5 files changed, 537 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/src/errors/errors.go b/src/errors/errors.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f2fabac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/errors/errors.go
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+// Copyright 2011 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+// Package errors implements functions to manipulate errors.
+//
+// The New function creates errors whose only content is a text message.
+//
+// The Unwrap, Is and As functions work on errors that may wrap other errors.
+// An error wraps another error if its type has the method
+//
+//	Unwrap() error
+//
+// If e.Unwrap() returns a non-nil error w, then we say that e wraps w.
+//
+// Unwrap unpacks wrapped errors. If its argument's type has an
+// Unwrap method, it calls the method once. Otherwise, it returns nil.
+//
+// A simple way to create wrapped errors is to call fmt.Errorf and apply the %w verb
+// to the error argument:
+//
+//	errors.Unwrap(fmt.Errorf("... %w ...", ..., err, ...))
+//
+// returns err.
+//
+// Is unwraps its first argument sequentially looking for an error that matches the
+// second. It reports whether it finds a match. It should be used in preference to
+// simple equality checks:
+//
+//	if errors.Is(err, fs.ErrExist)
+//
+// is preferable to
+//
+//	if err == fs.ErrExist
+//
+// because the former will succeed if err wraps fs.ErrExist.
+//
+// As unwraps its first argument sequentially looking for an error that can be
+// assigned to its second argument, which must be a pointer. If it succeeds, it
+// performs the assignment and returns true. Otherwise, it returns false. The form
+//
+//	var perr *fs.PathError
+//	if errors.As(err, &perr) {
+//		fmt.Println(perr.Path)
+//	}
+//
+// is preferable to
+//
+//	if perr, ok := err.(*fs.PathError); ok {
+//		fmt.Println(perr.Path)
+//	}
+//
+// because the former will succeed if err wraps an *fs.PathError.
+package errors
+
+// New returns an error that formats as the given text.
+// Each call to New returns a distinct error value even if the text is identical.
+func New(text string) error {
+	return &errorString{text}
+}
+
+// errorString is a trivial implementation of error.
+type errorString struct {
+	s string
+}
+
+func (e *errorString) Error() string {
+	return e.s
+}
diff --git a/src/errors/errors_test.go b/src/errors/errors_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cf4df90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/errors/errors_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+// Copyright 2011 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package errors_test
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestNewEqual(t *testing.T) {
+	// Different allocations should not be equal.
+	if errors.New("abc") == errors.New("abc") {
+		t.Errorf(`New("abc") == New("abc")`)
+	}
+	if errors.New("abc") == errors.New("xyz") {
+		t.Errorf(`New("abc") == New("xyz")`)
+	}
+
+	// Same allocation should be equal to itself (not crash).
+	err := errors.New("jkl")
+	if err != err {
+		t.Errorf(`err != err`)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestErrorMethod(t *testing.T) {
+	err := errors.New("abc")
+	if err.Error() != "abc" {
+		t.Errorf(`New("abc").Error() = %q, want %q`, err.Error(), "abc")
+	}
+}
+
+func ExampleNew() {
+	err := errors.New("emit macho dwarf: elf header corrupted")
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Print(err)
+	}
+	// Output: emit macho dwarf: elf header corrupted
+}
+
+// The fmt package's Errorf function lets us use the package's formatting
+// features to create descriptive error messages.
+func ExampleNew_errorf() {
+	const name, id = "bimmler", 17
+	err := fmt.Errorf("user %q (id %d) not found", name, id)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Print(err)
+	}
+	// Output: user "bimmler" (id 17) not found
+}
diff --git a/src/errors/example_test.go b/src/errors/example_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5dc8841
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/errors/example_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+// Copyright 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package errors_test
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// MyError is an error implementation that includes a time and message.
+type MyError struct {
+	When time.Time
+	What string
+}
+
+func (e MyError) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%v: %v", e.When, e.What)
+}
+
+func oops() error {
+	return MyError{
+		time.Date(1989, 3, 15, 22, 30, 0, 0, time.UTC),
+		"the file system has gone away",
+	}
+}
+
+func Example() {
+	if err := oops(); err != nil {
+		fmt.Println(err)
+	}
+	// Output: 1989-03-15 22:30:00 +0000 UTC: the file system has gone away
+}
diff --git a/src/errors/wrap.go b/src/errors/wrap.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..263ae16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/errors/wrap.go
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+// Copyright 2018 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package errors
+
+import (
+	"internal/reflectlite"
+)
+
+// Unwrap returns the result of calling the Unwrap method on err, if err's
+// type contains an Unwrap method returning error.
+// Otherwise, Unwrap returns nil.
+func Unwrap(err error) error {
+	u, ok := err.(interface {
+		Unwrap() error
+	})
+	if !ok {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return u.Unwrap()
+}
+
+// Is reports whether any error in err's chain matches target.
