/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * slot.c
 *	   Replication slot management.
 *
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2012-2021, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 *
 *
 * IDENTIFICATION
 *	  src/backend/replication/slot.c
 *
 * NOTES
 *
 * Replication slots are used to keep state about replication streams
 * originating from this cluster.  Their primary purpose is to prevent the
 * premature removal of WAL or of old tuple versions in a manner that would
 * interfere with replication; they are also useful for monitoring purposes.
 * Slots need to be permanent (to allow restarts), crash-safe, and allocatable
 * on standbys (to support cascading setups).  The requirement that slots be
 * usable on standbys precludes storing them in the system catalogs.
 *
 * Each replication slot gets its own directory inside the $PGDATA/pg_replslot
 * directory. Inside that directory the state file will contain the slot's
 * own data. Additional data can be stored alongside that file if required.
 * While the server is running, the state data is also cached in memory for
 * efficiency.
 *
 * ReplicationSlotAllocationLock must be taken in exclusive mode to allocate
 * or free a slot. ReplicationSlotControlLock must be taken in shared mode
 * to iterate over the slots, and in exclusive mode to change the in_use flag
 * of a slot.  The remaining data in each slot is protected by its mutex.
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */

#include "postgres.h"

#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>

#include "access/transam.h"
#include "access/xlog_internal.h"
#include "common/string.h"
#include "miscadmin.h"
#include "pgstat.h"
#include "replication/slot.h"
#include "storage/fd.h"
#include "storage/proc.h"
#include "storage/procarray.h"
#include "utils/builtins.h"

/*
 * Replication slot on-disk data structure.
 */
typedef struct ReplicationSlotOnDisk
{
	/* first part of this struct needs to be version independent */

	/* data not covered by checksum */
	uint32		magic;
	pg_crc32c	checksum;

	/* data covered by checksum */
	uint32		version;
	uint32		length;

	/*
	 * The actual data in the slot that follows can differ based on the above
	 * 'version'.
	 */

	ReplicationSlotPersistentData slotdata;
} ReplicationSlotOnDisk;

/* size of version independent data */
#define ReplicationSlotOnDiskConstantSize \
	offsetof(ReplicationSlotOnDisk, slotdata)
/* size of the part of the slot not covered by the checksum */
#define SnapBuildOnDiskNotChecksummedSize \
	offsetof(ReplicationSlotOnDisk, version)
/* size of the part covered by the checksum */
#define SnapBuildOnDiskChecksummedSize \
	sizeof(ReplicationSlotOnDisk) - SnapBuildOnDiskNotChecksummedSize
/* size of the slot data that is version dependent */
#define ReplicationSlotOnDiskV2Size \
	sizeof(ReplicationSlotOnDisk) - ReplicationSlotOnDiskConstantSize

#define SLOT_MAGIC		0x1051CA1	/* format identifier */
#define SLOT_VERSION	2		/* version for new files */

/* Control array for replication slot management */
ReplicationSlotCtlData *ReplicationSlotCtl = NULL;

/* My backend's replication slot in the shared memory array */
ReplicationSlot *MyReplicationSlot = NULL;

/* GUCs */
int			max_replication_slots = 0;	/* the maximum number of replication
										 * slots */

static void ReplicationSlotDropAcquired(void);
static void ReplicationSlotDropPtr(ReplicationSlot *slot);

/* internal persistency functions */
static void RestoreSlotFromDisk(const char *name);
static void CreateSlotOnDisk(ReplicationSlot *slot);
static void SaveSlotToPath(ReplicationSlot *slot, const char *path, int elevel);

/*
 * Report shared-memory space needed by ReplicationSlotsShmemInit.
 */
Size
ReplicationSlotsShmemSize(void)
{
	Size		size = 0;

	if (max_replication_slots == 0)
		return size;

	size = offsetof(ReplicationSlotCtlData, replication_slots);
	size = add_size(size,
					mul_size(max_replication_slots, sizeof(ReplicationSlot)));

	return size;
}

/*
 * Allocate and initialize shared memory for replication slots.
 */
void
ReplicationSlotsShmemInit(void)
{
	bool		found;

	if (max_replication_slots == 0)
		return;

	ReplicationSlotCtl = (ReplicationSlotCtlData *)
		ShmemInitStruct("ReplicationSlot Ctl", ReplicationSlotsShmemSize(),
						&found);

	if (!found)
	{
		int			i;

		/* First time through, so initialize */
		MemSet(ReplicationSlotCtl, 0, ReplicationSlotsShmemSize());

		for (i = 0; i < max_replication_slots; i++)
		{
			ReplicationSlot *slot = &ReplicationSlotCtl->replication_slots[i];

			/* everything else is zeroed by the memset above */
			SpinLockInit(&slot->mutex);
			LWLockInitialize(&slot->io_in_progress_lock,
							 LWTRANCHE_REPLICATION_SLOT_IO);
			ConditionVariableInit(&slot->active_cv);
		}
	}
}

/*
 * Check whether the passed slot name is valid and report errors at elevel.
 *
 * Slot names may consist out of [a-z0-9_]{1,NAMEDATALEN-1} which should allow
 * the name to be used as a directory name on every supported OS.
 *
 * Returns whether the directory name is valid or not if elevel < ERROR.
 */
bool
ReplicationSlotValidateName(const char *name, int elevel)
{
	const char *cp;

	if (strlen(name) == 0)
	{
		ereport(elevel,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_NAME),
				 errmsg("replication slot name \"%s\" is too short",
						name)));
		return false;
	}

	if (strlen(name) >= NAMEDATALEN)
	{
		ereport(elevel,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_NAME_TOO_LONG),
				 errmsg("replication slot name \"%s\" is too long",
						name)));
		return false;
	}

	for (cp = name; *cp; cp++)
	{
		if (!((*cp >= 'a' && *cp <= 'z')
			  || (*cp >= '0' && *cp <= '9')
			  || (*cp == '_')))
		{
			ereport(elevel,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_NAME),
					 errmsg("replication slot name \"%s\" contains invalid character",
							name),
					 errhint("Replication slot names may only contain lower case letters, numbers, and the underscore character.")));
			return false;
		}
	}
	return true;
}

/*
 * Create a new replication slot and mark it as used by this backend.
 *
 * name: Name of the slot
 * db_specific: logical decoding is db specific; if the slot is going to
 *	   be used for that pass true, otherwise false.
 * two_phase: Allows decoding of prepared transactions. We allow this option
 *     to be enabled only at the slot creation time. If we allow this option
 *     to be changed during decoding then it is quite possible that we skip
 *     prepare first time because this option was not enabled. Now next time
 *     during getting changes, if the two_phase  option is enabled it can skip
 *     prepare because by that time start decoding point has been moved. So the
 *     user will only get commit prepared.
 */
void
ReplicationSlotCreate(const char *name, bool db_specific,
					  ReplicationSlotPersistency persistency, bool two_phase)
{
	ReplicationSlot *slot = NULL;
	int			i;

	Assert(MyReplicationSlot == NULL);

	ReplicationSlotValidateName(name, ERROR);

	/*
	 * If some other backend ran this code concurrently with us, we'd likely
	 * both allocate the same slot, and that would be bad.  We'd also be at
	 * risk of missing a name collision.  Also, we don't want to try to create
	 * a new slot while somebody's busy cleaning up an old one, because we
	 * might both be monkeying with the same directory.
	 */
	LWLockAcquire(ReplicationSlotAllocationLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);

