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diff --git a/src/shrpx_http.cc b/src/shrpx_http.cc
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+++ b/src/shrpx_http.cc
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+/*
+ * nghttp2 - HTTP/2 C Library
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2012 Tatsuhiro Tsujikawa
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+ * a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+ * "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+ * without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+ * distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+ * permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+ * the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+ * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+ * LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+ * OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+#include "shrpx_http.h"
+
+#include "shrpx_config.h"
+#include "shrpx_log.h"
+#include "http2.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+using namespace nghttp2;
+
+namespace shrpx {
+
+namespace http {
+
+StringRef create_error_html(BlockAllocator &balloc, unsigned int http_status) {
+  auto &httpconf = get_config()->http;
+
+  const auto &error_pages = httpconf.error_pages;
+  for (const auto &page : error_pages) {
+    if (page.http_status == 0 || page.http_status == http_status) {
+      return StringRef{std::begin(page.content), std::end(page.content)};
+    }
+  }
+
+  auto status_string = http2::stringify_status(balloc, http_status);
+  auto reason_phrase = http2::get_reason_phrase(http_status);
+
+  return concat_string_ref(
+      balloc, StringRef::from_lit(R"(<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><title>)"),
+      status_string, StringRef::from_lit(" "), reason_phrase,
+      StringRef::from_lit("</title><body><h1>"), status_string,
+      StringRef::from_lit(" "), reason_phrase,
+      StringRef::from_lit("</h1><footer>"), httpconf.server_name,
+      StringRef::from_lit("</footer></body></html>"));
+}
+
+StringRef create_forwarded(BlockAllocator &balloc, int params,
+                           const StringRef &node_by, const StringRef &node_for,
+                           const StringRef &host, const StringRef &proto) {
+  size_t len = 0;
+  if ((params & FORWARDED_BY) && !node_by.empty()) {
+    len += str_size("by=\"") + node_by.size() + str_size("\";");
+  }
+  if ((params & FORWARDED_FOR) && !node_for.empty()) {
+    len += str_size("for=\"") + node_for.size() + str_size("\";");
+  }
+  if ((params & FORWARDED_HOST) && !host.empty()) {
+    len += str_size("host=\"") + host.size() + str_size("\";");
+  }
+  if ((params & FORWARDED_PROTO) && !proto.empty()) {
+    len += str_size("proto=") + proto.size() + str_size(";");
+  }
+
+  auto iov = make_byte_ref(balloc, len + 1);
+  auto p = iov.base;
+
+  if ((params & FORWARDED_BY) && !node_by.empty()) {
+    // This must be quoted-string unless it is obfuscated version
+    // (which starts with "_") or some special value (e.g.,
+    // "localhost" for UNIX domain socket), since ':' is not allowed
+    // in token.  ':' is used to separate host and port.
+    if (node_by[0] == '_' || node_by[0] == 'l') {
+      p = util::copy_lit(p, "by=");
+      p = std::copy(std::begin(node_by), std::end(node_by), p);
+      p = util::copy_lit(p, ";");
+    } else {
+      p = util::copy_lit(p, "by=\"");
+      p = std::copy(std::begin(node_by), std::end(node_by), p);
+      p = util::copy_lit(p, "\";");
+    }
+  }
+  if ((params & FORWARDED_FOR) && !node_for.empty()) {
+    // We only quote IPv6 literal address only, which starts with '['.
+    if (node_for[0] == '[') {
+      p = util::copy_lit(p, "for=\"");
+      p = std::copy(std::begin(node_for), std::end(node_for), p);
+      p = util::copy_lit(p, "\";");
+    } else {
+      p = util::copy_lit(p, "for=");
+      p = std::copy(std::begin(node_for), std::end(node_for), p);
+      p = util::copy_lit(p, ";");
+    }
+  }
+  if ((params & FORWARDED_HOST) && !host.empty()) {
+    // Just be quoted to skip checking characters.
+    p = util::copy_lit(p, "host=\"");
+    p = std::copy(std::begin(host), std::end(host), p);
+    p = util::copy_lit(p, "\";");
+  }
+  if ((params & FORWARDED_PROTO) && !proto.empty()) {
+    // Scheme production rule only allow characters which are all in
+    // token.
