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diff --git a/html/BACKSCATTER_README.html b/html/BACKSCATTER_README.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d6bd10e --- /dev/null +++ b/html/BACKSCATTER_README.html @@ -0,0 +1,409 @@ +<!doctype html public "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> + +<html> + +<head> + +<title>Postfix Backscatter Howto</title> + +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii"> + +</head> + +<body> + +<h1><img src="postfix-logo.jpg" width="203" height="98" ALT="">Postfix +Backscatter Howto</h1> + +<hr> + +<h2>Overview </h2> + +<p> This document describes features that require Postfix version +2.0 or later. </p> + +<p> Topics covered in this document: </p> + +<ul> + +<li><a href="#wtf">What is backscatter mail?</a> + +<li><a href="#random">How do I block backscatter mail to random +recipient addresses?</a> + +<li><a href="#real">How do I block backscatter mail to real +recipient addresses?</a> + +<ul> + +<li><a href="#forged_helo">Blocking backscatter mail with forged +mail server information</a> + +<li><a href="#forged_sender">Blocking backscatter mail with forged +sender information</a> + +<li><a href="#forged_other">Blocking backscatter mail with other +forged information</a> + +<li><a href="#scanner">Blocking backscatter mail from virus +scanners</a> + +</ul> + +</ul> + +<p> The examples use Perl Compatible Regular Expressions (Postfix +<a href="pcre_table.5.html">pcre</a>: tables), but also provide a translation to POSIX regular +expressions (Postfix <a href="regexp_table.5.html">regexp</a>: tables). PCRE is preferred primarily +because the implementation is often faster.</p> + +<h2><a name="wtf">What is backscatter mail?</a></h2> + +<p> When a spammer or worm sends mail with forged sender addresses, +innocent sites are flooded with undeliverable mail notifications. +This is called backscatter mail. With Postfix, you know that you're +a backscatter victim when your logfile goes on and on like this: +</p> + +<blockquote> +<pre> +Dec 4 04:30:09 hostname postfix/smtpd[58549]: NOQUEUE: reject: +RCPT from xxxxxxx[x.x.x.x]: 550 5.1.1 <yyyyyy@your.domain.here>: +Recipient address rejected: User unknown; from=<> +to=<yyyyyy@your.domain.here> proto=ESMTP helo=<zzzzzz> +</pre> +</blockquote> + +<p> What you see are lots of "user unknown" errors with "from=<>". +These are error reports from MAILER-DAEMONs elsewhere on the Internet, +about email that was sent with a false sender address in your domain. +</p> + +<h2><a name="random">How do I block backscatter mail to random +recipient addresses?</a></h2> + +<p> If your machine receives backscatter mail to random addresses, +configure Postfix to reject all mail for non-existent recipients +as described in the <a href="LOCAL_RECIPIENT_README.html">LOCAL_RECIPIENT_README</a> and +<a href="STANDARD_CONFIGURATION_README.html">STANDARD_CONFIGURATION_README</a> documentation. </p> + +<p> If your machine runs Postfix 2.0 and earlier, disable the "pause +before reject" feature in the SMTP server. If your system is under +stress then it should not waste time. </p> + +<blockquote> +<pre> +/etc/postfix/<a href="postconf.5.html">main.cf</a>: + # Not needed with Postfix 2.1 and later. + <a href="postconf.5.html#smtpd_error_sleep_time">smtpd_error_sleep_time</a> = 0 + + # Not needed with Postfix 2.4 and later. + <a href="postconf.5.html#unknown_local_recipient_reject_code">unknown_local_recipient_reject_code</a> = 550 +</pre> +</blockquote> + +<h2><a name="real">How do I block backscatter mail to real +recipient addresses?