+			break;
+
+		case 'i':
+			endp = NULL;
+			cycle = strtol(isc_commandline_argument, &endp, 0);
+			if (*endp != '\0' || cycle < 0)
+				fatal("cycle period must be numeric and "
+				      "positive");
+			break;
+
+		case 'j':
+			endp = NULL;
+			jitter = strtol(isc_commandline_argument, &endp, 0);
+			if (*endp != '\0' || jitter < 0)
+				fatal("jitter must be numeric and positive");
+			break;
+
+		case 'K':
+			directory = isc_commandline_argument;
+			break;
+
+		case 'k':
+			if (ndskeys == MAXDSKEYS)
+				fatal("too many key-signing keys specified");
+			dskeyfile[ndskeys++] = isc_commandline_argument;
+			break;
+
+		case 'L':
+			snset = true;
+			endp = NULL;
+			serialnum = strtol(isc_commandline_argument, &endp, 0);
+			if (*endp != '\0') {
+				fprintf(stderr, "source serial number "
+						"must be numeric");
+				exit(1);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case 'l':
+			len = strlen(isc_commandline_argument);
+			isc_buffer_init(&b, isc_commandline_argument, len);
+			isc_buffer_add(&b, len);
+
+			dlv = dns_fixedname_initname(&dlv_fixed);
+			result = dns_name_fromtext(dlv, &b, dns_rootname, 0,
+						   NULL);
+			check_result(result, "dns_name_fromtext(dlv)");
+			break;
+
+		case 'M':
+			endp = NULL;
+			set_maxttl = true;
+			maxttl = strtol(isc_commandline_argument, &endp, 0);
+			if (*endp != '\0') {
+				fprintf(stderr, "maximum TTL "
+						"must be numeric");
+				exit(1);
+			}
+			break;
+
+		case 'm':
+			break;
+
+		case 'N':
+			serialformatstr = isc_commandline_argument;
+			break;
+
+		case 'n':
+			endp = NULL;
+			ntasks = strtol(isc_commandline_argument, &endp, 0);
+			if (*endp != '\0' || ntasks > INT32_MAX)
+				fatal("number of cpus must be numeric");
+			break;
+
+		case 'O':
+			outputformatstr = isc_commandline_argument;
+			break;
+
+		case 'o':
+			origin = isc_commandline_argument;
+			break;
+
+		case 'P':
+			disable_zone_check = true;
+			break;
+
+		case 'p':
+			pseudorandom = true;
+			break;
+
+		case 'Q':
+			remove_inactkeysigs = true;
+			break;
+
+		case 'R':
+			remove_orphansigs = true;
+			break;
+
+		case 'r':
+			setup_entropy(mctx, isc_commandline_argument, &ectx);
+			break;
+
+		case 'S':
+			smartsign = true;
+			break;
+
+		case 's':
+			startstr = isc_commandline_argument;
+			break;
+
+		case 'T':
+			endp = NULL;
+			set_keyttl = true;
+			keyttl = strtottl(isc_commandline_argument);
+			break;
+
+		case 't':
+			printstats = true;
+			break;
+
+		case 'U':	/* Undocumented for testing only. */
+			unknownalg = true;
+			break;
+
+		case 'u':
+			update_chain = true;
+			break;
+
+		case 'v':
+			endp = NULL;
+			verbose = strtol(isc_commandline_argument, &endp, 0);
+			if (*endp != '\0')
+				fatal("verbose level must be numeric");
+			break;
+
+		case 'X':
+			dnskey_endstr = isc_commandline_argument;
+			break;
+
+		case 'x':
+			keyset_kskonly = true;
+			break;
+
+		case 'z':
+			ignore_kskflag = true;
+			break;
+
+		case 'F':
+			/* Reserved for FIPS mode */
+			/* FALLTHROUGH */
+		case '?':
+			if (isc_commandline_option != '?')
