1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
|
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>34.22. Example Programs</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="libpq-build.html" title="34.21. Building libpq Programs" /><link rel="next" href="largeobjects.html" title="Chapter 35. Large Objects" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional" class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">34.22. Example Programs</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="libpq-build.html" title="34.21. Building libpq Programs">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="libpq.html" title="Chapter 34. libpq — C Library">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 34. <span xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="application">libpq</span> — C Library</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 14.5 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="largeobjects.html" title="Chapter 35. Large Objects">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr></hr></div><div class="sect1" id="LIBPQ-EXAMPLE"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">34.22. Example Programs</h2></div></div></div><p>
These examples and others can be found in the
directory <code class="filename">src/test/examples</code> in the source code
distribution.
</p><div class="example" id="LIBPQ-EXAMPLE-1"><p class="title"><strong>Example 34.1. <span class="application">libpq</span> Example Program 1</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><pre class="programlisting">
/*
* src/test/examples/testlibpq.c
*
*
* testlibpq.c
*
* Test the C version of libpq, the PostgreSQL frontend library.
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "libpq-fe.h"
static void
exit_nicely(PGconn *conn)
{
PQfinish(conn);
exit(1);
}
int
main(int argc, char **argv)
{
const char *conninfo;
PGconn *conn;
PGresult *res;
int nFields;
int i,
j;
/*
* If the user supplies a parameter on the command line, use it as the
* conninfo string; otherwise default to setting dbname=postgres and using
* environment variables or defaults for all other connection parameters.
*/
if (argc > 1)
conninfo = argv[1];
else
conninfo = "dbname = postgres";
/* Make a connection to the database */
conn = PQconnectdb(conninfo);
/* Check to see that the backend connection was successfully made */
if (PQstatus(conn) != CONNECTION_OK)
{
fprintf(stderr, "%s", PQerrorMessage(conn));
exit_nicely(conn);
}
/* Set always-secure search path, so malicious users can't take control. */
res = PQexec(conn,
"SELECT pg_catalog.set_config('search_path', '', false)");
if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_TUPLES_OK)
{
fprintf(stderr, "SET failed: %s", PQerrorMessage(conn));
PQclear(res);
exit_nicely(conn);
}
/*
* Should PQclear PGresult whenever it is no longer needed to avoid memory
* leaks
*/
PQclear(res);
/*
* Our test case here involves using a cursor, for which we must be inside
* a transaction block. We could do the whole thing with a single
* PQexec() of "select * from pg_database", but that's too trivial to make
* a good example.
*/
/* Start a transaction block */
res = PQexec(conn, "BEGIN");
if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
{
fprintf(stderr, "BEGIN command failed: %s", PQerrorMessage(conn));
PQclear(res);
exit_nicely(conn);
}
PQclear(res);
/*
* Fetch rows from pg_database, the system catalog of databases
*/
res = PQexec(conn, "DECLARE myportal CURSOR FOR select * from pg_database");
if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
{
fprintf(stderr, "DECLARE CURSOR failed: %s", PQerrorMessage(conn));
PQclear(res);
exit_nicely(conn);
}
PQclear(res);
res = PQexec(conn, "FETCH ALL in myportal");
if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_TUPLES_OK)
{
fprintf(stderr, "FETCH ALL failed: %s", PQerrorMessage(conn));
PQclear(res);
exit_nicely(conn);
}
/* first, print out the attribute names */
nFields = PQnfields(res);
for (i = 0; i < nFields; i++)
printf("%-15s", PQfname(res, i));
printf("\n\n");
/* next, print out the rows */
for (i = 0; i < PQntuples(res); i++)
{
for (j = 0; j < nFields; j++)
printf("%-15s", PQgetvalue(res, i, j));
printf("\n");
}
PQclear(res);
/* close the portal ... we don't bother to check for errors ... */
res = PQexec(conn, "CLOSE myportal");
PQclear(res);
/* end the transaction */
res = PQexec(conn, "END");
PQclear(res);
/* close the connection to the database and cleanup */
PQfinish(conn);
return 0;
}
</pre></div></div><br class="example-break" /><div class="example" id="LIBPQ-EXAMPLE-2"><p class="title"><strong>Example 34.2. <span class="application">libpq</span> Example Program 2</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><pre class="programlisting">
/*
* src/test/examples/testlibpq2.c
*
*
* testlibpq2.c
* Test of the asynchronous notification interface
*
* Start this program, then from psql in another window do
* NOTIFY TBL2;
* Repeat four times to get this program to exit.
