Adding upstream version 4.19.249.upstream/4.19.249upstream

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

4 files changed, 6000 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/tools/power/x86/turbostat/.gitignore b/tools/power/x86/turbostat/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7521370d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/power/x86/turbostat/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+turbostat
diff --git a/tools/power/x86/turbostat/Makefile b/tools/power/x86/turbostat/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ff058bfbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/power/x86/turbostat/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+CC		= $(CROSS_COMPILE)gcc
+BUILD_OUTPUT	:= $(CURDIR)
+PREFIX		?= /usr
+DESTDIR		?=
+
+ifeq ("$(origin O)", "command line")
+	BUILD_OUTPUT := $(O)
+endif
+
+turbostat : turbostat.c
+CFLAGS +=	-Wall -I../../../include
+CFLAGS +=	-DMSRHEADER='"../../../../arch/x86/include/asm/msr-index.h"'
+CFLAGS +=	-DINTEL_FAMILY_HEADER='"../../../../arch/x86/include/asm/intel-family.h"'
+
+%: %.c
+	@mkdir -p $(BUILD_OUTPUT)
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $< -o $(BUILD_OUTPUT)/$@
+
+.PHONY : clean
+clean :
+	@rm -f $(BUILD_OUTPUT)/turbostat
+
+install : turbostat
+	install -d  $(DESTDIR)$(PREFIX)/bin
+	install $(BUILD_OUTPUT)/turbostat $(DESTDIR)$(PREFIX)/bin/turbostat
+	install -d  $(DESTDIR)$(PREFIX)/share/man/man8
+	install -m 644 turbostat.8 $(DESTDIR)$(PREFIX)/share/man/man8
diff --git a/tools/power/x86/turbostat/turbostat.8 b/tools/power/x86/turbostat/turbostat.8
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a6db83a88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/power/x86/turbostat/turbostat.8
@@ -0,0 +1,351 @@
+.TH TURBOSTAT 8
+.SH NAME
+turbostat \- Report processor frequency and idle statistics
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.ft B
+.B turbostat
+.RB [ Options ]
+.RB command
+.br
+.B turbostat
+.RB [ Options ]
+.RB [ "\--interval seconds" ]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+\fBturbostat \fP reports processor topology, frequency,
+idle power-state statistics, temperature and power on X86 processors.
+There are two ways to invoke turbostat.
+The first method is to supply a
+\fBcommand\fP, which is forked and statistics are printed
+in one-shot upon its completion.
+The second method is to omit the command,
+and turbostat displays statistics every 5 seconds interval.
+The 5-second interval can be changed using the --interval option.
+.PP
+Some information is not available on older processors.
+.SS Options
+Options can be specified with a single or double '-', and only as much of the option
+name as necessary to disambiguate it from others is necessary.  Note that options are case-sensitive.
+.PP
+\fB--add attributes\fP add column with counter having specified 'attributes'.  The 'location' attribute is required, all others are optional.
+.nf
+	location: {\fBmsrDDD\fP | \fBmsr0xXXX\fP | \fB/sys/path...\fP}
+		msrDDD is a decimal offset, eg. msr16
+		msr0xXXX is a hex offset, eg. msr0x10
+		/sys/path... is an absolute path to a sysfs attribute
+
+	scope: {\fBcpu\fP | \fBcore\fP | \fBpackage\fP}
+		sample and print the counter for every cpu, core, or package.
+		default: cpu
+
+	size: {\fBu32\fP | \fBu64\fP }
+		MSRs are read as 64-bits, u32 truncates the displayed value to 32-bits.
+		default: u64
+
+	format: {\fBraw\fP | \fBdelta\fP | \fBpercent\fP}
+		'raw' shows the MSR contents in hex.
+		'delta' shows the difference in values during the measurement interval.
+		'percent' shows the delta as a percentage of the cycles elapsed.
+		default: delta
+
+	name: "name_string"
+		Any string that does not match a key-word above is used
+		as the column header.
+.fi
+.PP
+\fB--cpu cpu-set\fP limit output to system summary plus the specified cpu-set.  If cpu-set is the string "core", then the system summary plus the first CPU in each core are printed -- eg. subsequent HT siblings are not printed.  Or if cpu-set is the string "package", then the system summary plus the first CPU in each package is printed.  Otherwise, the system summary plus the specified set of CPUs are printed.  The cpu-set is ordered from low to high, comma delimited with ".." and "-" permitted to denote a range. eg. 1,2,8,14..17,21-44
+.PP
+\fB--hide column\fP do not show the specified built-in columns.  May be invoked multiple times, or with a comma-separated list of column names.  Use "--hide sysfs" to hide the sysfs statistics columns as a group.
+.PP
+\fB--enable column\fP show the specified built-in columns, which are otherwise disabled, by default.  Currently the only built-in counters disabled by default are "usec", "Time_Of_Day_Seconds", "APIC" and "X2APIC".
+The column name "all" can be used to enable all disabled-by-default built-in counters.
+.PP
+\fB--show column\fP show only the specified built-in columns.  May be invoked multiple times, or with a comma-separated list of column names.  Use "--show sysfs" to show the sysfs statistics columns as a group.
+.PP
+\fB--Dump\fP displays the raw counter values.
+.PP
+\fB--quiet\fP Do not decode and print the system configuration header information.
+.PP
+\fB--interval seconds\fP overrides the default 5.0 second measurement interval.
+.PP
+\fB--num_iterations num\fP number of the measurement iterations.
+.PP
+\fB--out output_file\fP turbostat output is written to the specified output_file.
+The file is truncated if it already exists, and it is created if it does not exist.
+.PP
+\fB--help\fP displays usage for the most common parameters.
+.PP
+\fB--Joules\fP displays energy in Joules, rather than dividing Joules by time to print power in Watts.
+.PP
+\fB--list\fP display column header names available for use by --show and --hide, then exit.
+.PP
+\fB--Summary\fP limits output to a 1-line System Summary for each interval.
+.PP
+\fB--TCC temperature\fP sets the Thermal Control Circuit temperature for systems which do not export that value.  This is used for making sense of the Digital Thermal Sensor outputs, as they return degrees Celsius below the TCC activation temperature.
+.PP
+\fB--version\fP displays the version.
+.PP
+The \fBcommand\fP parameter forks \fBcommand\fP, and upon its exit,
+displays the statistics gathered since it was forked.
+.PP
+.SH ROW DESCRIPTIONS
+The system configuration dump (if --quiet is not used) is followed by statistics.  The first row of the statistics labels the content of each column (below).  The second row of statistics is the system summary line.  The system summary line has a '-' in the columns for the Package, Core, and CPU.  The contents of the system summary line depends on the type of column.  Columns that count items (eg. IRQ) show the sum across all CPUs in the system.  Columns that show a percentage show the average across all CPUs in the system.  Columns that dump raw MSR values simply show 0 in the summary.  After the system summary row, each row describes a specific Package/Core/CPU.  Note that if the --cpu parameter is used to limit which specific CPUs are displayed, turbostat will still collect statistics for all CPUs in the system and will still show the system summary for all CPUs in the system.
+.SH COLUMN DESCRIPTIONS
+.nf
+\fBusec\fP For each CPU, the number of microseconds elapsed during counter collection, including thread migration -- if any.  This counter is disabled by default, and is enabled with "--enable usec", or --debug.  On the summary row, usec refers to the total elapsed time to collect the counters on all cpus.
+\fBTime_Of_Day_Seconds\fP For each CPU, the gettimeofday(2) value (seconds.subsec since Epoch) when the counters ending the measurement interval were collected.  This column is disabled by default, and can be enabled with "--enable Time_Of_Day_Seconds" or "--debug".  On the summary row, Time_Of_Day_Seconds refers to the timestamp following collection of counters on the last CPU.
+\fBCore\fP processor core number.  Note that multiple CPUs per core indicate support for Intel(R) Hyper-Threading Technology (HT).
+\fBCPU\fP Linux CPU (logical processor) number.  Yes, it is okay that on many systems the CPUs are not listed in numerical order -- for efficiency reasons, turbostat runs in topology order, so HT siblings appear together.
+\fBPackage\fP processor package number -- not present on systems with a single processor package.
+\fBAvg_MHz\fP number of cycles executed divided by time elapsed.  Note that this includes idle-time when 0 instructions are executed.
+\fBBusy%\fP percent of the measurement interval that the CPU executes instructions, aka. % of time in "C0" state.
+\fBBzy_MHz\fP average clock rate while the CPU was not idle (ie. in "c0" state).
+\fBTSC_MHz\fP average MHz that the TSC ran during the entire interval.
+\fBIRQ\fP The number of interrupts serviced by that CPU during the measurement interval.  The system total line is the sum of interrupts serviced across all CPUs.  turbostat parses /proc/interrupts to generate this summary.
+\fBSMI\fP The number of System Management Interrupts  serviced CPU during the measurement interval.  While this counter is actually per-CPU, SMI are triggered on all processors, so the number should be the same for all CPUs.
+\fBC1, C2, C3...\fP The number times Linux requested the C1, C2, C3 idle state during the measurement interval.  The system summary line shows the sum for all CPUs.  These are C-state names as exported in /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpuidle/state*/name.  While their names are generic, their attributes are processor specific. They the system description section of output shows what MWAIT sub-states they are mapped to on each system.
+\fBC1%, C2%, C3%\fP The residency percentage that Linux requested C1, C2, C3....  The system summary is the average of all CPUs in the system.  Note that these are software, reflecting what was requested.  The hardware counters reflect what was actually achieved.
+\fBCPU%c1, CPU%c3, CPU%c6, CPU%c7\fP show the percentage residency in hardware core idle states.  These numbers are from hardware residency counters.
+\fBCoreTmp\fP Degrees Celsius reported by the per-core Digital Thermal Sensor.
+\fBPkgTmp\fP Degrees Celsius reported by the per-package Package Thermal Monitor.
+\fBGFX%rc6\fP The percentage of time the GPU is in the "render C6" state, rc6, during the measurement interval. From /sys/class/drm/card0/power/rc6_residency_ms.
+\fBGFXMHz\fP Instantaneous snapshot of what sysfs presents at the end of the measurement interval. From /sys/class/graphics/fb0/device/drm/card0/gt_cur_freq_mhz.
+\fBPkg%pc2, Pkg%pc3, Pkg%pc6, Pkg%pc7\fP percentage residency in hardware package idle states.  These numbers are from hardware residency counters.
+\fBPkgWatt\fP Watts consumed by the whole package.
+\fBCorWatt\fP Watts consumed by the core part of the package.
+\fBGFXWatt\fP Watts consumed by the Graphics part of the package -- available only on client processors.
+\fBRAMWatt\fP Watts consumed by the DRAM DIMMS -- available only on server processors.
+\fBPKG_%\fP percent of the interval that RAPL throttling was active on the Package.  Note that the system summary is the sum of the package throttling time, and thus may be higher than 100% on a multi-package system.  Note that the meaning of this field is model specific.  For example, some hardware increments this counter when RAPL responds to thermal limits, but does not increment this counter when RAPL responds to power limits.  Comparing PkgWatt and PkgTmp to system limits is necessary.
+\fBRAM_%\fP percent of the interval that RAPL throttling was active on DRAM.
+.fi
+.SH TOO MUCH INFORMATION EXAMPLE
+By default, turbostat dumps all possible information -- a system configuration header, followed by columns for all counters.
+This is ideal for remote debugging, use the "--out" option to save everything to a text file, and get that file to the expert helping you debug.
+.PP
+When you are not interested in all that information, and there are several ways to see only what you want.  First the "--quiet" option will skip the configuration information, and turbostat will show only the counter columns.  Second, you can reduce the columns with the "--hide" and "--show" options.  If you use the "--show" option, then turbostat will show only the columns you list.  If you use the "--hide" option, turbostat will show all columns, except the ones you list.
+.PP
+To find out what columns are available for --show and --hide, the "--list" option is available.  For convenience, the special strings "sysfs" can be used to refer to all of the sysfs C-state counters at once:
+.nf
+sudo ./turbostat --show sysfs --quiet sleep 10
+10.003837 sec
+	C1	C1E	C3	C6	C7s	C1%	C1E%	C3%	C6%	C7s%
+	4	21	2	2	459	0.14	0.82	0.00	0.00	98.93
+	1	17	2	2	130	0.00	0.02	0.00	0.00	99.80
+	0	0	0	0	31	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	99.95
+	2	1	0	0	52	1.14	6.49	0.00	0.00	92.21
+	1	2	0	0	52	0.00	0.08	0.00	0.00	99.86
+	0	0	0	0	71	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	99.89
+	0	0	0	0	25	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	99.96
+	0	0	0	0	74	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	99.94
+	0	1	0	0	24	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	99.84
+.fi
+.PP
+.SH ONE SHOT COMMAND EXAMPLE
+If turbostat is invoked with a command, it will fork that command
+and output the statistics gathered after the command exits.
+In this case, turbostat output goes to stderr, by default.
+Output can instead be saved to a file using the --out option.
+In this example, the "sleep 10" command is forked, and turbostat waits for it to complete before saving all statistics into "ts.out".  Note that "sleep 10" is not part of turbostat, but is simply an example of a command that turbostat can fork.  The "ts.out" file is what you want to edit in a very wide window, paste into a spreadsheet, or attach to a bugzilla entry.
+
+.nf
+[root@hsw]# ./turbostat -o ts.out sleep 10
+[root@hsw]#
+.fi
+
+.SH PERIODIC INTERVAL EXAMPLE
+Without a command to fork, turbostat displays statistics ever 5 seconds.
+Periodic output goes to stdout, by default, unless --out is used to specify an output file.
+The 5-second interval can be changed with the "-i sec" option.
+.nf
+sudo ./turbostat --quiet --hide sysfs,IRQ,SMI,CoreTmp,PkgTmp,GFX%rc6,GFXMHz,PkgWatt,CorWatt,GFXWatt
+	Core	CPU	Avg_MHz	Busy%	Bzy_MHz	TSC_MHz	CPU%c1	CPU%c3	CPU%c6	CPU%c7
+	-	-	488	12.52	3900	3498	12.50	0.00	0.00	74.98
+	0	0	5	0.13	3900	3498	99.87	0.00	0.00	0.00
+	0	4	3897	99.99	3900	3498	0.01
+	1	1	0	0.00	3856	3498	0.01	0.00	0.00	99.98
+	1	5	0	0.00	3861	3498	0.01
+	2	2	1	0.02	3889	3498	0.03	0.00	0.00	99.95
+	2	6	0	0.00	3863	3498	0.05
+	3	3	0	0.01	3869	3498	0.02	0.00	0.00	99.97
+	3	7	0	0.00	3878	3498	0.03
+	Core	CPU	Avg_MHz	Busy%	Bzy_MHz	TSC_MHz	CPU%c1	CPU%c3	CPU%c6	CPU%c7
+	-	-	491	12.59	3900	3498	12.42	0.00	0.00	74.99
+	0	0	27	0.69	3900	3498	99.31	0.00	0.00	0.00
+	0	4	3898	99.99	3900	3498	0.01
+	1	1	0	0.00	3883	3498	0.01	0.00	0.00	99.99
+	1	5	0	0.00	3898	3498	0.01
+	2	2	0	0.01	3889	3498	0.02	0.00	0.00	99.98
+	2	6	0	0.00	3889	3498	0.02
+	3	3	0	0.00	3856	3498	0.01	0.00	0.00	99.99
+	3	7	0	0.00	3897	3498	0.01
+.fi
+This example also shows the use of the --hide option to skip columns that are not wanted.
+Note that cpu4 in this example is 99.99% busy, while the other CPUs are all under 1% busy.
+Notice that cpu4's HT sibling is cpu0, which is under 1% busy, but can get into CPU%c1 only,
+because its cpu4's activity on shared hardware keeps it from entering a deeper C-state.
+
+.SH SYSTEM CONFIGURATION INFORMATION EXAMPLE
+
+By default, turbostat always dumps system configuration information
+before taking measurements.  In the example above, "--quiet" is used
+to suppress that output.  Here is an example of the configuration information:
+.nf
+turbostat version 2017.02.15 - Len Brown <lenb@kernel.org>
+CPUID(0): GenuineIntel 13 CPUID levels; family:model:stepping 0x6:3c:3 (6:60:3)
+CPUID(1): SSE3 MONITOR - EIST TM2 TSC MSR ACPI-TM TM
+CPUID(6): APERF, TURBO, DTS, PTM, No-HWP, No-HWPnotify, No-HWPwindow, No-HWPepp, No-HWPpkg, EPB
+cpu4: MSR_IA32_MISC_ENABLE: 0x00850089 (TCC EIST No-MWAIT PREFETCH TURBO)
+CPUID(7): No-SGX
+cpu4: MSR_MISC_PWR_MGMT: 0x00400000 (ENable-EIST_Coordination DISable-EPB DISable-OOB)
+RAPL: 3121 sec. Joule Counter Range, at 84 Watts
+cpu4: MSR_PLATFORM_INFO: 0x80838f3012300
+8 * 100.0 = 800.0 MHz max efficiency frequency
+35 * 100.0 = 3500.0 MHz base frequency
+cpu4: MSR_IA32_POWER_CTL: 0x0004005d (C1E auto-promotion: DISabled)
+cpu4: MSR_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT: 0x25262727
+37 * 100.0 = 3700.0 MHz max turbo 4 active cores
+38 * 100.0 = 3800.0 MHz max turbo 3 active cores
+39 * 100.0 = 3900.0 MHz max turbo 2 active cores
+39 * 100.0 = 3900.0 MHz max turbo 1 active cores
+cpu4: MSR_CONFIG_TDP_NOMINAL: 0x00000023 (base_ratio=35)
+cpu4: MSR_CONFIG_TDP_LEVEL_1: 0x00000000 ()
+cpu4: MSR_CONFIG_TDP_LEVEL_2: 0x00000000 ()
+cpu4: MSR_CONFIG_TDP_CONTROL: 0x80000000 ( lock=1)
+cpu4: MSR_TURBO_ACTIVATION_RATIO: 0x00000000 (MAX_NON_TURBO_RATIO=0 lock=0)
+cpu4: MSR_PKG_CST_CONFIG_CONTROL: 0x1e000400 (UNdemote-C3, UNdemote-C1, demote-C3, demote-C1, UNlocked: pkg-cstate-limit=0: pc0)
+cpu4: POLL: CPUIDLE CORE POLL IDLE
+cpu4: C1: MWAIT 0x00
+cpu4: C1E: MWAIT 0x01
+cpu4: C3: MWAIT 0x10
+cpu4: C6: MWAIT 0x20
+cpu4: C7s: MWAIT 0x32
+cpu4: MSR_MISC_FEATURE_CONTROL: 0x00000000 (L2-Prefetch L2-Prefetch-pair L1-Prefetch L1-IP-Prefetch)
+cpu0: MSR_IA32_ENERGY_PERF_BIAS: 0x00000006 (balanced)
+cpu0: MSR_CORE_PERF_LIMIT_REASONS, 0x31200000 (Active: ) (Logged: Transitions, MultiCoreTurbo, Amps, Auto-HWP, )
+cpu0: MSR_GFX_PERF_LIMIT_REASONS, 0x00000000 (Active: ) (Logged: )
+cpu0: MSR_RING_PERF_LIMIT_REASONS, 0x0d000000 (Active: ) (Logged: Amps, PkgPwrL1, PkgPwrL2, )
+cpu0: MSR_RAPL_POWER_UNIT: 0x000a0e03 (0.125000 Watts, 0.000061 Joules, 0.000977 sec.)
+cpu0: MSR_PKG_POWER_INFO: 0x000002a0 (84 W TDP, RAPL 0 - 0 W, 0.000000 sec.)
+cpu0: MSR_PKG_POWER_LIMIT: 0x428348001a82a0 (UNlocked)
+cpu0: PKG Limit #1: ENabled (84.000000 Watts, 8.000000 sec, clamp DISabled)
+cpu0: PKG Limit #2: ENabled (105.000000 Watts, 0.002441* sec, clamp DISabled)
+cpu0: MSR_PP0_POLICY: 0
+cpu0: MSR_PP0_POWER_LIMIT: 0x00000000 (UNlocked)
+cpu0: Cores Limit: DISabled (0.000000 Watts, 0.000977 sec, clamp DISabled)
+cpu0: MSR_PP1_POLICY: 0
+cpu0: MSR_PP1_POWER_LIMIT: 0x00000000 (UNlocked)
+cpu0: GFX Limit: DISabled (0.000000 Watts, 0.000977 sec, clamp DISabled)
+cpu0: MSR_IA32_TEMPERATURE_TARGET: 0x00641400 (100 C)
+cpu0: MSR_IA32_PACKAGE_THERM_STATUS: 0x884c0800 (24 C)
+cpu0: MSR_IA32_THERM_STATUS: 0x884c0000 (24 C +/- 1)
+cpu1: MSR_IA32_THERM_STATUS: 0x88510000 (19 C +/- 1)
+cpu2: MSR_IA32_THERM_STATUS: 0x884e0000 (22 C +/- 1)
+cpu3: MSR_IA32_THERM_STATUS: 0x88510000 (19 C +/- 1)
+cpu4: MSR_PKGC3_IRTL: 0x00008842 (valid, 67584 ns)
+cpu4: MSR_PKGC6_IRTL: 0x00008873 (valid, 117760 ns)
+cpu4: MSR_PKGC7_IRTL: 0x00008891 (valid, 148480 ns)
+.fi
+The \fBmax efficiency\fP frequency, a.k.a. Low Frequency Mode, is the frequency
+available at the minimum package voltage.  The \fBTSC frequency\fP is the base
+frequency of the processor -- this should match the brand string
+in /proc/cpuinfo.  This base frequency
+should be sustainable on all CPUs indefinitely, given nominal power and cooling.
+The remaining rows show what maximum turbo frequency is possible
+depending on the number of idle cores.  Note that not all information is
+available on all processors.
+.SH ADD COUNTER EXAMPLE
+Here we limit turbostat to showing just the CPU number for cpu0 - cpu3.
+We add a counter showing the 32-bit raw value of MSR 0x199 (MSR_IA32_PERF_CTL),
+labeling it with the column header, "PRF_CTRL", and display it only once,
+afte the conclusion of a 0.1 second sleep.
+.nf
+sudo ./turbostat --quiet --cpu 0-3 --show CPU --add msr0x199,u32,raw,PRF_CTRL sleep .1
+0.101604 sec
+CPU	  PRF_CTRL
+-	0x00000000
+0	0x00000c00
+1	0x00000800
+2	0x00000a00
+3	0x00000800
+
+.fi
+
+.SH INPUT
+
+For interval-mode, turbostat will immediately end the current interval
+when it sees a newline on standard input.
+turbostat will then start the next interval.
+Control-C will be send a SIGINT to turbostat,
+which will immediately abort the program with no further processing.
+.SH SIGNALS
+
+SIGINT will interrupt interval-mode.
+The end-of-interval data will be collected and displayed before turbostat exits.
+
+SIGUSR1 will end current interval,
+end-of-interval data will be collected and displayed before turbostat
+starts a new interval.
+.SH NOTES
+
+.B "turbostat "
+must be run as root.
+Alternatively, non-root users can be enabled to run turbostat this way:
+
+# setcap cap_sys_rawio=ep ./turbostat
+
+# chmod +r /dev/cpu/*/msr
+
+.B "turbostat "
+reads hardware counters, but doesn't write them.
+So it will not interfere with the OS or other programs, including
+multiple invocations of itself.
+
+\fBturbostat \fP
+may work poorly on Linux-2.6.20 through 2.6.29,
+as \fBacpi-cpufreq \fPperiodically cleared the APERF and MPERF MSRs
+in those kernels.
+
+AVG_MHz = APERF_delta/measurement_interval.  This is the actual
+number of elapsed cycles divided by the entire sample interval --
+including idle time.  Note that this calculation is resilient
+to systems lacking a non-stop TSC.
+
+TSC_MHz = TSC_delta/measurement_interval.
+On a system with an invariant TSC, this value will be constant
+and will closely match the base frequency value shown
+in the brand string in /proc/cpuinfo.  On a system where
+the TSC stops in idle, TSC_MHz will drop
+below the processor's base frequency.
+
+Busy% = MPERF_delta/TSC_delta
+
+Bzy_MHz = TSC_delta/APERF_delta/MPERF_delta/measurement_interval
+
+Note that these calculations depend on TSC_delta, so they
+are not reliable during intervals when TSC_MHz is not running at the base frequency.
+
+Turbostat data collection is not atomic.
+Extremely short measurement intervals (much less than 1 second),
+or system activity that prevents turbostat from being able
+to run on all CPUS to quickly collect data, will result in
+inconsistent results.
+
+The APERF, MPERF MSRs are defined to count non-halted cycles.
+Although it is not guaranteed by the architecture, turbostat assumes
+that they count at TSC rate, which is true on all processors tested to date.
+
+.SH REFERENCES
+Volume 3B: System Programming Guide"
+http://www.intel.com/products/processor/manuals/
+
+.SH FILES
+.ta
+.nf
+/dev/cpu/*/msr
+.fi
+
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+msr(4), vmstat(8)
+.PP
+.SH AUTHOR
+.nf
+Written by Len Brown <len.brown@intel.com>
diff --git a/tools/power/x86/turbostat/turbostat.c b/tools/power/x86/turbostat/turbostat.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2233cf722
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/power/x86/turbostat/turbostat.c
@@ -0,0 +1,5620 @@
+/*
+ * turbostat -- show CPU frequency and C-state residency
+ * on modern Intel and AMD processors.
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Intel Corporation.
