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+-- sanity check of system catalog
+SELECT attrelid, attname, attgenerated FROM pg_attribute WHERE attgenerated NOT IN ('', 's');
+ attrelid | attname | attgenerated
+----------+---------+--------------
+(0 rows)
+
+CREATE TABLE gtest0 (a int PRIMARY KEY, b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (55) STORED);
+CREATE TABLE gtest1 (a int PRIMARY KEY, b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (a * 2) STORED);
+SELECT table_name, column_name, column_default, is_nullable, is_generated, generation_expression FROM information_schema.columns WHERE table_name LIKE 'gtest_' ORDER BY 1, 2;
+ table_name | column_name | column_default | is_nullable | is_generated | generation_expression
+------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+--------------+-----------------------
+ gtest0 | a | | NO | NEVER |
+ gtest0 | b | | YES | ALWAYS | 55
+ gtest1 | a | | NO | NEVER |
+ gtest1 | b | | YES | ALWAYS | (a * 2)
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT table_name, column_name, dependent_column FROM information_schema.column_column_usage ORDER BY 1, 2, 3;
+ table_name | column_name | dependent_column
+------------+-------------+------------------
+ gtest1 | a | b
+(1 row)
+
+\d gtest1
+ Table "public.gtest1"
+ Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+------------------------------------
+ a | integer | | not null |
+ b | integer | | | generated always as (a * 2) stored
+Indexes:
+ "gtest1_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (a)
+
+-- duplicate generated
+CREATE TABLE gtest_err_1 (a int PRIMARY KEY, b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (a * 2) STORED GENERATED ALWAYS AS (a * 3) STORED);
+ERROR: multiple generation clauses specified for column "b" of table "gtest_err_1"
+LINE 1: ...ARY KEY, b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (a * 2) STORED GENERATED ...
+ ^
+-- references to other generated columns, including self-references
+CREATE TABLE gtest_err_2a (a int PRIMARY KEY, b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (b * 2) STORED);
+ERROR: cannot use generated column "b" in column generation expression
+LINE 1: ...2a (a int PRIMARY KEY, b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (b * 2) STO...
+ ^
+DETAIL: A generated column cannot reference another generated column.
+CREATE TABLE gtest_err_2b (a int PRIMARY KEY, b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (a * 2) STORED, c int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (b * 3) STORED);
+ERROR: cannot use generated column "b" in column generation expression
+LINE 1: ...AYS AS (a * 2) STORED, c int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (b * 3) STO...
+ ^
+DETAIL: A generated column cannot reference another generated column.
+-- a whole-row var is a self-reference on steroids, so disallow that too
+CREATE TABLE gtest_err_2c (a int PRIMARY KEY,
+ b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (num_nulls(gtest_err_2c)) STORED);
+ERROR: cannot use whole-row variable in column generation expression
+LINE 2: b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (num_nulls(gtest_err_2c)) STOR...
+ ^
+DETAIL: This would cause the generated column to depend on its own value.
+-- invalid reference
+CREATE TABLE gtest_err_3 (a int PRIMARY KEY, b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (c * 2) STORED);
+ERROR: column "c" does not exist
+LINE 1: ..._3 (a int PRIMARY KEY, b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (c * 2) STO...
+ ^
+-- generation expression must be immutable
+CREATE TABLE gtest_err_4 (a int PRIMARY KEY, b double precision GENERATED ALWAYS AS (random()) STORED);
+ERROR: generation expression is not immutable
+-- cannot have default/identity and generated
+CREATE TABLE gtest_err_5a (a int PRIMARY KEY, b int DEFAULT 5 GENERATED ALWAYS AS (a * 2) STORED);
+ERROR: both default and generation expression specified for column "b" of table "gtest_err_5a"
+LINE 1: ... gtest_err_5a (a int PRIMARY KEY, b int DEFAULT 5 GENERATED ...
+ ^
+CREATE TABLE gtest_err_5b (a int PRIMARY KEY, b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS identity GENERATED ALWAYS AS (a * 2) STORED);
+ERROR: both identity and generation expression specified for column "b" of table "gtest_err_5b"
+LINE 1: ...t PRIMARY KEY, b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS identity GENERATED ...
+ ^
+-- reference to system column not allowed in generated column
+-- (except tableoid, which we test below)
+CREATE TABLE gtest_err_6a (a int PRIMARY KEY, b bool GENERATED ALWAYS AS (xmin <> 37) STORED);
+ERROR: cannot use system column "xmin" in column generation expression
+LINE 1: ...a (a int PRIMARY KEY, b bool GENERATED ALWAYS AS (xmin <> 37...
+ ^
+-- various prohibited constructs
+CREATE TABLE gtest_err_7a (a int PRIMARY KEY, b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (avg(a)) STORED);
+ERROR: aggregate functions are not allowed in column generation expressions
+LINE 1: ...7a (a int PRIMARY KEY, b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (avg(a)) ST...
+ ^
+CREATE TABLE gtest_err_7b (a int PRIMARY KEY, b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (row_number() OVER (ORDER BY a)) STORED);
+ERROR: window functions are not allowed in column generation expressions
+LINE 1: ...7b (a int PRIMARY KEY, b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (row_number...
+ ^
+CREATE TABLE gtest_err_7c (a int PRIMARY KEY, b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS ((SELECT a)) STORED);
+ERROR: cannot use subquery in column generation expression
+LINE 1: ...7c (a int PRIMARY KEY, b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS ((SELECT a)...
+ ^
+CREATE TABLE gtest_err_7d (a int PRIMARY KEY, b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (generate_series(1, a)) STORED);
+ERROR: set-returning functions are not allowed in column generation expressions
+LINE 1: ...7d (a int PRIMARY KEY, b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (generate_s...
