Adding upstream version 1.18.10.upstream/1.18.10upstream

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

3 files changed, 1367 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/src/encoding/base32/base32.go b/src/encoding/base32/base32.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3feea9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/encoding/base32/base32.go
@@ -0,0 +1,531 @@
+// Copyright 2011 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+// Package base32 implements base32 encoding as specified by RFC 4648.
+package base32
+
+import (
+	"io"
+	"strconv"
+)
+
+/*
+ * Encodings
+ */
+
+// An Encoding is a radix 32 encoding/decoding scheme, defined by a
+// 32-character alphabet. The most common is the "base32" encoding
+// introduced for SASL GSSAPI and standardized in RFC 4648.
+// The alternate "base32hex" encoding is used in DNSSEC.
+type Encoding struct {
+	encode    [32]byte
+	decodeMap [256]byte
+	padChar   rune
+}
+
+const (
+	StdPadding rune = '=' // Standard padding character
+	NoPadding  rune = -1  // No padding
+)
+
+const encodeStd = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ234567"
+const encodeHex = "0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUV"
+
+// NewEncoding returns a new Encoding defined by the given alphabet,
+// which must be a 32-byte string.
+func NewEncoding(encoder string) *Encoding {
+	if len(encoder) != 32 {
+		panic("encoding alphabet is not 32-bytes long")
+	}
+
+	e := new(Encoding)
+	copy(e.encode[:], encoder)
+	e.padChar = StdPadding
+
+	for i := 0; i < len(e.decodeMap); i++ {
+		e.decodeMap[i] = 0xFF
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < len(encoder); i++ {
+		e.decodeMap[encoder[i]] = byte(i)
+	}
+	return e
+}
+
+// StdEncoding is the standard base32 encoding, as defined in
+// RFC 4648.
+var StdEncoding = NewEncoding(encodeStd)
+
+// HexEncoding is the ``Extended Hex Alphabet'' defined in RFC 4648.
+// It is typically used in DNS.
+var HexEncoding = NewEncoding(encodeHex)
+
+// WithPadding creates a new encoding identical to enc except
+// with a specified padding character, or NoPadding to disable padding.
+// The padding character must not be '\r' or '\n', must not
+// be contained in the encoding's alphabet and must be a rune equal or
+// below '\xff'.
+func (enc Encoding) WithPadding(padding rune) *Encoding {
+	if padding == '\r' || padding == '\n' || padding > 0xff {
+		panic("invalid padding")
+	}
+
+	for i := 0; i < len(enc.encode); i++ {
+		if rune(enc.encode[i]) == padding {
+			panic("padding contained in alphabet")
+		}
+	}
+
+	enc.padChar = padding
+	return &enc
+}
+
+/*
+ * Encoder
+ */
+
+// Encode encodes src using the encoding enc, writing
+// EncodedLen(len(src)) bytes to dst.
+//
+// The encoding pads the output to a multiple of 8 bytes,
+// so Encode is not appropriate for use on individual blocks
+// of a large data stream. Use NewEncoder() instead.
+func (enc *Encoding) Encode(dst, src []byte) {
+	for len(src) > 0 {
+		var b [8]byte
+
+		// Unpack 8x 5-bit source blocks into a 5 byte
+		// destination quantum
+		switch len(src) {
+		default:
+			b[7] = src[4] & 0x1F
+			b[6] = src[4] >> 5
+			fallthrough
+		case 4:
+			b[6] |= (src[3] << 3) & 0x1F
+			b[5] = (src[3] >> 2) & 0x1F
+			b[4] = src[3] >> 7
+			fallthrough
+		case 3:
+			b[4] |= (src[2] << 1) & 0x1F
+			b[3] = (src[2] >> 4) & 0x1F
+			fallthrough
+		case 2:
+			b[3] |= (src[1] << 4) & 0x1F
+			b[2] = (src[1] >> 1) & 0x1F
+			b[1] = (src[1] >> 6) & 0x1F
+			fallthrough
+		case 1:
+			b[1] |= (src[0] << 2) & 0x1F
+			b[0] = src[0] >> 3
+		}
+
+		// Encode 5-bit blocks using the base32 alphabet
+		size := len(dst)
+		if size >= 8 {
+			// Common case, unrolled for extra performance
+			dst[0] = enc.encode[b[0]&31]
+			dst[1] = enc.encode[b[1]&31]
+			dst[2] = enc.encode[b[2]&31]
+			dst[3] = enc.encode[b[3]&31]
+			dst[4] = enc.encode[b[4]&31]
+			dst[5] = enc.encode[b[5]&31]
+			dst[6] = enc.encode[b[6]&31]
+			dst[7] = enc.encode[b[7]&31]
+		} else {
+			for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
+				dst[i] = enc.encode[b[i]&31]
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Pad the final quantum
+		if len(src) < 5 {
+			if enc.padChar == NoPadding {
+				break
+			}
+
+			dst[7] = byte(enc.padChar)
+			if len(src) < 4 {
+				dst[6] = byte(enc.padChar)
+				dst[5] = byte(enc.padChar)
+				if len(src) < 3 {
+					dst[4] = byte(enc.padChar)
+					if len(src) < 2 {
+						dst[3] = byte(enc.padChar)
+						dst[2] = byte(enc.padChar)
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			break
+		}
+
+		src = src[5:]
+		dst = dst[8:]
+	}
+}
+
+// EncodeToString returns the base32 encoding of src.
+func (enc *Encoding) EncodeToString(src []byte) string {
+	buf := make([]byte, enc.EncodedLen(len(src)))
+	enc.Encode(buf, src)
+	return string(buf)
+}
+
+type encoder struct {
+	err  error
+	enc  *Encoding
+	w    io.Writer
+	buf  [5]byte    // buffered data waiting to be encoded
+	nbuf int        // number of bytes in buf
+	out  [1024]byte // output buffer
+}
+
+func (e *encoder) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
+	if e.err != nil {
+		return 0, e.err
+	}
+
+	// Leading fringe.
