From 73df946d56c74384511a194dd01dbe099584fd1a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Daniel Baumann Date: Sun, 28 Apr 2024 15:14:23 +0200 Subject: Adding upstream version 1.16.10. Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann --- doc/asm.html | 1062 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 1062 insertions(+) create mode 100644 doc/asm.html (limited to 'doc/asm.html') diff --git a/doc/asm.html b/doc/asm.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7173d9b --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/asm.html @@ -0,0 +1,1062 @@ + + +

A Quick Guide to Go's Assembler

+ +

+This document is a quick outline of the unusual form of assembly language used by the gc Go compiler. +The document is not comprehensive. +

+ +

+The assembler is based on the input style of the Plan 9 assemblers, which is documented in detail +elsewhere. +If you plan to write assembly language, you should read that document although much of it is Plan 9-specific. +The current document provides a summary of the syntax and the differences with +what is explained in that document, and +describes the peculiarities that apply when writing assembly code to interact with Go. +

+ +

+The most important thing to know about Go's assembler is that it is not a direct representation of the underlying machine. +Some of the details map precisely to the machine, but some do not. +This is because the compiler suite (see +this description) +needs no assembler pass in the usual pipeline. +Instead, the compiler operates on a kind of semi-abstract instruction set, +and instruction selection occurs partly after code generation. +The assembler works on the semi-abstract form, so +when you see an instruction like MOV +what the toolchain actually generates for that operation might +not be a move instruction at all, perhaps a clear or load. +Or it might correspond exactly to the machine instruction with that name. +In general, machine-specific operations tend to appear as themselves, while more general concepts like +memory move and subroutine call and return are more abstract. +The details vary with architecture, and we apologize for the imprecision; the situation is not well-defined. +

+ +

+The assembler program is a way to parse a description of that +semi-abstract instruction set and turn it into instructions to be +input to the linker. +If you want to see what the instructions look like in assembly for a given architecture, say amd64, there +are many examples in the sources of the standard library, in packages such as +runtime and +math/big. +You can also examine what the compiler emits as assembly code +(the actual output may differ from what you see here): +

+ +
+$ cat x.go
+package main
+
+func main() {
+	println(3)
+}
+$ GOOS=linux GOARCH=amd64 go tool compile -S x.go        # or: go build -gcflags -S x.go
+"".main STEXT size=74 args=0x0 locals=0x10
+	0x0000 00000 (x.go:3)	TEXT	"".main(SB), $16-0
+	0x0000 00000 (x.go:3)	MOVQ	(TLS), CX
+	0x0009 00009 (x.go:3)	CMPQ	SP, 16(CX)
+	0x000d 00013 (x.go:3)	JLS	67
+	0x000f 00015 (x.go:3)	SUBQ	$16, SP
+	0x0013 00019 (x.go:3)	MOVQ	BP, 8(SP)
+	0x0018 00024 (x.go:3)	LEAQ	8(SP), BP
+	0x001d 00029 (x.go:3)	FUNCDATA	$0, gclocals·33cdeccccebe80329f1fdbee7f5874cb(SB)
+	0x001d 00029 (x.go:3)	FUNCDATA	$1, gclocals·33cdeccccebe80329f1fdbee7f5874cb(SB)
+	0x001d 00029 (x.go:3)	FUNCDATA	$2, gclocals·33cdeccccebe80329f1fdbee7f5874cb(SB)
+	0x001d 00029 (x.go:4)	PCDATA	$0, $0
+	0x001d 00029 (x.go:4)	PCDATA	$1, $0
+	0x001d 00029 (x.go:4)	CALL	runtime.printlock(SB)
+	0x0022 00034 (x.go:4)	MOVQ	$3, (SP)
+	0x002a 00042 (x.go:4)	CALL	runtime.printint(SB)
+	0x002f 00047 (x.go:4)	CALL	runtime.printnl(SB)
+	0x0034 00052 (x.go:4)	CALL	runtime.printunlock(SB)
+	0x0039 00057 (x.go:5)	MOVQ	8(SP), BP
+	0x003e 00062 (x.go:5)	ADDQ	$16, SP
+	0x0042 00066 (x.go:5)	RET
+	0x0043 00067 (x.go:5)	NOP
+	0x0043 00067 (x.go:3)	PCDATA	$1, $-1
+	0x0043 00067 (x.go:3)	PCDATA	$0, $-1
+	0x0043 00067 (x.go:3)	CALL	runtime.morestack_noctxt(SB)
+	0x0048 00072 (x.go:3)	JMP	0
+...
+
+ +