+//
+// The chain consists of err itself followed by the sequence of errors obtained by
+// repeatedly calling Unwrap.
+//
+// An error is considered to match a target if it is equal to that target or if
+// it implements a method Is(error) bool such that Is(target) returns true.
+//
+// An error type might provide an Is method so it can be treated as equivalent
+// to an existing error. For example, if MyError defines
+//
+//	func (m MyError) Is(target error) bool { return target == fs.ErrExist }
+//
+// then Is(MyError{}, fs.ErrExist) returns true. See syscall.Errno.Is for
+// an example in the standard library. An Is method should only shallowly
+// compare err and the target and not call Unwrap on either.
+func Is(err, target error) bool {
+	if target == nil {
+		return err == target
+	}
+
+	isComparable := reflectlite.TypeOf(target).Comparable()
+	for {
+		if isComparable && err == target {
+			return true
+		}
+		if x, ok := err.(interface{ Is(error) bool }); ok && x.Is(target) {
+			return true
+		}
+		// TODO: consider supporting target.Is(err). This would allow
+		// user-definable predicates, but also may allow for coping with sloppy
+		// APIs, thereby making it easier to get away with them.
+		if err = Unwrap(err); err == nil {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// As finds the first error in err's chain that matches target, and if one is found, sets
+// target to that error value and returns true. Otherwise, it returns false.
+//
+// The chain consists of err itself followed by the sequence of errors obtained by
+// repeatedly calling Unwrap.
+//
+// An error matches target if the error's concrete value is assignable to the value
+// pointed to by target, or if the error has a method As(interface{}) bool such that
+// As(target) returns true. In the latter case, the As method is responsible for
+// setting target.
+//
+// An error type might provide an As method so it can be treated as if it were a
+// different error type.
+//
+// As panics if target is not a non-nil pointer to either a type that implements
+// error, or to any interface type.
+func As(err error, target any) bool {
+	if target == nil {
+		panic("errors: target cannot be nil")
+	}
+	val := reflectlite.ValueOf(target)
+	typ := val.Type()
+	if typ.Kind() != reflectlite.Ptr || val.IsNil() {
+		panic("errors: target must be a non-nil pointer")
+	}
+	targetType := typ.Elem()
+	if targetType.Kind() != reflectlite.Interface && !targetType.Implements(errorType) {
+		panic("errors: *target must be interface or implement error")
+	}
+	for err != nil {
+		if reflectlite.TypeOf(err).AssignableTo(targetType) {
+			val.Elem().Set(reflectlite.ValueOf(err))
+			return true
+		}
+		if x, ok := err.(interface{ As(any) bool }); ok && x.As(target) {
+			return true
+		}
+		err = Unwrap(err)
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+var errorType = reflectlite.TypeOf((*error)(nil)).Elem()
diff --git a/src/errors/wrap_test.go b/src/errors/wrap_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eb8314b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/errors/wrap_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,277 @@
+// Copyright 2018 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package errors_test
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io/fs"
+	"os"
+	"reflect"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestIs(t *testing.T) {
+	err1 := errors.New("1")
+	erra := wrapped{"wrap 2", err1}
+	errb := wrapped{"wrap 3", erra}
+
+	err3 := errors.New("3")
+
+	poser := &poser{"either 1 or 3", func(err error) bool {
+		return err == err1 || err == err3
+	}}
+
+	testCases := []struct {
+		err    error
+		target error
+		match  bool
+	}{
+		{nil, nil, true},
+		{err1, nil, false},
+		{err1, err1, true},
+		{erra, err1, true},
+		{errb, err1, true},
+		{err1, err3, false},
+		{erra, err3, false},
+		{errb, err3, false},
+		{poser, err1, true},
+		{poser, err3, true},
+		{poser, erra, false},
+		{poser, errb, false},
+		{errorUncomparable{}, errorUncomparable{}, true},
+		{errorUncomparable{}, &errorUncomparable{}, false},
+		{&errorUncomparable{}, errorUncomparable{}, true},
+		{&errorUncomparable{}, &errorUncomparable{}, false},
+		{errorUncomparable{}, err1, false},
+		{&errorUncomparable{}, err1, false},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range testCases {
+		t.Run("", func(t *testing.T) {
+			if got := errors.Is(tc.err, tc.target); got != tc.match {
