.. _usage: Usage ===== This chapter contains an overview of how to use **lnav**. Basic Controls -------------- Like most file viewers, scrolling through files can be done with the usual :ref:`hotkeys`. For non-trivial operations, you can enter the :ref:`command` prompt by pressing :kbd:`:`. To analyze data in a log file, you can enter the :ref:`SQL prompt` by pressing :kbd:`;`. .. tip:: Check the bottom right corner of the screen for tips on hotkeys that might be useful in the current context. .. figure:: hotkey-tips.png :align: center When **lnav** is first open, it suggests using :kbd:`e` and :kbd:`Shift` + :kbd:`e` to jump to error messages. Viewing Files ------------- The files to view in **lnav** can be given on the command-line or passed to the :ref:`:open` command. A `glob pattern `_ can be given to watch for files with a common name. If the path is a directory, all of the files in the directory will be opened and the directory will be monitored for files to be added or removed from the view. If the path is an archive or compressed file (and lnav was built with libarchive), the archive will be extracted to a temporary location and the files within will be loaded. The files that are found will be scanned to identify their file format. Files that match a log format will be collated by time and displayed in the LOG view. Plain text files can be viewed in the TEXT view, which can be accessed by pressing :kbd:`t`. Archive Support ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. f0:archive If **lnav** is compiled with `libarchive `_, any files to be opened will be examined to see if they are a supported archive type. If so, the contents of the archive will be extracted to the :code:`$TMPDIR/lnav-user-${UID}-work/archives/` directory. Once extracted, the files within will be loaded into lnav. To speed up opening large amounts of files, any file that meets the following conditions will be automatically hidden and not indexed: * Binary files * Plain text files that are larger than 128KB * Duplicate log files The unpacked files will be left in the temporary directory after exiting **lnav** so that opening the same archive again will be faster. Unpacked archives that have not been accessed in the past two days will be automatically deleted the next time **lnav** is started. .. _remote: Remote Files ^^^^^^^^^^^^ Files on remote machines can be viewed and tailed if you have access to the machines via SSH. First, make sure you can SSH into the remote machine without any interaction by: 1) accepting the host key as known and 2) copying your identity's public key to the :file:`.ssh/authorized_keys` file on the remote machine. Once the setup is complete, you can open a file on a remote host using the same syntax as :command:`scp(1)` where the username and host are given, followed by a colon, and then the path to the files, like so:: [user@]host:/path/to/logs For example, to open :file:`/var/log/syslog.log` on "host1.example.com" as the user "dean", you would write: .. prompt:: bash lnav dean@host1.example.com:/var/log/syslog.log Remote files can also be opened using the :ref:`:open` command. Opening a remote file in the TUI has the advantage that the file path can be :kbd:`TAB`-completed and a preview is shown of the first few lines of the file. .. note:: If lnav is installed from the `snap `_, you will need to connect it to the `ssh-keys plug `_ using the following command: .. prompt:: bash sudo snap connect lnav:ssh-keys .. note:: Remote file access is implemented by transferring an `αcτµαlly pδrταblε εxεcµταblε `_ to the destination and invoking it. An APE binary can run on most any x86_64 machine and OS (i.e. MacOS, Linux, FreeBSD, Windows). The binary is baked into the lnav executable itself, so there is no extra setup that needs to be done on the remote machine. The binary file is named ``tailer.bin.XXXXXX`` where *XXXXXX* is 6 random digits. The file is, under normal circumstancies, deleted immediately. Searching --------- Any log messages that are loaded into **lnav** are indexed by time and log level (e.g. error, warning) to make searching quick and easy with :ref:`hotkeys`. For example, pressing :kbd:`e` will jump to the next error in the file and pressing :kbd:`Shift` + :kbd:`e` will jump to the previous error. Plain text searches can be done by pressing :kbd:`/` to enter the search prompt. A regular expression can be entered into the prompt to start a search through the current view. .. _filtering: Filtering --------- To reduce the amount of noise in a log file, **lnav** can hide log messages that match certain criteria. The following sub-sections explain ways to go about that. Regular Expression Match ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ If there are log messages that you are not interested in, you can do a "filter out" to hide messages that match a pattern. A filter can be created using the interactive editor, the :ref:`:filter-out` command, or by doing an :code:`INSERT` into the :ref:`lnav_view_filters` table. If there are log messages that you are only interested in, you can do a "filter in" to only show messages that match a pattern. The filter can be created using the interactive editor, the :ref:`:filter-in` command, or by doing an :code:`INSERT` into the :ref:`lnav_view_filters` table. SQLite Expression ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Complex filtering can be done by passing a SQLite expression to the :ref:`:filter-expr` command. The expression will be executed for every log message and if it returns true, the line will be