+The FUNCDATA and PCDATA directives contain information +for use by the garbage collector; they are introduced by the compiler. +

+ +

+To see what gets put in the binary after linking, use go tool objdump: +

+ +
+$ go build -o x.exe x.go
+$ go tool objdump -s main.main x.exe
+TEXT main.main(SB) /tmp/x.go
+  x.go:3		0x10501c0		65488b0c2530000000	MOVQ GS:0x30, CX
+  x.go:3		0x10501c9		483b6110		CMPQ 0x10(CX), SP
+  x.go:3		0x10501cd		7634			JBE 0x1050203
+  x.go:3		0x10501cf		4883ec10		SUBQ $0x10, SP
+  x.go:3		0x10501d3		48896c2408		MOVQ BP, 0x8(SP)
+  x.go:3		0x10501d8		488d6c2408		LEAQ 0x8(SP), BP
+  x.go:4		0x10501dd		e86e45fdff		CALL runtime.printlock(SB)
+  x.go:4		0x10501e2		48c7042403000000	MOVQ $0x3, 0(SP)
+  x.go:4		0x10501ea		e8e14cfdff		CALL runtime.printint(SB)
+  x.go:4		0x10501ef		e8ec47fdff		CALL runtime.printnl(SB)
+  x.go:4		0x10501f4		e8d745fdff		CALL runtime.printunlock(SB)
+  x.go:5		0x10501f9		488b6c2408		MOVQ 0x8(SP), BP
+  x.go:5		0x10501fe		4883c410		ADDQ $0x10, SP
+  x.go:5		0x1050202		c3			RET
+  x.go:3		0x1050203		e83882ffff		CALL runtime.morestack_noctxt(SB)
+  x.go:3		0x1050208		ebb6			JMP main.main(SB)
+
+ +

Constants

+ +

+Although the assembler takes its guidance from the Plan 9 assemblers, +it is a distinct program, so there are some differences. +One is in constant evaluation. +Constant expressions in the assembler are parsed using Go's operator +precedence, not the C-like precedence of the original. +Thus 3&1<<2 is 4, not 0—it parses as (3&1)<<2 +not 3&(1<<2). +Also, constants are always evaluated as 64-bit unsigned integers. +Thus -2 is not the integer value minus two, +but the unsigned 64-bit integer with the same bit pattern. +The distinction rarely matters but +to avoid ambiguity, division or right shift where the right operand's +high bit is set is rejected. +

+ +

Symbols

+ +

+Some symbols, such as R1 or LR, +are predefined and refer to registers. +The exact set depends on the architecture. +

+ +

+There are four predeclared symbols that refer to pseudo-registers. +These are not real registers, but rather virtual registers maintained by +the toolchain, such as a frame pointer. +The set of pseudo-registers is the same for all architectures: +

+ + + +

+All user-defined symbols are written as offsets to the pseudo-registers +FP (arguments and locals) and SB (globals). +

+ +

+The SB pseudo-register can be thought of as the origin of memory, so the symbol foo(SB) +is the name foo as an address in memory. +This form is used to name global functions and data. +Adding <> to the name, as in foo<>(SB), makes the name +visible only in the current source file, like a top-level static declaration in a C file. +Adding an offset to the name refers to that offset from the symbol's address, so +foo+4(SB) is four bytes past the start of foo. +