+				fprintf(stderr, "%s: invalid argument -%c\n",
+					program, isc_commandline_option);
+			/* FALLTHROUGH */
+		case 'h':
+			/* Does not return. */
+			usage();
+
+		case 'V':
+			/* Does not return. */
+			version(program);
+
+		case 'Z':	/* Undocumented test options */
+			if (!strcmp(isc_commandline_argument, "nonsecify"))
+				nonsecify = true;
+			break;
+
+		default:
+			fprintf(stderr, "%s: unhandled option -%c\n",
+				program, isc_commandline_option);
+			exit(1);
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (ectx == NULL)
+		setup_entropy(mctx, NULL, &ectx);
+	eflags = ISC_ENTROPY_BLOCKING;
+	if (!pseudorandom)
+		eflags |= ISC_ENTROPY_GOODONLY;
+
+	result = isc_hash_create(mctx, ectx, DNS_NAME_MAXWIRE);
+	if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS)
+		fatal("could not create hash context");
+
+	result = dst_lib_init2(mctx, ectx, engine, eflags);
+	if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS)
+		fatal("could not initialize dst: %s",
+		      isc_result_totext(result));
+	isc_stdtime_get(&now);
+
+	if (startstr != NULL) {
+		starttime = strtotime(startstr, now, now, NULL);
+	} else
+		starttime = now - 3600;  /* Allow for some clock skew. */
+
+	if (endstr != NULL)
+		endtime = strtotime(endstr, now, starttime, NULL);
+	else
+		endtime = starttime + (30 * 24 * 60 * 60);
+
+	if (dnskey_endstr != NULL) {
+		dnskey_endtime = strtotime(dnskey_endstr, now, starttime,
+					   NULL);
+		if (endstr != NULL && dnskey_endtime == endtime)
+			fprintf(stderr, "WARNING: -e and -X were both set, "
+					"but have identical values.\n");
+	} else
+		dnskey_endtime = endtime;
+
+	if (cycle == -1)
+		cycle = (endtime - starttime) / 4;
+
+	if (ntasks == 0)
+		ntasks = isc_os_ncpus() * 2;
+	vbprintf(4, "using %d cpus\n", ntasks);
+
+	rdclass = strtoclass(classname);
+
+	if (directory == NULL)
+		directory = ".";
+
+	setup_logging(mctx, &log);
+
+	argc -= isc_commandline_index;
+	argv += isc_commandline_index;
+
+	if (argc < 1)
+		usage();
+
+	file = argv[0];
+
+	argc -= 1;
+	argv += 1;
+
+	if (origin == NULL)
+		origin = file;
+
+	if (output == NULL) {
+		size_t size;
+		free_output = true;
+		size = strlen(file) + strlen(".signed") + 1;
+		output = isc_mem_allocate(mctx, size);
+		if (output == NULL)
+			fatal("out of memory");
+		snprintf(output, size, "%s.signed", file);
+	}
+
+	if (inputformatstr != NULL) {
+		if (strcasecmp(inputformatstr, "text") == 0)
+			inputformat = dns_masterformat_text;
+		else if (strcasecmp(inputformatstr, "map") == 0)
+			inputformat = dns_masterformat_map;
+		else if (strcasecmp(inputformatstr, "raw") == 0)
+			inputformat = dns_masterformat_raw;
+		else if (strncasecmp(inputformatstr, "raw=", 4) == 0) {
+			inputformat = dns_masterformat_raw;
+			fprintf(stderr,
+				"WARNING: input format version ignored\n");
+		} else
+			fatal("unknown file format: %s", inputformatstr);
+
+	}
+
+	if (outputformatstr != NULL) {
+		if (strcasecmp(outputformatstr, "text") == 0) {
+			outputformat = dns_masterformat_text;
+		} else if (strcasecmp(outputformatstr, "full") == 0) {
+			outputformat = dns_masterformat_text;
+			masterstyle = &dns_master_style_full;
+		} else if (strcasecmp(outputformatstr, "map") == 0) {
+			outputformat = dns_masterformat_map;
+		} else if (strcasecmp(outputformatstr, "raw") == 0) {