+ * Len Brown <len.brown@intel.com>
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms and conditions of the GNU General Public License,
+ * version 2, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License for
+ * more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
+ * this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+ * 51 Franklin St - Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ */
+
+#define _GNU_SOURCE
+#include MSRHEADER
+#include INTEL_FAMILY_HEADER
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <err.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/wait.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/select.h>
+#include <sys/resource.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <getopt.h>
+#include <dirent.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <sched.h>
+#include <time.h>
+#include <cpuid.h>
+#include <linux/capability.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+
+char *proc_stat = "/proc/stat";
+FILE *outf;
+int *fd_percpu;
+struct timeval interval_tv = {5, 0};
+struct timespec interval_ts = {5, 0};
+struct timespec one_msec = {0, 1000000};
+unsigned int num_iterations;
+unsigned int debug;
+unsigned int quiet;
+unsigned int shown;
+unsigned int sums_need_wide_columns;
+unsigned int rapl_joules;
+unsigned int summary_only;
+unsigned int list_header_only;
+unsigned int dump_only;
+unsigned int do_snb_cstates;
+unsigned int do_knl_cstates;
+unsigned int do_slm_cstates;
+unsigned int do_cnl_cstates;
+unsigned int use_c1_residency_msr;
+unsigned int has_aperf;
+unsigned int has_epb;
+unsigned int do_irtl_snb;
+unsigned int do_irtl_hsw;
+unsigned int units = 1000000;	/* MHz etc */
+unsigned int genuine_intel;
+unsigned int authentic_amd;
+unsigned int max_level, max_extended_level;
+unsigned int has_invariant_tsc;
+unsigned int do_nhm_platform_info;
+unsigned int no_MSR_MISC_PWR_MGMT;
+unsigned int aperf_mperf_multiplier = 1;
+double bclk;
+double base_hz;
+unsigned int has_base_hz;
+double tsc_tweak = 1.0;
+unsigned int show_pkg_only;
+unsigned int show_core_only;
+char *output_buffer, *outp;
+unsigned int do_rapl;
+unsigned int do_dts;
+unsigned int do_ptm;
+unsigned long long  gfx_cur_rc6_ms;
+unsigned long long cpuidle_cur_cpu_lpi_us;
+unsigned long long cpuidle_cur_sys_lpi_us;
+unsigned int gfx_cur_mhz;
+unsigned int tcc_activation_temp;
+unsigned int tcc_activation_temp_override;
+double rapl_power_units, rapl_time_units;
+double rapl_dram_energy_units, rapl_energy_units;
+double rapl_joule_counter_range;
+unsigned int do_core_perf_limit_reasons;
+unsigned int has_automatic_cstate_conversion;
+unsigned int do_gfx_perf_limit_reasons;
+unsigned int do_ring_perf_limit_reasons;
+unsigned int crystal_hz;
+unsigned long long tsc_hz;
+int base_cpu;
+double discover_bclk(unsigned int family, unsigned int model);
+unsigned int has_hwp;	/* IA32_PM_ENABLE, IA32_HWP_CAPABILITIES */
+			/* IA32_HWP_REQUEST, IA32_HWP_STATUS */
+unsigned int has_hwp_notify;		/* IA32_HWP_INTERRUPT */
+unsigned int has_hwp_activity_window;	/* IA32_HWP_REQUEST[bits 41:32] */
+unsigned int has_hwp_epp;		/* IA32_HWP_REQUEST[bits 31:24] */
+unsigned int has_hwp_pkg;		/* IA32_HWP_REQUEST_PKG */
+unsigned int has_misc_feature_control;
+unsigned int first_counter_read = 1;
+
+#define RAPL_PKG		(1 << 0)
+					/* 0x610 MSR_PKG_POWER_LIMIT */
+					/* 0x611 MSR_PKG_ENERGY_STATUS */
+#define RAPL_PKG_PERF_STATUS	(1 << 1)
+					/* 0x613 MSR_PKG_PERF_STATUS */
+#define RAPL_PKG_POWER_INFO	(1 << 2)
+					/* 0x614 MSR_PKG_POWER_INFO */
+
+#define RAPL_DRAM		(1 << 3)
+					/* 0x618 MSR_DRAM_POWER_LIMIT */
+					/* 0x619 MSR_DRAM_ENERGY_STATUS */
+#define RAPL_DRAM_PERF_STATUS	(1 << 4)
+					/* 0x61b MSR_DRAM_PERF_STATUS */
+#define RAPL_DRAM_POWER_INFO	(1 << 5)
+					/* 0x61c MSR_DRAM_POWER_INFO */
+
+#define RAPL_CORES_POWER_LIMIT	(1 << 6)
+					/* 0x638 MSR_PP0_POWER_LIMIT */
+#define RAPL_CORE_POLICY	(1 << 7)
+					/* 0x63a MSR_PP0_POLICY */
+
+#define RAPL_GFX		(1 << 8)
+					/* 0x640 MSR_PP1_POWER_LIMIT */
+					/* 0x641 MSR_PP1_ENERGY_STATUS */
+					/* 0x642 MSR_PP1_POLICY */
+
+#define RAPL_CORES_ENERGY_STATUS	(1 << 9)
+					/* 0x639 MSR_PP0_ENERGY_STATUS */
+#define RAPL_CORES (RAPL_CORES_ENERGY_STATUS | RAPL_CORES_POWER_LIMIT)
+#define	TJMAX_DEFAULT	100
+
+#define MAX(a, b) ((a) > (b) ? (a) : (b))
+
+/*
+ * buffer size used by sscanf() for added column names
+ * Usually truncated to 7 characters, but also handles 18 columns for raw 64-bit counters
+ */
+#define	NAME_BYTES 20
+#define PATH_BYTES 128
+
+int backwards_count;
+char *progname;
+
+#define CPU_SUBSET_MAXCPUS	1024	/* need to use before probe... */
+cpu_set_t *cpu_present_set, *cpu_affinity_set, *cpu_subset;
+size_t cpu_present_setsize, cpu_affinity_setsize, cpu_subset_size;
+#define MAX_ADDED_COUNTERS 8
+#define MAX_ADDED_THREAD_COUNTERS 24
+#define BITMASK_SIZE 32
+
+struct thread_data {
+	struct timeval tv_begin;
+	struct timeval tv_end;
+	unsigned long long tsc;
+	unsigned long long aperf;
+	unsigned long long mperf;
+	unsigned long long c1;
+	unsigned long long  irq_count;
+	unsigned int smi_count;
+	unsigned int cpu_id;
+	unsigned int apic_id;
+	unsigned int x2apic_id;
+	unsigned int flags;
+#define CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE	0x2
+#define CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE	0x4
+	unsigned long long counter[MAX_ADDED_THREAD_COUNTERS];
+} *thread_even, *thread_odd;
+
+struct core_data {
+	unsigned long long c3;
+	unsigned long long c6;
+	unsigned long long c7;
+	unsigned long long mc6_us;	/* duplicate as per-core for now, even though per module */
+	unsigned int core_temp_c;
+	unsigned int core_id;
+	unsigned long long counter[MAX_ADDED_COUNTERS];
+} *core_even, *core_odd;
+
+struct pkg_data {
+	unsigned long long pc2;
+	unsigned long long pc3;
+	unsigned long long pc6;
+	unsigned long long pc7;
+	unsigned long long pc8;
+	unsigned long long pc9;
+	unsigned long long pc10;
+	unsigned long long cpu_lpi;
+	unsigned long long sys_lpi;
+	unsigned long long pkg_wtd_core_c0;
+	unsigned long long pkg_any_core_c0;
+	unsigned long long pkg_any_gfxe_c0;
+	unsigned long long pkg_both_core_gfxe_c0;
+	long long gfx_rc6_ms;
+	unsigned int gfx_mhz;
+	unsigned int package_id;
+	unsigned int energy_pkg;	/* MSR_PKG_ENERGY_STATUS */
+	unsigned int energy_dram;	/* MSR_DRAM_ENERGY_STATUS */
+	unsigned int energy_cores;	/* MSR_PP0_ENERGY_STATUS */
+	unsigned int energy_gfx;	/* MSR_PP1_ENERGY_STATUS */
+	unsigned int rapl_pkg_perf_status;	/* MSR_PKG_PERF_STATUS */
+	unsigned int rapl_dram_perf_status;	/* MSR_DRAM_PERF_STATUS */
+	unsigned int pkg_temp_c;
+	unsigned long long counter[MAX_ADDED_COUNTERS];
+} *package_even, *package_odd;
+
+#define ODD_COUNTERS thread_odd, core_odd, package_odd
+#define EVEN_COUNTERS thread_even, core_even, package_even
+
+#define GET_THREAD(thread_base, thread_no, core_no, node_no, pkg_no)	      \
+	((thread_base) +						      \
+	 ((pkg_no) *							      \
+	  topo.nodes_per_pkg * topo.cores_per_node * topo.threads_per_core) + \
+	 ((node_no) * topo.cores_per_node * topo.threads_per_core) +	      \
+	 ((core_no) * topo.threads_per_core) +				      \
+	 (thread_no))
+
+#define GET_CORE(core_base, core_no, node_no, pkg_no)			\
+	((core_base) +							\
+	 ((pkg_no) *  topo.nodes_per_pkg * topo.cores_per_node) +	\
+	 ((node_no) * topo.cores_per_node) +				\
+	 (core_no))
+
+
+#define GET_PKG(pkg_base, pkg_no) (pkg_base + pkg_no)
+
+enum counter_scope {SCOPE_CPU, SCOPE_CORE, SCOPE_PACKAGE};
+enum counter_type {COUNTER_ITEMS, COUNTER_CYCLES, COUNTER_SECONDS, COUNTER_USEC};
+enum counter_format {FORMAT_RAW, FORMAT_DELTA, FORMAT_PERCENT};
+
+struct msr_counter {
+	unsigned int msr_num;
+	char name[NAME_BYTES];
+	char path[PATH_BYTES];
+	unsigned int width;
+	enum counter_type type;
+	enum counter_format format;
+	struct msr_counter *next;
+	unsigned int flags;
+#define	FLAGS_HIDE	(1 << 0)
+#define	FLAGS_SHOW	(1 << 1)
+#define	SYSFS_PERCPU	(1 << 1)
+};
+
+struct sys_counters {
+	unsigned int added_thread_counters;
+	unsigned int added_core_counters;
+	unsigned int added_package_counters;
+	struct msr_counter *tp;
+	struct msr_counter *cp;
+	struct msr_counter *pp;
+} sys;
+
+struct system_summary {
+	struct thread_data threads;
+	struct core_data cores;
+	struct pkg_data packages;
+} average;
+
+struct cpu_topology {
+	int physical_package_id;
+	int logical_cpu_id;
+	int physical_node_id;
+	int logical_node_id;	/* 0-based count within the package */
+	int physical_core_id;
+	int thread_id;
+	cpu_set_t *put_ids; /* Processing Unit/Thread IDs */
+} *cpus;
+
+struct topo_params {
+	int num_packages;
+	int num_cpus;
+	int num_cores;
+	int max_cpu_num;
+	int max_node_num;
+	int nodes_per_pkg;
+	int cores_per_node;
+	int threads_per_core;
+} topo;
+
+struct timeval tv_even, tv_odd, tv_delta;
+
+int *irq_column_2_cpu;	/* /proc/interrupts column numbers */
+int *irqs_per_cpu;		/* indexed by cpu_num */
+
+void setup_all_buffers(void);
+
+char *sys_lpi_file;
+char *sys_lpi_file_sysfs = "/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpuidle/low_power_idle_system_residency_us";
+char *sys_lpi_file_debugfs = "/sys/kernel/debug/pmc_core/slp_s0_residency_usec";
+
+int cpu_is_not_present(int cpu)
+{
+	return !CPU_ISSET_S(cpu, cpu_present_setsize, cpu_present_set);
+}
+/*
+ * run func(thread, core, package) in topology order
+ * skip non-present cpus
+ */
+
+int for_all_cpus(int (func)(struct thread_data *, struct core_data *, struct pkg_data *),
+	struct thread_data *thread_base, struct core_data *core_base, struct pkg_data *pkg_base)
+{
+	int retval, pkg_no, core_no, thread_no, node_no;
+
+	for (pkg_no = 0; pkg_no < topo.num_packages; ++pkg_no) {
+		for (core_no = 0; core_no < topo.cores_per_node; ++core_no) {
+			for (node_no = 0; node_no < topo.nodes_per_pkg;
+			     node_no++) {
+				for (thread_no = 0; thread_no <
+					topo.threads_per_core; ++thread_no) {
+					struct thread_data *t;
+					struct core_data *c;
+					struct pkg_data *p;
+
+					t = GET_THREAD(thread_base, thread_no,
+						       core_no, node_no,
+						       pkg_no);
+
+					if (cpu_is_not_present(t->cpu_id))
+						continue;
+
+					c = GET_CORE(core_base, core_no,
+						     node_no, pkg_no);
+					p = GET_PKG(pkg_base, pkg_no);
+
+					retval = func(t, c, p);
+					if (retval)
+						return retval;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int cpu_migrate(int cpu)
+{
+	CPU_ZERO_S(cpu_affinity_setsize, cpu_affinity_set);
+	CPU_SET_S(cpu, cpu_affinity_setsize, cpu_affinity_set);
+	if (sched_setaffinity(0, cpu_affinity_setsize, cpu_affinity_set) == -1)
+		return -1;
+	else
+		return 0;
+}
+int get_msr_fd(int cpu)
+{
+	char pathname[32];
+	int fd;
+
+	fd = fd_percpu[cpu];
+
+	if (fd)
+		return fd;
+
+	sprintf(pathname, "/dev/cpu/%d/msr", cpu);
+	fd = open(pathname, O_RDONLY);
+	if (fd < 0)
+		err(-1, "%s open failed, try chown or chmod +r /dev/cpu/*/msr, or run as root", pathname);
+
+	fd_percpu[cpu] = fd;
+
+	return fd;
+}
+
+int get_msr(int cpu, off_t offset, unsigned long long *msr)
+{
+	ssize_t retval;
+
+	retval = pread(get_msr_fd(cpu), msr, sizeof(*msr), offset);
+
+	if (retval != sizeof *msr)
+		err(-1, "cpu%d: msr offset 0x%llx read failed", cpu, (unsigned long long)offset);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * This list matches the column headers, except
+ * 1. built-in only, the sysfs counters are not here -- we learn of those at run-time
+ * 2. Core and CPU are moved to the end, we can't have strings that contain them
+ *    matching on them for --show and --hide.
+ */
+struct msr_counter bic[] = {
+	{ 0x0, "usec" },
+	{ 0x0, "Time_Of_Day_Seconds" },
+	{ 0x0, "Package" },
+	{ 0x0, "Node" },
+	{ 0x0, "Avg_MHz" },
+	{ 0x0, "Busy%" },
+	{ 0x0, "Bzy_MHz" },
+	{ 0x0, "TSC_MHz" },
+	{ 0x0, "IRQ" },
+	{ 0x0, "SMI", "", 32, 0, FORMAT_DELTA, NULL},
+	{ 0x0, "sysfs" },
+	{ 0x0, "CPU%c1" },
+	{ 0x0, "CPU%c3" },
+	{ 0x0, "CPU%c6" },
+	{ 0x0, "CPU%c7" },
+	{ 0x0, "ThreadC" },
+	{ 0x0, "CoreTmp" },
+	{ 0x0, "CoreCnt" },
+	{ 0x0, "PkgTmp" },
+	{ 0x0, "GFX%rc6" },
+	{ 0x0, "GFXMHz" },
+	{ 0x0, "Pkg%pc2" },
+	{ 0x0, "Pkg%pc3" },
+	{ 0x0, "Pkg%pc6" },
+	{ 0x0, "Pkg%pc7" },
+	{ 0x0, "Pkg%pc8" },
+	{ 0x0, "Pkg%pc9" },
+	{ 0x0, "Pk%pc10" },
+	{ 0x0, "CPU%LPI" },
+	{ 0x0, "SYS%LPI" },
+	{ 0x0, "PkgWatt" },
+	{ 0x0, "CorWatt" },
+	{ 0x0, "GFXWatt" },
+	{ 0x0, "PkgCnt" },
+	{ 0x0, "RAMWatt" },
+	{ 0x0, "PKG_%" },
+	{ 0x0, "RAM_%" },
+	{ 0x0, "Pkg_J" },
+	{ 0x0, "Cor_J" },
+	{ 0x0, "GFX_J" },
+	{ 0x0, "RAM_J" },
+	{ 0x0, "Mod%c6" },
+	{ 0x0, "Totl%C0" },
+	{ 0x0, "Any%C0" },
+	{ 0x0, "GFX%C0" },
+	{ 0x0, "CPUGFX%" },
+	{ 0x0, "Core" },
+	{ 0x0, "CPU" },
+	{ 0x0, "APIC" },
+	{ 0x0, "X2APIC" },
+};
+
+#define MAX_BIC (sizeof(bic) / sizeof(struct msr_counter))
+#define	BIC_USEC	(1ULL << 0)
+#define	BIC_TOD		(1ULL << 1)
+#define	BIC_Package	(1ULL << 2)
+#define	BIC_Node	(1ULL << 3)
+#define	BIC_Avg_MHz	(1ULL << 4)
+#define	BIC_Busy	(1ULL << 5)
+#define	BIC_Bzy_MHz	(1ULL << 6)
+#define	BIC_TSC_MHz	(1ULL << 7)
+#define	BIC_IRQ		(1ULL << 8)
+#define	BIC_SMI		(1ULL << 9)
+#define	BIC_sysfs	(1ULL << 10)
+#define	BIC_CPU_c1	(1ULL << 11)
+#define	BIC_CPU_c3	(1ULL << 12)
+#define	BIC_CPU_c6	(1ULL << 13)
+#define	BIC_CPU_c7	(1ULL << 14)
+#define	BIC_ThreadC	(1ULL << 15)
+#define	BIC_CoreTmp	(1ULL << 16)
+#define	BIC_CoreCnt	(1ULL << 17)
+#define	BIC_PkgTmp	(1ULL << 18)
+#define	BIC_GFX_rc6	(1ULL << 19)
+#define	BIC_GFXMHz	(1ULL << 20)
+#define	BIC_Pkgpc2	(1ULL << 21)
+#define	BIC_Pkgpc3	(1ULL << 22)
+#define	BIC_Pkgpc6	(1ULL << 23)
+#define	BIC_Pkgpc7	(1ULL << 24)
+#define	BIC_Pkgpc8	(1ULL << 25)
+#define	BIC_Pkgpc9	(1ULL << 26)
+#define	BIC_Pkgpc10	(1ULL << 27)
+#define BIC_CPU_LPI	(1ULL << 28)
+#define BIC_SYS_LPI	(1ULL << 29)
+#define	BIC_PkgWatt	(1ULL << 30)
+#define	BIC_CorWatt	(1ULL << 31)
+#define	BIC_GFXWatt	(1ULL << 32)
+#define	BIC_PkgCnt	(1ULL << 33)
+#define	BIC_RAMWatt	(1ULL << 34)
+#define	BIC_PKG__	(1ULL << 35)
+#define	BIC_RAM__	(1ULL << 36)
+#define	BIC_Pkg_J	(1ULL << 37)
+#define	BIC_Cor_J	(1ULL << 38)
+#define	BIC_GFX_J	(1ULL << 39)
+#define	BIC_RAM_J	(1ULL << 40)
+#define	BIC_Mod_c6	(1ULL << 41)
+#define	BIC_Totl_c0	(1ULL << 42)
+#define	BIC_Any_c0	(1ULL << 43)
+#define	BIC_GFX_c0	(1ULL << 44)
+#define	BIC_CPUGFX	(1ULL << 45)
+#define	BIC_Core	(1ULL << 46)
+#define	BIC_CPU		(1ULL << 47)
+#define	BIC_APIC	(1ULL << 48)
+#define	BIC_X2APIC	(1ULL << 49)
+
+#define BIC_DISABLED_BY_DEFAULT	(BIC_USEC | BIC_TOD | BIC_APIC | BIC_X2APIC)
+
+unsigned long long bic_enabled = (0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFULL & ~BIC_DISABLED_BY_DEFAULT);
+unsigned long long bic_present = BIC_USEC | BIC_TOD | BIC_sysfs | BIC_APIC | BIC_X2APIC;
+
+#define DO_BIC(COUNTER_NAME) (bic_enabled & bic_present & COUNTER_NAME)
+#define ENABLE_BIC(COUNTER_NAME) (bic_enabled |= COUNTER_NAME)
+#define BIC_PRESENT(COUNTER_BIT) (bic_present |= COUNTER_BIT)
+#define BIC_NOT_PRESENT(COUNTER_BIT) (bic_present &= ~COUNTER_BIT)
+
+
+#define MAX_DEFERRED 16
+char *deferred_skip_names[MAX_DEFERRED];
+int deferred_skip_index;
+
+/*
+ * HIDE_LIST - hide this list of counters, show the rest [default]
+ * SHOW_LIST - show this list of counters, hide the rest
+ */
+enum show_hide_mode { SHOW_LIST, HIDE_LIST } global_show_hide_mode = HIDE_LIST;
+
+void help(void)
+{
+	fprintf(outf,
+	"Usage: turbostat [OPTIONS][(--interval seconds) | COMMAND ...]\n"
+	"\n"
+	"Turbostat forks the specified COMMAND and prints statistics\n"
+	"when COMMAND completes.\n"
+	"If no COMMAND is specified, turbostat wakes every 5-seconds\n"
+	"to print statistics, until interrupted.\n"
+	"  -a, --add	add a counter\n"
+	"		  eg. --add msr0x10,u64,cpu,delta,MY_TSC\n"
+	"  -c, --cpu	cpu-set	limit output to summary plus cpu-set:\n"
+	"		  {core | package | j,k,l..m,n-p }\n"
+	"  -d, --debug	displays usec, Time_Of_Day_Seconds and more debugging\n"
+	"  -D, --Dump	displays the raw counter values\n"
+	"  -e, --enable	[all | column]\n"
+	"		shows all or the specified disabled column\n"
+	"  -H, --hide [column|column,column,...]\n"
+	"		hide the specified column(s)\n"
+	"  -i, --interval sec.subsec\n"
+	"		Override default 5-second measurement interval\n"
+	"  -J, --Joules	displays energy in Joules instead of Watts\n"
+	"  -l, --list	list column headers only\n"
+	"  -n, --num_iterations num\n"
+	"		number of the measurement iterations\n"
+	"  -o, --out file\n"
+	"		create or truncate \"file\" for all output\n"
+	"  -q, --quiet	skip decoding system configuration header\n"
+	"  -s, --show [column|column,column,...]\n"
+	"		show only the specified column(s)\n"
+	"  -S, --Summary\n"
+	"		limits output to 1-line system summary per interval\n"
+	"  -T, --TCC temperature\n"
+	"		sets the Thermal Control Circuit temperature in\n"
+	"		  degrees Celsius\n"
+	"  -h, --help	print this help message\n"
+	"  -v, --version	print version information\n"
+	"\n"
+	"For more help, run \"man turbostat\"\n");
+}
+
+/*
+ * bic_lookup
+ * for all the strings in comma separate name_list,
+ * set the approprate bit in return value.
