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diff --git a/runtime/doc/motion.txt b/runtime/doc/motion.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..77ec53f --- /dev/null +++ b/runtime/doc/motion.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1344 @@ +*motion.txt* For Vim version 8.1. Last change: 2018 Dec 27 + + + VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Bram Moolenaar + + +Cursor motions *cursor-motions* *navigation* + +These commands move the cursor position. If the new position is off of the +screen, the screen is scrolled to show the cursor (see also 'scrolljump' and +'scrolloff' options). + +1. Motions and operators |operator| +2. Left-right motions |left-right-motions| +3. Up-down motions |up-down-motions| +4. Word motions |word-motions| +5. Text object motions |object-motions| +6. Text object selection |object-select| +7. Marks |mark-motions| +8. Jumps |jump-motions| +9. Various motions |various-motions| + +General remarks: + +If you want to know where you are in the file use the "CTRL-G" command +|CTRL-G| or the "g CTRL-G" command |g_CTRL-G|. If you set the 'ruler' option, +the cursor position is continuously shown in the status line (which slows down +Vim a little). + +Experienced users prefer the hjkl keys because they are always right under +their fingers. Beginners often prefer the arrow keys, because they do not +know what the hjkl keys do. The mnemonic value of hjkl is clear from looking +at the keyboard. Think of j as an arrow pointing downwards. + +The 'virtualedit' option can be set to make it possible to move the cursor to +positions where there is no character or halfway a character. + +============================================================================== +1. Motions and operators *operator* + +The motion commands can be used after an operator command, to have the command +operate on the text that was moved over. That is the text between the cursor +position before and after the motion. Operators are generally used to delete +or change text. The following operators are available: + + |c| c change + |d| d delete + |y| y yank into register (does not change the text) + |~| ~ swap case (only if 'tildeop' is set) + |g~| g~ swap case + |gu| gu make lowercase + |gU| gU make uppercase + |!| ! filter through an external program + |=| = filter through 'equalprg' or C-indenting if empty + |gq| gq text formatting + |g?| g? ROT13 encoding + |>| > shift right + |<| < shift left + |zf| zf define a fold + |g@| g@ call function set with the 'operatorfunc' option + +If the motion includes a count and the operator also had a count before it, +the two counts are multiplied. For example: "2d3w" deletes six words. + +After applying the operator the cursor is mostly left at the start of the text +that was operated upon. For example, "yfe" doesn't move the cursor, but "yFe" +moves the cursor leftwards to the "e" where the yank started. + + *linewise* *characterwise* +The operator either affects whole lines, or the characters between the start +and end position. Generally, motions that move between lines affect lines +(are linewise), and motions that move within a line affect characters (are +characterwise). However, there are some exceptions. + + *exclusive* *inclusive* +A character motion is either inclusive or exclusive. When inclusive, the +start and end position of the motion are included in the operation. When +exclusive, the last character towards the end of the buffer is not included. +Linewise motions always include the start and end position. + +Which motions are linewise, inclusive or exclusive is mentioned with the +command. There are however, two general exceptions: +1. If the motion is exclusive and the end of the motion is in column 1, the + end of the motion is moved to the end of the previous line and the motion + becomes inclusive. Example: "}" moves to the first line after a paragraph, + but "d}" will not include that line. + *exclusive-linewise* +2. If the motion is exclusive, the end of the motion is in column 1 and the + start of the motion was at or before the first non-blank in the line, the + motion becomes linewise. Example: If a paragraph begins with some blanks + and you do "d}" while standing on the first non-blank, all the lines of + the paragraph are deleted, including the blanks. If you do a put now, the + deleted lines will be inserted below the cursor position. + +Note that when the operator is pending (the operator command is typed, but the +motion isn't yet), a special set of mappings can be used. See |:omap|. + +Instead of first giving the operator and then a motion you can use Visual +mode: mark the start of the text with "v", move the cursor to the end of the +text that is to be affected and then hit the operator. The text between the +start and the cursor position is highlighted, so you can see what text will +be operated upon. This allows much more freedom, but requires more key +strokes and has limited redo functionality. See the chapter on Visual mode +|Visual-mode|. + +You can use a ":" command for a motion. For example "d:call FindEnd()". +But this can't be repeated with "." if the command is more than one line. +This can be repeated: > + d:call search("f")<CR> +This cannot be repeated: > + d:if 1<CR> + call search("f")<CR> + endif<CR> +Note that when using ":" any motion becomes characterwise exclusive. + + *forced-motion* +FORCING A MOTION TO BE LINEWISE, CHARACTERWISE OR BLOCKWISE + +When a motion is not of the type you would like to use, you can force another +type by using "v", "V" or CTRL-V just after the operator. +Example: > + dj +deletes two lines > + dvj +deletes from the cursor position until the character below the cursor > + d<C-V>j +deletes the character under the cursor and the character below the cursor. > + +Be careful with forcing a linewise movement to be used characterwise or +blockwise, the column may not always be defined. + + *o_v* +v When used after an operator, before the motion command: Force + the operator to work characterwise, also when the motion is + linewise. If the motion was linewise, it will become + |exclusive|. + If the motion already was characterwise, toggle + inclusive/exclusive. This can be used to make an exclusive + motion inclusive and an inclusive motion exclusive. + + *o_V* +V When used after an operator, before the