	/*
	 * Check for name collision, and identify an allocatable slot.  We need to
	 * hold ReplicationSlotControlLock in shared mode for this, so that nobody
	 * else can change the in_use flags while we're looking at them.
	 */
	LWLockAcquire(ReplicationSlotControlLock, LW_SHARED);
	for (i = 0; i < max_replication_slots; i++)
	{
		ReplicationSlot *s = &ReplicationSlotCtl->replication_slots[i];

		if (s->in_use && strcmp(name, NameStr(s->data.name)) == 0)
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_DUPLICATE_OBJECT),
					 errmsg("replication slot \"%s\" already exists", name)));
		if (!s->in_use && slot == NULL)
			slot = s;
	}
	LWLockRelease(ReplicationSlotControlLock);

	/* If all slots are in use, we're out of luck. */
	if (slot == NULL)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_CONFIGURATION_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
				 errmsg("all replication slots are in use"),
				 errhint("Free one or increase max_replication_slots.")));

	/*
	 * Since this slot is not in use, nobody should be looking at any part of
	 * it other than the in_use field unless they're trying to allocate it.
	 * And since we hold ReplicationSlotAllocationLock, nobody except us can
	 * be doing that.  So it's safe to initialize the slot.
	 */
	Assert(!slot->in_use);
	Assert(slot->active_pid == 0);

	/* first initialize persistent data */
	memset(&slot->data, 0, sizeof(ReplicationSlotPersistentData));
	namestrcpy(&slot->data.name, name);
	slot->data.database = db_specific ? MyDatabaseId : InvalidOid;
	slot->data.persistency = persistency;
	slot->data.two_phase = two_phase;

	/* and then data only present in shared memory */
	slot->just_dirtied = false;
	slot->dirty = false;
	slot->effective_xmin = InvalidTransactionId;
	slot->effective_catalog_xmin = InvalidTransactionId;
	slot->candidate_catalog_xmin = InvalidTransactionId;
	slot->candidate_xmin_lsn = InvalidXLogRecPtr;
	slot->candidate_restart_valid = InvalidXLogRecPtr;
	slot->candidate_restart_lsn = InvalidXLogRecPtr;

	/*
	 * Create the slot on disk.  We haven't actually marked the slot allocated
	 * yet, so no special cleanup is required if this errors out.
	 */
	CreateSlotOnDisk(slot);

	/*
	 * We need to briefly prevent any other backend from iterating over the
	 * slots while we flip the in_use flag. We also need to set the active
	 * flag while holding the ControlLock as otherwise a concurrent
	 * ReplicationSlotAcquire() could acquire the slot as well.
	 */
	LWLockAcquire(ReplicationSlotControlLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);

	slot->in_use = true;

	/* We can now mark the slot active, and that makes it our slot. */
	SpinLockAcquire(&slot->mutex);
	Assert(slot->active_pid == 0);
	slot->active_pid = MyProcPid;
	SpinLockRelease(&slot->mutex);
	MyReplicationSlot = slot;

	LWLockRelease(ReplicationSlotControlLock);

	/*
	 * Create statistics entry for the new logical slot. We don't collect any
	 * stats for physical slots, so no need to create an entry for the same.
	 * See ReplicationSlotDropPtr for why we need to do this before releasing
	 * ReplicationSlotAllocationLock.
	 */
	if (SlotIsLogical(slot))
		pgstat_report_replslot_create(NameStr(slot->data.name));

	/*
	 * Now that the slot has been marked as in_use and active, it's safe to
	 * let somebody else try to allocate a slot.
	 */
	LWLockRelease(ReplicationSlotAllocationLock);

	/* Let everybody know we've modified this slot */
	ConditionVariableBroadcast(&slot->active_cv);
}

/*
 * Search for the named replication slot.
 *
 * Return the replication slot if found, otherwise NULL.
 */
ReplicationSlot *
SearchNamedReplicationSlot(const char *name, bool need_lock)
{
	int			i;
	ReplicationSlot *slot = NULL;

	if (need_lock)
		LWLockAcquire(ReplicationSlotControlLock, LW_SHARED);

	for (i = 0; i < max_replication_slots; i++)
	{
		ReplicationSlot *s = &ReplicationSlotCtl->replication_slots[i];

		if (s->in_use && strcmp(name, NameStr(s->data.name)) == 0)
		{
			slot = s;
			break;
		}
	}

	if (need_lock)
		LWLockRelease(ReplicationSlotControlLock);

	return slot;
}

/*
 * Find a previously created slot and mark it as used by this process.
 *
 * An error is raised if nowait is true and the slot is currently in use. If
 * nowait is false, we sleep until the slot is released by the owning process.
 */
void
ReplicationSlotAcquire(const char *name, bool nowait)
{
	ReplicationSlot *s;
	int			active_pid;

	AssertArg(name != NULL);

retry:
	Assert(MyReplicationSlot == NULL);

	LWLockAcquire(ReplicationSlotControlLock, LW_SHARED);

	/*
	 * Search for the slot with the specified name if the slot to acquire is
	 * not given. If the slot is not found, we either return -1 or error out.
	 */
	s = SearchNamedReplicationSlot(name, false);
	if (s == NULL || !s->in_use)
	{
		LWLockRelease(ReplicationSlotControlLock);

		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_OBJECT),
				 errmsg("replication slot \"%s\" does not exist",
						name)));
	}

	/*
	 * This is the slot we want; check if it's active under some other
	 * process.  In single user mode, we don't need this check.
	 */
	if (IsUnderPostmaster)
	{
		/*
		 * Get ready to sleep on the slot in case it is active.  (We may end
		 * up not sleeping, but we don't want to do this while holding the
		 * spinlock.)
		 */
		if (!nowait)
			ConditionVariablePrepareToSleep(&s->active_cv);

		SpinLockAcquire(&s->mutex);
		if (s->active_pid == 0)
			s->active_pid = MyProcPid;
		active_pid = s->active_pid;
		SpinLockRelease(&s->mutex);
	}
	else
		active_pid = MyProcPid;
	LWLockRelease(ReplicationSlotControlLock);

	/*
	 * If we found the slot but it's already active in another process, we
	 * wait until the owning process signals us that it's been released, or
	 * error out.
	 */
	if (active_pid != MyProcPid)
	{
		if (!nowait)
		{
			/* Wait here until we get signaled, and then restart */
			ConditionVariableSleep(&s->active_cv,
								   WAIT_EVENT_REPLICATION_SLOT_DROP);
			ConditionVariableCancelSleep();
			goto retry;
		}

		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_OBJECT_IN_USE),
				 errmsg("replication slot \"%s\" is active for PID %d",
						NameStr(s->data.name), active_pid)));
	}
	else if (!nowait)
		ConditionVariableCancelSleep(); /* no sleep needed after all */

	/* Let everybody know we've modified this slot */
	ConditionVariableBroadcast(&s->active_cv);

	/* We made this slot active, so it's ours now. */
	MyReplicationSlot = s;
}

/*
 * Release the replication slot that this backend considers to own.
 *
 * This or another backend can re-acquire the slot later.
 * Resources this slot requires will be preserved.
 */
void
ReplicationSlotRelease(void)
{
	ReplicationSlot *slot = MyReplicationSlot;