+	if e.nbuf > 0 {
+		var i int
+		for i = 0; i < len(p) && e.nbuf < 5; i++ {
+			e.buf[e.nbuf] = p[i]
+			e.nbuf++
+		}
+		n += i
+		p = p[i:]
+		if e.nbuf < 5 {
+			return
+		}
+		e.enc.Encode(e.out[0:], e.buf[0:])
+		if _, e.err = e.w.Write(e.out[0:8]); e.err != nil {
+			return n, e.err
+		}
+		e.nbuf = 0
+	}
+
+	// Large interior chunks.
+	for len(p) >= 5 {
+		nn := len(e.out) / 8 * 5
+		if nn > len(p) {
+			nn = len(p)
+			nn -= nn % 5
+		}
+		e.enc.Encode(e.out[0:], p[0:nn])
+		if _, e.err = e.w.Write(e.out[0 : nn/5*8]); e.err != nil {
+			return n, e.err
+		}
+		n += nn
+		p = p[nn:]
+	}
+
+	// Trailing fringe.
+	copy(e.buf[:], p)
+	e.nbuf = len(p)
+	n += len(p)
+	return
+}
+
+// Close flushes any pending output from the encoder.
+// It is an error to call Write after calling Close.
+func (e *encoder) Close() error {
+	// If there's anything left in the buffer, flush it out
+	if e.err == nil && e.nbuf > 0 {
+		e.enc.Encode(e.out[0:], e.buf[0:e.nbuf])
+		encodedLen := e.enc.EncodedLen(e.nbuf)
+		e.nbuf = 0
+		_, e.err = e.w.Write(e.out[0:encodedLen])
+	}
+	return e.err
+}
+
+// NewEncoder returns a new base32 stream encoder. Data written to
+// the returned writer will be encoded using enc and then written to w.
+// Base32 encodings operate in 5-byte blocks; when finished
+// writing, the caller must Close the returned encoder to flush any
+// partially written blocks.
+func NewEncoder(enc *Encoding, w io.Writer) io.WriteCloser {
+	return &encoder{enc: enc, w: w}
+}
+
+// EncodedLen returns the length in bytes of the base32 encoding
+// of an input buffer of length n.
+func (enc *Encoding) EncodedLen(n int) int {
+	if enc.padChar == NoPadding {
+		return (n*8 + 4) / 5
+	}
+	return (n + 4) / 5 * 8
+}
+
+/*
+ * Decoder
+ */
+
+type CorruptInputError int64
+
+func (e CorruptInputError) Error() string {
+	return "illegal base32 data at input byte " + strconv.FormatInt(int64(e), 10)
+}
+
+// decode is like Decode but returns an additional 'end' value, which
+// indicates if end-of-message padding was encountered and thus any
+// additional data is an error. This method assumes that src has been
+// stripped of all supported whitespace ('\r' and '\n').
+func (enc *Encoding) decode(dst, src []byte) (n int, end bool, err error) {
+	// Lift the nil check outside of the loop.
+	_ = enc.decodeMap
+
+	dsti := 0
+	olen := len(src)
+
+	for len(src) > 0 && !end {
+		// Decode quantum using the base32 alphabet
+		var dbuf [8]byte
+		dlen := 8
+
+		for j := 0; j < 8; {
+
+			if len(src) == 0 {
+				if enc.padChar != NoPadding {
+					// We have reached the end and are missing padding
+					return n, false, CorruptInputError(olen - len(src) - j)
+				}
+				// We have reached the end and are not expecting any padding
+				dlen, end = j, true
+				break
+			}
+			in := src[0]
+			src = src[1:]
+			if in == byte(enc.padChar) && j >= 2 && len(src) < 8 {
+				// We've reached the end and there's padding
+				if len(src)+j < 8-1 {
+					// not enough padding
+					return n, false, CorruptInputError(olen)
+				}
+				for k := 0; k < 8-1-j; k++ {
+					if len(src) > k && src[k] != byte(enc.padChar) {
+						// incorrect padding
+						return n, false, CorruptInputError(olen - len(src) + k - 1)
+					}
+				}
+				dlen, end = j, true
+				// 7, 5 and 2 are not valid padding lengths, and so 1, 3 and 6 are not
+				// valid dlen values. See RFC 4648 Section 6 "Base 32 Encoding" listing
+				// the five valid padding lengths, and Section 9 "Illustrations and
+				// Examples" for an illustration for how the 1st, 3rd and 6th base32
+				// src bytes do not yield enough information to decode a dst byte.
+				if dlen == 1 || dlen == 3 || dlen == 6 {
+					return n, false, CorruptInputError(olen - len(src) - 1)
+				}
+				break
+			}
+			dbuf[j] = enc.decodeMap[in]
+			if dbuf[j] == 0xFF {
+				return n, false, CorruptInputError(olen - len(src) - 1)
+			}
+			j++
+		}
+
+		// Pack 8x 5-bit source blocks into 5 byte destination
+		// quantum
+		switch dlen {
+		case 8:
+			dst[dsti+4] = dbuf[6]<<5 | dbuf[7]
+			n++
+			fallthrough
+		case 7:
+			dst[dsti+3] = dbuf[4]<<7 | dbuf[5]<<2 | dbuf[6]>>3
+			n++
+			fallthrough
+		case 5:
+			dst[dsti+2] = dbuf[3]<<4 | dbuf[4]>>1
+			n++
+			fallthrough
+		case 4:
+			dst[dsti+1] = dbuf[1]<<6 | dbuf[2]<<1 | dbuf[3]>>4
+			n++
+			fallthrough
+		case 2:
+			dst[dsti+0] = dbuf[0]<<3 | dbuf[1]>>2
+			n++
+		}
+		dsti += 5
+	}
+	return n, end, nil
+}
+
+// Decode decodes src using the encoding enc. It writes at most
+// DecodedLen(len(src)) bytes to dst and returns the number of bytes
+// written. If src contains invalid base32 data, it will return the
+// number of bytes successfully written and CorruptInputError.
+// New line characters (\r and \n) are ignored.