+				t.Errorf("Is(%v, %v) = %v, want %v", tc.err, tc.target, got, tc.match)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+type poser struct {
+	msg string
+	f   func(error) bool
+}
+
+var poserPathErr = &fs.PathError{Op: "poser"}
+
+func (p *poser) Error() string     { return p.msg }
+func (p *poser) Is(err error) bool { return p.f(err) }
+func (p *poser) As(err any) bool {
+	switch x := err.(type) {
+	case **poser:
+		*x = p
+	case *errorT:
+		*x = errorT{"poser"}
+	case **fs.PathError:
+		*x = poserPathErr
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+func TestAs(t *testing.T) {
+	var errT errorT
+	var errP *fs.PathError
+	var timeout interface{ Timeout() bool }
+	var p *poser
+	_, errF := os.Open("non-existing")
+	poserErr := &poser{"oh no", nil}
+
+	testCases := []struct {
+		err    error
+		target any
+		match  bool
+		want   any // value of target on match
+	}{{
+		nil,
+		&errP,
+		false,
+		nil,
+	}, {
+		wrapped{"pitied the fool", errorT{"T"}},
+		&errT,
+		true,
+		errorT{"T"},
+	}, {
+		errF,
+		&errP,
+		true,
+		errF,
+	}, {
+		errorT{},
+		&errP,
+		false,
+		nil,
+	}, {
+		wrapped{"wrapped", nil},
+		&errT,
+		false,
+		nil,
+	}, {
+		&poser{"error", nil},
+		&errT,
+		true,
+		errorT{"poser"},
+	}, {
+		&poser{"path", nil},
+		&errP,
+		true,
+		poserPathErr,
+	}, {
+		poserErr,
+		&p,
+		true,
+		poserErr,
+	}, {
+		errors.New("err"),
+		&timeout,
+		false,
+		nil,
+	}, {
+		errF,
+		&timeout,
+		true,
+		errF,
+	}, {
+		wrapped{"path error", errF},
+		&timeout,
+		true,
+		errF,
+	}}
+	for i, tc := range testCases {
+		name := fmt.Sprintf("%d:As(Errorf(..., %v), %v)", i, tc.err, tc.target)
+		// Clear the target pointer, in case it was set in a previous test.
+		rtarget := reflect.ValueOf(tc.target)
+		rtarget.Elem().Set(reflect.Zero(reflect.TypeOf(tc.target).Elem()))
+		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			match := errors.As(tc.err, tc.target)
+			if match != tc.match {
+				t.Fatalf("match: got %v; want %v", match, tc.match)
+			}
+			if !match {
+				return
+			}
+			if got := rtarget.Elem().Interface(); got != tc.want {
+				t.Fatalf("got %#v, want %#v", got, tc.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAsValidation(t *testing.T) {
+	var s string
+	testCases := []any{
+		nil,
+		(*int)(nil),
+		"error",
+		&s,
+	}
+	err := errors.New("error")
+	for _, tc := range testCases {
+		t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("%T(%v)", tc, tc), func(t *testing.T) {
+			defer func() {
+				recover()
+			}()
+			if errors.As(err, tc) {
+				t.Errorf("As(err, %T(%v)) = true, want false", tc, tc)
+				return
+			}
+			t.Errorf("As(err, %T(%v)) did not panic", tc, tc)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestUnwrap(t *testing.T) {
+	err1 := errors.New("1")
+	erra := wrapped{"wrap 2", err1}
+
+	testCases := []struct {
+		err  error
+		want error
+	}{
+		{nil, nil},
+		{wrapped{"wrapped", nil}, nil},
+		{err1, nil},
+		{erra, err1},
+		{wrapped{"wrap 3", erra}, erra},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range testCases {
+		if got := errors.Unwrap(tc.err); got != tc.want {
+			t.Errorf("Unwrap(%v) = %v, want %v", tc.err, got, tc.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+type errorT struct{ s string }
+
+func (e errorT) Error() string { return fmt.Sprintf("errorT(%s)", e.s) }
+
+type wrapped struct {
+	msg string
+	err error
+}
+
+func (e wrapped) Error() string { return e.msg }
+
+func (e wrapped) Unwrap() error { return e.err }
+
+type errorUncomparable struct {
+	f []string
+}
+
+func (errorUncomparable) Error() string {
+	return "uncomparable error"
+}
+
+func (errorUncomparable) Is(target error) bool {
+	_, ok := target.(errorUncomparable)
+	return ok
+}
+
+func ExampleIs() {
+	if _, err := os.Open("non-existing"); err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, fs.ErrNotExist) {
+			fmt.Println("file does not exist")
+		} else {
+			fmt.Println(err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Output:
+	// file does not exist
+}
+
+func ExampleAs() {
+	if _, err := os.Open("non-existing"); err != nil {
+		var pathError *fs.PathError
+		if errors.As(err, &pathError) {
+			fmt.Println("Failed at path:", pathError.Path)
+		} else {
+			fmt.Println(err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Output:
+	// Failed at path: non-existing
+}
+
+func ExampleUnwrap() {
+	err1 := errors.New("error1")
+	err2 := fmt.Errorf("error2: [%w]", err1)
+	fmt.Println(err2)
+	fmt.Println(errors.Unwrap(err2))
+	// Output
+	// error2: [error1]
+	// error1
+}