+ +

+The FP pseudo-register is a virtual frame pointer +used to refer to function arguments. +The compilers maintain a virtual frame pointer and refer to the arguments on the stack as offsets from that pseudo-register. +Thus 0(FP) is the first argument to the function, +8(FP) is the second (on a 64-bit machine), and so on. +However, when referring to a function argument this way, it is necessary to place a name +at the beginning, as in first_arg+0(FP) and second_arg+8(FP). +(The meaning of the offset—offset from the frame pointer—distinct +from its use with SB, where it is an offset from the symbol.) +The assembler enforces this convention, rejecting plain 0(FP) and 8(FP). +The actual name is semantically irrelevant but should be used to document +the argument's name. +It is worth stressing that FP is always a +pseudo-register, not a hardware +register, even on architectures with a hardware frame pointer. +

+ +

+For assembly functions with Go prototypes, go vet will check that the argument names +and offsets match. +On 32-bit systems, the low and high 32 bits of a 64-bit value are distinguished by adding +a _lo or _hi suffix to the name, as in arg_lo+0(FP) or arg_hi+4(FP). +If a Go prototype does not name its result, the expected assembly name is ret. +

+ +

+The SP pseudo-register is a virtual stack pointer +used to refer to frame-local variables and the arguments being +prepared for function calls. +It points to the top of the local stack frame, so references should use negative offsets +in the range [−framesize, 0): +x-8(SP), y-4(SP), and so on. +

+ +

+On architectures with a hardware register named SP, +the name prefix distinguishes +references to the virtual stack pointer from references to the architectural +SP register. +That is, x-8(SP) and -8(SP) +are different memory locations: +the first refers to the virtual stack pointer pseudo-register, +while the second refers to the +hardware's SP register. +

+ +

+On machines where SP and PC are +traditionally aliases for a physical, numbered register, +in the Go assembler the names SP and PC +are still treated specially; +for instance, references to SP require a symbol, +much like FP. +To access the actual hardware register use the true R name. +For example, on the ARM architecture the hardware +SP and PC are accessible as +R13 and R15. +

+ +

+Branches and direct jumps are always written as offsets to the PC, or as +jumps to labels: +

+ +
+label:
+	MOVW $0, R1
+	JMP label
+
+ +

+Each label is visible only within the function in which it is defined. +It is therefore permitted for multiple functions in a file to define +and use the same label names. +Direct jumps and call instructions can target text symbols, +such as name(SB), but not offsets from symbols, +such as name+4(SB). +

+ +

+Instructions, registers, and assembler directives are always in UPPER CASE to remind you +that assembly programming is a fraught endeavor. +(Exception: the g register renaming on ARM.) +

+ +

+In Go object files and binaries, the full name of a symbol is the +package path followed by a period and the symbol name: +fmt.Printf or math/rand.Int. +Because the assembler's parser treats period and slash as punctuation, +those strings cannot be used directly as identifier names. +Instead, the assembler allows the middle dot character U+00B7 +and the division slash U+2215 in identifiers and rewrites them to +plain period and slash. +Within an assembler source file, the symbols above are written as +fmt·Printf and math∕rand·Int. +The assembly listings generated by the compilers when using the -S flag +show the period and slash directly instead of the Unicode replacements +required by the assemblers. +

+ +

+Most hand-written assembly files do not include the full package path +in symbol names, because the linker inserts the package path of the current +object file at the beginning of any name starting with a period: +in an assembly source file within the math/rand package implementation, +the package's Int function can be referred to as ·Int. +This convention avoids the need to hard-code a package's import path in its +own source code, making it easier to move the code from one location to another. +

