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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>21.5. Default Roles</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1" /><link rel="prev" href="role-removal.html" title="21.4. Dropping Roles" /><link rel="next" href="perm-functions.html" title="21.6. Function Security" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional" class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">21.5. Default Roles</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="role-removal.html" title="21.4. Dropping Roles">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="user-manag.html" title="Chapter 21. Database Roles">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 21. Database Roles</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 13.4 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="perm-functions.html" title="21.6. Function Security">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr></hr></div><div class="sect1" id="DEFAULT-ROLES"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">21.5. Default Roles</h2></div></div></div><a id="id-1.6.8.9.2" class="indexterm"></a><p>
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> provides a set of default roles
which provide access to certain, commonly needed, privileged capabilities
and information. Administrators can GRANT these roles to users and/or
other roles in their environment, providing those users with access to
the specified capabilities and information.
</p><p>
The default roles are described in <a class="xref" href="default-roles.html#DEFAULT-ROLES-TABLE" title="Table 21.1. Default Roles">Table 21.1</a>.
Note that the specific permissions for each of the default roles may
change in the future as additional capabilities are added. Administrators
should monitor the release notes for changes.
</p><div class="table" id="DEFAULT-ROLES-TABLE"><p class="title"><strong>Table 21.1. Default Roles</strong></p><div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="Default Roles" border="1"><colgroup><col class="col1" /><col class="col2" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th>Role</th><th>Allowed Access</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>pg_read_all_settings</td><td>Read all configuration variables, even those normally visible only to
superusers.</td></tr><tr><td>pg_read_all_stats</td><td>Read all pg_stat_* views and use various statistics related extensions,
even those normally visible only to superusers.</td></tr><tr><td>pg_stat_scan_tables</td><td>Execute monitoring functions that may take <code class="literal">ACCESS SHARE</code> locks on tables,
potentially for a long time.</td></tr><tr><td>pg_monitor</td><td>Read/execute various monitoring views and functions.
This role is a member of <code class="literal">pg_read_all_settings</code>,
<code class="literal">pg_read_all_stats</code> and
<code class="literal">pg_stat_scan_tables</code>.</td></tr><tr><td>pg_signal_backend</td><td>Signal another backend to cancel a query or terminate its session.</td></tr><tr><td>pg_read_server_files</td><td>Allow reading files from any location the database can access on the server with COPY and
other file-access functions.</td></tr><tr><td>pg_write_server_files</td><td>Allow writing to files in any location the database can access on the server with COPY and
other file-access functions.</td></tr><tr><td>pg_execute_server_program</td><td>Allow executing programs on the database server as the user the database runs as with
COPY and other functions which allow executing a server-side program.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>
The <code class="literal">pg_monitor</code>, <code class="literal">pg_read_all_settings</code>,
<code class="literal">pg_read_all_stats</code> and <code class="literal">pg_stat_scan_tables</code>
roles are intended to allow administrators to easily configure a role for the
purpose of monitoring the database server. They grant a set of common privileges
allowing the role to read various useful configuration settings, statistics and
other system information normally restricted to superusers.
</p><p>
The <code class="literal">pg_signal_backend</code> role is intended to allow
administrators to enable trusted, but non-superuser, roles to send signals
to other backends. Currently this role enables sending of signals for
canceling a query on another backend or terminating its session. A user
granted this role cannot however send signals to a backend owned by a
superuser. See <a class="xref" href="functions-admin.html#FUNCTIONS-ADMIN-SIGNAL" title="9.27.2. Server Signaling Functions">Section 9.27.2</a>.
</p><p>
The <code class="literal">pg_read_server_files</code>, <code class="literal">pg_write_server_files</code> and
<code class="literal">pg_execute_server_program</code> roles are intended to allow administrators to have
trusted, but non-superuser, roles which are able to access files and run programs on the
database server as the user the database runs as. As these roles are able to access any file on
the server file system, they bypass all database-level permission checks when accessing files
directly and they could be used to gain superuser-level access, therefore
great care should be taken when granting these roles to users.
</p><p>
Care should be taken when granting these roles to ensure they are only used where
needed and with the understanding that these roles grant access to privileged
information.
</p><p>
Administrators can grant access to these roles to users using the
<a class="xref" href="sql-grant.html" title="GRANT"><span class="refentrytitle">GRANT</span></a> command, for example:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
GRANT pg_signal_backend TO admin_user;
</pre><p>
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