motion command: Force + the operator to work linewise, also when the motion is + characterwise. + + *o_CTRL-V* +CTRL-V When used after an operator, before the motion command: Force + the operator to work blockwise. This works like Visual block + mode selection, with the corners defined by the cursor + position before and after the motion. + +============================================================================== +2. Left-right motions *left-right-motions* + +These commands move the cursor to the specified column in the current line. +They stop at the first column and at the end of the line, except "$", which +may move to one of the next lines. See 'whichwrap' option to make some of the +commands move across line boundaries. + +h or *h* +<Left> or *<Left>* +CTRL-H or *CTRL-H* *<BS>* +<BS> [count] characters to the left. |exclusive| motion. + Note: If you prefer <BS> to delete a character, use + the mapping: + :map CTRL-V<BS> X + (to enter "CTRL-V<BS>" type the CTRL-V key, followed + by the <BS> key) + See |:fixdel| if the <BS> key does not do what you + want. + +l or *l* +<Right> or *<Right>* *<Space>* +<Space> [count] characters to the right. |exclusive| motion. + See the 'whichwrap' option for adjusting the behavior + at end of line + + *0* +0 To the first character of the line. |exclusive| + motion. + + *<Home>* *<kHome>* +<Home> To the first character of the line. |exclusive| + motion. When moving up or down next, stay in same + TEXT column (if possible). Most other commands stay + in the same SCREEN column. <Home> works like "1|", + which differs from "0" when the line starts with a + <Tab>. {not in Vi} + + *^* +^ To the first non-blank character of the line. + |exclusive| motion. + + *$* *<End>* *<kEnd>* +$ or <End> To the end of the line. When a count is given also go + [count - 1] lines downward. |inclusive| motion. + In Visual mode the cursor goes to just after the last + character in the line. + When 'virtualedit' is active, "$" may move the cursor + back from past the end of the line to the last + character in the line. + + *g_* +g_ To the last non-blank character of the line and + [count - 1] lines downward |inclusive|. {not in Vi} + + *g0* *g<Home>* +g0 or g<Home> When lines wrap ('wrap' on): To the first character of + the screen line. |exclusive| motion. Differs from + "0" when a line is wider than the screen. + When lines don't wrap ('wrap' off): To the leftmost + character of the current line that is on the screen. + Differs from "0" when the first character of the line + is not on the screen. {not in Vi} + + *g^* +g^ When lines wrap ('wrap' on): To the first non-blank + character of the screen line. |exclusive| motion. + Differs from "^" when a line is wider than the screen. + When lines don't wrap ('wrap' off): To the leftmost + non-blank character of the current line that is on the + screen. Differs from "^" when the first non-blank + character of the line is not on the screen. {not in + Vi} + + *gm* +gm Like "g0", but half a screenwidth to the right (or as + much as possible). {not in Vi} + + *g$* *g<End>* +g$ or g<End> When lines wrap ('wrap' on): To the last character of + the screen line and [count - 1] screen lines downward + |inclusive|. Differs from "$" when a line is wider + than the screen. + When lines don't wrap ('wrap' off): To the rightmost + character of the current line that is visible on the + screen. Differs from "$" when the last character of + the line is not on the screen or when a count is used. + Additionally, vertical movements keep the column, + instead of going to the end of the line. + When 'virtualedit' is enabled moves to the end of the + screen line. + {not in Vi} + + *bar* +| To screen column [count] in the current line. + |exclusive| motion. Ceci n'est pas une pipe. + + *f* +f{char} To [count]'th occurrence of {char} to the right. The + cursor is placed on {char} |inclusive|. + {char} can be entered as a digraph |digraph-arg|. + When 'encoding' is set to Unicode, composing + characters may be used, see |utf-8-char-arg|. + |:lmap| mappings apply to {char}. The CTRL-^ command + in Insert mode can be used to switch this on/off + |i_CTRL-^|. + + *F* +F{char} To the [count]'th occurrence of {char} to the left. + The cursor is placed on {char} |exclusive|. + {char} can be entered like with the |f| command. + + *t* +t{char} Till before [count]'th occurrence of {char} to the + right. The cursor is placed on the character left of + {char} |inclusive|. + {char} can be entered like with the |f| command. + + *T* +T{char} Till after [count]'th occurrence of {char} to the + left. The cursor is placed on the character right of + {char} |exclusive|. + {char} can be entered like with the |f| command. + + *;* +; Repeat latest f, t, F or T [count] times. See |cpo-;| + + *,* +, Repeat latest f, t, F or T in opposite direction + [count] times. See also |cpo-;| + +============================================================================== +3. Up-down motions *up-down-motions* + +k or *k* +<Up> or *<Up>* *CTRL-P* +CTRL-P [count] lines upward |linewise|. + +j or *j* +<Down> or *<Down>* +CTRL-J or *CTRL-J* +<NL> or *<NL>* *CTRL-N* +CTRL-N [count] lines downward |linewise|. + +gk or *gk* *g<Up>* +g<Up> [count] display lines upward. |exclusive| motion. + Differs from 'k' when lines wrap, and when used with + an operator, because it's not linewise. {not in Vi} + +gj or *gj* *g<Down>* +g<Down> [count] display lines downward. |exclusive| motion. + Differs from 'j' when lines wrap, and when used with + an operator, because it's not linewise. {not in Vi} + + *-* +- <minus> [count] lines upward, on the first non-blank + character |linewise|. + ++ or *+* +CTRL-M or *CTRL-M* *<CR>* +<CR> [count] lines downward, on the first non-blank + character |linewise|. + + *_* +_ <underscore> [count] - 1 lines downward, on the first non-blank + character |linewise|. + + *G* +G Goto line [count], default last line, on the first + non-blank character |linewise|. If 'startofline' not + set, keep the same column. + G is a one of |jump-motions|. + + *<C-End>* +<C-End> Goto line [count], default last line, on the last + character |inclusive|. {not in Vi} + +<C-Home> or *gg* *<C-Home>* +gg Goto line [count], default first line, on the first + non-blank character |linewise|. If 'startofline' not + set, keep the same column. + + *:[range]* +:[range] Set