+ */
+unsigned long long bic_lookup(char *name_list, enum show_hide_mode mode)
+{
+	int i;
+	unsigned long long retval = 0;
+
+	while (name_list) {
+		char *comma;
+
+		comma = strchr(name_list, ',');
+
+		if (comma)
+			*comma = '\0';
+
+		if (!strcmp(name_list, "all"))
+			return ~0;
+
+		for (i = 0; i < MAX_BIC; ++i) {
+			if (!strcmp(name_list, bic[i].name)) {
+				retval |= (1ULL << i);
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+		if (i == MAX_BIC) {
+			if (mode == SHOW_LIST) {
+				fprintf(stderr, "Invalid counter name: %s\n", name_list);
+				exit(-1);
+			}
+			deferred_skip_names[deferred_skip_index++] = name_list;
+			if (debug)
+				fprintf(stderr, "deferred \"%s\"\n", name_list);
+			if (deferred_skip_index >= MAX_DEFERRED) {
+				fprintf(stderr, "More than max %d un-recognized --skip options '%s'\n",
+					MAX_DEFERRED, name_list);
+				help();
+				exit(1);
+			}
+		}
+
+		name_list = comma;
+		if (name_list)
+			name_list++;
+
+	}
+	return retval;
+}
+
+
+void print_header(char *delim)
+{
+	struct msr_counter *mp;
+	int printed = 0;
+
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_USEC))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%susec", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_TOD))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%sTime_Of_Day_Seconds", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Package))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%sPackage", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Node))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%sNode", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Core))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%sCore", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%sCPU", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_APIC))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%sAPIC", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_X2APIC))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%sX2APIC", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Avg_MHz))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%sAvg_MHz", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Busy))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%sBusy%%", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Bzy_MHz))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%sBzy_MHz", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_TSC_MHz))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%sTSC_MHz", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_IRQ)) {
+		if (sums_need_wide_columns)
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "%s     IRQ", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+		else
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "%sIRQ", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+	}
+
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_SMI))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%sSMI", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+
+	for (mp = sys.tp; mp; mp = mp->next) {
+
+		if (mp->format == FORMAT_RAW) {
+			if (mp->width == 64)
+				outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%18.18s", (printed++ ? delim : ""), mp->name);
+			else
+				outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%10.10s", (printed++ ? delim : ""), mp->name);
+		} else {
+			if ((mp->type == COUNTER_ITEMS) && sums_need_wide_columns)
+				outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%8s", (printed++ ? delim : ""), mp->name);
+			else
+				outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%s", (printed++ ? delim : ""), mp->name);
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU_c1))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%sCPU%%c1", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU_c3) && !do_slm_cstates && !do_knl_cstates && !do_cnl_cstates)
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%sCPU%%c3", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU_c6))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%sCPU%%c6", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU_c7))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%sCPU%%c7", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Mod_c6))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%sMod%%c6", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_CoreTmp))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%sCoreTmp", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+
+	for (mp = sys.cp; mp; mp = mp->next) {
+		if (mp->format == FORMAT_RAW) {
+			if (mp->width == 64)
+				outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%18.18s", delim, mp->name);
+			else
+				outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%10.10s", delim, mp->name);
+		} else {
+			if ((mp->type == COUNTER_ITEMS) && sums_need_wide_columns)
+				outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%8s", delim, mp->name);
+			else
+				outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%s", delim, mp->name);
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_PkgTmp))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%sPkgTmp", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFX_rc6))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%sGFX%%rc6", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFXMHz))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%sGFXMHz", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Totl_c0))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%sTotl%%C0", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Any_c0))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%sAny%%C0", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFX_c0))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%sGFX%%C0", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPUGFX))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%sCPUGFX%%", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc2))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%sPkg%%pc2", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc3))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%sPkg%%pc3", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc6))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%sPkg%%pc6", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc7))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%sPkg%%pc7", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc8))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%sPkg%%pc8", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc9))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%sPkg%%pc9", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc10))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%sPk%%pc10", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU_LPI))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%sCPU%%LPI", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_SYS_LPI))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%sSYS%%LPI", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+
+	if (do_rapl && !rapl_joules) {
+		if (DO_BIC(BIC_PkgWatt))
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "%sPkgWatt", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+		if (DO_BIC(BIC_CorWatt))
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "%sCorWatt", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+		if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFXWatt))
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "%sGFXWatt", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+		if (DO_BIC(BIC_RAMWatt))
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "%sRAMWatt", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+		if (DO_BIC(BIC_PKG__))
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "%sPKG_%%", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+		if (DO_BIC(BIC_RAM__))
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "%sRAM_%%", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+	} else if (do_rapl && rapl_joules) {
+		if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkg_J))
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "%sPkg_J", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+		if (DO_BIC(BIC_Cor_J))
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "%sCor_J", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+		if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFX_J))
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "%sGFX_J", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+		if (DO_BIC(BIC_RAM_J))
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "%sRAM_J", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+		if (DO_BIC(BIC_PKG__))
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "%sPKG_%%", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+		if (DO_BIC(BIC_RAM__))
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "%sRAM_%%", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+	}
+	for (mp = sys.pp; mp; mp = mp->next) {
+		if (mp->format == FORMAT_RAW) {
+			if (mp->width == 64)
+				outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%18.18s", delim, mp->name);
+			else
+				outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%10.10s", delim, mp->name);
+		} else {
+			if ((mp->type == COUNTER_ITEMS) && sums_need_wide_columns)
+				outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%8s", delim, mp->name);
+			else
+				outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%s", delim, mp->name);
+		}
+	}
+
+	outp += sprintf(outp, "\n");
+}
+
+int dump_counters(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c,
+	struct pkg_data *p)
+{
+	int i;
+	struct msr_counter *mp;
+
+	outp += sprintf(outp, "t %p, c %p, p %p\n", t, c, p);
+
+	if (t) {
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "CPU: %d flags 0x%x\n",
+			t->cpu_id, t->flags);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "TSC: %016llX\n", t->tsc);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "aperf: %016llX\n", t->aperf);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "mperf: %016llX\n", t->mperf);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "c1: %016llX\n", t->c1);
+
+		if (DO_BIC(BIC_IRQ))
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "IRQ: %lld\n", t->irq_count);
+		if (DO_BIC(BIC_SMI))
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "SMI: %d\n", t->smi_count);
+
+		for (i = 0, mp = sys.tp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "tADDED [%d] msr0x%x: %08llX\n",
+				i, mp->msr_num, t->counter[i]);
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (c) {
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "core: %d\n", c->core_id);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "c3: %016llX\n", c->c3);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "c6: %016llX\n", c->c6);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "c7: %016llX\n", c->c7);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "DTS: %dC\n", c->core_temp_c);
+
+		for (i = 0, mp = sys.cp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "cADDED [%d] msr0x%x: %08llX\n",
+				i, mp->msr_num, c->counter[i]);
+		}
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "mc6_us: %016llX\n", c->mc6_us);
+	}
+
+	if (p) {
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "package: %d\n", p->package_id);
+
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "Weighted cores: %016llX\n", p->pkg_wtd_core_c0);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "Any cores: %016llX\n", p->pkg_any_core_c0);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "Any GFX: %016llX\n", p->pkg_any_gfxe_c0);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "CPU + GFX: %016llX\n", p->pkg_both_core_gfxe_c0);
+
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "pc2: %016llX\n", p->pc2);
+		if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc3))
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "pc3: %016llX\n", p->pc3);
+		if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc6))
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "pc6: %016llX\n", p->pc6);
+		if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc7))
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "pc7: %016llX\n", p->pc7);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "pc8: %016llX\n", p->pc8);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "pc9: %016llX\n", p->pc9);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "pc10: %016llX\n", p->pc10);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "pc10: %016llX\n", p->pc10);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "cpu_lpi: %016llX\n", p->cpu_lpi);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "sys_lpi: %016llX\n", p->sys_lpi);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "Joules PKG: %0X\n", p->energy_pkg);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "Joules COR: %0X\n", p->energy_cores);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "Joules GFX: %0X\n", p->energy_gfx);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "Joules RAM: %0X\n", p->energy_dram);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "Throttle PKG: %0X\n",
+			p->rapl_pkg_perf_status);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "Throttle RAM: %0X\n",
+			p->rapl_dram_perf_status);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "PTM: %dC\n", p->pkg_temp_c);
+
+		for (i = 0, mp = sys.pp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "pADDED [%d] msr0x%x: %08llX\n",
+				i, mp->msr_num, p->counter[i]);
+		}
+	}
+
+	outp += sprintf(outp, "\n");
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * column formatting convention & formats
+ */
+int format_counters(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c,
+	struct pkg_data *p)
+{
+	double interval_float, tsc;
+	char *fmt8;
+	int i;
+	struct msr_counter *mp;
+	char *delim = "\t";
+	int printed = 0;
+
+	 /* if showing only 1st thread in core and this isn't one, bail out */
+	if (show_core_only && !(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE))
+		return 0;
+
+	 /* if showing only 1st thread in pkg and this isn't one, bail out */
+	if (show_pkg_only && !(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE))
+		return 0;
+
+	/*if not summary line and --cpu is used */
+	if ((t != &average.threads) &&
+		(cpu_subset && !CPU_ISSET_S(t->cpu_id, cpu_subset_size, cpu_subset)))
+		return 0;
+
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_USEC)) {
+		/* on each row, print how many usec each timestamp took to gather */
+		struct timeval tv;
+
+		timersub(&t->tv_end, &t->tv_begin, &tv);
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%5ld\t", tv.tv_sec * 1000000 + tv.tv_usec);
+	}
+
+	/* Time_Of_Day_Seconds: on each row, print sec.usec last timestamp taken */
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_TOD))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%10ld.%06ld\t", t->tv_end.tv_sec, t->tv_end.tv_usec);
+
+	interval_float = tv_delta.tv_sec + tv_delta.tv_usec/1000000.0;
+
+	tsc = t->tsc * tsc_tweak;
+
+	/* topo columns, print blanks on 1st (average) line */
+	if (t == &average.threads) {
+		if (DO_BIC(BIC_Package))
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "%s-", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+		if (DO_BIC(BIC_Node))
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "%s-", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+		if (DO_BIC(BIC_Core))
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "%s-", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+		if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU))
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "%s-", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+		if (DO_BIC(BIC_APIC))
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "%s-", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+		if (DO_BIC(BIC_X2APIC))
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "%s-", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+	} else {
+		if (DO_BIC(BIC_Package)) {
+			if (p)
+				outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%d", (printed++ ? delim : ""), p->package_id);
+			else
+				outp += sprintf(outp, "%s-", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+		}
+		if (DO_BIC(BIC_Node)) {
+			if (t)
+				outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%d",
+						(printed++ ? delim : ""),
+					      cpus[t->cpu_id].physical_node_id);
+			else
+				outp += sprintf(outp, "%s-",
+						(printed++ ? delim : ""));
+		}
+		if (DO_BIC(BIC_Core)) {
+			if (c)
+				outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%d", (printed++ ? delim : ""), c->core_id);
+			else
+				outp += sprintf(outp, "%s-", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+		}
+		if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU))
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%d", (printed++ ? delim : ""), t->cpu_id);
+		if (DO_BIC(BIC_APIC))
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%d", (printed++ ? delim : ""), t->apic_id);
+		if (DO_BIC(BIC_X2APIC))
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%d", (printed++ ? delim : ""), t->x2apic_id);
+	}
+
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Avg_MHz))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.0f", (printed++ ? delim : ""),
+			1.0 / units * t->aperf / interval_float);
+
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Busy))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * t->mperf/tsc);
+
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Bzy_MHz)) {
+		if (has_base_hz)
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.0f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), base_hz / units * t->aperf / t->mperf);
+		else
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.0f", (printed++ ? delim : ""),
+				tsc / units * t->aperf / t->mperf / interval_float);
+	}
+
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_TSC_MHz))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.0f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 1.0 * t->tsc/units/interval_float);
+
+	/* IRQ */
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_IRQ)) {
+		if (sums_need_wide_columns)
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%8lld", (printed++ ? delim : ""), t->irq_count);
+		else
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%lld", (printed++ ? delim : ""), t->irq_count);
+	}
+
+	/* SMI */
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_SMI))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%d", (printed++ ? delim : ""), t->smi_count);
+
+	/* Added counters */
+	for (i = 0, mp = sys.tp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
+		if (mp->format == FORMAT_RAW) {
+			if (mp->width == 32)
+				outp += sprintf(outp, "%s0x%08x", (printed++ ? delim : ""), (unsigned int) t->counter[i]);
+			else
+				outp += sprintf(outp, "%s0x%016llx", (printed++ ? delim : ""), t->counter[i]);
+		} else if (mp->format == FORMAT_DELTA) {
+			if ((mp->type == COUNTER_ITEMS) && sums_need_wide_columns)
+				outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%8lld", (printed++ ? delim : ""), t->counter[i]);
+			else
+				outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%lld", (printed++ ? delim : ""), t->counter[i]);
+		} else if (mp->format == FORMAT_PERCENT) {
+			if (mp->type == COUNTER_USEC)
+				outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), t->counter[i]/interval_float/10000);
+			else
+				outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * t->counter[i]/tsc);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* C1 */
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU_c1))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * t->c1/tsc);
+
+
+	/* print per-core data only for 1st thread in core */
+	if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE))
+		goto done;
+
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU_c3) && !do_slm_cstates && !do_knl_cstates && !do_cnl_cstates)
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * c->c3/tsc);
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU_c6))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * c->c6/tsc);
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU_c7))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * c->c7/tsc);
+
+	/* Mod%c6 */
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Mod_c6))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * c->mc6_us / tsc);
+
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_CoreTmp))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%d", (printed++ ? delim : ""), c->core_temp_c);
+
+	for (i = 0, mp = sys.cp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
+		if (mp->format == FORMAT_RAW) {
+			if (mp->width == 32)
+				outp += sprintf(outp, "%s0x%08x", (printed++ ? delim : ""), (unsigned int) c->counter[i]);
+			else
+				outp += sprintf(outp, "%s0x%016llx", (printed++ ? delim : ""), c->counter[i]);
+		} else if (mp->format == FORMAT_DELTA) {
+			if ((mp->type == COUNTER_ITEMS) && sums_need_wide_columns)
+				outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%8lld", (printed++ ? delim : ""), c->counter[i]);
+			else
+				outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%lld", (printed++ ? delim : ""), c->counter[i]);
+		} else if (mp->format == FORMAT_PERCENT) {
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * c->counter[i]/tsc);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* print per-package data only for 1st core in package */
+	if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE))
+		goto done;
+
+	/* PkgTmp */
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_PkgTmp))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%d", (printed++ ? delim : ""), p->pkg_temp_c);
+
+	/* GFXrc6 */
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFX_rc6)) {
+		if (p->gfx_rc6_ms == -1) {	/* detect GFX counter reset */
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "%s**.**", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
+		} else {
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""),
+				p->gfx_rc6_ms / 10.0 / interval_float);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* GFXMHz */
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFXMHz))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%d", (printed++ ? delim : ""), p->gfx_mhz);
+
+	/* Totl%C0, Any%C0 GFX%C0 CPUGFX% */
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Totl_c0))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * p->pkg_wtd_core_c0/tsc);
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Any_c0))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * p->pkg_any_core_c0/tsc);
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFX_c0))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * p->pkg_any_gfxe_c0/tsc);
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPUGFX))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * p->pkg_both_core_gfxe_c0/tsc);
+
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc2))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * p->pc2/tsc);
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc3))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * p->pc3/tsc);
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc6))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * p->pc6/tsc);
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc7))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * p->pc7/tsc);
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc8))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * p->pc8/tsc);
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc9))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * p->pc9/tsc);
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc10))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * p->pc10/tsc);
+
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU_LPI))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * p->cpu_lpi / 1000000.0 / interval_float);
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_SYS_LPI))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * p->sys_lpi / 1000000.0 / interval_float);
+
+	/*
+ 	 * If measurement interval exceeds minimum RAPL Joule Counter range,
+ 	 * indicate that results are suspect by printing "**" in fraction place.
+ 	 */
+	if (interval_float < rapl_joule_counter_range)
+		fmt8 = "%s%.2f";
+	else
+		fmt8 = "%6.0f**";
+
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_PkgWatt))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, (printed++ ? delim : ""), p->energy_pkg * rapl_energy_units / interval_float);
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_CorWatt))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, (printed++ ? delim : ""), p->energy_cores * rapl_energy_units / interval_float);
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFXWatt))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, (printed++ ? delim : ""), p->energy_gfx * rapl_energy_units / interval_float);
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_RAMWatt))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, (printed++ ? delim : ""), p->energy_dram * rapl_dram_energy_units / interval_float);
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkg_J))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, (printed++ ? delim : ""), p->energy_pkg * rapl_energy_units);
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Cor_J))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, (printed++ ? delim : ""), p->energy_cores * rapl_energy_units);
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFX_J))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, (printed++ ? delim : ""), p->energy_gfx * rapl_energy_units);
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_RAM_J))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, (printed++ ? delim : ""), p->energy_dram * rapl_dram_energy_units);
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_PKG__))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * p->rapl_pkg_perf_status * rapl_time_units / interval_float);
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_RAM__))
+		outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * p->rapl_dram_perf_status * rapl_time_units / interval_float);
+
+	for (i = 0, mp = sys.pp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
+		if (mp->format == FORMAT_RAW) {
+			if (mp->width == 32)
+				outp += sprintf(outp, "%s0x%08x", (printed++ ? delim : ""), (unsigned int) p->counter[i]);
+			else
+				outp += sprintf(outp, "%s0x%016llx", (printed++ ? delim : ""), p->counter[i]);
+		} else if (mp->format == FORMAT_DELTA) {
+			if ((mp->type == COUNTER_ITEMS) && sums_need_wide_columns)
+				outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%8lld", (printed++ ? delim : ""), p->counter[i]);
+			else
+				outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%lld", (printed++ ? delim : ""), p->counter[i]);
+		} else if (mp->format == FORMAT_PERCENT) {
+			outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * p->counter[i]/tsc);
+		}
+	}
+
+done:
+	if (*(outp - 1) != '\n')
+		outp += sprintf(outp, "\n");
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void flush_output_stdout(void)
+{
+	FILE *filep;
+
+	if (outf == stderr)
+		filep = stdout;
+	else
+		filep = outf;
+
+	fputs(output_buffer, filep);
+	fflush(filep);
+
+	outp = output_buffer;
+}
+void flush_output_stderr(void)
+{
+	fputs(output_buffer, outf);
+	fflush(outf);
+	outp = output_buffer;
+}
+void format_all_counters(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c, struct pkg_data *p)
+{
+	static int printed;
+
+	if (!printed || !summary_only)
+		print_header("\t");
+
+	format_counters(&average.threads, &average.cores, &average.packages);
+
+	printed = 1;
+
+	if (summary_only)
+		return;
+
+	for_all_cpus(format_counters, t, c, p);
+}
+
+#define DELTA_WRAP32(new, old)			\
+	if (new > old) {			\
+		old = new - old;		\
+	} else {				\
+		old = 0x100000000 + new - old;	\
+	}
+
+int
+delta_package(struct pkg_data *new, struct pkg_data *old)
+{
+	int i;
+	struct msr_counter *mp;
+
+
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Totl_c0))
+		old->pkg_wtd_core_c0 = new->pkg_wtd_core_c0 - old->pkg_wtd_core_c0;
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Any_c0))
+		old->pkg_any_core_c0 = new->pkg_any_core_c0 - old->pkg_any_core_c0;
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFX_c0))
+		old->pkg_any_gfxe_c0 = new->pkg_any_gfxe_c0 - old->pkg_any_gfxe_c0;
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPUGFX))
+		old->pkg_both_core_gfxe_c0 = new->pkg_both_core_gfxe_c0 - old->pkg_both_core_gfxe_c0;
+
+	old->pc2 = new->pc2 - old->pc2;
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc3))
+		old->pc3 = new->pc3 - old->pc3;
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc6))
+		old->pc6 = new->pc6 - old->pc6;
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc7))
+		old->pc7 = new->pc7 - old->pc7;
+	old->pc8 = new->pc8 - old->pc8;
+	old->pc9 = new->pc9 - old->pc9;
+	old->pc10 = new->pc10 - old->pc10;
+	old->cpu_lpi = new->cpu_lpi - old->cpu_lpi;
+	old->sys_lpi = new->sys_lpi - old->sys_lpi;
+	old->pkg_temp_c = new->pkg_temp_c;
+
+	/* flag an error when rc6 counter resets/wraps */
+	if (old->gfx_rc6_ms >  new->gfx_rc6_ms)
+		old->gfx_rc6_ms = -1;
+	else
+		old->gfx_rc6_ms = new->gfx_rc6_ms - old->gfx_rc6_ms;
+
+	old->gfx_mhz = new->gfx_mhz;
+
+	DELTA_WRAP32(new->energy_pkg, old->energy_pkg);
+	DELTA_WRAP32(new->energy_cores, old->energy_cores);
+	DELTA_WRAP32(new->energy_gfx, old->energy_gfx);
+	DELTA_WRAP32(new->energy_dram, old->energy_dram);
+	DELTA_WRAP32(new->rapl_pkg_perf_status, old->rapl_pkg_perf_status);
+	DELTA_WRAP32(new->rapl_dram_perf_status, old->rapl_dram_perf_status);
+
+	for (i = 0, mp = sys.pp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
+		if (mp->format == FORMAT_RAW)
+			old->counter[i] = new->counter[i];
+		else
+			old->counter[i] = new->counter[i] - old->counter[i];
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void
+delta_core(struct core_data *new, struct core_data *old)
+{
+	int i;
+	struct msr_counter *mp;
+
+	old->c3 = new->c3 - old->c3;
+	old->c6 = new->c6 - old->c6;
+	old->c7 = new->c7 - old->c7;
+	old->core_temp_c = new->core_temp_c;
+	old->mc6_us = new->mc6_us - old->mc6_us;
+
+	for (i = 0, mp = sys.cp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
+		if (mp->format == FORMAT_RAW)
+			old->counter[i] = new->counter[i];
+		else
+			old->counter[i] = new->counter[i] - old->counter[i];
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * old = new - old
+ */
+int
+delta_thread(struct thread_data *new, struct thread_data *old,
+	struct core_data *core_delta)
+{
+	int i;
+	struct msr_counter *mp;
+
+	/* we run cpuid just the 1st time, copy the results */
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_APIC))
+		new->apic_id = old->apic_id;
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_X2APIC))
+		new->x2apic_id = old->x2apic_id;
+
+	/*
+	 * the timestamps from start of measurement interval are in "old"
+	 * the timestamp from end of measurement interval are in "new"
+	 * over-write old w/ new so we can print end of interval values
+	 */
+
+	old->tv_begin = new->tv_begin;
+	old->tv_end = new->tv_end;
+
+	old->tsc = new->tsc - old->tsc;
+
+	/* check for TSC < 1 Mcycles over interval */
+	if (old->tsc < (1000 * 1000))
+		errx(-3, "Insanely slow TSC rate, TSC stops in idle?\n"
+		     "You can disable all c-states by booting with \"idle=poll\"\n"
+		     "or just the deep ones with \"processor.max_cstate=1\"");
+
+	old->c1 = new->c1 - old->c1;
+
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Avg_MHz) || DO_BIC(BIC_Busy) || DO_BIC(BIC_Bzy_MHz)) {
+		if ((new->aperf > old->aperf) && (new->mperf > old->mperf)) {
+			old->aperf = new->aperf - old->aperf;
+			old->mperf = new->mperf - old->mperf;
+		} else {
+			return -1;
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	if (use_c1_residency_msr) {
+		/*
+		 * Some models have a dedicated C1 residency MSR,
+		 * which should be more accurate than the derivation below.
+		 */
+	} else {
+		/*
+		 * As counter collection is not atomic,
+		 * it is possible for mperf's non-halted cycles + idle states
+		 * to exceed TSC's all cycles: show c1 = 0% in that case.
+		 */
+		if ((old->mperf + core_delta->c3 + core_delta->c6 + core_delta->c7) > (old->tsc * tsc_tweak))
+			old->c1 = 0;
+		else {
+			/* normal case, derive c1 */
+			old->c1 = (old->tsc * tsc_tweak) - old->mperf - core_delta->c3
+				- core_delta->c6 - core_delta->c7;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (old->mperf == 0) {
+		if (debug > 1)
+			fprintf(outf, "cpu%d MPERF 0!\n", old->cpu_id);
+		old->mperf = 1;	/* divide by 0 protection */
+	}
+
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_IRQ))
+		old->irq_count = new->irq_count - old->irq_count;
+
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_SMI))
+		old->smi_count = new->smi_count - old->smi_count;
+
+	for (i = 0, mp = sys.tp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
+		if (mp->format == FORMAT_RAW)
+			old->counter[i] = new->counter[i];
+		else
+			old->counter[i] = new->counter[i] - old->counter[i];
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int delta_cpu(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c,
+	struct pkg_data *p, struct thread_data *t2,
+	struct core_data *c2, struct pkg_data *p2)
+{
+	int retval = 0;
+
+	/* calculate core delta only for 1st thread in core */
+	if (t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE)
+		delta_core(c, c2);
+
+	/* always calculate thread delta */
+	retval = delta_thread(t, t2, c2);	/* c2 is core delta */
+	if (retval)
+		return retval;
+
+	/* calculate package delta only for 1st core in package */
+	if (t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE)
+		retval = delta_package(p, p2);
+
+	return retval;
+}
+
+void clear_counters(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c, struct pkg_data *p)
+{
+	int i;
+	struct msr_counter  *mp;
+
+	t->tv_begin.tv_sec = 0;
+	t->tv_begin.tv_usec = 0;
+	t->tv_end.tv_sec = 0;
+	t->tv_end.tv_usec = 0;
+
+	t->tsc = 0;
+	t->aperf = 0;
+	t->mperf = 0;
+	t->c1 = 0;
+
+	t->irq_count = 0;
+	t->smi_count = 0;
+
+	/* tells format_counters to dump all fields from this set */
+	t->flags = CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE | CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE;
+
+	c->c3 = 0;
+	c->c6 = 0;
+	c->c7 = 0;
+	c->mc6_us = 0;
+	c->core_temp_c = 0;
+
+	p->pkg_wtd_core_c0 = 0;
+	p->pkg_any_core_c0 = 0;
+	p->pkg_any_gfxe_c0 = 0;
+	p->pkg_both_core_gfxe_c0 = 0;
+
+	p->pc2 = 0;
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc3))
+		p->pc3 = 0;
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc6))
+		p->pc6 = 0;
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc7))
+		p->pc7 = 0;
+	p->pc8 = 0;
+	p->pc9 = 0;
+	p->pc10 = 0;
+	p->cpu_lpi = 0;
+	p->sys_lpi = 0;
+
+	p->energy_pkg = 0;
+	p->energy_dram = 0;
+	p->energy_cores = 0;
+	p->energy_gfx = 0;
+	p->rapl_pkg_perf_status = 0;
+	p->rapl_dram_perf_status = 0;
+	p->pkg_temp_c = 0;
+
+	p->gfx_rc6_ms = 0;
+	p->gfx_mhz = 0;
+	for (i = 0, mp = sys.tp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next)
+		t->counter[i] = 0;
+
+	for (i = 0, mp = sys.cp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next)
+		c->counter[i] = 0;
+
+	for (i = 0, mp = sys.pp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next)
+		p->counter[i] = 0;
+}
+int sum_counters(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c,
+	struct pkg_data *p)
+{
+	int i;
+	struct msr_counter *mp;
+
+	/* copy un-changing apic_id's */
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_APIC))
+		average.threads.apic_id = t->apic_id;
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_X2APIC))
+		average.threads.x2apic_id = t->x2apic_id;
+
+	/* remember first tv_begin */
+	if (average.threads.tv_begin.tv_sec == 0)
+		average.threads.tv_begin = t->tv_begin;
+
+	/* remember last tv_end */
+	average.threads.tv_end = t->tv_end;
+
+	average.threads.tsc += t->tsc;
+	average.threads.aperf += t->aperf;
+	average.threads.mperf += t->mperf;
+	average.threads.c1 += t->c1;
+
+	average.threads.irq_count += t->irq_count;
+	average.threads.smi_count += t->smi_count;
+
+	for (i = 0, mp = sys.tp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
+		if (mp->format == FORMAT_RAW)
+			continue;
+		average.threads.counter[i] += t->counter[i];
+	}
+
+	/* sum per-core values only for 1st thread in core */
+	if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE))
+		return 0;
+
+	average.cores.c3 += c->c3;
+	average.cores.c6 += c->c6;
+	average.cores.c7 += c->c7;
+	average.cores.mc6_us += c->mc6_us;
+
+	average.cores.core_temp_c = MAX(average.cores.core_temp_c, c->core_temp_c);
+
+	for (i = 0, mp = sys.cp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
+		if (mp->format == FORMAT_RAW)
+			continue;
+		average.cores.counter[i] += c->counter[i];
+	}
+
+	/* sum per-pkg values only for 1st core in pkg */
+	if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE))
+		return 0;
+
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Totl_c0))
+		average.packages.pkg_wtd_core_c0 += p->pkg_wtd_core_c0;
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Any_c0))
+		average.packages.pkg_any_core_c0 += p->pkg_any_core_c0;
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFX_c0))
+		average.packages.pkg_any_gfxe_c0 += p->pkg_any_gfxe_c0;
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPUGFX))
+		average.packages.pkg_both_core_gfxe_c0 += p->pkg_both_core_gfxe_c0;
+
+	average.packages.pc2 += p->pc2;
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc3))
+		average.packages.pc3 += p->pc3;
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc6))
+		average.packages.pc6 += p->pc6;
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc7))
+		average.packages.pc7 += p->pc7;
+	average.packages.pc8 += p->pc8;
+	average.packages.pc9 += p->pc9;
+	average.packages.pc10 += p->pc10;
+
+	average.packages.cpu_lpi = p->cpu_lpi;
+	average.packages.sys_lpi = p->sys_lpi;
+
+	average.packages.energy_pkg += p->energy_pkg;
+	average.packages.energy_dram += p->energy_dram;
+	average.packages.energy_cores += p->energy_cores;
+	average.packages.energy_gfx += p->energy_gfx;
+
+	average.packages.gfx_rc6_ms = p->gfx_rc6_ms;
+	average.packages.gfx_mhz = p->gfx_mhz;
+
+	average.packages.pkg_temp_c = MAX(average.packages.pkg_temp_c, p->pkg_temp_c);
+
+	average.packages.rapl_pkg_perf_status += p->rapl_pkg_perf_status;
+	average.packages.rapl_dram_perf_status += p->rapl_dram_perf_status;
+
+	for (i = 0, mp = sys.pp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
+		if (mp->format == FORMAT_RAW)
+			continue;
+		average.packages.counter[i] += p->counter[i];
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+/*
+ * sum the counters for all cpus in the system
+ * compute the weighted average
+ */
+void compute_average(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c,
+	struct pkg_data *p)
+{
+	int i;
+	struct msr_counter *mp;
+
+	clear_counters(&average.threads, &average.cores, &average.packages);
+
+	for_all_cpus(sum_counters, t, c, p);
+
+	average.threads.tsc /= topo.num_cpus;
+	average.threads.aperf /= topo.num_cpus;
+	average.threads.mperf /= topo.num_cpus;
+	average.threads.c1 /= topo.num_cpus;
+
+	if (average.threads.irq_count > 9999999)
+		sums_need_wide_columns = 1;
+
+	average.cores.c3 /= topo.num_cores;
+	average.cores.c6 /= topo.num_cores;
+	average.cores.c7 /= topo.num_cores;
+	average.cores.mc6_us /= topo.num_cores;
+
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Totl_c0))
+		average.packages.pkg_wtd_core_c0 /= topo.num_packages;
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Any_c0))
+		average.packages.pkg_any_core_c0 /= topo.num_packages;
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFX_c0))
+		average.packages.pkg_any_gfxe_c0 /= topo.num_packages;
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPUGFX))
+		average.packages.pkg_both_core_gfxe_c0 /= topo.num_packages;
+
+	average.packages.pc2 /= topo.num_packages;
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc3))
+		average.packages.pc3 /= topo.num_packages;
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc6))
+		average.packages.pc6 /= topo.num_packages;
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc7))
+		average.packages.pc7 /= topo.num_packages;
+
+	average.packages.pc8 /= topo.num_packages;
+	average.packages.pc9 /= topo.num_packages;
+	average.packages.pc10 /= topo.num_packages;
+
+	for (i = 0, mp = sys.tp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
+		if (mp->format == FORMAT_RAW)
+			continue;
+		if (mp->type == COUNTER_ITEMS) {
+			if (average.threads.counter[i] > 9999999)
+				sums_need_wide_columns = 1;
+			continue;
+		}
+		average.threads.counter[i] /= topo.num_cpus;
+	}
+	for (i = 0, mp = sys.cp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
+		if (mp->format == FORMAT_RAW)
+			continue;
+		if (mp->type == COUNTER_ITEMS) {
+			if (average.cores.counter[i] > 9999999)
+				sums_need_wide_columns = 1;
+		}
+		average.cores.counter[i] /= topo.num_cores;
+	}
+	for (i = 0, mp = sys.pp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
+		if (mp->format == FORMAT_RAW)
+			continue;
+		if (mp->type == COUNTER_ITEMS) {
+			if (average.packages.counter[i] > 9999999)
+				sums_need_wide_columns = 1;
+		}
+		average.packages.counter[i] /= topo.num_packages;
+	}
+}
+
+static unsigned long long rdtsc(void)
+{
+	unsigned int low, high;
+
+	asm volatile("rdtsc" : "=a" (low), "=d" (high));
+
+	return low | ((unsigned long long)high) << 32;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Open a file, and exit on failure
+ */
+FILE *fopen_or_die(const char *path, const char *mode)
+{
+	FILE *filep = fopen(path, mode);
+
+	if (!filep)
+		err(1, "%s: open failed", path);
+	return filep;
+}
+/*
+ * snapshot_sysfs_counter()
+ *
+ * return snapshot of given counter
+ */
+unsigned long long snapshot_sysfs_counter(char *path)
+{
+	FILE *fp;
+	int retval;
+	unsigned long long counter;
+
+	fp = fopen_or_die(path, "r");
+
+	retval = fscanf(fp, "%lld", &counter);
+	if (retval != 1)
+		err(1, "snapshot_sysfs_counter(%s)", path);
+
+	fclose(fp);
+
+	return counter;
+}
+
+int get_mp(int cpu, struct msr_counter *mp, unsigned long long *counterp)
+{
+	if (mp->msr_num != 0) {
+		if (get_msr(cpu, mp->msr_num, counterp))
+			return -1;
+	} else {
+		char path[128 + PATH_BYTES];
+
+		if (mp->flags & SYSFS_PERCPU) {
+			sprintf(path, "/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu%d/%s",
+				 cpu, mp->path);
+
+			*counterp = snapshot_sysfs_counter(path);
+		} else {
+			*counterp = snapshot_sysfs_counter(mp->path);
+		}
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void get_apic_id(struct thread_data *t)
+{
+	unsigned int eax, ebx, ecx, edx;
+
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_APIC)) {
+		eax = ebx = ecx = edx = 0;
+		__cpuid(1, eax, ebx, ecx, edx);
+
+		t->apic_id = (ebx >> 24) & 0xff;
+	}
+
+	if (!DO_BIC(BIC_X2APIC))
+		return;
+
+	if (authentic_amd) {
+		unsigned int topology_extensions;
+
+		if (max_extended_level < 0x8000001e)
+			return;
+
+		eax = ebx = ecx = edx = 0;
+		__cpuid(0x80000001, eax, ebx, ecx, edx);
+			topology_extensions = ecx & (1 << 22);
+
+		if (topology_extensions == 0)
+			return;
+
+		eax = ebx = ecx = edx = 0;
+		__cpuid(0x8000001e, eax, ebx, ecx, edx);
+
+		t->x2apic_id = eax;
+		return;
+	}
+
+	if (!genuine_intel)
+		return;
+
+	if (max_level < 0xb)
+		return;
+
+	ecx = 0;
+	__cpuid(0xb, eax, ebx, ecx, edx);
+	t->x2apic_id = edx;
+
+	if (debug && (t->apic_id != (t->x2apic_id & 0xff)))
+		fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: BIOS BUG: apic 0x%x x2apic 0x%x\n",
+				t->cpu_id, t->apic_id, t->x2apic_id);
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_counters(...)