+func (enc *Encoding) Decode(dst, src []byte) (n int, err error) {
+	buf := make([]byte, len(src))
+	l := stripNewlines(buf, src)
+	n, _, err = enc.decode(dst, buf[:l])
+	return
+}
+
+// DecodeString returns the bytes represented by the base32 string s.
+func (enc *Encoding) DecodeString(s string) ([]byte, error) {
+	buf := []byte(s)
+	l := stripNewlines(buf, buf)
+	n, _, err := enc.decode(buf, buf[:l])
+	return buf[:n], err
+}
+
+type decoder struct {
+	err    error
+	enc    *Encoding
+	r      io.Reader
+	end    bool       // saw end of message
+	buf    [1024]byte // leftover input
+	nbuf   int
+	out    []byte // leftover decoded output
+	outbuf [1024 / 8 * 5]byte
+}
+
+func readEncodedData(r io.Reader, buf []byte, min int, expectsPadding bool) (n int, err error) {
+	for n < min && err == nil {
+		var nn int
+		nn, err = r.Read(buf[n:])
+		n += nn
+	}
+	// data was read, less than min bytes could be read
+	if n < min && n > 0 && err == io.EOF {
+		err = io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+	}
+	// no data was read, the buffer already contains some data
+	// when padding is disabled this is not an error, as the message can be of
+	// any length
+	if expectsPadding && min < 8 && n == 0 && err == io.EOF {
+		err = io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+func (d *decoder) Read(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
+	// Use leftover decoded output from last read.
+	if len(d.out) > 0 {
+		n = copy(p, d.out)
+		d.out = d.out[n:]
+		if len(d.out) == 0 {
+			return n, d.err
+		}
+		return n, nil
+	}
+
+	if d.err != nil {
+		return 0, d.err
+	}
+
+	// Read a chunk.
+	nn := len(p) / 5 * 8
+	if nn < 8 {
+		nn = 8
+	}
+	if nn > len(d.buf) {
+		nn = len(d.buf)
+	}
+
+	// Minimum amount of bytes that needs to be read each cycle
+	var min int
+	var expectsPadding bool
+	if d.enc.padChar == NoPadding {
+		min = 1
+		expectsPadding = false
+	} else {
+		min = 8 - d.nbuf
+		expectsPadding = true
+	}
+
+	nn, d.err = readEncodedData(d.r, d.buf[d.nbuf:nn], min, expectsPadding)
+	d.nbuf += nn
+	if d.nbuf < min {
+		return 0, d.err
+	}
+
+	// Decode chunk into p, or d.out and then p if p is too small.
+	var nr int
+	if d.enc.padChar == NoPadding {
+		nr = d.nbuf
+	} else {
+		nr = d.nbuf / 8 * 8
+	}
+	nw := d.enc.DecodedLen(d.nbuf)
+
+	if nw > len(p) {
+		nw, d.end, err = d.enc.decode(d.outbuf[0:], d.buf[0:nr])
+		d.out = d.outbuf[0:nw]
+		n = copy(p, d.out)
+		d.out = d.out[n:]
+	} else {
+		n, d.end, err = d.enc.decode(p, d.buf[0:nr])
+	}
+	d.nbuf -= nr
+	for i := 0; i < d.nbuf; i++ {
+		d.buf[i] = d.buf[i+nr]
+	}
+
+	if err != nil && (d.err == nil || d.err == io.EOF) {
+		d.err = err
+	}
+
+	if len(d.out) > 0 {
+		// We cannot return all the decoded bytes to the caller in this
+		// invocation of Read, so we return a nil error to ensure that Read
+		// will be called again.  The error stored in d.err, if any, will be
+		// returned with the last set of decoded bytes.
+		return n, nil
+	}
+
+	return n, d.err
+}
+
+type newlineFilteringReader struct {
+	wrapped io.Reader
+}
+
+// stripNewlines removes newline characters and returns the number
+// of non-newline characters copied to dst.
+func stripNewlines(dst, src []byte) int {
+	offset := 0
+	for _, b := range src {
+		if b == '\r' || b == '\n' {
+			continue
+		}
+		dst[offset] = b
+		offset++
+	}
+	return offset
+}
+
+func (r *newlineFilteringReader) Read(p []byte) (int, error) {
+	n, err := r.wrapped.Read(p)
+	for n > 0 {
+		s := p[0:n]
+		offset := stripNewlines(s, s)
+		if err != nil || offset > 0 {
+			return offset, err
+		}
+		// Previous buffer entirely whitespace, read again
+		n, err = r.wrapped.Read(p)
+	}
+	return n, err
+}
+
+// NewDecoder constructs a new base32 stream decoder.
+func NewDecoder(enc *Encoding, r io.Reader) io.Reader {
+	return &decoder{enc: enc, r: &newlineFilteringReader{r}}
+}
+
+// DecodedLen returns the maximum length in bytes of the decoded data
+// corresponding to n bytes of base32-encoded data.
+func (enc *Encoding) DecodedLen(n int) int {
+	if enc.padChar == NoPadding {
+		return n * 5 / 8
+	}
+
+	return n / 8 * 5
+}
diff --git a/src/encoding/base32/base32_test.go b/src/encoding/base32/base32_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dbd2b61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/encoding/base32/base32_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,768 @@
+// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package base32
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"errors"
+	"io"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+type testpair struct {
+	decoded, encoded string
+}
+
+var pairs = []testpair{
+	// RFC 4648 examples
+	{"", ""},
+	{"f", "MY======"},
+	{"fo", "MZXQ===="},
+	{"foo", "MZXW6==="},
+	{"foob", "MZXW6YQ="},
+	{"fooba", "MZXW6YTB"},
+	{"foobar", "MZXW6YTBOI======"},
+
+	// Wikipedia examples, converted to base32
+	{"sure.", "ON2XEZJO"},
+	{"sure", "ON2XEZI="},
+	{"sur", "ON2XE==="},
+	{"su", "ON2Q===="},
+	{"leasure.", "NRSWC43VOJSS4==="},
+	{"easure.", "MVQXG5LSMUXA===="},
+	{"asure.", "MFZXK4TFFY======"},
+	{"sure.", "ON2XEZJO"},
+}
+
+var bigtest = testpair{
+	"Twas brillig, and the slithy toves",
+	"KR3WC4ZAMJZGS3DMNFTSYIDBNZSCA5DIMUQHG3DJORUHSIDUN53GK4Y=",
+}
+
+func testEqual(t *testing.T, msg string, args ...any) bool {
+	t.Helper()
+	if args[len(args)-2] != args[len(args)-1] {
+		t.Errorf(msg, args...)
