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diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-example.html b/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-example.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6560c8d --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/src/sgml/html/libpq-example.html @@ -0,0 +1,532 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?> +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>33.21. Example Programs</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1" /><link rel="prev" href="libpq-build.html" title="33.20. Building libpq Programs" /><link rel="next" href="largeobjects.html" title="Chapter 34. Large Objects" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional" class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">33.21. Example Programs</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="libpq-build.html" title="33.20. Building libpq Programs">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="libpq.html" title="Chapter 33. libpq — C Library">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 33. <span xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="application">libpq</span> — C Library</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 13.4 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="largeobjects.html" title="Chapter 34. Large Objects">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr></hr></div><div class="sect1" id="LIBPQ-EXAMPLE"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">33.21. Example Programs</h2></div></div></div><p> + These examples and others can be found in the + directory <code class="filename">src/test/examples</code> in the source code + distribution. + </p><div class="example" id="LIBPQ-EXAMPLE-1"><p class="title"><strong>Example 33.1. <span class="application">libpq</span> Example Program 1</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><pre class="programlisting"> + +/* + * src/test/examples/testlibpq.c + * + * + * testlibpq.c + * + * Test the C version of libpq, the PostgreSQL frontend library. + */ +#include <stdio.h> +#include <stdlib.h> +#include "libpq-fe.h" + +static void +exit_nicely(PGconn *conn) +{ + PQfinish(conn); + exit(1); +} + +int +main(int argc, char **argv) +{ + const char *conninfo; + PGconn *conn; + PGresult *res; + int nFields; + int i, + j; + + /* + * If the user supplies a parameter on the command line, use it as the + * conninfo string; otherwise default to setting dbname=postgres and using + * environment variables or defaults for all other connection parameters. + */ + if (argc > 1) + conninfo = argv[1]; + else + conninfo = "dbname = postgres"; + + /* Make a connection to the database */ + conn = PQconnectdb(conninfo); + + /* Check to see that the backend connection was successfully made */ + if (PQstatus(conn) != CONNECTION_OK) + { + fprintf(stderr, "Connection to database failed: %s", + PQerrorMessage(conn)); + exit_nicely(conn); + } + + /* Set always-secure search path, so malicious users can't take control. */ + res = PQexec(conn, + "SELECT pg_catalog.set_config('search_path', '', false)"); + if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_TUPLES_OK) + { + fprintf(stderr, "SET failed: %s", PQerrorMessage(conn)); + PQclear(res); + exit_nicely(conn); + } + + /* + * Should PQclear PGresult whenever it is no longer needed to avoid memory + * leaks + */ + PQclear(res); + + /* + * Our test case here involves using a cursor, for which we must be inside + * a transaction block. We could do the whole thing with a single + * PQexec() of "select * from pg_database", but that's too trivial to make + * a good example. + */ + + /* Start a transaction block */ + res = PQexec(conn, "BEGIN"); + if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK) + { + fprintf(stderr, "BEGIN command failed: %s", PQerrorMessage(conn)); + PQclear(res); + exit_nicely(conn); + } + PQclear(res); + + /* + * Fetch