Adding upstream version 15.5.upstream/15.5

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

22 files changed, 16045 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/contrib/ltree/.gitignore b/contrib/ltree/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5dcb3ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/ltree/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Generated subdirectories
+/log/
+/results/
+/tmp_check/
diff --git a/contrib/ltree/Makefile b/contrib/ltree/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..770769a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/ltree/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# contrib/ltree/Makefile
+
+MODULE_big = ltree
+OBJS = \
+	$(WIN32RES) \
+	_ltree_gist.o \
+	_ltree_op.o \
+	crc32.o \
+	lquery_op.o \
+	ltree_gist.o \
+	ltree_io.o \
+	ltree_op.o \
+	ltxtquery_io.o \
+	ltxtquery_op.o
+
+EXTENSION = ltree
+DATA = ltree--1.1--1.2.sql ltree--1.1.sql ltree--1.0--1.1.sql
+PGFILEDESC = "ltree - hierarchical label data type"
+
+HEADERS = ltree.h
+
+REGRESS = ltree
+
+ifdef USE_PGXS
+PG_CONFIG = pg_config
+PGXS := $(shell $(PG_CONFIG) --pgxs)
+include $(PGXS)
+else
+subdir = contrib/ltree
+top_builddir = ../..
+include $(top_builddir)/src/Makefile.global
+include $(top_srcdir)/contrib/contrib-global.mk
+endif
diff --git a/contrib/ltree/_ltree_gist.c b/contrib/ltree/_ltree_gist.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..72516c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/ltree/_ltree_gist.c
@@ -0,0 +1,555 @@
+/*
+ * contrib/ltree/_ltree_gist.c
+ *
+ *
+ * GiST support for ltree[]
+ * Teodor Sigaev <teodor@stack.net>
+ */
+#include "postgres.h"
+
+#include "access/gist.h"
+#include "access/reloptions.h"
+#include "access/stratnum.h"
+#include "crc32.h"
+#include "ltree.h"
+#include "port/pg_bitutils.h"
+
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(_ltree_compress);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(_ltree_same);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(_ltree_union);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(_ltree_penalty);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(_ltree_picksplit);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(_ltree_consistent);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(_ltree_gist_options);
+
+#define GETENTRY(vec,pos) ((ltree_gist *) DatumGetPointer((vec)->vector[(pos)].key))
+#define NEXTVAL(x) ( (ltree*)( (char*)(x) + INTALIGN( VARSIZE(x) ) ) )
+
+#define WISH_F(a,b,c) (double)( -(double)(((a)-(b))*((a)-(b))*((a)-(b)))*(c) )
+
+
+static void
+hashing(BITVECP sign, ltree *t, int siglen)
+{
+	int			tlen = t->numlevel;
+	ltree_level *cur = LTREE_FIRST(t);
+	int			hash;
+
+	while (tlen > 0)
+	{
+		hash = ltree_crc32_sz(cur->name, cur->len);
+		AHASH(sign, hash, siglen);
+		cur = LEVEL_NEXT(cur);
+		tlen--;
+	}
+}
+
+Datum
+_ltree_compress(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	GISTENTRY  *entry = (GISTENTRY *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
+	GISTENTRY  *retval = entry;
+	int			siglen = LTREE_GET_ASIGLEN();
+
+	if (entry->leafkey)
+	{							/* ltree */
+		ltree_gist *key;
+		ArrayType  *val = DatumGetArrayTypeP(entry->key);
+		int			num = ArrayGetNItems(ARR_NDIM(val), ARR_DIMS(val));
+		ltree	   *item = (ltree *) ARR_DATA_PTR(val);
+
+		if (ARR_NDIM(val) > 1)
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_ARRAY_SUBSCRIPT_ERROR),
+					 errmsg("array must be one-dimensional")));
+		if (array_contains_nulls(val))
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					(errcode(ERRCODE_NULL_VALUE_NOT_ALLOWED),
+					 errmsg("array must not contain nulls")));
+
+		key = ltree_gist_alloc(false, NULL, siglen, NULL, NULL);
+
+		while (num > 0)
+		{
+			hashing(LTG_SIGN(key), item, siglen);
+			num--;
+			item = NEXTVAL(item);
+		}
+
+		retval = (GISTENTRY *) palloc(sizeof(GISTENTRY));
+		gistentryinit(*retval, PointerGetDatum(key),
+					  entry->rel, entry->page,
+					  entry->offset, false);
+	}
+	else if (!LTG_ISALLTRUE(entry->key))
+	{
+		int32		i;
+		ltree_gist *key;
+		BITVECP		sign = LTG_SIGN(DatumGetPointer(entry->key));
+
+		ALOOPBYTE(siglen)
+		{
+			if ((sign[i] & 0xff) != 0xff)
+				PG_RETURN_POINTER(retval);
+		}
+
+		key = ltree_gist_alloc(true, sign, siglen, NULL, NULL);
+		retval = (GISTENTRY *) palloc(sizeof(GISTENTRY));
+		gistentryinit(*retval, PointerGetDatum(key),
+					  entry->rel, entry->page,
+					  entry->offset, false);
+	}
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(retval);
+}
+
+Datum
+_ltree_same(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ltree_gist *a = (ltree_gist *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
+	ltree_gist *b = (ltree_gist *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(1);
+	bool	   *result = (bool *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(2);
+	int			siglen = LTREE_GET_ASIGLEN();
+
+	if (LTG_ISALLTRUE(a) && LTG_ISALLTRUE(b))
+		*result = true;
+	else if (LTG_ISALLTRUE(a))
+		*result = false;
+	else if (LTG_ISALLTRUE(b))
+		*result = false;
+	else
+	{
+		int32		i;
+		BITVECP		sa = LTG_SIGN(a),
+					sb = LTG_SIGN(b);
+
+		*result = true;
+		ALOOPBYTE(siglen)
+		{
+			if (sa[i] != sb[i])
+			{
+				*result = false;
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
+}
+
+static int32
+unionkey(BITVECP sbase, ltree_gist *add, int siglen)
+{
+	int32		i;
+	BITVECP		sadd = LTG_SIGN(add);
+
+	if (LTG_ISALLTRUE(add))
+		return 1;
+
+	ALOOPBYTE(siglen)
+		sbase[i] |= sadd[i];
+	return 0;
+}
+
+Datum
+_ltree_union(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	GistEntryVector *entryvec = (GistEntryVector *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
+	int		   *size = (int *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(1);
+	int			siglen = LTREE_GET_ASIGLEN();
+	int32		i;
+	ltree_gist *result = ltree_gist_alloc(false, NULL, siglen, NULL, NULL);
+	BITVECP		base = LTG_SIGN(result);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < entryvec->n; i++)
+	{
+		if (unionkey(base, GETENTRY(entryvec, i), siglen))
+		{
+			result->flag |= LTG_ALLTRUE;
+			SET_VARSIZE(result, LTG_HDRSIZE);
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	*size = VARSIZE(result);
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
+}
+
+static int32
+sizebitvec(BITVECP sign, int siglen)
+{
+	return pg_popcount((const char *) sign, siglen);
+}
+
+static int
+hemdistsign(BITVECP a, BITVECP b, int siglen)
+{
+	int			i,
+				diff,
+				dist = 0;
+
+	ALOOPBYTE(siglen)
+	{
+		diff = (unsigned char) (a[i] ^ b[i]);
+		/* Using the popcount functions here isn't likely to win */
+		dist += pg_number_of_ones[diff];
+	}
+	return dist;
+}
+
+static int
+hemdist(ltree_gist *a, ltree_gist *b, int siglen)
+{
+	if (LTG_ISALLTRUE(a))
+	{
+		if (LTG_ISALLTRUE(b))
+			return 0;
+		else
+			return ASIGLENBIT(siglen) - sizebitvec(LTG_SIGN(b), siglen);
+	}
+	else if (LTG_ISALLTRUE(b))
+		return ASIGLENBIT(siglen) - sizebitvec(LTG_SIGN(a), siglen);
+
+	return hemdistsign(LTG_SIGN(a), LTG_SIGN(b), siglen);
+}
+
+
+Datum
+_ltree_penalty(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ltree_gist *origval = (ltree_gist *) DatumGetPointer(((GISTENTRY *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0))->key);
+	ltree_gist *newval = (ltree_gist *) DatumGetPointer(((GISTENTRY *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(1))->key);
+	float	   *penalty = (float *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(2);
+	int			siglen = LTREE_GET_ASIGLEN();
+
+	*penalty = hemdist(origval, newval, siglen);
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(penalty);
+}
+
+typedef struct
+{
+	OffsetNumber pos;
+	int32		cost;
+} SPLITCOST;
+
+static int
+comparecost(const void *a, const void *b)
+{
+	return ((const SPLITCOST *) a)->cost - ((const SPLITCOST *) b)->cost;
+}
+
+Datum
+_ltree_picksplit(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	GistEntryVector *entryvec = (GistEntryVector *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
+	GIST_SPLITVEC *v = (GIST_SPLITVEC *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(1);
+	int			siglen = LTREE_GET_ASIGLEN();
+	OffsetNumber k,
+				j;
+	ltree_gist *datum_l,
+			   *datum_r;
+	BITVECP		union_l,
+				union_r;
+	int32		size_alpha,
+				size_beta;
+	int32		size_waste,
+				waste = -1;
+	int32		nbytes;
+	OffsetNumber seed_1 = 0,
+				seed_2 = 0;
+	OffsetNumber *left,
+			   *right;
+	OffsetNumber maxoff;
+	BITVECP		ptr;
+	int			i;
+	SPLITCOST  *costvector;
+	ltree_gist *_k,
+			   *_j;
+
+	maxoff = entryvec->n - 2;
+	nbytes = (maxoff + 2) * sizeof(OffsetNumber);
+	v->spl_left = (OffsetNumber *) palloc(nbytes);
+	v->spl_right = (OffsetNumber *) palloc(nbytes);
+
+	for (k = FirstOffsetNumber; k < maxoff; k = OffsetNumberNext(k))
+	{
+		_k = GETENTRY(entryvec, k);
+		for (j = OffsetNumberNext(k); j <= maxoff; j = OffsetNumberNext(j))
+		{
+			size_waste = hemdist(_k, GETENTRY(entryvec, j), siglen);
+			if (size_waste > waste)
+			{
+				waste = size_waste;
+				seed_1 = k;
+				seed_2 = j;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	left = v->spl_left;
+	v->spl_nleft = 0;
+	right = v->spl_right;
+	v->spl_nright = 0;
+
+	if (seed_1 == 0 || seed_2 == 0)
+	{
+		seed_1 = 1;
+		seed_2 = 2;
+	}
+
+	/* form initial .. */
+	datum_l = ltree_gist_alloc(LTG_ISALLTRUE(GETENTRY(entryvec, seed_1)),
+							   LTG_SIGN(GETENTRY(entryvec, seed_1)),
+							   siglen, NULL, NULL);
+
+	datum_r = ltree_gist_alloc(LTG_ISALLTRUE(GETENTRY(entryvec, seed_2)),
+							   LTG_SIGN(GETENTRY(entryvec, seed_2)),
+							   siglen, NULL, NULL);
+
+	maxoff = OffsetNumberNext(maxoff);
+	/* sort before ... */
+	costvector = (SPLITCOST *) palloc(sizeof(SPLITCOST) * maxoff);
+	for (j = FirstOffsetNumber; j <= maxoff; j = OffsetNumberNext(j))
+	{
+		costvector[j - 1].pos = j;
+		_j = GETENTRY(entryvec, j);
+		size_alpha = hemdist(datum_l, _j, siglen);
+		size_beta = hemdist(datum_r, _j, siglen);
+		costvector[j - 1].cost = Abs(size_alpha - size_beta);
+	}
+	qsort((void *) costvector, maxoff, sizeof(SPLITCOST), comparecost);
+
+	union_l = LTG_SIGN(datum_l);
+	union_r = LTG_SIGN(datum_r);
+
+	for (k = 0; k < maxoff; k++)
+	{
+		j = costvector[k].pos;
+		if (j == seed_1)
+		{
+			*left++ = j;
+			v->spl_nleft++;
+			continue;
+		}
+		else if (j == seed_2)
+		{
+			*right++ = j;
+			v->spl_nright++;
+			continue;
+		}
+		_j = GETENTRY(entryvec, j);
+		size_alpha = hemdist(datum_l, _j, siglen);
+		size_beta = hemdist(datum_r, _j, siglen);
+
+		if (size_alpha < size_beta + WISH_F(v->spl_nleft, v->spl_nright, 0.00001))
+		{
+			if (LTG_ISALLTRUE(datum_l) || LTG_ISALLTRUE(_j))
+			{
+				if (!LTG_ISALLTRUE(datum_l))
+					MemSet((void *) union_l, 0xff, siglen);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				ptr = LTG_SIGN(_j);
+				ALOOPBYTE(siglen)
+					union_l[i] |= ptr[i];
+			}
+			*left++ = j;
+			v->spl_nleft++;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			if (LTG_ISALLTRUE(datum_r) || LTG_ISALLTRUE(_j))
+			{
+				if (!LTG_ISALLTRUE(datum_r))
+					MemSet((void *) union_r, 0xff, siglen);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				ptr = LTG_SIGN(_j);
+				ALOOPBYTE(siglen)
+					union_r[i] |= ptr[i];
+			}
+			*right++ = j;
+			v->spl_nright++;
+		}
+	}
+
+	*right = *left = FirstOffsetNumber;
+
+	v->spl_ldatum = PointerGetDatum(datum_l);
+	v->spl_rdatum = PointerGetDatum(datum_r);
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(v);
+}
+
+static bool
+gist_te(ltree_gist *key, ltree *query, int siglen)
+{
+	ltree_level *curq = LTREE_FIRST(query);
+	BITVECP		sign = LTG_SIGN(key);
+	int			qlen = query->numlevel;
+	unsigned int hv;
+
+	if (LTG_ISALLTRUE(key))
+		return true;
+
+	while (qlen > 0)
+	{
+		hv = ltree_crc32_sz(curq->name, curq->len);
+		if (!GETBIT(sign, AHASHVAL(hv, siglen)))
+			return false;
+		curq = LEVEL_NEXT(curq);
+		qlen--;
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+typedef struct LtreeSignature
+{
+	BITVECP		sign;
+	int			siglen;
+} LtreeSignature;
+
+static bool
+checkcondition_bit(void *cxt, ITEM *val)
+{
+	LtreeSignature *sig = cxt;
+
+	return (FLG_CANLOOKSIGN(val->flag)) ? GETBIT(sig->sign, AHASHVAL(val->val, sig->siglen)) : true;
+}
+
+static bool
+gist_qtxt(ltree_gist *key, ltxtquery *query, int siglen)
+{
+	LtreeSignature sig;
+
+	if (LTG_ISALLTRUE(key))
+		return true;
+
+	sig.sign = LTG_SIGN(key);
+	sig.siglen = siglen;
+
+	return ltree_execute(GETQUERY(query),
+						 &sig, false,
+						 checkcondition_bit);
+}
+
+static bool
+gist_qe(ltree_gist *key, lquery *query, int siglen)
+{
+	lquery_level *curq = LQUERY_FIRST(query);
+	BITVECP		sign = LTG_SIGN(key);
+	int			qlen = query->numlevel;
+
+	if (LTG_ISALLTRUE(key))
+		return true;
+
+	while (qlen > 0)
+	{
+		if (curq->numvar && LQL_CANLOOKSIGN(curq))
+		{
+			bool		isexist = false;
+			int			vlen = curq->numvar;
+			lquery_variant *curv = LQL_FIRST(curq);
+
+			while (vlen > 0)
+			{
+				if (GETBIT(sign, AHASHVAL(curv->val, siglen)))
+				{
+					isexist = true;
+					break;
+				}
+				curv = LVAR_NEXT(curv);
+				vlen--;
+			}
+			if (!isexist)
+				return false;
+		}
+
+		curq = LQL_NEXT(curq);
+		qlen--;
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool
+_arrq_cons(ltree_gist *key, ArrayType *_query, int siglen)
+{
+	lquery	   *query = (lquery *) ARR_DATA_PTR(_query);
+	int			num = ArrayGetNItems(ARR_NDIM(_query), ARR_DIMS(_query));
+
+	if (ARR_NDIM(_query) > 1)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_ARRAY_SUBSCRIPT_ERROR),
+				 errmsg("array must be one-dimensional")));
