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diff --git a/docs/v2.0.0-ReleaseNotes b/docs/v2.0.0-ReleaseNotes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..779dcb0 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/v2.0.0-ReleaseNotes @@ -0,0 +1,605 @@ +Cryptsetup 2.0.0 Release Notes +============================== +Stable release with experimental features. + +This version introduces a new on-disk LUKS2 format. + +The legacy LUKS (referenced as LUKS1) will be fully supported +forever as well as a traditional and fully backward compatible format. + +NOTE: This version changes soname of libcryptsetup library and increases +major version for all public symbols. +Most of the old functions are fully backward compatible, so only +recompilation of programs should be needed. + +Please note that authenticated disk encryption, non-cryptographic +data integrity protection (dm-integrity), use of Argon2 Password-Based +Key Derivation Function and the LUKS2 on-disk format itself are new +features and can contain some bugs. + +To provide all security features of authenticated encryption we need +better nonce-reuse resistant algorithm in kernel (see note below). +For now, please use authenticated encryption as experimental feature. + +Please do not use LUKS2 without properly configured backup or in +production systems that need to be compatible with older systems. + +Changes since version 2.0.0-RC1 +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +* Limit KDF requested (for format) memory by available physical memory. + On some systems too high requested amount of memory causes OOM killer + to kill the process (instead of returning ENOMEM). + We never try to use more than half of available physical memory. + +* Ignore device alignment if it is not multiple of minimal-io. + Some USB enclosures seems to report bogus topology info that + prevents to use LUKS detached header. + +Changes since version 2.0.0-RC0 +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +* Enable to use system libargon2 instead of bundled version. + Renames --disable-argon2 to --disable-internal-argon2 option + and adds --enable-libargon2 flag to allow system libargon2. + +* Changes in build system (Automake) + - The build system now uses non-recursive automake (except for tests). + (Tools binaries are now located in buildroot directory.) + - New --disable-cryptsetup option to disable build of cryptsetup tool. + - Enable build of cryptsetup-reencrypt by default. + +* Install tmpfiles.d configuration for LUKS2 locking directory. + You can overwrite this using --with-tmpfilesdir configure option. + If your distro does not support tmpfiles.d directory, you have + to create locking directory (/run/lock/cryptsetup) in cryptsetup + package (or init scripts). + +* Adds limited support for offline reencryption of LUKS2 format. + +* Decrease size of testing images (and the whole release archive). + +* Fixes for several memory leaks found by Valgrind and Coverity tools. + +* Fixes for several typos in man pages and error messages. + +* LUKS header file in luksFormat is now automatically created + if it does not exist. + +* Do not allow resize if device size is not aligned to sector size. + +Cryptsetup 2.0.0 RC0 Release Notes +================================== + +Important features +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +* New command integritysetup: support for the new dm-integrity kernel target. + + The dm-integrity is a new kernel device-mapper target that introduces + software emulation of per-sector integrity fields on the disk sector level. + It is available since Linux kernel version 4.12. + + The provided per-sector metadata fields can be used for storing a data + integrity checksum (for example CRC32). + The dm-integrity implements data journal that enforces atomic update + of a sector and its integrity metadata. + + Integritysetup is a CLI utility that can setup standalone dm-integrity + devices (that internally check integrity of data). + + Integritysetup is intended to be used for settings that require + non-cryptographic data integrity protection with no data encryption. + Fo setting integrity protected encrypted devices, see disk authenticated + encryption below. + + Note that after formatting the checksums need to be initialized; + otherwise device reads will fail because of integrity errors. + Integritysetup by default tries to wipe the device with zero blocks + to avoid this problem. Device wipe can be time-consuming, you can skip + this step by specifying --no-wipe