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diff --git a/doc/user/vrrp.rst b/doc/user/vrrp.rst new file mode 100644 index 0000000..44a56f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/user/vrrp.rst @@ -0,0 +1,552 @@ +.. _vrrp: + +**** +VRRP +**** + +:abbr:`VRRP` stands for Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol. This protocol is +used to allow multiple backup routers on the same segment to take over +operation of each others' IP addresses if the primary router fails. This is +typically used to provide fault-tolerant gateways to hosts on the segment. + +FRR implements VRRPv2 (:rfc:`3768`) and VRRPv3 (:rfc:`5798`). For VRRPv2, no +authentication methods are supported; these are deprecated in the VRRPv2 +specification as they do not provide any additional security over the base +protocol. + +.. note:: + + - VRRP is supported on Linux 5.1+ + - VRRP does not implement Accept_Mode + +.. _vrrp-starting: + +Starting VRRP +============= + +The configuration file for *vrrpd* is :file:`vrrpd.conf`. The typical location +of :file:`vrrpd.conf` is |INSTALL_PREFIX_ETC|/vrrpd.conf. + +If using integrated config, then :file:`vrrpd.conf` need not be present and +:file:`frr.conf` is read instead. + +.. program:: vrrpd + +:abbr:`VRRP` supports all the common FRR daemon start options which are +documented elsewhere. + +.. _vrrp-protocol-overview: + +Protocol Overview +================= + +From :rfc:`5798`: + + VRRP specifies an election protocol that dynamically assigns responsibility + for a virtual router to one of the VRRP routers on a LAN. The VRRP router + controlling the IPv4 or IPv6 address(es) associated with a virtual router is + called the Master, and it forwards packets sent to these IPv4 or IPv6 + addresses. VRRP Master routers are configured with virtual IPv4 or IPv6 + addresses, and VRRP Backup routers infer the address family of the virtual + addresses being carried based on the transport protocol. Within a VRRP + router, the virtual routers in each of the IPv4 and IPv6 address families + are a domain unto themselves and do not overlap. The election process + provides dynamic failover in the forwarding responsibility should the Master + become unavailable. For IPv4, the advantage gained from using VRRP is a + higher-availability default path without requiring configuration of dynamic + routing or router discovery protocols on every end-host. For IPv6, the + advantage gained from using VRRP for IPv6 is a quicker switchover to Backup + routers than can be obtained with standard IPv6 Neighbor Discovery + mechanisms. + +VRRP accomplishes these goals primarily by using a virtual MAC address shared +between the physical routers participating in a VRRP virtual router. This +reduces churn in the neighbor tables of hosts and downstream switches and makes +router failover theoretically transparent to these devices. + +FRR implements the election protocol and handles changing the operating system +interface configuration in response to protocol state changes. + +As a consequence of the shared virtual MAC requirement, VRRP is currently +supported only on Linux, as Linux is the only operating system that provides +the necessary features in its network stack to make implementing this protocol +feasible. + +When a VRRP router is acting as the Master router, FRR allows the interface(s) +with the backed-up IP addresses to remain up and functional. When the router +transitions to Backup state, these interfaces are set into ``protodown`` mode. +This is an interface mode that is functionally equivalent to ``NO-CARRIER``. +Physical drivers typically use this state indication to drop traffic on an +interface. In the case of VRRP, the interfaces in question are macvlan devices, +which are virtual interfaces. Since the IP addresses managed by VRRP are on +these interfaces, this has the same effect as removing these addresses from the +interface, but is implemented as a state flag. + +.. _vrrp-configuration: + +Configuring VRRP +================ + +VRRP is configured on a per-interface basis, with some global defaults +accessible outside the interface context. + +.. _vrrp-system-configuration: + +System Configuration +-------------------- + +FRR's VRRP implementation uses Linux macvlan devices to to implement the shared +virtual MAC feature of the protocol. Currently, it does not create those system +interfaces - they must be configured outside of FRR before VRRP can be enabled +on them. + +Each interface on which VRRP will be enabled must have at least one macvlan +device configured with the virtual MAC and placed in the proper operation mode. +The addresses backed up by VRRP are assigned to these interfaces. + +Suppose you have an interface ``eth0`` with the following configuration: + +.. code-block:: console + + $ ip addr show eth0 + 2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000 + link/ether 02:17:45:00:aa:aa brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff + inet 10.0.2.15/24 brd 10.0.2.255 scope global dynamic eth0 + valid_lft 72532sec preferred_lft 72532sec + inet6 fe80::17:45ff:fe00:aaaa/64 scope link + valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever + +Suppose that the IPv4 and IPv6 addresses you want to back up are ``10.0.2.16`` +and ``2001:db8::370:7334``, and that they will be managed by the virtual router +with id ``5``. A macvlan device with the appropriate MAC address must be created +before VRRP can begin to operate. + +If you are using ``ifupdown2``, the configuration is as follows: + +.. code-block:: console + + iface eth0 + ... + vrrp 5 10.0.2.16/24 2001:0db8::0370:7334/64 + +Applying this configuration with ``ifreload -a`` will create the appropriate +macvlan device. If you are using ``iproute2``, the equivalent configuration is: + +.. code-block:: console + + ip link add vrrp4-2-1 link eth0 addrgenmode random type macvlan mode bridge + ip link set dev vrrp4-2-1 address 00:00:5e:00:01:05 + ip addr add 10.0.2.16/24 dev vrrp4-2-1 + ip link set dev vrrp4-2-1 up + + ip link add vrrp6-2-1 link eth0 addrgenmode random type macvlan mode bridge + ip link set dev vrrp6-2-1 address 00:00:5e:00:02:05 + ip addr add 2001:db8::370:7334/64 dev vrrp6-2-1 + ip link set dev vrrp6-2-1 up + +In either case, the created interfaces will look like this: + +.. code-block:: console + + $ ip addr show vrrp4-2-1 + 5: vrrp4-2-1@eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group default qlen 1000 + link/ether 00:00:5e:00:01:05 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff + inet 10.0.2.16/24 scope global vrrp4-2-1 + valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever + inet6 fe80::dc56:d11a:e69d:ea72/64 scope link stable-privacy + valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever + + $ ip addr show vrrp6-2-1 + 8: vrrp6-2-1@eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group default qlen 1000 + link/ether 00:00:5e:00:02:05 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff + inet6 2001:db8::370:7334/64 scope global + valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever + inet6 fe80::f8b7:c9dd:a1e8:9844/64 scope link stable-privacy + valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever + +Using ``vrrp4-2-1`` as an example, a few things to note about this interface: + +- It is slaved to ``eth0``; any packets transmitted on this interface will + egress via ``eth0`` +- Its MAC address is set to the VRRP IPv4 virtual MAC specified by the RFC for + :abbr:`VRID (Virtual Router ID)` ``5`` +- The :abbr:`VIP (Virtual IP)` address ``10.0.2.16`` must not be present on + the parent interface ``eth0``. +- The link local address on the interface is not derived from the interface + MAC + +First to note is that packets transmitted on this interface will egress via +``eth0``, but with their Ethernet source MAC set to the VRRP virtual MAC. This +is how FRR's VRRP implementation accomplishes the virtual MAC requirement on +real hardware. + +Ingress traffic is a more complicated matter. Macvlan devices have multiple +operating modes that change how ingress traffic is handled. Of relevance to +FRR's implementation are the ``bridge`` and ``private`` modes. In ``private`` +mode, any ingress traffic on ``eth0`` (in our example) with a source MAC +address equal to the MAC address on any of ``eth0``'s macvlan devices will be +placed *only* on that macvlan device. This curious behavior is undesirable, +since FRR's implementation of VRRP needs to be able to receive advertisements +from neighbors while in Backup mode - i.e., while its macvlan devices are in +``protodown on``. If the macvlan devices are instead set to ``bridge`` mode, +all ingress traffic shows up on all interfaces - including ``eth0`` - +regardless of source MAC or any other factor. Consequently, macvlans used by +FRR for VRRP must be set to ``bridge`` mode or the protocol will not function +correctly. + +As for the MAC address assigned to this interface, the last byte of the address +holds the :abbr:`VRID (Virtual Router Identifier)`, in this case ``0x05``. The +second to last byte is ``0x01``, as specified by the RFC for IPv4 operation. +The IPv6 MAC address is be identical except that the second to last byte is +defined to be ``0x02``. Two things to note from this arrangement: + +1. There can only be up to 255 unique Virtual Routers on an interface (only 1 + byte is available for the VRID) +2. IPv4 and IPv6 addresses must be assigned to different macvlan