the cursor on the last line number in [range]. + [range] can also be just one line number, e.g., ":1" + or ":'m". + In contrast with |G| this command does not modify the + |jumplist|. + *N%* +{count}% Go to {count} percentage in the file, on the first + non-blank in the line |linewise|. To compute the new + line number this formula is used: + ({count} * number-of-lines + 99) / 100 + See also 'startofline' option. {not in Vi} + +:[range]go[to] [count] *:go* *:goto* *go* +[count]go Go to [count] byte in the buffer. Default [count] is + one, start of the file. When giving [range], the + last number in it used as the byte count. End-of-line + characters are counted depending on the current + 'fileformat' setting. + Also see the |line2byte()| function, and the 'o' + option in 'statusline'. + {not in Vi} + {not available when compiled without the + |+byte_offset| feature} + +These commands move to the specified line. They stop when reaching the first +or the last line. The first two commands put the cursor in the same column +(if possible) as it was after the last command that changed the column, +except after the "$" command, then the cursor will be put on the last +character of the line. + +If "k", "-" or CTRL-P is used with a [count] and there are less than [count] +lines above the cursor and the 'cpo' option includes the "-" flag it is an +error. |cpo--|. + +============================================================================== +4. Word motions *word-motions* + +<S-Right> or *<S-Right>* *w* +w [count] words forward. |exclusive| motion. + +<C-Right> or *<C-Right>* *W* +W [count] WORDS forward. |exclusive| motion. + + *e* +e Forward to the end of word [count] |inclusive|. + Does not stop in an empty line. + + *E* +E Forward to the end of WORD [count] |inclusive|. + Does not stop in an empty line. + +<S-Left> or *<S-Left>* *b* +b [count] words backward. |exclusive| motion. + +<C-Left> or *<C-Left>* *B* +B [count] WORDS backward. |exclusive| motion. + + *ge* +ge Backward to the end of word [count] |inclusive|. + + *gE* +gE Backward to the end of WORD [count] |inclusive|. + +These commands move over words or WORDS. + *word* +A word consists of a sequence of letters, digits and underscores, or a +sequence of other non-blank characters, separated with white space (spaces, +tabs, <EOL>). This can be changed with the 'iskeyword' option. An empty line +is also considered to be a word. + *WORD* +A WORD consists of a sequence of non-blank characters, separated with white +space. An empty line is also considered to be a WORD. + +A sequence of folded lines is counted for one word of a single character. +"w" and "W", "e" and "E" move to the start/end of the first word or WORD after +a range of folded lines. "b" and "B" move to the start of the first word or +WORD before the fold. + +Special case: "cw" and "cW" are treated like "ce" and "cE" if the cursor is +on a non-blank. This is because "cw" is interpreted as change-word, and a +word does not include the following white space. {Vi: "cw" when on a blank +followed by other blanks changes only the first blank; this is probably a +bug, because "dw" deletes all the blanks} + +Another special case: When using the "w" motion in combination with an +operator and the last word moved over is at the end of a line, the end of +that word becomes the end of the operated text, not the first word in the +next line. + +The original Vi implementation of "e" is buggy. For example, the "e" command +will stop on the first character of a line if the previous line was empty. +But when you use "2e" this does not happen. In Vim "ee" and "2e" are the +same, which is more logical. However, this causes a small incompatibility +between Vi and Vim. + +============================================================================== +5. Text object motions *object-motions* + + *(* +( [count] sentences backward. |exclusive| motion. + + *)* +) [count] sentences forward. |exclusive| motion. + + *{* +{ [count] paragraphs backward. |exclusive| motion. + + *}* +} [count] paragraphs forward. |exclusive| motion. + + *]]* +]] [count] sections forward or to the next '{' in the + first column. When used after an operator, then also + stops below a '}' in the first column. |exclusive| + Note that |exclusive-linewise| often applies. + + *][* +][ [count] sections forward or to the next '}' in the + first column. |exclusive| + Note that |exclusive-linewise| often applies. + + *[[* +[[ [count] sections backward or to the previous '{' in + the first column. |exclusive| + Note that |exclusive-linewise| often applies. + + *[]* +[] [count] sections backward or to the previous '}' in + the first column. |exclusive| + Note that |exclusive-linewise| often applies. + +These commands move over three kinds of text objects. + + *sentence* +A sentence is defined as ending at a '.', '!' or '?' followed by either the +end of a line, or by a space or tab. Any number of closing ')', ']', '"' +and ''' characters may appear after the '.', '!' or '?' before the spaces, +tabs or end of line. A paragraph and section boundary is also a sentence +boundary. +If the 'J' flag is present in 'cpoptions', at least two spaces have to +follow the punctuation mark; <Tab>s are not recognized as white space. +The definition of a sentence cannot be changed. + + *paragraph* +A paragraph begins after each empty line, and also at each of a set of +paragraph macros, specified by the pairs of characters in the 'paragraphs' +option. The default is "IPLPPPQPP TPHPLIPpLpItpplpipbp", which corresponds to +the macros ".IP", ".LP", etc. (These are nroff macros, so the dot must be in +the first column). A section boundary is also a paragraph boundary. +Note that a blank line (only containing white space) is NOT a paragraph +boundary. +Also note that this does not include a '{' or '}' in the first column. When +the '{' flag is in 'cpoptions' then '{' in the first column is used as a +paragraph boundary |posix|. + + *section* +A section begins after a form-feed (<C-L>) in the first column and at each of +a set of section macros, specified by the pairs of characters in the +'sections' option. The default is "SHNHH HUnhsh", which defines a section to +start at the nroff macros ".SH", ".NH", ".H", ".HU", ".nh" and ".sh". + +The "]" and "[" commands stop at the '{' or '}' in the first column. This is +useful to find the start or end of a function in a C program. Note that the +first character of the command determines the search direction and the +second character the type of brace found. + +If your '{' or '}' are not in the first column, and you would like to use "[[" +and "]]" anyway, try these mappings: > + :map [[ ?