diff options
Diffstat (limited to '')
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/src/sgml/array.sgml | 797 |
1 files changed, 797 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/array.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/array.sgml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..56185b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/src/sgml/array.sgml @@ -0,0 +1,797 @@ +<!-- doc/src/sgml/array.sgml --> + +<sect1 id="arrays"> + <title>Arrays</title> + + <indexterm> + <primary>array</primary> + </indexterm> + + <para> + <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> allows columns of a table to be + defined as variable-length multidimensional arrays. Arrays of any + built-in or user-defined base type, enum type, composite type, range type, + or domain can be created. + </para> + + <sect2 id="arrays-declaration"> + <title>Declaration of Array Types</title> + + <indexterm> + <primary>array</primary> + <secondary>declaration</secondary> + </indexterm> + + <para> + To illustrate the use of array types, we create this table: +<programlisting> +CREATE TABLE sal_emp ( + name text, + pay_by_quarter integer[], + schedule text[][] +); +</programlisting> + As shown, an array data type is named by appending square brackets + (<literal>[]</literal>) to the data type name of the array elements. The + above command will create a table named + <structname>sal_emp</structname> with a column of type + <type>text</type> (<structfield>name</structfield>), a + one-dimensional array of type <type>integer</type> + (<structfield>pay_by_quarter</structfield>), which represents the + employee's salary by quarter, and a two-dimensional array of + <type>text</type> (<structfield>schedule</structfield>), which + represents the employee's weekly schedule. + </para> + + <para> + The syntax for <command>CREATE TABLE</command> allows the exact size of + arrays to be specified, for example: + +<programlisting> +CREATE TABLE tictactoe ( + squares integer[3][3] +); +</programlisting> + + However, the current implementation ignores any supplied array size + limits, i.e., the behavior is the same as for arrays of unspecified + length. + </para> + + <para> + The current implementation does not enforce the declared + number of dimensions either. Arrays of a particular element type are + all considered to be of the same type, regardless of size or number + of dimensions. So, declaring the array size or number of dimensions in + <command>CREATE TABLE</command> is simply documentation; it does not + affect run-time behavior. + </para> + + <para> + An alternative syntax, which conforms to the SQL standard by using + the keyword <literal>ARRAY</literal>, can be used for one-dimensional arrays. + <structfield>pay_by_quarter</structfield> could have been defined + as: +<programlisting> + pay_by_quarter integer ARRAY[4], +</programlisting> + Or, if no array size is to be specified: +<programlisting> + pay_by_quarter integer ARRAY, +</programlisting> + As before, however, <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> does not enforce the + size restriction in any case. + </para> + </sect2> + + <sect2 id="arrays-input"> + <title>Array Value Input</title> + + <indexterm> + <primary>array</primary> + <secondary>constant</secondary> + </indexterm> + + <para> + To write an array value as a literal constant, enclose the element + values within curly braces and separate them by commas. (If you + know C, this is not unlike the C syntax for initializing + structures.) You can put double quotes around any element value, + and must do so if it contains commas or curly braces. (More + details appear below.) Thus, the general format of an array + constant is the following: +<synopsis> +'{ <replaceable>val1</replaceable> <replaceable>delim</replaceable> <replaceable>val2</replaceable> <replaceable>delim</replaceable> ... }' +</synopsis> + where <replaceable>delim</replaceable> is the delimiter character + for the type, as recorded in its <literal>pg_type</literal> entry. + Among the standard data types provided in the + <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> distribution, all use a comma + (<literal>,</literal>), except for type <type>box</type> which uses a semicolon + (<literal>;</literal>). Each <replaceable>val</replaceable> is + either a constant of the array element type, or a subarray. An example + of an array constant is: +<programlisting> +'{{1,2,3},{4,5,6},{7,8,9}}' +</programlisting> + This constant is a two-dimensional, 3-by-3 array consisting of + three subarrays of integers. + </para> + + <para> + To set an element of an array constant to NULL, write <literal>NULL</literal> + for the element value. (Any upper- or lower-case variant of + <literal>NULL</literal> will do.) If you want an actual string value + <quote>NULL</quote>, you must put double quotes around it. + </para> + + <para> + (These kinds of array constants are actually only a special case of + the generic type constants discussed in <xref + linkend="sql-syntax-constants-generic"/>. The constant is initially + treated as a string and passed to the array input conversion + routine. An explicit type specification might be necessary.) + </para> + + <para> + Now we can show some <command>INSERT</command> statements: + +<programlisting> +INSERT INTO sal_emp + VALUES ('Bill', + '{10000, 10000, 10000, 10000}', + '{{"meeting", "lunch"}, {"training", "presentation"}}'); + +INSERT INTO sal_emp + VALUES ('Carol', + '{20000, 25000, 25000, 25000}', + '{{"breakfast", "consulting"}, {"meeting", "lunch"}}'); +</programlisting> + </para> + + <para> + The result of the previous two inserts looks like this: + +<programlisting> +SELECT * FROM sal_emp; + name | pay_by_quarter | schedule +-------+---------------------------+------------------------------------------- + Bill | {10000,10000,10000,10000} | {{meeting,lunch},{training,presentation}} + Carol | {20000,25000,25000,25000} | {{breakfast,consulting},{meeting,lunch}} +(2 rows) +</programlisting> + </para> + + <para> + Multidimensional arrays must have matching extents for each + dimension. A mismatch causes an error, for example: + +<programlisting> +INSERT INTO sal_emp + VALUES ('Bill', + '{10000, 10000, 10000, 10000}', + '{{"meeting", "lunch"}, {"meeting"}}'); +ERROR: multidimensional arrays must have array expressions with matching dimensions +</programlisting> + </para> + + <para> + The <literal>ARRAY</literal> constructor syntax can also be used: +<programlisting> +INSERT INTO sal_emp + VALUES ('Bill', + ARRAY[10000, 10000, 10000, 10000], + ARRAY[['meeting', 'lunch'], ['training', 'presentation']]); + +INSERT INTO sal_emp + VALUES ('Carol', + ARRAY[20000, 25000, 25000, 25000], + ARRAY[['breakfast', 'consulting'], ['meeting', 'lunch']]); +</programlisting> + Notice that the array elements are ordinary SQL constants or + expressions; for instance, string literals are single quoted, instead of + double quoted as they would be in an array literal. The <literal>ARRAY</literal> + constructor syntax is discussed in more detail in + <xref linkend="sql-syntax-array-constructors"/>. + </para> + </sect2> + + <sect2 id="arrays-accessing"> + <title>Accessing Arrays</title> + + <indexterm> + <primary>array</primary> + <secondary>accessing</secondary> + </indexterm> + + <para> + Now, we can run some queries on the table. + First, we show how to access a single element of an array. + This query retrieves the names of the employees whose pay changed in + the second quarter: + +<programlisting> +SELECT name FROM sal_emp WHERE pay_by_quarter[1] <> pay_by_quarter[2]; + + name +------- + Carol +(1 row) +</programlisting> + + The array subscript numbers are written within square brackets. + By default <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> uses a + one-based numbering convention for arrays, that is, + an array of <replaceable>n</replaceable> elements starts with <literal>array[1]</literal> and + ends with <literal>array[<replaceable>n</replaceable>]</literal>. + </para> + + <para> + This query retrieves the third quarter pay of all employees: + +<programlisting> +SELECT pay_by_quarter[3] FROM sal_emp; + + pay_by_quarter +---------------- + 10000 + 25000 +(2 rows) +</programlisting> + </para> + + <para> + We can also access arbitrary rectangular slices of an array, or + subarrays. An array slice is denoted by writing + <literal><replaceable>lower-bound</replaceable>:<replaceable>upper-bound</replaceable></literal> + for one or more array dimensions. For example, this query retrieves the first + item on Bill's schedule for the first two days of the week: + +<programlisting> +SELECT schedule[1:2][1:1] FROM sal_emp WHERE name = 'Bill'; + + schedule +------------------------ + {{meeting},{training}} +(1 row) +</programlisting> + + If any dimension is written as a slice, i.e., contains