+		return false
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+func TestEncode(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, p := range pairs {
+		got := StdEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte(p.decoded))
+		testEqual(t, "Encode(%q) = %q, want %q", p.decoded, got, p.encoded)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestEncoder(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, p := range pairs {
+		bb := &bytes.Buffer{}
+		encoder := NewEncoder(StdEncoding, bb)
+		encoder.Write([]byte(p.decoded))
+		encoder.Close()
+		testEqual(t, "Encode(%q) = %q, want %q", p.decoded, bb.String(), p.encoded)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestEncoderBuffering(t *testing.T) {
+	input := []byte(bigtest.decoded)
+	for bs := 1; bs <= 12; bs++ {
+		bb := &bytes.Buffer{}
+		encoder := NewEncoder(StdEncoding, bb)
+		for pos := 0; pos < len(input); pos += bs {
+			end := pos + bs
+			if end > len(input) {
+				end = len(input)
+			}
+			n, err := encoder.Write(input[pos:end])
+			testEqual(t, "Write(%q) gave error %v, want %v", input[pos:end], err, error(nil))
+			testEqual(t, "Write(%q) gave length %v, want %v", input[pos:end], n, end-pos)
+		}
+		err := encoder.Close()
+		testEqual(t, "Close gave error %v, want %v", err, error(nil))
+		testEqual(t, "Encoding/%d of %q = %q, want %q", bs, bigtest.decoded, bb.String(), bigtest.encoded)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDecode(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, p := range pairs {
+		dbuf := make([]byte, StdEncoding.DecodedLen(len(p.encoded)))
+		count, end, err := StdEncoding.decode(dbuf, []byte(p.encoded))
+		testEqual(t, "Decode(%q) = error %v, want %v", p.encoded, err, error(nil))
+		testEqual(t, "Decode(%q) = length %v, want %v", p.encoded, count, len(p.decoded))
+		if len(p.encoded) > 0 {
+			testEqual(t, "Decode(%q) = end %v, want %v", p.encoded, end, (p.encoded[len(p.encoded)-1] == '='))
+		}
+		testEqual(t, "Decode(%q) = %q, want %q", p.encoded,
+			string(dbuf[0:count]),
+			p.decoded)
+
+		dbuf, err = StdEncoding.DecodeString(p.encoded)
+		testEqual(t, "DecodeString(%q) = error %v, want %v", p.encoded, err, error(nil))
+		testEqual(t, "DecodeString(%q) = %q, want %q", p.encoded, string(dbuf), p.decoded)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDecoder(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, p := range pairs {
+		decoder := NewDecoder(StdEncoding, strings.NewReader(p.encoded))
+		dbuf := make([]byte, StdEncoding.DecodedLen(len(p.encoded)))
+		count, err := decoder.Read(dbuf)
+		if err != nil && err != io.EOF {
+			t.Fatal("Read failed", err)
+		}
+		testEqual(t, "Read from %q = length %v, want %v", p.encoded, count, len(p.decoded))
+		testEqual(t, "Decoding of %q = %q, want %q", p.encoded, string(dbuf[0:count]), p.decoded)
+		if err != io.EOF {
+			_, err = decoder.Read(dbuf)
+		}
+		testEqual(t, "Read from %q = %v, want %v", p.encoded, err, io.EOF)
+	}
+}
+
+type badReader struct {
+	data   []byte
+	errs   []error
+	called int
+	limit  int
+}
+
+// Populates p with data, returns a count of the bytes written and an
+// error.  The error returned is taken from badReader.errs, with each
+// invocation of Read returning the next error in this slice, or io.EOF,
+// if all errors from the slice have already been returned.  The
+// number of bytes returned is determined by the size of the input buffer
+// the test passes to decoder.Read and will be a multiple of 8, unless
+// badReader.limit is non zero.
+func (b *badReader) Read(p []byte) (int, error) {
+	lim := len(p)
+	if b.limit != 0 && b.limit < lim {
+		lim = b.limit
+	}
+	if len(b.data) < lim {
+		lim = len(b.data)
+	}
+	for i := range p[:lim] {
+		p[i] = b.data[i]
+	}
+	b.data = b.data[lim:]
+	err := io.EOF
+	if b.called < len(b.errs) {
+		err = b.errs[b.called]
+	}
+	b.called++
+	return lim, err
+}
+
+// TestIssue20044 tests that decoder.Read behaves correctly when the caller
+// supplied reader returns an error.
+func TestIssue20044(t *testing.T) {
+	badErr := errors.New("bad reader error")
+	testCases := []struct {
+		r       badReader
+		res     string
+		err     error
+		dbuflen int
+	}{
+		// Check valid input data accompanied by an error is processed and the error is propagated.
+		{r: badReader{data: []byte("MY======"), errs: []error{badErr}},
+			res: "f", err: badErr},
+		// Check a read error accompanied by input data consisting of newlines only is propagated.
+		{r: badReader{data: []byte("\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"), errs: []error{badErr, nil}},
+			res: "", err: badErr},
+		// Reader will be called twice.  The first time it will return 8 newline characters.  The
+		// second time valid base32 encoded data and an error.  The data should be decoded
+		// correctly and the error should be propagated.
+		{r: badReader{data: []byte("\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMY======"), errs: []error{nil, badErr}},
+			res: "f", err: badErr, dbuflen: 8},
+		// Reader returns invalid input data (too short) and an error.  Verify the reader
+		// error is returned.