{<CR>w99[{ + :map ][ /}<CR>b99]} + :map ]] j0[[%/{<CR> + :map [] k$][%?}<CR> +[type these literally, see |<>|] + +============================================================================== +6. Text object selection *object-select* *text-objects* + *v_a* *v_i* + +This is a series of commands that can only be used while in Visual mode or +after an operator. The commands that start with "a" select "a"n object +including white space, the commands starting with "i" select an "inner" object +without white space, or just the white space. Thus the "inner" commands +always select less text than the "a" commands. + +These commands are {not in Vi}. +These commands are not available when the |+textobjects| feature has been +disabled at compile time. +Also see `gn` and `gN`, operating on the last search pattern. + + *v_aw* *aw* +aw "a word", select [count] words (see |word|). + Leading or trailing white space is included, but not + counted. + When used in Visual linewise mode "aw" switches to + Visual characterwise mode. + + *v_iw* *iw* +iw "inner word", select [count] words (see |word|). + White space between words is counted too. + When used in Visual linewise mode "iw" switches to + Visual characterwise mode. + + *v_aW* *aW* +aW "a WORD", select [count] WORDs (see |WORD|). + Leading or trailing white space is included, but not + counted. + When used in Visual linewise mode "aW" switches to + Visual characterwise mode. + + *v_iW* *iW* +iW "inner WORD", select [count] WORDs (see |WORD|). + White space between words is counted too. + When used in Visual linewise mode "iW" switches to + Visual characterwise mode. + + *v_as* *as* +as "a sentence", select [count] sentences (see + |sentence|). + When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise. + + *v_is* *is* +is "inner sentence", select [count] sentences (see + |sentence|). + When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise. + + *v_ap* *ap* +ap "a paragraph", select [count] paragraphs (see + |paragraph|). + Exception: a blank line (only containing white space) + is also a paragraph boundary. + When used in Visual mode it is made linewise. + + *v_ip* *ip* +ip "inner paragraph", select [count] paragraphs (see + |paragraph|). + Exception: a blank line (only containing white space) + is also a paragraph boundary. + When used in Visual mode it is made linewise. + +a] *v_a]* *v_a[* *a]* *a[* +a[ "a [] block", select [count] '[' ']' blocks. This + goes backwards to the [count] unclosed '[', and finds + the matching ']'. The enclosed text is selected, + including the '[' and ']'. + When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise. + +i] *v_i]* *v_i[* *i]* *i[* +i[ "inner [] block", select [count] '[' ']' blocks. This + goes backwards to the [count] unclosed '[', and finds + the matching ']'. The enclosed text is selected, + excluding the '[' and ']'. + When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise. + +a) *v_a)* *a)* *a(* +a( *vab* *v_ab* *v_a(* *ab* +ab "a block", select [count] blocks, from "[count] [(" to + the matching ')', including the '(' and ')' (see + |[(|). Does not include white space outside of the + parenthesis. + When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise. + +i) *v_i)* *i)* *i(* +i( *vib* *v_ib* *v_i(* *ib* +ib "inner block", select [count] blocks, from "[count] [(" + to the matching ')', excluding the '(' and ')' (see + |[(|). + When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise. + +a> *v_a>* *v_a<* *a>* *a<* +a< "a <> block", select [count] <> blocks, from the + [count]'th unmatched '<' backwards to the matching + '>', including the '<' and '>'. + When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise. + +i> *v_i>* *v_i<* *i>* *i<* +i< "inner <> block", select [count] <> blocks, from + the [count]'th unmatched '<' backwards to the matching + '>', excluding the '<' and '>'. + When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise. + + *v_at* *at* +at "a tag block", select [count] tag blocks, from the + [count]'th unmatched "<aaa>" backwards to the matching + "</aaa>", including the "<aaa>" and "</aaa>". + See |tag-blocks| about the details. + When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise. + + *v_it* *it* +it "inner tag block", select [count] tag blocks, from the + [count]'th unmatched "<aaa>" backwards to the matching + "</aaa>", excluding the "<aaa>" and "</aaa>". + See |tag-blocks| about the details. + When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise. + +a} *v_a}* *a}* *a{* +a{ *v_aB* *v_a{* *aB* +aB "a Block", select [count] Blocks, from "[count] [{" to + the matching '}', including the '{' and '}' (see + |[{|). + When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise. + +i} *v_i}* *i}* *i{* +i{ *v_iB* *v_i{* *iB* +iB "inner Block", select [count] Blocks, from "[count] [{" + to the matching '}', excluding the '{' and '}' (see + |[{|). + When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise. + +a" *v_aquote* *aquote* +a' *v_a'* *a'* +a` *v_a`* *a`* + "a quoted string". Selects the text from the previous + quote until the next quote. The 'quoteescape' option + is used to skip escaped quotes. + Only works within one line. + When the cursor starts on a quote, Vim will figure out + which quote pairs form a string by searching from the + start of the line. + Any trailing white space is included, unless there is + none, then leading white space is included. + When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise. + Repeating this object in Visual mode another string is + included. A count is currently not used. + +i" *v_iquote* *iquote* +i' *v_i'* *i'* +i` *v_i`* *i`* + Like a", a' and a`, but exclude the quotes and + repeating won't extend the Visual selection. + Special case: With a count of 2 the quotes are + included, but no extra white space as with a"/a'/a`. + +When used after an operator: +For non-block objects: + For the "a" commands: The operator applies to the object and the white + space after the object. If there is no white