+	if (array_contains_nulls(_query))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_NULL_VALUE_NOT_ALLOWED),
+				 errmsg("array must not contain nulls")));
+
+	while (num > 0)
+	{
+		if (gist_qe(key, query, siglen))
+			return true;
+		num--;
+		query = (lquery *) NEXTVAL(query);
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+Datum
+_ltree_consistent(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	GISTENTRY  *entry = (GISTENTRY *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
+	void	   *query = (void *) PG_DETOAST_DATUM(PG_GETARG_DATUM(1));
+	StrategyNumber strategy = (StrategyNumber) PG_GETARG_UINT16(2);
+
+	/* Oid		subtype = PG_GETARG_OID(3); */
+	bool	   *recheck = (bool *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(4);
+	int			siglen = LTREE_GET_ASIGLEN();
+	ltree_gist *key = (ltree_gist *) DatumGetPointer(entry->key);
+	bool		res = false;
+
+	/* All cases served by this function are inexact */
+	*recheck = true;
+
+	switch (strategy)
+	{
+		case 10:
+		case 11:
+			res = gist_te(key, (ltree *) query, siglen);
+			break;
+		case 12:
+		case 13:
+			res = gist_qe(key, (lquery *) query, siglen);
+			break;
+		case 14:
+		case 15:
+			res = gist_qtxt(key, (ltxtquery *) query, siglen);
+			break;
+		case 16:
+		case 17:
+			res = _arrq_cons(key, (ArrayType *) query, siglen);
+			break;
+		default:
+			/* internal error */
+			elog(ERROR, "unrecognized StrategyNumber: %d", strategy);
+	}
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(query, 1);
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(res);
+}
+
+Datum
+_ltree_gist_options(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	local_relopts *relopts = (local_relopts *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
+
+	init_local_reloptions(relopts, sizeof(LtreeGistOptions));
+	add_local_int_reloption(relopts, "siglen", "signature length",
+							LTREE_ASIGLEN_DEFAULT, 1, LTREE_ASIGLEN_MAX,
+							offsetof(LtreeGistOptions, siglen));
+
+	PG_RETURN_VOID();
+}
diff --git a/contrib/ltree/_ltree_op.c b/contrib/ltree/_ltree_op.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9bb6bca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/ltree/_ltree_op.c
@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+/*
+ * contrib/ltree/_ltree_op.c
+ *
+ *
+ * op function for ltree[]
+ * Teodor Sigaev <teodor@stack.net>
+ */
+#include "postgres.h"
+
+#include <ctype.h>
+
+#include "ltree.h"
+
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(_ltree_isparent);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(_ltree_r_isparent);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(_ltree_risparent);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(_ltree_r_risparent);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(_ltq_regex);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(_ltq_rregex);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(_lt_q_regex);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(_lt_q_rregex);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(_ltxtq_exec);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(_ltxtq_rexec);
+
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(_ltree_extract_isparent);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(_ltree_extract_risparent);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(_ltq_extract_regex);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(_ltxtq_extract_exec);
+
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(_lca);
+
+typedef Datum (*PGCALL2) (PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+
+#define NEXTVAL(x) ( (ltree*)( (char*)(x) + INTALIGN( VARSIZE(x) ) ) )
+
+static bool
+array_iterator(ArrayType *la, PGCALL2 callback, void *param, ltree **found)
+{
+	int			num = ArrayGetNItems(ARR_NDIM(la), ARR_DIMS(la));
+	ltree	   *item = (ltree *) ARR_DATA_PTR(la);
+
+	if (ARR_NDIM(la) > 1)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_ARRAY_SUBSCRIPT_ERROR),
+				 errmsg("array must be one-dimensional")));
+	if (array_contains_nulls(la))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_NULL_VALUE_NOT_ALLOWED),
+				 errmsg("array must not contain nulls")));
+
+	if (found)
+		*found = NULL;
+	while (num > 0)
+	{
+		if (DatumGetBool(DirectFunctionCall2(callback,
+											 PointerGetDatum(item), PointerGetDatum(param))))
+		{
+
+			if (found)
+				*found = item;
+			return true;
+		}
+		num--;
+		item = NEXTVAL(item);
+	}
+
+	return false;
+}
+
+Datum
+_ltree_isparent(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ArrayType  *la = PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P(0);
+	ltree	   *query = PG_GETARG_LTREE_P(1);
+	bool		res = array_iterator(la, ltree_isparent, (void *) query, NULL);
+
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(la, 0);
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(query, 1);
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(res);
+}
+
+Datum
+_ltree_r_isparent(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	PG_RETURN_DATUM(DirectFunctionCall2(_ltree_isparent,
+										PG_GETARG_DATUM(1),
+										PG_GETARG_DATUM(0)
+										));
+}
+
+Datum
+_ltree_risparent(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ArrayType  *la = PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P(0);
+	ltree	   *query = PG_GETARG_LTREE_P(1);
+	bool		res = array_iterator(la, ltree_risparent, (void *) query, NULL);
+
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(la, 0);
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(query, 1);
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(res);
+}
+
+Datum
+_ltree_r_risparent(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	PG_RETURN_DATUM(DirectFunctionCall2(_ltree_risparent,
+										PG_GETARG_DATUM(1),
+										PG_GETARG_DATUM(0)
+										));
+}
+
+Datum
+_ltq_regex(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ArrayType  *la = PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P(0);
+	lquery	   *query = PG_GETARG_LQUERY_P(1);
+	bool		res = array_iterator(la, ltq_regex, (void *) query, NULL);
+
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(la, 0);
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(query, 1);
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(res);
+}
+
+Datum
+_ltq_rregex(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	PG_RETURN_DATUM(DirectFunctionCall2(_ltq_regex,
+										PG_GETARG_DATUM(1),
+										PG_GETARG_DATUM(0)
+										));
+}
+
+Datum
+_lt_q_regex(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ArrayType  *_tree = PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P(0);
+	ArrayType  *_query = PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P(1);
+	lquery	   *query = (lquery *) ARR_DATA_PTR(_query);
+	bool		res = false;
+	int			num = ArrayGetNItems(ARR_NDIM(_query), ARR_DIMS(_query));
+
+	if (ARR_NDIM(_query) > 1)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_ARRAY_SUBSCRIPT_ERROR),
+				 errmsg("array must be one-dimensional")));
+	if (array_contains_nulls(_query))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_NULL_VALUE_NOT_ALLOWED),
+				 errmsg("array must not contain nulls")));
+
+	while (num > 0)
+	{
+		if (array_iterator(_tree, ltq_regex, (void *) query, NULL))
+		{
+			res = true;
+			break;
+		}
+		num--;
+		query = (lquery *) NEXTVAL(query);
+	}
+
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(_tree, 0);
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(_query, 1);
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(res);
+}
+
+Datum
+_lt_q_rregex(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	PG_RETURN_DATUM(DirectFunctionCall2(_lt_q_regex,
+										PG_GETARG_DATUM(1),
+										PG_GETARG_DATUM(0)
+										));
+}
+
+
+Datum
+_ltxtq_exec(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ArrayType  *la = PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P(0);
+	ltxtquery  *query = PG_GETARG_LTXTQUERY_P(1);
+	bool		res = array_iterator(la, ltxtq_exec, (void *) query, NULL);
+
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(la, 0);
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(query, 1);
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(res);
+}
+
+Datum
+_ltxtq_rexec(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	PG_RETURN_DATUM(DirectFunctionCall2(_ltxtq_exec,
+										PG_GETARG_DATUM(1),
+										PG_GETARG_DATUM(0)
+										));
+}
+
+
+Datum
+_ltree_extract_isparent(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ArrayType  *la = PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P(0);
+	ltree	   *query = PG_GETARG_LTREE_P(1);
+	ltree	   *found,
+			   *item;
+
+	if (!array_iterator(la, ltree_isparent, (void *) query, &found))
+	{
+		PG_FREE_IF_COPY(la, 0);
+		PG_FREE_IF_COPY(query, 1);
+		PG_RETURN_NULL();
+	}
+
+	item = (ltree *) palloc0(VARSIZE(found));
+	memcpy(item, found, VARSIZE(found));
+
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(la, 0);
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(query, 1);
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(item);
+}
+
+Datum
+_ltree_extract_risparent(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ArrayType  *la = PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P(0);
+	ltree	   *query = PG_GETARG_LTREE_P(1);
+	ltree	   *found,
+			   *item;
+
+	if (!array_iterator(la, ltree_risparent, (void *) query, &found))
+	{
+		PG_FREE_IF_COPY(la, 0);
+		PG_FREE_IF_COPY(query, 1);
+		PG_RETURN_NULL();
+	}
+
+	item = (ltree *) palloc0(VARSIZE(found));
+	memcpy(item, found, VARSIZE(found));
+
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(la, 0);
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(query, 1);
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(item);
+}
+
+Datum
+_ltq_extract_regex(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ArrayType  *la = PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P(0);
+	lquery	   *query = PG_GETARG_LQUERY_P(1);
+	ltree	   *found,
+			   *item;
+
+	if (!array_iterator(la, ltq_regex, (void *) query, &found))
+	{
+		PG_FREE_IF_COPY(la, 0);
+		PG_FREE_IF_COPY(query, 1);
+		PG_RETURN_NULL();
+	}
+
+	item = (ltree *) palloc0(VARSIZE(found));
+	memcpy(item, found, VARSIZE(found));
+
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(la, 0);
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(query, 1);
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(item);
+}
+
+Datum
+_ltxtq_extract_exec(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ArrayType  *la = PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P(0);
+	ltxtquery  *query = PG_GETARG_LTXTQUERY_P(1);
+	ltree	   *found,
+			   *item;
+
+	if (!array_iterator(la, ltxtq_exec, (void *) query, &found))
+	{
+		PG_FREE_IF_COPY(la, 0);
+		PG_FREE_IF_COPY(query, 1);
+		PG_RETURN_NULL();
+	}
+
+	item = (ltree *) palloc0(VARSIZE(found));
+	memcpy(item, found, VARSIZE(found));
+
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(la, 0);
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(query, 1);
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(item);
+}
+
+Datum
+_lca(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ArrayType  *la = PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P(0);
+	int			num = ArrayGetNItems(ARR_NDIM(la), ARR_DIMS(la));
+	ltree	   *item = (ltree *) ARR_DATA_PTR(la);
+	ltree	  **a,
+			   *res;
+
+	if (ARR_NDIM(la) > 1)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_ARRAY_SUBSCRIPT_ERROR),
+				 errmsg("array must be one-dimensional")));
+	if (array_contains_nulls(la))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_NULL_VALUE_NOT_ALLOWED),
+				 errmsg("array must not contain nulls")));
+
+	a = (ltree **) palloc(sizeof(ltree *) * num);
+	while (num > 0)
+	{
+		num--;
+		a[num] = item;
+		item = NEXTVAL(item);
+	}
+	res = lca_inner(a, ArrayGetNItems(ARR_NDIM(la), ARR_DIMS(la)));
+	pfree(a);
+
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(la, 0);
+
+	if (res)
+		PG_RETURN_POINTER(res);
+	else
+		PG_RETURN_NULL();
+}
diff --git a/contrib/ltree/crc32.c b/contrib/ltree/crc32.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..134f46a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/ltree/crc32.c
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+/* contrib/ltree/crc32.c */
+
+/*
+ * Implements CRC-32, as used in ltree.
+ *
+ * Note that the CRC is used in the on-disk format of GiST indexes, so we
+ * must stay backwards-compatible!
+ */
+
+#include "postgres.h"
+#include "ltree.h"
+
+#ifdef LOWER_NODE
+#include <ctype.h>
+#define TOLOWER(x)	tolower((unsigned char) (x))
+#else
+#define TOLOWER(x)	(x)
+#endif
+
+#include "crc32.h"
+#include "utils/pg_crc.h"
+
+unsigned int
+ltree_crc32_sz(const char *buf, int size)
+{
+	pg_crc32	crc;
+	const char *p = buf;
+
+	INIT_TRADITIONAL_CRC32(crc);
+	while (size > 0)
+	{
+		char		c = (char) TOLOWER(*p);
+
+		COMP_TRADITIONAL_CRC32(crc, &c, 1);
+		size--;
+		p++;
+	}
+	FIN_TRADITIONAL_CRC32(crc);
+	return (unsigned int) crc;
+}
diff --git a/contrib/ltree/crc32.h b/contrib/ltree/crc32.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9588122
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/ltree/crc32.h
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+#ifndef _CRC32_H
+#define _CRC32_H
+
+/* contrib/ltree/crc32.h */
+
+/* Returns crc32 of data block */
+extern unsigned int ltree_crc32_sz(const char *buf, int size);
+
+/* Returns crc32 of null-terminated string */
+#define crc32(buf) ltree_crc32_sz((buf),strlen(buf))
+
+#endif
diff --git a/contrib/ltree/data/_ltree.data b/contrib/ltree/data/_ltree.data