+ * migrate to cpu
+ * acquire and record local counters for that cpu
+ */
+int get_counters(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c, struct pkg_data *p)
+{
+	int cpu = t->cpu_id;
+	unsigned long long msr;
+	int aperf_mperf_retry_count = 0;
+	struct msr_counter *mp;
+	int i;
+
+	gettimeofday(&t->tv_begin, (struct timezone *)NULL);
+
+	if (cpu_migrate(cpu)) {
+		fprintf(outf, "Could not migrate to CPU %d\n", cpu);
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	if (first_counter_read)
+		get_apic_id(t);
+retry:
+	t->tsc = rdtsc();	/* we are running on local CPU of interest */
+
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Avg_MHz) || DO_BIC(BIC_Busy) || DO_BIC(BIC_Bzy_MHz)) {
+		unsigned long long tsc_before, tsc_between, tsc_after, aperf_time, mperf_time;
+
+		/*
+		 * The TSC, APERF and MPERF must be read together for
+		 * APERF/MPERF and MPERF/TSC to give accurate results.
+		 *
+		 * Unfortunately, APERF and MPERF are read by
+		 * individual system call, so delays may occur
+		 * between them.  If the time to read them
+		 * varies by a large amount, we re-read them.
+		 */
+
+		/*
+		 * This initial dummy APERF read has been seen to
+		 * reduce jitter in the subsequent reads.
+		 */
+
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_IA32_APERF, &t->aperf))
+			return -3;
+
+		t->tsc = rdtsc();	/* re-read close to APERF */
+
+		tsc_before = t->tsc;
+
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_IA32_APERF, &t->aperf))
+			return -3;
+
+		tsc_between = rdtsc();
+
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_IA32_MPERF, &t->mperf))
+			return -4;
+
+		tsc_after = rdtsc();
+
+		aperf_time = tsc_between - tsc_before;
+		mperf_time = tsc_after - tsc_between;
+
+		/*
+		 * If the system call latency to read APERF and MPERF
+		 * differ by more than 2x, then try again.
+		 */
+		if ((aperf_time > (2 * mperf_time)) || (mperf_time > (2 * aperf_time))) {
+			aperf_mperf_retry_count++;
+			if (aperf_mperf_retry_count < 5)
+				goto retry;
+			else
+				warnx("cpu%d jitter %lld %lld",
+					cpu, aperf_time, mperf_time);
+		}
+		aperf_mperf_retry_count = 0;
+
+		t->aperf = t->aperf * aperf_mperf_multiplier;
+		t->mperf = t->mperf * aperf_mperf_multiplier;
+	}
+
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_IRQ))
+		t->irq_count = irqs_per_cpu[cpu];
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_SMI)) {
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_SMI_COUNT, &msr))
+			return -5;
+		t->smi_count = msr & 0xFFFFFFFF;
+	}
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU_c1) && use_c1_residency_msr) {
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_CORE_C1_RES, &t->c1))
+			return -6;
+	}
+
+	for (i = 0, mp = sys.tp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
+		if (get_mp(cpu, mp, &t->counter[i]))
+			return -10;
+	}
+
+	/* collect core counters only for 1st thread in core */
+	if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE))
+		goto done;
+
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU_c3) && !do_slm_cstates && !do_knl_cstates && !do_cnl_cstates) {
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_CORE_C3_RESIDENCY, &c->c3))
+			return -6;
+	}
+
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU_c6) && !do_knl_cstates) {
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_CORE_C6_RESIDENCY, &c->c6))
+			return -7;
+	} else if (do_knl_cstates) {
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_KNL_CORE_C6_RESIDENCY, &c->c6))
+			return -7;
+	}
+
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU_c7))
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_CORE_C7_RESIDENCY, &c->c7))
+			return -8;
+
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Mod_c6))
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_MODULE_C6_RES_MS, &c->mc6_us))
+			return -8;
+
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_CoreTmp)) {
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_IA32_THERM_STATUS, &msr))
+			return -9;
+		c->core_temp_c = tcc_activation_temp - ((msr >> 16) & 0x7F);
+	}
+
+	for (i = 0, mp = sys.cp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
+		if (get_mp(cpu, mp, &c->counter[i]))
+			return -10;
+	}
+
+	/* collect package counters only for 1st core in package */
+	if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE))
+		goto done;
+
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Totl_c0)) {
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_WEIGHTED_CORE_C0_RES, &p->pkg_wtd_core_c0))
+			return -10;
+	}
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Any_c0)) {
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_ANY_CORE_C0_RES, &p->pkg_any_core_c0))
+			return -11;
+	}
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFX_c0)) {
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_ANY_GFXE_C0_RES, &p->pkg_any_gfxe_c0))
+			return -12;
+	}
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPUGFX)) {
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_BOTH_CORE_GFXE_C0_RES, &p->pkg_both_core_gfxe_c0))
+			return -13;
+	}
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc3))
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_C3_RESIDENCY, &p->pc3))
+			return -9;
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc6)) {
+		if (do_slm_cstates) {
+			if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_ATOM_PKG_C6_RESIDENCY, &p->pc6))
+				return -10;
+		} else {
+			if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_C6_RESIDENCY, &p->pc6))
+				return -10;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc2))
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_C2_RESIDENCY, &p->pc2))
+			return -11;
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc7))
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_C7_RESIDENCY, &p->pc7))
+			return -12;
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc8))
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_C8_RESIDENCY, &p->pc8))
+			return -13;
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc9))
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_C9_RESIDENCY, &p->pc9))
+			return -13;
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc10))
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_C10_RESIDENCY, &p->pc10))
+			return -13;
+
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU_LPI))
+		p->cpu_lpi = cpuidle_cur_cpu_lpi_us;
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_SYS_LPI))
+		p->sys_lpi = cpuidle_cur_sys_lpi_us;
+
+	if (do_rapl & RAPL_PKG) {
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_ENERGY_STATUS, &msr))
+			return -13;
+		p->energy_pkg = msr & 0xFFFFFFFF;
+	}
+	if (do_rapl & RAPL_CORES_ENERGY_STATUS) {
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PP0_ENERGY_STATUS, &msr))
+			return -14;
+		p->energy_cores = msr & 0xFFFFFFFF;
+	}
+	if (do_rapl & RAPL_DRAM) {
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_DRAM_ENERGY_STATUS, &msr))
+			return -15;
+		p->energy_dram = msr & 0xFFFFFFFF;
+	}
+	if (do_rapl & RAPL_GFX) {
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PP1_ENERGY_STATUS, &msr))
+			return -16;
+		p->energy_gfx = msr & 0xFFFFFFFF;
+	}
+	if (do_rapl & RAPL_PKG_PERF_STATUS) {
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_PERF_STATUS, &msr))
+			return -16;
+		p->rapl_pkg_perf_status = msr & 0xFFFFFFFF;
+	}
+	if (do_rapl & RAPL_DRAM_PERF_STATUS) {
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_DRAM_PERF_STATUS, &msr))
+			return -16;
+		p->rapl_dram_perf_status = msr & 0xFFFFFFFF;
+	}
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_PkgTmp)) {
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_IA32_PACKAGE_THERM_STATUS, &msr))
+			return -17;
+		p->pkg_temp_c = tcc_activation_temp - ((msr >> 16) & 0x7F);
+	}
+
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFX_rc6))
+		p->gfx_rc6_ms = gfx_cur_rc6_ms;
+
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFXMHz))
+		p->gfx_mhz = gfx_cur_mhz;
+
+	for (i = 0, mp = sys.pp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
+		if (get_mp(cpu, mp, &p->counter[i]))
+			return -10;
+	}
+done:
+	gettimeofday(&t->tv_end, (struct timezone *)NULL);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * MSR_PKG_CST_CONFIG_CONTROL decoding for pkg_cstate_limit:
+ * If you change the values, note they are used both in comparisons
+ * (>= PCL__7) and to index pkg_cstate_limit_strings[].
+ */
+
+#define PCLUKN 0 /* Unknown */
+#define PCLRSV 1 /* Reserved */
+#define PCL__0 2 /* PC0 */
+#define PCL__1 3 /* PC1 */
+#define PCL__2 4 /* PC2 */
+#define PCL__3 5 /* PC3 */
+#define PCL__4 6 /* PC4 */
+#define PCL__6 7 /* PC6 */
+#define PCL_6N 8 /* PC6 No Retention */
+#define PCL_6R 9 /* PC6 Retention */
+#define PCL__7 10 /* PC7 */
+#define PCL_7S 11 /* PC7 Shrink */
+#define PCL__8 12 /* PC8 */
+#define PCL__9 13 /* PC9 */
+#define PCL_10 14 /* PC10 */
+#define PCLUNL 15 /* Unlimited */
+
+int pkg_cstate_limit = PCLUKN;
+char *pkg_cstate_limit_strings[] = { "reserved", "unknown", "pc0", "pc1", "pc2",
+	"pc3", "pc4", "pc6", "pc6n", "pc6r", "pc7", "pc7s", "pc8", "pc9", "pc10", "unlimited"};
+
+int nhm_pkg_cstate_limits[16] = {PCL__0, PCL__1, PCL__3, PCL__6, PCL__7, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLUNL, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV};
+int snb_pkg_cstate_limits[16] = {PCL__0, PCL__2, PCL_6N, PCL_6R, PCL__7, PCL_7S, PCLRSV, PCLUNL, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV};
+int hsw_pkg_cstate_limits[16] = {PCL__0, PCL__2, PCL__3, PCL__6, PCL__7, PCL_7S, PCL__8, PCL__9, PCLUNL, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV};
+int slv_pkg_cstate_limits[16] = {PCL__0, PCL__1, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCL__4, PCLRSV, PCL__6, PCL__7, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCL__6, PCL__7};
+int amt_pkg_cstate_limits[16] = {PCLUNL, PCL__1, PCL__2, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCL__6, PCL__7, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV};
+int phi_pkg_cstate_limits[16] = {PCL__0, PCL__2, PCL_6N, PCL_6R, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLUNL, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV};
+int glm_pkg_cstate_limits[16] = {PCLUNL, PCL__1, PCL__3, PCL__6, PCL__7, PCL_7S, PCL__8, PCL__9, PCL_10, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV};
+int skx_pkg_cstate_limits[16] = {PCL__0, PCL__2, PCL_6N, PCL_6R, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLUNL, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV};
+
+
+static void
+calculate_tsc_tweak()
+{
+	tsc_tweak = base_hz / tsc_hz;
+}
+
+static void
+dump_nhm_platform_info(void)
+{
+	unsigned long long msr;
+	unsigned int ratio;
+
+	get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_PLATFORM_INFO, &msr);
+
+	fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_PLATFORM_INFO: 0x%08llx\n", base_cpu, msr);
+
+	ratio = (msr >> 40) & 0xFF;
+	fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max efficiency frequency\n",
+		ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
+
+	ratio = (msr >> 8) & 0xFF;
+	fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz base frequency\n",
+		ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
+
+	get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_IA32_POWER_CTL, &msr);
+	fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_IA32_POWER_CTL: 0x%08llx (C1E auto-promotion: %sabled)\n",
+		base_cpu, msr, msr & 0x2 ? "EN" : "DIS");
+
+	return;
+}
+
+static void
+dump_hsw_turbo_ratio_limits(void)
+{
+	unsigned long long msr;
+	unsigned int ratio;
+
+	get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT2, &msr);
+
+	fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT2: 0x%08llx\n", base_cpu, msr);
+
+	ratio = (msr >> 8) & 0xFF;
+	if (ratio)
+		fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo 18 active cores\n",
+			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
+
+	ratio = (msr >> 0) & 0xFF;
+	if (ratio)
+		fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo 17 active cores\n",
+			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
+	return;
+}
+
+static void
+dump_ivt_turbo_ratio_limits(void)
+{
+	unsigned long long msr;
+	unsigned int ratio;
+
+	get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT1, &msr);
+
+	fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT1: 0x%08llx\n", base_cpu, msr);
+
+	ratio = (msr >> 56) & 0xFF;
+	if (ratio)
+		fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo 16 active cores\n",
+			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
+
+	ratio = (msr >> 48) & 0xFF;
+	if (ratio)
+		fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo 15 active cores\n",
+			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
+
+	ratio = (msr >> 40) & 0xFF;
+	if (ratio)
+		fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo 14 active cores\n",
+			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
+
+	ratio = (msr >> 32) & 0xFF;
+	if (ratio)
+		fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo 13 active cores\n",
+			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
+
+	ratio = (msr >> 24) & 0xFF;
+	if (ratio)
+		fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo 12 active cores\n",
+			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
+
+	ratio = (msr >> 16) & 0xFF;
+	if (ratio)
+		fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo 11 active cores\n",
+			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
+
+	ratio = (msr >> 8) & 0xFF;
+	if (ratio)
+		fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo 10 active cores\n",
+			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
+
+	ratio = (msr >> 0) & 0xFF;
+	if (ratio)
+		fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo 9 active cores\n",
+			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
+	return;
+}
+int has_turbo_ratio_group_limits(int family, int model)
+{
+
+	if (!genuine_intel)
+		return 0;
+
+	switch (model) {
+	case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_GOLDMONT:
+	case INTEL_FAM6_SKYLAKE_X:
+	case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_GOLDMONT_X:
+		return 1;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static void
+dump_turbo_ratio_limits(int family, int model)
+{
+	unsigned long long msr, core_counts;
+	unsigned int ratio, group_size;
+
+	get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT, &msr);
+	fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT: 0x%08llx\n", base_cpu, msr);
+
+	if (has_turbo_ratio_group_limits(family, model)) {
+		get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT1, &core_counts);
+		fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT1: 0x%08llx\n", base_cpu, core_counts);
+	} else {
+		core_counts = 0x0807060504030201;
+	}
+
+	ratio = (msr >> 56) & 0xFF;
+	group_size = (core_counts >> 56) & 0xFF;
+	if (ratio)
+		fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo %d active cores\n",
+			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk, group_size);
+
+	ratio = (msr >> 48) & 0xFF;
+	group_size = (core_counts >> 48) & 0xFF;
+	if (ratio)
+		fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo %d active cores\n",
+			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk, group_size);
+
+	ratio = (msr >> 40) & 0xFF;
+	group_size = (core_counts >> 40) & 0xFF;
+	if (ratio)
+		fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo %d active cores\n",
+			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk, group_size);
+
+	ratio = (msr >> 32) & 0xFF;
+	group_size = (core_counts >> 32) & 0xFF;
+	if (ratio)
+		fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo %d active cores\n",
+			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk, group_size);
+
+	ratio = (msr >> 24) & 0xFF;
+	group_size = (core_counts >> 24) & 0xFF;
+	if (ratio)
+		fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo %d active cores\n",
+			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk, group_size);
+
+	ratio = (msr >> 16) & 0xFF;
+	group_size = (core_counts >> 16) & 0xFF;
+	if (ratio)
+		fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo %d active cores\n",
+			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk, group_size);
+
+	ratio = (msr >> 8) & 0xFF;
+	group_size = (core_counts >> 8) & 0xFF;
+	if (ratio)
+		fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo %d active cores\n",
+			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk, group_size);
+
+	ratio = (msr >> 0) & 0xFF;
+	group_size = (core_counts >> 0) & 0xFF;
+	if (ratio)
+		fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo %d active cores\n",
+			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk, group_size);
+	return;
+}
+
+static void
+dump_atom_turbo_ratio_limits(void)
+{
+	unsigned long long msr;
+	unsigned int ratio;
+
+	get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_ATOM_CORE_RATIOS, &msr);
+	fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_ATOM_CORE_RATIOS: 0x%08llx\n", base_cpu, msr & 0xFFFFFFFF);
+
+	ratio = (msr >> 0) & 0x3F;
+	if (ratio)
+		fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz minimum operating frequency\n",
+			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
+
+	ratio = (msr >> 8) & 0x3F;
+	if (ratio)
+		fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz low frequency mode (LFM)\n",
+			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
+
+	ratio = (msr >> 16) & 0x3F;
+	if (ratio)
+		fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz base frequency\n",
+			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
+
+	get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_ATOM_CORE_TURBO_RATIOS, &msr);
+	fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_ATOM_CORE_TURBO_RATIOS: 0x%08llx\n", base_cpu, msr & 0xFFFFFFFF);
+
+	ratio = (msr >> 24) & 0x3F;
+	if (ratio)
+		fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo 4 active cores\n",
+			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
+
+	ratio = (msr >> 16) & 0x3F;
+	if (ratio)
+		fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo 3 active cores\n",
+			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
+
+	ratio = (msr >> 8) & 0x3F;
+	if (ratio)
+		fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo 2 active cores\n",
+			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
+
+	ratio = (msr >> 0) & 0x3F;
+	if (ratio)
+		fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo 1 active core\n",
+			ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
+}
+
+static void
+dump_knl_turbo_ratio_limits(void)
+{
+	const unsigned int buckets_no = 7;
+
+	unsigned long long msr;
+	int delta_cores, delta_ratio;
+	int i, b_nr;
+	unsigned int cores[buckets_no];
+	unsigned int ratio[buckets_no];
+
+	get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT, &msr);
+
+	fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT: 0x%08llx\n",
+		base_cpu, msr);
+
+	/**
+	 * Turbo encoding in KNL is as follows:
+	 * [0] -- Reserved
+	 * [7:1] -- Base value of number of active cores of bucket 1.
+	 * [15:8] -- Base value of freq ratio of bucket 1.
+	 * [20:16] -- +ve delta of number of active cores of bucket 2.
+	 * i.e. active cores of bucket 2 =
+	 * active cores of bucket 1 + delta
+	 * [23:21] -- Negative delta of freq ratio of bucket 2.
+	 * i.e. freq ratio of bucket 2 =
+	 * freq ratio of bucket 1 - delta
+	 * [28:24]-- +ve delta of number of active cores of bucket 3.
+	 * [31:29]-- -ve delta of freq ratio of bucket 3.
+	 * [36:32]-- +ve delta of number of active cores of bucket 4.
+	 * [39:37]-- -ve delta of freq ratio of bucket 4.
+	 * [44:40]-- +ve delta of number of active cores of bucket 5.
+	 * [47:45]-- -ve delta of freq ratio of bucket 5.
+	 * [52:48]-- +ve delta of number of active cores of bucket 6.
+	 * [55:53]-- -ve delta of freq ratio of bucket 6.
+	 * [60:56]-- +ve delta of number of active cores of bucket 7.
+	 * [63:61]-- -ve delta of freq ratio of bucket 7.
+	 */
+
+	b_nr = 0;
+	cores[b_nr] = (msr & 0xFF) >> 1;
+	ratio[b_nr] = (msr >> 8) & 0xFF;
+
+	for (i = 16; i < 64; i += 8) {
+		delta_cores = (msr >> i) & 0x1F;
+		delta_ratio = (msr >> (i + 5)) & 0x7;
+
+		cores[b_nr + 1] = cores[b_nr] + delta_cores;
+		ratio[b_nr + 1] = ratio[b_nr] - delta_ratio;
+		b_nr++;
+	}
+
+	for (i = buckets_no - 1; i >= 0; i--)
+		if (i > 0 ? ratio[i] != ratio[i - 1] : 1)
+			fprintf(outf,
+				"%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo %d active cores\n",
+				ratio[i], bclk, ratio[i] * bclk, cores[i]);
+}
+
+static void
+dump_nhm_cst_cfg(void)
+{
+	unsigned long long msr;
+
+	get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_PKG_CST_CONFIG_CONTROL, &msr);
+
+	fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_PKG_CST_CONFIG_CONTROL: 0x%08llx", base_cpu, msr);
+
+	fprintf(outf, " (%s%s%s%s%slocked, pkg-cstate-limit=%d (%s)",
+		(msr & SNB_C3_AUTO_UNDEMOTE) ? "UNdemote-C3, " : "",
+		(msr & SNB_C1_AUTO_UNDEMOTE) ? "UNdemote-C1, " : "",
+		(msr & NHM_C3_AUTO_DEMOTE) ? "demote-C3, " : "",
+		(msr & NHM_C1_AUTO_DEMOTE) ? "demote-C1, " : "",
+		(msr & (1 << 15)) ? "" : "UN",
+		(unsigned int)msr & 0xF,
+		pkg_cstate_limit_strings[pkg_cstate_limit]);
+
+#define AUTOMATIC_CSTATE_CONVERSION		(1UL << 16)
+	if (has_automatic_cstate_conversion) {
+		fprintf(outf, ", automatic c-state conversion=%s",
+			(msr & AUTOMATIC_CSTATE_CONVERSION) ? "on" : "off");
+	}
+
+	fprintf(outf, ")\n");
+
+	return;
+}
+
+static void
+dump_config_tdp(void)
+{
+	unsigned long long msr;
+
+	get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_CONFIG_TDP_NOMINAL, &msr);
+	fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_CONFIG_TDP_NOMINAL: 0x%08llx", base_cpu, msr);
+	fprintf(outf, " (base_ratio=%d)\n", (unsigned int)msr & 0xFF);
+
+	get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_CONFIG_TDP_LEVEL_1, &msr);
+	fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_CONFIG_TDP_LEVEL_1: 0x%08llx (", base_cpu, msr);
+	if (msr) {
+		fprintf(outf, "PKG_MIN_PWR_LVL1=%d ", (unsigned int)(msr >> 48) & 0x7FFF);
+		fprintf(outf, "PKG_MAX_PWR_LVL1=%d ", (unsigned int)(msr >> 32) & 0x7FFF);
+		fprintf(outf, "LVL1_RATIO=%d ", (unsigned int)(msr >> 16) & 0xFF);
+		fprintf(outf, "PKG_TDP_LVL1=%d", (unsigned int)(msr) & 0x7FFF);
+	}
+	fprintf(outf, ")\n");
+
+	get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_CONFIG_TDP_LEVEL_2, &msr);
+	fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_CONFIG_TDP_LEVEL_2: 0x%08llx (", base_cpu, msr);
+	if (msr) {
+		fprintf(outf, "PKG_MIN_PWR_LVL2=%d ", (unsigned int)(msr >> 48) & 0x7FFF);
+		fprintf(outf, "PKG_MAX_PWR_LVL2=%d ", (unsigned int)(msr >> 32) & 0x7FFF);
+		fprintf(outf, "LVL2_RATIO=%d ", (unsigned int)(msr >> 16) & 0xFF);
+		fprintf(outf, "PKG_TDP_LVL2=%d", (unsigned int)(msr) & 0x7FFF);
+	}
+	fprintf(outf, ")\n");
+
+	get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_CONFIG_TDP_CONTROL, &msr);
+	fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_CONFIG_TDP_CONTROL: 0x%08llx (", base_cpu, msr);
+	if ((msr) & 0x3)
+		fprintf(outf, "TDP_LEVEL=%d ", (unsigned int)(msr) & 0x3);
+	fprintf(outf, " lock=%d", (unsigned int)(msr >> 31) & 1);
+	fprintf(outf, ")\n");
+
+	get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_TURBO_ACTIVATION_RATIO, &msr);
+	fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_TURBO_ACTIVATION_RATIO: 0x%08llx (", base_cpu, msr);
+	fprintf(outf, "MAX_NON_TURBO_RATIO=%d", (unsigned int)(msr) & 0xFF);
+	fprintf(outf, " lock=%d", (unsigned int)(msr >> 31) & 1);
+	fprintf(outf, ")\n");
+}
+
+unsigned int irtl_time_units[] = {1, 32, 1024, 32768, 1048576, 33554432, 0, 0 };
+
+void print_irtl(void)
+{
+	unsigned long long msr;
+
+	get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_PKGC3_IRTL, &msr);
+	fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_PKGC3_IRTL: 0x%08llx (", base_cpu, msr);
+	fprintf(outf, "%svalid, %lld ns)\n", msr & (1 << 15) ? "" : "NOT",
+		(msr & 0x3FF) * irtl_time_units[(msr >> 10) & 0x3]);
+
+	get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_PKGC6_IRTL, &msr);
+	fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_PKGC6_IRTL: 0x%08llx (", base_cpu, msr);
+	fprintf(outf, "%svalid, %lld ns)\n", msr & (1 << 15) ? "" : "NOT",
+		(msr & 0x3FF) * irtl_time_units[(msr >> 10) & 0x3]);
+
+	get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_PKGC7_IRTL, &msr);
+	fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_PKGC7_IRTL: 0x%08llx (", base_cpu, msr);
+	fprintf(outf, "%svalid, %lld ns)\n", msr & (1 << 15) ? "" : "NOT",
+		(msr & 0x3FF) * irtl_time_units[(msr >> 10) & 0x3]);
+
+	if (!do_irtl_hsw)
+		return;
+
+	get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_PKGC8_IRTL, &msr);
+	fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_PKGC8_IRTL: 0x%08llx (", base_cpu, msr);
+	fprintf(outf, "%svalid, %lld ns)\n", msr & (1 << 15) ? "" : "NOT",
+		(msr & 0x3FF) * irtl_time_units[(msr >> 10) & 0x3]);
+
+	get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_PKGC9_IRTL, &msr);
+	fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_PKGC9_IRTL: 0x%08llx (", base_cpu, msr);
+	fprintf(outf, "%svalid, %lld ns)\n", msr & (1 << 15) ? "" : "NOT",
+		(msr & 0x3FF) * irtl_time_units[(msr >> 10) & 0x3]);
+
+	get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_PKGC10_IRTL, &msr);
+	fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_PKGC10_IRTL: 0x%08llx (", base_cpu, msr);
+	fprintf(outf, "%svalid, %lld ns)\n", msr & (1 << 15) ? "" : "NOT",
+		(msr & 0x3FF) * irtl_time_units[(msr >> 10) & 0x3]);
+
+}
+void free_fd_percpu(void)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < topo.max_cpu_num + 1; ++i) {
+		if (fd_percpu[i] != 0)
+			close(fd_percpu[i]);
+	}
+
+	free(fd_percpu);
+}
+
+void free_all_buffers(void)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	CPU_FREE(cpu_present_set);
+	cpu_present_set = NULL;
+	cpu_present_setsize = 0;
+
+	CPU_FREE(cpu_affinity_set);
+	cpu_affinity_set = NULL;
+	cpu_affinity_setsize = 0;
+
+	free(thread_even);
+	free(core_even);
+	free(package_even);
+
+	thread_even = NULL;
+	core_even = NULL;
+	package_even = NULL;
+
+	free(thread_odd);
+	free(core_odd);
+	free(package_odd);
+
+	thread_odd = NULL;
+	core_odd = NULL;
+	package_odd = NULL;
+
+	free(output_buffer);
+	output_buffer = NULL;
+	outp = NULL;
+
+	free_fd_percpu();
+
+	free(irq_column_2_cpu);
+	free(irqs_per_cpu);
+
+	for (i = 0; i <= topo.max_cpu_num; ++i) {
+		if (cpus[i].put_ids)
+			CPU_FREE(cpus[i].put_ids);
+	}
+	free(cpus);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Parse a file containing a single int.