space after the object + or when the cursor was in the white space before the object, the white + space before the object is included. + For the "inner" commands: If the cursor was on the object, the + operator applies to the object. If the cursor was on white space, the + operator applies to the white space. +For a block object: + The operator applies to the block where the cursor is in, or the block + on which the cursor is on one of the braces. For the "inner" commands + the surrounding braces are excluded. For the "a" commands, the braces + are included. + +When used in Visual mode: +When start and end of the Visual area are the same (just after typing "v"): + One object is selected, the same as for using an operator. +When start and end of the Visual area are not the same: + For non-block objects the area is extended by one object or the white + space up to the next object, or both for the "a" objects. The + direction in which this happens depends on which side of the Visual + area the cursor is. For the block objects the block is extended one + level outwards. + +For illustration, here is a list of delete commands, grouped from small to big +objects. Note that for a single character and a whole line the existing vi +movement commands are used. + "dl" delete character (alias: "x") |dl| + "diw" delete inner word *diw* + "daw" delete a word *daw* + "diW" delete inner WORD (see |WORD|) *diW* + "daW" delete a WORD (see |WORD|) *daW* + "dgn" delete the next search pattern match *dgn* + "dd" delete one line |dd| + "dis" delete inner sentence *dis* + "das" delete a sentence *das* + "dib" delete inner '(' ')' block *dib* + "dab" delete a '(' ')' block *dab* + "dip" delete inner paragraph *dip* + "dap" delete a paragraph *dap* + "diB" delete inner '{' '}' block *diB* + "daB" delete a '{' '}' block *daB* + +Note the difference between using a movement command and an object. The +movement command operates from here (cursor position) to where the movement +takes us. When using an object the whole object is operated upon, no matter +where on the object the cursor is. For example, compare "dw" and "daw": "dw" +deletes from the cursor position to the start of the next word, "daw" deletes +the word under the cursor and the space after or before it. + + +Tag blocks *tag-blocks* + +For the "it" and "at" text objects an attempt is done to select blocks between +matching tags for HTML and XML. But since these are not completely compatible +there are a few restrictions. + +The normal method is to select a <tag> until the matching </tag>. For "at" +the tags are included, for "it" they are excluded. But when "it" is repeated +the tags will be included (otherwise nothing would change). Also, "it" used +on a tag block with no contents will select the leading tag. + +"<aaa/>" items are skipped. Case is ignored, also for XML where case does +matter. + +In HTML it is possible to have a tag like <br> or <meta ...> without a +matching end tag. These are ignored. + +The text objects are tolerant about mistakes. Stray end tags are ignored. + +============================================================================== +7. Marks *mark-motions* *E20* *E78* + +Jumping to a mark can be done in two ways: +1. With ` (backtick): The cursor is positioned at the specified location + and the motion is |exclusive|. +2. With ' (single quote): The cursor is positioned on the first non-blank + character in the line of the specified location and + the motion is linewise. + + *m* *mark* *Mark* +m{a-zA-Z} Set mark {a-zA-Z} at cursor position (does not move + the cursor, this is not a motion command). + + *m'* *m`* +m' or m` Set the previous context mark. This can be jumped to + with the "''" or "``" command (does not move the + cursor, this is not a motion command). + + *m[* *m]* +m[ or m] Set the |'[| or |']| mark. Useful when an operator is + to be simulated by multiple commands. (does not move + the cursor, this is not a motion command). + + *m<* *m>* +m< or m> Set the |'<| or |'>| mark. Useful to change what the + `gv` command selects. (does not move the cursor, this + is not a motion command). + Note that the Visual mode cannot be set, only the + start and end position. + + *:ma* *:mark* *E191* +:[range]ma[rk] {a-zA-Z'} + Set mark {a-zA-Z'} at last line number in [range], + column 0. Default is cursor line. + + *:k* +:[range]k{a-zA-Z'} Same as :mark, but the space before the mark name can + be omitted. + + *'* *'a* *`* *`a* +'{a-z} `{a-z} Jump to the mark {a-z} in the current buffer. + + *'A* *'0* *`A* *`0* +'{A-Z0-9} `{A-Z0-9} To the mark {A-Z0-9} in the file where it was set (not + a motion command when in another file). {not in Vi} + + *g'* *g'a* *g`* *g`a* +g'{mark} g`{mark} + Jump to the {mark}, but don't change the jumplist when + jumping within the current buffer. Example: > + g`" +< jumps to the last known position in a file. See + $VIMRUNTIME/vimrc_example.vim. + Also see |:keepjumps|. + {not in Vi} + + *:marks* +:marks List all the current marks (not a motion command). + The |'(|, |')|, |'{| and |'}| marks are not listed. + The first column has number zero. + {not in Vi} + *E283* +:marks {arg} List the marks that are mentioned in {arg} (not a + motion command). For example: > + :marks aB +< to list marks 'a' and 'B'. {not in Vi} + + *:delm* *:delmarks* +:delm[arks] {marks} Delete the specified marks. Marks that can be deleted + include A-Z and 0-9. You cannot delete the ' mark. + They can be specified by giving the list of mark + names, or with a range, separated with a dash. Spaces + are ignored. Examples: > + :delmarks a deletes mark a + :delmarks a b 1 deletes marks a, b and 1 + :delmarks Aa deletes marks A and a + :delmarks p-z deletes marks in the range p to z + :delmarks ^.