+ ^
+-- GENERATED BY DEFAULT not allowed
+CREATE TABLE gtest_err_8 (a int PRIMARY KEY, b int GENERATED BY DEFAULT AS (a * 2) STORED);
+ERROR: for a generated column, GENERATED ALWAYS must be specified
+LINE 1: ...E gtest_err_8 (a int PRIMARY KEY, b int GENERATED BY DEFAULT...
+ ^
+INSERT INTO gtest1 VALUES (1);
+INSERT INTO gtest1 VALUES (2, DEFAULT);
+INSERT INTO gtest1 VALUES (3, 33); -- error
+ERROR: cannot insert into column "b"
+DETAIL: Column "b" is a generated column.
+SELECT * FROM gtest1 ORDER BY a;
+ a | b
+---+---
+ 1 | 2
+ 2 | 4
+(2 rows)
+
+UPDATE gtest1 SET b = DEFAULT WHERE a = 1;
+UPDATE gtest1 SET b = 11 WHERE a = 1; -- error
+ERROR: column "b" can only be updated to DEFAULT
+DETAIL: Column "b" is a generated column.
+SELECT * FROM gtest1 ORDER BY a;
+ a | b
+---+---
+ 1 | 2
+ 2 | 4
+(2 rows)
+
+SELECT a, b, b * 2 AS b2 FROM gtest1 ORDER BY a;
+ a | b | b2
+---+---+----
+ 1 | 2 | 4
+ 2 | 4 | 8
+(2 rows)
+
+SELECT a, b FROM gtest1 WHERE b = 4 ORDER BY a;
+ a | b
+---+---
+ 2 | 4
+(1 row)
+
+-- test that overflow error happens on write
+INSERT INTO gtest1 VALUES (2000000000);
+ERROR: integer out of range
+SELECT * FROM gtest1;
+ a | b
+---+---
+ 2 | 4
+ 1 | 2
+(2 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM gtest1 WHERE a = 2000000000;
+-- test with joins
+CREATE TABLE gtestx (x int, y int);
+INSERT INTO gtestx VALUES (11, 1), (22, 2), (33, 3);
+SELECT * FROM gtestx, gtest1 WHERE gtestx.y = gtest1.a;
+ x | y | a | b
+----+---+---+---
+ 11 | 1 | 1 | 2
+ 22 | 2 | 2 | 4
+(2 rows)
+
+DROP TABLE gtestx;
+-- test UPDATE/DELETE quals
+SELECT * FROM gtest1 ORDER BY a;
+ a | b
+---+---
+ 1 | 2
+ 2 | 4
+(2 rows)
+
+UPDATE gtest1 SET a = 3 WHERE b = 4;
+SELECT * FROM gtest1 ORDER BY a;
+ a | b
+---+---
+ 1 | 2
+ 3 | 6
+(2 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM gtest1 WHERE b = 2;
+SELECT * FROM gtest1 ORDER BY a;
+ a | b
+---+---
+ 3 | 6
+(1 row)
+
+-- views
+CREATE VIEW gtest1v AS SELECT * FROM gtest1;
+SELECT * FROM gtest1v;
+ a | b
+---+---
+ 3 | 6
+(1 row)
+
+INSERT INTO gtest1v VALUES (4, 8); -- fails
+ERROR: cannot insert into column "b"
+DETAIL: Column "b" is a generated column.
+DROP VIEW gtest1v;
+-- CTEs
+WITH foo AS (SELECT * FROM gtest1) SELECT * FROM foo;
+ a | b
+---+---
+ 3 | 6
+(1 row)
+
+-- inheritance
+CREATE TABLE gtest1_1 () INHERITS (gtest1);
+SELECT * FROM gtest1_1;
+ a | b
+---+---
+(0 rows)
+
+\d gtest1_1
+ Table "public.gtest1_1"
+ Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+------------------------------------
+ a | integer | | not null |
+ b | integer | | | generated always as (a * 2) stored
+Inherits: gtest1
+
+INSERT INTO gtest1_1 VALUES (4);
+SELECT * FROM gtest1_1;
+ a | b
+---+---
+ 4 | 8
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * FROM gtest1;
+ a | b
+---+---
+ 3 | 6
+ 4 | 8
+(2 rows)
+
+CREATE TABLE gtest_normal (a int, b int);
+CREATE TABLE gtest_normal_child (a int, b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (a * 2) STORED) INHERITS (gtest_normal);
+NOTICE: merging column "a" with inherited definition
+NOTICE: merging column "b" with inherited definition
+\d gtest_normal_child
+ Table "public.gtest_normal_child"
+ Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+------------------------------------
+ a | integer | | |
+ b | integer | | | generated always as (a * 2) stored
+Inherits: gtest_normal
+
+INSERT INTO gtest_normal (a) VALUES (1);
+INSERT INTO gtest_normal_child (a) VALUES (2);
+SELECT * FROM gtest_normal;
+ a | b
+---+---
+ 1 |
+ 2 | 4
+(2 rows)
+
+CREATE TABLE gtest_normal_child2 (a int, b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (a * 3) STORED);
+ALTER TABLE gtest_normal_child2 INHERIT gtest_normal;
+INSERT INTO gtest_normal_child2 (a) VALUES (3);
+SELECT * FROM gtest_normal;
+ a | b
+---+---
+ 1 |
+ 2 | 4
+ 3 | 9
+(3 rows)
+
+-- test inheritance mismatches between parent and child
+CREATE TABLE gtestx (x int, b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (a * 22) STORED) INHERITS (gtest1); -- error
+NOTICE: merging column "b" with inherited definition
+ERROR: child column "b" specifies generation expression
+HINT: Omit the generation expression in the definition of the child table column to inherit the generation expression from the parent table.