+ +

Directives

+ +

+The assembler uses various directives to bind text and data to symbol names. +For example, here is a simple complete function definition. The TEXT +directive declares the symbol runtime·profileloop and the instructions +that follow form the body of the function. +The last instruction in a TEXT block must be some sort of jump, usually a RET (pseudo-)instruction. +(If it's not, the linker will append a jump-to-itself instruction; there is no fallthrough in TEXTs.) +After the symbol, the arguments are flags (see below) +and the frame size, a constant (but see below): +

+ +
+TEXT runtime·profileloop(SB),NOSPLIT,$8
+	MOVQ	$runtime·profileloop1(SB), CX
+	MOVQ	CX, 0(SP)
+	CALL	runtime·externalthreadhandler(SB)
+	RET
+
+ +

+In the general case, the frame size is followed by an argument size, separated by a minus sign. +(It's not a subtraction, just idiosyncratic syntax.) +The frame size $24-8 states that the function has a 24-byte frame +and is called with 8 bytes of argument, which live on the caller's frame. +If NOSPLIT is not specified for the TEXT, +the argument size must be provided. +For assembly functions with Go prototypes, go vet will check that the +argument size is correct. +

+ +

+Note that the symbol name uses a middle dot to separate the components and is specified as an offset from the +static base pseudo-register SB. +This function would be called from Go source for package runtime using the +simple name profileloop. +

+ +

+Global data symbols are defined by a sequence of initializing +DATA directives followed by a GLOBL directive. +Each DATA directive initializes a section of the +corresponding memory. +The memory not explicitly initialized is zeroed. +The general form of the DATA directive is + +

+DATA	symbol+offset(SB)/width, value
+
+ +

+which initializes the symbol memory at the given offset and width with the given value. +The DATA directives for a given symbol must be written with increasing offsets. +

+ +

+The GLOBL directive declares a symbol to be global. +The arguments are optional flags and the size of the data being declared as a global, +which will have initial value all zeros unless a DATA directive +has initialized it. +The GLOBL directive must follow any corresponding DATA directives. +

+ +

+For example, +

+ +
+DATA divtab<>+0x00(SB)/4, $0xf4f8fcff
+DATA divtab<>+0x04(SB)/4, $0xe6eaedf0
+...
+DATA divtab<>+0x3c(SB)/4, $0x81828384
+GLOBL divtab<>(SB), RODATA, $64
+
+GLOBL runtime·tlsoffset(SB), NOPTR, $4
+
+ +

+declares and initializes divtab<>, a read-only 64-byte table of 4-byte integer values, +and declares runtime·tlsoffset, a 4-byte, implicitly zeroed variable that +contains no pointers. +

+ +

+There may be one or two arguments to the directives. +If there are two, the first is a bit mask of flags, +which can be written as numeric expressions, added or or-ed together, +or can be set symbolically for easier absorption by a human. +Their values, defined in the standard #include file textflag.h, are: +

+ + + +

Interacting with Go types and constants

+ +

+If a package has any .s files, then go build will direct +the compiler to emit a special header called go_asm.h, +which the .s files can then #include. +The file contains symbolic #define constants for the +offsets of Go struct fields, the sizes of Go struct types, and most +Go const declarations defined in the current package. +Go assembly should avoid making assumptions about the layout of Go +types and instead use these constants. +This improves the readability of assembly code, and keeps it robust to +changes in data layout either in the Go type definitions or in the +layout rules used by the Go compiler. +

+ +

+Constants are of the form const_name. +For example, given the Go declaration const bufSize = +1024, assembly code can refer to the value of this constant +as const_bufSize. +

+ +

+Field offsets are of the form type_field. +Struct sizes are of the form type__size. +For example, consider the following Go definition: +

+ +
+type reader struct {
+	buf [bufSize]byte
+	r   int
+}
+
+ +

+Assembly can refer to the size of this struct +as reader__size and the offsets of the two fields +as reader_buf and reader_r. +Hence, if register R1 contains a pointer to +a reader, assembly can reference the r field +as reader_r(R1). +

+ +

+If any of these #define names are ambiguous (for example, +a struct with a _size field), #include +"go_asm.h" will fail with a "redefinition of macro" error. +