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9ba2787
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/ltree/data/_ltree.data
@@ -0,0 +1,1000 @@
+{14.30.13.5.26.9.22.23.14.10, 22.8.20.1.10.28.6.27, 16.30.10.7.29.4.9.21.22.13.26}
+{5.8.17.30.15.8.19.29.30.11.6, 3.13, 15.8.10, 23.17.28.31.28}
+{22.23.22.30, 4.31, 7.13, 32.6.31.31}
+{19.10.26.19.5.21.30.23, 24.1.10.20.28.18.6.27.20.30.26, 5.4.8.25.12.27.2.29.28.3, 1.1.1.2}
+{11.14.21.24.10.7.29.23.24.28, 31.13.9.1.5.12, 23.12.32.22.19.1.22.4}
+{8.32.30.1, 13.8.20.9.21, 8.29.6.3, 30.8.9.14.25.30, 24.2.26.24.14.15.31.23.17.26}
+{28.5.12.9.2.27.11.11.2, 24.9.27.16.20.21, 31.30.12.20}
+{29.9.25.27.15.16.32.26.6.32, 5.24.25.15.27.30.20}
+{12.21.20.20, 4.14.10.19.16, 2.15.14.20.30.26, 19.26.24.27.6.24.16.27.32.29, 29.10.12.17.12.16}
+{22.23.22.30, 25.19.27.2.9.20}
+{5.3.29.9.22, 28.14.32.29.2.3.4, 21.14.25.20.13.31.14.20, 22.25.4.28.9.20.12.13}
+{19.16.31.31.29.12, 1.30.18.31.12.25.4.19.28.12.15, 25.24.29}
+{27.27.25.10.31.10.21.22.21.16.12, 7.30.5.10.10.5.30.14.9.18, 3.6.24.21.20.32.3.4.26.5}
+{24.9.27.16.20.21, 12.11.20.20.29, 12.29.17.2.20.29.1.11.19.8.12}
+{25.2.11.20.8.6.22, 22.24.22.25.15.23.13}
+{16.14.3.17.17.26.12.19.19.30, 28.20.8.9.9.28.30.29, 14.9.15.21.21.31.1.29}
+{6.26.29.10.21.28.20.19, 23.24.11.31.10.31.18.28.13.18.6, 13.17.7, 29.23.1.21.31.8, 7.27.20}
+{22.17.4.2.22.17, 19.9.32.23.13.24.1}
+{26.31.7, 16.21.13.1.4}
+{22.23.25.28.5.27.9.9.24.31.10, 18.9.26.7, 23.14.12.30.18.4.16.18.7.7, 27.29.1.5.30.6.22.16.23.2.28, 10.29}
+{30.27.8.6.11.19, 3.15.2.23.22.2.16.14}
+{25.17.18.30, 18.29.5.1.10.21.2, 8.21.17.3.6.3.18, 26.31.7, 26.11}
+{5.27.32.21.5.1.11.14, 27.3.3.11.21.4.25, 4.2.16.13.16.11.19.10.10.25, 32.3.23.7.2}
+{3.21.6.13.12.18.25, 1.27.22.23.2.26.32.17.7.9, 9.23.21.22.5.29.15.21, 15.5.1.31.28.10.8, 27.5.15.1.15.16.21}
+{30.25.17.17.10.29, 31.29.18.26.1.26.17, 2.2.18.18.3.3.18.8.10.8, 8.31.22.27, 18.9.21.2.31.8.32}
+{14.6.10.29.25.26.20.24.24, 24.25.7.27.30.8.26.17, 3.4.22.19, 31.29.4.29.24.30.30.32.10.23, 14.5.13.19.25.12.32.9.13.16.12}
+{8.10, 20.6.3.26.7.29.28.4, 31.29.4.29.24.30.30.32.10.23, 30.18.30.16.29}
+{14.21.6.5.26.9.32.16.25, 29.20.1.11.21.16.1.2.14.28}
+{12.7.16.8.21.22.2.16.18, 6.7.25.16.13.21.7.20.25.12.4, 18.29.13.24.18.3.12.18.12.12, 26.7.5.8.11.9.22.1.6, 32.30.18.17.1.14.12.18}
+{21.15.18.18.30.3.20, 22.10.16.8, 26.18.32.20}
+{5.27.28.26.14.15.6.20.1.31.13, 30.23.10.1.10.7.22.28.18.11.17, 5.27.28.26.14.15.6.20.1.31.13}
+{9.6.9.21.6.11.29.13.29.20.32, 27.21.28.24.7.2.24.23.8, 26.25.10.10.13, 14.17.7.30.8.25.26.4}
+{10.3.19, 10.16.19.7.15, 1.1, 14.21.6.5.26.9.32.16.25, 24.3.23.25}
+{15.10.30.1.4.12.8.20, 22.25.4.28.9.20.12.13}
+{15.9.8.20.27, 8.13.9.31.20.20.24.7.23.31.28, 15.1.8, 28.25.29.4.13.5.6}
+{24.24, 20.3.1.8.8.30.20, 6.19.6.4.9.11.32.17.17.3.15, 9.31.4.14.31.10.17.5.2}
+{21.9.32.1.27, 29.14.31.25.7.32.23, 25.16.9.6}
+{1, 16.13.2.19.14.29.31.30.23.15.12, 26.19.3.14.8.28.31.10, 31.5.6.4.8.29.3, 1.11.10.19.6.1.26.17.2.22}
+{29.3.15.17.12.29, 19.9.32.23.13.24.1, 2.32.8.28.24.20.9.24.25.8.9, 30.12.9.25.24.6.7.24.29}
+{9.22.10.15.5.15, 29.30.7.31.22}
+{16.8.29.7.21.2.3, 23.10.5.26.12.4.20.4, 1.12.25.26.22.8.15.23, 4.9, 14.1.15.25.27.23.25.26.28.10}
+{11.17.10, 10.22.30.16.2.21.17.13, 29.27.7.7.3.11.14.26.21.11}
+{11.14.21.24.10.7.29.23.24.28, 27.22.11.13.21.25.5.1.27.21.27}
+{5.2.32.19.13.29.12.13.31.29, 8.6.6.5.8.8.12, 23.20.8, 5.27.21.1.29.29.28}
+{13.30.24, 17.11.17.4.8.26.26.20.6, 12.1.28.22.25}
+{5.14.27.15.11.17.3.10.27.25, 20.23.29.5.7.30.13.14.22, 24.13.1.8, 27.26.29, 27.18.10.4.22}
+{19.16.26.2, 25.3, 10.5.5.15.29.2}
+{32.6.3.2.12.5.28.1.25, 5.18.9.25.31.21.22}
+{13.8.20.9.21, 24.9.15.1.14.29.6.4}
+{1.15.17.6.28.25.24.31.27.9, 2.1.12.19.29.28.3.31.28.28.10, 25.16.9.6, 32.4.19}
+{30.12.6.30, 30.31.13.9, 23.12.19.25.16.23.22.6.29.4, 21.18.30.19.24.24}
+{26.26.22.21.14.11.29.19.14.24, 7.31.4.20.17, 14.30.13.5.26.9.22.23.14.10, 8.1.29.18.22}
+{12.23.3.19.29.15.12.6, 2.4.25.32.16.22.26.13.17.18, 32.6.13.8.32, 31.18.32.11.7.25.20.5, 10.31}
+{7.23.15.32.28.27.2.2.26, 8.32.30.1, 31.28.32.4.31.4.7, 2.31.25, 11.2.27.3}
+{11.12.6.21, 22.28.20.6.32.32}
+{21.14.22.29, 20.30.28.15.17, 4.22.17.10.19.9.8.19.28.3.9}
+{31.18.25.1.14.29.25.5.22.30, 24.32.27, 8.21.8.23.4.18}
+{28.15.25.7.13.6.19.2, 32.8.5, 25.17.18.17.27}
+{6.25.17.32, 22.17.7.30.13.24, 3.9.25.26.7, 14.23.31.5.5.15.17.12.17.7.3, 18.15.14}
+{13.12, 16.5.14.21.32.17.23.3.4.26}
+{1.19.22.11.14.7.32.23.19.14, 12.1.1, 19.26.24.27.6.24.16.27.32.29, 24.15.15.17.22}
+{10.27.7.24.26.11.31.20.29, 3.15.2.23.22.2.16.14, 26.32.8.12.30.19.24.8.6.1.10, 10.3.19}
+{28.26.25.7, 13.28.14.2.8.18, 7.31.2.28.15.11.17.18.19.23.6}
+{25.24.29, 21.18.2.1, 13.3.20}
+{32.25.16, 22.19.5.22.20.31.23.24.14.24.4, 5.27.16.3.30, 12.25.32.2.27.3.3.16, 30.25.8.24.6.29.31}
+{30.24.23.25.32.18.22.12.29.9.22, 11.30}
+{9.22.10.15.5.15, 25.16.9.6, 23.10.13.32.14.20.16.11.14}
+{22.10.27.19.29.20.29.3.12.14.25, 26.32.21.31.27.12, 3.26.32, 17.26.18}
+{5.14.29.2.23.16.20.22, 11.6.11.29.4.5.24.6.26.12, 8.21.17.3.6.3.18, 26.26.22.21.14.11.29.19.14.24}
+{28.8.21.15.16.28.4.16.26.8, 19.6.13.14.22.13.9.29, 11.17.10}
+{25.28.30.24, 26.25.24, 25.10.29.3.6.21.3.31.13}
+{32.24.29.6, 10.18.12.27.24.30.32.7.11.5.13, 20.6.26.3.30}
+{19.26.24.27.6.24.16.27.32.29, 1.31.3}
+{19.10.4.30.32.4.12, 20.25.22.19.22, 17.13.14.29.27.27.13.12.15, 5.1.5.31, 4.15.20.23.12.16.2.16.17}
+{16.13.19.11.18.13.17.17, 17.25.26.23.32, 31.18.27.15.20.29.29}
+{24.15.15.17.22, 24.2.26.24.14.15.31.23.17.26, 12.22.20.4.12, 3.13, 25.32.24.24.28.15.16.10}
+{4.11.19.17.2.22.20.18.13.32.15, 14.1.11, 14.8.15.30.7.29.27.31.4}
+{3.29.19.2.24, 24.23.29.8.24.11.21.10.28.14.27, 32.31.11.22.1, 31.13, 12.21.20.20}
+{28.4, 14.30.13.5.26.9.22.23.14.10, 19.26.32.13.1.12.30.26.22.25}
+{4.26.2.2, 9.30, 18.13.6.12.26.26.26.29.18.20.1, 22.23.22.30}
+{26.11, 7.19.10.12.31.1.27.13.19, 15.17}
+{12.16.13, 14.30.13.5.26.9.22.23.14.10, 21.5.17.19.15.25.18.21.24.9, 18.9.26.7}
+{30.27.8.6.11.19, 22.18.20.23.15.9.12}
+{31.18.32.11.7.25.20.5, 3.15.2.23.22.2.16.14}
+{22.20.30, 23.28.3.30.15.31.32.3.21.9.19, 6.18.1.4.18.23, 1.30.18.31.12.25.4.19.28.12.15, 17.13.19.31.12.18.10.15.14}
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+{16.8.29.7.21.2.3, 6.27.29.14.8.12.26.3.21.4.1, 21.14.22.29}
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diff --git a/contrib/ltree/data/ltree.data b/contrib/ltree/data/ltree.data
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..246443e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/ltree/data/ltree.data
@@ -0,0 +1,1006 @@
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+5.14.27.15.11.17.3.10.27.25
+10.27.7.24.26.11.31.20.29
+30.23.2.13.14.15.29.19.4.12.24
+26.9.17.1.18.19.1.11.18.29.3
+4.25.12.10.15.9.18.9
+14.21.5.28.3.32.24.14.25.31
+27.27
+15.7.5.12.7.9.3.28.26
+13.16.4.28
+21.9.32.1.27
+25.6
+23.12.11.11.15.16.22.31.32.5.8
+29.10.12.17.12.16
+8.9.21.16.29
+12.6.14.23.19.21.9.12
+14.6.10.29.25.26.20.24.24
+29.5.18.27.3.21.18.6.14
+4.1.24.24.28.24.18
+9.5.9.3.23.9.25.14.1.29.28
+25.10
+21.10.20.9.3.16.9.10.20
+20.8.19.14.16.7
+21.28.17.22.10.27.4.20.2.32
+1.28.19.8.25.6.20.27.29.27
+12.23.3.19.29.15.12.6
+27.17.17.19.24.9.14.20
+3.29.19.2.24
+19.9.32.23.13.24.1
+27.3.3.11.21.4.25
+25.16.9.6
+4.14.17.12.20.17.1.22.3
+19.7
+28.15.25.7.13.6.19.2
+1.28.3.22
+13.14.13.10.28.26.9.18.27.21
+26.25.10.10.13
+27.26.29
+6.27.29.14.8.12.26.3.21.4.1
+4.14.10.19.16
+5.4.8.25.12.27.2.29.28.3
+8.21.17.3.6.3.18
+3.6.24.21.20.32.3.4.26.5
+27.17.15.7.28.20
+21.17.27.23.15
+11.29
+26.18
+27.5.15.1.15.16.21
+21.28.24.23.3.11.7.12.22.32
+3.26
+31.29.4.29.24.30.30.32.10.23
+24.9.15.1.14.29.6.4
+13.8.23.13.11.18.24.21.11.24.10
+31.17.2.30.11
+8.5.24.9.29.32.31.30.13.9.7
+21.14.13
+3.21.6.13.12.18.25
+2.13.9.23.21.2
+22.17.24.14.21.15.12.18.17.25.11
+25.28.30.24
+24.2.6.7.16.7.28
+22.28.20.6.32.32
+1.13.16.27.11.16.30.2.9.18.4
+11.17.17.24.11.23.17.17.18.10.22
+22.16
+4.22.17.10.19.9.8.19.28.3.9
+12.27.30.12.24.2.20
+23.20.24
+28.6.8.22.25
+16.2.14.3.26.11
+15.4.15
+19.11.29.13.15.27.12.15.14.12
+28.20.8.9.9.28.30.29
+30.16.3.21.10
+11.1.3.28.30.21.24.14
+32.31.26.19.13.29.4.25
+8.13.6.12.18.7
+9.21.28.8.12.15.3.13.10.11
+4.19.16.15.5.2.25.8.28.14.2
+28.25.29.4.13.5.6
+25.24.29
+1.19.22.11.14.7.32.23.19.14
+22.22.10.30.5.15.25.21.19.11
+21.30.19.6.28.1.32.2.14.14
+26.5.29.7.28
+1.4.14.32.14
+19.2.9.29.6
+6.13.31.5.7.26
+27.11.14.17.24
+15.1.8
+11.15.11.19.29.10
+10.3.19
+5.3.29.9.22
+5.20
+13.9.9.27.31.11.25.9.27.22.13
+10.2.17.26.16.7.19.6.23.3
+30.8.18.5.20.6.15
+32.1.23.20.14.12.23.5.32.15
+3.9.11.23.32.26.24.28
+4.26.23.6.19.31.10.4.22
+1.10.23.25.5.11
+4.26.2.2
+14.30.2.21.15.16.13
+11.6.11.29.4.5.24.6.26.12
+19.26.32.13.1.12.30.26.22.25
+30.25.24.22
+6.11.11.5.16.8.14.12.9
+2.24.5.3.4.10.27.26.17.28.16
+3.18.8.22.7.28.32.31.3
+25.9
+12.14.20.8.28.4
+3.21.16.24.23.12.16.32.3
+8.3.18.13.30.20.27.26.17.28
+3.3
+8.32.30.1
+26.14.5.32.10
+24.20.23
+8.16.20.24.20.6.10.21
+23.12.32.22.19.1.22.4
+24.21.14.25.11.3.20.6.6.16
+12.4.10.17.4.10.23.3
+19.6.24.32.30.13.6.25.8.28
+1.3.15.11.11.25.24.21.19
+3.11.18.21.5.20.30
+9.23.21.22.5.29.15.21
+17.24.15.27.3.32.4.22.20.6.24
+23.24.11.31.10.31.18.28.13.18.6
+4.21.9.1.2.14.8.17.13.26
+23.28.20.25.30.24.15
+4.9
+8.13.14.11.11.29.22.4.4.10
+3.10.4.5.28.11
+29.10.17.11.28.12.18.5.19.15.21
+22.19.20.5.2.20
+19.6.13.14.22.13.9.29
+1.10.4.18.22.23.24
+28.11.27.21.14.16
+1.11.10.19.6.1.26.17.2.22
+24.17.31.20.12.9.19.29.18
+24.17.24
+19.5.20.3.4.2.3
+18.31.32.29.22.1.31.11.28
+15.21.22
+10.8.20.11.12.23.22
+9.8.23.2.20.16
+21.32.13.22.3.13.31.23.14.12.9
+4.22.7.19.25
+1.30.31.31.20.16.7
+22.29.29.11
+20.30.17
+30.24.32.15.14.10.11
+30.25.8.24.6.29.31
+9.21.14.19
+21.31.31.25.5.30.26
+20.25.22.19.22
+25.17.2.20.20.3.29.21.3.12
+29.6.12.31.20.23.32.20
+2.30.26.10.14.31.18.2
+28.6
+20.5.4.9.31.14.26.6
+20.1.24.3.30.31
+13.3.8
+25.29
+2.15.14.20.30.26
+5.24.4.31.3.16.25.17.13.26.11
+29.5.32.20.11.7.13.24.17
+24.9
+17.17.14.28.6.30
+4.11.22.4.19.24.4.28.6.8.22
+11.2.27.3
+28.25.10.25.19.15
+14.26.25.4.12.26.8
+3.10
+4.14
+28.31.10.28.22.26.16.15
+28.2.27.1.20
+32.8.5
+21.17.31.10.31.13.9.26.6.14
+13.7
+9.14.27.31.26.21.25.3.20
+17.29.31.8.24.10.18.27.17
+2.1.3.30.24.17.9
+18.15.14
+6.29.32.13.30.3.16
+27.17.3.18.2.13.18
+5.27.21.1.29.29.28
+13.3.20
+14.21.22
+4.18.29.9.16.10
+29.1.2.14.14
+8.13.1
+2.32.10.13.12
+9.10.32
+15.8.3.15.27.14.29.28.6.5.25
+12.22.20.4.12
+14.13.9.13.11.5.5.2.2.32.12
+9.21.20.29.1
+28.14.32.29.2.3.4
+28.9.3.16.17.21.23.30
+24.32.17.23.24.19.23.9.20.18
+15.26.24.31.16.15.17.22.8.30.3
+6.5.27.19.13.26.1.18.9
+2.6.15.26.23.26.24
+4.26.5.26.21.28.17.24.25.23
+25.14.5.32.25
+3.27.18.8.4.21.6.32.30.7.5
+2.11.32.25.23
+8.9.22
+18.18.5.11.7.4.25
+14.3.17.1.14.15.21.4.26
+10.3
+13.12
+27.31.2.16.29.6
+8.2
+27.18.10.4.22
+16.14.3.17.17.26.12.19.19.30
+20.9.29.32.13.7.23
+8.3.3.25.25.15.7.13.21.18
+4.16.7.25.21.7
+17.25.26.23.32
+20.3.1.8.8.30.20
+31.18.25.1.14.29.25.5.22.30
+21.20.28.19.27.9
+30.16.14.9.5.4.10.7.31
+30.22.29.21.19.14.3.2.6
+8.5.30.29.9.31
+23.28.1
+11.16.16.28.14
+18.6.26.2.13.9.6.11.10.11.16
+11.30
+16.5.6.12
+32.24.29.6
+8.31.22.27
+6.18.1.4.18.23
+28.5.13
+26.26.22.21.14.11.29.19.14.24
+29.1
+24.10.10.31.4.29.9
+19.11.10.18.14.13.7.7
+27.29.1.5.30.6.22.16.23.2.28
+3.11.32.11.22.3.7.17.8.13.23
+2.12.14.28.16.21
+24.23.29.8.24.11.21.10.28.14.27
+27.4
+4.11.19.17.2.22.20.18.13.32.15
+7.21.8
+2.27.15.14
+25.9.1.5.9.11.25.4.11.27.32
+25.31
+9.16.2.16.22.24.17.31.14.21.17
+32.1.31
+9.22.10.15.5.15
+12.10.11.9.10.31.4.16.31
+30.24
+15.25.31.11.4.22.16.7.11
+22.8.20.1.10.28.6.27
+10.12.23.22.23.22.20.17.17.9
+3.18.18
+7.7.22.24.17.32.17.25.28
+31.13.9.1.5.12
+25.17.18.17.27
+32.6.31.31
+26.8.28
+14.29
+30.6.4
+27.16
+24.18.16
+27.21.27.5.13.30.17
+23.20.8
+28.14.24.26.6.15.16.32.25.13.8
+13.1.6.17.28.9.15.30.1.27.14
+5.3.17.29
+13.8.15.3.7.31.5.10.15.30
+19.12.26.24.29.3
+11.21.16.27.16
+23.5.7.12.11.23.10
+29.15.29.8.31.26.1
+4.3.20.27.9.1.18.30.12.5.19
+7.19.12.3.21.19.18.5.2.14.10
+8.26.29.13.7.25.31.28.3.32
+12.16.13
+28.25.11.22
+17.26.18
+18.6.2.2.24
+24.11.5
+17.3
+21.14.25.20.13.31.14.20
+23.31.27.16.8.30.20.27
+3.32.2.29.3.32.28.11.29.30
+5.10.2.11.21.9.19
+16.27.8.17.14.17.21.29.14
+25.10.4.28.3.31.19
+16.13.19.11.18.13.17.17
+3.26.32
+5.13.23.4.9
+26.31.16.18.22.13.32.23.9.20
+32.28.1.32.28.10
+15.21.23.30.9.25
+1.20.22.26.2.6.11
+2.1.12.19.29.28.3.31.28.28.10
+14.5.13.19.25.12.32.9.13.16.12
+5.24.24.9.32.26.31
diff --git a/contrib/ltree/expected/ltree.out b/contrib/ltree/expected/ltree.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..28c321a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/ltree/expected/ltree.out
@@ -0,0 +1,8091 @@
+CREATE EXTENSION ltree;
+-- Check whether any of our opclasses fail amvalidate
+SELECT amname, opcname
+FROM pg_opclass opc LEFT JOIN pg_am am ON am.oid = opcmethod
+WHERE opc.oid >= 16384 AND NOT amvalidate(opc.oid);
+ amname | opcname 
+--------+---------
+(0 rows)
+
+SELECT ''::ltree;
+ ltree 
+-------
+ 
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '1'::ltree;
+ ltree 
+-------
+ 1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '1.2'::ltree;
+ ltree 
+-------
+ 1.2
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '1.2._3'::ltree;
+ ltree  
+--------
+ 1.2._3
+(1 row)
+
+-- empty labels not allowed
+SELECT '.2.3'::ltree;
+ERROR:  ltree syntax error at character 1
+LINE 1: SELECT '.2.3'::ltree;
+               ^
+SELECT '1..3'::ltree;
+ERROR:  ltree syntax error at character 3
+LINE 1: SELECT '1..3'::ltree;
+               ^
+SELECT '1.2.'::ltree;
+ERROR:  ltree syntax error
+LINE 1: SELECT '1.2.'::ltree;
+               ^
+DETAIL:  Unexpected end of input.