	Assert(slot != NULL && slot->active_pid != 0);

	if (slot->data.persistency == RS_EPHEMERAL)
	{
		/*
		 * Delete the slot. There is no !PANIC case where this is allowed to
		 * fail, all that may happen is an incomplete cleanup of the on-disk
		 * data.
		 */
		ReplicationSlotDropAcquired();
	}

	/*
	 * If slot needed to temporarily restrain both data and catalog xmin to
	 * create the catalog snapshot, remove that temporary constraint.
	 * Snapshots can only be exported while the initial snapshot is still
	 * acquired.
	 */
	if (!TransactionIdIsValid(slot->data.xmin) &&
		TransactionIdIsValid(slot->effective_xmin))
	{
		SpinLockAcquire(&slot->mutex);
		slot->effective_xmin = InvalidTransactionId;
		SpinLockRelease(&slot->mutex);
		ReplicationSlotsComputeRequiredXmin(false);
	}

	if (slot->data.persistency == RS_PERSISTENT)
	{
		/*
		 * Mark persistent slot inactive.  We're not freeing it, just
		 * disconnecting, but wake up others that may be waiting for it.
		 */
		SpinLockAcquire(&slot->mutex);
		slot->active_pid = 0;
		SpinLockRelease(&slot->mutex);
		ConditionVariableBroadcast(&slot->active_cv);
	}

	MyReplicationSlot = NULL;

	/* might not have been set when we've been a plain slot */
	LWLockAcquire(ProcArrayLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
	MyProc->statusFlags &= ~PROC_IN_LOGICAL_DECODING;
	ProcGlobal->statusFlags[MyProc->pgxactoff] = MyProc->statusFlags;
	LWLockRelease(ProcArrayLock);
}

/*
 * Cleanup all temporary slots created in current session.
 */
void
ReplicationSlotCleanup(void)
{
	int			i;

	Assert(MyReplicationSlot == NULL);

restart:
	LWLockAcquire(ReplicationSlotControlLock, LW_SHARED);
	for (i = 0; i < max_replication_slots; i++)
	{
		ReplicationSlot *s = &ReplicationSlotCtl->replication_slots[i];

		if (!s->in_use)
			continue;

		SpinLockAcquire(&s->mutex);
		if (s->active_pid == MyProcPid)
		{
			Assert(s->data.persistency == RS_TEMPORARY);
			SpinLockRelease(&s->mutex);
			LWLockRelease(ReplicationSlotControlLock);	/* avoid deadlock */

			ReplicationSlotDropPtr(s);

			ConditionVariableBroadcast(&s->active_cv);
			goto restart;
		}
		else
			SpinLockRelease(&s->mutex);
	}

	LWLockRelease(ReplicationSlotControlLock);
}

/*
 * Permanently drop replication slot identified by the passed in name.
 */
void
ReplicationSlotDrop(const char *name, bool nowait)
{
	Assert(MyReplicationSlot == NULL);

	ReplicationSlotAcquire(name, nowait);

	ReplicationSlotDropAcquired();
}

/*
 * Permanently drop the currently acquired replication slot.
 */
static void
ReplicationSlotDropAcquired(void)
{
	ReplicationSlot *slot = MyReplicationSlot;

	Assert(MyReplicationSlot != NULL);

	/* slot isn't acquired anymore */
	MyReplicationSlot = NULL;

	ReplicationSlotDropPtr(slot);
}

/*
 * Permanently drop the replication slot which will be released by the point
 * this function returns.
 */
static void
ReplicationSlotDropPtr(ReplicationSlot *slot)
{
	char		path[MAXPGPATH];
	char		tmppath[MAXPGPATH];

	/*
	 * If some other backend ran this code concurrently with us, we might try
	 * to delete a slot with a certain name while someone else was trying to
	 * create a slot with the same name.
	 */
	LWLockAcquire(ReplicationSlotAllocationLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);

	/* Generate pathnames. */
	sprintf(path, "pg_replslot/%s", NameStr(slot->data.name));
	sprintf(tmppath, "pg_replslot/%s.tmp", NameStr(slot->data.name));

	/*
	 * Rename the slot directory on disk, so that we'll no longer recognize
	 * this as a valid slot.  Note that if this fails, we've got to mark the
	 * slot inactive before bailing out.  If we're dropping an ephemeral or a
	 * temporary slot, we better never fail hard as the caller won't expect
	 * the slot to survive and this might get called during error handling.
	 */
	if (rename(path, tmppath) == 0)
	{
		/*
		 * We need to fsync() the directory we just renamed and its parent to
		 * make sure that our changes are on disk in a crash-safe fashion.  If
		 * fsync() fails, we can't be sure whether the changes are on disk or
		 * not.  For now, we handle that by panicking;
		 * StartupReplicationSlots() will try to straighten it out after
		 * restart.
		 */
		START_CRIT_SECTION();
		fsync_fname(tmppath, true);
		fsync_fname("pg_replslot", true);
		END_CRIT_SECTION();
	}
	else
	{
		bool		fail_softly = slot->data.persistency != RS_PERSISTENT;

		SpinLockAcquire(&slot->mutex);
		slot->active_pid = 0;
		SpinLockRelease(&slot->mutex);

		/* wake up anyone waiting on this slot */
		ConditionVariableBroadcast(&slot->active_cv);

		ereport(fail_softly ? WARNING : ERROR,
				(errcode_for_file_access(),
				 errmsg("could not rename file \"%s\" to \"%s\": %m",
						path, tmppath)));
	}

	/*
	 * The slot is definitely gone.  Lock out concurrent scans of the array
	 * long enough to kill it.  It's OK to clear the active PID here without
	 * grabbing the mutex because nobody else can be scanning the array here,
	 * and nobody can be attached to this slot and thus access it without
	 * scanning the array.
	 *
	 * Also wake up processes waiting for it.
	 */
	LWLockAcquire(ReplicationSlotControlLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
	slot->active_pid = 0;
	slot->in_use = false;
	LWLockRelease(ReplicationSlotControlLock);
	ConditionVariableBroadcast(&slot->active_cv);

	/*
	 * Slot is dead and doesn't prevent resource removal anymore, recompute
	 * limits.
	 */
	ReplicationSlotsComputeRequiredXmin(false);
	ReplicationSlotsComputeRequiredLSN();

	/*
	 * If removing the directory fails, the worst thing that will happen is
	 * that the user won't be able to create a new slot with the same name
	 * until the next server restart.  We warn about it, but that's all.
	 */
	if (!rmtree(tmppath, true))
		ereport(WARNING,
				(errmsg("could not remove directory \"%s\"", tmppath)));

	/*
	 * Send a message to drop the replication slot to the stats collector.
	 * Since there is no guarantee of the order of message transfer on a UDP
	 * connection, it's possible that a message for creating a new slot
	 * reaches before a message for removing the old slot. We send the drop
	 * and create messages while holding ReplicationSlotAllocationLock to
	 * reduce that possibility. If the messages reached in reverse, we would
	 * lose one statistics update message. But the next update message will
	 * create the statistics for the replication slot.
	 *
	 * XXX In case, the messages for creation and drop slot of the same name
	 * get lost and create happens before (auto)vacuum cleans up the dead
	 * slot, the stats will be accumulated into the old slot. One can imagine
	 * having OIDs for each slot to avoid the accumulation of stats but that
	 * doesn't seem worth doing as in practice this won't happen frequently.
	 */
	if (SlotIsLogical(slot))
		pgstat_report_replslot_drop(NameStr(slot->data.name));