[] deletes marks ^ . [ ] + :delmarks \" deletes mark " +< {not in Vi} + +:delm[arks]! Delete all marks for the current buffer, but not marks + A-Z or 0-9. + {not in Vi} + +A mark is not visible in any way. It is just a position in the file that is +remembered. Do not confuse marks with named registers, they are totally +unrelated. + +'a - 'z lowercase marks, valid within one file +'A - 'Z uppercase marks, also called file marks, valid between files +'0 - '9 numbered marks, set from .viminfo file + +Lowercase marks 'a to 'z are remembered as long as the file remains in the +buffer list. If you remove the file from the buffer list, all its marks are +lost. If you delete a line that contains a mark, that mark is erased. + +Lowercase marks can be used in combination with operators. For example: "d't" +deletes the lines from the cursor position to mark 't'. Hint: Use mark 't' for +Top, 'b' for Bottom, etc.. Lowercase marks are restored when using undo and +redo. + +Uppercase marks 'A to 'Z include the file name. {Vi: no uppercase marks} You +can use them to jump from file to file. You can only use an uppercase mark +with an operator if the mark is in the current file. The line number of the +mark remains correct, even if you insert/delete lines or edit another file for +a moment. When the 'viminfo' option is not empty, uppercase marks are kept in +the .viminfo file. See |viminfo-file-marks|. + +Numbered marks '0 to '9 are quite different. They can not be set directly. +They are only present when using a viminfo file |viminfo-file|. Basically '0 +is the location of the cursor when you last exited Vim, '1 the last but one +time, etc. Use the "r" flag in 'viminfo' to specify files for which no +Numbered mark should be stored. See |viminfo-file-marks|. + + + *'[* *`[* +'[ `[ To the first character of the previously changed + or yanked text. {not in Vi} + + *']* *`]* +'] `] To the last character of the previously changed or + yanked text. {not in Vi} + +After executing an operator the Cursor is put at the beginning of the text +that was operated upon. After a put command ("p" or "P") the cursor is +sometimes placed at the first inserted line and sometimes on the last inserted +character. The four commands above put the cursor at either end. Example: +After yanking 10 lines you want to go to the last one of them: "10Y']". After +inserting several lines with the "p" command you want to jump to the lowest +inserted line: "p']". This also works for text that has been inserted. + +Note: After deleting text, the start and end positions are the same, except +when using blockwise Visual mode. These commands do not work when no change +was made yet in the current file. + + *'<* *`<* +'< `< To the first line or character of the last selected + Visual area in the current buffer. For block mode it + may also be the last character in the first line (to + be able to define the block). {not in Vi}. + + *'>* *`>* +'> `> To the last line or character of the last selected + Visual area in the current buffer. For block mode it + may also be the first character of the last line (to + be able to define the block). Note that 'selection' + applies, the position may be just after the Visual + area. {not in Vi}. + + *''* *``* +'' `` To the position before the latest jump, or where the + last "m'" or "m`" command was given. Not set when the + |:keepjumps| command modifier was used. + Also see |restore-position|. + + *'quote* *`quote* +'" `" To the cursor position when last exiting the current + buffer. Defaults to the first character of the first + line. See |last-position-jump| for how to use this + for each opened file. + Only one position is remembered per buffer, not one + for each window. As long as the buffer is visible in + a window the position won't be changed. + {not in Vi}. + + *'^* *`^* +'^ `^ To the position where the cursor was the last time + when Insert mode was stopped. This is used by the + |gi| command. Not set when the |:keepjumps| command + modifier was used. {not in Vi} + + *'.* *`.* +'. `. To the position where the last change was made. The + position is at or near where the change started. + Sometimes a command is executed as several changes, + then the position can be near the end of what the + command changed. For example when inserting a word, + the position will be on the last character. + To jump to older changes use |g;|. + {not in Vi} + + *'(* *`(* +'( `( To the start of the current sentence, like the |(| + command. {not in Vi} + + *')* *`)* +') `) To the end of the current sentence, like the |)| + command. {not in Vi} + + *'{* *`{* +'{ `{ To the start of the current paragraph, like the |{| + command. {not in Vi} + + *'}* *`}* +'} `} To the end of the current paragraph, like the |}| + command. {not in Vi} + +These commands are not marks themselves, but jump to a mark: + + *]'* +]' [count] times to next line with a lowercase mark below + the cursor, on the first non-blank character in the + line. {not in Vi} + + *]`* +]` [count] times to lowercase mark after the cursor. {not + in Vi} + + *['* +[' [count] times to previous line with a lowercase mark + before the cursor, on the first non-blank character in + the line. {not in Vi} + + *[`* +[` [count] times to lowercase mark before the cursor. + {not in Vi} + + +:loc[kmarks] {command} *:loc* *:lockmarks* + Execute {command} without adjusting marks. This is + useful when changing text in a way that the line count + will be the same when the change has completed. + WARNING: When the line count does change, marks below + the change will keep their line number, thus move to + another text line. + These items will not be adjusted for deleted/inserted + lines: + - lower case letter marks 'a - 'z + - upper case letter marks 'A - 'Z + - numbered marks '0 - '9 + - last insert position '^ + - last change position '. + - the Visual area '< and '> + - line numbers in placed signs + - line numbers in quickfix positions + - positions in the |jumplist| + - positions in the |tagstack| + These items will still be adjusted: + - previous context mark '' + - the cursor position + - the view of a window on a buffer + - folds + - diffs + +:kee[pmarks] {command} *:kee* *:keepmarks* + Currently only has effect for the filter command + |:range!|: + - When the number of lines after filtering is equal to + or larger than before, all marks are kept at the + same line number. + - When the number of lines decreases, the marks in the + lines that disappeared are deleted. + In any case the marks below the filtered text have + their line numbers adjusted, thus stick to the text, + as usual. + When the 'R' flag is missing from 'cpoptions' this has + the same effect as using ":keepmarks". + + *:keepj* *:keepjumps* +:keepj[umps] {command} + Moving around in {command} does not change the |''|, + |'.