+			outputformat = dns_masterformat_raw;
+		} else if (strncasecmp(outputformatstr, "raw=", 4) == 0) {
+			char *end;
+			outputformat = dns_masterformat_raw;
+
+			outputformat = dns_masterformat_raw;
+			rawversion = strtol(outputformatstr + 4, &end, 10);
+			if (end == outputformatstr + 4 || *end != '\0' ||
+			    rawversion > 1U) {
+				fprintf(stderr,
+					"unknown raw format version\n");
+				exit(1);
+			}
+		} else
+			fatal("unknown file format: %s", outputformatstr);
+	}
+
+	if (serialformatstr != NULL) {
+		if (strcasecmp(serialformatstr, "keep") == 0)
+			serialformat = SOA_SERIAL_KEEP;
+		else if (strcasecmp(serialformatstr, "increment") == 0 ||
+			 strcasecmp(serialformatstr, "incr") == 0)
+			serialformat = SOA_SERIAL_INCREMENT;
+		else if (strcasecmp(serialformatstr, "unixtime") == 0)
+			serialformat = SOA_SERIAL_UNIXTIME;
+		else if (strcasecmp(serialformatstr, "date") == 0)
+			serialformat = SOA_SERIAL_DATE;
+		else
+			fatal("unknown soa serial format: %s",
+			      serialformatstr);
+	}
+
+	if (output_dnssec_only && outputformat != dns_masterformat_text)
+		fatal("option -D can only be used with \"-O text\"");
+
+	if (output_dnssec_only && serialformat != SOA_SERIAL_KEEP)
+		fatal("option -D can only be used with \"-N keep\"");
+
+	if (output_dnssec_only && set_maxttl)
+		fatal("option -D cannot be used with -M");
+
+	result = dns_master_stylecreate(&dsstyle,  DNS_STYLEFLAG_NO_TTL,
+					0, 24, 0, 0, 0, 8, mctx);
+	check_result(result, "dns_master_stylecreate");
+
+	gdb = NULL;
+	TIME_NOW(&timer_start);
+	loadzone(file, origin, rdclass, &gdb);
+	gorigin = dns_db_origin(gdb);
+	gclass = dns_db_class(gdb);
+	get_soa_ttls();
+
+	if (set_maxttl && set_keyttl && keyttl > maxttl) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "%s: warning: Specified key TTL %u "
+			"exceeds maximum zone TTL; reducing to %u\n",
+			program, keyttl, maxttl);
+		keyttl = maxttl;
+	}
+
+	if (!set_keyttl)
+		keyttl = soa_ttl;
+
+	/*
+	 * Check for any existing NSEC3 parameters in the zone,
+	 * and use them as defaults if -u was not specified.
+	 */
+	if (update_chain && !set_optout && !set_iter && !set_salt)
+		nsec_datatype = dns_rdatatype_nsec;
+	else
+		set_nsec3params(update_chain, set_salt, set_optout, set_iter);
+
+	/*
+	 * We need to do this early on, as we start messing with the list
+	 * of keys rather early.
+	 */
+	ISC_LIST_INIT(keylist);
+	result = isc_rwlock_init(&keylist_lock, 0, 0);
+	if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS)
+		fatal("could not initialize keylist_lock: %s",
+		      isc_result_totext(result));
+
+	/*
+	 * Fill keylist with:
+	 * 1) Keys listed in the DNSKEY set that have
+	 *    private keys associated, *if* no keys were
+	 *    set on the command line.
+	 * 2) ZSKs set on the command line
+	 * 3) KSKs set on the command line
+	 * 4) Any keys remaining in the DNSKEY set which
+	 *    do not have private keys associated and were
+	 *    not specified on the command line.
+	 */
+	if (argc == 0 || smartsign)
+		loadzonekeys(!smartsign, false);
+	loadexplicitkeys(argv, argc, false);
+	loadexplicitkeys(dskeyfile, ndskeys, true);
+	loadzonekeys(!smartsign, true);
+
+	/*
+	 * If we're doing smart signing, look in the key repository for
+	 * key files with metadata, and merge them with the keylist
+	 * we have now.