+SELECT repeat('x', 255)::ltree;
+                                                                                                                             repeat                                                                                                                              
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT repeat('x', 256)::ltree;
+ERROR:  label string is too long
+DETAIL:  Label length is 256, must be at most 255, at character 257.
+SELECT ltree2text('1.2.3.34.sdf');
+  ltree2text  
+--------------
+ 1.2.3.34.sdf
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT text2ltree('1.2.3.34.sdf');
+  text2ltree  
+--------------
+ 1.2.3.34.sdf
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT subltree('Top.Child1.Child2',1,2);
+ subltree 
+----------
+ Child1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT subpath('Top.Child1.Child2',1,2);
+    subpath    
+---------------
+ Child1.Child2
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT subpath('Top.Child1.Child2',-1,1);
+ subpath 
+---------
+ Child2
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT subpath('Top.Child1.Child2',0,-2);
+ subpath 
+---------
+ Top
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT subpath('Top.Child1.Child2',0,-1);
+  subpath   
+------------
+ Top.Child1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT subpath('Top.Child1.Child2',0,0);
+ subpath 
+---------
+ 
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT subpath('Top.Child1.Child2',1,0);
+ subpath 
+---------
+ 
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT subpath('Top.Child1.Child2',0);
+      subpath      
+-------------------
+ Top.Child1.Child2
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT subpath('Top.Child1.Child2',1);
+    subpath    
+---------------
+ Child1.Child2
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT index('1.2.3.4.5.6','1.2');
+ index 
+-------
+     0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT index('a.1.2.3.4.5.6','1.2');
+ index 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT index('a.1.2.3.4.5.6','1.2.3');
+ index 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT index('a.1.2.3.4.5.6','1.2.3.j');
+ index 
+-------
+    -1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT index('a.1.2.3.4.5.6','1.2.3.j.4.5.5.5.5.5.5');
+ index 
+-------
+    -1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT index('a.1.2.3.4.5.6','1.2.3');
+ index 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT index('a.1.2.3.4.5.6','6');
+ index 
+-------
+     6
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT index('a.1.2.3.4.5.6','6.1');
+ index 
+-------
+    -1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT index('a.1.2.3.4.5.6','5.6');
+ index 
+-------
+     5
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT index('0.1.2.3.5.4.5.6','5.6');
+ index 
+-------
+     6
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT index('0.1.2.3.5.4.5.6.8.5.6.8','5.6',3);
+ index 
+-------
+     6
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT index('0.1.2.3.5.4.5.6.8.5.6.8','5.6',6);
+ index 
+-------
+     6
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT index('0.1.2.3.5.4.5.6.8.5.6.8','5.6',7);
+ index 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT index('0.1.2.3.5.4.5.6.8.5.6.8','5.6',-7);
+ index 
+-------
+     6
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT index('0.1.2.3.5.4.5.6.8.5.6.8','5.6',-4);
+ index 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT index('0.1.2.3.5.4.5.6.8.5.6.8','5.6',-3);
+ index 
+-------
+     9
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT index('0.1.2.3.5.4.5.6.8.5.6.8','5.6',-2);
+ index 
+-------
+    -1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT index('0.1.2.3.5.4.5.6.8.5.6.8','5.6',-20000);
+ index 
+-------
+     6
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'Top.Child1.Child2'::ltree || 'Child3'::text;
+         ?column?         
+--------------------------
+ Top.Child1.Child2.Child3
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'Top.Child1.Child2'::ltree || 'Child3'::ltree;
+         ?column?         
+--------------------------
+ Top.Child1.Child2.Child3
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'Top_0'::ltree || 'Top.Child1.Child2'::ltree;
+        ?column?         
+-------------------------
+ Top_0.Top.Child1.Child2
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'Top.Child1.Child2'::ltree || ''::ltree;
+     ?column?      
+-------------------
+ Top.Child1.Child2
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT ''::ltree || 'Top.Child1.Child2'::ltree;
+     ?column?      
+-------------------
+ Top.Child1.Child2
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT lca('{la.2.3,1.2.3.4.5.6,""}') IS NULL;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT lca('{la.2.3,1.2.3.4.5.6}') IS NULL;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT lca('{1.la.2.3,1.2.3.4.5.6}');
+ lca 
+-----
+ 1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT lca('{1.2.3,1.2.3.4.5.6}');
+ lca 
+-----
+ 1.2
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT lca('{1.2.3}');
+ lca 
+-----
+ 1.2
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT lca('{1}'), lca('{1}') IS NULL;
+ lca | ?column? 
+-----+----------
+     | f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT lca('{}') IS NULL;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT lca('1.la.2.3','1.2.3.4.5.6');
+ lca 
+-----
+ 1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT lca('1.2.3','1.2.3.4.5.6');
+ lca 
+-----
+ 1.2
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT lca('1.2.2.3','1.2.3.4.5.6');
+ lca 
+-----
+ 1.2
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT lca('1.2.2.3','1.2.3.4.5.6','');
+ lca 
+-----
+ 
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT lca('1.2.2.3','1.2.3.4.5.6','2');
+ lca 
+-----
+ 
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT lca('1.2.2.3','1.2.3.4.5.6','1');
+ lca 
+-----
+ 
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '1'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ 1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '4|3|2'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ 4|3|2
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '1.2'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ 1.2
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '1.4|3|2'::lquery;
+ lquery  
+---------
+ 1.4|3|2
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '1.0'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ 1.0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '4|3|2.0'::lquery;
+ lquery  
+---------
+ 4|3|2.0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '1.2.0'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ 1.2.0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '1.4|3|2.0'::lquery;
+  lquery   
+-----------
+ 1.4|3|2.0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '1.*'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ 1.*
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '4|3|2.*'::lquery;
+ lquery  
+---------
+ 4|3|2.*
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '1.2.*'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ 1.2.*
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '1.4|3|2.*'::lquery;
+  lquery   
+-----------
+ 1.4|3|2.*
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '*.1.*'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ *.1.*
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '*.4|3|2.*'::lquery;
+  lquery   
+-----------
+ *.4|3|2.*
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '*.1.2.*'::lquery;
+ lquery  
+---------
+ *.1.2.*
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '*.1.4|3|2.*'::lquery;
+   lquery    
+-------------
+ *.1.4|3|2.*
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '1.*.4|3|2'::lquery;
+  lquery   
+-----------
+ 1.*.4|3|2
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '1.*.4|3|2.0'::lquery;
+   lquery    
+-------------
+ 1.*.4|3|2.0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '1.*.4|3|2.*{1,4}'::lquery;
+      lquery      
+------------------
+ 1.*.4|3|2.*{1,4}
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '1.*.4|3|2.*{,4}'::lquery;
+     lquery      
+-----------------
+ 1.*.4|3|2.*{,4}
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '1.*.4|3|2.*{1,}'::lquery;
+     lquery      
+-----------------
+ 1.*.4|3|2.*{1,}
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '1.*.4|3|2.*{1}'::lquery;
+     lquery     
+----------------
+ 1.*.4|3|2.*{1}
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'foo.bar{,}.!a*|b{1,}.c{,44}.d{3,4}'::lquery;
+               lquery               
+------------------------------------
+ foo.bar{,}.!a*|b{1,}.c{,44}.d{3,4}
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'foo*@@*'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ foo@*
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'qwerty%@*.tu'::lquery;
+    lquery    
+--------------
+ qwerty%@*.tu
+(1 row)
+
+-- empty labels not allowed
+SELECT '.2.3'::lquery;
+ERROR:  lquery syntax error at character 1
+LINE 1: SELECT '.2.3'::lquery;
+               ^
+SELECT '1..3'::lquery;
+ERROR:  lquery syntax error at character 3
+LINE 1: SELECT '1..3'::lquery;
+               ^
+SELECT '1.2.'::lquery;
+ERROR:  lquery syntax error
+LINE 1: SELECT '1.2.'::lquery;
+               ^
+DETAIL:  Unexpected end of input.
+SELECT '@.2.3'::lquery;
+ERROR:  lquery syntax error at character 1
+LINE 1: SELECT '@.2.3'::lquery;
+               ^
+SELECT '1.@.3'::lquery;
+ERROR:  lquery syntax error at character 3
+LINE 1: SELECT '1.@.3'::lquery;
+               ^
+SELECT '1.2.@'::lquery;
+ERROR:  lquery syntax error at character 5
+LINE 1: SELECT '1.2.@'::lquery;
+               ^
+SELECT '!.2.3'::lquery;
+ERROR:  lquery syntax error at character 2
+LINE 1: SELECT '!.2.3'::lquery;
+               ^
+DETAIL:  Empty labels are not allowed.
+SELECT '1.!.3'::lquery;
+ERROR:  lquery syntax error at character 4
+LINE 1: SELECT '1.!.3'::lquery;
+               ^
+DETAIL:  Empty labels are not allowed.
+SELECT '1.2.!'::lquery;
+ERROR:  lquery syntax error at character 6
+LINE 1: SELECT '1.2.!'::lquery;
+               ^
+DETAIL:  Empty labels are not allowed.
+SELECT '1.2.3|@.4'::lquery;
+ERROR:  lquery syntax error at character 7
+LINE 1: SELECT '1.2.3|@.4'::lquery;
+               ^
+SELECT (repeat('x', 255) || '*@@*')::lquery;
+                                                                                                                              lquery                                                                                                                               
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx@*
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT (repeat('x', 256) || '*@@*')::lquery;
+ERROR:  label string is too long
+DETAIL:  Label length is 256, must be at most 255, at character 257.
+SELECT ('!' || repeat('x', 255))::lquery;
+                                                                                                                              lquery                                                                                                                              
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ !xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT ('!' || repeat('x', 256))::lquery;
+ERROR:  label string is too long
+DETAIL:  Label length is 256, must be at most 255, at character 258.
+SELECT nlevel('1.2.3.4');
+ nlevel 
+--------
+      4
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT nlevel(('1' || repeat('.1', 65534))::ltree);
+ nlevel 
+--------
+  65535
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT nlevel(('1' || repeat('.1', 65535))::ltree);
+ERROR:  number of ltree labels (65536) exceeds the maximum allowed (65535)
+SELECT nlevel(('1' || repeat('.1', 65534))::ltree || '1');
+ERROR:  number of ltree levels (65536) exceeds the maximum allowed (65535)
+SELECT ('1' || repeat('.1', 65534))::lquery IS NULL;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT ('1' || repeat('.1', 65535))::lquery IS NULL;
+ERROR:  number of lquery items (65536) exceeds the maximum allowed (65535)
+SELECT '*{65535}'::lquery;
+  lquery  
+----------
+ *{65535}
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '*{65536}'::lquery;
+ERROR:  lquery syntax error
+LINE 1: SELECT '*{65536}'::lquery;
+               ^
+DETAIL:  Low limit (65536) exceeds the maximum allowed (65535), at character 3.
+SELECT '*{,65534}'::lquery;
+  lquery   
+-----------
+ *{,65534}
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '*{,65535}'::lquery;
+ lquery 
+--------
+ *
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '*{,65536}'::lquery;
+ERROR:  lquery syntax error
+LINE 1: SELECT '*{,65536}'::lquery;
+               ^
+DETAIL:  High limit (65536) exceeds the maximum allowed (65535), at character 4.
+SELECT '*{4,3}'::lquery;
+ERROR:  lquery syntax error
+LINE 1: SELECT '*{4,3}'::lquery;
+               ^
+DETAIL:  Low limit (4) is greater than high limit (3), at character 5.
