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diff --git a/runtime/doc/xxd.1 b/runtime/doc/xxd.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..46bfedc --- /dev/null +++ b/runtime/doc/xxd.1 @@ -0,0 +1,388 @@ +.TH XXD 1 "August 1996" "Manual page for xxd" +.\" +.\" 21st May 1996 +.\" Man page author: +.\" Tony Nugent <tony@sctnugen.ppp.gu.edu.au> <T.Nugent@sct.gu.edu.au> +.\" Changes by Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org> +.SH NAME +.I xxd +\- make a hexdump or do the reverse. +.SH SYNOPSIS +.B xxd +\-h[elp] +.br +.B xxd +[options] [infile [outfile]] +.br +.B xxd +\-r[evert] [options] [infile [outfile]] +.SH DESCRIPTION +.I xxd +creates a hex dump of a given file or standard input. +It can also convert a hex dump back to its original binary form. +Like +.BR uuencode (1) +and +.BR uudecode (1) +it allows the transmission of binary data in a `mail-safe' ASCII representation, +but has the advantage of decoding to standard output. +Moreover, it can be used to perform binary file patching. +.SH OPTIONS +If no +.I infile +is given, standard input is read. +If +.I infile +is specified as a +.RB \` \- ' +character, then input is taken from standard input. +If no +.I outfile +is given (or a +.RB \` \- ' +character is in its place), results are sent to standard output. +.PP +Note that a "lazy" parser is used which does not check for more than the first +option letter, unless the option is followed by a parameter. +Spaces between a single option letter and its parameter are optional. +Parameters to options can be specified in decimal, hexadecimal or octal +notation. +Thus +.BR \-c8 , +.BR "\-c 8" , +.B \-c 010 +and +.B \-cols 8 +are all equivalent. +.PP +.TP +.IR \-a " | " \-autoskip +Toggle autoskip: A single '*' replaces nul-lines. Default off. +.TP +.IR \-b " | " \-bits +Switch to bits (binary digits) dump, rather than hexdump. +This option writes octets as eight digits "1"s and "0"s instead of a normal +hexadecimal dump. Each line is preceded by a line number in hexadecimal and +followed by an ascii (or ebcdic) representation. The command line switches +\-r, \-p, \-i do not work with this mode. +.TP +.IR "\-c cols " | " \-cols cols" +Format +.RI < cols > +octets per line. Default 16 (\-i: 12, \-ps: 30, \-b: 6). Max 256. +.TP +.IR \-C " | " \-capitalize +Capitalize variable names in C include file style, when using \-i. +.TP +.IR \-E " | " \-EBCDIC +Change the character encoding in the righthand column from ASCII to EBCDIC. +This does not change the hexadecimal representation. The option is +meaningless in combinations with \-r, \-p or \-i. +.TP +.IR \-e +Switch to little-endian hexdump. +This option treats byte groups as words in little-endian byte order. +The default grouping of 4 bytes may be changed using +.RI "" \-g . +This option only applies to hexdump, leaving the ASCII (or EBCDIC) +representation unchanged. +The command line switches +\-r, \-p, \-i do not work with this mode. +.TP +.IR "\-g bytes " | " \-groupsize bytes" +Separate the output of every +.RI < bytes > +bytes (two hex characters or eight bit-digits each) by a whitespace. +Specify +.I \-g 0 +to suppress grouping. +.RI < Bytes "> defaults to " 2 +in normal mode, \fI4\fP in little-endian mode and \fI1\fP in bits mode. +Grouping does not apply to postscript or include style. +.TP +.IR \-h " | " \-help +Print a summary of available commands and exit. No hex dumping is performed. +.TP +.IR \-i " | " \-include +Output in C include file style. A complete static array definition is written +(named after the input file), unless xxd reads from stdin. +.TP +.IR "\-l len " | " \-len len" +Stop after writing +.RI < len > +octets. +.TP +.I \-o offset +Add +.RI < offset > +to the displayed file position. +.TP +.IR \-p " | " \-ps " | " \-postscript " | " \-plain +Output in postscript continuous hexdump style. Also known as plain hexdump +style. +.TP +.IR \-r " | " \-revert +Reverse operation: convert (or patch) hexdump into binary. +If not writing to stdout, xxd writes into its output file without truncating +it. Use the combination +.I \-r \-p +to read plain hexadecimal dumps without line number information and without a +particular column layout. Additional Whitespace and line-breaks are allowed +anywhere. +.TP +.I \-seek offset +When used after +.IR \-r : +revert with +.RI < offset > +added to file positions found in hexdump. +.TP +.I \-s [+][\-]seek +Start at +.RI < seek > +bytes abs. (or rel.) infile offset. +\fI+ \fRindicates that the seek is relative to the current stdin file position +(meaningless when not reading from stdin). \fI\- \fRindicates that the seek +should be that many characters from the end of the input (or if combined with +\fI+\fR: before the current stdin file position). +Without \-s option, xxd starts at the current file position. +.TP +.I \-u +Use upper case hex letters. Default is lower case. +.TP +.IR \-v " | " \-version +Show version string. +.SH CAVEATS +.PP +.I xxd \-r +has some builtin magic while evaluating line number information. +If the output file is seekable, then the linenumbers at the start of each +hexdump line may be out of order, lines may be missing, or overlapping. In +these cases xxd will lseek(2) to the next position. If the output file is not +seekable, only gaps are allowed, which will be filled by null-bytes. +.PP +.I xxd \-r +never generates parse errors. Garbage is silently skipped. +.PP +When editing hexdumps, please note that +.I xxd \-r +skips everything on the input line after reading enough columns of hexadecimal +data (see option \-c). This also means, that changes to the printable ascii (or +ebcdic) columns are always ignored. Reverting a plain (or postscript) style +hexdump with xxd \-r \-p does not depend on the correct number of columns. Here anything that looks like a pair of hex-digits is interpreted. +.PP +Note the difference between +.br +\fI% xxd \-i file\fR +.br +and +.br +\fI% xxd \-i < file\fR +.PP +.I xxd \-s +seek +may be different from +.IR "xxd \-s seek" , +as lseek(2) is used to "rewind" input. A '+' +makes a difference if the input source is stdin, and if stdin's file position +is not at the start of the file by the time xxd is started and given its input. +The following examples may help to clarify (or further confuse!)... +.PP +Rewind stdin before reading; needed because the `cat' has already read to the +end of stdin. +.br +\fI% sh \-c "cat > plain_copy; xxd \-s 0 > hex_copy" < file\fR +.PP +Hexdump from file position 0x480 (=1024+128) onwards. +The `+' sign means "relative to the current position", thus the `128' adds to +the 1k where dd left off. +.br +\fI% sh \-c "dd of=plain_snippet bs=1k count=1; xxd \-s +128 > hex_snippet" < file\fR +.PP +Hexdump from file position 0x100 ( = 1024\-768) on. +.br +\fI% sh \-c "dd of=plain_snippet bs=1k count=1; xxd \-s +\-768 > hex_snippet" < file\fR +.PP +However, this is a rare situation and the use of `+' is rarely needed. +The author prefers to monitor the effect of xxd with strace(1) or truss(1), whenever \-s is used. +.SH EXAMPLES +.PP +.br +Print everything but the first three lines (hex 0x30 bytes) of +.BR file . +.br +\fI% xxd \-s 0x30 file\fR +.PP +.br +Print 3 lines (hex 0x30 bytes) from the end of +.BR file . +.br +\fI% xxd \-s \-0x30 file\fR +.PP +.br +Print 120 bytes as continuous hexdump with 20 octets per line. +.br +\fI% xxd \-l 120 \-ps \-c 20 xxd.1\fR +.br +2e54482058584420312022417567757374203139 +.br +39362220224d616e75616c207061676520666f72 +.br +20787864220a2e5c220a2e5c222032317374204d +.br +617920313939360a2e5c22204d616e2070616765 +.br +20617574686f723a0a2e5c2220202020546f6e79 +.br +204e7567656e74203c746f6e79407363746e7567 +.br + +.br +Hexdump the first 120 bytes of this man page with 12 octets per line. +.br +\fI% xxd \-l 120 \-c 12 xxd.1\fR +.br +0000000: 2e54 4820 5858 4420 3120 2241 .TH XXD 1 "A +.br +000000c: 7567 7573 7420 3139 3936 2220 ugust 1996" +.br +0000018: 224d 616e 7561 6c20 7061 6765 "Manual page +.br +0000024: 2066 6f72 2078 7864 220a 2e5c for xxd"..\\ +.br +0000030: 220a 2e5c 2220 3231 7374 204d "..\\" 21st M +.br +000003c: 6179 2031 3939 360a 2e5c 2220 ay 1996..\\" +.br +0000048: 4d61 6e20 7061 6765 2061 7574 Man page aut +.br +0000054: 686f 723a 0a2e 5c22 2020 2020 hor:..\\" +.br +0000060: 546f 6e79 204e 7567 656e 7420 Tony Nugent +.br +000006c: 3c74 6f6e 7940 7363 746e 7567 <tony@sctnug +.PP +.br +Display just the date from the file xxd.1 +.br +\fI% xxd \-s 0x36 \-l 13 \-c 13 xxd.1\fR +.br +0000036: 3231 7374 204d 6179 2031 3939 36 21st May 1996 +.PP +.br +Copy +.B input_file +to +.B output_file +and prepend 100 bytes of value 0x00. +.br +\fI% xxd input_file | xxd \-r \-s 100 > output_file\fR +.br + +.br +Patch the date in the file xxd.1 +.br +\fI% echo "0000037: 3574 68" | xxd \-r \- xxd.1\fR +.br +\fI% xxd \-s 0x36 \-l 13 \-c 13 xxd.1\fR +.br +0000036: 3235 7468 204d 6179 2031 3939 36 25th May 1996 +.PP +.br +Create a 65537 byte file with all bytes 0x00, +except for the last one which is 'A' (hex 0x41). +.br +\fI% echo "010000: 41" | xxd \-r > file\fR +.PP +.br +Hexdump this file with autoskip. +.br +\fI% xxd \-a \-c 12 file\fR +.br +0000000: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ............ +.br +* +.br +000fffc: 0000 0000 40 ....A +.PP +Create a 1 byte file containing a single 'A' character. +The number after '\-r \-s' adds to the linenumbers found in the file; +in effect, the leading bytes are suppressed. +.br +\fI% echo "010000: 41" | xxd \-r \-s \-0x10000 > file\fR +.PP +Use xxd as a filter within an editor such as +.B vim(1) +to hexdump a region marked between `a' and `z'. +.br +\fI:'a,'z!xxd\fR +.PP +Use xxd as a filter within an editor such as +.B vim(1) +to recover a binary hexdump marked between `a' and `z'. +.br +\fI:'a,'z!xxd \-r\fR +.PP +Use xxd as a filter within an editor such as +.B vim(1) +to recover one line of a hexdump. Move the cursor over the line and type: +.br +\fI!!xxd \-r\fR +.PP +Read single characters from a serial line +.br +\fI% xxd \-c1 < /dev/term/b &\fR +.br +\fI% stty < /dev/term/b \-echo \-opost \-isig \-icanon min 1\fR +.br +\fI% echo \-n foo > /dev/term/b\fR +.PP +.SH "RETURN VALUES" +The following error values are returned: +.TP +0 +no errors encountered. +.TP +\-1 +operation not supported ( +.I xxd \-r \-i +still impossible). +.TP +1 +error while parsing options. +.TP +2 +problems with input file. +.TP +3 +problems with output file. +.TP +4,5 +desired seek position is unreachable. +.SH "SEE ALSO" +uuencode(1), uudecode(1), patch(1) +.br +.SH WARNINGS +The tools weirdness matches its creators brain. +Use entirely at your own risk. Copy files. Trace it. Become a wizard. +.br +.SH VERSION +This manual page documents xxd version 1.7 +.SH AUTHOR +.br +(c) 1990-1997 by Juergen Weigert +.br +<jnweiger@informatik.uni\-erlangen.de> +.LP +Distribute freely and credit me, +.br +make money and share with me, +.br +lose money and don't ask me. +.PP +Manual page started by Tony Nugent +.br +<tony@sctnugen.ppp.gu.edu.au> <T.Nugent@sct.gu.edu.au> +.br +Small changes by Bram Moolenaar. +Edited by Juergen Weigert. +.PP |