rows from pg_database, the system catalog of databases + */ + res = PQexec(conn, "DECLARE myportal CURSOR FOR select * from pg_database"); + if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK) + { + fprintf(stderr, "DECLARE CURSOR failed: %s", PQerrorMessage(conn)); + PQclear(res); + exit_nicely(conn); + } + PQclear(res); + + res = PQexec(conn, "FETCH ALL in myportal"); + if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_TUPLES_OK) + { + fprintf(stderr, "FETCH ALL failed: %s", PQerrorMessage(conn)); + PQclear(res); + exit_nicely(conn); + } + + /* first, print out the attribute names */ + nFields = PQnfields(res); + for (i = 0; i < nFields; i++) + printf("%-15s", PQfname(res, i)); + printf("\n\n"); + + /* next, print out the rows */ + for (i = 0; i < PQntuples(res); i++) + { + for (j = 0; j < nFields; j++) + printf("%-15s", PQgetvalue(res, i, j)); + printf("\n"); + } + + PQclear(res); + + /* close the portal ... we don't bother to check for errors ... */ + res = PQexec(conn, "CLOSE myportal"); + PQclear(res); + + /* end the transaction */ + res = PQexec(conn, "END"); + PQclear(res); + + /* close the connection to the database and cleanup */ + PQfinish(conn); + + return 0; +} + +</pre></div></div><br class="example-break" /><div class="example" id="LIBPQ-EXAMPLE-2"><p class="title"><strong>Example 33.2. <span class="application">libpq</span> Example Program 2</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><pre class="programlisting"> + +/* + * src/test/examples/testlibpq2.c + * + * + * testlibpq2.c + * Test of the asynchronous notification interface + * + * Start this program, then from psql in another window do + * NOTIFY TBL2; + * Repeat four times to get this program to exit. + * + * Or, if you want to get fancy, try this: + * populate a database with the following commands + * (provided in src/test/examples/testlibpq2.sql): + * + * CREATE SCHEMA TESTLIBPQ2; + * SET search_path = TESTLIBPQ2; + * CREATE TABLE TBL1 (i int4); + * CREATE TABLE TBL2 (i int4); + * CREATE RULE r1 AS ON INSERT TO TBL1 DO + * (INSERT INTO TBL2 VALUES (new.i); NOTIFY TBL2); + * + * Start this program, then from psql do this four times: + * + * INSERT INTO TESTLIBPQ2.TBL1 VALUES (10); + */ + +#ifdef WIN32 +#include <windows.h> +#endif +#include <stdio.h> +#include <stdlib.h> +#include <string.h> +#include <errno.h> +#include <sys/time.h> +#include <sys/types.h> +#ifdef HAVE_SYS_SELECT_H +#include <sys/select.h> +#endif + +#include "libpq-fe.h" + +static void +exit_nicely(PGconn *conn) +{ + PQfinish(conn); + exit(1); +} + +int +main(int argc, char **argv) +{ + const char *conninfo; + PGconn *conn; + PGresult *res; + PGnotify *notify; + int nnotifies; + + /* + * If the user supplies a parameter on the command line, use it as the + * conninfo string; otherwise default to setting dbname=postgres and using + * environment variables or defaults for all other connection parameters. + */ + if (argc > 1) + conninfo = argv[1]; + else + conninfo = "dbname = postgres"; + + /* Make a connection to the database */ + conn = PQconnectdb(conninfo); + + /* Check to see that the backend connection was successfully made */ + if (PQstatus(conn) != CONNECTION_OK) + { + fprintf(stderr, "Connection to database failed: %s", + PQerrorMessage(conn)); + exit_nicely(conn); + } + + /* Set always-secure search path, so malicious users can't take control. */ + res = PQexec(conn, + "SELECT pg_catalog.set_config('search_path', '', false)"); + if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_TUPLES_OK) + { + fprintf(stderr, "SET failed: %s", PQerrorMessage(conn)); + PQclear(res); + exit_nicely(conn); + } + + /* + * Should PQclear PGresult whenever it is no longer needed to avoid memory + * leaks + */ + PQclear(res); + + /* + * Issue LISTEN command to enable notifications from the rule's NOTIFY. + */ + res = PQexec(conn, "LISTEN