+SELECT '1.2'::ltree  < '2.2'::ltree;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '1.2'::ltree  <= '2.2'::ltree;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '2.2'::ltree  = '2.2'::ltree;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '3.2'::ltree  >= '2.2'::ltree;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '3.2'::ltree  > '2.2'::ltree;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '1.2.3'::ltree @> '1.2.3.4'::ltree;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '1.2.3.4'::ltree @> '1.2.3.4'::ltree;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '1.2.3.4.5'::ltree @> '1.2.3.4'::ltree;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '1.3.3'::ltree @> '1.2.3.4'::ltree;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a.b.c.d.e';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'A.b.c.d.e';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'A@.b.c.d.e';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'aa.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'A@.b.c.d.e';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'aa.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'A*.b.c.d.e';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'aa.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'A*@.b.c.d.e';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'aa.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'A*@|g.b.c.d.e';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'g.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'A*@|g.b.c.d.e';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a.b.c.d.e';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a.*.e';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a.*{3}.e';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a.*{2}.e';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a.*{4}.e';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a.*{,4}.e';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a.*{2,}.e';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a.*{2,4}.e';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a.*{2,3}.e';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a.*{2,3}';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a.*{2,4}';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a.*{2,5}';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*{2,3}.e';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*{2,4}.e';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*{2,5}.e';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*.e';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*.e.*';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*.d.*';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*.a.*.d.*';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*.!d.*';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*.!d';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '!d.*';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '!a.*';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*.!e';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*.!e.*';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a.*.!e';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a.*.!d';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a.*.!d.*';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a.*.!f.*';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*.a.*.!f.*';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*.a.*.!d.*';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*.a.!d.*';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*.a.!d';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a.!d.*';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*.a.*.!d.*';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*.!b.*';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*.!b.c.*';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*.!b.*.c.*';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '!b.*.c.*';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '!b.b.*';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '!b.*.e';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '!b.!c.*.e';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '!b.*.!c.*.e';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*{2}.!b.*.!c.*.e';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*{1}.!b.*.!c.*.e';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*{1}.!b.*{1}.!c.*.e';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a.!b.*{1}.!c.*.e';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '!b.*{1}.!c.*.e';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*.!b.*{1}.!c.*.e';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*.!b.*.!c.*.e';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '!b.!c.*';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '!b.*.!c.*';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*{2}.!b.*.!c.*';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*{1}.!b.*.!c.*';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*{1}.!b.*{1}.!c.*';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a.!b.*{1}.!c.*';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '!b.*{1}.!c.*';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*.!b.*{1}.!c.*';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*.!b.*.!c.*';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a.*{2}.*{2}';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a.*{1}.*{2}.e';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a.*{1}.*{4}';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a.*{5}.*';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '5.0.1.0'::ltree ~ '5.!0.!0.0';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b'::ltree ~ '!a.!a';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a{,}';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a{1,}.*';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a{,}.!a{,}';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.a'::ltree ~ 'a{,}.!a{,}';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.a'::ltree ~ 'a{,2}.!a{1,}';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a{,2}.!a{1,}';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '!x{,}';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '!c{,}';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '!c{0,3}.!a{2,}';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '!c{0,3}.!d{2,}.*';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'QWER_TY'::ltree ~ 'q%@*';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'QWER_TY'::ltree ~ 'q%@*%@*';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'QWER_TY'::ltree ~ 'Q_t%@*';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'QWER_GY'::ltree ~ 'q_t%@*';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+--ltxtquery
+SELECT '!tree & aWdf@*'::ltxtquery;
+   ltxtquery    
+----------------
+ !tree & aWdf@*
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'tree & aw_qw%*'::ltxtquery;
+   ltxtquery    
+----------------
+ tree & aw_qw%*
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'ltree.awdfg'::ltree @ '!tree & aWdf@*'::ltxtquery;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'tree.awdfg'::ltree @ '!tree & aWdf@*'::ltxtquery;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'tree.awdfg'::ltree @ '!tree | aWdf@*'::ltxtquery;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'tree.awdfg'::ltree @ 'tree | aWdf@*'::ltxtquery;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'tree.awdfg'::ltree @ 'tree & aWdf@*'::ltxtquery;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'tree.awdfg'::ltree @ 'tree & aWdf@'::ltxtquery;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'tree.awdfg'::ltree @ 'tree & aWdf*'::ltxtquery;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'tree.awdfg'::ltree @ 'tree & aWdf'::ltxtquery;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'tree.awdfg'::ltree @ 'tree & awdf*'::ltxtquery;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'tree.awdfg'::ltree @ 'tree & aWdfg@'::ltxtquery;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'tree.awdfg_qwerty'::ltree @ 'tree & aw_qw%*'::ltxtquery;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'tree.awdfg_qwerty'::ltree @ 'tree & aw_rw%*'::ltxtquery;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+--arrays
+SELECT '{1.2.3}'::ltree[] @> '1.2.3.4';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '{1.2.3.4}'::ltree[] @> '1.2.3.4';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '{1.2.3.4.5}'::ltree[] @> '1.2.3.4';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '{1.3.3}'::ltree[] @> '1.2.3.4';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '{5.67.8, 1.2.3}'::ltree[] @> '1.2.3.4';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '{5.67.8, 1.2.3.4}'::ltree[] @> '1.2.3.4';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '{5.67.8, 1.2.3.4.5}'::ltree[] @> '1.2.3.4';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '{5.67.8, 1.3.3}'::ltree[] @> '1.2.3.4';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '{1.2.3, 7.12.asd}'::ltree[] @> '1.2.3.4';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '{1.2.3.4, 7.12.asd}'::ltree[] @> '1.2.3.4';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '{1.2.3.4.5, 7.12.asd}'::ltree[] @> '1.2.3.4';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '{1.3.3, 7.12.asd}'::ltree[] @> '1.2.3.4';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '{ltree.asd, tree.awdfg}'::ltree[] @ 'tree & aWdfg@'::ltxtquery;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '{j.k.l.m, g.b.c.d.e}'::ltree[] ~ 'A*@|g.b.c.d.e';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ? '{A.b.c.d.e}';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ? '{a.b.c.d.e}';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ? '{A.b.c.d.e, a.*}';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '{a.b.c.d.e,B.df}'::ltree[] ? '{A.b.c.d.e}';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '{a.b.c.d.e,B.df}'::ltree[] ? '{A.b.c.d.e,*.df}';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+--extractors
+SELECT ('{3456,1.2.3.34}'::ltree[] ?@> '1.2.3.4') is null;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '{3456,1.2.3}'::ltree[] ?@> '1.2.3.4';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ 1.2.3
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '{3456,1.2.3.4}'::ltree[] ?<@ '1.2.3';
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ 1.2.3.4
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT ('{3456,1.2.3.4}'::ltree[] ?<@ '1.2.5') is null;
+ ?column? 
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '{ltree.asd, tree.awdfg}'::ltree[] ?@ 'tree & aWdfg@'::ltxtquery;
+  ?column?  
+------------
+ tree.awdfg
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT '{j.k.l.m, g.b.c.d.e}'::ltree[] ?~ 'A*@|g.b.c.d.e';
+ ?column?  
+-----------
+ g.b.c.d.e
+(1 row)
+
+CREATE TABLE ltreetest (t ltree);
+\copy ltreetest FROM 'data/ltree.data'
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t <  '12.3' order by t asc;
+                t                 
+----------------------------------
+ 
+ 1
+ 1.1
+ 1.1.1
+ 1.1.1.1
+ 1.1.1.2
+ 1.1.1.2.1
+ 1.1.2
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+ 1.13.16.27.11.16.30.2.9.18.4
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+ 1.18.29.30.22.14.3.20.15.21.20
+ 1.19.22.11.14.7.32.23.19.14
+ 1.20.18.25.3.24.25.10.9
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+ 1.22.29.5.16
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+ 1.26
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+ 1.27.22.23.2.26.32.17.7.9
+ 1.28.19.8.25.6.20.27.29.27
+ 1.28.3.22
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+ 1.30.31.31.20.16.7
+ 1.31.3
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+ 10.3
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+ 10.7.9
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+ 11.10
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+ 11.15.11.19.29.10
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+ 11.17.10
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+ 11.19.23.3.6.11
+ 11.2.27.3
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+ 11.22.28.8.12.23.25.15.21.28
+ 11.29
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+ 11.30
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+ 11.32.18.31
+ 11.6.11.29.4.5.24.6.26.12
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+ 11.8.18
+ 12.1.1
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+ 12.10
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+ 12.11.17.1.2
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+ 12.13.5.31
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+ 12.15.10.17.18.13
+ 12.16.13
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+ 12.18
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+ 12.21.20.20
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+ 12.29.17.2.20.29.1.11.19.8.12
+ 12.29.26.18.4.21.28.8.13.3
+(123 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t <= '12.3' order by t asc;
+                t                 
+----------------------------------
+ 
+ 1
+ 1.1
+ 1.1.1
+ 1.1.1.1
+ 1.1.1.2
+ 1.1.1.2.1
+ 1.1.2
+ 1.1.2.1
+ 1.1.3
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+ 1.10.21
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+ 1.10.5.22.13
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+ 1.12.25.26.22.8.15.23
+ 1.13.16.27.11.16.30.2.9.18.4
+ 1.14.3.7.3.17.2.29
+ 1.15.17.6.28.25.24.31.27.9
+ 1.16.8.18.14.16.21.25.6
+ 1.18.29.30.22.14.3.20.15.21.20
+ 1.19.22.11.14.7.32.23.19.14
+ 1.20.18.25.3.24.25.10.9
+ 1.20.22.26.2.6.11
+ 1.21.28.4.23
+ 1.22.19.24.8.11
+ 1.22.29.5.16
+ 1.25.7.9.26.17.31.20.13
+ 1.26
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+ 1.27.22.23.2.26.32.17.7.9
+ 1.28.19.8.25.6.20.27.29.27
+ 1.28.3.22
+ 1.29.18.1.21.12.13.27.32.15
+ 1.3.15.11.11.25.24.21.19
+ 1.30.18.31.12.25.4.19.28.12.15
+ 1.30.31.31.20.16.7
+ 1.31.3
+ 1.4.14.32.14
+ 1.8
+ 1.9.18.10.1.26.22.16.17
+ 10.11.25.2.24.18.18.21.6.26.21
+ 10.12.23.22.23.22.20.17.17.9
+ 10.12.9.6.6.26.14.8.23.1.25
+ 10.13.12.8.4.8.11.30
+ 10.13.22.1.8.30.9.24.1.2.1
+ 10.15.16.3
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+ 10.16.19.7.15
+ 10.18.12.27.24.30.32.7.11.5.13
+ 10.2.17.26.16.7.19.6.23.3
+ 10.20
+ 10.22.1
+ 10.22.30.16.2.21.17.13
+ 10.26.27.23.4.31.11.25.29
+ 10.26.30.15.1
+ 10.27.7.24.26.11.31.20.29
+ 10.28.22.29.13.19.6.7.6.14
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+ 10.29
+ 10.29.26.4.27.17.11
+ 10.3
+ 10.3.19
+ 10.31
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+ 10.32.14
+ 10.5.23.5.32.9.18.5.30
+ 10.5.5.15.29.2
+ 10.7.9
+ 10.8.20.11.12.23.22
+ 11.1
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+ 11.10
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+ 11.11.11.4.23.21.25
+ 11.11.9.30.15.29.15.18
+ 11.12.6.21
+ 11.14.21.24.10.7.29.23.24.28
+ 11.15.11.19.29.10
+ 11.16.16.28.14
+ 11.17.10
+ 11.17.17.24.11.23.17.17.18.10.22
+ 11.18.4.8.3.13.14.28.18.31
+ 11.19.23.3.6.11
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+ 11.21.16.27.16
+ 11.22.28.8.12.23.25.15.21.28
+ 11.29
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+ 11.30
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+ 11.32.18.31
+ 11.6.11.29.4.5.24.6.26.12
+ 11.7.31.15.22
+ 11.8.18
+ 12.1.1
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+ 12.10
+ 12.10.11.9.10.31.4.16.31
+ 12.11.17.1.2
+ 12.11.20.20.29
+ 12.13.16.17.29.27.16.14.9.19.9
+ 12.13.5.31
+ 12.14.20.8.28.4
+ 12.15.10.17.18.13
+ 12.16.13
+ 12.16.2.4.15
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+ 12.18
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+ 12.21.15.27.24.15.8.24.24.26
+ 12.21.20.20
+ 12.22.20.4.12
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+ 12.29.17.2.20.29.1.11.19.8.12
+ 12.29.26.18.4.21.28.8.13.3
+ 12.3
+(124 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t =  '12.3' order by t asc;
+  t   
+------
+ 12.3
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t >= '12.3' order by t asc;
+                t                 
+----------------------------------
+ 12.3
+ 12.4.10.17.4.10.23.3
+ 12.4.12.13.25.30.30.8.9.12
+ 12.4.24.6.1.13.5.20
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+ 13.12
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+ 18.13.9.3.18.15.2
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+ 2.1.12.19.29.28.3.31.28.28.10
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+(883 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t >  '12.3' order by t asc;
+                t                 
+----------------------------------
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+(882 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t @> '1.1.1' order by t asc;
+   t   
+-------
+ 
+ 1
+ 1.1
+ 1.1.1
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t <@ '1.1.1' order by t asc;
+     t     
+-----------
+ 1.1.1
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+ 1.1.1.2.1
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t @ '23 & 1' order by t asc;
+               t                
+--------------------------------
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+ 8.2.18.23.5.16.17.1
+ 9.5.9.3.23.9.25.14.1.29.28
+(39 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t ~ '1.1.1.*' order by t asc;
+     t     
+-----------
+ 1.1.1
+ 1.1.1.1
+ 1.1.1.2
+ 1.1.1.2.1
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t ~ '*.1' order by t asc;
+               t                
+--------------------------------
+ 1
+ 1.1
+ 1.1.1
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+ 1.1.1.2.1
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+ 10.22.1
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+ 19.20.25.7.27.28.27.17.9.3.1
+ 19.9.32.23.13.24.1
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+ 20.4.27.31.1
+ 21.18.2.1
+ 21.23.17.8.23.11.8.1
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+ 23.17.22.1.23.4.29.32.4.1
+ 23.28.1
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+ 25.6.12.16.1
+ 29.1
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+ 32.31.11.22.1
+ 4.7.1
+ 6.27.29.14.8.12.26.3.21.4.1
+ 8.13.1
+ 8.2.18.23.5.16.17.1
+ 8.32.30.1
+ 9.21.20.29.1
+(34 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t ~ '23.*{1}.1' order by t asc;
+    t    
+---------
+ 23.28.1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t ~ '23.*.1' order by t asc;
+             t             
+---------------------------
+ 23.17.22.1.23.4.29.32.4.1
+ 23.28.1
+ 23.3.32.21.5.14.10.17.1
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t ~ '23.*.2' order by t asc;
+        t         
+------------------
+ 23.20.12.16.15.2
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t ? '{23.*.1,23.*.2}' order by t asc;
+             t             
+---------------------------
+ 23.17.22.1.23.4.29.32.4.1
+ 23.20.12.16.15.2
+ 23.28.1
+ 23.3.32.21.5.14.10.17.1
+(4 rows)
+
+create unique index tstidx on ltreetest (t);
+set enable_seqscan=off;
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t <  '12.3' order by t asc;
+                t                 
+----------------------------------
+ 
+ 1
+ 1.1
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+ 12.29.17.2.20.29.1.11.19.8.12
+ 12.29.26.18.4.21.28.8.13.3
+(123 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t <= '12.3' order by t asc;
+                t                 
+----------------------------------
+ 
+ 1
+ 1.1
+ 1.1.1
+ 1.1.1.1
+ 1.1.1.2
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+ 12.29.17.2.20.29.1.11.19.8.12
+ 12.29.26.18.4.21.28.8.13.3
+ 12.3
+(124 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t =  '12.3' order by t asc;
+  t   
+------
+ 12.3
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t >= '12.3' order by t asc;
+                t                 
+----------------------------------
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+(883 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t >  '12.3' order by t asc;
+                t                 
+----------------------------------
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+(882 rows)
+
+drop index tstidx;
+create index tstidx on ltreetest using gist (t);
+set enable_seqscan=off;
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t <  '12.3' order by t asc;
+                t                 
+----------------------------------
+ 
+ 1
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+(123 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t <= '12.3' order by t asc;
+                t                 
+----------------------------------
+ 
+ 1
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+(124 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t =  '12.3' order by t asc;
+  t   
+------
+ 12.3
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t >= '12.3' order by t asc;
+                t                 
+----------------------------------
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+(883 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t >  '12.3' order by t asc;
+                t                 
+----------------------------------
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+ 5.9.19.6
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+ 9.7.31.11.8.23
+ 9.8.23.2.20.16
+ 9.9.13.9.14.27
+(882 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t @> '1.1.1' order by t asc;
+   t   
+-------
+ 
+ 1
+ 1.1
+ 1.1.1
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t <@ '1.1.1' order by t asc;
+     t     
+-----------
+ 1.1.1
+ 1.1.1.1
+ 1.1.1.2
+ 1.1.1.2.1
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t @ '23 & 1' order by t asc;
+               t                
+--------------------------------
+ 1.10.23.25.5.11
+ 1.10.4.18.22.23.24
+ 1.12.25.26.22.8.15.23
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+ 1.27.22.23.2.26.32.17.7.9
+ 10.12.9.6.6.26.14.8.23.1.25
+ 12.27.23.32.1.1.9.29.13
+ 14.1.15.25.27.23.25.26.28.10
+ 14.27.29.23.4.1.17.32.6.25.22
+ 15.11.26.1.30.6.23.5
+ 19.22.29.32.1.21.26.24.23.17
+ 19.9.32.23.13.24.1
+ 21.23.17.8.23.11.8.1
+ 22.30.31.24.23.22.5.20.28.1
+ 23.1.23.18.12.29
+ 23.12.1.5.32.25.8.24.1.25
+ 23.12.32.22.19.1.22.4
+ 23.17.22.1.23.4.29.32.4.1
+ 23.17.25.4.1.16.29.10
+ 23.19.17.31.29.13.1.12.5.25
+ 23.22.10.1.14.24
+ 23.28.1
+ 23.3.32.21.5.14.10.17.1
+ 27.29.1.5.30.6.22.16.23.2.28
+ 28.23.2.30.3.8.1.15.15.14.13
+ 29.23.1.21.31.8
+ 29.23.15.25.1.6.6.10
+ 30.23.10.1.10.7.22.28.18.11.17
+ 31.30.23.7.7.24.32.10.11.1.31
+ 32.1.23.20.14.12.23.5.32.15
+ 32.15.20.28.5.1.23.4
+ 5.13.23.19.28.26.27.6.1.22
+ 6.18.1.4.18.23
+ 7.23.1.24.29.13.31.19.23.17.7
+ 8.16.1.16.28.6.3.22.6.23
+ 8.2.18.23.5.16.17.1
+ 9.5.9.3.23.9.25.14.1.29.28
+(39 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t ~ '1.1.1.*' order by t asc;
+     t     
+-----------
+ 1.1.1
+ 1.1.1.1
+ 1.1.1.2
+ 1.1.1.2.1
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t ~ '*.1' order by t asc;
+               t                
+--------------------------------
+ 1
+ 1.1
+ 1.1.1
+ 1.1.1.1
+ 1.1.1.2.1
+ 1.1.2.1
+ 1.26.15.23.5.31.29.11.19.28.1
+ 10.13.22.1.8.30.9.24.1.2.1
+ 10.22.1
+ 10.26.30.15.1
+ 11.1
+ 12.1.1
+ 17.25.2.13.10.27.13.1
+ 18.13.6.12.26.26.26.29.18.20.1
+ 19.20.25.7.27.28.27.17.9.3.1
+ 19.9.32.23.13.24.1
+ 20.17.18.21.1
+ 20.4.27.31.1
+ 21.18.2.1
+ 21.23.17.8.23.11.8.1
+ 22.30.31.24.23.22.5.20.28.1
+ 23.17.22.1.23.4.29.32.4.1
+ 23.28.1
+ 23.3.32.21.5.14.10.17.1
+ 25.6.12.16.1
+ 29.1
+ 29.15.29.8.31.26.1
+ 32.31.11.22.1
+ 4.7.1
+ 6.27.29.14.8.12.26.3.21.4.1
+ 8.13.1
+ 8.2.18.23.5.16.17.1
+ 8.32.30.1
+ 9.21.20.29.1
+(34 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t ~ '23.*{1}.1' order by t asc;
+    t    
+---------
+ 23.28.1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t ~ '23.*.1' order by t asc;
+             t             
+---------------------------
+ 23.17.22.1.23.4.29.32.4.1
+ 23.28.1
+ 23.3.32.21.5.14.10.17.1
+(3 rows)
+
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t ~ '23.*.2' order by t asc;
+        t         
+------------------
+ 23.20.12.16.15.2
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t ? '{23.*.1,23.*.2}' order by t asc;
+             t             
+---------------------------
+ 23.17.22.1.23.4.29.32.4.1
+ 23.20.12.16.15.2
+ 23.28.1
+ 23.3.32.21.5.14.10.17.1
+(4 rows)
+
+drop index tstidx;
+create index tstidx on ltreetest using gist (t gist_ltree_ops(siglen=0));
+ERROR:  value 0 out of bounds for option "siglen"
+DETAIL:  Valid values are between "4" and "2024".