+ */
+int parse_int_file(const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+	va_list args;
+	char path[PATH_MAX];
+	FILE *filep;
+	int value;
+
+	va_start(args, fmt);
+	vsnprintf(path, sizeof(path), fmt, args);
+	va_end(args);
+	filep = fopen_or_die(path, "r");
+	if (fscanf(filep, "%d", &value) != 1)
+		err(1, "%s: failed to parse number from file", path);
+	fclose(filep);
+	return value;
+}
+
+/*
+ * cpu_is_first_core_in_package(cpu)
+ * return 1 if given CPU is 1st core in package
+ */
+int cpu_is_first_core_in_package(int cpu)
+{
+	return cpu == parse_int_file("/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu%d/topology/core_siblings_list", cpu);
+}
+
+int get_physical_package_id(int cpu)
+{
+	return parse_int_file("/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu%d/topology/physical_package_id", cpu);
+}
+
+int get_core_id(int cpu)
+{
+	return parse_int_file("/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu%d/topology/core_id", cpu);
+}
+
+void set_node_data(void)
+{
+	int pkg, node, lnode, cpu, cpux;
+	int cpu_count;
+
+	/* initialize logical_node_id */
+	for (cpu = 0; cpu <= topo.max_cpu_num; ++cpu)
+		cpus[cpu].logical_node_id = -1;
+
+	cpu_count = 0;
+	for (pkg = 0; pkg < topo.num_packages; pkg++) {
+		lnode = 0;
+		for (cpu = 0; cpu <= topo.max_cpu_num; ++cpu) {
+			if (cpus[cpu].physical_package_id != pkg)
+				continue;
+			/* find a cpu with an unset logical_node_id */
+			if (cpus[cpu].logical_node_id != -1)
+				continue;
+			cpus[cpu].logical_node_id = lnode;
+			node = cpus[cpu].physical_node_id;
+			cpu_count++;
+			/*
+			 * find all matching cpus on this pkg and set
+			 * the logical_node_id
+			 */
+			for (cpux = cpu; cpux <= topo.max_cpu_num; cpux++) {
+				if ((cpus[cpux].physical_package_id == pkg) &&
+				   (cpus[cpux].physical_node_id == node)) {
+					cpus[cpux].logical_node_id = lnode;
+					cpu_count++;
+				}
+			}
+			lnode++;
+			if (lnode > topo.nodes_per_pkg)
+				topo.nodes_per_pkg = lnode;
+		}
+		if (cpu_count >= topo.max_cpu_num)
+			break;
+	}
+}
+
+int get_physical_node_id(struct cpu_topology *thiscpu)
+{
+	char path[80];
+	FILE *filep;
+	int i;
+	int cpu = thiscpu->logical_cpu_id;
+
+	for (i = 0; i <= topo.max_cpu_num; i++) {
+		sprintf(path, "/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu%d/node%i/cpulist",
+			cpu, i);
+		filep = fopen(path, "r");
+		if (!filep)
+			continue;
+		fclose(filep);
+		return i;
+	}
+	return -1;
+}
+
+int get_thread_siblings(struct cpu_topology *thiscpu)
+{
+	char path[80], character;
+	FILE *filep;
+	unsigned long map;
+	int so, shift, sib_core;
+	int cpu = thiscpu->logical_cpu_id;
+	int offset = topo.max_cpu_num + 1;
+	size_t size;
+	int thread_id = 0;
+
+	thiscpu->put_ids = CPU_ALLOC((topo.max_cpu_num + 1));
+	if (thiscpu->thread_id < 0)
+		thiscpu->thread_id = thread_id++;
+	if (!thiscpu->put_ids)
+		return -1;
+
+	size = CPU_ALLOC_SIZE((topo.max_cpu_num + 1));
+	CPU_ZERO_S(size, thiscpu->put_ids);
+
+	sprintf(path,
+		"/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu%d/topology/thread_siblings", cpu);
+	filep = fopen_or_die(path, "r");
+	do {
+		offset -= BITMASK_SIZE;
+		fscanf(filep, "%lx%c", &map, &character);
+		for (shift = 0; shift < BITMASK_SIZE; shift++) {
+			if ((map >> shift) & 0x1) {
+				so = shift + offset;
+				sib_core = get_core_id(so);
+				if (sib_core == thiscpu->physical_core_id) {
+					CPU_SET_S(so, size, thiscpu->put_ids);
+					if ((so != cpu) &&
+					    (cpus[so].thread_id < 0))
+						cpus[so].thread_id =
+								    thread_id++;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	} while (!strncmp(&character, ",", 1));
+	fclose(filep);
+
+	return CPU_COUNT_S(size, thiscpu->put_ids);
+}
+
+/*
+ * run func(thread, core, package) in topology order
+ * skip non-present cpus
+ */
+
+int for_all_cpus_2(int (func)(struct thread_data *, struct core_data *,
+	struct pkg_data *, struct thread_data *, struct core_data *,
+	struct pkg_data *), struct thread_data *thread_base,
+	struct core_data *core_base, struct pkg_data *pkg_base,
+	struct thread_data *thread_base2, struct core_data *core_base2,
+	struct pkg_data *pkg_base2)
+{
+	int retval, pkg_no, node_no, core_no, thread_no;
+
+	for (pkg_no = 0; pkg_no < topo.num_packages; ++pkg_no) {
+		for (node_no = 0; node_no < topo.nodes_per_pkg; ++node_no) {
+			for (core_no = 0; core_no < topo.cores_per_node;
+			     ++core_no) {
+				for (thread_no = 0; thread_no <
+					topo.threads_per_core; ++thread_no) {
+					struct thread_data *t, *t2;
+					struct core_data *c, *c2;
+					struct pkg_data *p, *p2;
+
+					t = GET_THREAD(thread_base, thread_no,
+						       core_no, node_no,
+						       pkg_no);
+
+					if (cpu_is_not_present(t->cpu_id))
+						continue;
+
+					t2 = GET_THREAD(thread_base2, thread_no,
+							core_no, node_no,
+							pkg_no);
+
+					c = GET_CORE(core_base, core_no,
+						     node_no, pkg_no);
+					c2 = GET_CORE(core_base2, core_no,
+						      node_no,
+						      pkg_no);
+
+					p = GET_PKG(pkg_base, pkg_no);
+					p2 = GET_PKG(pkg_base2, pkg_no);
+
+					retval = func(t, c, p, t2, c2, p2);
+					if (retval)
+						return retval;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * run func(cpu) on every cpu in /proc/stat
+ * return max_cpu number
+ */
+int for_all_proc_cpus(int (func)(int))
+{
+	FILE *fp;
+	int cpu_num;
+	int retval;
+
+	fp = fopen_or_die(proc_stat, "r");
+
+	retval = fscanf(fp, "cpu %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d\n");
+	if (retval != 0)
+		err(1, "%s: failed to parse format", proc_stat);
+
+	while (1) {
+		retval = fscanf(fp, "cpu%u %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d\n", &cpu_num);
+		if (retval != 1)
+			break;
+
+		retval = func(cpu_num);
+		if (retval) {
+			fclose(fp);
+			return(retval);
+		}
+	}
+	fclose(fp);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void re_initialize(void)
+{
+	free_all_buffers();
+	setup_all_buffers();
+	printf("turbostat: re-initialized with num_cpus %d\n", topo.num_cpus);
+}
+
+void set_max_cpu_num(void)
+{
+	FILE *filep;
+	unsigned long dummy;
+
+	topo.max_cpu_num = 0;
+	filep = fopen_or_die(
+			"/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/topology/thread_siblings",
+			"r");
+	while (fscanf(filep, "%lx,", &dummy) == 1)
+		topo.max_cpu_num += BITMASK_SIZE;
+	fclose(filep);
+	topo.max_cpu_num--; /* 0 based */
+}
+
+/*
+ * count_cpus()
+ * remember the last one seen, it will be the max
+ */
+int count_cpus(int cpu)
+{
+	topo.num_cpus++;
+	return 0;
+}
+int mark_cpu_present(int cpu)
+{
+	CPU_SET_S(cpu, cpu_present_setsize, cpu_present_set);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int init_thread_id(int cpu)
+{
+	cpus[cpu].thread_id = -1;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * snapshot_proc_interrupts()
+ *
+ * read and record summary of /proc/interrupts
+ *
+ * return 1 if config change requires a restart, else return 0
+ */
+int snapshot_proc_interrupts(void)
+{
+	static FILE *fp;
+	int column, retval;
+
+	if (fp == NULL)
+		fp = fopen_or_die("/proc/interrupts", "r");
+	else
+		rewind(fp);
+
+	/* read 1st line of /proc/interrupts to get cpu* name for each column */
+	for (column = 0; column < topo.num_cpus; ++column) {
+		int cpu_number;
+
+		retval = fscanf(fp, " CPU%d", &cpu_number);
+		if (retval != 1)
+			break;
+
+		if (cpu_number > topo.max_cpu_num) {
+			warn("/proc/interrupts: cpu%d: > %d", cpu_number, topo.max_cpu_num);
+			return 1;
+		}
+
+		irq_column_2_cpu[column] = cpu_number;
+		irqs_per_cpu[cpu_number] = 0;
+	}
+
+	/* read /proc/interrupt count lines and sum up irqs per cpu */
+	while (1) {
+		int column;
+		char buf[64];
+
+		retval = fscanf(fp, " %s:", buf);	/* flush irq# "N:" */
+		if (retval != 1)
+			break;
+
+		/* read the count per cpu */
+		for (column = 0; column < topo.num_cpus; ++column) {
+
+			int cpu_number, irq_count;
+
+			retval = fscanf(fp, " %d", &irq_count);
+			if (retval != 1)
+				break;
+
+			cpu_number = irq_column_2_cpu[column];
+			irqs_per_cpu[cpu_number] += irq_count;
+
+		}
+
+		while (getc(fp) != '\n')
+			;	/* flush interrupt description */
+
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+/*
+ * snapshot_gfx_rc6_ms()
+ *
+ * record snapshot of
+ * /sys/class/drm/card0/power/rc6_residency_ms
+ *
+ * return 1 if config change requires a restart, else return 0
+ */
+int snapshot_gfx_rc6_ms(void)
+{
+	FILE *fp;
+	int retval;
+
+	fp = fopen_or_die("/sys/class/drm/card0/power/rc6_residency_ms", "r");
+
+	retval = fscanf(fp, "%lld", &gfx_cur_rc6_ms);
+	if (retval != 1)
+		err(1, "GFX rc6");
+
+	fclose(fp);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+/*
+ * snapshot_gfx_mhz()
+ *
+ * record snapshot of
+ * /sys/class/graphics/fb0/device/drm/card0/gt_cur_freq_mhz
+ *
+ * return 1 if config change requires a restart, else return 0
+ */
+int snapshot_gfx_mhz(void)
+{
+	static FILE *fp;
+	int retval;
+
+	if (fp == NULL)
+		fp = fopen_or_die("/sys/class/graphics/fb0/device/drm/card0/gt_cur_freq_mhz", "r");
+	else {
+		rewind(fp);
+		fflush(fp);
+	}
+
+	retval = fscanf(fp, "%d", &gfx_cur_mhz);
+	if (retval != 1)
+		err(1, "GFX MHz");
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * snapshot_cpu_lpi()
+ *
+ * record snapshot of
+ * /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpuidle/low_power_idle_cpu_residency_us
+ */
+int snapshot_cpu_lpi_us(void)
+{
+	FILE *fp;
+	int retval;
+
+	fp = fopen_or_die("/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpuidle/low_power_idle_cpu_residency_us", "r");
+
+	retval = fscanf(fp, "%lld", &cpuidle_cur_cpu_lpi_us);
+	if (retval != 1)
+		err(1, "CPU LPI");
+
+	fclose(fp);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+/*
+ * snapshot_sys_lpi()
+ *
+ * record snapshot of sys_lpi_file
+ */
+int snapshot_sys_lpi_us(void)
+{
+	FILE *fp;
+	int retval;
+
+	fp = fopen_or_die(sys_lpi_file, "r");
+
+	retval = fscanf(fp, "%lld", &cpuidle_cur_sys_lpi_us);
+	if (retval != 1)
+		err(1, "SYS LPI");
+
+	fclose(fp);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+/*
+ * snapshot /proc and /sys files
+ *
+ * return 1 if configuration restart needed, else return 0
+ */
+int snapshot_proc_sysfs_files(void)
+{
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_IRQ))
+		if (snapshot_proc_interrupts())
+			return 1;
+
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFX_rc6))
+		snapshot_gfx_rc6_ms();
+
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFXMHz))
+		snapshot_gfx_mhz();
+
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU_LPI))
+		snapshot_cpu_lpi_us();
+
+	if (DO_BIC(BIC_SYS_LPI))
+		snapshot_sys_lpi_us();
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int exit_requested;
+
+static void signal_handler (int signal)
+{
+	switch (signal) {
+	case SIGINT:
+		exit_requested = 1;
+		if (debug)
+			fprintf(stderr, " SIGINT\n");
+		break;
+	case SIGUSR1:
+		if (debug > 1)
+			fprintf(stderr, "SIGUSR1\n");
+		break;
+	}
+	/* make sure this manually-invoked interval is at least 1ms long */
+	nanosleep(&one_msec, NULL);
+}
+
+void setup_signal_handler(void)
+{
+	struct sigaction sa;
+
+	memset(&sa, 0, sizeof(sa));
+
+	sa.sa_handler = &signal_handler;
+
+	if (sigaction(SIGINT, &sa, NULL) < 0)
+		err(1, "sigaction SIGINT");
+	if (sigaction(SIGUSR1, &sa, NULL) < 0)
+		err(1, "sigaction SIGUSR1");
+}
+
+void do_sleep(void)
+{
+	struct timeval select_timeout;
+	fd_set readfds;
+	int retval;
+
+	FD_ZERO(&readfds);
+	FD_SET(0, &readfds);
+
+	if (!isatty(fileno(stdin))) {
+		nanosleep(&interval_ts, NULL);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	select_timeout = interval_tv;
+	retval = select(1, &readfds, NULL, NULL, &select_timeout);
+
+	if (retval == 1) {
+		switch (getc(stdin)) {
+		case 'q':
+			exit_requested = 1;
+			break;
+		}
+		/* make sure this manually-invoked interval is at least 1ms long */
+		nanosleep(&one_msec, NULL);
+	}
+}
+
+
+void turbostat_loop()
+{
+	int retval;
+	int restarted = 0;
+	int done_iters = 0;
+
+	setup_signal_handler();
+
+restart:
+	restarted++;
+
+	snapshot_proc_sysfs_files();
+	retval = for_all_cpus(get_counters, EVEN_COUNTERS);
+	first_counter_read = 0;
+	if (retval < -1) {
+		exit(retval);
+	} else if (retval == -1) {
+		if (restarted > 1) {
+			exit(retval);
+		}
+		re_initialize();
+		goto restart;
+	}
+	restarted = 0;
+	done_iters = 0;
+	gettimeofday(&tv_even, (struct timezone *)NULL);
+
+	while (1) {
+		if (for_all_proc_cpus(cpu_is_not_present)) {
+			re_initialize();
+			goto restart;
+		}
+		do_sleep();
+		if (snapshot_proc_sysfs_files())
+			goto restart;
+		retval = for_all_cpus(get_counters, ODD_COUNTERS);
+		if (retval < -1) {
+			exit(retval);
+		} else if (retval == -1) {
+			re_initialize();
+			goto restart;
+		}
+		gettimeofday(&tv_odd, (struct timezone *)NULL);
+		timersub(&tv_odd, &tv_even, &tv_delta);
+		if (for_all_cpus_2(delta_cpu, ODD_COUNTERS, EVEN_COUNTERS)) {
+			re_initialize();
+			goto restart;
+		}
+		compute_average(EVEN_COUNTERS);
+		format_all_counters(EVEN_COUNTERS);
+		flush_output_stdout();
+		if (exit_requested)
+			break;
+		if (num_iterations && ++done_iters >= num_iterations)
+			break;
+		do_sleep();
+		if (snapshot_proc_sysfs_files())
+			goto restart;
+		retval = for_all_cpus(get_counters, EVEN_COUNTERS);
+		if (retval < -1) {
+			exit(retval);
+		} else if (retval == -1) {
+			re_initialize();
+			goto restart;
+		}
+		gettimeofday(&tv_even, (struct timezone *)NULL);
+		timersub(&tv_even, &tv_odd, &tv_delta);
+		if (for_all_cpus_2(delta_cpu, EVEN_COUNTERS, ODD_COUNTERS)) {
+			re_initialize();
+			goto restart;
+		}
+		compute_average(ODD_COUNTERS);
+		format_all_counters(ODD_COUNTERS);
+		flush_output_stdout();
+		if (exit_requested)
+			break;
+		if (num_iterations && ++done_iters >= num_iterations)
+			break;
+	}
+}
+
+void check_dev_msr()
+{
+	struct stat sb;
+	char pathname[32];
+
+	sprintf(pathname, "/dev/cpu/%d/msr", base_cpu);
+	if (stat(pathname, &sb))
+ 		if (system("/sbin/modprobe msr > /dev/null 2>&1"))
+			err(-5, "no /dev/cpu/0/msr, Try \"# modprobe msr\" ");
+}
+
+void check_permissions()
+{
+	struct __user_cap_header_struct cap_header_data;
+	cap_user_header_t cap_header = &cap_header_data;
+	struct __user_cap_data_struct cap_data_data;
+	cap_user_data_t cap_data = &cap_data_data;
+	extern int capget(cap_user_header_t hdrp, cap_user_data_t datap);
+	int do_exit = 0;
+	char pathname[32];
+
+	/* check for CAP_SYS_RAWIO */
+	cap_header->pid = getpid();
+	cap_header->version = _LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION;
+	if (capget(cap_header, cap_data) < 0)
+		err(-6, "capget(2) failed");
+
+	if ((cap_data->effective & (1 << CAP_SYS_RAWIO)) == 0) {
+		do_exit++;
+		warnx("capget(CAP_SYS_RAWIO) failed,"
+			" try \"# setcap cap_sys_rawio=ep %s\"", progname);
+	}
+
+	/* test file permissions */
+	sprintf(pathname, "/dev/cpu/%d/msr", base_cpu);
+	if (euidaccess(pathname, R_OK)) {
+		do_exit++;
+		warn("/dev/cpu/0/msr open failed, try chown or chmod +r /dev/cpu/*/msr");
+	}
+
+	/* if all else fails, thell them to be root */
+	if (do_exit)
+		if (getuid() != 0)
+			warnx("... or simply run as root");
+
+	if (do_exit)
+		exit(-6);
+}
+
+/*
+ * NHM adds support for additional MSRs:
+ *
+ * MSR_SMI_COUNT                   0x00000034
+ *
+ * MSR_PLATFORM_INFO               0x000000ce
+ * MSR_PKG_CST_CONFIG_CONTROL     0x000000e2
+ *
+ * MSR_MISC_PWR_MGMT               0x000001aa
+ *
+ * MSR_PKG_C3_RESIDENCY            0x000003f8
+ * MSR_PKG_C6_RESIDENCY            0x000003f9
+ * MSR_CORE_C3_RESIDENCY           0x000003fc
+ * MSR_CORE_C6_RESIDENCY           0x000003fd
+ *
+ * Side effect:
+ * sets global pkg_cstate_limit to decode MSR_PKG_CST_CONFIG_CONTROL
+ * sets has_misc_feature_control
+ */
+int probe_nhm_msrs(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
+{
+	unsigned long long msr;
+	unsigned int base_ratio;
+	int *pkg_cstate_limits;
+
+	if (!genuine_intel)
+		return 0;
+
+	if (family != 6)
+		return 0;
+
+	bclk = discover_bclk(family, model);
+
+	switch (model) {
+	case INTEL_FAM6_NEHALEM_EP:	/* Core i7, Xeon 5500 series - Bloomfield, Gainstown NHM-EP */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_NEHALEM:	/* Core i7 and i5 Processor - Clarksfield, Lynnfield, Jasper Forest */
+	case 0x1F:	/* Core i7 and i5 Processor - Nehalem */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_WESTMERE:	/* Westmere Client - Clarkdale, Arrandale */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_WESTMERE_EP:	/* Westmere EP - Gulftown */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_NEHALEM_EX:	/* Nehalem-EX Xeon - Beckton */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_WESTMERE_EX:	/* Westmere-EX Xeon - Eagleton */
+		pkg_cstate_limits = nhm_pkg_cstate_limits;
+		break;
+	case INTEL_FAM6_SANDYBRIDGE:	/* SNB */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_SANDYBRIDGE_X:	/* SNB Xeon */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_IVYBRIDGE:	/* IVB */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_IVYBRIDGE_X:	/* IVB Xeon */
+		pkg_cstate_limits = snb_pkg_cstate_limits;
+		has_misc_feature_control = 1;
+		break;
+	case INTEL_FAM6_HASWELL_CORE:	/* HSW */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_HASWELL_X:	/* HSX */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_HASWELL_ULT:	/* HSW */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_HASWELL_GT3E:	/* HSW */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_BROADWELL_CORE:	/* BDW */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_BROADWELL_GT3E:	/* BDW */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_BROADWELL_X:	/* BDX */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_BROADWELL_XEON_D:	/* BDX-DE */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_SKYLAKE_MOBILE:	/* SKL */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_SKYLAKE_DESKTOP:	/* SKL */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_KABYLAKE_MOBILE:	/* KBL */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_KABYLAKE_DESKTOP:	/* KBL */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_CANNONLAKE_MOBILE:	/* CNL */
+		pkg_cstate_limits = hsw_pkg_cstate_limits;
+		has_misc_feature_control = 1;
+		break;
+	case INTEL_FAM6_SKYLAKE_X:	/* SKX */
+		pkg_cstate_limits = skx_pkg_cstate_limits;
+		has_misc_feature_control = 1;
+		break;
+	case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_SILVERMONT:	/* BYT */
+		no_MSR_MISC_PWR_MGMT = 1;
+	case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_SILVERMONT_X:	/* AVN */
+		pkg_cstate_limits = slv_pkg_cstate_limits;
+		break;
+	case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_AIRMONT:	/* AMT */
+		pkg_cstate_limits = amt_pkg_cstate_limits;
+		no_MSR_MISC_PWR_MGMT = 1;
+		break;
+	case INTEL_FAM6_XEON_PHI_KNL:	/* PHI */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_XEON_PHI_KNM:
+		pkg_cstate_limits = phi_pkg_cstate_limits;
+		break;
+	case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_GOLDMONT:	/* BXT */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_GOLDMONT_PLUS:
+	case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_GOLDMONT_X:	/* DNV */
+		pkg_cstate_limits = glm_pkg_cstate_limits;
+		break;
+	default:
+		return 0;
+	}
+	get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_PKG_CST_CONFIG_CONTROL, &msr);
+	pkg_cstate_limit = pkg_cstate_limits[msr & 0xF];
+
+	get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_PLATFORM_INFO, &msr);
+	base_ratio = (msr >> 8) & 0xFF;
+
+	base_hz = base_ratio * bclk * 1000000;
+	has_base_hz = 1;
+	return 1;
+}
+/*
+ * SLV client has support for unique MSRs:
+ *
+ * MSR_CC6_DEMOTION_POLICY_CONFIG
+ * MSR_MC6_DEMOTION_POLICY_CONFIG
+ */
+
+int has_slv_msrs(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
+{
+	if (!genuine_intel)
+		return 0;
+
+	switch (model) {
+	case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_SILVERMONT:
+	case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_SILVERMONT_MID:
+	case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_AIRMONT_MID:
+		return 1;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+int is_dnv(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
+{
+
+	if (!genuine_intel)
+		return 0;
+
+	switch (model) {
+	case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_GOLDMONT_X:
+		return 1;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+int is_bdx(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
+{
+
+	if (!genuine_intel)
+		return 0;
+
+	switch (model) {
+	case INTEL_FAM6_BROADWELL_X:
+	case INTEL_FAM6_BROADWELL_XEON_D:
+		return 1;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+int is_skx(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
+{
+
+	if (!genuine_intel)
+		return 0;
+
+	switch (model) {
+	case INTEL_FAM6_SKYLAKE_X:
+		return 1;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int has_turbo_ratio_limit(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
+{
+	if (has_slv_msrs(family, model))
+		return 0;
+
+	switch (model) {
+	/* Nehalem compatible, but do not include turbo-ratio limit support */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_NEHALEM_EX:	/* Nehalem-EX Xeon - Beckton */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_WESTMERE_EX:	/* Westmere-EX Xeon - Eagleton */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_XEON_PHI_KNL:	/* PHI - Knights Landing (different MSR definition) */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_XEON_PHI_KNM:
+		return 0;
+	default:
+		return 1;
+	}
+}
+int has_atom_turbo_ratio_limit(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
+{
+	if (has_slv_msrs(family, model))
+		return 1;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+int has_ivt_turbo_ratio_limit(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
+{
+	if (!genuine_intel)
+		return 0;
+
+	if (family != 6)
+		return 0;
+
+	switch (model) {
+	case INTEL_FAM6_IVYBRIDGE_X:	/* IVB Xeon */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_HASWELL_X:	/* HSW Xeon */
+		return 1;
+	default:
+		return 0;
+	}
+}
+int has_hsw_turbo_ratio_limit(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
+{
+	if (!genuine_intel)
+		return 0;
+
+	if (family != 6)
+		return 0;
+
+	switch (model) {
+	case INTEL_FAM6_HASWELL_X:	/* HSW Xeon */
+		return 1;
+	default:
+		return 0;
+	}
+}
+
+int has_knl_turbo_ratio_limit(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
+{
+	if (!genuine_intel)
+		return 0;
+
+	if (family != 6)
+		return 0;
+
+	switch (model) {
+	case INTEL_FAM6_XEON_PHI_KNL:	/* Knights Landing */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_XEON_PHI_KNM:
+		return 1;
+	default:
+		return 0;
+	}
+}
+int has_glm_turbo_ratio_limit(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
+{
+	if (!genuine_intel)
+		return 0;
+
+	if (family != 6)
+		return 0;
+
+	switch (model) {
+	case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_GOLDMONT:
+	case INTEL_FAM6_SKYLAKE_X:
+		return 1;
+	default:
+		return 0;
+	}
+}
+int has_config_tdp(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
+{
+	if (!genuine_intel)
+		return 0;
+
+	if (family != 6)
+		return 0;
+
+	switch (model) {