+CREATE TABLE gtestx (x int, b int DEFAULT 10) INHERITS (gtest1); -- error
+NOTICE: merging column "b" with inherited definition
+ERROR: column "b" inherits from generated column but specifies default
+CREATE TABLE gtestx (x int, b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS IDENTITY) INHERITS (gtest1); -- error
+NOTICE: merging column "b" with inherited definition
+ERROR: column "b" inherits from generated column but specifies identity
+CREATE TABLE gtestxx_1 (a int NOT NULL, b int);
+ALTER TABLE gtestxx_1 INHERIT gtest1; -- error
+ERROR: column "b" in child table must be a generated column
+CREATE TABLE gtestxx_2 (a int NOT NULL, b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (a * 22) STORED);
+ALTER TABLE gtestxx_2 INHERIT gtest1; -- error
+ERROR: column "b" in child table has a conflicting generation expression
+CREATE TABLE gtestxx_3 (a int NOT NULL, b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (a * 2) STORED);
+ALTER TABLE gtestxx_3 INHERIT gtest1; -- ok
+CREATE TABLE gtestxx_4 (b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (a * 2) STORED, a int NOT NULL);
+ALTER TABLE gtestxx_4 INHERIT gtest1; -- ok
+-- test multiple inheritance mismatches
+CREATE TABLE gtesty (x int, b int);
+CREATE TABLE gtest1_2 () INHERITS (gtest1, gtesty); -- error
+NOTICE: merging multiple inherited definitions of column "b"
+ERROR: inherited column "b" has a generation conflict
+DROP TABLE gtesty;
+CREATE TABLE gtesty (x int, b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (x * 22) STORED);
+CREATE TABLE gtest1_2 () INHERITS (gtest1, gtesty); -- error
+NOTICE: merging multiple inherited definitions of column "b"
+ERROR: column "b" inherits conflicting generation expressions
+DROP TABLE gtesty;
+CREATE TABLE gtesty (x int, b int DEFAULT 55);
+CREATE TABLE gtest1_2 () INHERITS (gtest0, gtesty); -- error
+NOTICE: merging multiple inherited definitions of column "b"
+ERROR: inherited column "b" has a generation conflict
+DROP TABLE gtesty;
+-- test stored update
+CREATE TABLE gtest3 (a int, b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (a * 3) STORED);
+INSERT INTO gtest3 (a) VALUES (1), (2), (3), (NULL);
+SELECT * FROM gtest3 ORDER BY a;
+ a | b
+---+---
+ 1 | 3
+ 2 | 6
+ 3 | 9
+ |
+(4 rows)
+
+UPDATE gtest3 SET a = 22 WHERE a = 2;
+SELECT * FROM gtest3 ORDER BY a;
+ a | b
+----+----
+ 1 | 3
+ 3 | 9
+ 22 | 66
+ |
+(4 rows)
+
+CREATE TABLE gtest3a (a text, b text GENERATED ALWAYS AS (a || '+' || a) STORED);
+INSERT INTO gtest3a (a) VALUES ('a'), ('b'), ('c'), (NULL);
+SELECT * FROM gtest3a ORDER BY a;
+ a | b
+---+-----
+ a | a+a
+ b | b+b
+ c | c+c
+ |
+(4 rows)
+
+UPDATE gtest3a SET a = 'bb' WHERE a = 'b';
+SELECT * FROM gtest3a ORDER BY a;
+ a | b
+----+-------
+ a | a+a
+ bb | bb+bb
+ c | c+c
+ |
+(4 rows)
+
+-- COPY
+TRUNCATE gtest1;
+INSERT INTO gtest1 (a) VALUES (1), (2);
+COPY gtest1 TO stdout;
+1
+2
+COPY gtest1 (a, b) TO stdout;
+ERROR: column "b" is a generated column
+DETAIL: Generated columns cannot be used in COPY.
+COPY gtest1 FROM stdin;
+COPY gtest1 (a, b) FROM stdin;
+ERROR: column "b" is a generated column
+DETAIL: Generated columns cannot be used in COPY.
+SELECT * FROM gtest1 ORDER BY a;
+ a | b
+---+---
+ 1 | 2
+ 2 | 4
+ 3 | 6
+ 4 | 8
+(4 rows)
+
+TRUNCATE gtest3;
+INSERT INTO gtest3 (a) VALUES (1), (2);
+COPY gtest3 TO stdout;
+1
+2
+COPY gtest3 (a, b) TO stdout;
+ERROR: column "b" is a generated column
+DETAIL: Generated columns cannot be used in COPY.
+COPY gtest3 FROM stdin;
+COPY gtest3 (a, b) FROM stdin;
+ERROR: column "b" is a generated column
+DETAIL: Generated columns cannot be used in COPY.