a colon, then all + dimensions are treated as slices. Any dimension that has only a single + number (no colon) is treated as being from 1 + to the number specified. For example, <literal>[2]</literal> is treated as + <literal>[1:2]</literal>, as in this example: + +<programlisting> +SELECT schedule[1:2][2] FROM sal_emp WHERE name = 'Bill'; + + schedule +------------------------------------------- + {{meeting,lunch},{training,presentation}} +(1 row) +</programlisting> + + To avoid confusion with the non-slice case, it's best to use slice syntax + for all dimensions, e.g., <literal>[1:2][1:1]</literal>, not <literal>[2][1:1]</literal>. + </para> + + <para> + It is possible to omit the <replaceable>lower-bound</replaceable> and/or + <replaceable>upper-bound</replaceable> of a slice specifier; the missing + bound is replaced by the lower or upper limit of the array's subscripts. + For example: + +<programlisting> +SELECT schedule[:2][2:] FROM sal_emp WHERE name = 'Bill'; + + schedule +------------------------ + {{lunch},{presentation}} +(1 row) + +SELECT schedule[:][1:1] FROM sal_emp WHERE name = 'Bill'; + + schedule +------------------------ + {{meeting},{training}} +(1 row) +</programlisting> + </para> + + <para> + An array subscript expression will return null if either the array itself or + any of the subscript expressions are null. Also, null is returned if a + subscript is outside the array bounds (this case does not raise an error). + For example, if <literal>schedule</literal> + currently has the dimensions <literal>[1:3][1:2]</literal> then referencing + <literal>schedule[3][3]</literal> yields NULL. Similarly, an array reference + with the wrong number of subscripts yields a null rather than an error. + </para> + + <para> + An array slice expression likewise yields null if the array itself or + any of the subscript expressions are null. However, in other + cases such as selecting an array slice that + is completely outside the current array bounds, a slice expression + yields an empty (zero-dimensional) array instead of null. (This + does not match non-slice behavior and is done for historical reasons.) + If the requested slice partially overlaps the array bounds, then it + is silently reduced to just the overlapping region instead of + returning null. + </para> + + <para> + The current dimensions of any array value can be retrieved with the + <function>array_dims</function> function: + +<programlisting> +SELECT array_dims(schedule) FROM sal_emp WHERE name = 'Carol'; + + array_dims +------------ + [1:2][1:2] +(1 row) +</programlisting> + + <function>array_dims</function> produces a <type>text</type> result, + which is convenient for people to read but perhaps inconvenient + for programs. Dimensions can also be retrieved with + <function>array_upper</function> and <function>array_lower</function>, + which return the upper and lower bound of a + specified array dimension, respectively: + +<programlisting> +SELECT array_upper(schedule, 1) FROM sal_emp WHERE name = 'Carol'; + + array_upper +------------- + 2 +(1 row) +</programlisting> + + <function>array_length</function> will return the length of a specified + array dimension: + +<programlisting> +SELECT array_length(schedule, 1) FROM sal_emp WHERE name = 'Carol'; + + array_length +-------------- + 2 +(1 row) +</programlisting> + + <function>cardinality</function> returns the total number of elements in an + array across all dimensions. It is effectively the number of rows a call to + <function>unnest</function> would yield: + +<programlisting> +SELECT cardinality(schedule) FROM sal_emp WHERE name = 'Carol'; + + cardinality +------------- + 4 +(1 row) +</programlisting> + </para> + </sect2> + + <sect2 id="arrays-modifying"> + <title>Modifying Arrays</title> + + <indexterm> + <primary>array</primary> + <secondary>modifying</secondary> + </indexterm> + + <para> + An array value can be replaced completely: + +<programlisting> +UPDATE sal_emp SET pay_by_quarter = '{25000,25000,27000,27000}' + WHERE name = 'Carol'; +</programlisting> + + or using the <literal>ARRAY</literal> expression syntax: + +<programlisting> +UPDATE sal_emp SET pay_by_quarter = ARRAY[25000,25000,27000,27000] + WHERE name = 'Carol'; +</programlisting> + + An array can also be updated at a single element: + +<programlisting> +UPDATE sal_emp SET pay_by_quarter[4] = 15000 + WHERE name = 'Bill'; +</programlisting> + + or updated