+		{r: badReader{data: []byte("MY====="), errs: []error{badErr}},
+			res: "", err: badErr},
+		// Reader returns invalid input data (too short) but no error.  Verify io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+		// is returned.
+		{r: badReader{data: []byte("MY====="), errs: []error{nil}},
+			res: "", err: io.ErrUnexpectedEOF},
+		// Reader returns invalid input data and an error.  Verify the reader and not the
+		// decoder error is returned.
+		{r: badReader{data: []byte("Ma======"), errs: []error{badErr}},
+			res: "", err: badErr},
+		// Reader returns valid data and io.EOF.  Check data is decoded and io.EOF is propagated.
+		{r: badReader{data: []byte("MZXW6YTB"), errs: []error{io.EOF}},
+			res: "fooba", err: io.EOF},
+		// Check errors are properly reported when decoder.Read is called multiple times.
+		// decoder.Read will be called 8 times, badReader.Read will be called twice, returning
+		// valid data both times but an error on the second call.
+		{r: badReader{data: []byte("NRSWC43VOJSS4==="), errs: []error{nil, badErr}},
+			res: "leasure.", err: badErr, dbuflen: 1},
+		// Check io.EOF is properly reported when decoder.Read is called multiple times.
+		// decoder.Read will be called 8 times, badReader.Read will be called twice, returning
+		// valid data both times but io.EOF on the second call.
+		{r: badReader{data: []byte("NRSWC43VOJSS4==="), errs: []error{nil, io.EOF}},
+			res: "leasure.", err: io.EOF, dbuflen: 1},
+		// The following two test cases check that errors are propagated correctly when more than
+		// 8 bytes are read at a time.
+		{r: badReader{data: []byte("NRSWC43VOJSS4==="), errs: []error{io.EOF}},
+			res: "leasure.", err: io.EOF, dbuflen: 11},
+		{r: badReader{data: []byte("NRSWC43VOJSS4==="), errs: []error{badErr}},
+			res: "leasure.", err: badErr, dbuflen: 11},
+		// Check that errors are correctly propagated when the reader returns valid bytes in
+		// groups that are not divisible by 8.  The first read will return 11 bytes and no
+		// error.  The second will return 7 and an error.  The data should be decoded correctly
+		// and the error should be propagated.
+		{r: badReader{data: []byte("NRSWC43VOJSS4==="), errs: []error{nil, badErr}, limit: 11},
+			res: "leasure.", err: badErr},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range testCases {
+		input := tc.r.data
+		decoder := NewDecoder(StdEncoding, &tc.r)
+		var dbuflen int
+		if tc.dbuflen > 0 {
+			dbuflen = tc.dbuflen
+		} else {
+			dbuflen = StdEncoding.DecodedLen(len(input))
+		}
+		dbuf := make([]byte, dbuflen)
+		var err error
+		var res []byte
+		for err == nil {
+			var n int
+			n, err = decoder.Read(dbuf)
+			if n > 0 {
+				res = append(res, dbuf[:n]...)
+			}
+		}
+
+		testEqual(t, "Decoding of %q = %q, want %q", string(input), string(res), tc.res)
+		testEqual(t, "Decoding of %q err = %v, expected %v", string(input), err, tc.err)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestDecoderError verifies decode errors are propagated when there are no read
+// errors.
+func TestDecoderError(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, readErr := range []error{io.EOF, nil} {
+		input := "MZXW6YTb"
+		dbuf := make([]byte, StdEncoding.DecodedLen(len(input)))
+		br := badReader{data: []byte(input), errs: []error{readErr}}
+		decoder := NewDecoder(StdEncoding, &br)
+		n, err := decoder.Read(dbuf)
+		testEqual(t, "Read after EOF, n = %d, expected %d", n, 0)
+		if _, ok := err.(CorruptInputError); !ok {
+			t.Errorf("Corrupt input error expected.  Found %T", err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestReaderEOF ensures decoder.Read behaves correctly when input data is
+// exhausted.
+func TestReaderEOF(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, readErr := range []error{io.EOF, nil} {
+		input := "MZXW6YTB"
+		br := badReader{data: []byte(input), errs: []error{nil, readErr}}
+		decoder := NewDecoder(StdEncoding, &br)
+		dbuf := make([]byte, StdEncoding.DecodedLen(len(input)))
+		n, err := decoder.Read(dbuf)
+		testEqual(t, "Decoding of %q err = %v, expected %v", string(input), err, error(nil))
+		n, err = decoder.Read(dbuf)
+		testEqual(t, "Read after EOF, n = %d, expected %d", n, 0)
+		testEqual(t, "Read after EOF, err = %v, expected %v", err, io.EOF)
+		n, err = decoder.Read(dbuf)
+		testEqual(t, "Read after EOF, n = %d, expected %d", n, 0)
+		testEqual(t, "Read after EOF, err = %v, expected %v", err, io.EOF)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDecoderBuffering(t *testing.T) {
+	for bs := 1; bs <= 12; bs++ {
+		decoder := NewDecoder(StdEncoding, strings.NewReader(bigtest.encoded))
+		buf := make([]byte, len(bigtest.decoded)+12)
+		var total int
+		var n int
+		var err error
+		for total = 0; total < len(bigtest.decoded) && err == nil; {
+			n, err = decoder.Read(buf[total : total+bs])
+			total += n
+		}
+		if err != nil && err != io.EOF {
+			t.Errorf("Read from %q at pos %d = %d, unexpected error %v", bigtest.encoded, total, n, err)
+		}
+		testEqual(t, "Decoding/%d of %q = %q, want %q", bs, bigtest.encoded, string(buf[0:total]), bigtest.decoded)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDecodeCorrupt(t *testing.T) {
+	testCases := []struct {
+		input  string
+		offset int // -1 means no corruption.