+SELECT * FROM gtest3 ORDER BY a;
+ a | b
+---+----
+ 1 | 3
+ 2 | 6
+ 3 | 9
+ 4 | 12
+(4 rows)
+
+-- null values
+CREATE TABLE gtest2 (a int PRIMARY KEY, b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (NULL) STORED);
+INSERT INTO gtest2 VALUES (1);
+SELECT * FROM gtest2;
+ a | b
+---+---
+ 1 |
+(1 row)
+
+-- simple column reference for varlena types
+CREATE TABLE gtest_varlena (a varchar, b varchar GENERATED ALWAYS AS (a) STORED);
+INSERT INTO gtest_varlena (a) VALUES('01234567890123456789');
+INSERT INTO gtest_varlena (a) VALUES(NULL);
+SELECT * FROM gtest_varlena ORDER BY a;
+ a | b
+----------------------+----------------------
+ 01234567890123456789 | 01234567890123456789
+ |
+(2 rows)
+
+DROP TABLE gtest_varlena;
+-- composite types
+CREATE TYPE double_int as (a int, b int);
+CREATE TABLE gtest4 (
+ a int,
+ b double_int GENERATED ALWAYS AS ((a * 2, a * 3)) STORED
+);
+INSERT INTO gtest4 VALUES (1), (6);
+SELECT * FROM gtest4;
+ a | b
+---+---------
+ 1 | (2,3)
+ 6 | (12,18)
+(2 rows)
+
+DROP TABLE gtest4;
+DROP TYPE double_int;
+-- using tableoid is allowed
+CREATE TABLE gtest_tableoid (
+ a int PRIMARY KEY,
+ b bool GENERATED ALWAYS AS (tableoid = 'gtest_tableoid'::regclass) STORED
+);
+INSERT INTO gtest_tableoid VALUES (1), (2);
+ALTER TABLE gtest_tableoid ADD COLUMN
+ c regclass GENERATED ALWAYS AS (tableoid) STORED;
+SELECT * FROM gtest_tableoid;
+ a | b | c
+---+---+----------------
+ 1 | t | gtest_tableoid
+ 2 | t | gtest_tableoid
+(2 rows)
+
+-- drop column behavior
+CREATE TABLE gtest10 (a int PRIMARY KEY, b int, c int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (b * 2) STORED);
+ALTER TABLE gtest10 DROP COLUMN b;
+\d gtest10
+ Table "public.gtest10"
+ Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------
+ a | integer | | not null |
+Indexes:
+ "gtest10_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (a)
+
+CREATE TABLE gtest10a (a int PRIMARY KEY, b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (a * 2) STORED);
+ALTER TABLE gtest10a DROP COLUMN b;
+INSERT INTO gtest10a (a) VALUES (1);
+-- privileges
+CREATE USER regress_user11;
+CREATE TABLE gtest11s (a int PRIMARY KEY, b int, c int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (b * 2) STORED);
+INSERT INTO gtest11s VALUES (1, 10), (2, 20);
+GRANT SELECT (a, c) ON gtest11s TO regress_user11;
+CREATE FUNCTION gf1(a int) RETURNS int AS $$ SELECT a * 3 $$ IMMUTABLE LANGUAGE SQL;
+REVOKE ALL ON FUNCTION gf1(int) FROM PUBLIC;
+CREATE TABLE gtest12s (a int PRIMARY KEY, b int, c int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (gf1(b)) STORED);
+INSERT INTO gtest12s VALUES (1, 10), (2, 20);
+GRANT SELECT (a, c) ON gtest12s TO regress_user11;
+SET ROLE regress_user11;
+SELECT a, b FROM gtest11s; -- not allowed
+ERROR: permission denied for table gtest11s
+SELECT a, c FROM gtest11s; -- allowed
+ a | c
+---+----
+ 1 | 20
+ 2 | 40
+(2 rows)
+
+SELECT gf1(10); -- not allowed
+ERROR: permission denied for function gf1
+SELECT a, c FROM gtest12s; -- allowed
+ a | c
+---+----
+ 1 | 30
+ 2 | 60
+(2 rows)
+
+RESET ROLE;
+DROP TABLE gtest11s, gtest12s;
+DROP FUNCTION gf1(int);
+DROP USER regress_user11;
+-- check constraints
+CREATE TABLE gtest20 (a int PRIMARY KEY, b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (a * 2) STORED CHECK (b < 50));
+INSERT INTO gtest20 (a) VALUES (10); -- ok
+INSERT INTO gtest20 (a) VALUES (30); -- violates constraint
+ERROR: new row for relation "gtest20" violates check constraint "gtest20_b_check"
+DETAIL: Failing row contains (30, 60).
+CREATE TABLE gtest20a (a int PRIMARY KEY, b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (a * 2) STORED);
+INSERT INTO gtest20a (a) VALUES (10);
+INSERT INTO gtest20a (a) VALUES (30);
+ALTER TABLE gtest20a ADD CHECK (b < 50); -- fails on existing row
+ERROR: check constraint "gtest20a_b_check" of relation "gtest20a" is violated by some row
+CREATE TABLE gtest20b (a int PRIMARY KEY, b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (a * 2) STORED);
+INSERT INTO gtest20b (a) VALUES (10);
+INSERT INTO gtest20b (a) VALUES (30);
+ALTER TABLE gtest20b ADD CONSTRAINT chk CHECK (b < 50) NOT VALID;
+ALTER TABLE gtest20b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT chk; -- fails on existing row
+ERROR: check constraint "chk" of relation "gtest20b" is violated by some row
+-- not-null constraints
+CREATE TABLE gtest21a (a int PRIMARY KEY, b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (nullif(a, 0)) STORED NOT NULL);
+INSERT INTO gtest21a (a) VALUES (1); -- ok
+INSERT INTO gtest21a (a) VALUES (0); -- violates constraint
+ERROR: null value in column "b" of relation "gtest21a" violates not-null constraint
+DETAIL: Failing row contains (0, null).
+CREATE TABLE gtest21b (a int PRIMARY KEY, b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (nullif(a, 0)) STORED);
+ALTER TABLE gtest21b ALTER COLUMN b SET NOT NULL;
+INSERT INTO gtest21b (a) VALUES (1); -- ok
+INSERT INTO gtest21b (a) VALUES (0); -- violates constraint
+ERROR: null value in column "b" of relation "gtest21b" violates not-null constraint
+DETAIL: Failing row contains (0, null).