in a slice: + +<programlisting> +UPDATE sal_emp SET pay_by_quarter[1:2] = '{27000,27000}' + WHERE name = 'Carol'; +</programlisting> + + The slice syntaxes with omitted <replaceable>lower-bound</replaceable> and/or + <replaceable>upper-bound</replaceable> can be used too, but only when + updating an array value that is not NULL or zero-dimensional (otherwise, + there is no existing subscript limit to substitute). + </para> + + <para> + A stored array value can be enlarged by assigning to elements not already + present. Any positions between those previously present and the newly + assigned elements will be filled with nulls. For example, if array + <literal>myarray</literal> currently has 4 elements, it will have six + elements after an update that assigns to <literal>myarray[6]</literal>; + <literal>myarray[5]</literal> will contain null. + Currently, enlargement in this fashion is only allowed for one-dimensional + arrays, not multidimensional arrays. + </para> + + <para> + Subscripted assignment allows creation of arrays that do not use one-based + subscripts. For example one might assign to <literal>myarray[-2:7]</literal> to + create an array with subscript values from -2 to 7. + </para> + + <para> + New array values can also be constructed using the concatenation operator, + <literal>||</literal>: +<programlisting> +SELECT ARRAY[1,2] || ARRAY[3,4]; + ?column? +----------- + {1,2,3,4} +(1 row) + +SELECT ARRAY[5,6] || ARRAY[[1,2],[3,4]]; + ?column? +--------------------- + {{5,6},{1,2},{3,4}} +(1 row) +</programlisting> + </para> + + <para> + The concatenation operator allows a single element to be pushed onto the + beginning or end of a one-dimensional array. It also accepts two + <replaceable>N</replaceable>-dimensional arrays, or an <replaceable>N</replaceable>-dimensional + and an <replaceable>N+1</replaceable>-dimensional array. + </para> + + <para> + When a single element is pushed onto either the beginning or end of a + one-dimensional array, the result is an array with the same lower bound + subscript as the array operand. For example: +<programlisting> +SELECT array_dims(1 || '[0:1]={2,3}'::int[]); + array_dims +------------ + [0:2] +(1 row) + +SELECT array_dims(ARRAY[1,2] || 3); + array_dims +------------ + [1:3] +(1 row) +</programlisting> + </para> + + <para> + When two arrays with an equal number of dimensions are concatenated, the + result retains the lower bound subscript of the left-hand operand's outer + dimension. The result is an array comprising every element of the left-hand + operand followed by every element of the right-hand operand. For example: +<programlisting> +SELECT array_dims(ARRAY[1,2] || ARRAY[3,4,5]); + array_dims +------------ + [1:5] +(1 row) + +SELECT array_dims(ARRAY[[1,2],[3,4]] || ARRAY[[5,6],[7,8],[9,0]]); + array_dims +------------ + [1:5][1:2] +(1 row) +</programlisting> + </para> + + <para> + When an <replaceable>N</replaceable>-dimensional array is pushed onto the beginning + or end of an <replaceable>N+1</replaceable>-dimensional array, the result is + analogous to the element-array case above. Each <replaceable>N</replaceable>-dimensional + sub-array is essentially an element of the <replaceable>N+1</replaceable>-dimensional + array's outer dimension. For example: +<programlisting> +SELECT array_dims(ARRAY[1,2] || ARRAY[[3,4],[5,6]]); + array_dims +------------ + [1:3][1:2] +(1 row) +</programlisting> + </para> + + <para> + An array can also be constructed by using the functions + <function>array_prepend</function>, <function>array_append</function>, + or <function>array_cat</function>. The first two only support one-dimensional + arrays, but <function>array_cat</function> supports multidimensional arrays. + Some examples: + +<programlisting> +SELECT array_prepend(1, ARRAY[2,3]); + array_prepend +--------------- + {1,2,3} +(1 row) + +SELECT array_append(ARRAY[1,2], 3); + array_append +-------------- + {1,2,3} +(1 row) + +SELECT array_cat(ARRAY[1,2], ARRAY[3,4]); + array_cat +----------- + {1,2,3,4} +(1 row) + +SELECT array_cat(ARRAY[[1,2],[3,4]], ARRAY[5,6]); + array_cat +--------------------- + {{1,2},{3,4},{5,6}} +(1 row) + +SELECT array_cat(ARRAY[5,6], ARRAY[[1,2],[3,4]]); + array_cat +--------------------- + {{5,6},{1,2},{3,4}} +</programlisting> + </para> + + <para> + In simple cases, the concatenation operator discussed above is preferred + over direct use of these functions. However, because