devices, + because they have different MAC addresses + +Finally, take note of the generated IPv6 link local address on the interface. +For interfaces on which VRRP will operate in IPv6 mode, this link local +*cannot* be derived using the usual EUI-64 method. This is because VRRP +advertisements are sent from the link local address of this interface, and VRRP +uses the source address of received advertisements as part of its election +algorithm. If the IPv6 link local of a router is equivalent to the IPv6 link +local in a received advertisement, this can cause both routers to assume the +Master role (very bad). ``ifupdown`` knows to set the ``addrgenmode`` of the +interface properly, but when using ``iproute2`` to create the macvlan devices, +you must be careful to manually specify ``addrgenmode random``. + +A brief note on the Backup state +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +It is worth noting here that an alternate choice for the implementation of the +Backup state, such as removing all the IP addresses assigned to the macvlan +device or deleting their local routes instead of setting the device into +``protodown on``, would allow the protocol to function regardless of whether +the macvlan device(s) are set to ``private`` or ``bridge`` mode. Indeed, the +strange behavior of the kernel macvlan driver in ``private`` mode, whereby it +performs what may be thought of as a sort of interface-level layer 2 "NAT" +based on source MAC, can be traced back to a patch clearly designed to +accommodate a VRRP implementation from a different vendor. However, the +``protodown`` based implementation allows for a configuration model in which +FRR does not dynamically manage the addresses assigned on a system, but instead +just manages interface state. Such a scenario was in mind when this protocol +implementation was initially built, which is why the other choices are not +currently present. Since support for placing macvlan devices into ``protodown`` +was not added to Linux until version 5.1, this also explains the relatively +restrictive kernel versioning requirement. + +In the future other methods of implementing Backup state may be added along +with a configuration knob to choose between them. + +.. _vrrp-interface-configuration: + +Interface Configuration +----------------------- + +Continuing with the example from the previous section, we assume the macvlan +interfaces have been properly configured with the proper MAC addresses and the +IPvX addresses assigned. + +In FRR, a possible VRRPv3 configuration for this interface is: + +.. code-block:: frr + + interface eth0 + vrrp 5 version 3 + vrrp 5 priority 200 + vrrp 5 advertisement-interval 1500 + vrrp 5 ip 10.0.2.16 + vrrp 5 ipv6 2001:0db8::0370:7334 + +VRRP will activate as soon as the first IPvX address configuration line is +encountered. If you do not want this behavior, use the :clicmd:`vrrp (1-255) +shutdown` command, and apply the ``no`` form when you are ready to activate +VRRP. + +At this point executing ``show vrrp`` will display the following: + +.. code-block:: console + + ubuntu-bionic# show vrrp + + Virtual Router ID 5 + Protocol Version 3 + Autoconfigured Yes + Shutdown No + Interface eth0 + VRRP interface (v4) vrrp4-2-5 + VRRP interface (v6) vrrp6-2-5 + Primary IP (v4) 10.0.2.15 + Primary IP (v6) fe80::9b91:7155:bf6a:d386 + Virtual MAC (v4) 00:00:5e:00:01:05 + Virtual MAC (v6) 00:00:5e:00:02:05 + Status (v4) Master + Status (v6) Master + Priority 200 + Effective Priority (v4) 200 + Effective Priority (v6) 200 + Preempt Mode Yes + Accept Mode Yes + Advertisement Interval 1500 ms + Master Advertisement Interval (v4) 1000 ms + Master Advertisement Interval (v6) 1000 ms + Advertisements Tx (v4) 14 + Advertisements Tx (v6) 14 + Advertisements Rx (v4) 0 + Advertisements Rx (v6) 0 + Gratuitous ARP Tx (v4) 1 + Neigh. Adverts Tx (v6) 1 + State transitions (v4) 2 + State transitions (v6) 2 + Skew Time (v4) 210 ms + Skew Time (v6) 210 ms + Master Down Interval (v4) 3210 ms + Master Down Interval (v6) 3210 ms + IPv4 Addresses 1 + .................................. 10.0.2.16 + IPv6 Addresses 1 + .................................. 