option. + (But note that not wiping device can cause some operations to fail + if a write is not multiple of page size and kernel page cache tries + to read sectors with not yet initialized checksums.) + + The default setting is tag size 4 bytes per-sector and CRC32C protection. + To format device with these defaults: + $ integritysetup format <device> + $ integritysetup open <device> <name> + + Note that used algorithm (unlike tag size) is NOT stored in device + kernel superblock and if you use different algorithm, you MUST specify + it in every open command, for example: + $ integritysetup format <device> --tag-size 32 --integrity sha256 + $ integritysetup open <device> <name> --integrity sha256 + + For more info, see integrity man page. + +* Veritysetup command can now format and activate dm-verity devices + that contain Forward Error Correction (FEC) (Reed-Solomon code is used). + This feature is used on most of Android devices already (available since + Linux kernel 4.5). + + There are new options --fec-device, --fec-offset to specify data area + with correction code and --fec-roots that set Redd-Solomon generator roots. + This setting can be used for format command (veritysetup will calculate + and store RS codes) or open command (veritysetup configures kernel + dm-verity to use RS codes). + + For more info see veritysetup man page. + +* Support for larger sector sizes for crypt devices. + + LUKS2 and plain crypt devices can be now configured with larger encryption + sector (typically 4096 bytes, sector size must be the power of two, + maximal sector size is 4096 bytes for portability). + Large sector size can decrease encryption overhead and can also help + with some specific crypto hardware accelerators that perform very + badly with 512 bytes sectors. + + Note that if you configure such a larger sector of the device that does use + smaller physical sector, there is a possibility of a data corruption during + power fail (partial sector writes). + + WARNING: If you use different sector size for a plain device after data were + stored, the decryption will produce garbage. + + For LUKS2, the sector size is stored in metadata and cannot be changed later. + +LUKS2 format and features +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +The LUKS2 is an on-disk storage format designed to provide simple key +management, primarily intended for Full Disk Encryption based on dm-crypt. + +The LUKS2 is inspired by LUKS1 format and in some specific situations (most +of the default configurations) can be converted in-place from LUKS1. + +The LUKS2 format is designed to allow future updates of various +parts without the need to modify binary structures and internally +uses JSON text format for metadata. Compilation now requires the json-c library +that is used for JSON data processing. + +On-disk format provides redundancy of metadata, detection +of metadata corruption and automatic repair from metadata copy. + +NOTE: For security reasons, there is no redundancy in keyslots binary data +(encrypted keys) but the format allows adding such a feature in future. + +NOTE: to operate correctly, LUKS2 requires locking of metadata. +Locking is performed by using flock() system call for images in file +and for block device by using a specific lock file in /run/lock/cryptsetup. + +This directory must be created by distribution (do not rely on internal +fallback). For systemd-based distribution, you can simply install +scripts/cryptsetup.conf into tmpfiles.d directory. + +For more details see LUKS2-format.txt and LUKS2-locking.txt in the docs +directory. (Please note this is just overview, there will be more formal +documentation later.) + +LUKS2 use +~~~~~~~~~ + +LUKS2 allows using all possible configurations as LUKS1. + +To format device as LUKS2, you have to add "--type luks2" during format: + + $ cryptsetup luksFormat --type luks2 <device> + +All commands issued later will recognize the new format automatically. + +The newly added features in LUKS2 include: + +* Authenticated disk (sector) encryption (EXPERIMENTAL) + + Legacy Full disk encryption (FDE), for example, LUKS1, is a length-preserving + encryption (plaintext is the same size as a ciphertext). + Such FDE can provide data confidentiality, but cannot provide sound data + integrity protection. + + Full disk authenticated encryption is a way how to provide both + confidentiality and data integrity protection. Integrity protection here means + not only detection of random data corruption (silent data corruption) but also + prevention of an unauthorized intentional change of disk sector content. + + NOTE: Integrity protection of this type cannot prevent a replay attack. + An attacker can replace the device or its part of the old content, and it + cannot be detected. + If you need such protection, better use integrity protection on a higher layer. + + For data integrity protection on the sector level, we need additional + per-sector metadata space. In LUKS2 this space is provided by a new + device-mapper dm-integrity target (available since kernel 4.12). + Here the integrity target provides only reliable per-sector metadata store, + and the whole authenticated encryption is performed inside dm-crypt stacked + over the dm-integrity device. + + For encryption, Authenticated Encryption with Additional Data (AEAD) is used. + Every sector is processed as a encryption request of this format: + + |----- AAD -------|------ DATA -------|-- AUTH TAG --| + | (authenticated) | (auth+encryption) | | + | sector_LE | IV | sector in/out | tag in/out | + + AEAD encrypts the whole sector and also authenticates sector number + (to detect sector relocation) and also authenticates Initialization Vector. + + AEAD encryption produces encrypted data and authentication tag. + The authenticated tag is then stored in per-sector metadata space provided + by dm-integrity. + + Most of the current AEAD algorithms requires IV as a nonce, value that is + never reused. Because sector number, as an IV, cannot be used in this + environment, we use a new random IV (IV is a random value generated by system + RNG on every write). This random IV is then stored in the per-sector metadata + as well. + + Because the authentication tag (and IV) requires additional space, the device + provided for a user has less capacity. Also, the data journalling means that + writes are performed twice, decreasing throughput. + + This integrity protection works better with SSDs. If you want to ignore + dm-integrity data journal (because journalling is performed on some higher + layer or you just want to trade-off performance to safe recovery), you can + switch journal off with --integrity-no-journal option. + (This flag can be stored persistently as well.) + + Note that (similar to integritysetup) the device read will fail if + authentication tag is not initialized (no previous write). + By default cryptsetup run wipe of a device (writing zeroes) to initialize + authentication tags. This operation can be very time-consuming. + You can skip device wipe using --integrity-no-wipe option. + + To format LUKS2 device with integrity protection, use new --integrity option. + + For now, there are very few AEAD algorithms that can be used, and some + of them are known to be problematic. In this release we support only + a few of AEAD algorithms (options are for now hard coded), later this + extension will be completely algorithm-agnostic. + + For testing of authenticated encryption, these algorithms work for now: + + 1) aes-xts-plain64 with hmac-sha256 or hmac-sha512 as the authentication tag. + (Common FDE mode + independent authentication tag. Authentication key + for HMAC is independently generated. This mode is very slow.) + $ cryptsetup luksFormat --type luks2 <device> --cipher aes-xts-plain64 --integrity hmac-sha256 + + 2) aes-gcm-random (native AEAD mode) + DO NOT USE in production! The GCM mode uses only 96-bit nonce, + and possible collision means fatal security problem. + GCM mode has very good hardware support through AES-NI, so it is useful + for performance testing. + $ cryptsetup luksFormat --type luks2 <device> --cipher aes-gcm-random --integrity aead + + 3) ChaCha20 with Poly1305 authenticator (according to RFC7539) + $ cryptsetup luksFormat --type luks2 <device> --cipher chacha20-random --integrity poly1305 + + To specify AES128/AES256 just specify proper key size (without possible + authentication key). Other symmetric ciphers, like Serpent or Twofish, + should work as well. The mode 1) and 2) should be compatible with IEEE 1619.1 + standard recommendation. + + There will be better suitable authenticated modes available soon + For now we are just preparing framework to enable it (and hopefully improve security of FDE). + + FDE authenticated encryption is not a replacement for filesystem layer + authenticated encryption. The goal is to provide at least something because + data integrity protection is often completely ignored in today systems. + +* New memory-hard PBKDF + + LUKS1 introduced Password-Based Key Derivation Function v2 as a