the concatenation + operator is overloaded to serve all three cases, there are situations where + use of one of the functions is helpful to avoid ambiguity. For example + consider: + +<programlisting> +SELECT ARRAY[1, 2] || '{3, 4}'; -- the untyped literal is taken as an array + ?column? +----------- + {1,2,3,4} + +SELECT ARRAY[1, 2] || '7'; -- so is this one +ERROR: malformed array literal: "7" + +SELECT ARRAY[1, 2] || NULL; -- so is an undecorated NULL + ?column? +---------- + {1,2} +(1 row) + +SELECT array_append(ARRAY[1, 2], NULL); -- this might have been meant + array_append +-------------- + {1,2,NULL} +</programlisting> + + In the examples above, the parser sees an integer array on one side of the + concatenation operator, and a constant of undetermined type on the other. + The heuristic it uses to resolve the constant's type is to assume it's of + the same type as the operator's other input — in this case, + integer array. So the concatenation operator is presumed to + represent <function>array_cat</function>, not <function>array_append</function>. When + that's the wrong choice, it could be fixed by casting the constant to the + array's element type; but explicit use of <function>array_append</function> might + be a preferable solution. + </para> + </sect2> + + <sect2 id="arrays-searching"> + <title>Searching in Arrays</title> + + <indexterm> + <primary>array</primary> + <secondary>searching</secondary> + </indexterm> + + <para> + To search for a value in an array, each value must be checked. + This can be done manually, if you know the size of the array. + For example: + +<programlisting> +SELECT * FROM sal_emp WHERE pay_by_quarter[1] = 10000 OR + pay_by_quarter[2] = 10000 OR + pay_by_quarter[3] = 10000 OR + pay_by_quarter[4] = 10000; +</programlisting> + + However, this quickly becomes tedious for large arrays, and is not + helpful if the size of the array is unknown. An alternative method is + described in <xref linkend="functions-comparisons"/>. The above + query could be replaced by: + +<programlisting> +SELECT * FROM sal_emp WHERE 10000 = ANY (pay_by_quarter); +</programlisting> + + In addition, you can find rows where the array has all values + equal to 10000 with: + +<programlisting> +SELECT * FROM sal_emp WHERE 10000 = ALL (pay_by_quarter); +</programlisting> + + </para> + + <para> + Alternatively, the <function>generate_subscripts</function> function can be used. + For example: + +<programlisting> +SELECT * FROM + (SELECT pay_by_quarter, + generate_subscripts(pay_by_quarter, 1) AS s + FROM sal_emp) AS foo + WHERE pay_by_quarter[s] = 10000; +</programlisting> + + This function is described in <xref linkend="functions-srf-subscripts"/>. + </para> + + <para> + You can also search an array using the <literal>&&</literal> operator, + which checks whether the left operand overlaps with the right operand. + For instance: + +<programlisting> +SELECT * FROM sal_emp WHERE pay_by_quarter && ARRAY[10000]; +</programlisting> + + This and other array operators are further described in + <xref linkend="functions-array"/>. It can be accelerated by an appropriate + index, as described in <xref linkend="indexes-types"/>. + </para> + + <para> + You can also search for specific values in an array using the <function>array_position</function> + and <function>array_positions</function> functions. The former returns the subscript of + the first occurrence of a value in an array; the latter returns an array with the + subscripts of all occurrences of the value in the array. For example: + +<programlisting> +SELECT array_position(ARRAY['sun','mon','tue','wed','thu','fri','sat'], 'mon'); + array_position +---------------- + 2 +(1 row) + +SELECT array_positions(ARRAY[1, 4, 3, 1, 3, 4, 2, 1], 1); + array_positions +----------------- + {1,4,8} +(1 row) +</programlisting> + </para> + + <tip> + <para> + Arrays are not sets; searching for specific array elements + can be a sign of database misdesign. Consider + using a separate table with a row for each item that would be an + array element. This will be easier to search, and is likely to + scale better for a large number of elements. + </para> + </tip> + </sect2> + + <sect2 id="arrays-io"> + <title>Array Input and Output Syntax</title> + + <indexterm> + <primary>array</primary> + <secondary>I/O</secondary> + </indexterm> + + <para> + The external text representation of an array value consists of items that + are