+	}{
+		{"", -1},
+		{"!!!!", 0},
+		{"x===", 0},
+		{"AA=A====", 2},
+		{"AAA=AAAA", 3},
+		{"MMMMMMMMM", 8},
+		{"MMMMMM", 0},
+		{"A=", 1},
+		{"AA=", 3},
+		{"AA==", 4},
+		{"AA===", 5},
+		{"AAAA=", 5},
+		{"AAAA==", 6},
+		{"AAAAA=", 6},
+		{"AAAAA==", 7},
+		{"A=======", 1},
+		{"AA======", -1},
+		{"AAA=====", 3},
+		{"AAAA====", -1},
+		{"AAAAA===", -1},
+		{"AAAAAA==", 6},
+		{"AAAAAAA=", -1},
+		{"AAAAAAAA", -1},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range testCases {
+		dbuf := make([]byte, StdEncoding.DecodedLen(len(tc.input)))
+		_, err := StdEncoding.Decode(dbuf, []byte(tc.input))
+		if tc.offset == -1 {
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Error("Decoder wrongly detected corruption in", tc.input)
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+		switch err := err.(type) {
+		case CorruptInputError:
+			testEqual(t, "Corruption in %q at offset %v, want %v", tc.input, int(err), tc.offset)
+		default:
+			t.Error("Decoder failed to detect corruption in", tc)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBig(t *testing.T) {
+	n := 3*1000 + 1
+	raw := make([]byte, n)
+	const alpha = "0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		raw[i] = alpha[i%len(alpha)]
+	}
+	encoded := new(bytes.Buffer)
+	w := NewEncoder(StdEncoding, encoded)
+	nn, err := w.Write(raw)
+	if nn != n || err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Encoder.Write(raw) = %d, %v want %d, nil", nn, err, n)
+	}
+	err = w.Close()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Encoder.Close() = %v want nil", err)
+	}
+	decoded, err := io.ReadAll(NewDecoder(StdEncoding, encoded))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("io.ReadAll(NewDecoder(...)): %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if !bytes.Equal(raw, decoded) {
+		var i int
+		for i = 0; i < len(decoded) && i < len(raw); i++ {
+			if decoded[i] != raw[i] {
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		t.Errorf("Decode(Encode(%d-byte string)) failed at offset %d", n, i)
+	}
+}
+
+func testStringEncoding(t *testing.T, expected string, examples []string) {
+	for _, e := range examples {
+		buf, err := StdEncoding.DecodeString(e)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("Decode(%q) failed: %v", e, err)
+			continue
+		}
+		if s := string(buf); s != expected {
+			t.Errorf("Decode(%q) = %q, want %q", e, s, expected)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestNewLineCharacters(t *testing.T) {
+	// Each of these should decode to the string "sure", without errors.
+	examples := []string{
+		"ON2XEZI=",
+		"ON2XEZI=\r",
+		"ON2XEZI=\n",
+		"ON2XEZI=\r\n",
+		"ON2XEZ\r\nI=",
+		"ON2X\rEZ\nI=",
+		"ON2X\nEZ\rI=",
+		"ON2XEZ\nI=",
+		"ON2XEZI\n=",
+	}
+	testStringEncoding(t, "sure", examples)
+
+	// Each of these should decode to the string "foobar", without errors.
+	examples = []string{
+		"MZXW6YTBOI======",
+		"MZXW6YTBOI=\r\n=====",
+	}
+	testStringEncoding(t, "foobar", examples)
+}
+
+func TestDecoderIssue4779(t *testing.T) {
+	encoded := `JRXXEZLNEBUXA43VNUQGI33MN5ZCA43JOQQGC3LFOQWCAY3PNZZWKY3UMV2HK4
+RAMFSGS4DJONUWG2LOM4QGK3DJOQWCA43FMQQGI3YKMVUXK43NN5SCA5DFNVYG64RANFXGG2LENFSH
+K3TUEB2XIIDMMFRG64TFEBSXIIDEN5WG64TFEBWWCZ3OMEQGC3DJOF2WCLRAKV2CAZLONFWQUYLEEB
+WWS3TJNUQHMZLONFQW2LBAOF2WS4ZANZXXG5DSOVSCAZLYMVZGG2LUMF2GS33OEB2WY3DBNVRW6IDM
+MFRG64TJOMQG42LTNEQHK5AKMFWGS4LVNFYCAZLYEBSWCIDDN5WW233EN4QGG33OONSXC5LBOQXCAR
+DVNFZSAYLVORSSA2LSOVZGKIDEN5WG64RANFXAU4TFOBZGK2DFNZSGK4TJOQQGS3RAOZXWY5LQORQX
+IZJAOZSWY2LUEBSXG43FEBRWS3DMOVWSAZDPNRXXEZJAMV2SAZTVM5UWC5BANZ2WY3DBBJYGC4TJMF
+2HK4ROEBCXQY3FOB2GK5LSEBZWS3TUEBXWGY3BMVRWC5BAMN2XA2LEMF2GC5BANZXW4IDQOJXWSZDF
+NZ2CYIDTOVXHIIDJNYFGG5LMOBQSA4LVNEQG6ZTGNFRWSYJAMRSXGZLSOVXHIIDNN5WGY2LUEBQW42
+LNEBUWIIDFON2CA3DBMJXXE5LNFY==
+====`
+	encodedShort := strings.ReplaceAll(encoded, "\n", "")
+
+	dec := NewDecoder(StdEncoding, strings.NewReader(encoded))
+	res1, err := io.ReadAll(dec)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("ReadAll failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	dec = NewDecoder(StdEncoding, strings.NewReader(encodedShort))
+	var res2 []byte
+	res2, err = io.ReadAll(dec)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("ReadAll failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if !bytes.Equal(res1, res2) {
+		t.Error("Decoded results not equal")
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkEncode(b *testing.B) {
+	data := make([]byte, 8192)
+	buf := make([]byte, StdEncoding.EncodedLen(len(data)))
+	b.SetBytes(int64(len(data)))
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		StdEncoding.Encode(buf, data)
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkEncodeToString(b *testing.B) {
+	data := make([]byte, 8192)
+	b.SetBytes(int64(len(data)))
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		StdEncoding.EncodeToString(data)
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkDecode(b *testing.B) {
+	data := make([]byte, StdEncoding.EncodedLen(8192))
+	StdEncoding.Encode(data, make([]byte, 8192))
+	buf := make([]byte, 8192)
+	b.SetBytes(int64(len(data)))
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		StdEncoding.Decode(buf, data)