tool to + increase attacker cost for a dictionary and brute force attacks. + The PBKDF2 uses iteration count to increase time of key derivation. + Unfortunately, with modern GPUs, the PBKDF2 calculations can be run + in parallel and PBKDF2 can no longer provide the best available protection. + Increasing iteration count just cannot prevent massive parallel dictionary + password attacks in long-term. + + To solve this problem, a new PBKDF, based on so-called memory-hard functions + can be used. Key derivation with memory-hard function requires a certain + amount of memory to compute its output. The memory requirement is very + costly for GPUs and prevents these systems to operate effectively, + increasing cost for attackers. + + LUKS2 introduces support for Argon2i and Argon2id as a PBKDF. + Argon2 is the winner of Password Hashing Competition and is currently + in final RFC draft specification. + + For now, libcryptsetup contains the embedded copy of reference implementation + of Argon2 (that is easily portable to all architectures). + Later, once this function is available in common crypto libraries, it will + switch to external implementation. (This happened for LUKS1 and PBKDF2 + as well years ago.) + With using reference implementation (that is not optimized for speed), there + is some performance penalty. However, using memory-hard PBKDF should still + significantly complicate GPU-optimized dictionary and brute force attacks. + + The Argon2 uses three costs: memory, time (number of iterations) and parallel + (number of threads). + Note that time and memory cost highly influences each other (accessing a lot + of memory takes more time). + + There is a new benchmark that tries to calculate costs to take similar way as + in LUKS1 (where iteration is measured to take 1-2 seconds on user system). + Because now there are more cost variables, it prefers time cost (iterations) + and tries to find required memory that fits. (IOW required memory cost can be + lower if the benchmarks are not able to find required parameters.) + The benchmark cannot run too long, so it tries to approximate next step + for benchmarking. + + For now, default LUKS2 PBKDF algorithm is Argon2i (data independent variant) + with memory cost set to 128MB, time to 800ms and parallel thread according + to available CPU cores but no more than 4. + + All default parameters can be set during compile time and also set on + the command line by using --pbkdf, --pbkdf-memory, --pbkdf-parallel and + --iter-time options. + (Or without benchmark directly by using --pbkdf-force-iterations, see below.) + + You can still use PBKDF2 even for LUKS2 by specifying --pbkdf pbkdf2 option. + (Then only iteration count is applied.) + +* Use of kernel keyring + + Kernel keyring is a storage for sensitive material (like cryptographic keys) + inside Linux kernel. + + LUKS2 uses keyring for two major functions: + + - To store volume key for dm-crypt where it avoids sending volume key in + every device-mapper ioctl structure. Volume key is also no longer directly + visible in a dm-crypt mapping table. The key is not available for the user + after dm-crypt configuration (obviously except direct memory scan). + Use of kernel keyring can be disabled in runtime by --disable-keyring option. + + - As a tool to automatically unlock LUKS device if a passphrase is put into + kernel keyring and proper keyring token is configured. + + This allows storing a secret (passphrase) to kernel per-user keyring by + some external tool (for example some TPM handler) and LUKS2, if configured, + will automatically search in the keyring and unlock the system. + For more info see Tokens section below. + +* Persistent flags + The activation flags (like allow-discards) can be stored in metadata and used + automatically by all later activations (even without using crypttab). + + To store activation flags permanently, use activation command with required + flags and add --persistent option. + + For example, to mark device to always activate with TRIM enabled, + use (for LUKS2 type): + + $ cryptsetup open <device> <name> --allow-discards --persistent + + You can check persistent flags in dump command output: + + $ cryptsetup luksDump <device> + +* Tokens and auto-activation + + A LUKS2 token is an object that can be described "how to get passphrase or key" + to unlock particular keyslot. + (Also it can be used to store any additional metadata, and with + the libcryptsetup interface it can be used to define user token types.) + + Cryptsetup internally implements