	/*
	 * We release this at the very end, so that nobody starts trying to create
	 * a slot while we're still cleaning up the detritus of the old one.
	 */
	LWLockRelease(ReplicationSlotAllocationLock);
}

/*
 * Serialize the currently acquired slot's state from memory to disk, thereby
 * guaranteeing the current state will survive a crash.
 */
void
ReplicationSlotSave(void)
{
	char		path[MAXPGPATH];

	Assert(MyReplicationSlot != NULL);

	sprintf(path, "pg_replslot/%s", NameStr(MyReplicationSlot->data.name));
	SaveSlotToPath(MyReplicationSlot, path, ERROR);
}

/*
 * Signal that it would be useful if the currently acquired slot would be
 * flushed out to disk.
 *
 * Note that the actual flush to disk can be delayed for a long time, if
 * required for correctness explicitly do a ReplicationSlotSave().
 */
void
ReplicationSlotMarkDirty(void)
{
	ReplicationSlot *slot = MyReplicationSlot;

	Assert(MyReplicationSlot != NULL);

	SpinLockAcquire(&slot->mutex);
	MyReplicationSlot->just_dirtied = true;
	MyReplicationSlot->dirty = true;
	SpinLockRelease(&slot->mutex);
}

/*
 * Convert a slot that's marked as RS_EPHEMERAL to a RS_PERSISTENT slot,
 * guaranteeing it will be there after an eventual crash.
 */
void
ReplicationSlotPersist(void)
{
	ReplicationSlot *slot = MyReplicationSlot;

	Assert(slot != NULL);
	Assert(slot->data.persistency != RS_PERSISTENT);

	SpinLockAcquire(&slot->mutex);
	slot->data.persistency = RS_PERSISTENT;
	SpinLockRelease(&slot->mutex);

	ReplicationSlotMarkDirty();
	ReplicationSlotSave();
}

/*
 * Compute the oldest xmin across all slots and store it in the ProcArray.
 *
 * If already_locked is true, ProcArrayLock has already been acquired
 * exclusively.
 */
void
ReplicationSlotsComputeRequiredXmin(bool already_locked)
{
	int			i;
	TransactionId agg_xmin = InvalidTransactionId;
	TransactionId agg_catalog_xmin = InvalidTransactionId;

	Assert(ReplicationSlotCtl != NULL);

	LWLockAcquire(ReplicationSlotControlLock, LW_SHARED);

	for (i = 0; i < max_replication_slots; i++)
	{
		ReplicationSlot *s = &ReplicationSlotCtl->replication_slots[i];
		TransactionId effective_xmin;
		TransactionId effective_catalog_xmin;

		if (!s->in_use)
			continue;

		SpinLockAcquire(&s->mutex);
		effective_xmin = s->effective_xmin;
		effective_catalog_xmin = s->effective_catalog_xmin;
		SpinLockRelease(&s->mutex);

		/* check the data xmin */
		if (TransactionIdIsValid(effective_xmin) &&
			(!TransactionIdIsValid(agg_xmin) ||
			 TransactionIdPrecedes(effective_xmin, agg_xmin)))
			agg_xmin = effective_xmin;

		/* check the catalog xmin */
		if (TransactionIdIsValid(effective_catalog_xmin) &&
			(!TransactionIdIsValid(agg_catalog_xmin) ||
			 TransactionIdPrecedes(effective_catalog_xmin, agg_catalog_xmin)))
			agg_catalog_xmin = effective_catalog_xmin;
	}

	LWLockRelease(ReplicationSlotControlLock);

	ProcArraySetReplicationSlotXmin(agg_xmin, agg_catalog_xmin, already_locked);
}

/*
 * Compute the oldest restart LSN across all slots and inform xlog module.
 *
 * Note: while max_slot_wal_keep_size is theoretically relevant for this
 * purpose, we don't try to account for that, because this module doesn't
 * know what to compare against.
 */
void
ReplicationSlotsComputeRequiredLSN(void)
{
	int			i;
	XLogRecPtr	min_required = InvalidXLogRecPtr;

	Assert(ReplicationSlotCtl != NULL);

	LWLockAcquire(ReplicationSlotControlLock, LW_SHARED);
	for (i = 0; i < max_replication_slots; i++)
	{
		ReplicationSlot *s = &ReplicationSlotCtl->replication_slots[i];
		XLogRecPtr	restart_lsn;

		if (!s->in_use)
			continue;

		SpinLockAcquire(&s->mutex);
		restart_lsn = s->data.restart_lsn;
		SpinLockRelease(&s->mutex);

		if (restart_lsn != InvalidXLogRecPtr &&
			(min_required == InvalidXLogRecPtr ||
			 restart_lsn < min_required))
			min_required = restart_lsn;
	}
	LWLockRelease(ReplicationSlotControlLock);

	XLogSetReplicationSlotMinimumLSN(min_required);
}

/*
 * Compute the oldest WAL LSN required by *logical* decoding slots..
 *
 * Returns InvalidXLogRecPtr if logical decoding is disabled or no logical
 * slots exist.
 *
 * NB: this returns a value >= ReplicationSlotsComputeRequiredLSN(), since it
 * ignores physical replication slots.
 *
 * The results aren't required frequently, so we don't maintain a precomputed
 * value like we do for ComputeRequiredLSN() and ComputeRequiredXmin().
 */
XLogRecPtr
ReplicationSlotsComputeLogicalRestartLSN(void)
{
	XLogRecPtr	result = InvalidXLogRecPtr;
	int			i;

	if (max_replication_slots <= 0)
		return InvalidXLogRecPtr;

	LWLockAcquire(ReplicationSlotControlLock, LW_SHARED);

	for (i = 0; i < max_replication_slots; i++)
	{
		ReplicationSlot *s;
		XLogRecPtr	restart_lsn;

		s = &ReplicationSlotCtl->replication_slots[i];

		/* cannot change while ReplicationSlotCtlLock is held */
		if (!s->in_use)
			continue;

		/* we're only interested in logical slots */
		if (!SlotIsLogical(s))
			continue;

		/* read once, it's ok if it increases while we're checking */
		SpinLockAcquire(&s->mutex);
		restart_lsn = s->data.restart_lsn;
		SpinLockRelease(&s->mutex);

		if (restart_lsn == InvalidXLogRecPtr)
			continue;

		if (result == InvalidXLogRecPtr ||
			restart_lsn < result)
			result = restart_lsn;
	}

	LWLockRelease(ReplicationSlotControlLock);

	return result;
}

/*
 * ReplicationSlotsCountDBSlots -- count the number of slots that refer to the
 * passed database oid.
 *
 * Returns true if there are any slots referencing the database. *nslots will
 * be set to the absolute number of slots in the database, *nactive to ones
 * currently active.
 */
bool
ReplicationSlotsCountDBSlots(Oid dboid, int *nslots, int *nactive)
{
	int			i;

	*nslots = *nactive = 0;

	if (max_replication_slots <= 0)
		return false;

	LWLockAcquire(ReplicationSlotControlLock, LW_SHARED);
	for (i = 0; i < max_replication_slots; i++)
	{
		ReplicationSlot *s;

		s = &ReplicationSlotCtl->replication_slots[i];

		/* cannot change while ReplicationSlotCtlLock is held */
		if (!s->in_use)
			continue;

		/* only logical slots are database specific, skip */
		if (!SlotIsLogical(s))
			continue;

		/* not our database, skip */
		if (s->data.database != dboid)
			continue;