+	}
+}
+func BenchmarkDecodeString(b *testing.B) {
+	data := StdEncoding.EncodeToString(make([]byte, 8192))
+	b.SetBytes(int64(len(data)))
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		StdEncoding.DecodeString(data)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWithCustomPadding(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, testcase := range pairs {
+		defaultPadding := StdEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte(testcase.decoded))
+		customPadding := StdEncoding.WithPadding('@').EncodeToString([]byte(testcase.decoded))
+		expected := strings.ReplaceAll(defaultPadding, "=", "@")
+
+		if expected != customPadding {
+			t.Errorf("Expected custom %s, got %s", expected, customPadding)
+		}
+		if testcase.encoded != defaultPadding {
+			t.Errorf("Expected %s, got %s", testcase.encoded, defaultPadding)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWithoutPadding(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, testcase := range pairs {
+		defaultPadding := StdEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte(testcase.decoded))
+		customPadding := StdEncoding.WithPadding(NoPadding).EncodeToString([]byte(testcase.decoded))
+		expected := strings.TrimRight(defaultPadding, "=")
+
+		if expected != customPadding {
+			t.Errorf("Expected custom %s, got %s", expected, customPadding)
+		}
+		if testcase.encoded != defaultPadding {
+			t.Errorf("Expected %s, got %s", testcase.encoded, defaultPadding)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDecodeWithPadding(t *testing.T) {
+	encodings := []*Encoding{
+		StdEncoding,
+		StdEncoding.WithPadding('-'),
+		StdEncoding.WithPadding(NoPadding),
+	}
+
+	for i, enc := range encodings {
+		for _, pair := range pairs {
+
+			input := pair.decoded
+			encoded := enc.EncodeToString([]byte(input))
+
+			decoded, err := enc.DecodeString(encoded)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Errorf("DecodeString Error for encoding %d (%q): %v", i, input, err)
+			}
+
+			if input != string(decoded) {
+				t.Errorf("Unexpected result for encoding %d: got %q; want %q", i, decoded, input)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDecodeWithWrongPadding(t *testing.T) {
+	encoded := StdEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte("foobar"))
+
+	_, err := StdEncoding.WithPadding('-').DecodeString(encoded)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Error("expected error")
+	}
+
+	_, err = StdEncoding.WithPadding(NoPadding).DecodeString(encoded)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Error("expected error")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBufferedDecodingSameError(t *testing.T) {
+	testcases := []struct {
+		prefix            string
+		chunkCombinations [][]string
+		expected          error
+	}{
+		// NBSWY3DPO5XXE3DE == helloworld
+		// Test with "ZZ" as extra input
+		{"helloworld", [][]string{
+			{"NBSW", "Y3DP", "O5XX", "E3DE", "ZZ"},
+			{"NBSWY3DPO5XXE3DE", "ZZ"},
+			{"NBSWY3DPO5XXE3DEZZ"},
+			{"NBS", "WY3", "DPO", "5XX", "E3D", "EZZ"},
+			{"NBSWY3DPO5XXE3", "DEZZ"},
+		}, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF},
+
+		// Test with "ZZY" as extra input
+		{"helloworld", [][]string{
+			{"NBSW", "Y3DP", "O5XX", "E3DE", "ZZY"},
+			{"NBSWY3DPO5XXE3DE", "ZZY"},
+			{"NBSWY3DPO5XXE3DEZZY"},
+			{"NBS", "WY3", "DPO", "5XX", "E3D", "EZZY"},
+			{"NBSWY3DPO5XXE3", "DEZZY"},
+		}, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF},
+
+		// Normal case, this is valid input
+		{"helloworld", [][]string{
+			{"NBSW", "Y3DP", "O5XX", "E3DE"},
+			{"NBSWY3DPO5XXE3DE"},
+			{"NBS", "WY3", "DPO", "5XX", "E3D", "E"},
+			{"NBSWY3DPO5XXE3", "DE"},
+		}, nil},
+
+		// MZXW6YTB = fooba
+		{"fooba", [][]string{
+			{"MZXW6YTBZZ"},
+			{"MZXW6YTBZ", "Z"},
+			{"MZXW6YTB", "ZZ"},
+			{"MZXW6YT", "BZZ"},
+			{"MZXW6Y", "TBZZ"},
+			{"MZXW6Y", "TB", "ZZ"},
+			{"MZXW6", "YTBZZ"},
+			{"MZXW6", "YTB", "ZZ"},
+			{"MZXW6", "YT", "BZZ"},
+		}, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF},
+
+		// Normal case, this is valid input
+		{"fooba", [][]string{
+			{"MZXW6YTB"},
+			{"MZXW6YT", "B"},
+			{"MZXW6Y", "TB"},
+			{"MZXW6", "YTB"},
+			{"MZXW6", "YT", "B"},
+			{"MZXW", "6YTB"},
+			{"MZXW", "6Y", "TB"},
+		}, nil},
+	}
+
+	for _, testcase := range testcases {
+		for _, chunks := range testcase.chunkCombinations {
+			pr, pw := io.Pipe()
+
+			// Write the encoded chunks into the pipe
+			go func() {
+				for _, chunk := range chunks {
+					pw.Write([]byte(chunk))
+				}
+				pw.Close()
+			}()
+
+			decoder := NewDecoder(StdEncoding, pr)
+			_, err := io.ReadAll(decoder)
+
+			if err != testcase.expected {
+				t.Errorf("Expected %v, got %v; case %s %+v", testcase.expected, err, testcase.prefix, chunks)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestEncodedDecodedLen(t *testing.T) {
+	type test struct {
+		in      int
+		wantEnc int
+		wantDec int
+	}
+	data := bytes.Repeat([]byte("x"), 100)
+	for _, test := range []struct {
+		name  string
+		enc   *Encoding
+		cases []test
+	}{
+		{"StdEncoding", StdEncoding, []test{
+			{0, 0, 0},
+			{1, 8, 5},
+			{5, 8, 5},