+ +

Runtime Coordination

+ +

+For garbage collection to run correctly, the runtime must know the +location of pointers in all global data and in most stack frames. +The Go compiler emits this information when compiling Go source files, +but assembly programs must define it explicitly. +

+ +

+A data symbol marked with the NOPTR flag (see above) +is treated as containing no pointers to runtime-allocated data. +A data symbol with the RODATA flag +is allocated in read-only memory and is therefore treated +as implicitly marked NOPTR. +A data symbol with a total size smaller than a pointer +is also treated as implicitly marked NOPTR. +It is not possible to define a symbol containing pointers in an assembly source file; +such a symbol must be defined in a Go source file instead. +Assembly source can still refer to the symbol by name +even without DATA and GLOBL directives. +A good general rule of thumb is to define all non-RODATA +symbols in Go instead of in assembly. +

+ +

+Each function also needs annotations giving the location of +live pointers in its arguments, results, and local stack frame. +For an assembly function with no pointer results and +either no local stack frame or no function calls, +the only requirement is to define a Go prototype for the function +in a Go source file in the same package. The name of the assembly +function must not contain the package name component (for example, +function Syscall in package syscall should +use the name ·Syscall instead of the equivalent name +syscall·Syscall in its TEXT directive). +For more complex situations, explicit annotation is needed. +These annotations use pseudo-instructions defined in the standard +#include file funcdata.h. +

+ +

+If a function has no arguments and no results, +the pointer information can be omitted. +This is indicated by an argument size annotation of $n-0 +on the TEXT instruction. +Otherwise, pointer information must be provided by +a Go prototype for the function in a Go source file, +even for assembly functions not called directly from Go. +(The prototype will also let go vet check the argument references.) +At the start of the function, the arguments are assumed +to be initialized but the results are assumed uninitialized. +If the results will hold live pointers during a call instruction, +the function should start by zeroing the results and then +executing the pseudo-instruction GO_RESULTS_INITIALIZED. +This instruction records that the results are now initialized +and should be scanned during stack movement and garbage collection. +It is typically easier to arrange that assembly functions do not +return pointers or do not contain call instructions; +no assembly functions in the standard library use +GO_RESULTS_INITIALIZED. +

+ +

+If a function has no local stack frame, +the pointer information can be omitted. +This is indicated by a local frame size annotation of $0-n +on the TEXT instruction. +The pointer information can also be omitted if the +function contains no call instructions. +Otherwise, the local stack frame must not contain pointers, +and the assembly must confirm this fact by executing the +pseudo-instruction NO_LOCAL_POINTERS. +Because stack resizing is implemented by moving the stack, +the stack pointer may change during any function call: +even pointers to stack data must not be kept in local variables. +

+ +

+Assembly functions should always be given Go prototypes, +both to provide pointer information for the arguments and results +and to let go vet check that +the offsets being used to access them are correct. +

+ +

Architecture-specific details

+ +

+It is impractical to list all the instructions and other details for each machine. +To see what instructions are defined for a given machine, say ARM, +look in the source for the obj support library for +that architecture, located in the directory src/cmd/internal/obj/arm. +In that directory is a file a.out.go; it contains +a long list of constants starting with A, like this: +

+ +
+const (
+	AAND = obj.ABaseARM + obj.A_ARCHSPECIFIC + iota
+	AEOR
+	ASUB
+	ARSB
+	AADD
+	...
+
+ +

+This is the list of instructions and their spellings as known to the assembler and linker for that architecture. +Each instruction begins with an initial capital A in this list, so AAND +represents the bitwise and instruction, +AND (without the leading A), +and is written in assembly source as AND. +The enumeration is mostly in alphabetical order. +(The architecture-independent AXXX, defined in the +cmd/internal/obj package, +represents an invalid instruction). +The sequence of the A names has nothing to do with the actual +encoding of the machine instructions. +The cmd/internal/obj package takes care of that detail. +