+    p = util::copy_lit(p, "proto=");
+    p = std::copy(std::begin(proto), std::end(proto), p);
+    *p++ = ';';
+  }
+
+  if (iov.base == p) {
+    return StringRef{};
+  }
+
+  --p;
+  *p = '\0';
+
+  return StringRef{iov.base, p};
+}
+
+std::string colorizeHeaders(const char *hdrs) {
+  std::string nhdrs;
+  const char *p = strchr(hdrs, '\n');
+  if (!p) {
+    // Not valid HTTP header
+    return hdrs;
+  }
+  nhdrs.append(hdrs, p + 1);
+  ++p;
+  while (1) {
+    const char *np = strchr(p, ':');
+    if (!np) {
+      nhdrs.append(p);
+      break;
+    }
+    nhdrs += TTY_HTTP_HD;
+    nhdrs.append(p, np);
+    nhdrs += TTY_RST;
+    auto redact = util::strieq_l("authorization", StringRef{p, np});
+    p = np;
+    np = strchr(p, '\n');
+    if (!np) {
+      if (redact) {
+        nhdrs.append(": <redacted>");
+      } else {
+        nhdrs.append(p);
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+    if (redact) {
+      nhdrs.append(": <redacted>\n");
+    } else {
+      nhdrs.append(p, np + 1);
+    }
+    p = np + 1;
+  }
+  return nhdrs;
+}
+
+ssize_t select_padding_callback(nghttp2_session *session,
+                                const nghttp2_frame *frame, size_t max_payload,
+                                void *user_data) {
+  return std::min(max_payload, frame->hd.length + get_config()->padding);
+}
+
+StringRef create_affinity_cookie(BlockAllocator &balloc, const StringRef &name,
+                                 uint32_t affinity_cookie,
+                                 const StringRef &path, bool secure) {
+  static constexpr auto PATH_PREFIX = StringRef::from_lit("; Path=");
+  static constexpr auto SECURE = StringRef::from_lit("; Secure");
+  // <name>=<value>[; Path=<path>][; Secure]
+  size_t len = name.size() + 1 + 8;
+
+  if (!path.empty()) {
+    len += PATH_PREFIX.size() + path.size();
+  }
+  if (secure) {
+    len += SECURE.size();
+  }
+
+  auto iov = make_byte_ref(balloc, len + 1);
+  auto p = iov.base;
+  p = std::copy(std::begin(name), std::end(name), p);
+  *p++ = '=';
+  affinity_cookie = htonl(affinity_cookie);
+  p = util::format_hex(p,
+                       StringRef{reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *>(&affinity_cookie),
+                                 reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *>(&affinity_cookie) +
+                                     sizeof(affinity_cookie)});
+  if (!path.empty()) {
+    p = std::copy(std::begin(PATH_PREFIX), std::end(PATH_PREFIX), p);
+    p = std::copy(std::begin(path), std::end(path), p);
+  }
+  if (secure) {
+    p = std::copy(std::begin(SECURE), std::end(SECURE), p);
+  }
+  *p = '\0';
+  return StringRef{iov.base, p};
+}
+
+bool require_cookie_secure_attribute(SessionAffinityCookieSecure secure,
+                                     const StringRef &scheme) {
+  switch (secure) {
+  case SessionAffinityCookieSecure::AUTO:
+    return scheme == "https";
+  case SessionAffinityCookieSecure::YES:
+    return true;
+  default:
+    return false;
+  }
+}
+
+StringRef create_altsvc_header_value(BlockAllocator &balloc,
+                                     const std::vector<AltSvc> &altsvcs) {
+  // <PROTOID>="<HOST>:<SERVICE>"; <PARAMS>
+  size_t len = 0;
+
+  if (altsvcs.empty()) {
+    return StringRef{};
+  }
+
+  for (auto &altsvc : altsvcs) {
+    len += util::percent_encode_tokenlen(altsvc.protocol_id);
+    len += str_size("=\"");
+    len += util::quote_stringlen(altsvc.host);
+    len += str_size(":");
+    len += altsvc.service.size();
+    len += str_size("\"");
+    if (!altsvc.params.empty()) {
+      len += str_size("; ");
+      len += altsvc.params.size();
+    }
+  }
+
+  // ", " between items.
+  len += (altsvcs.size() - 1) * 2;
+
+  // We will write additional ", " at the end, and cut it later.
+  auto iov = make_byte_ref(balloc, len + 2);
+  auto p = iov.base;
+
+  for (auto &altsvc : altsvcs) {
+    p = util::percent_encode_token(p, altsvc.protocol_id);
+    p = util::copy_lit(p, "=\"");
+    p = util::quote_string(p, altsvc.host);
+    *p++ = ':';
+    p = std::copy(std::begin(altsvc.service), std::end(altsvc.service), p);
+    *p++ = '"';
+    if (!altsvc.params.empty()) {
+      p = util::copy_lit(p, "; ");
+      p = std::copy(std::begin(altsvc.params), std::end(altsvc.params), p);
+    }
+    p = util::copy_lit(p, ", ");
+  }
+
+  p -= 2;
+  *p = '\0';
+
+  assert(static_cast<size_t>(p - iov.base) == len);
+
+  return StringRef{iov.base, p};
+}
+
+bool check_http_scheme(const StringRef &scheme, bool encrypted) {
+  return encrypted ? scheme == "https" : scheme == "http";
+}
+
+} // namespace http
+
+} // namespace shrpx