</a></h2> + +<p> When backscatter mail passes the "unknown recipient" barrier, +there still is no need to despair. Many mail systems are kind +enough to attach the message headers of the undeliverable mail in +the non-delivery notification. These message headers contain +information that you can use to recognize and block forged mail. +</p> + +<h3><a name="forged_helo">Blocking backscatter mail with forged +mail server information</a></h3> + +<p> Although my email address is "wietse@porcupine.org", all my +mail systems announce themselves with the SMTP HELO command as +"hostname.porcupine.org". Thus, if returned mail has a Received: +message header like this: </p> + +<blockquote> +<pre> +Received: from porcupine.org ... +</pre> +</blockquote> + +<p> Then I know that this is almost certainly forged mail (almost; +see <a href="#caveats">next section</a> for the fly in the ointment). +Mail that is really +sent by my systems looks like this: </p> + +<blockquote> +<pre> +Received: from hostname.porcupine.org ... +</pre> +</blockquote> + +<p> For the same reason the following message headers are very likely +to be the result of forgery:</p> + +<blockquote> +<pre> +Received: from host.example.com ([1.2.3.4] helo=porcupine.org) ... +Received: from [1.2.3.4] (port=12345 helo=porcupine.org) ... +Received: from host.example.com (HELO porcupine.org) ... +Received: from host.example.com (EHLO porcupine.org) ... +</pre> +</blockquote> + +<p> Some forgeries show up in the way that a mail server reports +itself in Received: message headers. Keeping in mind that all my +systems have a mail server name of <i>hostname</i>.porcupine.org, +the following is definitely a forgery:</p> + +<blockquote> +<pre> +Received: by porcupine.org ... +Received: from host.example.com ( ... ) by porcupine.org ... +</pre> +</blockquote> + +<p> Another frequent sign of forgery is the Message-ID: header. My +systems produce a Message-ID: of +<<i>stuff</i>@<i>hostname</i>.porcupine.org>. The following +are forgeries, especially the first one: + +<blockquote> +<pre> +Message-ID: <1cb479435d8eb9.2beb1.qmail@porcupine.org> +Message-ID: <yulszqocfzsficvzzju@porcupine.org> +</pre> +</blockquote> + +<p> To block such backscatter I use <a href="postconf.5.html#header_checks">header_checks</a> and <a href="postconf.5.html#body_checks">body_checks</a> +patterns like this: </p> + +<blockquote> +<pre> +/etc/postfix/<a href="postconf.5.html">main.cf</a>: + <a href="postconf.5.html#header_checks">header_checks</a> = <a href="pcre_table.5.html">pcre</a>:/etc/postfix/header_checks + <a href="postconf.5.html#body_checks">body_checks</a> = <a href="pcre_table.5.html">pcre</a>:/etc/postfix/body_checks + +/etc/postfix/header_checks: + # Do not indent the patterns between "if" and "endif". + if /^Received:/ + /^Received: +from +(porcupine\.org) +/ + reject forged client name in Received: header: $1 + /^Received: +from +[^ ]+ +\(([^ ]+ +[he]+lo=|[he]+lo +)(porcupine\.org)\)/ + reject forged client name in Received: header: $2 + /^Received:.* +by +(porcupine\.org)\b/ + reject forged mail server name in Received: header: $1 + endif + /^Message-ID:.* <!&!/ DUNNO + /^Message-ID:.*@(porcupine\.org)/ + reject forged domain name in Message-ID: header: $1 + +/etc/postfix/body_checks: + # Do not indent the patterns between "if" and "endif". + if /^[> ]*Received:/ + /^[> ]*Received: +from +(porcupine\.org) / + reject forged client name in Received: header: $1 + /^[> ]*Received: +from +[^ ]+ +\(([^ ]+ +[he]+lo=|[he]+lo +)(porcupine\.org)\)/ + reject forged client name in Received: header: $2 + /^[> ]*Received:.* +by +(porcupine\.org)\b/ + reject forged mail server name in Received: header: $1 + endif + /^[> ]*Message-ID:.* <!&!/ DUNNO + /^[> ]*Message-ID:.*@(porcupine\.org)/ + reject forged domain name in Message-ID: header: $1 +</pre> +</blockquote> + +<p> Notes: </p> + +<ul> + +<li> <p> The example uses <a href="pcre_table.5.html">pcre</a>: tables mainly for speed; with minor +modifications, you can use <a href="regexp_table.5.html">regexp</a>: tables as explained below. </p> + +<li> <p> The example is simplified for educational purposes. In +reality my patterns list multiple domain names, as +"<tt>(domain|domain|...)