+ +

+The instructions for both the 386 and AMD64 architectures are listed in +cmd/internal/obj/x86/a.out.go. +

+ +

+The architectures share syntax for common addressing modes such as +(R1) (register indirect), +4(R1) (register indirect with offset), and +$foo(SB) (absolute address). +The assembler also supports some (not necessarily all) addressing modes +specific to each architecture. +The sections below list these. +

+ +

+One detail evident in the examples from the previous sections is that data in the instructions flows from left to right: +MOVQ $0, CX clears CX. +This rule applies even on architectures where the conventional notation uses the opposite direction. +

+ +

+Here follow some descriptions of key Go-specific details for the supported architectures. +

+ +

32-bit Intel 386

+ +

+The runtime pointer to the g structure is maintained +through the value of an otherwise unused (as far as Go is concerned) register in the MMU. +In the runtime package, assembly code can include go_tls.h, which defines +an OS- and architecture-dependent macro get_tls for accessing this register. +The get_tls macro takes one argument, which is the register to load the +g pointer into. +

+ +

+For example, the sequence to load g and m +using CX looks like this: +

+ +
+#include "go_tls.h"
+#include "go_asm.h"
+...
+get_tls(CX)
+MOVL	g(CX), AX     // Move g into AX.
+MOVL	g_m(AX), BX   // Move g.m into BX.
+
+ +

+The get_tls macro is also defined on amd64. +

+ +

+Addressing modes: +

+ + + +

+When using the compiler and assembler's +-dynlink or -shared modes, +any load or store of a fixed memory location such as a global variable +must be assumed to overwrite CX. +Therefore, to be safe for use with these modes, +assembly sources should typically avoid CX except between memory references. +

+ +

64-bit Intel 386 (a.k.a. amd64)

+ +

+The two architectures behave largely the same at the assembler level. +Assembly code to access the m and g +pointers on the 64-bit version is the same as on the 32-bit 386, +except it uses MOVQ rather than MOVL: +

+ +
+get_tls(CX)
+MOVQ	g(CX), AX     // Move g into AX.
+MOVQ	g_m(AX), BX   // Move g.m into BX.
+
+ +

+Register BP is callee-save. +The assembler automatically inserts BP save/restore when frame size is larger than zero. +Using BP as a general purpose register is allowed, +however it can interfere with sampling-based profiling. +

+ +

ARM

+ +

+The registers R10 and R11 +are reserved by the compiler and linker. +

+ +

+R10 points to the g (goroutine) structure. +Within assembler source code, this pointer must be referred to as g; +the name R10 is not recognized. +

+ +

+To make it easier for people and compilers to write assembly, the ARM linker +allows general addressing forms and pseudo-operations like DIV or MOD +that may not be expressible using a single hardware instruction. +It implements these forms as multiple instructions, often using the R11 register +to hold temporary values. +Hand-written assembly can use R11, but doing so requires +being sure that the linker is not also using it to implement any of the other +instructions in the function. +

+ +

+When defining a TEXT, specifying frame size $-4 +tells the linker that this is a leaf function that does not need to save LR on entry. +

+ +

+The name SP always refers to the virtual stack pointer described earlier. +For the hardware register, use R13. +

+ +

+Condition code syntax is to append a period and the one- or two-letter code to the instruction, +as in MOVW.EQ. +Multiple codes may be appended: MOVM.IA.W. +The order of the code modifiers is irrelevant. +

+ +

+Addressing modes: +

+ + + +

ARM64

+ +

+The ARM64 port is in an experimental state. +

+ +

+R18 is the "platform register", reserved on the Apple platform. +To prevent accidental misuse, the register is named R18_PLATFORM. +R27 and R28 are reserved by the compiler and linker. +R29 is the frame pointer. +R30 is the link register. +

+ +

+Instruction modifiers are appended to the instruction following a period. +The only modifiers are P (postincrement) and W +(preincrement): +MOVW.P, MOVW.W +