| and |'^| marks, the |jumplist| or the + |changelist|. + Useful when making a change or inserting text + automatically and the user doesn't want to go to this + position. E.g., when updating a "Last change" + timestamp in the first line: > + + :let lnum = line(".") + :keepjumps normal gg + :call SetLastChange() + :keepjumps exe "normal " . lnum . "G" +< + Note that ":keepjumps" must be used for every command. + When invoking a function the commands in that function + can still change the jumplist. Also, for + ":keepjumps exe 'command '" the "command" won't keep + jumps. Instead use: ":exe 'keepjumps command'" + +============================================================================== +8. Jumps *jump-motions* + +A "jump" is a command that normally moves the cursor several lines away. If +you make the cursor "jump" the position of the cursor before the jump is +remembered. You can return to that position with the "''" and "``" command, +unless the line containing that position was changed or deleted. The +following commands are "jump" commands: "'", "`", "G", "/", "?", "n", "N", +"%", "(", ")", "[[", "]]", "{", "}", ":s", ":tag", "L", "M", "H" and the +commands that start editing a new file. + + *CTRL-O* +CTRL-O Go to [count] Older cursor position in jump list + (not a motion command). + {not in Vi} + {not available without the |+jumplist| feature} + +<Tab> or *CTRL-I* *<Tab>* +CTRL-I Go to [count] newer cursor position in jump list + (not a motion command). + {not in Vi} + {not available without the |+jumplist| feature} + + *:ju* *:jumps* +:ju[mps] Print the jump list (not a motion command). + {not in Vi} + {not available without the |+jumplist| feature} + + *:cle* *:clearjumps* +:cle[arjumps] Clear the jump list of the current window. + {not in Vi} + {not available without the |+jumplist| feature} + + *jumplist* +Jumps are remembered in a jump list. With the CTRL-O and CTRL-I command you +can go to cursor positions before older jumps, and back again. Thus you can +move up and down the list. There is a separate jump list for each window. +The maximum number of entries is fixed at 100. +{not available without the |+jumplist| feature} + +For example, after three jump commands you have this jump list: + + jump line col file/text ~ + 3 1 0 some text ~ + 2 70 0 another line ~ + 1 1154 23 end. ~ + > ~ + +The "file/text" column shows the file name, or the text at the jump if it is +in the current file (an indent is removed and a long line is truncated to fit +in the window). + +You are currently in line 1167. If you then use the CTRL-O command, the +cursor is put in line 1154. This results in: + + jump line col file/text ~ + 2 1 0 some text ~ + 1 70 0 another line ~ + > 0 1154 23 end. ~ + 1 1167 0 foo bar ~ + +The pointer will be set at the last used jump position. The next CTRL-O +command will use the entry above it, the next CTRL-I command will use the +entry below it. If the pointer is below the last entry, this indicates that +you did not use a CTRL-I or CTRL-O before. In this case the CTRL-O command +will cause the cursor position to be added to the jump list, so you can get +back to the position before the CTRL-O. In this case this is line 1167. + +With more CTRL-O commands you will go to lines 70 and 1. If you use CTRL-I +you can go back to 1154 and 1167 again. Note that the number in the "jump" +column indicates the count for the CTRL-O or CTRL-I command that takes you to +this position. + +If you use a jump command, the current line number is inserted at the end of +the jump list. If the same line was already in the jump list, it is removed. +The result is that when repeating CTRL-O you will get back to old positions +only once. + +When the |:keepjumps| command modifier is used, jumps are not stored in the +jumplist. Jumps are also not stored in other cases, e.g., in a |:global| +command. You can explicitly add a jump by setting the ' mark with "m'". Note +that calling setpos() does not do this. + +After the CTRL-O command that got you into line 1154 you could give another +jump command (e.g., "G"). The jump list would then become: + + jump line col file/text ~ + 4 1 0 some text ~ + 3 70 0 another line ~ + 2 1167 0 foo bar ~ + 1 1154 23 end. ~ + > ~ + +The line numbers will be adjusted for deleted and inserted lines. This fails +if you stop editing a file without writing, like with ":n!". + +When you split a window, the jumplist will be copied to the new window. + +If you have included the ' item in the 'viminfo' option the jumplist will be +stored in the viminfo file and restored when starting Vim. + + +CHANGE LIST JUMPS *changelist* *change-list-jumps* *E664* + +When making a change the cursor position is remembered. One position is +remembered for every change that can be undone, unless it is close to a +previous change. Two commands can be used to jump to positions of changes, +also those that have been undone: + + *g;* *E662* +g; Go to [count] older position in change list. + If [count] is larger than the number of older change + positions go to the oldest change. + If there is no older change an error message is given. + (not a motion command) + {not in Vi} + {not available without the |+jumplist| feature} + + *g,* *E663* +g, Go to [count] newer cursor position in change list. + Just like |g;| but in the opposite direction. + (not a motion command) + {not in Vi} + {not available without the |+jumplist| feature} + +When using a count you jump as far back or forward as possible. Thus you can +use "999g;" to go to the first change for which the position is still +remembered. The number of entries in the change list is fixed and is the same +as for the |jumplist|. + +When two undo-able changes are in the same line and at a column position less +than 'textwidth' apart only the last one is remembered. This avoids that a +sequence of small changes in a line, for example "xxxxx", adds many positions +to the change list. When 'textwidth' is zero 'wrapmargin' is used. When that +also isn't set a fixed number of 79 is used. Detail: For the computations +bytes are used, not characters, to avoid a speed penalty (this only matters +for multi-byte encodings). + +Note that when text has been inserted or deleted the cursor position might be +a bit different from the position of the change. Especially when lines have +been deleted. + +When the |:keepjumps| command modifier is used the position of a change is not +remembered. + + *:changes* +:changes Print the change list. A ">" character