+ALTER TABLE gtest21b ALTER COLUMN b DROP NOT NULL;
+INSERT INTO gtest21b (a) VALUES (0); -- ok now
+-- index constraints
+CREATE TABLE gtest22a (a int PRIMARY KEY, b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (a / 2) STORED UNIQUE);
+INSERT INTO gtest22a VALUES (2);
+INSERT INTO gtest22a VALUES (3);
+ERROR: duplicate key value violates unique constraint "gtest22a_b_key"
+DETAIL: Key (b)=(1) already exists.
+INSERT INTO gtest22a VALUES (4);
+CREATE TABLE gtest22b (a int, b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (a / 2) STORED, PRIMARY KEY (a, b));
+INSERT INTO gtest22b VALUES (2);
+INSERT INTO gtest22b VALUES (2);
+ERROR: duplicate key value violates unique constraint "gtest22b_pkey"
+DETAIL: Key (a, b)=(2, 1) already exists.
+-- indexes
+CREATE TABLE gtest22c (a int, b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (a * 2) STORED);
+CREATE INDEX gtest22c_b_idx ON gtest22c (b);
+CREATE INDEX gtest22c_expr_idx ON gtest22c ((b * 3));
+CREATE INDEX gtest22c_pred_idx ON gtest22c (a) WHERE b > 0;
+\d gtest22c
+ Table "public.gtest22c"
+ Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+------------------------------------
+ a | integer | | |
+ b | integer | | | generated always as (a * 2) stored
+Indexes:
+ "gtest22c_b_idx" btree (b)
+ "gtest22c_expr_idx" btree ((b * 3))
+ "gtest22c_pred_idx" btree (a) WHERE b > 0
+
+INSERT INTO gtest22c VALUES (1), (2), (3);
+SET enable_seqscan TO off;
+SET enable_bitmapscan TO off;
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM gtest22c WHERE b = 4;
+ QUERY PLAN
+---------------------------------------------
+ Index Scan using gtest22c_b_idx on gtest22c
+ Index Cond: (b = 4)
+(2 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM gtest22c WHERE b = 4;
+ a | b
+---+---
+ 2 | 4
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM gtest22c WHERE b * 3 = 6;
+ QUERY PLAN
+------------------------------------------------
+ Index Scan using gtest22c_expr_idx on gtest22c
+ Index Cond: ((b * 3) = 6)
+(2 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM gtest22c WHERE b * 3 = 6;
+ a | b
+---+---
+ 1 | 2
+(1 row)
+
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM gtest22c WHERE a = 1 AND b > 0;
+ QUERY PLAN
+------------------------------------------------
+ Index Scan using gtest22c_pred_idx on gtest22c
+ Index Cond: (a = 1)
+(2 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM gtest22c WHERE a = 1 AND b > 0;
+ a | b
+---+---
+ 1 | 2
+(1 row)
+
+RESET enable_seqscan;
+RESET enable_bitmapscan;
+-- foreign keys
+CREATE TABLE gtest23a (x int PRIMARY KEY, y int);
+INSERT INTO gtest23a VALUES (1, 11), (2, 22), (3, 33);
+CREATE TABLE gtest23x (a int PRIMARY KEY, b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (a * 2) STORED REFERENCES gtest23a (x) ON UPDATE CASCADE); -- error
+ERROR: invalid ON UPDATE action for foreign key constraint containing generated column
+CREATE TABLE gtest23x (a int PRIMARY KEY, b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (a * 2) STORED REFERENCES gtest23a (x) ON DELETE SET NULL); -- error
+ERROR: invalid ON DELETE action for foreign key constraint containing generated column
+CREATE TABLE gtest23b (a int PRIMARY KEY, b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (a * 2) STORED REFERENCES gtest23a (x));
+\d gtest23b
+ Table "public.gtest23b"
+ Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+------------------------------------
+ a | integer | | not null |
+ b | integer | | | generated always as (a * 2) stored
+Indexes:
+ "gtest23b_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (a)
+Foreign-key constraints:
+ "gtest23b_b_fkey" FOREIGN KEY (b) REFERENCES gtest23a(x)
+
+INSERT INTO gtest23b VALUES (1); -- ok
+INSERT INTO gtest23b VALUES (5); -- error
+ERROR: insert or update on table "gtest23b" violates foreign key constraint "gtest23b_b_fkey"
+DETAIL: Key (b)=(10) is not present in table "gtest23a".
+DROP TABLE gtest23b;
+DROP TABLE gtest23a;
+CREATE TABLE gtest23p (x int, y int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (x * 2) STORED, PRIMARY KEY (y));
+INSERT INTO gtest23p VALUES (1), (2), (3);
+CREATE TABLE gtest23q (a int PRIMARY KEY, b int REFERENCES gtest23p (y));
+INSERT INTO gtest23q VALUES (1, 2); -- ok
+INSERT INTO gtest23q VALUES (2, 5); -- error
+ERROR: insert or update on table "gtest23q" violates foreign key constraint "gtest23q_b_fkey"
+DETAIL: Key (b)=(5) is not present in table "gtest23p".