shown in the log view. Time ^^^^ To limit log messages to a given time frame, the :ref:`:hide-lines-before` and :ref:`:hide-lines-after` commands can be used to specify the beginning and end of the time frame. Log level ^^^^^^^^^ To hide messages below a certain log level, you can use the :ref:`:set-min-log-level` command. .. _search_tables: Search Tables ------------- Search tables allow you to access arbitrary data in log messages through SQLite virtual tables. If there is some data in a log message that you can match with a regular expression, you can create a search-table that matches that data and any capture groups will be plumbed through as columns in the search table. Creating a search table can be done interactively using the :ref:`:create-search-table` command or by adding it to a :ref:`log format definition`. The main difference between the two is that tables defined as part of a format will only search messages from log files with that format and the tables will include log message columns defined in that format. Whereas a table created with the command will search messages from all different formats and no format-specific columns will be included in the table. .. _taking_notes: Taking Notes ------------ A few of the columns in the log tables can be updated on a row-by-row basis to allow you to take notes. The majority of the columns in a log table are read-only since they are backed by the log files themselves. However, the following columns can be changed by an :code:`UPDATE` statement: * **log_part** - The "partition" the log message belongs to. This column can also be changed by the :ref:`:partition-name` command. * **log_mark** - Indicates whether the line has been bookmarked. * **log_comment** - A free-form text field for storing commentary. This column can also be changed by the :ref:`:comment` command. * **log_tags** - A JSON list of tags associated with the log message. This column can also be changed by the :ref:`:tag` command. While these columns can be updated by through other means, using the SQL interface allows you to make changes automatically and en masse. For example, to bookmark all lines that have the text "something interesting" in the log message body, you can execute: .. code-block:: custsqlite ;UPDATE all_logs SET log_mark = 1 WHERE log_body LIKE '%something interesting%' As a more advanced example of the power afforded by SQL and **lnav**'s virtual tables, we will tag log messages where the IP address bound by dhclient has changed. For example, if dhclient reports "bound to 10.0.0.1" initially and then reports "bound to 10.0.0.2", we want to tag only the messages where the IP address was different from the previous message. While this can be done with a single SQL statement [#]_, we will break things down into a few steps for this example. First, we will use the :ref:`:create-search-table` command to match the dhclient message and extract the IP address: .. code-block:: lnav :create-search-table dhclient_ip bound to (?[^ ]+) The above command will create a new table named :code:`dhclient_ip` with the standard log columns and an :code:`ip` column that contains the IP address. Next, we will create a view over the :code:`dhclient_ip` table that returns the log message line number, the IP address from the current row and the IP address from the previous row: .. code-block:: custsqlite ;CREATE VIEW IF NOT EXISTS dhclient_ip_changes AS SELECT log_line, ip, lag(ip) OVER (ORDER BY log_line) AS prev_ip FROM dhclient_ip Finally, the following :code:`UPDATE` statement will concatenate the tag "#ipchanged" onto the :code:`log_tags` column for any rows in the view where the current IP is different from the previous IP: .. code-block:: custsqlite ;UPDATE syslog_log SET log_tags = json_concat(log_tags, '#ipchanged') WHERE log_line IN (SELECT log_line FROM dhclient_ip_changes WHERE ip != prev_ip) Since the above can be a lot to type out interactively, you can put these commands into a :ref:`script` and execute that script with the :kbd:`\|` hotkey. .. [#] The expression :code:`regexp_match('bound to ([^ ]+)', log_body) as ip` can be used to extract the IP address from the log message body. Sharing Sessions With Others ---------------------------- After setting up filters, bookmarks, and making notes, you might want to share your work with others. If they have access to the same log files, you can use the :ref:`:export-session-to` command to write an executable **lnav** script that will recreate the current session state. The script contains various SQL statements and **lnav** commands that capture the current state. So, you should feel free to modify the script or use it as a reference to learn about more advanced uses of lnav. The script will capture the file paths that were explicitly specified and not the files that were actually opened. For example, if you specified "/var/log" on the command line, the script will include :code:`:open /var/log/*` and not an individual open for each file in that directory. Also, in order to support archives of log files, lnav will try to find the directory where the archive was unpacked and use that as the base for the :code:`:open` command. Currently, this is done by searching for the top "README" file in the directory hierarchy containing the files [1]_. The consumer of the session script can then set the :code:`LOG_DIR_0` (or 1, 2, ...) environment variable to change where the log files will be loaded from. .. [1] It is assumed a log archive would have a descriptive README file. Other heuristics may be added in the future.