interpreted according to the I/O conversion rules for the array's + element type, plus decoration that indicates the array structure. + The decoration consists of curly braces (<literal>{</literal> and <literal>}</literal>) + around the array value plus delimiter characters between adjacent items. + The delimiter character is usually a comma (<literal>,</literal>) but can be + something else: it is determined by the <literal>typdelim</literal> setting + for the array's element type. Among the standard data types provided + in the <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> distribution, all use a comma, + except for type <type>box</type>, which uses a semicolon (<literal>;</literal>). + In a multidimensional array, each dimension (row, plane, + cube, etc.) gets its own level of curly braces, and delimiters + must be written between adjacent curly-braced entities of the same level. + </para> + + <para> + The array output routine will put double quotes around element values + if they are empty strings, contain curly braces, delimiter characters, + double quotes, backslashes, or white space, or match the word + <literal>NULL</literal>. Double quotes and backslashes + embedded in element values will be backslash-escaped. For numeric + data types it is safe to assume that double quotes will never appear, but + for textual data types one should be prepared to cope with either the presence + or absence of quotes. + </para> + + <para> + By default, the lower bound index value of an array's dimensions is + set to one. To represent arrays with other lower bounds, the array + subscript ranges can be specified explicitly before writing the + array contents. + This decoration consists of square brackets (<literal>[]</literal>) + around each array dimension's lower and upper bounds, with + a colon (<literal>:</literal>) delimiter character in between. The + array dimension decoration is followed by an equal sign (<literal>=</literal>). + For example: +<programlisting> +SELECT f1[1][-2][3] AS e1, f1[1][-1][5] AS e2 + FROM (SELECT '[1:1][-2:-1][3:5]={{{1,2,3},{4,5,6}}}'::int[] AS f1) AS ss; + + e1 | e2 +----+---- + 1 | 6 +(1 row) +</programlisting> + The array output routine will include explicit dimensions in its result + only when there are one or more lower bounds different from one. + </para> + + <para> + If the value written for an element is <literal>NULL</literal> (in any case + variant), the element is taken to be NULL. The presence of any quotes + or backslashes disables this and allows the literal string value + <quote>NULL</quote> to be entered. Also, for backward compatibility with + pre-8.2 versions of <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>, the <xref + linkend="guc-array-nulls"/> configuration parameter can be turned + <literal>off</literal> to suppress recognition of <literal>NULL</literal> as a NULL. + </para> + + <para> + As shown previously, when writing an array value you can use double + quotes around any individual array element. You <emphasis>must</emphasis> do so + if the element value would otherwise confuse the array-value parser. + For example, elements containing curly braces, commas (or the data type's + delimiter character), double quotes, backslashes, or leading or trailing + whitespace must be double-quoted. Empty strings and strings matching the + word <literal>NULL</literal> must be quoted, too. To put a double + quote or backslash in a quoted array element value, precede it + with a backslash. Alternatively, you can avoid quotes and use + backslash-escaping to protect all data characters that would otherwise + be taken as array syntax. + </para> + + <para> + You can add whitespace before a left brace or after a right + brace. You can also add whitespace before or after any individual item + string. In all of these cases the whitespace will be ignored. However, + whitespace within double-quoted elements, or surrounded on both sides by + non-whitespace characters of an element, is not ignored. + </para> + + <tip> + <para> + The <literal>ARRAY</literal> constructor syntax (see + <xref linkend="sql-syntax-array-constructors"/>) is often easier to work + with than the array-literal syntax when writing array values in SQL + commands. In <literal>ARRAY</literal>, individual element values are written the + same way they would be written when not members of an array. + </para> + </tip> + </sect2> + +</sect1> |