+	case INTEL_FAM6_IVYBRIDGE:	/* IVB */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_HASWELL_CORE:	/* HSW */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_HASWELL_X:	/* HSX */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_HASWELL_ULT:	/* HSW */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_HASWELL_GT3E:	/* HSW */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_BROADWELL_CORE:	/* BDW */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_BROADWELL_GT3E:	/* BDW */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_BROADWELL_X:	/* BDX */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_BROADWELL_XEON_D:	/* BDX-DE */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_SKYLAKE_MOBILE:	/* SKL */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_SKYLAKE_DESKTOP:	/* SKL */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_KABYLAKE_MOBILE:	/* KBL */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_KABYLAKE_DESKTOP:	/* KBL */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_CANNONLAKE_MOBILE:	/* CNL */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_SKYLAKE_X:	/* SKX */
+
+	case INTEL_FAM6_XEON_PHI_KNL:	/* Knights Landing */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_XEON_PHI_KNM:
+		return 1;
+	default:
+		return 0;
+	}
+}
+
+static void
+dump_cstate_pstate_config_info(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
+{
+	if (!do_nhm_platform_info)
+		return;
+
+	dump_nhm_platform_info();
+
+	if (has_hsw_turbo_ratio_limit(family, model))
+		dump_hsw_turbo_ratio_limits();
+
+	if (has_ivt_turbo_ratio_limit(family, model))
+		dump_ivt_turbo_ratio_limits();
+
+	if (has_turbo_ratio_limit(family, model))
+		dump_turbo_ratio_limits(family, model);
+
+	if (has_atom_turbo_ratio_limit(family, model))
+		dump_atom_turbo_ratio_limits();
+
+	if (has_knl_turbo_ratio_limit(family, model))
+		dump_knl_turbo_ratio_limits();
+
+	if (has_config_tdp(family, model))
+		dump_config_tdp();
+
+	dump_nhm_cst_cfg();
+}
+
+static void
+dump_sysfs_cstate_config(void)
+{
+	char path[64];
+	char name_buf[16];
+	char desc[64];
+	FILE *input;
+	int state;
+	char *sp;
+
+	if (!DO_BIC(BIC_sysfs))
+		return;
+
+	for (state = 0; state < 10; ++state) {
+
+		sprintf(path, "/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu%d/cpuidle/state%d/name",
+			base_cpu, state);
+		input = fopen(path, "r");
+		if (input == NULL)
+			continue;
+		fgets(name_buf, sizeof(name_buf), input);
+
+		 /* truncate "C1-HSW\n" to "C1", or truncate "C1\n" to "C1" */
+		sp = strchr(name_buf, '-');
+		if (!sp)
+			sp = strchrnul(name_buf, '\n');
+		*sp = '\0';
+
+		fclose(input);
+
+		sprintf(path, "/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu%d/cpuidle/state%d/desc",
+			base_cpu, state);
+		input = fopen(path, "r");
+		if (input == NULL)
+			continue;
+		fgets(desc, sizeof(desc), input);
+
+		fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: %s: %s", base_cpu, name_buf, desc);
+		fclose(input);
+	}
+}
+static void
+dump_sysfs_pstate_config(void)
+{
+	char path[64];
+	char driver_buf[64];
+	char governor_buf[64];
+	FILE *input;
+	int turbo;
+
+	sprintf(path, "/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu%d/cpufreq/scaling_driver",
+			base_cpu);
+	input = fopen(path, "r");
+	if (input == NULL) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "NSFOD %s\n", path);
+		return;
+	}
+	fgets(driver_buf, sizeof(driver_buf), input);
+	fclose(input);
+
+	sprintf(path, "/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu%d/cpufreq/scaling_governor",
+			base_cpu);
+	input = fopen(path, "r");
+	if (input == NULL) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "NSFOD %s\n", path);
+		return;
+	}
+	fgets(governor_buf, sizeof(governor_buf), input);
+	fclose(input);
+
+	fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: cpufreq driver: %s", base_cpu, driver_buf);
+	fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: cpufreq governor: %s", base_cpu, governor_buf);
+
+	sprintf(path, "/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/boost");
+	input = fopen(path, "r");
+	if (input != NULL) {
+		fscanf(input, "%d", &turbo);
+		fprintf(outf, "cpufreq boost: %d\n", turbo);
+		fclose(input);
+	}
+
+	sprintf(path, "/sys/devices/system/cpu/intel_pstate/no_turbo");
+	input = fopen(path, "r");
+	if (input != NULL) {
+		fscanf(input, "%d", &turbo);
+		fprintf(outf, "cpufreq intel_pstate no_turbo: %d\n", turbo);
+		fclose(input);
+	}
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * print_epb()
+ * Decode the ENERGY_PERF_BIAS MSR
+ */
+int print_epb(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c, struct pkg_data *p)
+{
+	unsigned long long msr;
+	char *epb_string;
+	int cpu;
+
+	if (!has_epb)
+		return 0;
+
+	cpu = t->cpu_id;
+
+	/* EPB is per-package */
+	if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE) || !(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE))
+		return 0;
+
+	if (cpu_migrate(cpu)) {
+		fprintf(outf, "Could not migrate to CPU %d\n", cpu);
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_IA32_ENERGY_PERF_BIAS, &msr))
+		return 0;
+
+	switch (msr & 0xF) {
+	case ENERGY_PERF_BIAS_PERFORMANCE:
+		epb_string = "performance";
+		break;
+	case ENERGY_PERF_BIAS_NORMAL:
+		epb_string = "balanced";
+		break;
+	case ENERGY_PERF_BIAS_POWERSAVE:
+		epb_string = "powersave";
+		break;
+	default:
+		epb_string = "custom";
+		break;
+	}
+	fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_IA32_ENERGY_PERF_BIAS: 0x%08llx (%s)\n", cpu, msr, epb_string);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+/*
+ * print_hwp()
+ * Decode the MSR_HWP_CAPABILITIES
+ */
+int print_hwp(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c, struct pkg_data *p)
+{
+	unsigned long long msr;
+	int cpu;
+
+	if (!has_hwp)
+		return 0;
+
+	cpu = t->cpu_id;
+
+	/* MSR_HWP_CAPABILITIES is per-package */
+	if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE) || !(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE))
+		return 0;
+
+	if (cpu_migrate(cpu)) {
+		fprintf(outf, "Could not migrate to CPU %d\n", cpu);
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PM_ENABLE, &msr))
+		return 0;
+
+	fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_PM_ENABLE: 0x%08llx (%sHWP)\n",
+		cpu, msr, (msr & (1 << 0)) ? "" : "No-");
+
+	/* MSR_PM_ENABLE[1] == 1 if HWP is enabled and MSRs visible */
+	if ((msr & (1 << 0)) == 0)
+		return 0;
+
+	if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_HWP_CAPABILITIES, &msr))
+		return 0;
+
+	fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_HWP_CAPABILITIES: 0x%08llx "
+			"(high %d guar %d eff %d low %d)\n",
+			cpu, msr,
+			(unsigned int)HWP_HIGHEST_PERF(msr),
+			(unsigned int)HWP_GUARANTEED_PERF(msr),
+			(unsigned int)HWP_MOSTEFFICIENT_PERF(msr),
+			(unsigned int)HWP_LOWEST_PERF(msr));
+
+	if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_HWP_REQUEST, &msr))
+		return 0;
+
+	fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_HWP_REQUEST: 0x%08llx "
+			"(min %d max %d des %d epp 0x%x window 0x%x pkg 0x%x)\n",
+			cpu, msr,
+			(unsigned int)(((msr) >> 0) & 0xff),
+			(unsigned int)(((msr) >> 8) & 0xff),
+			(unsigned int)(((msr) >> 16) & 0xff),
+			(unsigned int)(((msr) >> 24) & 0xff),
+			(unsigned int)(((msr) >> 32) & 0xff3),
+			(unsigned int)(((msr) >> 42) & 0x1));
+
+	if (has_hwp_pkg) {
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_HWP_REQUEST_PKG, &msr))
+			return 0;
+
+		fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_HWP_REQUEST_PKG: 0x%08llx "
+			"(min %d max %d des %d epp 0x%x window 0x%x)\n",
+			cpu, msr,
+			(unsigned int)(((msr) >> 0) & 0xff),
+			(unsigned int)(((msr) >> 8) & 0xff),
+			(unsigned int)(((msr) >> 16) & 0xff),
+			(unsigned int)(((msr) >> 24) & 0xff),
+			(unsigned int)(((msr) >> 32) & 0xff3));
+	}
+	if (has_hwp_notify) {
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_HWP_INTERRUPT, &msr))
+			return 0;
+
+		fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_HWP_INTERRUPT: 0x%08llx "
+			"(%s_Guaranteed_Perf_Change, %s_Excursion_Min)\n",
+			cpu, msr,
+			((msr) & 0x1) ? "EN" : "Dis",
+			((msr) & 0x2) ? "EN" : "Dis");
+	}
+	if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_HWP_STATUS, &msr))
+		return 0;
+
+	fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_HWP_STATUS: 0x%08llx "
+			"(%sGuaranteed_Perf_Change, %sExcursion_Min)\n",
+			cpu, msr,
+			((msr) & 0x1) ? "" : "No-",
+			((msr) & 0x2) ? "" : "No-");
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * print_perf_limit()
+ */
+int print_perf_limit(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c, struct pkg_data *p)
+{
+	unsigned long long msr;
+	int cpu;
+
+	cpu = t->cpu_id;
+
+	/* per-package */
+	if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE) || !(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE))
+		return 0;
+
+	if (cpu_migrate(cpu)) {
+		fprintf(outf, "Could not migrate to CPU %d\n", cpu);
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	if (do_core_perf_limit_reasons) {
+		get_msr(cpu, MSR_CORE_PERF_LIMIT_REASONS, &msr);
+		fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_CORE_PERF_LIMIT_REASONS, 0x%08llx", cpu, msr);
+		fprintf(outf, " (Active: %s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s)",
+			(msr & 1 << 15) ? "bit15, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 14) ? "bit14, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 13) ? "Transitions, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 12) ? "MultiCoreTurbo, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 11) ? "PkgPwrL2, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 10) ? "PkgPwrL1, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 9) ? "CorePwr, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 8) ? "Amps, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 6) ? "VR-Therm, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 5) ? "Auto-HWP, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 4) ? "Graphics, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 2) ? "bit2, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 1) ? "ThermStatus, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 0) ? "PROCHOT, " : "");
+		fprintf(outf, " (Logged: %s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s)\n",
+			(msr & 1 << 31) ? "bit31, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 30) ? "bit30, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 29) ? "Transitions, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 28) ? "MultiCoreTurbo, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 27) ? "PkgPwrL2, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 26) ? "PkgPwrL1, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 25) ? "CorePwr, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 24) ? "Amps, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 22) ? "VR-Therm, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 21) ? "Auto-HWP, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 20) ? "Graphics, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 18) ? "bit18, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 17) ? "ThermStatus, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 16) ? "PROCHOT, " : "");
+
+	}
+	if (do_gfx_perf_limit_reasons) {
+		get_msr(cpu, MSR_GFX_PERF_LIMIT_REASONS, &msr);
+		fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_GFX_PERF_LIMIT_REASONS, 0x%08llx", cpu, msr);
+		fprintf(outf, " (Active: %s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s)",
+			(msr & 1 << 0) ? "PROCHOT, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 1) ? "ThermStatus, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 4) ? "Graphics, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 6) ? "VR-Therm, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 8) ? "Amps, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 9) ? "GFXPwr, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 10) ? "PkgPwrL1, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 11) ? "PkgPwrL2, " : "");
+		fprintf(outf, " (Logged: %s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s)\n",
+			(msr & 1 << 16) ? "PROCHOT, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 17) ? "ThermStatus, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 20) ? "Graphics, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 22) ? "VR-Therm, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 24) ? "Amps, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 25) ? "GFXPwr, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 26) ? "PkgPwrL1, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 27) ? "PkgPwrL2, " : "");
+	}
+	if (do_ring_perf_limit_reasons) {
+		get_msr(cpu, MSR_RING_PERF_LIMIT_REASONS, &msr);
+		fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_RING_PERF_LIMIT_REASONS, 0x%08llx", cpu, msr);
+		fprintf(outf, " (Active: %s%s%s%s%s%s)",
+			(msr & 1 << 0) ? "PROCHOT, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 1) ? "ThermStatus, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 6) ? "VR-Therm, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 8) ? "Amps, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 10) ? "PkgPwrL1, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 11) ? "PkgPwrL2, " : "");
+		fprintf(outf, " (Logged: %s%s%s%s%s%s)\n",
+			(msr & 1 << 16) ? "PROCHOT, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 17) ? "ThermStatus, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 22) ? "VR-Therm, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 24) ? "Amps, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 26) ? "PkgPwrL1, " : "",
+			(msr & 1 << 27) ? "PkgPwrL2, " : "");
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+#define	RAPL_POWER_GRANULARITY	0x7FFF	/* 15 bit power granularity */
+#define	RAPL_TIME_GRANULARITY	0x3F /* 6 bit time granularity */
+
+double get_tdp(unsigned int model)
+{
+	unsigned long long msr;
+
+	if (do_rapl & RAPL_PKG_POWER_INFO)
+		if (!get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_PKG_POWER_INFO, &msr))
+			return ((msr >> 0) & RAPL_POWER_GRANULARITY) * rapl_power_units;
+
+	switch (model) {
+	case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_SILVERMONT:
+	case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_SILVERMONT_X:
+		return 30.0;
+	default:
+		return 135.0;
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * rapl_dram_energy_units_probe()
+ * Energy units are either hard-coded, or come from RAPL Energy Unit MSR.
+ */
+static double
+rapl_dram_energy_units_probe(int  model, double rapl_energy_units)
+{
+	/* only called for genuine_intel, family 6 */
+
+	switch (model) {
+	case INTEL_FAM6_HASWELL_X:	/* HSX */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_BROADWELL_X:	/* BDX */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_BROADWELL_XEON_D:	/* BDX-DE */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_XEON_PHI_KNL:	/* KNL */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_XEON_PHI_KNM:
+		return (rapl_dram_energy_units = 15.3 / 1000000);
+	default:
+		return (rapl_energy_units);
+	}
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * rapl_probe()
+ *
+ * sets do_rapl, rapl_power_units, rapl_energy_units, rapl_time_units
+ */
+void rapl_probe(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
+{
+	unsigned long long msr;
+	unsigned int time_unit;
+	double tdp;
+
+	if (!genuine_intel)
+		return;
+
+	if (family != 6)
+		return;
+
+	switch (model) {
+	case INTEL_FAM6_SANDYBRIDGE:
+	case INTEL_FAM6_IVYBRIDGE:
+	case INTEL_FAM6_HASWELL_CORE:	/* HSW */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_HASWELL_ULT:	/* HSW */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_HASWELL_GT3E:	/* HSW */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_BROADWELL_CORE:	/* BDW */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_BROADWELL_GT3E:	/* BDW */
+		do_rapl = RAPL_PKG | RAPL_CORES | RAPL_CORE_POLICY | RAPL_GFX | RAPL_PKG_POWER_INFO;
+		if (rapl_joules) {
+			BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Pkg_J);
+			BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Cor_J);
+			BIC_PRESENT(BIC_GFX_J);
+		} else {
+			BIC_PRESENT(BIC_PkgWatt);
+			BIC_PRESENT(BIC_CorWatt);
+			BIC_PRESENT(BIC_GFXWatt);
+		}
+		break;
+	case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_GOLDMONT:	/* BXT */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_GOLDMONT_PLUS:
+		do_rapl = RAPL_PKG | RAPL_PKG_POWER_INFO;
+		if (rapl_joules)
+			BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Pkg_J);
+		else
+			BIC_PRESENT(BIC_PkgWatt);
+		break;
+	case INTEL_FAM6_SKYLAKE_MOBILE:	/* SKL */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_SKYLAKE_DESKTOP:	/* SKL */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_KABYLAKE_MOBILE:	/* KBL */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_KABYLAKE_DESKTOP:	/* KBL */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_CANNONLAKE_MOBILE:	/* CNL */
+		do_rapl = RAPL_PKG | RAPL_CORES | RAPL_CORE_POLICY | RAPL_DRAM | RAPL_DRAM_PERF_STATUS | RAPL_PKG_PERF_STATUS | RAPL_GFX | RAPL_PKG_POWER_INFO;
+		BIC_PRESENT(BIC_PKG__);
+		BIC_PRESENT(BIC_RAM__);
+		if (rapl_joules) {
+			BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Pkg_J);
+			BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Cor_J);
+			BIC_PRESENT(BIC_RAM_J);
+			BIC_PRESENT(BIC_GFX_J);
+		} else {
+			BIC_PRESENT(BIC_PkgWatt);
+			BIC_PRESENT(BIC_CorWatt);
+			BIC_PRESENT(BIC_RAMWatt);
+			BIC_PRESENT(BIC_GFXWatt);
+		}
+		break;
+	case INTEL_FAM6_HASWELL_X:	/* HSX */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_BROADWELL_X:	/* BDX */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_BROADWELL_XEON_D:	/* BDX-DE */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_SKYLAKE_X:	/* SKX */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_XEON_PHI_KNL:	/* KNL */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_XEON_PHI_KNM:
+		do_rapl = RAPL_PKG | RAPL_DRAM | RAPL_DRAM_POWER_INFO | RAPL_DRAM_PERF_STATUS | RAPL_PKG_PERF_STATUS | RAPL_PKG_POWER_INFO;
+		BIC_PRESENT(BIC_PKG__);
+		BIC_PRESENT(BIC_RAM__);
+		if (rapl_joules) {
+			BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Pkg_J);
+			BIC_PRESENT(BIC_RAM_J);
+		} else {
+			BIC_PRESENT(BIC_PkgWatt);
+			BIC_PRESENT(BIC_RAMWatt);
+		}
+		break;
+	case INTEL_FAM6_SANDYBRIDGE_X:
+	case INTEL_FAM6_IVYBRIDGE_X:
+		do_rapl = RAPL_PKG | RAPL_CORES | RAPL_CORE_POLICY | RAPL_DRAM | RAPL_DRAM_POWER_INFO | RAPL_PKG_PERF_STATUS | RAPL_DRAM_PERF_STATUS | RAPL_PKG_POWER_INFO;
+		BIC_PRESENT(BIC_PKG__);
+		BIC_PRESENT(BIC_RAM__);
+		if (rapl_joules) {
+			BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Pkg_J);
+			BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Cor_J);
+			BIC_PRESENT(BIC_RAM_J);
+		} else {
+			BIC_PRESENT(BIC_PkgWatt);
+			BIC_PRESENT(BIC_CorWatt);
+			BIC_PRESENT(BIC_RAMWatt);
+		}
+		break;
+	case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_SILVERMONT:	/* BYT */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_SILVERMONT_X:	/* AVN */
+		do_rapl = RAPL_PKG | RAPL_CORES;
+		if (rapl_joules) {
+			BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Pkg_J);
+			BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Cor_J);
+		} else {
+			BIC_PRESENT(BIC_PkgWatt);
+			BIC_PRESENT(BIC_CorWatt);
+		}
+		break;
+	case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_GOLDMONT_X:	/* DNV */
+		do_rapl = RAPL_PKG | RAPL_DRAM | RAPL_DRAM_POWER_INFO | RAPL_DRAM_PERF_STATUS | RAPL_PKG_PERF_STATUS | RAPL_PKG_POWER_INFO | RAPL_CORES_ENERGY_STATUS;
+		BIC_PRESENT(BIC_PKG__);
+		BIC_PRESENT(BIC_RAM__);
+		if (rapl_joules) {
+			BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Pkg_J);
+			BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Cor_J);
+			BIC_PRESENT(BIC_RAM_J);
+		} else {
+			BIC_PRESENT(BIC_PkgWatt);
+			BIC_PRESENT(BIC_CorWatt);
+			BIC_PRESENT(BIC_RAMWatt);
+		}
+		break;
+	default:
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* units on package 0, verify later other packages match */
+	if (get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_RAPL_POWER_UNIT, &msr))
+		return;
+
+	rapl_power_units = 1.0 / (1 << (msr & 0xF));
+	if (model == INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_SILVERMONT)
+		rapl_energy_units = 1.0 * (1 << (msr >> 8 & 0x1F)) / 1000000;
+	else
+		rapl_energy_units = 1.0 / (1 << (msr >> 8 & 0x1F));
+
+	rapl_dram_energy_units = rapl_dram_energy_units_probe(model, rapl_energy_units);
+
+	time_unit = msr >> 16 & 0xF;
+	if (time_unit == 0)
+		time_unit = 0xA;
+
+	rapl_time_units = 1.0 / (1 << (time_unit));
+
+	tdp = get_tdp(model);
+
+	rapl_joule_counter_range = 0xFFFFFFFF * rapl_energy_units / tdp;
+	if (!quiet)
+		fprintf(outf, "RAPL: %.0f sec. Joule Counter Range, at %.0f Watts\n", rapl_joule_counter_range, tdp);
+
+	return;
+}
+
+void perf_limit_reasons_probe(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
+{
+	if (!genuine_intel)
+		return;
+
+	if (family != 6)
+		return;
+
+	switch (model) {
+	case INTEL_FAM6_HASWELL_CORE:	/* HSW */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_HASWELL_ULT:	/* HSW */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_HASWELL_GT3E:	/* HSW */
+		do_gfx_perf_limit_reasons = 1;
+	case INTEL_FAM6_HASWELL_X:	/* HSX */
+		do_core_perf_limit_reasons = 1;
+		do_ring_perf_limit_reasons = 1;
+	default:
+		return;
+	}
+}
+
+void automatic_cstate_conversion_probe(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
+{
+	if (is_skx(family, model) || is_bdx(family, model))
+		has_automatic_cstate_conversion = 1;
+}
+
+int print_thermal(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c, struct pkg_data *p)
+{
+	unsigned long long msr;
+	unsigned int dts, dts2;
+	int cpu;
+
+	if (!(do_dts || do_ptm))
+		return 0;
+
+	cpu = t->cpu_id;
+
+	/* DTS is per-core, no need to print for each thread */
+	if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE))
+		return 0;
+
+	if (cpu_migrate(cpu)) {
+		fprintf(outf, "Could not migrate to CPU %d\n", cpu);
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	if (do_ptm && (t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE)) {
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_IA32_PACKAGE_THERM_STATUS, &msr))
+			return 0;
+
+		dts = (msr >> 16) & 0x7F;
+		fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_IA32_PACKAGE_THERM_STATUS: 0x%08llx (%d C)\n",
+			cpu, msr, tcc_activation_temp - dts);
+
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_IA32_PACKAGE_THERM_INTERRUPT, &msr))
+			return 0;
+
+		dts = (msr >> 16) & 0x7F;
+		dts2 = (msr >> 8) & 0x7F;
+		fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_IA32_PACKAGE_THERM_INTERRUPT: 0x%08llx (%d C, %d C)\n",
+			cpu, msr, tcc_activation_temp - dts, tcc_activation_temp - dts2);
+	}
+
+
+	if (do_dts && debug) {
+		unsigned int resolution;
+
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_IA32_THERM_STATUS, &msr))
+			return 0;
+
+		dts = (msr >> 16) & 0x7F;
+		resolution = (msr >> 27) & 0xF;
+		fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_IA32_THERM_STATUS: 0x%08llx (%d C +/- %d)\n",
+			cpu, msr, tcc_activation_temp - dts, resolution);
+
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_IA32_THERM_INTERRUPT, &msr))
+			return 0;
+
+		dts = (msr >> 16) & 0x7F;
+		dts2 = (msr >> 8) & 0x7F;
+		fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_IA32_THERM_INTERRUPT: 0x%08llx (%d C, %d C)\n",
+			cpu, msr, tcc_activation_temp - dts, tcc_activation_temp - dts2);
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void print_power_limit_msr(int cpu, unsigned long long msr, char *label)
+{
+	fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: %s: %sabled (%f Watts, %f sec, clamp %sabled)\n",
+		cpu, label,
+		((msr >> 15) & 1) ? "EN" : "DIS",
+		((msr >> 0) & 0x7FFF) * rapl_power_units,
+		(1.0 + (((msr >> 22) & 0x3)/4.0)) * (1 << ((msr >> 17) & 0x1F)) * rapl_time_units,
+		(((msr >> 16) & 1) ? "EN" : "DIS"));
+
+	return;
+}
+
+int print_rapl(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c, struct pkg_data *p)
+{
+	unsigned long long msr;
+	int cpu;
+
+	if (!do_rapl)