+	 */
+	if (smartsign)
+		build_final_keylist();
+
+	/* Now enumerate the key list */
+	for (key = ISC_LIST_HEAD(keylist);
+	     key != NULL;
+	     key = ISC_LIST_NEXT(key, link)) {
+		key->index = keycount++;
+	}
+
+	if (keycount == 0) {
+		if (disable_zone_check)
+			fprintf(stderr, "%s: warning: No keys specified "
+					"or found\n", program);
+		else
+			fatal("No signing keys specified or found.");
+		nokeys = true;
+	}
+
+	warnifallksk(gdb);
+
+	if (IS_NSEC3) {
+		unsigned int max;
+		bool answer;
+
+		hash_length = dns_nsec3_hashlength(dns_hash_sha1);
+		hashlist_init(&hashlist, dns_db_nodecount(gdb) * 2,
+			      hash_length);
+		result = dns_nsec_nseconly(gdb, gversion, &answer);
+		if (result == ISC_R_NOTFOUND)
+			fprintf(stderr, "%s: warning: NSEC3 generation "
+				"requested with no DNSKEY; ignoring\n",
+				program);
+		else if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS)
+			check_result(result, "dns_nsec_nseconly");
+		else if (answer)
+			fatal("NSEC3 generation requested with "
+			      "NSEC-only DNSKEY");
+
+		result = dns_nsec3_maxiterations(gdb, NULL, mctx, &max);
+		check_result(result, "dns_nsec3_maxiterations()");
+		if (nsec3iter > max)
+			fatal("NSEC3 iterations too big for weakest DNSKEY "
+			      "strength. Maximum iterations allowed %u.", max);
+	} else {
+		hashlist_init(&hashlist, 0, 0);	/* silence clang */
+	}
+
+	gversion = NULL;
+	result = dns_db_newversion(gdb, &gversion);
+	check_result(result, "dns_db_newversion()");
+
+	switch (serialformat) {
+		case SOA_SERIAL_INCREMENT:
+			setsoaserial(0, dns_updatemethod_increment);
+			break;
+		case SOA_SERIAL_UNIXTIME:
+			setsoaserial(now, dns_updatemethod_unixtime);
+			break;
+		case SOA_SERIAL_DATE:
+			setsoaserial(now, dns_updatemethod_date);
+			break;
+		case SOA_SERIAL_KEEP:
+		default:
+			/* do nothing */
+			break;
+	}
+
+	/* Remove duplicates and cap TTLs at maxttl */
+	cleanup_zone();
+
+	if (!nonsecify) {
+		if (IS_NSEC3)
+			nsec3ify(dns_hash_sha1, nsec3iter, gsalt, salt_length,
+				 &hashlist);
+		else
+			nsecify();
+	}
+
+	if (!nokeys) {
+		writeset("dsset-", dns_rdatatype_ds);
+		if (make_keyset)
+			writeset("keyset-", dns_rdatatype_dnskey);
+		if (dlv != NULL) {
+			writeset("dlvset-", dns_rdatatype_dlv);
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (output_stdout) {
+		outfp = stdout;
+		if (outputformatstr == NULL)
+			masterstyle = &dns_master_style_full;
+	} else {
+		tempfilelen = strlen(output) + 20;
+		tempfile = isc_mem_get(mctx, tempfilelen);
+		if (tempfile == NULL)
+			fatal("out of memory");
+
+		result = isc_file_mktemplate(output, tempfile, tempfilelen);
+		check_result(result, "isc_file_mktemplate");
+
+		if (outputformat == dns_masterformat_text)
+			result = isc_file_openunique(tempfile, &outfp);
+		else
+			result = isc_file_bopenunique(tempfile, &outfp);
+		if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS)
+			fatal("failed to open temporary output file: %s",
+			      isc_result_totext(result));
+		removefile = true;
+		setfatalcallback(&removetempfile);
+	}
+
+	print_time(outfp);
+	print_version(outfp);
+
+	result = isc_taskmgr_create(mctx, ntasks, 0, &taskmgr);
+	if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS)
+		fatal("failed to create task manager: %s",
+		      isc_result_totext(result));
+
+	master = NULL;
+	result = isc_task_create(taskmgr, 0, &master);
+	if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS)
+		fatal("failed to create task: %s", isc_result_totext(result));
+
+	tasks = isc_mem_get(mctx, ntasks * sizeof(isc_task_t *));
+	if (tasks == NULL)
+		fatal("out of memory");
+	for (i = 0; i < (int)ntasks; i++) {
+		tasks[i] = NULL;
+		result = isc_task_create(taskmgr, 0, &tasks[i]);
+		if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS)
+			fatal("failed to create task: %s",
+			      isc_result_totext(result));
+	}
+
+	RUNTIME_CHECK(isc_mutex_init(&namelock) == ISC_R_SUCCESS);
+	if (printstats)
+		RUNTIME_CHECK(isc_mutex_init(&statslock) == ISC_R_SUCCESS);
+
+	presign();
+	TIME_NOW(&sign_start);
+	signapex();
+	if (!finished) {
+		/*
+		 * There is more work to do.  Spread it out over multiple
+		 * processors if possible.