2001:db8::370:7334 + +At this point, VRRP has sent gratuitous ARP requests for the IPv4 address, +Unsolicited Neighbor Advertisements for the IPv6 address, and has asked Zebra +to send Router Advertisements on its behalf. It is also transmitting VRRPv3 +advertisements on the macvlan interfaces. + +The Primary IP fields are of some interest, as the behavior may be +counterintuitive. These fields show the source address used for VRRP +advertisements. Although VRRPv3 advertisements are always transmitted on the +macvlan interfaces, in the IPv4 case the source address is set to the primary +IPv4 address on the base interface, ``eth0`` in this case. This is a protocol +requirement, and IPv4 VRRP will not function unless the base interface has an +IPv4 address assigned. In the IPv6 case the link local of the macvlan interface +is used. + +If any misconfiguration errors are detected, VRRP for the misconfigured address +family will not come up and the configuration issue will be logged to FRR's +configured logging destination. + +Per the RFC, IPv4 and IPv6 virtual routers are independent of each other. For +instance, it is possible for the IPv4 router to be in Backup state while the +IPv6 router is in Master state; or for either to be completely inoperative +while the other is operative, etc. Instances sharing the same base interface +and VRID are shown together in the show output for conceptual convenience. + +To complete your VRRP deployment, configure other routers on the segment with +the exact same system and FRR configuration as shown above. Provided each +router receives the others' VRRP advertisements, the Master election protocol +will run, one Master will be elected, and the other routers will place their +macvlan interfaces into ``protodown on`` until Master fails or priority values +are changed to favor another router. + +Switching the protocol version to VRRPv2 is accomplished simply by changing +``version 3`` to ``version 2`` in the VRID configuration line. Note that VRRPv2 +does not support IPv6, so any IPv6 configuration will be rejected by FRR when +using VRRPv2. + +.. note:: + + All VRRP routers initially start in Backup state, and wait for the + calculated Master Down Interval to pass before they assume Master status. + This prevents downstream neighbor table churn if another router is already + Master with higher priority, meaning this box will ultimately assume Backup + status once the first advertisement is received. However, if the calculated + Master Down Interval is high and this router is configured such that it will + ultimately assume Master status, then it will take a while for this to + happen. This is a known issue. + + +All interface configuration commands are documented below. + +.. clicmd:: vrrp (1-255) [version (2-3)] + + Create a VRRP router with the specified VRID on the interface. Optionally + specify the protocol version. If the protocol version is not specified, the + default is VRRPv3. + +.. clicmd:: vrrp (1-255) advertisement-interval (10-40950) + + Set the advertisement interval. This is the interval at which VRRP + advertisements will be sent. Values are given in milliseconds, but must be + multiples of 10, as VRRP itself uses centiseconds. + +.. clicmd:: vrrp (1-255) ip A.B.C.D + + Add an IPv4 address to the router. This address must already be configured + on the appropriate macvlan device. Adding an IP address to the router will + implicitly activate the router; see :clicmd:`[no] vrrp (1-255) shutdown` to + override this behavior. + +.. clicmd:: vrrp (1-255) ipv6 X:X::X:X + + Add an IPv6 address to the router. This address must already be configured + on the appropriate macvlan device. Adding an IP address to the router will + implicitly activate the router; see :clicmd:`[no] vrrp (1-255) shutdown` to + override this behavior. + + This command will fail if the protocol version is set to VRRPv2, as VRRPv2 + does not support IPv6. + +.. clicmd:: vrrp (1-255) preempt + + Toggle preempt mode. When enabled, preemption allows Backup routers with + higher priority to take over Master status from the existing Master. Enabled + by default. + +.. clicmd:: vrrp (1-255) priority (1-254) + + Set the router priority. The router with the highest priority is elected as + the Master. If all routers in the VRRP virtual router are configured with + the same priority, the router with the highest primary IP address is elected + as the Master. Priority value 255 is reserved for the acting Master router. + +.. clicmd:: vrrp (1-255) shutdown + + Place the router into administrative shutdown. VRRP will not activate for + this router until this command is removed with the ``no`` form. + +.. _vrrp-global-configuration: + +Global Configuration +-------------------- + +Show commands, global defaults and debugging configuration commands. + +.. clicmd:: show vrrp [interface INTERFACE] [(1-255)] [json] + + Shows VRRP status for some or all configured VRRP routers. Specifying an + interface will only show routers configured on that interface. Specifying a + VRID will only show routers with that VRID. Specifying ``json`` will dump + each router state in a JSON array. + +.. clicmd:: debug vrrp [{protocol|autoconfigure|packets|sockets|ndisc|arp|zebra}] + + Toggle debugging logs for VRRP components. + If no component