		/* count slots with spinlock held */
		SpinLockAcquire(&s->mutex);
		(*nslots)++;
		if (s->active_pid != 0)
			(*nactive)++;
		SpinLockRelease(&s->mutex);
	}
	LWLockRelease(ReplicationSlotControlLock);

	if (*nslots > 0)
		return true;
	return false;
}

/*
 * ReplicationSlotsDropDBSlots -- Drop all db-specific slots relating to the
 * passed database oid. The caller should hold an exclusive lock on the
 * pg_database oid for the database to prevent creation of new slots on the db
 * or replay from existing slots.
 *
 * Another session that concurrently acquires an existing slot on the target DB
 * (most likely to drop it) may cause this function to ERROR. If that happens
 * it may have dropped some but not all slots.
 *
 * This routine isn't as efficient as it could be - but we don't drop
 * databases often, especially databases with lots of slots.
 */
void
ReplicationSlotsDropDBSlots(Oid dboid)
{
	int			i;

	if (max_replication_slots <= 0)
		return;

restart:
	LWLockAcquire(ReplicationSlotControlLock, LW_SHARED);
	for (i = 0; i < max_replication_slots; i++)
	{
		ReplicationSlot *s;
		char	   *slotname;
		int			active_pid;

		s = &ReplicationSlotCtl->replication_slots[i];

		/* cannot change while ReplicationSlotCtlLock is held */
		if (!s->in_use)
			continue;

		/* only logical slots are database specific, skip */
		if (!SlotIsLogical(s))
			continue;

		/* not our database, skip */
		if (s->data.database != dboid)
			continue;

		/* acquire slot, so ReplicationSlotDropAcquired can be reused  */
		SpinLockAcquire(&s->mutex);
		/* can't change while ReplicationSlotControlLock is held */
		slotname = NameStr(s->data.name);
		active_pid = s->active_pid;
		if (active_pid == 0)
		{
			MyReplicationSlot = s;
			s->active_pid = MyProcPid;
		}
		SpinLockRelease(&s->mutex);

		/*
		 * Even though we hold an exclusive lock on the database object a
		 * logical slot for that DB can still be active, e.g. if it's
		 * concurrently being dropped by a backend connected to another DB.
		 *
		 * That's fairly unlikely in practice, so we'll just bail out.
		 */
		if (active_pid)
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_OBJECT_IN_USE),
					 errmsg("replication slot \"%s\" is active for PID %d",
							slotname, active_pid)));

		/*
		 * To avoid duplicating ReplicationSlotDropAcquired() and to avoid
		 * holding ReplicationSlotControlLock over filesystem operations,
		 * release ReplicationSlotControlLock and use
		 * ReplicationSlotDropAcquired.
		 *
		 * As that means the set of slots could change, restart scan from the
		 * beginning each time we release the lock.
		 */
		LWLockRelease(ReplicationSlotControlLock);
		ReplicationSlotDropAcquired();
		goto restart;
	}
	LWLockRelease(ReplicationSlotControlLock);
}


/*
 * Check whether the server's configuration supports using replication
 * slots.
 */
void
CheckSlotRequirements(void)
{
	/*
	 * NB: Adding a new requirement likely means that RestoreSlotFromDisk()
	 * needs the same check.
	 */

	if (max_replication_slots == 0)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_OBJECT_NOT_IN_PREREQUISITE_STATE),
				 errmsg("replication slots can only be used if max_replication_slots > 0")));

	if (wal_level < WAL_LEVEL_REPLICA)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_OBJECT_NOT_IN_PREREQUISITE_STATE),
				 errmsg("replication slots can only be used if wal_level >= replica")));
}

/*
 * Reserve WAL for the currently active slot.
 *
 * Compute and set restart_lsn in a manner that's appropriate for the type of
 * the slot and concurrency safe.
 */
void
ReplicationSlotReserveWal(void)
{
	ReplicationSlot *slot = MyReplicationSlot;

	Assert(slot != NULL);
	Assert(slot->data.restart_lsn == InvalidXLogRecPtr);

	/*
	 * The replication slot mechanism is used to prevent removal of required
	 * WAL. As there is no interlock between this routine and checkpoints, WAL
	 * segments could concurrently be removed when a now stale return value of
	 * ReplicationSlotsComputeRequiredLSN() is used. In the unlikely case that
	 * this happens we'll just retry.
	 */
	while (true)
	{
		XLogSegNo	segno;
		XLogRecPtr	restart_lsn;

		/*
		 * For logical slots log a standby snapshot and start logical decoding
		 * at exactly that position. That allows the slot to start up more
		 * quickly.
		 *
		 * That's not needed (or indeed helpful) for physical slots as they'll
		 * start replay at the last logged checkpoint anyway. Instead return
		 * the location of the last redo LSN. While that slightly increases
		 * the chance that we have to retry, it's where a base backup has to
		 * start replay at.
		 */
		if (!RecoveryInProgress() && SlotIsLogical(slot))
		{
			XLogRecPtr	flushptr;

			/* start at current insert position */
			restart_lsn = GetXLogInsertRecPtr();
			SpinLockAcquire(&slot->mutex);
			slot->data.restart_lsn = restart_lsn;
			SpinLockRelease(&slot->mutex);

			/* make sure we have enough information to start */
			flushptr = LogStandbySnapshot();

			/* and make sure it's fsynced to disk */
			XLogFlush(flushptr);
		}
		else
		{
			restart_lsn = GetRedoRecPtr();
			SpinLockAcquire(&slot->mutex);
			slot->data.restart_lsn = restart_lsn;
			SpinLockRelease(&slot->mutex);
		}

		/* prevent WAL removal as fast as possible */
		ReplicationSlotsComputeRequiredLSN();

		/*
		 * If all required WAL is still there, great, otherwise retry. The
		 * slot should prevent further removal of WAL, unless there's a
		 * concurrent ReplicationSlotsComputeRequiredLSN() after we've written
		 * the new restart_lsn above, so normally we should never need to loop
		 * more than twice.
		 */
		XLByteToSeg(slot->data.restart_lsn, segno, wal_segment_size);
		if (XLogGetLastRemovedSegno() < segno)
			break;
	}
}

/*
 * Helper for InvalidateObsoleteReplicationSlots -- acquires the given slot
 * and mark it invalid, if necessary and possible.
 *
 * Returns whether ReplicationSlotControlLock was released in the interim (and
 * in that case we're not holding the lock at return, otherwise we are).
 *
 * Sets *invalidated true if the slot was invalidated. (Untouched otherwise.)
 *
 * This is inherently racy, because we release the LWLock
 * for syscalls, so caller must restart if we return true.
 */
static bool
InvalidatePossiblyObsoleteSlot(ReplicationSlot *s, XLogRecPtr oldestLSN,
							   bool *invalidated)
{
	int			last_signaled_pid = 0;
	bool		released_lock = false;

	for (;;)
	{
		XLogRecPtr	restart_lsn;
		NameData	slotname;
		int			active_pid = 0;

		Assert(LWLockHeldByMeInMode(ReplicationSlotControlLock, LW_SHARED));

		if (!s->in_use)
		{
			if (released_lock)
				LWLockRelease(ReplicationSlotControlLock);
			break;
		}