</tt>". </p> + +<li> <p> The "<tt>\.</tt>" matches "<tt>.</tt>" literally. Without +the "<tt>\</tt>", the "<tt>.</tt>" would match any character. </p> + +<li> <p> The "<tt>\(</tt>" and "<tt>\)</tt>" match "<tt>(</tt>" +and "<tt>)</tt>" literally. Without the "<tt>\</tt>", the "<tt>(</tt>" +and "<tt>)</tt>" would be grouping operators. </p> + +<li> <p> The "<tt>\b</tt>" is used here to match the end of a word. +If you use <a href="regexp_table.5.html">regexp</a>: tables, specify "<tt>[[:>:]]</tt>" (on some +systems you should specify "<tt>\></tt>" instead; for details +see your system documentation). + +<li> <p> The "if /pattern/" and "endif" eliminate unnecessary +matching attempts. DO NOT indent lines starting with /pattern/ +between the "if" and "endif"! </p> + +<li> <p> The two "<tt>Message-ID:.* <!&!</tt>" rules are +workarounds for some versions of Outlook express, as described in +the <a href="#caveats"> caveats </a> section below. + +</ul> + +<p><a name="caveats"><strong>Caveats</strong></a></p> + +<ul> + +<li> + +<p> Netscape Messenger (and reportedly, Mozilla) sends a HELO name +that is identical to the sender address domain part. If you have +such clients then the above patterns would block legitimate email. +</p> + +<p> My network has only one such machine, and to prevent its mail +from being blocked I have configured it to send mail as +user@hostname.porcupine.org. On the Postfix server, a canonical +mapping translates this temporary address into user@porcupine.org. +</p> + +<blockquote> +<pre> +/etc/postfix/<a href="postconf.5.html">main.cf</a>: + <a href="postconf.5.html#canonical_maps">canonical_maps</a> = <a href="DATABASE_README.html#types">hash</a>:/etc/postfix/canonical + +/etc/postfix/canonical: + @hostname.porcupine.org @porcupine.org +</pre> +</blockquote> + +<p> This is of course practical only when you have very few systems +that send HELO commands like this, and when you never have to send +mail to a user on such a host. </p> + +<p> An alternative would be to remove the hostname from +"hostname.porcupine.org" with address +masquerading, as described in the <a href="ADDRESS_REWRITING_README.html">ADDRESS_REWRITING_README</a> document. +</p> + +<li> <p> Reportedly, Outlook 2003 (perhaps Outlook Express, and +other versions as well) present substantially different Message-ID +headers depending upon whether or not a DSN is requested (via Options +"Request a delivery receipt for this message"). </p> + +<p> When a DSN is requested, Outlook 2003 uses a Message-ID string +that ends in the sender's domain name: </p> + +<blockquote> +<pre> +Message-ID: <!&! ...very long string... ==@example.com> +</pre> +</blockquote> + +<p> where <i>example.com</i> is the domain name part of the email +address specified in Outlook's account settings for the user. Since +many users configure their email addresses as <i>username@example.com</i>, +messages with DSN turned on will trigger the REJECT action in the +previous section. </p> + +<p> If you have such clients then you can to exclude their Message-ID +strings with the two "<tt>Message-ID:.* <!&!