+-- domains
+CREATE DOMAIN gtestdomain1 AS int CHECK (VALUE < 10);
+CREATE TABLE gtest24 (a int PRIMARY KEY, b gtestdomain1 GENERATED ALWAYS AS (a * 2) STORED);
+INSERT INTO gtest24 (a) VALUES (4); -- ok
+INSERT INTO gtest24 (a) VALUES (6); -- error
+ERROR: value for domain gtestdomain1 violates check constraint "gtestdomain1_check"
+-- typed tables (currently not supported)
+CREATE TYPE gtest_type AS (f1 integer, f2 text, f3 bigint);
+CREATE TABLE gtest28 OF gtest_type (f1 WITH OPTIONS GENERATED ALWAYS AS (f2 *2) STORED);
+ERROR: generated columns are not supported on typed tables
+DROP TYPE gtest_type CASCADE;
+-- table partitions (currently not supported)
+CREATE TABLE gtest_parent (f1 date NOT NULL, f2 text, f3 bigint) PARTITION BY RANGE (f1);
+CREATE TABLE gtest_child PARTITION OF gtest_parent (
+ f3 WITH OPTIONS GENERATED ALWAYS AS (f2 * 2) STORED
+) FOR VALUES FROM ('2016-07-01') TO ('2016-08-01'); -- error
+ERROR: generated columns are not supported on partitions
+DROP TABLE gtest_parent;
+-- partitioned table
+CREATE TABLE gtest_parent (f1 date NOT NULL, f2 bigint, f3 bigint GENERATED ALWAYS AS (f2 * 2) STORED) PARTITION BY RANGE (f1);
+CREATE TABLE gtest_child PARTITION OF gtest_parent FOR VALUES FROM ('2016-07-01') TO ('2016-08-01');
+INSERT INTO gtest_parent (f1, f2) VALUES ('2016-07-15', 1);
+SELECT * FROM gtest_parent;
+ f1 | f2 | f3
+------------+----+----
+ 07-15-2016 | 1 | 2
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * FROM gtest_child;
+ f1 | f2 | f3
+------------+----+----
+ 07-15-2016 | 1 | 2
+(1 row)
+
+DROP TABLE gtest_parent;
+-- generated columns in partition key (not allowed)
+CREATE TABLE gtest_parent (f1 date NOT NULL, f2 bigint, f3 bigint GENERATED ALWAYS AS (f2 * 2) STORED) PARTITION BY RANGE (f3);
+ERROR: cannot use generated column in partition key
+LINE 1: ...ENERATED ALWAYS AS (f2 * 2) STORED) PARTITION BY RANGE (f3);
+ ^
+DETAIL: Column "f3" is a generated column.
+CREATE TABLE gtest_parent (f1 date NOT NULL, f2 bigint, f3 bigint GENERATED ALWAYS AS (f2 * 2) STORED) PARTITION BY RANGE ((f3 * 3));
+ERROR: cannot use generated column in partition key
+LINE 1: ...ED ALWAYS AS (f2 * 2) STORED) PARTITION BY RANGE ((f3 * 3));
+ ^
+DETAIL: Column "f3" is a generated column.
+-- ALTER TABLE ... ADD COLUMN
+CREATE TABLE gtest25 (a int PRIMARY KEY);
+INSERT INTO gtest25 VALUES (3), (4);
+ALTER TABLE gtest25 ADD COLUMN b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (a * 3) STORED;
+SELECT * FROM gtest25 ORDER BY a;
+ a | b
+---+----
+ 3 | 9
+ 4 | 12
+(2 rows)
+
+ALTER TABLE gtest25 ADD COLUMN x int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (b * 4) STORED; -- error
+ERROR: cannot use generated column "b" in column generation expression
+DETAIL: A generated column cannot reference another generated column.
+ALTER TABLE gtest25 ADD COLUMN x int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (z * 4) STORED; -- error
+ERROR: column "z" does not exist
+ALTER TABLE gtest25 ADD COLUMN c int DEFAULT 42,
+ ADD COLUMN x int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (c * 4) STORED;
+ALTER TABLE gtest25 ADD COLUMN d int DEFAULT 101;
+ALTER TABLE gtest25 ALTER COLUMN d SET DATA TYPE float8,
+ ADD COLUMN y float8 GENERATED ALWAYS AS (d * 4) STORED;
+SELECT * FROM gtest25 ORDER BY a;
+ a | b | c | x | d | y
+---+----+----+-----+-----+-----
+ 3 | 9 | 42 | 168 | 101 | 404
+ 4 | 12 | 42 | 168 | 101 | 404
+(2 rows)
+
+\d gtest25
+ Table "public.gtest25"
+ Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default
+--------+------------------+-----------+----------+------------------------------------------------------
+ a | integer | | not null |
+ b | integer | | | generated always as (a * 3) stored
+ c | integer | | | 42
+ x | integer | | | generated always as (c * 4) stored
+ d | double precision | | | 101
+ y | double precision | | | generated always as (d * 4::double precision) stored
+Indexes:
+ "gtest25_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (a)
+
+-- ALTER TABLE ... ALTER COLUMN
+CREATE TABLE gtest27 (
+ a int,
+ b int,
+ x int GENERATED ALWAYS AS ((a + b) * 2) STORED
+);
+INSERT INTO gtest27 (a, b) VALUES (3, 7), (4, 11);
+ALTER TABLE gtest27 ALTER COLUMN a TYPE text; -- error
+ERROR: cannot alter type of a column used by a generated column
+DETAIL: Column "a" is used by generated column "x".
+ALTER TABLE gtest27 ALTER COLUMN x TYPE numeric;
+\d gtest27
+ Table "public.gtest27"
+ Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+--------------------------------------------
+ a | integer | | |
+ b | integer | | |
+ x | numeric | | | generated always as (((a + b) * 2)) stored
+
+SELECT * FROM gtest27;
+ a | b | x
+---+----+----
+ 3 | 7 | 20
+ 4 | 11 | 30
+(2 rows)
+
+ALTER TABLE gtest27 ALTER COLUMN x TYPE boolean USING x <> 0; -- error
+ERROR: generation expression for column "x" cannot be cast automatically to type boolean
+ALTER TABLE gtest27 ALTER COLUMN x DROP DEFAULT; -- error
+ERROR: column "x" of relation "gtest27" is a generated column
+HINT: Use ALTER TABLE ... ALTER COLUMN ... DROP EXPRESSION instead.
