diff options
Diffstat (limited to '')
| -rw-r--r-- | man/passwd.1.xml | 510 |
1 files changed, 510 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/man/passwd.1.xml b/man/passwd.1.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e678448 --- /dev/null +++ b/man/passwd.1.xml @@ -0,0 +1,510 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> +<!-- + Copyright (c) 1989 - 1994, Julianne Frances Haugh + Copyright (c) 2007 - 2011, Nicolas François + All rights reserved. + + Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without + modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions + are met: + 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright + notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. + 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright + notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the + documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. + 3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to + endorse or promote products derived from this software without + specific prior written permission. + + THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS + ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT + LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A + PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT + HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, + SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT + LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, + DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY + THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT + (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE + OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. +--> +<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN" + "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [ +<!ENTITY ENCRYPT_METHOD SYSTEM "login.defs.d/ENCRYPT_METHOD.xml"> +<!ENTITY MD5_CRYPT_ENAB SYSTEM "login.defs.d/MD5_CRYPT_ENAB.xml"> +<!ENTITY OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB SYSTEM "login.defs.d/OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB.xml"> +<!ENTITY PASS_ALWAYS_WARN SYSTEM "login.defs.d/PASS_ALWAYS_WARN.xml"> +<!ENTITY PASS_CHANGE_TRIES SYSTEM "login.defs.d/PASS_CHANGE_TRIES.xml"> +<!ENTITY PASS_MAX_LEN SYSTEM "login.defs.d/PASS_MAX_LEN.xml"> +<!ENTITY SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS SYSTEM "login.defs.d/SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS.xml"> +<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE --> +]> +<refentry id='passwd.1'> + <!-- $Id$ --> + <refentryinfo> + <author> + <firstname>Julianne Frances</firstname> + <surname>Haugh</surname> + <contrib>Creation, 1989</contrib> + </author> + <author> + <firstname>Thomas</firstname> + <surname>Kłoczko</surname> + <email>kloczek@pld.org.pl</email> + <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2000 - 2007</contrib> + </author> + <author> + <firstname>Nicolas</firstname> + <surname>François</surname> + <email>nicolas.francois@centraliens.net</email> + <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now</contrib> + </author> + </refentryinfo> + <refmeta> + <refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle> + <manvolnum>1</manvolnum> + <refmiscinfo class="sectdesc">User Commands</refmiscinfo> + <refmiscinfo class="source">shadow-utils</refmiscinfo> + <refmiscinfo class="version">&SHADOW_UTILS_VERSION;</refmiscinfo> + </refmeta> + <refnamediv id='name'> + <refname>passwd</refname> + <refpurpose>change user password</refpurpose> + </refnamediv> + + <refsynopsisdiv id='synopsis'> + <cmdsynopsis> + <command>passwd</command> + <arg choice='opt'> + <replaceable>options</replaceable> + </arg> + <arg choice='opt'> + <replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable> + </arg> + </cmdsynopsis> + </refsynopsisdiv> + + <refsect1 id='description'> + <title>DESCRIPTION</title> + <para> + The <command>passwd</command> command changes passwords for user accounts. + A normal user may only change the password for his/her own account, while + the superuser may change the password for any account. + <command>passwd</command> also changes the account or associated + password validity period. + </para> + + <refsect2 id='password_changes'> + <title>Password Changes</title> + <para> + The user is first prompted for his/her old password, if one is + present. This password is then encrypted and compared against the + stored password. The user has only one chance to enter the correct + password. The superuser is permitted to bypass this step so that + forgotten passwords may be changed. + </para> + + <para> + After the password has been entered, password aging information is + checked to see if the user is permitted to change the password at + this time. If not, <command>passwd</command> refuses to change the + password and exits. + </para> + + <para> + The user is then prompted twice for a replacement password. The + second entry is compared against the first and both are required to + match in order for the password to be changed. + </para> + + <para> + Then, the password is tested for complexity. As a general guideline, + passwords should consist of 6 to 8 characters including one or more + characters from each of the following sets: + </para> + + <itemizedlist mark='bullet'> + <listitem> + <para>lower case alphabetics</para> + </listitem> + <listitem> + <para>digits 0 thru 9</para> + </listitem> + <listitem> + <para>punctuation marks</para> + </listitem> + </itemizedlist> + + <para> + Care must be taken