+		return 0;
+
+	/* RAPL counters are per package, so print only for 1st thread/package */
+	if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE) || !(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE))
+		return 0;
+
+	cpu = t->cpu_id;
+	if (cpu_migrate(cpu)) {
+		fprintf(outf, "Could not migrate to CPU %d\n", cpu);
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_RAPL_POWER_UNIT, &msr))
+		return -1;
+
+	fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_RAPL_POWER_UNIT: 0x%08llx (%f Watts, %f Joules, %f sec.)\n", cpu, msr,
+		rapl_power_units, rapl_energy_units, rapl_time_units);
+
+	if (do_rapl & RAPL_PKG_POWER_INFO) {
+
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_POWER_INFO, &msr))
+                	return -5;
+
+
+		fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_PKG_POWER_INFO: 0x%08llx (%.0f W TDP, RAPL %.0f - %.0f W, %f sec.)\n",
+			cpu, msr,
+			((msr >>  0) & RAPL_POWER_GRANULARITY) * rapl_power_units,
+			((msr >> 16) & RAPL_POWER_GRANULARITY) * rapl_power_units,
+			((msr >> 32) & RAPL_POWER_GRANULARITY) * rapl_power_units,
+			((msr >> 48) & RAPL_TIME_GRANULARITY) * rapl_time_units);
+
+	}
+	if (do_rapl & RAPL_PKG) {
+
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_POWER_LIMIT, &msr))
+			return -9;
+
+		fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_PKG_POWER_LIMIT: 0x%08llx (%slocked)\n",
+			cpu, msr, (msr >> 63) & 1 ? "" : "UN");
+
+		print_power_limit_msr(cpu, msr, "PKG Limit #1");
+		fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: PKG Limit #2: %sabled (%f Watts, %f* sec, clamp %sabled)\n",
+			cpu,
+			((msr >> 47) & 1) ? "EN" : "DIS",
+			((msr >> 32) & 0x7FFF) * rapl_power_units,
+			(1.0 + (((msr >> 54) & 0x3)/4.0)) * (1 << ((msr >> 49) & 0x1F)) * rapl_time_units,
+			((msr >> 48) & 1) ? "EN" : "DIS");
+	}
+
+	if (do_rapl & RAPL_DRAM_POWER_INFO) {
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_DRAM_POWER_INFO, &msr))
+                	return -6;
+
+		fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_DRAM_POWER_INFO,: 0x%08llx (%.0f W TDP, RAPL %.0f - %.0f W, %f sec.)\n",
+			cpu, msr,
+			((msr >>  0) & RAPL_POWER_GRANULARITY) * rapl_power_units,
+			((msr >> 16) & RAPL_POWER_GRANULARITY) * rapl_power_units,
+			((msr >> 32) & RAPL_POWER_GRANULARITY) * rapl_power_units,
+			((msr >> 48) & RAPL_TIME_GRANULARITY) * rapl_time_units);
+	}
+	if (do_rapl & RAPL_DRAM) {
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_DRAM_POWER_LIMIT, &msr))
+			return -9;
+		fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_DRAM_POWER_LIMIT: 0x%08llx (%slocked)\n",
+				cpu, msr, (msr >> 31) & 1 ? "" : "UN");
+
+		print_power_limit_msr(cpu, msr, "DRAM Limit");
+	}
+	if (do_rapl & RAPL_CORE_POLICY) {
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PP0_POLICY, &msr))
+			return -7;
+
+		fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_PP0_POLICY: %lld\n", cpu, msr & 0xF);
+	}
+	if (do_rapl & RAPL_CORES_POWER_LIMIT) {
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PP0_POWER_LIMIT, &msr))
+			return -9;
+		fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_PP0_POWER_LIMIT: 0x%08llx (%slocked)\n",
+				cpu, msr, (msr >> 31) & 1 ? "" : "UN");
+		print_power_limit_msr(cpu, msr, "Cores Limit");
+	}
+	if (do_rapl & RAPL_GFX) {
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PP1_POLICY, &msr))
+			return -8;
+
+		fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_PP1_POLICY: %lld\n", cpu, msr & 0xF);
+
+		if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PP1_POWER_LIMIT, &msr))
+			return -9;
+		fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_PP1_POWER_LIMIT: 0x%08llx (%slocked)\n",
+				cpu, msr, (msr >> 31) & 1 ? "" : "UN");
+		print_power_limit_msr(cpu, msr, "GFX Limit");
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * SNB adds support for additional MSRs:
+ *
+ * MSR_PKG_C7_RESIDENCY            0x000003fa
+ * MSR_CORE_C7_RESIDENCY           0x000003fe
+ * MSR_PKG_C2_RESIDENCY            0x0000060d
+ */
+
+int has_snb_msrs(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
+{
+	if (!genuine_intel)
+		return 0;
+
+	switch (model) {
+	case INTEL_FAM6_SANDYBRIDGE:
+	case INTEL_FAM6_SANDYBRIDGE_X:
+	case INTEL_FAM6_IVYBRIDGE:	/* IVB */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_IVYBRIDGE_X:	/* IVB Xeon */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_HASWELL_CORE:	/* HSW */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_HASWELL_X:	/* HSW */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_HASWELL_ULT:	/* HSW */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_HASWELL_GT3E:	/* HSW */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_BROADWELL_CORE:	/* BDW */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_BROADWELL_GT3E:	/* BDW */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_BROADWELL_X:	/* BDX */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_BROADWELL_XEON_D:	/* BDX-DE */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_SKYLAKE_MOBILE:	/* SKL */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_SKYLAKE_DESKTOP:	/* SKL */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_KABYLAKE_MOBILE:	/* KBL */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_KABYLAKE_DESKTOP:	/* KBL */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_CANNONLAKE_MOBILE:	/* CNL */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_SKYLAKE_X:	/* SKX */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_GOLDMONT:	/* BXT */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_GOLDMONT_PLUS:
+	case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_GOLDMONT_X:	/* DNV */
+		return 1;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * HSW adds support for additional MSRs:
+ *
+ * MSR_PKG_C8_RESIDENCY		0x00000630
+ * MSR_PKG_C9_RESIDENCY		0x00000631
+ * MSR_PKG_C10_RESIDENCY	0x00000632
+ *
+ * MSR_PKGC8_IRTL		0x00000633
+ * MSR_PKGC9_IRTL		0x00000634
+ * MSR_PKGC10_IRTL		0x00000635
+ *
+ */
+int has_hsw_msrs(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
+{
+	if (!genuine_intel)
+		return 0;
+
+	switch (model) {
+	case INTEL_FAM6_HASWELL_ULT:	/* HSW */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_BROADWELL_CORE:	/* BDW */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_SKYLAKE_MOBILE:	/* SKL */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_SKYLAKE_DESKTOP:	/* SKL */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_KABYLAKE_MOBILE:	/* KBL */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_KABYLAKE_DESKTOP:	/* KBL */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_CANNONLAKE_MOBILE:	/* CNL */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_GOLDMONT:	/* BXT */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_GOLDMONT_PLUS:
+		return 1;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * SKL adds support for additional MSRS:
+ *
+ * MSR_PKG_WEIGHTED_CORE_C0_RES    0x00000658
+ * MSR_PKG_ANY_CORE_C0_RES         0x00000659
+ * MSR_PKG_ANY_GFXE_C0_RES         0x0000065A
+ * MSR_PKG_BOTH_CORE_GFXE_C0_RES   0x0000065B
+ */
+int has_skl_msrs(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
+{
+	if (!genuine_intel)
+		return 0;
+
+	switch (model) {
+	case INTEL_FAM6_SKYLAKE_MOBILE:	/* SKL */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_SKYLAKE_DESKTOP:	/* SKL */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_KABYLAKE_MOBILE:	/* KBL */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_KABYLAKE_DESKTOP:	/* KBL */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_CANNONLAKE_MOBILE:	/* CNL */
+		return 1;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int is_slm(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
+{
+	if (!genuine_intel)
+		return 0;
+	switch (model) {
+	case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_SILVERMONT:	/* BYT */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_SILVERMONT_X:	/* AVN */
+		return 1;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int is_knl(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
+{
+	if (!genuine_intel)
+		return 0;
+	switch (model) {
+	case INTEL_FAM6_XEON_PHI_KNL:	/* KNL */
+	case INTEL_FAM6_XEON_PHI_KNM:
+		return 1;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int is_cnl(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
+{
+	if (!genuine_intel)
+		return 0;
+
+	switch (model) {
+	case INTEL_FAM6_CANNONLAKE_MOBILE: /* CNL */
+		return 1;
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+unsigned int get_aperf_mperf_multiplier(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
+{
+	if (is_knl(family, model))
+		return 1024;
+	return 1;
+}
+
+#define SLM_BCLK_FREQS 5
+double slm_freq_table[SLM_BCLK_FREQS] = { 83.3, 100.0, 133.3, 116.7, 80.0};
+
+double slm_bclk(void)
+{
+	unsigned long long msr = 3;
+	unsigned int i;
+	double freq;
+
+	if (get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_FSB_FREQ, &msr))
+		fprintf(outf, "SLM BCLK: unknown\n");
+
+	i = msr & 0xf;
+	if (i >= SLM_BCLK_FREQS) {
+		fprintf(outf, "SLM BCLK[%d] invalid\n", i);
+		i = 3;
+	}
+	freq = slm_freq_table[i];
+
+	if (!quiet)
+		fprintf(outf, "SLM BCLK: %.1f Mhz\n", freq);
+
+	return freq;
+}
+
+double discover_bclk(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
+{
+	if (has_snb_msrs(family, model) || is_knl(family, model))
+		return 100.00;
+	else if (is_slm(family, model))
+		return slm_bclk();
+	else
+		return 133.33;
+}
+
+/*
+ * MSR_IA32_TEMPERATURE_TARGET indicates the temperature where
+ * the Thermal Control Circuit (TCC) activates.
+ * This is usually equal to tjMax.
+ *
+ * Older processors do not have this MSR, so there we guess,
+ * but also allow cmdline over-ride with -T.
+ *
+ * Several MSR temperature values are in units of degrees-C
+ * below this value, including the Digital Thermal Sensor (DTS),
+ * Package Thermal Management Sensor (PTM), and thermal event thresholds.
+ */
+int set_temperature_target(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c, struct pkg_data *p)
+{
+	unsigned long long msr;
+	unsigned int target_c_local;
+	int cpu;
+
+	/* tcc_activation_temp is used only for dts or ptm */
+	if (!(do_dts || do_ptm))
+		return 0;
+
+	/* this is a per-package concept */
+	if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE) || !(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE))
+		return 0;
+
+	cpu = t->cpu_id;
+	if (cpu_migrate(cpu)) {
+		fprintf(outf, "Could not migrate to CPU %d\n", cpu);
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	if (tcc_activation_temp_override != 0) {
+		tcc_activation_temp = tcc_activation_temp_override;
+		fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: Using cmdline TCC Target (%d C)\n",
+			cpu, tcc_activation_temp);
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	/* Temperature Target MSR is Nehalem and newer only */
+	if (!do_nhm_platform_info)
+		goto guess;
+
+	if (get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_IA32_TEMPERATURE_TARGET, &msr))
+		goto guess;
+
+	target_c_local = (msr >> 16) & 0xFF;
+
+	if (!quiet)
+		fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_IA32_TEMPERATURE_TARGET: 0x%08llx (%d C)\n",
+			cpu, msr, target_c_local);
+
+	if (!target_c_local)
+		goto guess;
+
+	tcc_activation_temp = target_c_local;
+
+	return 0;
+
+guess:
+	tcc_activation_temp = TJMAX_DEFAULT;
+	fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: Guessing tjMax %d C, Please use -T to specify\n",
+		cpu, tcc_activation_temp);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void decode_feature_control_msr(void)
+{
+	unsigned long long msr;
+
+	if (!get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_IA32_FEATURE_CONTROL, &msr))
+		fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_IA32_FEATURE_CONTROL: 0x%08llx (%sLocked %s)\n",
+			base_cpu, msr,
+			msr & FEATURE_CONTROL_LOCKED ? "" : "UN-",
+			msr & (1 << 18) ? "SGX" : "");
+}
+
+void decode_misc_enable_msr(void)
+{
+	unsigned long long msr;
+
+	if (!genuine_intel)
+		return;
+
+	if (!get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_IA32_MISC_ENABLE, &msr))
+		fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_IA32_MISC_ENABLE: 0x%08llx (%sTCC %sEIST %sMWAIT %sPREFETCH %sTURBO)\n",
+			base_cpu, msr,
+			msr & MSR_IA32_MISC_ENABLE_TM1 ? "" : "No-",
+			msr & MSR_IA32_MISC_ENABLE_ENHANCED_SPEEDSTEP ? "" : "No-",
+			msr & MSR_IA32_MISC_ENABLE_MWAIT ? "" : "No-",
+			msr & MSR_IA32_MISC_ENABLE_PREFETCH_DISABLE ? "No-" : "",
+			msr & MSR_IA32_MISC_ENABLE_TURBO_DISABLE ? "No-" : "");
+}
+
+void decode_misc_feature_control(void)
+{
+	unsigned long long msr;
+
+	if (!has_misc_feature_control)
+		return;
+
+	if (!get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_MISC_FEATURE_CONTROL, &msr))
+		fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_MISC_FEATURE_CONTROL: 0x%08llx (%sL2-Prefetch %sL2-Prefetch-pair %sL1-Prefetch %sL1-IP-Prefetch)\n",
+			base_cpu, msr,
+			msr & (0 << 0) ? "No-" : "",
+			msr & (1 << 0) ? "No-" : "",
+			msr & (2 << 0) ? "No-" : "",
+			msr & (3 << 0) ? "No-" : "");
+}
+/*
+ * Decode MSR_MISC_PWR_MGMT
+ *
+ * Decode the bits according to the Nehalem documentation
+ * bit[0] seems to continue to have same meaning going forward
+ * bit[1] less so...
+ */
+void decode_misc_pwr_mgmt_msr(void)
+{
+	unsigned long long msr;
+
+	if (!do_nhm_platform_info)
+		return;
+
+	if (no_MSR_MISC_PWR_MGMT)
+		return;
+
+	if (!get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_MISC_PWR_MGMT, &msr))
+		fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_MISC_PWR_MGMT: 0x%08llx (%sable-EIST_Coordination %sable-EPB %sable-OOB)\n",
+			base_cpu, msr,
+			msr & (1 << 0) ? "DIS" : "EN",
+			msr & (1 << 1) ? "EN" : "DIS",
+			msr & (1 << 8) ? "EN" : "DIS");
+}
+/*
+ * Decode MSR_CC6_DEMOTION_POLICY_CONFIG, MSR_MC6_DEMOTION_POLICY_CONFIG
+ *
+ * This MSRs are present on Silvermont processors,
+ * Intel Atom processor E3000 series (Baytrail), and friends.
+ */
+void decode_c6_demotion_policy_msr(void)
+{
+	unsigned long long msr;
+
+	if (!get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_CC6_DEMOTION_POLICY_CONFIG, &msr))
+		fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_CC6_DEMOTION_POLICY_CONFIG: 0x%08llx (%sable-CC6-Demotion)\n",
+			base_cpu, msr, msr & (1 << 0) ? "EN" : "DIS");
+
+	if (!get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_MC6_DEMOTION_POLICY_CONFIG, &msr))
+		fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_MC6_DEMOTION_POLICY_CONFIG: 0x%08llx (%sable-MC6-Demotion)\n",
+			base_cpu, msr, msr & (1 << 0) ? "EN" : "DIS");
+}
+
+void process_cpuid()
+{
+	unsigned int eax, ebx, ecx, edx;
+	unsigned int fms, family, model, stepping, ecx_flags, edx_flags;
+	unsigned int has_turbo;
+
+	eax = ebx = ecx = edx = 0;
+
+	__cpuid(0, max_level, ebx, ecx, edx);
+
+	if (ebx == 0x756e6547 && ecx == 0x6c65746e && edx == 0x49656e69)
+		genuine_intel = 1;
+	else if (ebx == 0x68747541 && ecx == 0x444d4163 && edx == 0x69746e65)
+		authentic_amd = 1;
+
+	if (!quiet)
+		fprintf(outf, "CPUID(0): %.4s%.4s%.4s ",
+			(char *)&ebx, (char *)&edx, (char *)&ecx);
+
+	__cpuid(1, fms, ebx, ecx, edx);
+	family = (fms >> 8) & 0xf;
+	model = (fms >> 4) & 0xf;
+	stepping = fms & 0xf;
+	if (family == 0xf)
+		family += (fms >> 20) & 0xff;
+	if (family >= 6)
+		model += ((fms >> 16) & 0xf) << 4;
+	ecx_flags = ecx;
+	edx_flags = edx;
+
+	/*
+	 * check max extended function levels of CPUID.
+	 * This is needed to check for invariant TSC.
+	 * This check is valid for both Intel and AMD.
+	 */
+	ebx = ecx = edx = 0;
+	__cpuid(0x80000000, max_extended_level, ebx, ecx, edx);
+
+	if (!quiet) {
+		fprintf(outf, "0x%x CPUID levels; 0x%x xlevels; family:model:stepping 0x%x:%x:%x (%d:%d:%d)\n",
+			max_level, max_extended_level, family, model, stepping, family, model, stepping);
+		fprintf(outf, "CPUID(1): %s %s %s %s %s %s %s %s %s %s\n",
+			ecx_flags & (1 << 0) ? "SSE3" : "-",
+			ecx_flags & (1 << 3) ? "MONITOR" : "-",
+			ecx_flags & (1 << 6) ? "SMX" : "-",
+			ecx_flags & (1 << 7) ? "EIST" : "-",
+			ecx_flags & (1 << 8) ? "TM2" : "-",
+			edx_flags & (1 << 4) ? "TSC" : "-",
+			edx_flags & (1 << 5) ? "MSR" : "-",
+			edx_flags & (1 << 22) ? "ACPI-TM" : "-",
+			edx_flags & (1 << 28) ? "HT" : "-",
+			edx_flags & (1 << 29) ? "TM" : "-");
+	}
+
+	if (!(edx_flags & (1 << 5)))
+		errx(1, "CPUID: no MSR");
+
+	if (max_extended_level >= 0x80000007) {
+
+		/*
+		 * Non-Stop TSC is advertised by CPUID.EAX=0x80000007: EDX.bit8
+		 * this check is valid for both Intel and AMD
+		 */
+		__cpuid(0x80000007, eax, ebx, ecx, edx);
+		has_invariant_tsc = edx & (1 << 8);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * APERF/MPERF is advertised by CPUID.EAX=0x6: ECX.bit0
+	 * this check is valid for both Intel and AMD
+	 */
+
+	__cpuid(0x6, eax, ebx, ecx, edx);
+	has_aperf = ecx & (1 << 0);
+	if (has_aperf) {
+		BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Avg_MHz);
+		BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Busy);
+		BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Bzy_MHz);
+	}
+	do_dts = eax & (1 << 0);
+	if (do_dts)
+		BIC_PRESENT(BIC_CoreTmp);
+	has_turbo = eax & (1 << 1);
+	do_ptm = eax & (1 << 6);
+	if (do_ptm)
+		BIC_PRESENT(BIC_PkgTmp);
+	has_hwp = eax & (1 << 7);
+	has_hwp_notify = eax & (1 << 8);
+	has_hwp_activity_window = eax & (1 << 9);
+	has_hwp_epp = eax & (1 << 10);
+	has_hwp_pkg = eax & (1 << 11);
+	has_epb = ecx & (1 << 3);
+
+	if (!quiet)
+		fprintf(outf, "CPUID(6): %sAPERF, %sTURBO, %sDTS, %sPTM, %sHWP, "
+			"%sHWPnotify, %sHWPwindow, %sHWPepp, %sHWPpkg, %sEPB\n",
+			has_aperf ? "" : "No-",
+			has_turbo ? "" : "No-",
+			do_dts ? "" : "No-",
+			do_ptm ? "" : "No-",
+			has_hwp ? "" : "No-",
+			has_hwp_notify ? "" : "No-",
+			has_hwp_activity_window ? "" : "No-",
+			has_hwp_epp ? "" : "No-",
+			has_hwp_pkg ? "" : "No-",
+			has_epb ? "" : "No-");
+
+	if (!quiet)
+		decode_misc_enable_msr();
+
+
+	if (max_level >= 0x7 && !quiet) {
+		int has_sgx;
+
+		ecx = 0;
+
+		__cpuid_count(0x7, 0, eax, ebx, ecx, edx);
+
+		has_sgx = ebx & (1 << 2);
+		fprintf(outf, "CPUID(7): %sSGX\n", has_sgx ? "" : "No-");
+
+		if (has_sgx)
+			decode_feature_control_msr();
+	}
+
+	if (max_level >= 0x15) {
+		unsigned int eax_crystal;
+		unsigned int ebx_tsc;
+
+		/*
+		 * CPUID 15H TSC/Crystal ratio, possibly Crystal Hz
+		 */
+		eax_crystal = ebx_tsc = crystal_hz = edx = 0;
+		__cpuid(0x15, eax_crystal, ebx_tsc, crystal_hz, edx);
+
+		if (ebx_tsc != 0) {
+
+			if (!quiet && (ebx != 0))
+				fprintf(outf, "CPUID(0x15): eax_crystal: %d ebx_tsc: %d ecx_crystal_hz: %d\n",
+					eax_crystal, ebx_tsc, crystal_hz);
+
+			if (crystal_hz == 0)
+				switch(model) {
+				case INTEL_FAM6_SKYLAKE_MOBILE:	/* SKL */
+				case INTEL_FAM6_SKYLAKE_DESKTOP:	/* SKL */
+				case INTEL_FAM6_KABYLAKE_MOBILE:	/* KBL */
+				case INTEL_FAM6_KABYLAKE_DESKTOP:	/* KBL */
+					crystal_hz = 24000000;	/* 24.0 MHz */
+					break;
+				case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_GOLDMONT_X:	/* DNV */
+					crystal_hz = 25000000;	/* 25.0 MHz */
+					break;
+				case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_GOLDMONT:	/* BXT */
+				case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_GOLDMONT_PLUS:
+					crystal_hz = 19200000;	/* 19.2 MHz */
+					break;
+				default:
+					crystal_hz = 0;
+			}
+
+			if (crystal_hz) {
+				tsc_hz =  (unsigned long long) crystal_hz * ebx_tsc / eax_crystal;
+				if (!quiet)
+					fprintf(outf, "TSC: %lld MHz (%d Hz * %d / %d / 1000000)\n",
+						tsc_hz / 1000000, crystal_hz, ebx_tsc,  eax_crystal);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if (max_level >= 0x16) {
+		unsigned int base_mhz, max_mhz, bus_mhz, edx;
+
+		/*
+		 * CPUID 16H Base MHz, Max MHz, Bus MHz
+		 */
+		base_mhz = max_mhz = bus_mhz = edx = 0;
+
+		__cpuid(0x16, base_mhz, max_mhz, bus_mhz, edx);
+		if (!quiet)
+			fprintf(outf, "CPUID(0x16): base_mhz: %d max_mhz: %d bus_mhz: %d\n",
+				base_mhz, max_mhz, bus_mhz);
+	}
+
+	if (has_aperf)
+		aperf_mperf_multiplier = get_aperf_mperf_multiplier(family, model);
+
+	BIC_PRESENT(BIC_IRQ);
+	BIC_PRESENT(BIC_TSC_MHz);
+
+	if (probe_nhm_msrs(family, model)) {
+		do_nhm_platform_info = 1;
+		BIC_PRESENT(BIC_CPU_c1);
+		BIC_PRESENT(BIC_CPU_c3);
+		BIC_PRESENT(BIC_CPU_c6);
+		BIC_PRESENT(BIC_SMI);
+	}
+	do_snb_cstates = has_snb_msrs(family, model);
+
+	if (do_snb_cstates)
+		BIC_PRESENT(BIC_CPU_c7);
+
+	do_irtl_snb = has_snb_msrs(family, model);
+	if (do_snb_cstates && (pkg_cstate_limit >= PCL__2))
+		BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Pkgpc2);
+	if (pkg_cstate_limit >= PCL__3)
+		BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Pkgpc3);
+	if (pkg_cstate_limit >= PCL__6)
+		BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Pkgpc6);
+	if (do_snb_cstates && (pkg_cstate_limit >= PCL__7))
+		BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Pkgpc7);
+	if (has_slv_msrs(family, model)) {
+		BIC_NOT_PRESENT(BIC_Pkgpc2);
+		BIC_NOT_PRESENT(BIC_Pkgpc3);
+		BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Pkgpc6);
+		BIC_NOT_PRESENT(BIC_Pkgpc7);
+		BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Mod_c6);
+		use_c1_residency_msr = 1;
+	}
+	if (is_dnv(family, model)) {
+		BIC_PRESENT(BIC_CPU_c1);
+		BIC_NOT_PRESENT(BIC_CPU_c3);
+		BIC_NOT_PRESENT(BIC_Pkgpc3);
+		BIC_NOT_PRESENT(BIC_CPU_c7);
+		BIC_NOT_PRESENT(BIC_Pkgpc7);
+		use_c1_residency_msr = 1;
+	}
+	if (is_skx(family, model)) {
+		BIC_NOT_PRESENT(BIC_CPU_c3);
+		BIC_NOT_PRESENT(BIC_Pkgpc3);
+		BIC_NOT_PRESENT(BIC_CPU_c7);
+		BIC_NOT_PRESENT(BIC_Pkgpc7);
+	}
+	if (is_bdx(family, model)) {
+		BIC_NOT_PRESENT(BIC_CPU_c7);
+		BIC_NOT_PRESENT(BIC_Pkgpc7);
+	}
+	if (has_hsw_msrs(family, model)) {
+		BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Pkgpc8);
+		BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Pkgpc9);
+		BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Pkgpc10);
+	}
+	do_irtl_hsw = has_hsw_msrs(family, model);
+	if (has_skl_msrs(family, model)) {
+		BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Totl_c0);
+		BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Any_c0);
+		BIC_PRESENT(BIC_GFX_c0);
+		BIC_PRESENT(BIC_CPUGFX);
+	}
+	do_slm_cstates = is_slm(family, model);
+	do_knl_cstates  = is_knl(family, model);
+	do_cnl_cstates = is_cnl(family, model);
+
+	if (!quiet)
+		decode_misc_pwr_mgmt_msr();
+
+	if (!quiet && has_slv_msrs(family, model))
+		decode_c6_demotion_policy_msr();
+
+	rapl_probe(family, model);
+	perf_limit_reasons_probe(family, model);
+	automatic_cstate_conversion_probe(family, model);
+
+	if (!quiet)
+		dump_cstate_pstate_config_info(family, model);
+
+	if (!quiet)
+		dump_sysfs_cstate_config();
+	if (!quiet)
+		dump_sysfs_pstate_config();
+
+	if (has_skl_msrs(family, model))
+		calculate_tsc_tweak();
+
+	if (!access("/sys/class/drm/card0/power/rc6_residency_ms", R_OK))
+		BIC_PRESENT(BIC_GFX_rc6);
+
+	if (!access("/sys/class/graphics/fb0/device/drm/card0/gt_cur_freq_mhz", R_OK))
+		BIC_PRESENT(BIC_GFXMHz);
+
+	if (!access("/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpuidle/low_power_idle_cpu_residency_us", R_OK))
+		BIC_PRESENT(BIC_CPU_LPI);
+	else
+		BIC_NOT_PRESENT(BIC_CPU_LPI);
+
+	if (!access(sys_lpi_file_sysfs, R_OK)) {
+		sys_lpi_file = sys_lpi_file_sysfs;
+		BIC_PRESENT(BIC_SYS_LPI);
+	} else if (!access(sys_lpi_file_debugfs, R_OK)) {
+		sys_lpi_file = sys_lpi_file_debugfs;
+		BIC_PRESENT(BIC_SYS_LPI);
+	} else {
+		sys_lpi_file_sysfs = NULL;
+		BIC_NOT_PRESENT(BIC_SYS_LPI);
+	}
+
+	if (!quiet)
+		decode_misc_feature_control();
+
+	return;
+}
+
+/*
+ * in /dev/cpu/ return success for names that are numbers
+ * ie. filter out ".", "..", "microcode".