+-- It's possible to alter the column types this way:
+ALTER TABLE gtest27
+ DROP COLUMN x,
+ ALTER COLUMN a TYPE bigint,
+ ALTER COLUMN b TYPE bigint,
+ ADD COLUMN x bigint GENERATED ALWAYS AS ((a + b) * 2) STORED;
+\d gtest27
+ Table "public.gtest27"
+ Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default
+--------+--------+-----------+----------+------------------------------------------
+ a | bigint | | |
+ b | bigint | | |
+ x | bigint | | | generated always as ((a + b) * 2) stored
+
+-- Ideally you could just do this, but not today (and should x change type?):
+ALTER TABLE gtest27
+ ALTER COLUMN a TYPE float8,
+ ALTER COLUMN b TYPE float8; -- error
+ERROR: cannot alter type of a column used by a generated column
+DETAIL: Column "a" is used by generated column "x".
+\d gtest27
+ Table "public.gtest27"
+ Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default
+--------+--------+-----------+----------+------------------------------------------
+ a | bigint | | |
+ b | bigint | | |
+ x | bigint | | | generated always as ((a + b) * 2) stored
+
+SELECT * FROM gtest27;
+ a | b | x
+---+----+----
+ 3 | 7 | 20
+ 4 | 11 | 30
+(2 rows)
+
+-- ALTER TABLE ... ALTER COLUMN ... DROP EXPRESSION
+CREATE TABLE gtest29 (
+ a int,
+ b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (a * 2) STORED
+);
+INSERT INTO gtest29 (a) VALUES (3), (4);
+ALTER TABLE gtest29 ALTER COLUMN a DROP EXPRESSION; -- error
+ERROR: column "a" of relation "gtest29" is not a stored generated column
+ALTER TABLE gtest29 ALTER COLUMN a DROP EXPRESSION IF EXISTS; -- notice
+NOTICE: column "a" of relation "gtest29" is not a stored generated column, skipping
+ALTER TABLE gtest29 ALTER COLUMN b DROP EXPRESSION;
+INSERT INTO gtest29 (a) VALUES (5);
+INSERT INTO gtest29 (a, b) VALUES (6, 66);
+SELECT * FROM gtest29;
+ a | b
+---+----
+ 3 | 6
+ 4 | 8
+ 5 |
+ 6 | 66
+(4 rows)
+
+\d gtest29
+ Table "public.gtest29"
+ Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------
+ a | integer | | |
+ b | integer | | |
+
+-- check that dependencies between columns have also been removed
+ALTER TABLE gtest29 DROP COLUMN a; -- should not drop b
+\d gtest29
+ Table "public.gtest29"
+ Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------
+ b | integer | | |
+
+-- with inheritance
+CREATE TABLE gtest30 (
+ a int,
+ b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (a * 2) STORED
+);
+CREATE TABLE gtest30_1 () INHERITS (gtest30);
+ALTER TABLE gtest30 ALTER COLUMN b DROP EXPRESSION;
+\d gtest30
+ Table "public.gtest30"
+ Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------
+ a | integer | | |
+ b | integer | | |
+Number of child tables: 1 (Use \d+ to list them.)
+
+\d gtest30_1
+ Table "public.gtest30_1"
+ Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+---------
+ a | integer | | |
+ b | integer | | |
+Inherits: gtest30
+
+DROP TABLE gtest30 CASCADE;
+NOTICE: drop cascades to table gtest30_1
+CREATE TABLE gtest30 (
+ a int,
+ b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (a * 2) STORED
+);
+CREATE TABLE gtest30_1 () INHERITS (gtest30);
+ALTER TABLE ONLY gtest30 ALTER COLUMN b DROP EXPRESSION; -- error
+ERROR: ALTER TABLE / DROP EXPRESSION must be applied to child tables too
+\d gtest30
+ Table "public.gtest30"
+ Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+------------------------------------
+ a | integer | | |
+ b | integer | | | generated always as (a * 2) stored
+Number of child tables: 1 (Use \d+ to list them.)
+
+\d gtest30_1
+ Table "public.gtest30_1"
+ Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+------------------------------------
+ a | integer | | |
+ b | integer | | | generated always as (a * 2) stored
+Inherits: gtest30
+
+ALTER TABLE gtest30_1 ALTER COLUMN b DROP EXPRESSION; -- error
+ERROR: cannot drop generation expression from inherited column
+-- triggers
+CREATE TABLE gtest26 (
+ a int PRIMARY KEY,
+ b int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (a * 2) STORED
+);
+CREATE FUNCTION gtest_trigger_func() RETURNS trigger
+ LANGUAGE plpgsql
+AS $$
+BEGIN
+ IF tg_op IN ('DELETE', 'UPDATE') THEN
+ RAISE INFO '%: %: old = %', TG_NAME, TG_WHEN, OLD;
+ END IF;
+ IF tg_op IN ('INSERT', 'UPDATE') THEN
+ RAISE INFO '%: %: new = %', TG_NAME, TG_WHEN, NEW;
+ END IF;
+ IF tg_op = 'DELETE' THEN
+ RETURN OLD;
+ ELSE
+ RETURN NEW;
+ END IF;
+END
+$$;
+CREATE TRIGGER gtest1 BEFORE DELETE OR UPDATE ON gtest26
+ FOR EACH ROW
+ WHEN (OLD.b < 0) -- ok
+ EXECUTE PROCEDURE gtest_trigger_func();
+CREATE TRIGGER gtest2a BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON gtest26
+ FOR EACH ROW
+ WHEN (NEW.b < 0) -- error
+ EXECUTE PROCEDURE gtest_trigger_func();
+ERROR: BEFORE trigger's WHEN condition cannot reference NEW generated columns
+LINE 3: WHEN (NEW.b < 0)
+ ^
+DETAIL: Column "b" is a generated column.