+create index tstidx on ltreetest using gist (t gist_ltree_ops(siglen=2025));
+ERROR:  value 2025 out of bounds for option "siglen"
+DETAIL:  Valid values are between "4" and "2024".
+create index tstidx on ltreetest using gist (t gist_ltree_ops(siglen=2028));
+ERROR:  value 2028 out of bounds for option "siglen"
+DETAIL:  Valid values are between "4" and "2024".
+create index tstidx on ltreetest using gist (t gist_ltree_ops(siglen=2019));
+ERROR:  siglen value must be a multiple of 4
+create index tstidx on ltreetest using gist (t gist_ltree_ops(siglen=2024));
+SELECT count(*) FROM ltreetest WHERE t <  '12.3';
+ count 
+-------
+   123
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ltreetest WHERE t <= '12.3';
+ count 
+-------
+   124
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ltreetest WHERE t =  '12.3';
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ltreetest WHERE t >= '12.3';
+ count 
+-------
+   883
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ltreetest WHERE t >  '12.3';
+ count 
+-------
+   882
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ltreetest WHERE t @> '1.1.1';
+ count 
+-------
+     4
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ltreetest WHERE t <@ '1.1.1';
+ count 
+-------
+     4
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ltreetest WHERE t @ '23 & 1';
+ count 
+-------
+    39
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ltreetest WHERE t ~ '1.1.1.*';
+ count 
+-------
+     4
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ltreetest WHERE t ~ '*.1';
+ count 
+-------
+    34
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ltreetest WHERE t ~ '23.*{1}.1';
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ltreetest WHERE t ~ '23.*.1';
+ count 
+-------
+     3
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ltreetest WHERE t ~ '23.*.2';
+ count 
+-------
+     1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ltreetest WHERE t ? '{23.*.1,23.*.2}';
+ count 
+-------
+     4
+(1 row)
+
+create table _ltreetest (t ltree[]);
+\copy _ltreetest FROM 'data/_ltree.data'
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t @> '1.1.1' ;
+ count 
+-------
+    15
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t <@ '1.1.1' ;
+ count 
+-------
+    19
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t @ '23 & 1' ;
+ count 
+-------
+   147
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t ~ '1.1.1.*' ;
+ count 
+-------
+    19
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t ~ '*.1' ;
+ count 
+-------
+   109
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t ~ '23.*{1}.1' ;
+ count 
+-------
+     5
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t ~ '23.*.1' ;
+ count 
+-------
+    11
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t ~ '23.*.2' ;
+ count 
+-------
+     5
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t ? '{23.*.1,23.*.2}' ;
+ count 
+-------
+    15
+(1 row)
+
+create index _tstidx on _ltreetest using gist (t);
+set enable_seqscan=off;
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t @> '1.1.1' ;
+ count 
+-------
+    15
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t <@ '1.1.1' ;
+ count 
+-------
+    19
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t @ '23 & 1' ;
+ count 
+-------
+   147
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t ~ '1.1.1.*' ;
+ count 
+-------
+    19
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t ~ '*.1' ;
+ count 
+-------
+   109
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t ~ '23.*{1}.1' ;
+ count 
+-------
+     5
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t ~ '23.*.1' ;
+ count 
+-------
+    11
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t ~ '23.*.2' ;
+ count 
+-------
+     5
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t ? '{23.*.1,23.*.2}' ;
+ count 
+-------
+    15
+(1 row)
+
+drop index _tstidx;
+create index _tstidx on _ltreetest using gist (t gist__ltree_ops(siglen=0));
+ERROR:  value 0 out of bounds for option "siglen"
+DETAIL:  Valid values are between "1" and "2024".
+create index _tstidx on _ltreetest using gist (t gist__ltree_ops(siglen=2025));
+ERROR:  value 2025 out of bounds for option "siglen"
+DETAIL:  Valid values are between "1" and "2024".
+create index _tstidx on _ltreetest using gist (t gist__ltree_ops(siglen=2024));
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t @> '1.1.1' ;
+ count 
+-------
+    15
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t <@ '1.1.1' ;
+ count 
+-------
+    19
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t @ '23 & 1' ;
+ count 
+-------
+   147
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t ~ '1.1.1.*' ;
+ count 
+-------
+    19
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t ~ '*.1' ;
+ count 
+-------
+   109
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t ~ '23.*{1}.1' ;
+ count 
+-------
+     5
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t ~ '23.*.1' ;
+ count 
+-------
+    11
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t ~ '23.*.2' ;
+ count 
+-------
+     5
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t ? '{23.*.1,23.*.2}' ;
+ count 
+-------
+    15
+(1 row)
+
diff --git a/contrib/ltree/lquery_op.c b/contrib/ltree/lquery_op.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ef86046
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/ltree/lquery_op.c
@@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
+/*
+ * op function for ltree and lquery
+ * Teodor Sigaev <teodor@stack.net>
+ * contrib/ltree/lquery_op.c
+ */
+#include "postgres.h"
+
+#include <ctype.h>
+
+#include "catalog/pg_collation.h"
+#include "ltree.h"
+#include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "utils/formatting.h"
+
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(ltq_regex);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(ltq_rregex);
+
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(lt_q_regex);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(lt_q_rregex);
+
+#define NEXTVAL(x) ( (lquery*)( (char*)(x) + INTALIGN( VARSIZE(x) ) ) )
+
+static char *
+getlexeme(char *start, char *end, int *len)
+{
+	char	   *ptr;
+	int			charlen;
+
+	while (start < end && (charlen = pg_mblen(start)) == 1 && t_iseq(start, '_'))
+		start += charlen;
+
+	ptr = start;
+	if (ptr >= end)
+		return NULL;
+
+	while (ptr < end && !((charlen = pg_mblen(ptr)) == 1 && t_iseq(ptr, '_')))
+		ptr += charlen;
+
+	*len = ptr - start;
+	return start;
+}
+
+bool
+compare_subnode(ltree_level *t, char *qn, int len, int (*cmpptr) (const char *, const char *, size_t), bool anyend)
+{
+	char	   *endt = t->name + t->len;
+	char	   *endq = qn + len;
+	char	   *tn;
+	int			lent,
+				lenq;
+	bool		isok;
+
+	while ((qn = getlexeme(qn, endq, &lenq)) != NULL)
+	{
+		tn = t->name;
+		isok = false;
+		while ((tn = getlexeme(tn, endt, &lent)) != NULL)
+		{
+			if ((lent == lenq || (lent > lenq && anyend)) &&
+				(*cmpptr) (qn, tn, lenq) == 0)
+			{
+
+				isok = true;
+				break;
+			}
+			tn += lent;
+		}
+
+		if (!isok)
+			return false;
+		qn += lenq;
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+int
+ltree_strncasecmp(const char *a, const char *b, size_t s)
+{
+	char	   *al = str_tolower(a, s, DEFAULT_COLLATION_OID);
+	char	   *bl = str_tolower(b, s, DEFAULT_COLLATION_OID);
+	int			res;
+
+	res = strncmp(al, bl, s);
+
+	pfree(al);
+	pfree(bl);
+
+	return res;
+}
+
+/*
+ * See if an lquery_level matches an ltree_level
+ *
+ * This accounts for all flags including LQL_NOT, but does not
+ * consider repetition counts.
+ */
+static bool
+checkLevel(lquery_level *curq, ltree_level *curt)
+{
+	lquery_variant *curvar = LQL_FIRST(curq);
+	bool		success;
+
+	success = (curq->flag & LQL_NOT) ? false : true;
+
+	/* numvar == 0 means '*' which matches anything */
+	if (curq->numvar == 0)
+		return success;
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < curq->numvar; i++)
+	{
+		int			(*cmpptr) (const char *, const char *, size_t);
+
+		cmpptr = (curvar->flag & LVAR_INCASE) ? ltree_strncasecmp : strncmp;
+
+		if (curvar->flag & LVAR_SUBLEXEME)
+		{
+			if (compare_subnode(curt, curvar->name, curvar->len, cmpptr,
+								(curvar->flag & LVAR_ANYEND)))
+				return success;
+		}
+		else if ((curvar->len == curt->len ||
+				  (curt->len > curvar->len && (curvar->flag & LVAR_ANYEND))) &&
+				 (*cmpptr) (curvar->name, curt->name, curvar->len) == 0)
+			return success;
+
+		curvar = LVAR_NEXT(curvar);
+	}
+	return !success;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Try to match an lquery (of qlen items) to an ltree (of tlen items)
+ */
+static bool
+checkCond(lquery_level *curq, int qlen,
+		  ltree_level *curt, int tlen)
+{
+	/* Since this function recurses, it could be driven to stack overflow */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	/* Pathological patterns could take awhile, too */
+	CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS();
+
+	/* Loop while we have query items to consider */
+	while (qlen > 0)
+	{
+		int			low,
+					high;
+		lquery_level *nextq;
+
+		/*
+		 * Get min and max repetition counts for this query item, dealing with
+		 * the backwards-compatibility hack that the low/high fields aren't
+		 * meaningful for non-'*' items unless LQL_COUNT is set.
+		 */
+		if ((curq->flag & LQL_COUNT) || curq->numvar == 0)
+			low = curq->low, high = curq->high;
+		else
+			low = high = 1;
+
+		/*
+		 * We may limit "high" to the remaining text length; this avoids
+		 * separate tests below.
+		 */
+		if (high > tlen)
+			high = tlen;
+
+		/* Fail if a match of required number of items is impossible */
+		if (high < low)
+			return false;
+
+		/*
+		 * Recursively check the rest of the pattern against each possible
+		 * start point following some of this item's match(es).
+		 */
+		nextq = LQL_NEXT(curq);
+		qlen--;
+
+		for (int matchcnt = 0; matchcnt < high; matchcnt++)
+		{
+			/*
+			 * If we've consumed an acceptable number of matches of this item,
+			 * and the rest of the pattern matches beginning here, we're good.
+			 */
+			if (matchcnt >= low && checkCond(nextq, qlen, curt, tlen))
+				return true;
+
+			/*
+			 * Otherwise, try to match one more text item to this query item.
+			 */
+			if (!checkLevel(curq, curt))
+				return false;
+
+			curt = LEVEL_NEXT(curt);
+			tlen--;
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * Once we've consumed "high" matches, we can succeed only if the rest
+		 * of the pattern matches beginning here.  Loop around (if you prefer,
+		 * think of this as tail recursion).
+		 */
+		curq = nextq;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Once we're out of query items, we match only if there's no remaining
+	 * text either.
+	 */
+	return (tlen == 0);
+}
+
+Datum
+ltq_regex(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ltree	   *tree = PG_GETARG_LTREE_P(0);
+	lquery	   *query = PG_GETARG_LQUERY_P(1);
+	bool		res;
+
+	res = checkCond(LQUERY_FIRST(query), query->numlevel,
+					LTREE_FIRST(tree), tree->numlevel);
+
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(tree, 0);
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(query, 1);
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(res);
+}
+
+Datum
+ltq_rregex(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	PG_RETURN_DATUM(DirectFunctionCall2(ltq_regex,
+										PG_GETARG_DATUM(1),
+										PG_GETARG_DATUM(0)
+										));
+}
+
+Datum
+lt_q_regex(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ltree	   *tree = PG_GETARG_LTREE_P(0);
+	ArrayType  *_query = PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P(1);
+	lquery	   *query = (lquery *) ARR_DATA_PTR(_query);
+	bool		res = false;
+	int			num = ArrayGetNItems(ARR_NDIM(_query), ARR_DIMS(_query));
+
+	if (ARR_NDIM(_query) > 1)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_ARRAY_SUBSCRIPT_ERROR),
+				 errmsg("array must be one-dimensional")));
+	if (array_contains_nulls(_query))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_NULL_VALUE_NOT_ALLOWED),
+				 errmsg("array must not contain nulls")));
+
+	while (num > 0)
+	{
+		if (DatumGetBool(DirectFunctionCall2(ltq_regex,
+											 PointerGetDatum(tree), PointerGetDatum(query))))
+		{
+
+			res = true;
+			break;
+		}
+		num--;
+		query = NEXTVAL(query);
+	}
+
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(tree, 0);
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(_query, 1);
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(res);
+}
+
+Datum
+lt_q_rregex(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	PG_RETURN_DATUM(DirectFunctionCall2(lt_q_regex,
+										PG_GETARG_DATUM(1),
+										PG_GETARG_DATUM(0)
+										));
+}
diff --git a/contrib/ltree/ltree--1.0--1.1.sql b/contrib/ltree/ltree--1.0--1.1.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2ce6f5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/ltree/ltree--1.0--1.1.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+/* contrib/ltree/ltree--1.0--1.1.sql */
+
+-- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via ALTER EXTENSION
+\echo Use "ALTER EXTENSION ltree UPDATE TO '1.1'" to load this file. \quit
+
+-- Update procedure signatures the hard way.
+-- We use to_regprocedure() so that query doesn't fail if run against 9.6beta1 definitions,
+-- wherein the signatures have been updated already.  In that case to_regprocedure() will
+-- return NULL and no updates will happen.