		/*
		 * Check if the slot needs to be invalidated. If it needs to be
		 * invalidated, and is not currently acquired, acquire it and mark it
		 * as having been invalidated.  We do this with the spinlock held to
		 * avoid race conditions -- for example the restart_lsn could move
		 * forward, or the slot could be dropped.
		 */
		SpinLockAcquire(&s->mutex);

		restart_lsn = s->data.restart_lsn;

		/*
		 * If the slot is already invalid or is fresh enough, we don't need to
		 * do anything.
		 */
		if (XLogRecPtrIsInvalid(restart_lsn) || restart_lsn >= oldestLSN)
		{
			SpinLockRelease(&s->mutex);
			if (released_lock)
				LWLockRelease(ReplicationSlotControlLock);
			break;
		}

		slotname = s->data.name;
		active_pid = s->active_pid;

		/*
		 * If the slot can be acquired, do so and mark it invalidated
		 * immediately.  Otherwise we'll signal the owning process, below, and
		 * retry.
		 */
		if (active_pid == 0)
		{
			MyReplicationSlot = s;
			s->active_pid = MyProcPid;
			s->data.invalidated_at = restart_lsn;
			s->data.restart_lsn = InvalidXLogRecPtr;

			/* Let caller know */
			*invalidated = true;
		}

		SpinLockRelease(&s->mutex);

		if (active_pid != 0)
		{
			/*
			 * Prepare the sleep on the slot's condition variable before
			 * releasing the lock, to close a possible race condition if the
			 * slot is released before the sleep below.
			 */
			ConditionVariablePrepareToSleep(&s->active_cv);

			LWLockRelease(ReplicationSlotControlLock);
			released_lock = true;

			/*
			 * Signal to terminate the process that owns the slot, if we
			 * haven't already signalled it.  (Avoidance of repeated
			 * signalling is the only reason for there to be a loop in this
			 * routine; otherwise we could rely on caller's restart loop.)
			 *
			 * There is the race condition that other process may own the slot
			 * after its current owner process is terminated and before this
			 * process owns it. To handle that, we signal only if the PID of
			 * the owning process has changed from the previous time. (This
			 * logic assumes that the same PID is not reused very quickly.)
			 */
			if (last_signaled_pid != active_pid)
			{
				ereport(LOG,
						(errmsg("terminating process %d to release replication slot \"%s\"",
								active_pid, NameStr(slotname))));

				(void) kill(active_pid, SIGTERM);
				last_signaled_pid = active_pid;
			}

			/* Wait until the slot is released. */
			ConditionVariableSleep(&s->active_cv,
								   WAIT_EVENT_REPLICATION_SLOT_DROP);

			/*
			 * Re-acquire lock and start over; we expect to invalidate the
			 * slot next time (unless another process acquires the slot in the
			 * meantime).
			 */
			LWLockAcquire(ReplicationSlotControlLock, LW_SHARED);
			continue;
		}
		else
		{
			/*
			 * We hold the slot now and have already invalidated it; flush it
			 * to ensure that state persists.
			 *
			 * Don't want to hold ReplicationSlotControlLock across file
			 * system operations, so release it now but be sure to tell caller
			 * to restart from scratch.
			 */
			LWLockRelease(ReplicationSlotControlLock);
			released_lock = true;

			/* Make sure the invalidated state persists across server restart */
			ReplicationSlotMarkDirty();
			ReplicationSlotSave();
			ReplicationSlotRelease();

			ereport(LOG,
					(errmsg("invalidating slot \"%s\" because its restart_lsn %X/%X exceeds max_slot_wal_keep_size",
							NameStr(slotname),
							LSN_FORMAT_ARGS(restart_lsn))));

			/* done with this slot for now */
			break;
		}
	}

	Assert(released_lock == !LWLockHeldByMe(ReplicationSlotControlLock));

	return released_lock;
}

/*
 * Mark any slot that points to an LSN older than the given segment
 * as invalid; it requires WAL that's about to be removed.
 *
 * Returns true when any slot have got invalidated.
 *
 * NB - this runs as part of checkpoint, so avoid raising errors if possible.
 */
bool
InvalidateObsoleteReplicationSlots(XLogSegNo oldestSegno)
{
	XLogRecPtr	oldestLSN;
	bool		invalidated = false;

	XLogSegNoOffsetToRecPtr(oldestSegno, 0, wal_segment_size, oldestLSN);

restart:
	LWLockAcquire(ReplicationSlotControlLock, LW_SHARED);
	for (int i = 0; i < max_replication_slots; i++)
	{
		ReplicationSlot *s = &ReplicationSlotCtl->replication_slots[i];

		if (!s->in_use)
			continue;

		if (InvalidatePossiblyObsoleteSlot(s, oldestLSN, &invalidated))
		{
			/* if the lock was released, start from scratch */
			goto restart;
		}
	}
	LWLockRelease(ReplicationSlotControlLock);

	/*
	 * If any slots have been invalidated, recalculate the resource limits.
	 */
	if (invalidated)
	{
		ReplicationSlotsComputeRequiredXmin(false);
		ReplicationSlotsComputeRequiredLSN();
	}

	return invalidated;
}

/*
 * Flush all replication slots to disk.
 *
 * This needn't actually be part of a checkpoint, but it's a convenient
 * location.
 */
void
CheckPointReplicationSlots(void)
{
	int			i;

	elog(DEBUG1, "performing replication slot checkpoint");

	/*
	 * Prevent any slot from being created/dropped while we're active. As we
	 * explicitly do *not* want to block iterating over replication_slots or
	 * acquiring a slot we cannot take the control lock - but that's OK,
	 * because holding ReplicationSlotAllocationLock is strictly stronger, and
	 * enough to guarantee that nobody can change the in_use bits on us.
	 */
	LWLockAcquire(ReplicationSlotAllocationLock, LW_SHARED);

	for (i = 0; i < max_replication_slots; i++)
	{
		ReplicationSlot *s = &ReplicationSlotCtl->replication_slots[i];
		char		path[MAXPGPATH];

		if (!s->in_use)
			continue;

		/* save the slot to disk, locking is handled in SaveSlotToPath() */
		sprintf(path, "pg_replslot/%s", NameStr(s->data.name));
		SaveSlotToPath(s, path, LOG);
	}
	LWLockRelease(ReplicationSlotAllocationLock);
}

/*
 * Load all replication slots from disk into memory at server startup. This
 * needs to be run before we start crash recovery.
 */
void
StartupReplicationSlots(void)
{
	DIR		   *replication_dir;
	struct dirent *replication_de;

	elog(DEBUG1, "starting up replication slots");

	/* restore all slots by iterating over all on-disk entries */
	replication_dir = AllocateDir("pg_replslot");
	while ((replication_de = ReadDir(replication_dir, "pg_replslot")) != NULL)
	{
		struct stat statbuf;
		char		path[MAXPGPATH + 12];

		if (strcmp(replication_de->d_name, ".") == 0 ||
			strcmp(replication_de->d_name, "..") == 0)
			continue;

		snprintf(path, sizeof(path), "pg_replslot/%s", replication_de->d_name);

		/* we're only creating directories here, skip if it's not our's */
		if (lstat(path, &statbuf) == 0 && !S_ISDIR(statbuf.st_mode))
			continue;

		/* we crashed while a slot was being setup or deleted, clean up */
		if (pg_str_endswith(replication_de->d_name, ".tmp"))
		{
			if (!rmtree(path, true))
			{
				ereport(WARNING,
						(errmsg("could not remove directory \"%s\"",
								path)));
				continue;
			}
			fsync_fname("pg_replslot", true);
			continue;
		}