+ +

+Addressing modes: +

+ + + +

+Reference: Go ARM64 Assembly Instructions Reference Manual +

+ +

PPC64

+ +

+This assembler is used by GOARCH values ppc64 and ppc64le. +

+ +

+Reference: Go PPC64 Assembly Instructions Reference Manual +

+ + + +

IBM z/Architecture, a.k.a. s390x

+ +

+The registers R10 and R11 are reserved. +The assembler uses them to hold temporary values when assembling some instructions. +

+ +

+R13 points to the g (goroutine) structure. +This register must be referred to as g; the name R13 is not recognized. +

+ +

+R15 points to the stack frame and should typically only be accessed using the +virtual registers SP and FP. +

+ +

+Load- and store-multiple instructions operate on a range of registers. +The range of registers is specified by a start register and an end register. +For example, LMG (R9), R5, R7 would load +R5, R6 and R7 with the 64-bit values at +0(R9), 8(R9) and 16(R9) respectively. +

+ +

+Storage-and-storage instructions such as MVC and XC are written +with the length as the first argument. +For example, XC $8, (R9), (R9) would clear +eight bytes at the address specified in R9. +

+ +

+If a vector instruction takes a length or an index as an argument then it will be the +first argument. +For example, VLEIF $1, $16, V2 will load +the value sixteen into index one of V2. +Care should be taken when using vector instructions to ensure that they are available at +runtime. +To use vector instructions a machine must have both the vector facility (bit 129 in the +facility list) and kernel support. +Without kernel support a vector instruction will have no effect (it will be equivalent +to a NOP instruction). +

+ +

+Addressing modes: +

+ + + +

MIPS, MIPS64

+ +

+General purpose registers are named R0 through R31, +floating point registers are F0 through F31. +

+ +

+R30 is reserved to point to g. +R23 is used as a temporary register. +

+ +

+In a TEXT directive, the frame size $-4 for MIPS or +$-8 for MIPS64 instructs the linker not to save LR. +

+ +

+SP refers to the virtual stack pointer. +For the hardware register, use R29. +

+ +

+Addressing modes: +

+ + + +

+The value of GOMIPS environment variable (hardfloat or +softfloat) is made available to assembly code by predefining either +GOMIPS_hardfloat or GOMIPS_softfloat. +

+ +

+The value of GOMIPS64 environment variable (hardfloat or +softfloat) is made available to assembly code by predefining either +GOMIPS64_hardfloat or GOMIPS64_softfloat. +

+ +

Unsupported opcodes

+ +

+The assemblers are designed to support the compiler so not all hardware instructions +are defined for all architectures: if the compiler doesn't generate it, it might not be there. +If you need to use a missing instruction, there are two ways to proceed. +One is to update the assembler to support that instruction, which is straightforward +but only worthwhile if it's likely the instruction will be used again. +Instead, for simple one-off cases, it's possible to use the BYTE +and WORD directives +to lay down explicit data into the instruction stream within a TEXT. +Here's how the 386 runtime defines the 64-bit atomic load function. +

+ +
+// uint64 atomicload64(uint64 volatile* addr);
+// so actually
+// void atomicload64(uint64 *res, uint64 volatile *addr);
+TEXT runtime·atomicload64(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-12
+	MOVL	ptr+0(FP), AX
+	TESTL	$7, AX
+	JZ	2(PC)
+	MOVL	0, AX // crash with nil ptr deref
+	LEAL	ret_lo+4(FP), BX
+	// MOVQ (%EAX), %MM0
+	BYTE $0x0f; BYTE $0x6f; BYTE $0x00
+	// MOVQ %MM0, 0(%EBX)
+	BYTE $0x0f; BYTE $0x7f; BYTE $0x03
+	// EMMS
+	BYTE $0x0F; BYTE $0x77
+	RET
+
-- cgit v1.2.3