is specified, debugging for all components are turned on/off. + + protocol + Logs state changes, election protocol decisions, and interface status + changes. + + autoconfigure + Logs actions taken by the autoconfiguration procedures. See + :ref:`vrrp-autoconfiguration`. + + packets + Logs details of ingress and egress packets. Includes packet decodes and + hex dumps. + + sockets + Logs details of socket configuration and initialization. + + ndisc + Logs actions taken by the Neighbor Discovery component of VRRP. + + arp + Logs actions taken by the ARP component of VRRP. + + zebra + Logs communications with Zebra. + +.. clicmd:: vrrp default <advertisement-interval (1-4096)|preempt|priority (1-254)|shutdown> + + Configure defaults for new VRRP routers. These values will not affect + already configured VRRP routers, but will be applied to newly configured + ones. + +.. _vrrp-autoconfiguration: + +Autoconfiguration +----------------- + +In light of the complicated configuration required on the base system before +VRRP can be enabled, FRR has the ability to automatically configure VRRP +sessions by inspecting the interfaces present on the system. Since it is quite +unlikely that macvlan devices with VRRP virtual MACs will exist on systems not +using VRRP, this can be a convenient shortcut to automatically generate FRR +configuration. + +After configuring the interfaces as described in +:ref:`vrrp-system-configuration`, and configuring any defaults you may want, +execute the following command: + +.. clicmd:: vrrp autoconfigure [version (2-3)] + + Generates VRRP configuration based on the interface configuration on the + base system. If the protocol version is not specified, the default is VRRPv3. + Any existing interfaces that are configured properly for VRRP - + i.e. have the correct MAC address, link local address (when required), IPv4 + and IPv6 addresses - are used to create a VRRP router on their parent + interfaces, with VRRP IPvX addresses taken from the addresses assigned to + the macvlan devices. The generated configuration appears in the output of + ``show run``, which can then be modified as needed and written to the config + file. The ``version`` parameter controls the protocol version; if using + VRRPv2, keep in mind that IPv6 is not supported and will not be configured. + +The following configuration is then generated for you: + +.. code-block:: frr + + interface eth0 + vrrp 5 + vrrp 5 ip 10.0.2.16 + vrrp 5 ipv6 2001:db8::370:7334 + + +VRRP is automatically activated. Global defaults, if set, are applied. + +You can then edit this configuration with **vtysh** as needed, and commit it by +writing to the configuration file. + + +Troubleshooting +--------------- + +My virtual routers are not seeing each others' advertisements +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +Check: + +- Is your kernel at least 5.1? +- Did you set the macvlan devices to ``bridge`` mode? +- If using IPv4 virtual addresses, does the parent of the macvlan devices have + an IPv4 address? +- If using IPv6 virtual addresses, is ``addrgenmode`` correctly set to + ``random`` and not the default ``eui64``? +- Is a firewall (``iptables``) or policy (``ip rule``) dropping multicast + traffic? +- Do you have unusual ``sysctls`` enabled that could affect the operation of + multicast traffic? +- Are you running in ESXi? See below. + + +My master router is not forwarding traffic +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +There's several possible causes here. If you're sure your configuration is +otherwise correct, the following sysctl likely needs to be turned on: + +.. code-block:: console + + sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.eth0.ignore_routes_with_linkdown=1 + +Without this setting, it's possible to create topologies in which virtual +routers holding mastership status will not forward traffic. + +Issue reference: https://github.com/FRRouting/frr/issues/7391 + + +My router is running in ESXi and VRRP isn't working +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +By default, ESXi traffic security settings don't allow traffic to egress a VNIC +that does not have the MAC address assigned to the VNIC. This breaks VRRP, +since virtual MACs are the basis of the protocol. + +On ESXi before 6.7, you need to enable Promiscuous Mode in the ESXi settings. +This is a significant security issue in some deployments so make sure you +understand what you're doing. On 6.7 and later, you can use the MAC Learning +feature instead, explained `here +<https://www.virtuallyghetto.com/2018/04/native-mac-learning-in-vsphere-6-7-removes-the-need-for-promiscuous-mode-for-nested-esxi.html>`_. + +Issue reference: https://github.com/FRRouting/frr/issues/5386 |