+DO LANGUAGE plpgsql
+$$
+DECLARE
+  my_schema pg_catalog.text := pg_catalog.quote_ident(pg_catalog.current_schema());
+  old_path pg_catalog.text := pg_catalog.current_setting('search_path');
+BEGIN
+-- for safety, transiently set search_path to just pg_catalog+pg_temp
+PERFORM pg_catalog.set_config('search_path', 'pg_catalog, pg_temp', true);
+
+UPDATE pg_catalog.pg_proc SET
+  proargtypes = pg_catalog.array_to_string(newtypes::pg_catalog.oid[], ' ')::pg_catalog.oidvector,
+  pronargs = pg_catalog.array_length(newtypes, 1)
+FROM (VALUES
+(NULL::pg_catalog.text, NULL::pg_catalog.text[]), -- establish column types
+('ltree_consistent(internal,internal,int2,oid,internal)', '{internal,SCH.ltree,int2,oid,internal}'),
+('ltree_same(internal,internal,internal)', '{SCH.ltree_gist,SCH.ltree_gist,internal}'),
+('_ltree_consistent(internal,internal,int2,oid,internal)', '{internal,SCH._ltree,int2,oid,internal}'),
+('_ltree_same(internal,internal,internal)', '{SCH.ltree_gist,SCH.ltree_gist,internal}')
+) AS update_data (oldproc, newtypestext),
+LATERAL (
+  SELECT array_agg(replace(typ, 'SCH', my_schema)::regtype) as newtypes FROM unnest(newtypestext) typ
+) ls
+WHERE oid = to_regprocedure(my_schema || '.' || replace(oldproc, 'SCH', my_schema));
+
+UPDATE pg_catalog.pg_proc SET
+  prorettype = (my_schema || '.ltree_gist')::pg_catalog.regtype
+WHERE oid = pg_catalog.to_regprocedure(my_schema || '.ltree_union(internal,internal)');
+
+UPDATE pg_catalog.pg_proc SET
+  prorettype = (my_schema || '.ltree_gist')::pg_catalog.regtype
+WHERE oid = pg_catalog.to_regprocedure(my_schema || '._ltree_union(internal,internal)');
+
+PERFORM pg_catalog.set_config('search_path', old_path, true);
+END
+$$;
+
+ALTER FUNCTION ltree_in(cstring) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION ltree_out(ltree) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION ltree_cmp(ltree, ltree) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION ltree_lt(ltree, ltree) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION ltree_le(ltree, ltree) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION ltree_eq(ltree, ltree) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION ltree_ge(ltree, ltree) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION ltree_gt(ltree, ltree) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION ltree_ne(ltree, ltree) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION subltree(ltree, int4, int4) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION subpath(ltree, int4, int4) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION subpath(ltree, int4) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION index(ltree, ltree) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION index(ltree, ltree, int4) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION nlevel(ltree) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION ltree2text(ltree) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION text2ltree(text) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION lca(_ltree) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION lca(ltree, ltree) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION lca(ltree, ltree, ltree) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION lca(ltree, ltree, ltree, ltree) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION lca(ltree, ltree, ltree, ltree, ltree) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION lca(ltree, ltree, ltree, ltree, ltree, ltree) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION lca(ltree, ltree, ltree, ltree, ltree, ltree, ltree) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION lca(ltree, ltree, ltree, ltree, ltree, ltree, ltree, ltree) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION ltree_isparent(ltree, ltree) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION ltree_risparent(ltree, ltree) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION ltree_addltree(ltree, ltree) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION ltree_addtext(ltree, text) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION ltree_textadd(text, ltree) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION ltreeparentsel(internal, oid, internal, integer) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION lquery_in(cstring) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION lquery_out(lquery) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION ltq_regex(ltree, lquery) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION ltq_rregex(lquery, ltree) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION lt_q_regex(ltree, _lquery) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION lt_q_rregex(_lquery, ltree) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION ltxtq_in(cstring) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION ltxtq_out(ltxtquery) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION ltxtq_exec(ltree, ltxtquery) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION ltxtq_rexec(ltxtquery, ltree) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION ltree_gist_in(cstring) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION ltree_gist_out(ltree_gist) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION ltree_consistent(internal, ltree, int2, oid, internal) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION ltree_compress(internal) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION ltree_decompress(internal) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION ltree_penalty(internal, internal, internal) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION ltree_picksplit(internal, internal) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION ltree_union(internal, internal) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION ltree_same(ltree_gist, ltree_gist, internal) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION _ltree_isparent(_ltree, ltree) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION _ltree_r_isparent(ltree, _ltree) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION _ltree_risparent(_ltree, ltree) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION _ltree_r_risparent(ltree, _ltree) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION _ltq_regex(_ltree, lquery) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION _ltq_rregex(lquery, _ltree) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION _lt_q_regex(_ltree, _lquery) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION _lt_q_rregex(_lquery, _ltree) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION _ltxtq_exec(_ltree, ltxtquery) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION _ltxtq_rexec(ltxtquery, _ltree) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION _ltree_extract_isparent(_ltree, ltree) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION _ltree_extract_risparent(_ltree, ltree) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION _ltq_extract_regex(_ltree, lquery) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION _ltxtq_extract_exec(_ltree, ltxtquery) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION _ltree_consistent(internal, _ltree, int2, oid, internal) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION _ltree_compress(internal) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION _ltree_penalty(internal, internal, internal) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION _ltree_picksplit(internal, internal) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION _ltree_union(internal, internal) PARALLEL SAFE;
+ALTER FUNCTION _ltree_same(ltree_gist, ltree_gist, internal) PARALLEL SAFE;
diff --git a/contrib/ltree/ltree--1.1--1.2.sql b/contrib/ltree/ltree--1.1--1.2.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e38e76b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/ltree/ltree--1.1--1.2.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+/* contrib/ltree/ltree--1.1--1.2.sql */
+
+-- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via ALTER EXTENSION
+\echo Use "ALTER EXTENSION ltree UPDATE TO '1.2'" to load this file. \quit
+
+CREATE FUNCTION ltree_recv(internal)
+RETURNS ltree
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION ltree_send(ltree)
+RETURNS bytea
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+ALTER TYPE ltree SET ( RECEIVE = ltree_recv, SEND = ltree_send );
+
+CREATE FUNCTION lquery_recv(internal)
+RETURNS lquery
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION lquery_send(lquery)
+RETURNS bytea
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+ALTER TYPE lquery SET ( RECEIVE = lquery_recv, SEND = lquery_send );
+
+CREATE FUNCTION ltxtq_recv(internal)
+RETURNS ltxtquery
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION ltxtq_send(ltxtquery)
+RETURNS bytea
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+ALTER TYPE ltxtquery SET ( RECEIVE = ltxtq_recv, SEND = ltxtq_send );
+
+
+CREATE FUNCTION ltree_gist_options(internal)
+RETURNS void
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'ltree_gist_options'
+LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION _ltree_gist_options(internal)
+RETURNS void
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', '_ltree_gist_options'
+LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+ALTER OPERATOR FAMILY gist_ltree_ops USING gist
+ADD FUNCTION 10 (ltree) ltree_gist_options (internal);
+
+ALTER OPERATOR FAMILY gist__ltree_ops USING gist
+ADD FUNCTION 10 (_ltree) _ltree_gist_options (internal);
+
+ALTER OPERATOR < (ltree, ltree)
+  SET (RESTRICT = scalarltsel, JOIN = scalarltjoinsel);
+ALTER OPERATOR <= (ltree, ltree)
+  SET (RESTRICT = scalarlesel, JOIN = scalarlejoinsel);
+ALTER OPERATOR >= (ltree, ltree)
+  SET (RESTRICT = scalargesel, JOIN = scalargejoinsel);
+ALTER OPERATOR > (ltree, ltree)
+  SET (RESTRICT = scalargtsel, JOIN = scalargtjoinsel);
+
+ALTER OPERATOR @> (ltree, ltree)
+  SET (RESTRICT = matchingsel, JOIN = matchingjoinsel);
+ALTER OPERATOR ^@> (ltree, ltree)
+  SET (RESTRICT = matchingsel, JOIN = matchingjoinsel);
+ALTER OPERATOR <@ (ltree, ltree)
+  SET (RESTRICT = matchingsel, JOIN = matchingjoinsel);
+ALTER OPERATOR ^<@ (ltree, ltree)
+  SET (RESTRICT = matchingsel, JOIN = matchingjoinsel);
+ALTER OPERATOR ~ (ltree, lquery)
+  SET (RESTRICT = matchingsel, JOIN = matchingjoinsel);
+ALTER OPERATOR ~ (lquery, ltree)
+  SET (RESTRICT = matchingsel, JOIN = matchingjoinsel);
+ALTER OPERATOR ^~ (ltree, lquery)
+  SET (RESTRICT = matchingsel, JOIN = matchingjoinsel);
+ALTER OPERATOR ^~ (lquery, ltree)
+  SET (RESTRICT = matchingsel, JOIN = matchingjoinsel);
+ALTER OPERATOR ? (ltree, _lquery)
+  SET (RESTRICT = matchingsel, JOIN = matchingjoinsel);
+ALTER OPERATOR ? (_lquery, ltree)
+  SET (RESTRICT = matchingsel, JOIN = matchingjoinsel);
+ALTER OPERATOR ^? (ltree, _lquery)
+  SET (RESTRICT = matchingsel, JOIN = matchingjoinsel);
+ALTER OPERATOR ^? (_lquery, ltree)
+  SET (RESTRICT = matchingsel, JOIN = matchingjoinsel);
+ALTER OPERATOR @ (ltree, ltxtquery)
+  SET (RESTRICT = matchingsel, JOIN = matchingjoinsel);
+ALTER OPERATOR @ (ltxtquery, ltree)
+  SET (RESTRICT = matchingsel, JOIN = matchingjoinsel);
+ALTER OPERATOR ^@ (ltree, ltxtquery)
+  SET (RESTRICT = matchingsel, JOIN = matchingjoinsel);
+ALTER OPERATOR ^@ (ltxtquery, ltree)
+  SET (RESTRICT = matchingsel, JOIN = matchingjoinsel);
+ALTER OPERATOR @> (_ltree, ltree)
+  SET (RESTRICT = matchingsel, JOIN = matchingjoinsel);
+ALTER OPERATOR <@ (ltree, _ltree)
+  SET (RESTRICT = matchingsel, JOIN = matchingjoinsel);
+ALTER OPERATOR <@ (_ltree, ltree)
+  SET (RESTRICT = matchingsel, JOIN = matchingjoinsel);
+ALTER OPERATOR @> (ltree, _ltree)
+  SET (RESTRICT = matchingsel, JOIN = matchingjoinsel);
+ALTER OPERATOR ~ (_ltree, lquery)
+  SET (RESTRICT = matchingsel, JOIN = matchingjoinsel);
+ALTER OPERATOR ~ (lquery, _ltree)
+  SET (RESTRICT = matchingsel, JOIN = matchingjoinsel);
+ALTER OPERATOR ? (_ltree, _lquery)
+  SET (RESTRICT = matchingsel, JOIN = matchingjoinsel);
+ALTER OPERATOR ? (_lquery, _ltree)
+  SET (RESTRICT = matchingsel, JOIN = matchingjoinsel);
+ALTER OPERATOR @ (_ltree, ltxtquery)
+  SET (RESTRICT = matchingsel, JOIN = matchingjoinsel);
+ALTER OPERATOR @ (ltxtquery, _ltree)
+  SET (RESTRICT = matchingsel, JOIN = matchingjoinsel);
+ALTER OPERATOR ^@> (_ltree, ltree)
+  SET (RESTRICT = matchingsel, JOIN = matchingjoinsel);
+ALTER OPERATOR ^<@ (ltree, _ltree)
+  SET (RESTRICT = matchingsel, JOIN = matchingjoinsel);
+ALTER OPERATOR ^<@ (_ltree, ltree)
+  SET (RESTRICT = matchingsel, JOIN = matchingjoinsel);
+ALTER OPERATOR ^@> (ltree, _ltree)
+  SET (RESTRICT = matchingsel, JOIN = matchingjoinsel);
+ALTER OPERATOR ^~ (_ltree, lquery)
+  SET (RESTRICT = matchingsel, JOIN = matchingjoinsel);
+ALTER OPERATOR ^~ (lquery, _ltree)
+  SET (RESTRICT = matchingsel, JOIN = matchingjoinsel);
+ALTER OPERATOR ^? (_ltree, _lquery)
+  SET (RESTRICT = matchingsel, JOIN = matchingjoinsel);
+ALTER OPERATOR ^? (_lquery, _ltree)
+  SET (RESTRICT = matchingsel, JOIN = matchingjoinsel);
+ALTER OPERATOR ^@ (_ltree, ltxtquery)
+  SET (RESTRICT = matchingsel, JOIN = matchingjoinsel);
+ALTER OPERATOR ^@ (ltxtquery, _ltree)
+  SET (RESTRICT = matchingsel, JOIN = matchingjoinsel);
diff --git a/contrib/ltree/ltree--1.1.sql b/contrib/ltree/ltree--1.1.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d46f5fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/ltree/ltree--1.1.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,872 @@
+/* contrib/ltree/ltree--1.1.sql */
+
+-- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via CREATE EXTENSION
+\echo Use "CREATE EXTENSION ltree" to load this file. \quit
+
+CREATE FUNCTION ltree_in(cstring)
+RETURNS ltree
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION ltree_out(ltree)
+RETURNS cstring
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE TYPE ltree (
+	INTERNALLENGTH = -1,
+	INPUT = ltree_in,
+	OUTPUT = ltree_out,
+	STORAGE = extended
+);
+
+
+--Compare function for ltree
+CREATE FUNCTION ltree_cmp(ltree,ltree)
+RETURNS int4
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION ltree_lt(ltree,ltree)
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION ltree_le(ltree,ltree)
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION ltree_eq(ltree,ltree)
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION ltree_ge(ltree,ltree)
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION ltree_gt(ltree,ltree)
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION ltree_ne(ltree,ltree)
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+
+CREATE OPERATOR < (
+        LEFTARG = ltree,
+	RIGHTARG = ltree,
+	PROCEDURE = ltree_lt,
+        COMMUTATOR = '>',
+	NEGATOR = '>=',
+        RESTRICT = contsel,
+	JOIN = contjoinsel
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR <= (
+        LEFTARG = ltree,
+	RIGHTARG = ltree,
+	PROCEDURE = ltree_le,
+        COMMUTATOR = '>=',
+	NEGATOR = '>',
+        RESTRICT = contsel,
+	JOIN = contjoinsel
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR >= (
+        LEFTARG = ltree,
+	RIGHTARG = ltree,
+	PROCEDURE = ltree_ge,
+        COMMUTATOR = '<=',
+	NEGATOR = '<',
+        RESTRICT = contsel,
+	JOIN = contjoinsel
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR > (
+        LEFTARG = ltree,
+	RIGHTARG = ltree,
+	PROCEDURE = ltree_gt,
+        COMMUTATOR = '<',
+	NEGATOR = '<=',
+        RESTRICT = contsel,
+	JOIN = contjoinsel
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR = (
+        LEFTARG = ltree,
+	RIGHTARG = ltree,
+	PROCEDURE = ltree_eq,
+        COMMUTATOR = '=',
+	NEGATOR = '<>',
+        RESTRICT = eqsel,
+	JOIN = eqjoinsel,
+        SORT1 = '<',
+	SORT2 = '<'
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR <> (
+        LEFTARG = ltree,
+	RIGHTARG = ltree,
+	PROCEDURE = ltree_ne,
+        COMMUTATOR = '<>',
+	NEGATOR = '=',
+        RESTRICT = neqsel,
+	JOIN = neqjoinsel
+);
+
+--util functions
+
+CREATE FUNCTION subltree(ltree,int4,int4)
+RETURNS ltree
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION subpath(ltree,int4,int4)
+RETURNS ltree
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION subpath(ltree,int4)
+RETURNS ltree
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION index(ltree,ltree)
+RETURNS int4
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'ltree_index'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION index(ltree,ltree,int4)
+RETURNS int4
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'ltree_index'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION nlevel(ltree)
+RETURNS int4
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION ltree2text(ltree)
+RETURNS text
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION text2ltree(text)
+RETURNS ltree
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION lca(_ltree)
+RETURNS ltree
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME','_lca'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION lca(ltree,ltree)
+RETURNS ltree
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION lca(ltree,ltree,ltree)
+RETURNS ltree
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION lca(ltree,ltree,ltree,ltree)
+RETURNS ltree
