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diff --git a/include/opentracing/util.h b/include/opentracing/util.h
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+#ifndef OPENTRACING_UTIL_H
+#define OPENTRACING_UTIL_H
+
+#include <opentracing/string_view.h>
+#include <opentracing/version.h>
+#include <chrono>
+#include <system_error>
+
+// expected uses a C++11 implementation that follows the std::expected standard
+// library proposal.
+//
+// See https://github.com/martinmoene/expected-lite
+//     https://github.com/viboes/std-make/blob/master/doc/proposal/expected/d0323r2.md
+#include <opentracing/expected/expected.hpp>
+
+namespace opentracing {
+BEGIN_OPENTRACING_ABI_NAMESPACE
+using SystemClock = std::chrono::system_clock;
+using SteadyClock = std::chrono::steady_clock;
+using SystemTime = SystemClock::time_point;
+using SteadyTime = SteadyClock::time_point;
+
+// This is unsafe to do.
+//
+// This is like an unsafe std::reference_wrapper<> that allows taking
+// references to temporaries.  It must only be used for temporary
+// SpanStartOption and SpanFinishOption objects.
+template <typename T>
+class option_wrapper {
+ public:
+  option_wrapper(const T &opt) : ptr_(&opt) {}
+
+  // This will dangle unless it is only used for short-lived initializer lists.
+  const T &get() const { return *ptr_; }
+
+ private:
+  const T *ptr_;
+};
+
+// Support conversion between time_points from different clocks. There's no
+// standard way to get the difference in epochs between clocks, so this uses
+// an approximation suggested by Howard Hinnant.
+//
+// See https://stackoverflow.com/a/35282833/4447365
+template <class ToClock, class FromClock, class Duration,
+          typename std::enable_if<
+              !std::is_same<FromClock, ToClock>::value>::type * = nullptr>
+typename ToClock::time_point convert_time_point(
+    std::chrono::time_point<FromClock, Duration> from_time_point) {
+  auto from_now = FromClock::now();
+  auto to_now = ToClock::now();
+  return to_now + std::chrono::duration_cast<typename ToClock::duration>(
+                      from_time_point - from_now);
+}
+
+template <class ToClock, class FromClock, class Duration,
+          typename std::enable_if<std::is_same<FromClock, ToClock>::value>::type
+              * = nullptr>
+typename ToClock::time_point convert_time_point(
+    std::chrono::time_point<FromClock, Duration> from_time_point) {
+  return std::chrono::time_point_cast<typename ToClock::time_point::duration>(
+      from_time_point);
+}
+
+// std::error_code's have default comparison operators; however, they make use
+// of singleton addresses which can cause comparisons to fail when multiple
+// versions of the opentracing library are linked in. Since this is a common
+// deployment scenario when making OpenTracing plugins, we add this utility
+// function to make comparing std::error_code across libraries easier.
+//
+// Note: There's a proposed change to the C++ standard that addresses this
+// issue. See
+// http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2018/p1196r0.html
+inline bool are_errors_equal(std::error_code lhs,
+                             std::error_code rhs) noexcept {
+  return opentracing::string_view{lhs.category().name()} ==
+             opentracing::string_view{rhs.category().name()} &&
+         lhs.value() == rhs.value();
+}
+
+END_OPENTRACING_ABI_NAMESPACE
+}  // namespace opentracing
+
+#endif  // OPENTRACING_UTIL_H