indicates the + current position. Just after a change it is below the + newest entry, indicating that `g;` takes you to the + newest entry position. The first column indicates the + count needed to take you to this position. Example: + + change line col text ~ + 3 9 8 bla bla bla + 2 11 57 foo is a bar + 1 14 54 the latest changed line + > + + The `3g;` command takes you to line 9. Then the + output of `:changes` is: + + change line col text ~ + > 0 9 8 bla bla bla + 1 11 57 foo is a bar + 2 14 54 the latest changed line + + Now you can use "g," to go to line 11 and "2g," to go + to line 14. + +============================================================================== +9. Various motions *various-motions* + + *%* +% Find the next item in this line after or under the + cursor and jump to its match. |inclusive| motion. + Items can be: + ([{}]) parenthesis or (curly/square) brackets + (this can be changed with the + 'matchpairs' option) + /* */ start or end of C-style comment + #if, #ifdef, #else, #elif, #endif + C preprocessor conditionals (when the + cursor is on the # or no ([{ + following) + For other items the matchit plugin can be used, see + |matchit-install|. This plugin also helps to skip + matches in comments. + + When 'cpoptions' contains "M" |cpo-M| backslashes + before parens and braces are ignored. Without "M" the + number of backslashes matters: an even number doesn't + match with an odd number. Thus in "( \) )" and "\( ( + \)" the first and last parenthesis match. + + When the '%' character is not present in 'cpoptions' + |cpo-%|, parens and braces inside double quotes are + ignored, unless the number of parens/braces in a line + is uneven and this line and the previous one does not + end in a backslash. '(', '{', '[', ']', '}' and ')' + are also ignored (parens and braces inside single + quotes). Note that this works fine for C, but not for + Perl, where single quotes are used for strings. + + Nothing special is done for matches in comments. You + can either use the matchit plugin |matchit-install| or + put quotes around matches. + + No count is allowed, {count}% jumps to a line {count} + percentage down the file |N%|. Using '%' on + #if/#else/#endif makes the movement linewise. + + *[(* +[( go to [count] previous unmatched '('. + |exclusive| motion. {not in Vi} + + *[{* +[{ go to [count] previous unmatched '{'. + |exclusive| motion. {not in Vi} + + *])* +]) go to [count] next unmatched ')'. + |exclusive| motion. {not in Vi} + + *]}* +]} go to [count] next unmatched '}'. + |exclusive| motion. {not in Vi} + +The above four commands can be used to go to the start or end of the current +code block. It is like doing "%" on the '(', ')', '{' or '}' at the other +end of the code block, but you can do this from anywhere in the code block. +Very useful for C programs. Example: When standing on "case x:", "[{" will +bring you back to the switch statement. + + *]m* +]m Go to [count] next start of a method (for Java or + similar structured language). When not before the + start of a method, jump to the start or end of the + class. When no '{' is found after the cursor, this is + an error. |exclusive| motion. {not in Vi} + *]M* +]M Go to [count] next end of a method (for Java or + similar structured language). When not before the end + of a method, jump to the start or end of the class. + When no '}' is found after the cursor, this is an + error. |exclusive| motion. {not in Vi} + *[m* +[m Go to [count] previous start of a method (for Java or + similar structured language). When not after the + start of a method, jump to the start or end of the + class. When no '{' is found before the cursor this is + an error. |exclusive| motion. {not in Vi} + *[M* +[M Go to [count] previous end of a method (for Java or + similar structured language). When not after the + end of a method, jump to the start or end of the + class. When no '}' is found before the cursor this is + an error. |exclusive| motion. {not in Vi} + +The above two commands assume that the file contains a class with methods. +The class definition is surrounded in '{' and '}'. Each method in the class +is also surrounded with '{' and '}'. This applies to the Java language. The +file looks like this: > + + // comment + class foo { + int method_one() { + body_one(); + } + int method_two() { + body_two(); + } + } +Starting with the cursor on "body_two()", using "[m" will jump to the '{' at +the start of "method_two()" (obviously this is much more useful when the +method is long!). Using "2[m" will jump to the start of "method_one()". +Using "3[m" will jump to the start of the class. + + *[#* +[# go to [count] previous unmatched "#if" or "#else". + |exclusive| motion. {not in Vi} + + *]#* +]# go to [count] next unmatched "#else" or "#endif". + |exclusive| motion. {not in Vi} + +These two commands work in C programs that contain #if/#else/#endif +constructs. It brings you to the start or end of the #if/#else/#endif where +the current line is included. You can then use "%" to go to the matching line. + + *[star* *[/* +[* or [/ go to [count] previous start of a C comment "/*". + |exclusive| motion. {not in Vi} + + *]star* *]/* +]* or ]/ go to [count] next end of a C comment "*/". + |exclusive| motion. {not in Vi} + + + *H* +H To line [count] from top (Home) of window (default: + first line on the window) on the first non-blank + character |linewise|. See also 'startofline' option. + Cursor is adjusted for 'scrolloff' option, unless an + operator is pending, in which case the text may + scroll. E.g. "yH" yanks from the first visible line + until the cursor line (inclusive). + + *M* +M To Middle line of window, on the first non-blank + character |linewise|. See also 'startofline' option. + + *L* +L To line [count] from bottom of window (default: Last + line on the window) on the first non-blank character + |linewise|. See also 'startofline' option. + Cursor is adjusted for 'scrolloff' option, unless an + operator is pending, in which case the text may + scroll. E.g. "yL" yanks from the cursor to the last + visible line. + +<LeftMouse> Moves to the position on the screen where the mouse + click is |exclusive|. See also |<LeftMouse>|. If the + position is in a status line, that window is made the + active window and the cursor is not moved. {not in Vi} + + vim:tw=78:ts=8:noet:ft=help:norl: |