+			{6, 16, 10},
+			{10, 16, 10},
+		}},
+		{"NoPadding", StdEncoding.WithPadding(NoPadding), []test{
+			{0, 0, 0},
+			{1, 2, 1},
+			{2, 4, 2},
+			{5, 8, 5},
+			{6, 10, 6},
+			{7, 12, 7},
+			{10, 16, 10},
+			{11, 18, 11},
+		}},
+	} {
+		t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			for _, tc := range test.cases {
+				encLen := test.enc.EncodedLen(tc.in)
+				decLen := test.enc.DecodedLen(encLen)
+				enc := test.enc.EncodeToString(data[:tc.in])
+				if len(enc) != encLen {
+					t.Fatalf("EncodedLen(%d) = %d but encoded to %q (%d)", tc.in, encLen, enc, len(enc))
+				}
+				if encLen != tc.wantEnc {
+					t.Fatalf("EncodedLen(%d) = %d; want %d", tc.in, encLen, tc.wantEnc)
+				}
+				if decLen != tc.wantDec {
+					t.Fatalf("DecodedLen(%d) = %d; want %d", encLen, decLen, tc.wantDec)
+				}
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWithoutPaddingClose(t *testing.T) {
+	encodings := []*Encoding{
+		StdEncoding,
+		StdEncoding.WithPadding(NoPadding),
+	}
+
+	for _, encoding := range encodings {
+		for _, testpair := range pairs {
+
+			var buf bytes.Buffer
+			encoder := NewEncoder(encoding, &buf)
+			encoder.Write([]byte(testpair.decoded))
+			encoder.Close()
+
+			expected := testpair.encoded
+			if encoding.padChar == NoPadding {
+				expected = strings.ReplaceAll(expected, "=", "")
+			}
+
+			res := buf.String()
+
+			if res != expected {
+				t.Errorf("Expected %s got %s; padChar=%d", expected, res, encoding.padChar)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDecodeReadAll(t *testing.T) {
+	encodings := []*Encoding{
+		StdEncoding,
+		StdEncoding.WithPadding(NoPadding),
+	}
+
+	for _, pair := range pairs {
+		for encIndex, encoding := range encodings {
+			encoded := pair.encoded
+			if encoding.padChar == NoPadding {
+				encoded = strings.ReplaceAll(encoded, "=", "")
+			}
+
+			decReader, err := io.ReadAll(NewDecoder(encoding, strings.NewReader(encoded)))
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Errorf("NewDecoder error: %v", err)
+			}
+
+			if pair.decoded != string(decReader) {
+				t.Errorf("Expected %s got %s; Encoding %d", pair.decoded, decReader, encIndex)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDecodeSmallBuffer(t *testing.T) {
+	encodings := []*Encoding{
+		StdEncoding,
+		StdEncoding.WithPadding(NoPadding),
+	}
+
+	for bufferSize := 1; bufferSize < 200; bufferSize++ {
+		for _, pair := range pairs {
+			for encIndex, encoding := range encodings {
+				encoded := pair.encoded
+				if encoding.padChar == NoPadding {
+					encoded = strings.ReplaceAll(encoded, "=", "")
+				}
+
+				decoder := NewDecoder(encoding, strings.NewReader(encoded))
+
+				var allRead []byte
+
+				for {
+					buf := make([]byte, bufferSize)
+					n, err := decoder.Read(buf)
+					allRead = append(allRead, buf[0:n]...)
+					if err == io.EOF {
+						break
+					}
+					if err != nil {
+						t.Error(err)
+					}
+				}
+
+				if pair.decoded != string(allRead) {
+					t.Errorf("Expected %s got %s; Encoding %d; bufferSize %d", pair.decoded, allRead, encIndex, bufferSize)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/src/encoding/base32/example_test.go b/src/encoding/base32/example_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..251624f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/encoding/base32/example_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+// Copyright 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+// Keep in sync with ../base64/example_test.go.
+
+package base32_test
+
+import (
+	"encoding/base32"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+)
+
+func ExampleEncoding_EncodeToString() {
+	data := []byte("any + old & data")
+	str := base32.StdEncoding.EncodeToString(data)
+	fmt.Println(str)
+	// Output:
+	// MFXHSIBLEBXWYZBAEYQGIYLUME======
+}
+
+func ExampleEncoding_Encode() {
+	data := []byte("Hello, world!")
+	dst := make([]byte, base32.StdEncoding.EncodedLen(len(data)))
+	base32.StdEncoding.Encode(dst, data)
+	fmt.Println(string(dst))
+	// Output:
+	// JBSWY3DPFQQHO33SNRSCC===
+}
+
+func ExampleEncoding_DecodeString() {
+	str := "ONXW2ZJAMRQXIYJAO5UXI2BAAAQGC3TEEDX3XPY="
+	data, err := base32.StdEncoding.DecodeString(str)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Println("error:", err)
+		return
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("%q\n", data)
+	// Output:
+	// "some data with \x00 and \ufeff"
+}
+
+func ExampleEncoding_Decode() {
+	str := "JBSWY3DPFQQHO33SNRSCC==="
+	dst := make([]byte, base32.StdEncoding.DecodedLen(len(str)))
+	n, err := base32.StdEncoding.Decode(dst, []byte(str))
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Println("decode error:", err)
+		return
+	}
+	dst = dst[:n]
+	fmt.Printf("%q\n", dst)
+	// Output:
+	// "Hello, world!"
+}
+
+func ExampleNewEncoder() {
+	input := []byte("foo\x00bar")
+	encoder := base32.NewEncoder(base32.StdEncoding, os.Stdout)
+	encoder.Write(input)
+	// Must close the encoder when finished to flush any partial blocks.
+	// If you comment out the following line, the last partial block "r"
+	// won't be encoded.
+	encoder.Close()
+	// Output:
+	// MZXW6ADCMFZA====
+}