</tt>" patterns +that are shown in the previous section. Otherwise you will not be +able to use the two backscatter rules to stop forged Message ID +strings. Of course this workaround may break the next time Outlook +is changed. </p> + +</ul> + +<h3><a name="forged_sender">Blocking backscatter mail with forged +sender information</a></h3> + +Like many people I still have a few email addresses in domains that +I used in the past. Mail for those addresses is forwarded to my +current address. Most of the backscatter mail that I get claims +to be sent from these addresses. Such mail is obviously forged +and is very easy to stop. + +<blockquote> +<pre> +/etc/postfix/<a href="postconf.5.html">main.cf</a>: + <a href="postconf.5.html#header_checks">header_checks</a> = <a href="pcre_table.5.html">pcre</a>:/etc/postfix/header_checks + <a href="postconf.5.html#body_checks">body_checks</a> = <a href="pcre_table.5.html">pcre</a>:/etc/postfix/body_checks + +/etc/postfix/header_checks: + /^(From|Return-Path):.*\b(user@domain\.tld)\b/ + reject forged sender address in $1: header: $2 + +/etc/postfix/body_checks: + /^[> ]*(From|Return-Path):.*\b(user@domain\.tld)\b/ + reject forged sender address in $1: header: $2 +</pre> +</blockquote> + +<p> Notes: </p> + +<ul> + +<li> <p> The example uses <a href="pcre_table.5.html">pcre</a>: tables mainly for speed; with minor +modifications, you can use <a href="regexp_table.5.html">regexp</a>: tables as explained below. </p> + +<li> <p> The example is simplified for educational purposes. In +reality, my patterns list multiple email addresses as +"<tt>(user1@domain1\.tld|user2@domain2\.tld)</tt>". </p> + +<li> <p> The two "<tt>\b</tt>" as used in "<tt>\b(user@domain\.tld)\b</tt>" +match the beginning and end of a word, respectively. If you use +<a href="regexp_table.5.html">regexp</a>: tables, specify "<tt>[[:<:]]</tt> and <tt>[[:>:]]</tt>" +(on some systems you should specify "<tt>\<</tt> and <tt>\></tt>" +instead; for details see your system documentation). </p> + +<li> <p> The "<tt>\.</tt>" matches "<tt>.</tt>" literally. Without +the "<tt>\</tt>", the "<tt>.</tt>" would match any character. </p> + +</ul> + +<h3><a name="forged_other">Blocking backscatter mail with other +forged information</a></h3> + +<p> Another sign of forgery can be found in the IP address that is +recorded in Received: headers next to your HELO host or domain name. +This information must be used with care, though. Some mail servers +are behind a network address translator and never see the true +client IP address. </p> + +<h3><a name="scanner">Blocking backscatter mail from virus +scanners</a></h3> + +<p> With all the easily recognizable forgeries eliminated, there +is one category of backscatter mail that remains, and that is +notifications from virus scanner software. Unfortunately, some +virus scanning software doesn't know that viruses forge sender +addresses. To make matters worse, the software also doesn't know +how to report a mail delivery problem, so that we cannot use the +above techniques to recognize forgeries. </p> + +<p> Recognizing virus scanner mail is an error prone process, +because there is a lot of variation in report formats. The following +is only a small example of message header patterns. For a large +collection of header and body patterns that recognize virus +notification email, see <a href="http://www.dkuug.dk/keld/virus/">http://www.dkuug.dk/keld/virus/</a> +or <a href="http://www.t29.dk/antiantivirus.txt">http://www.t29.dk/antiantivirus.txt</a>. </p> + +<blockquote> +<pre> +/etc/postfix/header_checks: + /^Subject: *Your email contains VIRUSES/ DISCARD virus notification + /^Content-Disposition:.*VIRUS1_DETECTED_AND_REMOVED/ + DISCARD virus notification + /^Content-Disposition:.*VirusWarning.txt/ DISCARD virus notification +</pre> +</blockquote> + +<p> Note: these documents haven't been updated since 2004, so they +are useful only as a starting point. </p> + +<p> A plea to virus or spam scanner operators: please do not make +the problem worse by sending return mail to forged sender addresses. +You're only harassing innocent people. If you must return mail to +the purported sender, please return the full message headers, so +that the sender can filter out the obvious forgeries. </p> + +</body> + +</html> |