		/* looks like a slot in a normal state, restore */
		RestoreSlotFromDisk(replication_de->d_name);
	}
	FreeDir(replication_dir);

	/* currently no slots exist, we're done. */
	if (max_replication_slots <= 0)
		return;

	/* Now that we have recovered all the data, compute replication xmin */
	ReplicationSlotsComputeRequiredXmin(false);
	ReplicationSlotsComputeRequiredLSN();
}

/* ----
 * Manipulation of on-disk state of replication slots
 *
 * NB: none of the routines below should take any notice whether a slot is the
 * current one or not, that's all handled a layer above.
 * ----
 */
static void
CreateSlotOnDisk(ReplicationSlot *slot)
{
	char		tmppath[MAXPGPATH];
	char		path[MAXPGPATH];
	struct stat st;

	/*
	 * No need to take out the io_in_progress_lock, nobody else can see this
	 * slot yet, so nobody else will write. We're reusing SaveSlotToPath which
	 * takes out the lock, if we'd take the lock here, we'd deadlock.
	 */

	sprintf(path, "pg_replslot/%s", NameStr(slot->data.name));
	sprintf(tmppath, "pg_replslot/%s.tmp", NameStr(slot->data.name));

	/*
	 * It's just barely possible that some previous effort to create or drop a
	 * slot with this name left a temp directory lying around. If that seems
	 * to be the case, try to remove it.  If the rmtree() fails, we'll error
	 * out at the MakePGDirectory() below, so we don't bother checking
	 * success.
	 */
	if (stat(tmppath, &st) == 0 && S_ISDIR(st.st_mode))
		rmtree(tmppath, true);

	/* Create and fsync the temporary slot directory. */
	if (MakePGDirectory(tmppath) < 0)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode_for_file_access(),
				 errmsg("could not create directory \"%s\": %m",
						tmppath)));
	fsync_fname(tmppath, true);

	/* Write the actual state file. */
	slot->dirty = true;			/* signal that we really need to write */
	SaveSlotToPath(slot, tmppath, ERROR);

	/* Rename the directory into place. */
	if (rename(tmppath, path) != 0)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode_for_file_access(),
				 errmsg("could not rename file \"%s\" to \"%s\": %m",
						tmppath, path)));

	/*
	 * If we'd now fail - really unlikely - we wouldn't know whether this slot
	 * would persist after an OS crash or not - so, force a restart. The
	 * restart would try to fsync this again till it works.
	 */
	START_CRIT_SECTION();

	fsync_fname(path, true);
	fsync_fname("pg_replslot", true);

	END_CRIT_SECTION();
}

/*
 * Shared functionality between saving and creating a replication slot.
 */
static void
SaveSlotToPath(ReplicationSlot *slot, const char *dir, int elevel)
{
	char		tmppath[MAXPGPATH];
	char		path[MAXPGPATH];
	int			fd;
	ReplicationSlotOnDisk cp;
	bool		was_dirty;

	/* first check whether there's something to write out */
	SpinLockAcquire(&slot->mutex);
	was_dirty = slot->dirty;
	slot->just_dirtied = false;
	SpinLockRelease(&slot->mutex);

	/* and don't do anything if there's nothing to write */
	if (!was_dirty)
		return;

	LWLockAcquire(&slot->io_in_progress_lock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);

	/* silence valgrind :( */
	memset(&cp, 0, sizeof(ReplicationSlotOnDisk));

	sprintf(tmppath, "%s/state.tmp", dir);
	sprintf(path, "%s/state", dir);

	fd = OpenTransientFile(tmppath, O_CREAT | O_EXCL | O_WRONLY | PG_BINARY);
	if (fd < 0)
	{
		/*
		 * If not an ERROR, then release the lock before returning.  In case
		 * of an ERROR, the error recovery path automatically releases the
		 * lock, but no harm in explicitly releasing even in that case.  Note
		 * that LWLockRelease() could affect errno.
		 */
		int			save_errno = errno;

		LWLockRelease(&slot->io_in_progress_lock);
		errno = save_errno;
		ereport(elevel,
				(errcode_for_file_access(),
				 errmsg("could not create file \"%s\": %m",
						tmppath)));
		return;
	}

	cp.magic = SLOT_MAGIC;
	INIT_CRC32C(cp.checksum);
	cp.version = SLOT_VERSION;
	cp.length = ReplicationSlotOnDiskV2Size;

	SpinLockAcquire(&slot->mutex);

	memcpy(&cp.slotdata, &slot->data, sizeof(ReplicationSlotPersistentData));

	SpinLockRelease(&slot->mutex);

	COMP_CRC32C(cp.checksum,
				(char *) (&cp) + SnapBuildOnDiskNotChecksummedSize,
				SnapBuildOnDiskChecksummedSize);
	FIN_CRC32C(cp.checksum);

	errno = 0;
	pgstat_report_wait_start(WAIT_EVENT_REPLICATION_SLOT_WRITE);
	if ((write(fd, &cp, sizeof(cp))) != sizeof(cp))
	{
		int			save_errno = errno;

		pgstat_report_wait_end();
		CloseTransientFile(fd);
		LWLockRelease(&slot->io_in_progress_lock);

		/* if write didn't set errno, assume problem is no disk space */
		errno = save_errno ? save_errno : ENOSPC;
		ereport(elevel,
				(errcode_for_file_access(),
				 errmsg("could not write to file \"%s\": %m",
						tmppath)));
		return;
	}
	pgstat_report_wait_end();

	/* fsync the temporary file */
	pgstat_report_wait_start(WAIT_EVENT_REPLICATION_SLOT_SYNC);
	if (pg_fsync(fd) != 0)
	{
		int			save_errno = errno;

		pgstat_report_wait_end();
		CloseTransientFile(fd);
		LWLockRelease(&slot->io_in_progress_lock);
		errno = save_errno;
		ereport(elevel,
				(errcode_for_file_access(),
				 errmsg("could not fsync file \"%s\": %m",
						tmppath)));
		return;
	}
	pgstat_report_wait_end();

	if (CloseTransientFile(fd) != 0)
	{
		int			save_errno = errno;

		LWLockRelease(&slot->io_in_progress_lock);
		errno = save_errno;
		ereport(elevel,
				(errcode_for_file_access(),
				 errmsg("could not close file \"%s\": %m",
						tmppath)));
		return;
	}

	/* rename to permanent file, fsync file and directory */
	if (rename(tmppath, path) != 0)
	{
		int			save_errno = errno;

		LWLockRelease(&slot->io_in_progress_lock);
		errno = save_errno;
		ereport(elevel,
				(errcode_for_file_access(),
				 errmsg("could not rename file \"%s\" to \"%s\": %m",
						tmppath, path)));
		return;
	}

	/*
	 * Check CreateSlotOnDisk() for the reasoning of using a critical section.
	 */
	START_CRIT_SECTION();

	fsync_fname(path, false);
	fsync_fname(dir, true);
	fsync_fname("pg_replslot", true);

	END_CRIT_SECTION();

	/*
	 * Successfully wrote, unset dirty bit, unless somebody dirtied again
	 * already.
	 */
	SpinLockAcquire(&slot->mutex);
	if (!slot->just_dirtied)
		slot->dirty = false;
	SpinLockRelease(&slot->mutex);