+		 */
+		for (i = 0; i < (int)ntasks; i++) {
+			result = isc_app_onrun(mctx, master, startworker,
+					       tasks[i]);
+			if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS)
+				fatal("failed to start task: %s",
+				      isc_result_totext(result));
+		}
+		(void)isc_app_run();
+		if (!finished)
+			fatal("process aborted by user");
+	} else
+		isc_task_detach(&master);
+	shuttingdown = true;
+	for (i = 0; i < (int)ntasks; i++)
+		isc_task_detach(&tasks[i]);
+	isc_taskmgr_destroy(&taskmgr);
+	isc_mem_put(mctx, tasks, ntasks * sizeof(isc_task_t *));
+	postsign();
+	TIME_NOW(&sign_finish);
+
+	if (!disable_zone_check)
+		verifyzone(gdb, gversion, gorigin, mctx,
+			   ignore_kskflag, keyset_kskonly);
+
+	if (outputformat != dns_masterformat_text) {
+		dns_masterrawheader_t header;
+		dns_master_initrawheader(&header);
+		if (rawversion == 0U)
+			header.flags = DNS_MASTERRAW_COMPAT;
+		else if (snset) {
+			header.flags = DNS_MASTERRAW_SOURCESERIALSET;
+			header.sourceserial = serialnum;
+		}
+		result = dns_master_dumptostream3(mctx, gdb, gversion,
+						  masterstyle, outputformat,
+						  &header, outfp);
+		check_result(result, "dns_master_dumptostream3");
+	}
+
+	DESTROYLOCK(&namelock);
+	if (printstats)
+		DESTROYLOCK(&statslock);
+
+	if (!output_stdout) {
+		result = isc_stdio_close(outfp);
+		check_result(result, "isc_stdio_close");
+		removefile = false;
+
+		result = isc_file_rename(tempfile, output);
+		if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS)
+			fatal("failed to rename temp file to %s: %s",
+			      output, isc_result_totext(result));
+
+		printf("%s\n", output);
+	}
+
+	dns_db_closeversion(gdb, &gversion, false);
+	dns_db_detach(&gdb);
+
+	hashlist_free(&hashlist);
+
+	while (!ISC_LIST_EMPTY(keylist)) {
+		key = ISC_LIST_HEAD(keylist);
+		ISC_LIST_UNLINK(keylist, key, link);
+		dns_dnsseckey_destroy(mctx, &key);
+	}
+
+	if (tempfilelen != 0)
+		isc_mem_put(mctx, tempfile, tempfilelen);
+
+	if (free_output)
+		isc_mem_free(mctx, output);
+
+	dns_master_styledestroy(&dsstyle, mctx);
+
+	cleanup_logging(&log);
+	dst_lib_destroy();
+	isc_hash_destroy();
+	cleanup_entropy(&ectx);
+	dns_name_destroy();
+	if (verbose > 10)
+		isc_mem_stats(mctx, stdout);
+	isc_mem_destroy(&mctx);
+
+	(void) isc_app_finish();
+
+	if (printstats) {
+		TIME_NOW(&timer_finish);
+		print_stats(&timer_start, &timer_finish,
+			    &sign_start, &sign_finish);
+	}
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+	DestroySockets();
+#endif
+	return (0);
+}