*
* Or, if you want to get fancy, try this:
* populate a database with the following commands
* (provided in src/test/examples/testlibpq2.sql):
*
* CREATE SCHEMA TESTLIBPQ2;
* SET search_path = TESTLIBPQ2;
* CREATE TABLE TBL1 (i int4);
* CREATE TABLE TBL2 (i int4);
* CREATE RULE r1 AS ON INSERT TO TBL1 DO
* (INSERT INTO TBL2 VALUES (new.i); NOTIFY TBL2);
*
* Start this program, then from psql do this four times:
*
* INSERT INTO TESTLIBPQ2.TBL1 VALUES (10);
*/
#ifdef WIN32
#include <windows.h>
#endif
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#ifdef HAVE_SYS_SELECT_H
#include <sys/select.h>
#endif
#include "libpq-fe.h"
static void
exit_nicely(PGconn *conn)
{
PQfinish(conn);
exit(1);
}
int
main(int argc, char **argv)
{
const char *conninfo;
PGconn *conn;
PGresult *res;
PGnotify *notify;
int nnotifies;
/*
* If the user supplies a parameter on the command line, use it as the
* conninfo string; otherwise default to setting dbname=postgres and using
* environment variables or defaults for all other connection parameters.
*/
if (argc > 1)
conninfo = argv[1];
else
conninfo = "dbname = postgres";
/* Make a connection to the database */
conn = PQconnectdb(conninfo);
/* Check to see that the backend connection was successfully made */
if (PQstatus(conn) != CONNECTION_OK)
{
fprintf(stderr, "%s", PQerrorMessage(conn));
exit_nicely(conn);
}
/* Set always-secure search path, so malicious users can't take control. */
res = PQexec(conn,
"SELECT pg_catalog.set_config('search_path', '', false)");
if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_TUPLES_OK)
{
fprintf(stderr, "SET failed: %s", PQerrorMessage(conn));
PQclear(res);
exit_nicely(conn);
}
/*
* Should PQclear PGresult whenever it is no longer needed to avoid memory
* leaks
*/
PQclear(res);
/*
* Issue LISTEN command to enable notifications from the rule's NOTIFY.
*/
res = PQexec(conn, "LISTEN TBL2");
if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
{
fprintf(stderr, "LISTEN command failed: %s", PQerrorMessage(conn));
PQclear(res);
exit_nicely(conn);
}
PQclear(res);
/* Quit after four notifies are received. */
nnotifies = 0;
while (nnotifies < 4)
{
/*
* Sleep until something happens on the connection. We use select(2)
* to wait for input, but you could also use poll() or similar
* facilities.
*/
int sock;
fd_set input_mask;
sock = PQsocket(conn);
if (sock < 0)
break; /* shouldn't happen */
FD_ZERO(&input_mask);
FD_SET(sock, &input_mask);
if (select(sock + 1, &input_mask, NULL, NULL, NULL) < 0)
{
fprintf(stderr, "select() failed: %s\n", strerror(errno));
exit_nicely(conn);
}
/* Now check for input */
PQconsumeInput(conn);
while ((notify = PQnotifies(conn)) != NULL)
{
fprintf(stderr,
"ASYNC NOTIFY of '%s' received from backend PID %d\n",
notify->relname, notify->be_pid);
PQfreemem(notify);
nnotifies++;
PQconsumeInput(conn);
}
}
fprintf(stderr, "Done.\n");
/* close the connection to the database and cleanup */
PQfinish(conn);
return 0;
}
</pre></div></div><br class="example-break" /><div class="example" id="LIBPQ-EXAMPLE-3"><p class="title"><strong>Example 34.3. <span class="application">libpq</span> Example Program 3</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><pre class="programlisting">
/*
* src/test/examples/testlibpq3.c
*
*
* testlibpq3.c
* Test out-of-line parameters and binary I/O.
*
* Before running this, populate a database with the following commands
* (provided in src/test/examples/testlibpq3.sql):
*
* CREATE SCHEMA testlibpq3;
* SET search_path = testlibpq3;
* SET standard_conforming_strings = ON;
* CREATE TABLE test1 (i int4, t text, b bytea);
* INSERT INTO test1 values (1, 'joe''s place', '\000\001\002\003\004');
* INSERT INTO test1 values (2, 'ho there', '\004\003\002\001\000');
*
* The expected output is:
*
* tuple 0: got
* i = (4 bytes) 1
* t = (11 bytes) 'joe's place'
* b = (5 bytes) \000\001\002\003\004
*
* tuple 0: got
* i = (4 bytes) 2
* t = (8 bytes) 'ho there'
* b = (5 bytes) \004\003\002\001\000
*/
#ifdef WIN32
#include <windows.h>
#endif
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include "libpq-fe.h"
/* for ntohl/htonl */
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
static void
exit_nicely(PGconn *conn)
{
PQfinish(conn);
exit(1);
}
/*
* This function prints a query result that is a binary-format fetch from
* a table defined as in the comment above. We split it out because the
* main() function uses it twice.