not to include the system default erase or kill + characters. <command>passwd</command> will reject any password which + is not suitably complex. + </para> + + </refsect2> + + <refsect2 id='hints_for_user_passwords'> + <title>Hints for user passwords</title> + <para> + The security of a password depends upon the strength of the + encryption algorithm and the size of the key space. The legacy + <emphasis>UNIX</emphasis> System encryption method is based on the + NBS DES algorithm. More recent methods are now recommended (see + <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option>). The size of the key space + depends upon the randomness of the password which is selected. + </para> + + <para> + Compromises in password security normally result from careless + password selection or handling. For this reason, you should not + select a password which appears in a dictionary or which must be + written down. The password should also not be a proper name, your + license number, birth date, or street address. Any of these may be + used as guesses to violate system security. + </para> + + <para> + You can find advice on how to choose a strong password on + http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_strength + </para> + </refsect2> + </refsect1> + + <refsect1 id='options'> + <title>OPTIONS</title> + <para> + The options which apply to the <command>passwd</command> command are: + </para> + <variablelist remap='IP'> + <varlistentry> + <term> + <option>-a</option>, <option>--all</option> + </term> + <listitem> + <para> + This option can be used only with <option>-S</option> and causes show + status for all users. + </para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + <varlistentry> + <term> + <option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option> + </term> + <listitem> + <para> + Delete a user's password (make it empty). This is a quick way + to disable a password for an account. It will set the named + account passwordless. + </para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + <varlistentry> + <term> + <option>-e</option>, <option>--expire</option> + </term> + <listitem> + <para> + Immediately expire an account's password. This in effect can + force a user to change his/her password at the user's next login. + </para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-h</option>, <option>--help</option></term> + <listitem> + <para>Display help message and exit.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + <varlistentry> + <term> + <option>-i</option>, <option>--inactive</option> <replaceable>INACTIVE</replaceable> + </term> + <listitem> + <para> + This option is used to disable an account after the password has + been expired for a number of days. After a user account has had + an expired password for <replaceable>INACTIVE</replaceable> + days, the user may no longer sign on to the account. + </para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + <varlistentry> + <term> + <option>-k</option>, <option>--keep-tokens</option> + </term> + <listitem> + <para> + Indicate password change should be performed only for expired + authentication tokens (passwords). The user wishes to keep their + non-expired tokens as before. + </para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + <varlistentry> + <term> + <option>-l</option>, <option>--lock</option> + </term> + <listitem> + <para> + Lock the password of the named account. This option disables a + password by changing it to a value which matches no possible + encrypted value (it adds a ´!´ at the beginning of the + password). + </para> + <para> + Note that this does not disable the account. The user may + still be able to login using another authentication token + (e.g. an SSH key). To disable the account, administrators + should use <command>usermod --expiredate 1</command> (this set + the account's expire date to Jan 2, 1970). + </para> + <para> + Users with a locked password are not allowed to change their + password. + </para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + <varlistentry> + <term> + <option>-n</option>, <option>--mindays</option> <replaceable>MIN_DAYS</replaceable> + </term> + <listitem> + <para> + Set the minimum number of days between password changes to + <replaceable>MIN_DAYS</replaceable>. A value of zero for this field + indicates that the user may change his/her password at any time. + </para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + <varlistentry> + <term> + <option>-q</option>, <option>--quiet</option> + </term> + <listitem> + <para> + Quiet mode. + </para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + <varlistentry> + <term> + <option>-r</option>, <option>--repository</option> <replaceable>REPOSITORY</replaceable> + </term> + <listitem> + <para> + change password in <replaceable>REPOSITORY</replaceable> repository + </para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + <varlistentry> + <term> + <option>-R</option>, <option>--root</option> <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable> + </term> + <listitem> + <para> + Apply changes in the <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable> + directory and use the configuration files from the + <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable> directory. + </para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + <varlistentry> + <term> + <option>-S</option>, <option>--status</option> + </term> + <listitem> + <para> + Display account status information. The status information + consists of 7 fields. The first field