keyring token. Cryptsetup tries to use + available tokens before asking for the passphrase. For keyring token, + it means that if the passphrase is available under specified identifier + inside kernel keyring, the device is automatically activated using this + stored passphrase. + + Example of using LUKS2 keyring token: + + # Adding token to metadata with "my_token" identifier (by default it applies to all keyslots). + $ cryptsetup token add --key-description "my_token" <device> + + # Storing passphrase to user keyring (this can be done by an external application) + $ echo -n <passphrase> | keyctl padd user my_token @u + + # Now cryptsetup activates automatically if it finds correct passphrase + $ cryptsetup open <device> <name> + + The main reason to use tokens this way is to separate possible hardware + handlers from cryptsetup code. + +* Keyslot priorities + + LUKS2 keyslot can have a new priority attribute. + The default is "normal". The "prefer" priority tell the keyslot to be tried + before other keyslots. Priority "ignore" means that keyslot will never be + used if not specified explicitly (it can be used for backup administrator + passwords that are used only situations when a user forgets own passphrase). + + The priority of keyslot can be set with new config command, for example + $ cryptsetup config <device> --key-slot 1 --priority prefer + + Setting priority to normal will reset slot to normal state. + +* LUKS2 label and subsystem + + The header now contains additional fields for label and subsystem (additional + label). These fields can be used similar to filesystem label and will be + visible in udev rules to possible filtering. (Note that blkid do not yet + contain the LUKS scanning code). + + By default both labels are empty. Label and subsystem are always set together + (no option means clear the label) with the config command: + + $ cryptsetup config <device> --label my_device --subsystem "" + +* In-place conversion form LUKS1 + + To allow easy testing and transition to the new LUKS2 format, there is a new + convert command that allows in-place conversion from the LUKS1 format and, + if there are no incompatible options, also conversion back from LUKS2 + to LUKS1 format. + + Note this command can be used only on some LUKS1 devices (some device header + sizes are not supported). + This command is dangerous, never run it without header backup! + If something fails in the middle of conversion (IO error), the header + is destroyed. (Note that conversion requires move of keyslot data area to + a different offset.) + + To convert header in-place to LUKS2 format, use + $ cryptsetup convert <device> --type luks2 + + To convert it back to LUKS1 format, use + $ cryptsetup convert <device> --type luks1 + + You can verify LUKS version with luksDump command. + $ cryptsetup luksDump <device> + + Note that some LUKS2 features will make header incompatible with LUKS1 and + conversion will be rejected (for example using new Argon2 PBKDF or integrity + extensions). Some minor attributes can be lost in conversion. + +Other changes +~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +* Explicit KDF iterations count setting + + With new PBKDF interface, there is also the possibility to setup PBKDF costs + directly, avoiding benchmarks. This can be useful if device is formatted to be + primarily used on a different system. + + The option --pbkdf-force-iterations is available for both LUKS1 and LUKS2 + format. Using this option can cause device to have either very low or very + high PBKDF costs. + In the first case it means bad protection to dictionary attacks, in the second + case, it can mean extremely high unlocking time or memory requirements. + Use only if you are sure what you are doing! + + Not that this setting also affects iteration count for the key digest. + For LUKS1 iteration count for digest will be approximately 1/8 of requested + value, for LUKS2 and "pbkdf2" digest minimal PBKDF2 iteration count (1000) + will be used. You cannot set lower iteration count than the internal minimum + (1000 for PBKDF2). + + To format LUKS1 device with forced iteration count (and no benchmarking), use + $ cryptsetup luksFormat <device> --pbkdf-force-iterations 22222 + + For LUKS2 it is always better to specify full settings (do not rely on default + cost values). + For example, we can set to use Argon2id with iteration cost 5, memory 128000 + and parallel set 1: + $ cryptsetup luksFormat --type luks2 <device> \ + --pbkdf argon2id --pbkdf-force-iterations 5 --pbkdf-memory 