	LWLockRelease(&slot->io_in_progress_lock);
}

/*
 * Load a single slot from disk into memory.
 */
static void
RestoreSlotFromDisk(const char *name)
{
	ReplicationSlotOnDisk cp;
	int			i;
	char		slotdir[MAXPGPATH + 12];
	char		path[MAXPGPATH + 22];
	int			fd;
	bool		restored = false;
	int			readBytes;
	pg_crc32c	checksum;

	/* no need to lock here, no concurrent access allowed yet */

	/* delete temp file if it exists */
	sprintf(slotdir, "pg_replslot/%s", name);
	sprintf(path, "%s/state.tmp", slotdir);
	if (unlink(path) < 0 && errno != ENOENT)
		ereport(PANIC,
				(errcode_for_file_access(),
				 errmsg("could not remove file \"%s\": %m", path)));

	sprintf(path, "%s/state", slotdir);

	elog(DEBUG1, "restoring replication slot from \"%s\"", path);

	/* on some operating systems fsyncing a file requires O_RDWR */
	fd = OpenTransientFile(path, O_RDWR | PG_BINARY);

	/*
	 * We do not need to handle this as we are rename()ing the directory into
	 * place only after we fsync()ed the state file.
	 */
	if (fd < 0)
		ereport(PANIC,
				(errcode_for_file_access(),
				 errmsg("could not open file \"%s\": %m", path)));

	/*
	 * Sync state file before we're reading from it. We might have crashed
	 * while it wasn't synced yet and we shouldn't continue on that basis.
	 */
	pgstat_report_wait_start(WAIT_EVENT_REPLICATION_SLOT_RESTORE_SYNC);
	if (pg_fsync(fd) != 0)
		ereport(PANIC,
				(errcode_for_file_access(),
				 errmsg("could not fsync file \"%s\": %m",
						path)));
	pgstat_report_wait_end();

	/* Also sync the parent directory */
	START_CRIT_SECTION();
	fsync_fname(slotdir, true);
	END_CRIT_SECTION();

	/* read part of statefile that's guaranteed to be version independent */
	pgstat_report_wait_start(WAIT_EVENT_REPLICATION_SLOT_READ);
	readBytes = read(fd, &cp, ReplicationSlotOnDiskConstantSize);
	pgstat_report_wait_end();
	if (readBytes != ReplicationSlotOnDiskConstantSize)
	{
		if (readBytes < 0)
			ereport(PANIC,
					(errcode_for_file_access(),
					 errmsg("could not read file \"%s\": %m", path)));
		else
			ereport(PANIC,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_CORRUPTED),
					 errmsg("could not read file \"%s\": read %d of %zu",
							path, readBytes,
							(Size) ReplicationSlotOnDiskConstantSize)));
	}

	/* verify magic */
	if (cp.magic != SLOT_MAGIC)
		ereport(PANIC,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_CORRUPTED),
				 errmsg("replication slot file \"%s\" has wrong magic number: %u instead of %u",
						path, cp.magic, SLOT_MAGIC)));

	/* verify version */
	if (cp.version != SLOT_VERSION)
		ereport(PANIC,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_CORRUPTED),
				 errmsg("replication slot file \"%s\" has unsupported version %u",
						path, cp.version)));

	/* boundary check on length */
	if (cp.length != ReplicationSlotOnDiskV2Size)
		ereport(PANIC,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_CORRUPTED),
				 errmsg("replication slot file \"%s\" has corrupted length %u",
						path, cp.length)));

	/* Now that we know the size, read the entire file */
	pgstat_report_wait_start(WAIT_EVENT_REPLICATION_SLOT_READ);
	readBytes = read(fd,
					 (char *) &cp + ReplicationSlotOnDiskConstantSize,
					 cp.length);
	pgstat_report_wait_end();
	if (readBytes != cp.length)
	{
		if (readBytes < 0)
			ereport(PANIC,
					(errcode_for_file_access(),
					 errmsg("could not read file \"%s\": %m", path)));
		else
			ereport(PANIC,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_DATA_CORRUPTED),
					 errmsg("could not read file \"%s\": read %d of %zu",
							path, readBytes, (Size) cp.length)));
	}

	if (CloseTransientFile(fd) != 0)
		ereport(PANIC,
				(errcode_for_file_access(),
				 errmsg("could not close file \"%s\": %m", path)));

	/* now verify the CRC */
	INIT_CRC32C(checksum);
	COMP_CRC32C(checksum,
				(char *) &cp + SnapBuildOnDiskNotChecksummedSize,
				SnapBuildOnDiskChecksummedSize);
	FIN_CRC32C(checksum);

	if (!EQ_CRC32C(checksum, cp.checksum))
		ereport(PANIC,
				(errmsg("checksum mismatch for replication slot file \"%s\": is %u, should be %u",
						path, checksum, cp.checksum)));

	/*
	 * If we crashed with an ephemeral slot active, don't restore but delete
	 * it.
	 */
	if (cp.slotdata.persistency != RS_PERSISTENT)
	{
		if (!rmtree(slotdir, true))
		{
			ereport(WARNING,
					(errmsg("could not remove directory \"%s\"",
							slotdir)));
		}
		fsync_fname("pg_replslot", true);
		return;
	}

	/*
	 * Verify that requirements for the specific slot type are met. That's
	 * important because if these aren't met we're not guaranteed to retain
	 * all the necessary resources for the slot.
	 *
	 * NB: We have to do so *after* the above checks for ephemeral slots,
	 * because otherwise a slot that shouldn't exist anymore could prevent
	 * restarts.
	 *
	 * NB: Changing the requirements here also requires adapting
	 * CheckSlotRequirements() and CheckLogicalDecodingRequirements().
	 */
	if (cp.slotdata.database != InvalidOid && wal_level < WAL_LEVEL_LOGICAL)
		ereport(FATAL,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_OBJECT_NOT_IN_PREREQUISITE_STATE),
				 errmsg("logical replication slot \"%s\" exists, but wal_level < logical",
						NameStr(cp.slotdata.name)),
				 errhint("Change wal_level to be logical or higher.")));
	else if (wal_level < WAL_LEVEL_REPLICA)
		ereport(FATAL,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_OBJECT_NOT_IN_PREREQUISITE_STATE),
				 errmsg("physical replication slot \"%s\" exists, but wal_level < replica",
						NameStr(cp.slotdata.name)),
				 errhint("Change wal_level to be replica or higher.")));

	/* nothing can be active yet, don't lock anything */
	for (i = 0; i < max_replication_slots; i++)
	{
		ReplicationSlot *slot;

		slot = &ReplicationSlotCtl->replication_slots[i];

		if (slot->in_use)
			continue;

		/* restore the entire set of persistent data */
		memcpy(&slot->data, &cp.slotdata,
			   sizeof(ReplicationSlotPersistentData));

		/* initialize in memory state */
		slot->effective_xmin = cp.slotdata.xmin;
		slot->effective_catalog_xmin = cp.slotdata.catalog_xmin;

		slot->candidate_catalog_xmin = InvalidTransactionId;
		slot->candidate_xmin_lsn = InvalidXLogRecPtr;
		slot->candidate_restart_lsn = InvalidXLogRecPtr;
		slot->candidate_restart_valid = InvalidXLogRecPtr;

		slot->in_use = true;
		slot->active_pid = 0;

		restored = true;
		break;
	}

	if (!restored)
		ereport(FATAL,
				(errmsg("too many replication slots active before shutdown"),
				 errhint("Increase max_replication_slots and try again.")));
}