*/
static void
show_binary_results(PGresult *res)
{
int i,
j;
int i_fnum,
t_fnum,
b_fnum;
/* Use PQfnumber to avoid assumptions about field order in result */
i_fnum = PQfnumber(res, "i");
t_fnum = PQfnumber(res, "t");
b_fnum = PQfnumber(res, "b");
for (i = 0; i < PQntuples(res); i++)
{
char *iptr;
char *tptr;
char *bptr;
int blen;
int ival;
/* Get the field values (we ignore possibility they are null!) */
iptr = PQgetvalue(res, i, i_fnum);
tptr = PQgetvalue(res, i, t_fnum);
bptr = PQgetvalue(res, i, b_fnum);
/*
* The binary representation of INT4 is in network byte order, which
* we'd better coerce to the local byte order.
*/
ival = ntohl(*((uint32_t *) iptr));
/*
* The binary representation of TEXT is, well, text, and since libpq
* was nice enough to append a zero byte to it, it'll work just fine
* as a C string.
*
* The binary representation of BYTEA is a bunch of bytes, which could
* include embedded nulls so we have to pay attention to field length.
*/
blen = PQgetlength(res, i, b_fnum);
printf("tuple %d: got\n", i);
printf(" i = (%d bytes) %d\n",
PQgetlength(res, i, i_fnum), ival);
printf(" t = (%d bytes) '%s'\n",
PQgetlength(res, i, t_fnum), tptr);
printf(" b = (%d bytes) ", blen);
for (j = 0; j < blen; j++)
printf("\\%03o", bptr[j]);
printf("\n\n");
}
}
int
main(int argc, char **argv)
{
const char *conninfo;
PGconn *conn;
PGresult *res;
const char *paramValues[1];
int paramLengths[1];
int paramFormats[1];
uint32_t binaryIntVal;
/*
* If the user supplies a parameter on the command line, use it as the
* conninfo string; otherwise default to setting dbname=postgres and using
* environment variables or defaults for all other connection parameters.
*/
if (argc > 1)
conninfo = argv[1];
else
conninfo = "dbname = postgres";
/* Make a connection to the database */
conn = PQconnectdb(conninfo);
/* Check to see that the backend connection was successfully made */
if (PQstatus(conn) != CONNECTION_OK)
{
fprintf(stderr, "%s", PQerrorMessage(conn));
exit_nicely(conn);
}
/* Set always-secure search path, so malicious users can't take control. */
res = PQexec(conn, "SET search_path = testlibpq3");
if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
{
fprintf(stderr, "SET failed: %s", PQerrorMessage(conn));
PQclear(res);
exit_nicely(conn);
}
PQclear(res);
/*
* The point of this program is to illustrate use of PQexecParams() with
* out-of-line parameters, as well as binary transmission of data.
*
* This first example transmits the parameters as text, but receives the
* results in binary format. By using out-of-line parameters we can avoid
* a lot of tedious mucking about with quoting and escaping, even though
* the data is text. Notice how we don't have to do anything special with
* the quote mark in the parameter value.
*/
/* Here is our out-of-line parameter value */
paramValues[0] = "joe's place";
res = PQexecParams(conn,
"SELECT * FROM test1 WHERE t = $1",
1, /* one param */
NULL, /* let the backend deduce param type */
paramValues,
NULL, /* don't need param lengths since text */
NULL, /* default to all text params */
1); /* ask for binary results */
if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_TUPLES_OK)
{
fprintf(stderr, "SELECT failed: %s", PQerrorMessage(conn));
PQclear(res);
exit_nicely(conn);
}
show_binary_results(res);
PQclear(res);
/*
* In this second example we transmit an integer parameter in binary form,
* and again retrieve the results in binary form.
*
* Although we tell PQexecParams we are letting the backend deduce
* parameter type, we really force the decision by casting the parameter
* symbol in the query text. This is a good safety measure when sending
* binary parameters.
*/
/* Convert integer value "2" to network byte order */
binaryIntVal = htonl((uint32_t) 2);
/* Set up parameter arrays for PQexecParams */
paramValues[0] = (char *) &binaryIntVal;
paramLengths[0] = sizeof(binaryIntVal);
paramFormats[0] = 1; /* binary */
res = PQexecParams(conn,
"SELECT * FROM test1 WHERE i = $1::int4",
1, /* one param */
NULL, /* let the backend deduce param type */
paramValues,
paramLengths,
paramFormats,
1); /* ask for binary results */
if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_TUPLES_OK)
{
fprintf(stderr, "SELECT failed: %s", PQerrorMessage(conn));
PQclear(res);
exit_nicely(conn);
}
show_binary_results(res);
PQclear(res);
/* close the connection to the database and cleanup */
PQfinish(conn);
return 0;
}
</pre></div></div><br class="example-break" /></div><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional" class="navfooter"><hr></hr><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="libpq-build.html" title="34.21. Building libpq Programs">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="libpq.html" title="Chapter 34. libpq — C Library">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="largeobjects.html" title="Chapter 35. Large Objects">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">34.21. Building <span xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="application">libpq</span> Programs </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 14.5 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 35. Large Objects</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
|