128000 --pbkdf-parallel 1 + +* VeraCrypt PIM + + Cryptsetup can now also open VeraCrypt device that uses Personal Iteration + Multiplier (PIM). PIM is an integer value that user must remember additionally + to passphrase and influences PBKDF2 iteration count (without it VeraCrypt uses + a fixed number of iterations). + + To open VeraCrypt device with PIM settings, use --veracrypt-pim (to specify + PIM on the command line) or --veracrypt-query-pim to query PIM interactively. + +* Support for plain64be IV + + The plain64be is big-endian variant of plain64 Initialization Vector. It is + used in some images of hardware-based disk encryption systems. Supporting this + variant allows using dm-crypt to map such images through cryptsetup. + +* Deferral removal + + Cryptsetup now can mark device for deferred removal by using a new option + --deferred. This means that close command will not fail if the device is still + in use, but will instruct the kernel to remove the device automatically after + use count drops to zero (for example, once the filesystem is unmounted). + +* A lot of updates to man pages and many minor changes that would make this + release notes too long ;-) + +Libcryptsetup API changes +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +These API functions were removed, libcryptsetup no longer handles password +retries from terminal (application should handle terminal operations itself): + crypt_set_password_callback; + crypt_set_timeout; + crypt_set_password_retry; + crypt_set_password_verify; + +This call is removed (no need to keep typo backward compatibility, +the proper function is crypt_set_iteration_time :-) + crypt_set_iterarion_time; + +These calls were removed because are not safe, use per-context +error callbacks instead: + crypt_last_error; + crypt_get_error; + +The PBKDF benchmark was replaced by a new function that uses new KDF structure + crypt_benchmark_kdf; (removed) + crypt_benchmark_pbkdf; (new API call) + +These new calls are now exported, for details see libcryptsetup.h: + crypt_keyslot_add_by_key; + crypt_keyslot_set_priority; + crypt_keyslot_get_priority; + + crypt_token_json_get; + crypt_token_json_set; + crypt_token_status; + crypt_token_luks2_keyring_get; + crypt_token_luks2_keyring_set; + crypt_token_assign_keyslot; + crypt_token_unassign_keyslot; + crypt_token_register; + + crypt_activate_by_token; + crypt_activate_by_keyring; + crypt_deactivate_by_name; + + crypt_metadata_locking; + crypt_volume_key_keyring; + crypt_get_integrity_info; + crypt_get_sector_size; + crypt_persistent_flags_set; + crypt_persistent_flags_get; + crypt_set_pbkdf_type; + crypt_get_pbkdf_type; + + crypt_convert; + crypt_keyfile_read; + crypt_wipe; + +Unfinished things & TODO for next releases +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +* There will be better documentation and examples. + +* There will be some more formal definition of the threat model for integrity + protection. (And a link to some papers discussing integrity protection, + once it is, hopefully, accepted and published.) + +* Offline re-encrypt tool LUKS2 support is currently limited. + There will be online LUKS2 re-encryption tool in future. + +* Authenticated encryption will use new algorithms from CAESAR competition + (https://competitions.cr.yp.to/caesar.html) once these algorithms are available + in kernel (more on this later). + NOTE: Currently available authenticated modes (GCM, Chacha20-poly1305) + in kernel have too small 96-bit nonces that are problematic with + randomly generated IVs (the collison probability is not negligible). + For the GCM, nonce collision is a fatal problem. + +* Authenticated encryption do not set encryption for dm-integrity journal. + + While it does not influence data confidentiality or integrity protection, + an attacker can get some more information from data journal or cause that + system will corrupt sectors after journal replay. (That corruption will be + detected though.) + +* Some utilities (blkid, systemd-cryptsetup) have already support for LUKS + but not yet in released version (support in crypttab etc). + +* There are some examples of user-defined tokens inside misc/luks2_keyslot_example + directory (like a simple external program that uses libssh to unlock LUKS2 + using remote keyfile). + +* The python binding (pycryptsetup) contains only basic functionality for LUKS1 + (it is not updated for new features) and will be deprecated soon in favor + of python bindings to libblockdev library (that can already handle LUKS1 devices). |