is the user's login name. + The second field indicates if the user account has a locked + password (L), + has no password (NP), or has a usable password (P). The third + field gives the date of the last password change. The next four + fields are the minimum age, maximum age, warning period, and + inactivity period for the password. These ages are expressed in + days. + </para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + <varlistentry> + <term> + <option>-u</option>, <option>--unlock</option> + </term> + <listitem> + <para> + Unlock the password of the named account. This option + re-enables a password by changing the password back to its + previous value (to the value before using the + <option>-l</option> option). + </para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + <varlistentry> + <term> + <option>-w</option>, <option>--warndays</option> <replaceable>WARN_DAYS</replaceable> + </term> + <listitem> + <para> + Set the number of days of warning before a password change is + required. The <replaceable>WARN_DAYS</replaceable> option is + the number of days prior to the password expiring that a user + will be warned that his/her password is about to expire. + </para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + <varlistentry> + <term> + <option>-x</option>, <option>--maxdays</option> <replaceable>MAX_DAYS</replaceable> + </term> + <listitem> + <para> + Set the maximum number of days a password remains valid. After + <replaceable>MAX_DAYS</replaceable>, the password is required + to be changed. + </para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + </variablelist> + </refsect1> + + <refsect1 id='caveats'> + <title>CAVEATS</title> + <para> + Password complexity checking may + vary from site to site. The user is urged to select a password as + complex as he or she feels comfortable with. + </para> + <para> + Users may not be able to + change their password on a system if NIS is enabled and they are not + logged into the NIS server. + </para> + <para condition="pam"> + <command>passwd</command> uses PAM to authenticate users and to + change their passwords. + </para> + </refsect1> + + <refsect1 id='configuration' condition="no_pam"> + <title>CONFIGURATION</title> + <para> + The following configuration variables in + <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> change the behavior of this + tool: + </para> + <variablelist> + &ENCRYPT_METHOD; + &MD5_CRYPT_ENAB; + &OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB; + &PASS_ALWAYS_WARN; + &PASS_CHANGE_TRIES; + &PASS_MAX_LEN; <!-- documents also PASS_MIN_LEN --> + &SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS; + </variablelist> + </refsect1> + + <refsect1 id='files'> + <title>FILES</title> + <variablelist> + <varlistentry> + <term><filename>/etc/passwd</filename></term> + <listitem> + <para>User account information.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + <varlistentry> + <term><filename>/etc/shadow</filename></term> + <listitem> + <para>Secure user account information.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + <varlistentry condition="no_pam"> + <term><filename>/etc/login.defs</filename></term> + <listitem> + <para>Shadow password suite configuration.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + <varlistentry condition="pam"> + <term><filename>/etc/pam.d/passwd</filename></term> + <listitem> + <para>PAM configuration for <command>passwd</command>.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + </variablelist> + </refsect1> + + <refsect1 id='exit_values'> + <title>EXIT VALUES</title> + <para> + The <command>passwd</command> command exits with the following values: + <variablelist> + <varlistentry> + <term><replaceable>0</replaceable></term> + <listitem> + <para>success</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + <varlistentry> + <term><replaceable>1</replaceable></term> + <listitem> + <para>permission denied</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + <varlistentry> + <term><replaceable>2</replaceable></term> + <listitem> + <para>invalid combination of options</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + <varlistentry> + <term><replaceable>3</replaceable></term> + <listitem> + <para>unexpected failure, nothing done</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + <varlistentry> + <term><replaceable>4</replaceable></term> + <listitem> + <para>unexpected failure, <filename>passwd</filename> file missing</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + <varlistentry> + <term><replaceable>5</replaceable></term> + <listitem> + <para><filename>passwd</filename> file busy, try again</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + <varlistentry> + <term><replaceable>6</replaceable></term> + <listitem> + <para>invalid argument to option</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + </variablelist> + </para> + </refsect1> + + <refsect1 id='see_also'> + <title>SEE ALSO</title> + <para> + <citerefentry> + <refentrytitle>chpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum> + </citerefentry>, + <citerefentry> + <refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum> + </citerefentry>, + <citerefentry> + <refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum> + </citerefentry>, + <phrase condition="no_pam"> + <citerefentry> + <refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum> + </citerefentry>, + </phrase> + <citerefentry> + <refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum> + </citerefentry>. + </para> + </refsect1> +</refentry> |