+ */
+int dir_filter(const struct dirent *dirp)
+{
+	if (isdigit(dirp->d_name[0]))
+		return 1;
+	else
+		return 0;
+}
+
+int open_dev_cpu_msr(int dummy1)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void topology_probe()
+{
+	int i;
+	int max_core_id = 0;
+	int max_package_id = 0;
+	int max_siblings = 0;
+
+	/* Initialize num_cpus, max_cpu_num */
+	set_max_cpu_num();
+	topo.num_cpus = 0;
+	for_all_proc_cpus(count_cpus);
+	if (!summary_only && topo.num_cpus > 1)
+		BIC_PRESENT(BIC_CPU);
+
+	if (debug > 1)
+		fprintf(outf, "num_cpus %d max_cpu_num %d\n", topo.num_cpus, topo.max_cpu_num);
+
+	cpus = calloc(1, (topo.max_cpu_num  + 1) * sizeof(struct cpu_topology));
+	if (cpus == NULL)
+		err(1, "calloc cpus");
+
+	/*
+	 * Allocate and initialize cpu_present_set
+	 */
+	cpu_present_set = CPU_ALLOC((topo.max_cpu_num + 1));
+	if (cpu_present_set == NULL)
+		err(3, "CPU_ALLOC");
+	cpu_present_setsize = CPU_ALLOC_SIZE((topo.max_cpu_num + 1));
+	CPU_ZERO_S(cpu_present_setsize, cpu_present_set);
+	for_all_proc_cpus(mark_cpu_present);
+
+	/*
+	 * Validate that all cpus in cpu_subset are also in cpu_present_set
+	 */
+	for (i = 0; i < CPU_SUBSET_MAXCPUS; ++i) {
+		if (CPU_ISSET_S(i, cpu_subset_size, cpu_subset))
+			if (!CPU_ISSET_S(i, cpu_present_setsize, cpu_present_set))
+				err(1, "cpu%d not present", i);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Allocate and initialize cpu_affinity_set
+	 */
+	cpu_affinity_set = CPU_ALLOC((topo.max_cpu_num + 1));
+	if (cpu_affinity_set == NULL)
+		err(3, "CPU_ALLOC");
+	cpu_affinity_setsize = CPU_ALLOC_SIZE((topo.max_cpu_num + 1));
+	CPU_ZERO_S(cpu_affinity_setsize, cpu_affinity_set);
+
+	for_all_proc_cpus(init_thread_id);
+
+	/*
+	 * For online cpus
+	 * find max_core_id, max_package_id
+	 */
+	for (i = 0; i <= topo.max_cpu_num; ++i) {
+		int siblings;
+
+		if (cpu_is_not_present(i)) {
+			if (debug > 1)
+				fprintf(outf, "cpu%d NOT PRESENT\n", i);
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		cpus[i].logical_cpu_id = i;
+
+		/* get package information */
+		cpus[i].physical_package_id = get_physical_package_id(i);
+		if (cpus[i].physical_package_id > max_package_id)
+			max_package_id = cpus[i].physical_package_id;
+
+		/* get numa node information */
+		cpus[i].physical_node_id = get_physical_node_id(&cpus[i]);
+		if (cpus[i].physical_node_id > topo.max_node_num)
+			topo.max_node_num = cpus[i].physical_node_id;
+
+		/* get core information */
+		cpus[i].physical_core_id = get_core_id(i);
+		if (cpus[i].physical_core_id > max_core_id)
+			max_core_id = cpus[i].physical_core_id;
+
+		/* get thread information */
+		siblings = get_thread_siblings(&cpus[i]);
+		if (siblings > max_siblings)
+			max_siblings = siblings;
+		if (cpus[i].thread_id == 0)
+			topo.num_cores++;
+	}
+
+	topo.cores_per_node = max_core_id + 1;
+	if (debug > 1)
+		fprintf(outf, "max_core_id %d, sizing for %d cores per package\n",
+			max_core_id, topo.cores_per_node);
+	if (!summary_only && topo.cores_per_node > 1)
+		BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Core);
+
+	topo.num_packages = max_package_id + 1;
+	if (debug > 1)
+		fprintf(outf, "max_package_id %d, sizing for %d packages\n",
+			max_package_id, topo.num_packages);
+	if (!summary_only && topo.num_packages > 1)
+		BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Package);
+
+	set_node_data();
+	if (debug > 1)
+		fprintf(outf, "nodes_per_pkg %d\n", topo.nodes_per_pkg);
+	if (!summary_only && topo.nodes_per_pkg > 1)
+		BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Node);
+
+	topo.threads_per_core = max_siblings;
+	if (debug > 1)
+		fprintf(outf, "max_siblings %d\n", max_siblings);
+
+	if (debug < 1)
+		return;
+
+	for (i = 0; i <= topo.max_cpu_num; ++i) {
+		fprintf(outf,
+			"cpu %d pkg %d node %d lnode %d core %d thread %d\n",
+			i, cpus[i].physical_package_id,
+			cpus[i].physical_node_id,
+			cpus[i].logical_node_id,
+			cpus[i].physical_core_id,
+			cpus[i].thread_id);
+	}
+
+}
+
+void
+allocate_counters(struct thread_data **t, struct core_data **c,
+		  struct pkg_data **p)
+{
+	int i;
+	int num_cores = topo.cores_per_node * topo.nodes_per_pkg *
+			topo.num_packages;
+	int num_threads = topo.threads_per_core * num_cores;
+
+	*t = calloc(num_threads, sizeof(struct thread_data));
+	if (*t == NULL)
+		goto error;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < num_threads; i++)
+		(*t)[i].cpu_id = -1;
+
+	*c = calloc(num_cores, sizeof(struct core_data));
+	if (*c == NULL)
+		goto error;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < num_cores; i++)
+		(*c)[i].core_id = -1;
+
+	*p = calloc(topo.num_packages, sizeof(struct pkg_data));
+	if (*p == NULL)
+		goto error;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < topo.num_packages; i++)
+		(*p)[i].package_id = i;
+
+	return;
+error:
+	err(1, "calloc counters");
+}
+/*
+ * init_counter()
+ *
+ * set FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE and FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE
+ */
+void init_counter(struct thread_data *thread_base, struct core_data *core_base,
+	struct pkg_data *pkg_base, int cpu_id)
+{
+	int pkg_id = cpus[cpu_id].physical_package_id;
+	int node_id = cpus[cpu_id].logical_node_id;
+	int core_id = cpus[cpu_id].physical_core_id;
+	int thread_id = cpus[cpu_id].thread_id;
+	struct thread_data *t;
+	struct core_data *c;
+	struct pkg_data *p;
+
+
+	/* Workaround for systems where physical_node_id==-1
+	 * and logical_node_id==(-1 - topo.num_cpus)
+	 */
+	if (node_id < 0)
+		node_id = 0;
+
+	t = GET_THREAD(thread_base, thread_id, core_id, node_id, pkg_id);
+	c = GET_CORE(core_base, core_id, node_id, pkg_id);
+	p = GET_PKG(pkg_base, pkg_id);
+
+	t->cpu_id = cpu_id;
+	if (thread_id == 0) {
+		t->flags |= CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE;
+		if (cpu_is_first_core_in_package(cpu_id))
+			t->flags |= CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE;
+	}
+
+	c->core_id = core_id;
+	p->package_id = pkg_id;
+}
+
+
+int initialize_counters(int cpu_id)
+{
+	init_counter(EVEN_COUNTERS, cpu_id);
+	init_counter(ODD_COUNTERS, cpu_id);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void allocate_output_buffer()
+{
+	output_buffer = calloc(1, (1 + topo.num_cpus) * 2048);
+	outp = output_buffer;
+	if (outp == NULL)
+		err(-1, "calloc output buffer");
+}
+void allocate_fd_percpu(void)
+{
+	fd_percpu = calloc(topo.max_cpu_num + 1, sizeof(int));
+	if (fd_percpu == NULL)
+		err(-1, "calloc fd_percpu");
+}
+void allocate_irq_buffers(void)
+{
+	irq_column_2_cpu = calloc(topo.num_cpus, sizeof(int));
+	if (irq_column_2_cpu == NULL)
+		err(-1, "calloc %d", topo.num_cpus);
+
+	irqs_per_cpu = calloc(topo.max_cpu_num + 1, sizeof(int));
+	if (irqs_per_cpu == NULL)
+		err(-1, "calloc %d", topo.max_cpu_num + 1);
+}
+void setup_all_buffers(void)
+{
+	topology_probe();
+	allocate_irq_buffers();
+	allocate_fd_percpu();
+	allocate_counters(&thread_even, &core_even, &package_even);
+	allocate_counters(&thread_odd, &core_odd, &package_odd);
+	allocate_output_buffer();
+	for_all_proc_cpus(initialize_counters);
+}
+
+void set_base_cpu(void)
+{
+	base_cpu = sched_getcpu();
+	if (base_cpu < 0)
+		err(-ENODEV, "No valid cpus found");
+
+	if (debug > 1)
+		fprintf(outf, "base_cpu = %d\n", base_cpu);
+}
+
+void turbostat_init()
+{
+	setup_all_buffers();
+	set_base_cpu();
+	check_dev_msr();
+	check_permissions();
+	process_cpuid();
+
+
+	if (!quiet)
+		for_all_cpus(print_hwp, ODD_COUNTERS);
+
+	if (!quiet)
+		for_all_cpus(print_epb, ODD_COUNTERS);
+
+	if (!quiet)
+		for_all_cpus(print_perf_limit, ODD_COUNTERS);
+
+	if (!quiet)
+		for_all_cpus(print_rapl, ODD_COUNTERS);
+
+	for_all_cpus(set_temperature_target, ODD_COUNTERS);
+
+	if (!quiet)
+		for_all_cpus(print_thermal, ODD_COUNTERS);
+
+	if (!quiet && do_irtl_snb)
+		print_irtl();
+}
+
+int fork_it(char **argv)
+{
+	pid_t child_pid;
+	int status;
+
+	snapshot_proc_sysfs_files();
+	status = for_all_cpus(get_counters, EVEN_COUNTERS);
+	first_counter_read = 0;
+	if (status)
+		exit(status);
+	/* clear affinity side-effect of get_counters() */
+	sched_setaffinity(0, cpu_present_setsize, cpu_present_set);
+	gettimeofday(&tv_even, (struct timezone *)NULL);
+
+	child_pid = fork();
+	if (!child_pid) {
+		/* child */
+		execvp(argv[0], argv);
+		err(errno, "exec %s", argv[0]);
+	} else {
+
+		/* parent */
+		if (child_pid == -1)
+			err(1, "fork");
+
+		signal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN);
+		signal(SIGQUIT, SIG_IGN);
+		if (waitpid(child_pid, &status, 0) == -1)
+			err(status, "waitpid");
+
+		if (WIFEXITED(status))
+			status = WEXITSTATUS(status);
+	}
+	/*
+	 * n.b. fork_it() does not check for errors from for_all_cpus()
+	 * because re-starting is problematic when forking
+	 */
+	snapshot_proc_sysfs_files();
+	for_all_cpus(get_counters, ODD_COUNTERS);
+	gettimeofday(&tv_odd, (struct timezone *)NULL);
+	timersub(&tv_odd, &tv_even, &tv_delta);
+	if (for_all_cpus_2(delta_cpu, ODD_COUNTERS, EVEN_COUNTERS))
+		fprintf(outf, "%s: Counter reset detected\n", progname);
+	else {
+		compute_average(EVEN_COUNTERS);
+		format_all_counters(EVEN_COUNTERS);
+	}
+
+	fprintf(outf, "%.6f sec\n", tv_delta.tv_sec + tv_delta.tv_usec/1000000.0);
+
+	flush_output_stderr();
+
+	return status;
+}
+
+int get_and_dump_counters(void)
+{
+	int status;
+
+	snapshot_proc_sysfs_files();
+	status = for_all_cpus(get_counters, ODD_COUNTERS);
+	if (status)
+		return status;
+
+	status = for_all_cpus(dump_counters, ODD_COUNTERS);
+	if (status)
+		return status;
+
+	flush_output_stdout();
+
+	return status;
+}
+
+void print_version() {
+	fprintf(outf, "turbostat version 18.07.27"
+		" - Len Brown <lenb@kernel.org>\n");
+}
+
+int add_counter(unsigned int msr_num, char *path, char *name,
+	unsigned int width, enum counter_scope scope,
+	enum counter_type type, enum counter_format format, int flags)
+{
+	struct msr_counter *msrp;
+
+	msrp = calloc(1, sizeof(struct msr_counter));
+	if (msrp == NULL) {
+		perror("calloc");
+		exit(1);
+	}
+
+	msrp->msr_num = msr_num;
+	strncpy(msrp->name, name, NAME_BYTES - 1);
+	if (path)
+		strncpy(msrp->path, path, PATH_BYTES - 1);
+	msrp->width = width;
+	msrp->type = type;
+	msrp->format = format;
+	msrp->flags = flags;
+
+	switch (scope) {
+
+	case SCOPE_CPU:
+		msrp->next = sys.tp;
+		sys.tp = msrp;
+		sys.added_thread_counters++;
+		if (sys.added_thread_counters > MAX_ADDED_THREAD_COUNTERS) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "exceeded max %d added thread counters\n",
+				MAX_ADDED_COUNTERS);
+			exit(-1);
+		}
+		break;
+
+	case SCOPE_CORE:
+		msrp->next = sys.cp;
+		sys.cp = msrp;
+		sys.added_core_counters++;
+		if (sys.added_core_counters > MAX_ADDED_COUNTERS) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "exceeded max %d added core counters\n",
+				MAX_ADDED_COUNTERS);
+			exit(-1);
+		}
+		break;
+
+	case SCOPE_PACKAGE:
+		msrp->next = sys.pp;
+		sys.pp = msrp;
+		sys.added_package_counters++;
+		if (sys.added_package_counters > MAX_ADDED_COUNTERS) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "exceeded max %d added package counters\n",
+				MAX_ADDED_COUNTERS);
+			exit(-1);
+		}
+		break;
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void parse_add_command(char *add_command)
+{
+	int msr_num = 0;
+	char *path = NULL;
+	char name_buffer[NAME_BYTES] = "";
+	int width = 64;
+	int fail = 0;
+	enum counter_scope scope = SCOPE_CPU;
+	enum counter_type type = COUNTER_CYCLES;
+	enum counter_format format = FORMAT_DELTA;
+
+	while (add_command) {
+
+		if (sscanf(add_command, "msr0x%x", &msr_num) == 1)
+			goto next;
+
+		if (sscanf(add_command, "msr%d", &msr_num) == 1)
+			goto next;
+
+		if (*add_command == '/') {
+			path = add_command;
+			goto next;
+		}
+
+		if (sscanf(add_command, "u%d", &width) == 1) {
+			if ((width == 32) || (width == 64))
+				goto next;
+			width = 64;
+		}
+		if (!strncmp(add_command, "cpu", strlen("cpu"))) {
+			scope = SCOPE_CPU;
+			goto next;
+		}
+		if (!strncmp(add_command, "core", strlen("core"))) {
+			scope = SCOPE_CORE;
+			goto next;
+		}
+		if (!strncmp(add_command, "package", strlen("package"))) {
+			scope = SCOPE_PACKAGE;
+			goto next;
+		}
+		if (!strncmp(add_command, "cycles", strlen("cycles"))) {
+			type = COUNTER_CYCLES;
+			goto next;
+		}
+		if (!strncmp(add_command, "seconds", strlen("seconds"))) {
+			type = COUNTER_SECONDS;
+			goto next;
+		}
+		if (!strncmp(add_command, "usec", strlen("usec"))) {
+			type = COUNTER_USEC;
+			goto next;
+		}
+		if (!strncmp(add_command, "raw", strlen("raw"))) {
+			format = FORMAT_RAW;
+			goto next;
+		}
+		if (!strncmp(add_command, "delta", strlen("delta"))) {
+			format = FORMAT_DELTA;
+			goto next;
+		}
+		if (!strncmp(add_command, "percent", strlen("percent"))) {
+			format = FORMAT_PERCENT;
+			goto next;
+		}
+
+		if (sscanf(add_command, "%18s,%*s", name_buffer) == 1) {	/* 18 < NAME_BYTES */
+			char *eos;
+
+			eos = strchr(name_buffer, ',');
+			if (eos)
+				*eos = '\0';
+			goto next;
+		}
+
+next:
+		add_command = strchr(add_command, ',');
+		if (add_command) {
+			*add_command = '\0';
+			add_command++;
+		}
+
+	}
+	if ((msr_num == 0) && (path == NULL)) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "--add: (msrDDD | msr0xXXX | /path_to_counter ) required\n");
+		fail++;
+	}
+
+	/* generate default column header */
+	if (*name_buffer == '\0') {
+		if (width == 32)
+			sprintf(name_buffer, "M0x%x%s", msr_num, format == FORMAT_PERCENT ? "%" : "");
+		else
+			sprintf(name_buffer, "M0X%x%s", msr_num, format == FORMAT_PERCENT ? "%" : "");
+	}
+
+	if (add_counter(msr_num, path, name_buffer, width, scope, type, format, 0))
+		fail++;
+
+	if (fail) {
+		help();
+		exit(1);
+	}
+}
+
+int is_deferred_skip(char *name)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < deferred_skip_index; ++i)
+		if (!strcmp(name, deferred_skip_names[i]))
+			return 1;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void probe_sysfs(void)
+{
+	char path[64];
+	char name_buf[16];
+	FILE *input;
+	int state;
+	char *sp;
+
+	if (!DO_BIC(BIC_sysfs))
+		return;
+
+	for (state = 10; state >= 0; --state) {
+
+		sprintf(path, "/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu%d/cpuidle/state%d/name",
+			base_cpu, state);
+		input = fopen(path, "r");
+		if (input == NULL)
+			continue;
+		fgets(name_buf, sizeof(name_buf), input);
+
+		 /* truncate "C1-HSW\n" to "C1", or truncate "C1\n" to "C1" */
+		sp = strchr(name_buf, '-');
+		if (!sp)
+			sp = strchrnul(name_buf, '\n');
+		*sp = '%';
+		*(sp + 1) = '\0';
+
+		fclose(input);
+
+		sprintf(path, "cpuidle/state%d/time", state);
+
+		if (is_deferred_skip(name_buf))
+			continue;
+
+		add_counter(0, path, name_buf, 64, SCOPE_CPU, COUNTER_USEC,
+				FORMAT_PERCENT, SYSFS_PERCPU);
+	}
+
+	for (state = 10; state >= 0; --state) {
+
+		sprintf(path, "/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu%d/cpuidle/state%d/name",
+			base_cpu, state);
+		input = fopen(path, "r");
+		if (input == NULL)
+			continue;
+		fgets(name_buf, sizeof(name_buf), input);
+		 /* truncate "C1-HSW\n" to "C1", or truncate "C1\n" to "C1" */
+		sp = strchr(name_buf, '-');
+		if (!sp)
+			sp = strchrnul(name_buf, '\n');
+		*sp = '\0';
+		fclose(input);
+
+		sprintf(path, "cpuidle/state%d/usage", state);
+
+		if (is_deferred_skip(name_buf))
+			continue;
+
+		add_counter(0, path, name_buf, 64, SCOPE_CPU, COUNTER_ITEMS,
+				FORMAT_DELTA, SYSFS_PERCPU);
+	}
+
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * parse cpuset with following syntax
+ * 1,2,4..6,8-10 and set bits in cpu_subset
+ */
+void parse_cpu_command(char *optarg)
+{
+	unsigned int start, end;
+	char *next;
+
+	if (!strcmp(optarg, "core")) {
+		if (cpu_subset)
+			goto error;
+		show_core_only++;
+		return;
+	}
+	if (!strcmp(optarg, "package")) {
+		if (cpu_subset)
+			goto error;
+		show_pkg_only++;
+		return;
+	}
+	if (show_core_only || show_pkg_only)
+		goto error;
+
+	cpu_subset = CPU_ALLOC(CPU_SUBSET_MAXCPUS);
+	if (cpu_subset == NULL)
+		err(3, "CPU_ALLOC");
+	cpu_subset_size = CPU_ALLOC_SIZE(CPU_SUBSET_MAXCPUS);
+
+	CPU_ZERO_S(cpu_subset_size, cpu_subset);
+
+	next = optarg;
+
+	while (next && *next) {
+
+		if (*next == '-')	/* no negative cpu numbers */
+			goto error;
+
+		start = strtoul(next, &next, 10);
+
+		if (start >= CPU_SUBSET_MAXCPUS)
+			goto error;
+		CPU_SET_S(start, cpu_subset_size, cpu_subset);
+
+		if (*next == '\0')
+			break;
+
+		if (*next == ',') {
+			next += 1;
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		if (*next == '-') {
+			next += 1;	/* start range */
+		} else if (*next == '.') {
+			next += 1;
+			if (*next == '.')
+				next += 1;	/* start range */
+			else
+				goto error;
+		}
+
+		end = strtoul(next, &next, 10);
+		if (end <= start)
+			goto error;
+
+		while (++start <= end) {
+			if (start >= CPU_SUBSET_MAXCPUS)
+				goto error;
+			CPU_SET_S(start, cpu_subset_size, cpu_subset);
+		}
+
+		if (*next == ',')
+			next += 1;
+		else if (*next != '\0')
+			goto error;
+	}
+
+	return;
+
+error:
+	fprintf(stderr, "\"--cpu %s\" malformed\n", optarg);
+	help();
+	exit(-1);
+}
+
+
+void cmdline(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	int opt;
+	int option_index = 0;
+	static struct option long_options[] = {
+		{"add",		required_argument,	0, 'a'},
+		{"cpu",		required_argument,	0, 'c'},
+		{"Dump",	no_argument,		0, 'D'},
+		{"debug",	no_argument,		0, 'd'},	/* internal, not documented */
+		{"enable",	required_argument,	0, 'e'},
+		{"interval",	required_argument,	0, 'i'},
+		{"num_iterations",	required_argument,	0, 'n'},
+		{"help",	no_argument,		0, 'h'},
+		{"hide",	required_argument,	0, 'H'},	// meh, -h taken by --help
+		{"Joules",	no_argument,		0, 'J'},
+		{"list",	no_argument,		0, 'l'},
+		{"out",		required_argument,	0, 'o'},
+		{"quiet",	no_argument,		0, 'q'},
+		{"show",	required_argument,	0, 's'},
+		{"Summary",	no_argument,		0, 'S'},
+		{"TCC",		required_argument,	0, 'T'},
+		{"version",	no_argument,		0, 'v' },
+		{0,		0,			0,  0 }
+	};
+
+	progname = argv[0];
+
+	while ((opt = getopt_long_only(argc, argv, "+C:c:Dde:hi:Jn:o:qST:v",
+				long_options, &option_index)) != -1) {
+		switch (opt) {
+		case 'a':
+			parse_add_command(optarg);
+			break;
+		case 'c':
+			parse_cpu_command(optarg);
+			break;
+		case 'D':
+			dump_only++;
+			break;
+		case 'e':
+			/* --enable specified counter */
+			bic_enabled = bic_enabled | bic_lookup(optarg, SHOW_LIST);
+			break;
+		case 'd':
+			debug++;
+			ENABLE_BIC(BIC_DISABLED_BY_DEFAULT);
+			break;
+		case 'H':
+			/*
+			 * --hide: do not show those specified
+			 *  multiple invocations simply clear more bits in enabled mask
+			 */
+			bic_enabled &= ~bic_lookup(optarg, HIDE_LIST);
+			break;
+		case 'h':
+		default:
+			help();
+			exit(1);
+		case 'i':
+			{
+				double interval = strtod(optarg, NULL);
+
+				if (interval < 0.001) {
+					fprintf(outf, "interval %f seconds is too small\n",
+						interval);
+					exit(2);
+				}
+
+				interval_tv.tv_sec = interval_ts.tv_sec = interval;
+				interval_tv.tv_usec = (interval - interval_tv.tv_sec) * 1000000;
+				interval_ts.tv_nsec = (interval - interval_ts.tv_sec) * 1000000000;
+			}
+			break;
+		case 'J':
+			rapl_joules++;
+			break;
+		case 'l':
+			ENABLE_BIC(BIC_DISABLED_BY_DEFAULT);
+			list_header_only++;
+			quiet++;
+			break;
+		case 'o':
+			outf = fopen_or_die(optarg, "w");
+			break;
+		case 'q':
+			quiet = 1;
+			break;
+		case 'n':
+			num_iterations = strtod(optarg, NULL);
+
+			if (num_iterations <= 0) {
+				fprintf(outf, "iterations %d should be positive number\n",
+					num_iterations);
+				exit(2);
+			}
+			break;
+		case 's':
+			/*
+			 * --show: show only those specified
+			 *  The 1st invocation will clear and replace the enabled mask
+			 *  subsequent invocations can add to it.
+			 */
+			if (shown == 0)
+				bic_enabled = bic_lookup(optarg, SHOW_LIST);
+			else
+				bic_enabled |= bic_lookup(optarg, SHOW_LIST);
+			shown = 1;
+			break;
+		case 'S':
+			summary_only++;
+			break;
+		case 'T':
+			tcc_activation_temp_override = atoi(optarg);
+			break;
+		case 'v':
+			print_version();
+			exit(0);
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	outf = stderr;
+	cmdline(argc, argv);
+
+	if (!quiet)
+		print_version();
+
+	probe_sysfs();
+
+	turbostat_init();
+
+	/* dump counters and exit */
+	if (dump_only)
+		return get_and_dump_counters();
+
+	/* list header and exit */
+	if (list_header_only) {
+		print_header(",");
+		flush_output_stdout();
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * if any params left, it must be a command to fork
+	 */
+	if (argc - optind)
+		return fork_it(argv + optind);
+	else
+		turbostat_loop();
+
+	return 0;
+}