TBL2"); + if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK) + { + fprintf(stderr, "LISTEN command failed: %s", PQerrorMessage(conn)); + PQclear(res); + exit_nicely(conn); + } + PQclear(res); + + /* Quit after four notifies are received. */ + nnotifies = 0; + while (nnotifies < 4) + { + /* + * Sleep until something happens on the connection. We use select(2) + * to wait for input, but you could also use poll() or similar + * facilities. + */ + int sock; + fd_set input_mask; + + sock = PQsocket(conn); + + if (sock < 0) + break; /* shouldn't happen */ + + FD_ZERO(&input_mask); + FD_SET(sock, &input_mask); + + if (select(sock + 1, &input_mask, NULL, NULL, NULL) < 0) + { + fprintf(stderr, "select() failed: %s\n", strerror(errno)); + exit_nicely(conn); + } + + /* Now check for input */ + PQconsumeInput(conn); + while ((notify = PQnotifies(conn)) != NULL) + { + fprintf(stderr, + "ASYNC NOTIFY of '%s' received from backend PID %d\n", + notify->relname, notify->be_pid); + PQfreemem(notify); + nnotifies++; + PQconsumeInput(conn); + } + } + + fprintf(stderr, "Done.\n"); + + /* close the connection to the database and cleanup */ + PQfinish(conn); + + return 0; +} + +</pre></div></div><br class="example-break" /><div class="example" id="LIBPQ-EXAMPLE-3"><p class="title"><strong>Example 33.3. <span class="application">libpq</span> Example Program 3</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><pre class="programlisting"> + +/* + * src/test/examples/testlibpq3.c + * + * + * testlibpq3.c + * Test out-of-line parameters and binary I/O. + * + * Before running this, populate a database with the following commands + * (provided in src/test/examples/testlibpq3.sql): + * + * CREATE SCHEMA testlibpq3; + * SET search_path = testlibpq3; + * SET standard_conforming_strings = ON; + * CREATE TABLE test1 (i int4, t text, b bytea); + * INSERT INTO test1 values (1, 'joe''s place', '\000\001\002\003\004'); + * INSERT INTO test1 values (2, 'ho there', '\004\003\002\001\000'); + * + * The expected output is: + * + * tuple 0: got + * i = (4 bytes) 1 + * t = (11 bytes) 'joe's place' + * b = (5 bytes) \000\001\002\003\004 + * + * tuple 0: got + * i = (4 bytes) 2 + * t = (8 bytes) 'ho there' + * b = (5 bytes) \004\003\002\001\000 + */ + +#ifdef WIN32 +#include <windows.h> +#endif + +#include <stdio.h> +#include <stdlib.h> +#include <stdint.h> +#include <string.h> +#include <sys/types.h> +#include "libpq-fe.h" + +/* for ntohl/htonl */ +#include <netinet/in.h> +#include <arpa/inet.h> + + +static void +exit_nicely(PGconn *conn) +{ + PQfinish(conn); + exit(1); +} + +/* + * This function prints a query result that is a binary-format fetch from + * a table defined as in the comment above. We split it out because the + * main() function uses it twice. + */ +static void +show_binary_results(PGresult *res) +{ + int i, + j; + int i_fnum, + t_fnum, + b_fnum; + + /* Use PQfnumber to avoid assumptions about field order in result */ + i_fnum = PQfnumber(res, "i"); + t_fnum = PQfnumber(res, "t"); + b_fnum = PQfnumber(res, "b"); + + for (i = 0; i < PQntuples(res); i++) + { + char *iptr; + char *tptr; + char *bptr; + int blen; + int ival; + + /* Get the field values (we ignore possibility they are null!) */ + iptr = PQgetvalue(res, i, i_fnum); + tptr = PQgetvalue(res, i, t_fnum); + bptr = PQgetvalue(res, i, b_fnum); + + /* + * The binary representation of INT4 is in network byte order, which + * we'd better coerce to the local byte order. + */ + ival = ntohl(*((uint32_t *) iptr)); + + /* + * The binary representation of TEXT is, well, text, and since libpq + * was nice enough to append a zero byte to it, it'll work just fine + * as a C string. + * + * The binary representation of BYTEA is a bunch of bytes, which could + * include embedded nulls so we have to pay attention to field length. + */ + blen = PQgetlength(res, i, b_fnum); + + printf("tuple %d: got\n", i); + printf(" i = (%d