+CREATE TRIGGER gtest2b BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON gtest26
+ FOR EACH ROW
+ WHEN (NEW.* IS NOT NULL) -- error
+ EXECUTE PROCEDURE gtest_trigger_func();
+ERROR: BEFORE trigger's WHEN condition cannot reference NEW generated columns
+LINE 3: WHEN (NEW.* IS NOT NULL)
+ ^
+DETAIL: A whole-row reference is used and the table contains generated columns.
+CREATE TRIGGER gtest2 BEFORE INSERT ON gtest26
+ FOR EACH ROW
+ WHEN (NEW.a < 0)
+ EXECUTE PROCEDURE gtest_trigger_func();
+CREATE TRIGGER gtest3 AFTER DELETE OR UPDATE ON gtest26
+ FOR EACH ROW
+ WHEN (OLD.b < 0) -- ok
+ EXECUTE PROCEDURE gtest_trigger_func();
+CREATE TRIGGER gtest4 AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE ON gtest26
+ FOR EACH ROW
+ WHEN (NEW.b < 0) -- ok
+ EXECUTE PROCEDURE gtest_trigger_func();
+INSERT INTO gtest26 (a) VALUES (-2), (0), (3);
+INFO: gtest2: BEFORE: new = (-2,)
+INFO: gtest4: AFTER: new = (-2,-4)
+SELECT * FROM gtest26 ORDER BY a;
+ a | b
+----+----
+ -2 | -4
+ 0 | 0
+ 3 | 6
+(3 rows)
+
+UPDATE gtest26 SET a = a * -2;
+INFO: gtest1: BEFORE: old = (-2,-4)
+INFO: gtest1: BEFORE: new = (4,)
+INFO: gtest3: AFTER: old = (-2,-4)
+INFO: gtest3: AFTER: new = (4,8)
+INFO: gtest4: AFTER: old = (3,6)
+INFO: gtest4: AFTER: new = (-6,-12)
+SELECT * FROM gtest26 ORDER BY a;
+ a | b
+----+-----
+ -6 | -12
+ 0 | 0
+ 4 | 8
+(3 rows)
+
+DELETE FROM gtest26 WHERE a = -6;
+INFO: gtest1: BEFORE: old = (-6,-12)
+INFO: gtest3: AFTER: old = (-6,-12)
+SELECT * FROM gtest26 ORDER BY a;
+ a | b
+---+---
+ 0 | 0
+ 4 | 8
+(2 rows)
+
+DROP TRIGGER gtest1 ON gtest26;
+DROP TRIGGER gtest2 ON gtest26;
+DROP TRIGGER gtest3 ON gtest26;
+-- Check that an UPDATE of "a" fires the trigger for UPDATE OF b, per
+-- SQL standard.
+CREATE FUNCTION gtest_trigger_func3() RETURNS trigger
+ LANGUAGE plpgsql
+AS $$
+BEGIN
+ RAISE NOTICE 'OK';
+ RETURN NEW;
+END
+$$;
+CREATE TRIGGER gtest11 BEFORE UPDATE OF b ON gtest26
+ FOR EACH ROW
+ EXECUTE PROCEDURE gtest_trigger_func3();
+UPDATE gtest26 SET a = 1 WHERE a = 0;
+NOTICE: OK
+DROP TRIGGER gtest11 ON gtest26;
+TRUNCATE gtest26;
+-- check that modifications of stored generated columns in triggers do
+-- not get propagated
+CREATE FUNCTION gtest_trigger_func4() RETURNS trigger
+ LANGUAGE plpgsql
+AS $$
+BEGIN
+ NEW.a = 10;
+ NEW.b = 300;
+ RETURN NEW;
+END;
+$$;
+CREATE TRIGGER gtest12_01 BEFORE UPDATE ON gtest26
+ FOR EACH ROW
+ EXECUTE PROCEDURE gtest_trigger_func();
+CREATE TRIGGER gtest12_02 BEFORE UPDATE ON gtest26
+ FOR EACH ROW
+ EXECUTE PROCEDURE gtest_trigger_func4();
+CREATE TRIGGER gtest12_03 BEFORE UPDATE ON gtest26
+ FOR EACH ROW
+ EXECUTE PROCEDURE gtest_trigger_func();
+INSERT INTO gtest26 (a) VALUES (1);
+UPDATE gtest26 SET a = 11 WHERE a = 1;
+INFO: gtest12_01: BEFORE: old = (1,2)
+INFO: gtest12_01: BEFORE: new = (11,)
+INFO: gtest12_03: BEFORE: old = (1,2)
+INFO: gtest12_03: BEFORE: new = (10,)
+SELECT * FROM gtest26 ORDER BY a;
+ a | b
+----+----
+ 10 | 20
+(1 row)
+
+-- LIKE INCLUDING GENERATED and dropped column handling
+CREATE TABLE gtest28a (
+ a int,
+ b int,
+ c int,
+ x int GENERATED ALWAYS AS (b * 2) STORED
+);
+ALTER TABLE gtest28a DROP COLUMN a;
+CREATE TABLE gtest28b (LIKE gtest28a INCLUDING GENERATED);
+\d gtest28*
+ Table "public.gtest28a"
+ Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+------------------------------------
+ b | integer | | |
+ c | integer | | |
+ x | integer | | | generated always as (b * 2) stored
+
+ Table "public.gtest28b"
+ Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default
+--------+---------+-----------+----------+------------------------------------
+ b | integer | | |
+ c | integer | | |
+ x | integer | | | generated always as (b * 2) stored
+
generated by cgit v1.2.3 (git 2.39.1) at 2024-11-09 04:37:39 +0000