bytes) %d\n", + PQgetlength(res, i, i_fnum), ival); + printf(" t = (%d bytes) '%s'\n", + PQgetlength(res, i, t_fnum), tptr); + printf(" b = (%d bytes) ", blen); + for (j = 0; j < blen; j++) + printf("\\%03o", bptr[j]); + printf("\n\n"); + } +} + +int +main(int argc, char **argv) +{ + const char *conninfo; + PGconn *conn; + PGresult *res; + const char *paramValues[1]; + int paramLengths[1]; + int paramFormats[1]; + uint32_t binaryIntVal; + + /* + * If the user supplies a parameter on the command line, use it as the + * conninfo string; otherwise default to setting dbname=postgres and using + * environment variables or defaults for all other connection parameters. + */ + if (argc > 1) + conninfo = argv[1]; + else + conninfo = "dbname = postgres"; + + /* Make a connection to the database */ + conn = PQconnectdb(conninfo); + + /* Check to see that the backend connection was successfully made */ + if (PQstatus(conn) != CONNECTION_OK) + { + fprintf(stderr, "Connection to database failed: %s", + PQerrorMessage(conn)); + exit_nicely(conn); + } + + /* Set always-secure search path, so malicious users can't take control. */ + res = PQexec(conn, "SET search_path = testlibpq3"); + if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK) + { + fprintf(stderr, "SET failed: %s", PQerrorMessage(conn)); + PQclear(res); + exit_nicely(conn); + } + PQclear(res); + + /* + * The point of this program is to illustrate use of PQexecParams() with + * out-of-line parameters, as well as binary transmission of data. + * + * This first example transmits the parameters as text, but receives the + * results in binary format. By using out-of-line parameters we can avoid + * a lot of tedious mucking about with quoting and escaping, even though + * the data is text. Notice how we don't have to do anything special with + * the quote mark in the parameter value. + */ + + /* Here is our out-of-line parameter value */ + paramValues[0] = "joe's place"; + + res = PQexecParams(conn, + "SELECT * FROM test1 WHERE t = $1", + 1, /* one param */ + NULL, /* let the backend deduce param type */ + paramValues, + NULL, /* don't need param lengths since text */ + NULL, /* default to all text params */ + 1); /* ask for binary results */ + + if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_TUPLES_OK) + { + fprintf(stderr, "SELECT failed: %s", PQerrorMessage(conn)); + PQclear(res); + exit_nicely(conn); + } + + show_binary_results(res); + + PQclear(res); + + /* + * In this second example we transmit an integer parameter in binary form, + * and again retrieve the results in binary form. + * + * Although we tell PQexecParams we are letting the backend deduce + * parameter type, we really force the decision by casting the parameter + * symbol in the query text. This is a good safety measure when sending + * binary parameters. + */ + + /* Convert integer value "2" to network byte order */ + binaryIntVal = htonl((uint32_t) 2); + + /* Set up parameter arrays for PQexecParams */ + paramValues[0] = (char *) &binaryIntVal; + paramLengths[0] = sizeof(binaryIntVal); + paramFormats[0] = 1; /* binary */ + + res = PQexecParams(conn, + "SELECT * FROM test1 WHERE i = $1::int4", + 1, /* one param */ + NULL, /* let the backend deduce param type */ + paramValues, + paramLengths, + paramFormats, + 1); /* ask for binary results */ + + if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_TUPLES_OK) + { + fprintf(stderr, "SELECT failed: %s", PQerrorMessage(conn)); + PQclear(res); + exit_nicely(conn); + } + + show_binary_results(res); + + PQclear(res); + + /* close the connection to the database and cleanup */ + PQfinish(conn); + + return 0; +} + +</pre></div></div><br class="example-break" /></div><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional" class="navfooter"><hr></hr><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="libpq-build.html" title="33.20. 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