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION lca(ltree,ltree,ltree,ltree,ltree)
+RETURNS ltree
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION lca(ltree,ltree,ltree,ltree,ltree,ltree)
+RETURNS ltree
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION lca(ltree,ltree,ltree,ltree,ltree,ltree,ltree)
+RETURNS ltree
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION lca(ltree,ltree,ltree,ltree,ltree,ltree,ltree,ltree)
+RETURNS ltree
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION ltree_isparent(ltree,ltree)
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION ltree_risparent(ltree,ltree)
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION ltree_addltree(ltree,ltree)
+RETURNS ltree
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION ltree_addtext(ltree,text)
+RETURNS ltree
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION ltree_textadd(text,ltree)
+RETURNS ltree
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION ltreeparentsel(internal, oid, internal, integer)
+RETURNS float8
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE OPERATOR @> (
+        LEFTARG = ltree,
+	RIGHTARG = ltree,
+	PROCEDURE = ltree_isparent,
+        COMMUTATOR = '<@',
+        RESTRICT = ltreeparentsel,
+	JOIN = contjoinsel
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR ^@> (
+        LEFTARG = ltree,
+	RIGHTARG = ltree,
+	PROCEDURE = ltree_isparent,
+        COMMUTATOR = '^<@',
+        RESTRICT = contsel,
+	JOIN = contjoinsel
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR <@ (
+        LEFTARG = ltree,
+	RIGHTARG = ltree,
+	PROCEDURE = ltree_risparent,
+        COMMUTATOR = '@>',
+        RESTRICT = ltreeparentsel,
+	JOIN = contjoinsel
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR ^<@ (
+        LEFTARG = ltree,
+	RIGHTARG = ltree,
+	PROCEDURE = ltree_risparent,
+        COMMUTATOR = '^@>',
+        RESTRICT = contsel,
+	JOIN = contjoinsel
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR || (
+        LEFTARG = ltree,
+	RIGHTARG = ltree,
+	PROCEDURE = ltree_addltree
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR || (
+        LEFTARG = ltree,
+	RIGHTARG = text,
+	PROCEDURE = ltree_addtext
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR || (
+        LEFTARG = text,
+	RIGHTARG = ltree,
+	PROCEDURE = ltree_textadd
+);
+
+
+-- B-tree support
+
+CREATE OPERATOR CLASS ltree_ops
+    DEFAULT FOR TYPE ltree USING btree AS
+        OPERATOR        1       < ,
+        OPERATOR        2       <= ,
+        OPERATOR        3       = ,
+        OPERATOR        4       >= ,
+        OPERATOR        5       > ,
+        FUNCTION        1       ltree_cmp(ltree, ltree);
+
+
+--lquery type
+CREATE FUNCTION lquery_in(cstring)
+RETURNS lquery
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION lquery_out(lquery)
+RETURNS cstring
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE TYPE lquery (
+	INTERNALLENGTH = -1,
+	INPUT = lquery_in,
+	OUTPUT = lquery_out,
+	STORAGE = extended
+);
+
+CREATE FUNCTION ltq_regex(ltree,lquery)
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION ltq_rregex(lquery,ltree)
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE OPERATOR ~ (
+        LEFTARG = ltree,
+	RIGHTARG = lquery,
+	PROCEDURE = ltq_regex,
+	COMMUTATOR = '~',
+	RESTRICT = contsel,
+	JOIN = contjoinsel
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR ~ (
+        LEFTARG = lquery,
+	RIGHTARG = ltree,
+	PROCEDURE = ltq_rregex,
+	COMMUTATOR = '~',
+	RESTRICT = contsel,
+	JOIN = contjoinsel
+);
+
+--not-indexed
+CREATE OPERATOR ^~ (
+        LEFTARG = ltree,
+	RIGHTARG = lquery,
+	PROCEDURE = ltq_regex,
+	COMMUTATOR = '^~',
+	RESTRICT = contsel,
+	JOIN = contjoinsel
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR ^~ (
+        LEFTARG = lquery,
+	RIGHTARG = ltree,
+	PROCEDURE = ltq_rregex,
+	COMMUTATOR = '^~',
+	RESTRICT = contsel,
+	JOIN = contjoinsel
+);
+
+CREATE FUNCTION lt_q_regex(ltree,_lquery)
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION lt_q_rregex(_lquery,ltree)
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE OPERATOR ? (
+        LEFTARG = ltree,
+	RIGHTARG = _lquery,
+	PROCEDURE = lt_q_regex,
+	COMMUTATOR = '?',
+	RESTRICT = contsel,
+	JOIN = contjoinsel
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR ? (
+        LEFTARG = _lquery,
+	RIGHTARG = ltree,
+	PROCEDURE = lt_q_rregex,
+	COMMUTATOR = '?',
+	RESTRICT = contsel,
+	JOIN = contjoinsel
+);
+
+--not-indexed
+CREATE OPERATOR ^? (
+        LEFTARG = ltree,
+	RIGHTARG = _lquery,
+	PROCEDURE = lt_q_regex,
+	COMMUTATOR = '^?',
+	RESTRICT = contsel,
+	JOIN = contjoinsel
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR ^? (
+        LEFTARG = _lquery,
+	RIGHTARG = ltree,
+	PROCEDURE = lt_q_rregex,
+	COMMUTATOR = '^?',
+	RESTRICT = contsel,
+	JOIN = contjoinsel
+);
+
+CREATE FUNCTION ltxtq_in(cstring)
+RETURNS ltxtquery
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION ltxtq_out(ltxtquery)
+RETURNS cstring
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE TYPE ltxtquery (
+	INTERNALLENGTH = -1,
+	INPUT = ltxtq_in,
+	OUTPUT = ltxtq_out,
+	STORAGE = extended
+);
+
+-- operations WITH ltxtquery
+
+CREATE FUNCTION ltxtq_exec(ltree, ltxtquery)
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION ltxtq_rexec(ltxtquery, ltree)
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE OPERATOR @ (
+        LEFTARG = ltree,
+	RIGHTARG = ltxtquery,
+	PROCEDURE = ltxtq_exec,
+	COMMUTATOR = '@',
+	RESTRICT = contsel,
+	JOIN = contjoinsel
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR @ (
+        LEFTARG = ltxtquery,
+	RIGHTARG = ltree,
+	PROCEDURE = ltxtq_rexec,
+	COMMUTATOR = '@',
+	RESTRICT = contsel,
+	JOIN = contjoinsel
+);
+
+--not-indexed
+CREATE OPERATOR ^@ (
+        LEFTARG = ltree,
+	RIGHTARG = ltxtquery,
+	PROCEDURE = ltxtq_exec,
+	COMMUTATOR = '^@',
+	RESTRICT = contsel,
+	JOIN = contjoinsel
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR ^@ (
+        LEFTARG = ltxtquery,
+	RIGHTARG = ltree,
+	PROCEDURE = ltxtq_rexec,
+	COMMUTATOR = '^@',
+	RESTRICT = contsel,
+	JOIN = contjoinsel
+);
+
+--GiST support for ltree
+CREATE FUNCTION ltree_gist_in(cstring)
+RETURNS ltree_gist
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION ltree_gist_out(ltree_gist)
+RETURNS cstring
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE TYPE ltree_gist (
+	internallength = -1,
+	input = ltree_gist_in,
+	output = ltree_gist_out,
+	storage = plain
+);
+
+
+CREATE FUNCTION ltree_consistent(internal,ltree,int2,oid,internal)
+RETURNS bool as 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION ltree_compress(internal)
+RETURNS internal as 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION ltree_decompress(internal)
+RETURNS internal as 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION ltree_penalty(internal,internal,internal)
+RETURNS internal as 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION ltree_picksplit(internal, internal)
+RETURNS internal as 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION ltree_union(internal, internal)
+RETURNS ltree_gist as 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION ltree_same(ltree_gist, ltree_gist, internal)
+RETURNS internal as 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE OPERATOR CLASS gist_ltree_ops
+    DEFAULT FOR TYPE ltree USING gist AS
+	OPERATOR	1	< ,
+	OPERATOR	2	<= ,
+	OPERATOR	3	= ,
+	OPERATOR	4	>= ,
+	OPERATOR	5	> ,
+	OPERATOR	10	@> ,
+	OPERATOR	11	<@ ,
+	OPERATOR	12	~ (ltree, lquery) ,
+	OPERATOR	13	~ (lquery, ltree) ,
+	OPERATOR	14	@ (ltree, ltxtquery) ,
+	OPERATOR	15	@ (ltxtquery, ltree) ,
+	OPERATOR	16	? (ltree, _lquery) ,
+	OPERATOR	17	? (_lquery, ltree) ,
+	FUNCTION	1	ltree_consistent (internal, ltree, int2, oid, internal),
+	FUNCTION	2	ltree_union (internal, internal),
+	FUNCTION	3	ltree_compress (internal),
+	FUNCTION	4	ltree_decompress (internal),
+	FUNCTION	5	ltree_penalty (internal, internal, internal),
+	FUNCTION	6	ltree_picksplit (internal, internal),
+	FUNCTION	7	ltree_same (ltree_gist, ltree_gist, internal),
+	STORAGE		ltree_gist;
+
+
+-- arrays of ltree
+
+CREATE FUNCTION _ltree_isparent(_ltree,ltree)
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION _ltree_r_isparent(ltree,_ltree)
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION _ltree_risparent(_ltree,ltree)
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION _ltree_r_risparent(ltree,_ltree)
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION _ltq_regex(_ltree,lquery)
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION _ltq_rregex(lquery,_ltree)
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION _lt_q_regex(_ltree,_lquery)
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION _lt_q_rregex(_lquery,_ltree)
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION _ltxtq_exec(_ltree, ltxtquery)
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION _ltxtq_rexec(ltxtquery, _ltree)
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE OPERATOR @> (
+        LEFTARG = _ltree,
+	RIGHTARG = ltree,
+	PROCEDURE = _ltree_isparent,
+        COMMUTATOR = '<@',
+        RESTRICT = contsel,
+	JOIN = contjoinsel
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR <@ (
+        LEFTARG = ltree,
+	RIGHTARG = _ltree,
+	PROCEDURE = _ltree_r_isparent,
+        COMMUTATOR = '@>',
+        RESTRICT = contsel,
+	JOIN = contjoinsel
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR <@ (
+        LEFTARG = _ltree,
+	RIGHTARG = ltree,
+	PROCEDURE = _ltree_risparent,
+        COMMUTATOR = '@>',
+        RESTRICT = contsel,
+	JOIN = contjoinsel
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR @> (
+        LEFTARG = ltree,
+	RIGHTARG = _ltree,
+	PROCEDURE = _ltree_r_risparent,
+        COMMUTATOR = '<@',
+        RESTRICT = contsel,
+	JOIN = contjoinsel
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR ~ (
+        LEFTARG = _ltree,
+	RIGHTARG = lquery,
+	PROCEDURE = _ltq_regex,
+        COMMUTATOR = '~',
+        RESTRICT = contsel,
+	JOIN = contjoinsel
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR ~ (
+        LEFTARG = lquery,
+	RIGHTARG = _ltree,
+	PROCEDURE = _ltq_rregex,
+        COMMUTATOR = '~',
+        RESTRICT = contsel,
+	JOIN = contjoinsel
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR ? (
+        LEFTARG = _ltree,
+	RIGHTARG = _lquery,
+	PROCEDURE = _lt_q_regex,
+        COMMUTATOR = '?',
+        RESTRICT = contsel,
+	JOIN = contjoinsel
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR ? (
+        LEFTARG = _lquery,
+	RIGHTARG = _ltree,
+	PROCEDURE = _lt_q_rregex,
+        COMMUTATOR = '?',
+        RESTRICT = contsel,
+	JOIN = contjoinsel
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR @ (
+        LEFTARG = _ltree,
+	RIGHTARG = ltxtquery,
+	PROCEDURE = _ltxtq_exec,
+        COMMUTATOR = '@',
+        RESTRICT = contsel,
+	JOIN = contjoinsel
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR @ (
+        LEFTARG = ltxtquery,
+	RIGHTARG = _ltree,
+	PROCEDURE = _ltxtq_rexec,
+        COMMUTATOR = '@',
+        RESTRICT = contsel,
+	JOIN = contjoinsel
+);
+
+
+--not indexed
+CREATE OPERATOR ^@> (
+        LEFTARG = _ltree,
+	RIGHTARG = ltree,
+	PROCEDURE = _ltree_isparent,
+        COMMUTATOR = '^<@',
+        RESTRICT = contsel,
+	JOIN = contjoinsel
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR ^<@ (
+        LEFTARG = ltree,
+	RIGHTARG = _ltree,
+	PROCEDURE = _ltree_r_isparent,
+        COMMUTATOR = '^@>',
+        RESTRICT = contsel,
+	JOIN = contjoinsel
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR ^<@ (
+        LEFTARG = _ltree,
+	RIGHTARG = ltree,
+	PROCEDURE = _ltree_risparent,
+        COMMUTATOR = '^@>',
+        RESTRICT = contsel,
+	JOIN = contjoinsel
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR ^@> (
+        LEFTARG = ltree,
+	RIGHTARG = _ltree,
+	PROCEDURE = _ltree_r_risparent,
+        COMMUTATOR = '^<@',
+        RESTRICT = contsel,
+	JOIN = contjoinsel
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR ^~ (
+        LEFTARG = _ltree,
+	RIGHTARG = lquery,
+	PROCEDURE = _ltq_regex,
+        COMMUTATOR = '^~',
+        RESTRICT = contsel,
+	JOIN = contjoinsel
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR ^~ (
+        LEFTARG = lquery,
+	RIGHTARG = _ltree,
+	PROCEDURE = _ltq_rregex,
+        COMMUTATOR = '^~',
+        RESTRICT = contsel,
+	JOIN = contjoinsel
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR ^? (
+        LEFTARG = _ltree,
+	RIGHTARG = _lquery,
+	PROCEDURE = _lt_q_regex,
+        COMMUTATOR = '^?',
+        RESTRICT = contsel,
+	JOIN = contjoinsel
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR ^? (
+        LEFTARG = _lquery,
+	RIGHTARG = _ltree,
+	PROCEDURE = _lt_q_rregex,
+        COMMUTATOR = '^?',
+        RESTRICT = contsel,
+	JOIN = contjoinsel
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR ^@ (
+        LEFTARG = _ltree,
+	RIGHTARG = ltxtquery,
+	PROCEDURE = _ltxtq_exec,
+        COMMUTATOR = '^@',
+        RESTRICT = contsel,
+	JOIN = contjoinsel
+);
+
+CREATE OPERATOR ^@ (
+        LEFTARG = ltxtquery,
+	RIGHTARG = _ltree,
+	PROCEDURE = _ltxtq_rexec,
+        COMMUTATOR = '^@',
+        RESTRICT = contsel,
+	JOIN = contjoinsel
+);
+
+--extractors
+CREATE FUNCTION _ltree_extract_isparent(_ltree,ltree)
+RETURNS ltree
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE OPERATOR ?@> (
+        LEFTARG = _ltree,
+	RIGHTARG = ltree,
+	PROCEDURE = _ltree_extract_isparent
+);
+
+CREATE FUNCTION _ltree_extract_risparent(_ltree,ltree)
+RETURNS ltree
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE OPERATOR ?<@ (
+        LEFTARG = _ltree,
+	RIGHTARG = ltree,
+	PROCEDURE = _ltree_extract_risparent
+);
+
+CREATE FUNCTION _ltq_extract_regex(_ltree,lquery)
+RETURNS ltree
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE OPERATOR ?~ (
+        LEFTARG = _ltree,
+	RIGHTARG = lquery,
+	PROCEDURE = _ltq_extract_regex
+);
+
+CREATE FUNCTION _ltxtq_extract_exec(_ltree,ltxtquery)
+RETURNS ltree
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C STRICT IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE OPERATOR ?@ (
+        LEFTARG = _ltree,
+	RIGHTARG = ltxtquery,
+	PROCEDURE = _ltxtq_extract_exec
+);
+
+--GiST support for ltree[]
+CREATE FUNCTION _ltree_consistent(internal,_ltree,int2,oid,internal)
+RETURNS bool
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION _ltree_compress(internal)
+RETURNS internal
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION _ltree_penalty(internal,internal,internal)
+RETURNS internal
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION _ltree_picksplit(internal, internal)
+RETURNS internal
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION _ltree_union(internal, internal)
+RETURNS ltree_gist
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION _ltree_same(ltree_gist, ltree_gist, internal)
+RETURNS internal
+AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
+LANGUAGE C IMMUTABLE STRICT PARALLEL SAFE;
+
+CREATE OPERATOR CLASS gist__ltree_ops
+    DEFAULT FOR TYPE _ltree USING gist AS
+	OPERATOR	10	<@ (_ltree, ltree),
+	OPERATOR	11	@> (ltree, _ltree),
+	OPERATOR	12	~ (_ltree, lquery),
+	OPERATOR	13	~ (lquery, _ltree),
+	OPERATOR	14	@ (_ltree, ltxtquery),
+	OPERATOR	15	@ (ltxtquery, _ltree),
+	OPERATOR	16	? (_ltree, _lquery),
+	OPERATOR	17	? (_lquery, _ltree),
+	FUNCTION	1	_ltree_consistent (internal, _ltree, int2, oid, internal),
+	FUNCTION	2	_ltree_union (internal, internal),
+	FUNCTION	3	_ltree_compress (internal),
+	FUNCTION	4	ltree_decompress (internal),
+	FUNCTION	5	_ltree_penalty (internal, internal, internal),
+	FUNCTION	6	_ltree_picksplit (internal, internal),
+	FUNCTION	7	_ltree_same (ltree_gist, ltree_gist, internal),
+	STORAGE		ltree_gist;
diff --git a/contrib/ltree/ltree.control b/contrib/ltree/ltree.control
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b408d64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/ltree/ltree.control
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# ltree extension
+comment = 'data type for hierarchical tree-like structures'
+default_version = '1.2'
+module_pathname = '$libdir/ltree'
+relocatable = true
+trusted = true
diff --git a/contrib/ltree/ltree.h b/contrib/ltree/ltree.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..564e4fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/ltree/ltree.h
@@ -0,0 +1,316 @@
+/* contrib/ltree/ltree.h */
+
+#ifndef __LTREE_H__
+#define __LTREE_H__
+
+#include "fmgr.h"
+#include "tsearch/ts_locale.h"
+#include "utils/memutils.h"
+
+
+/* ltree */
+
+/*
+ * We want the maximum length of a label to be encoding-independent, so
+ * set it somewhat arbitrarily at 255 characters (not bytes), while using
+ * uint16 fields to hold the byte length.
+ */
+#define LTREE_LABEL_MAX_CHARS 255
+
+/*
+ * LOWER_NODE used to be defined in the Makefile via the compile flags.
+ * However the MSVC build scripts neglected to do the same which resulted in
+ * MSVC builds not using LOWER_NODE.  Since then, the MSVC scripts have been
+ * modified to look for -D compile flags in Makefiles, so here, in order to
+ * get the historic behavior of LOWER_NODE not being defined on MSVC, we only
+ * define it when not building in that environment.  This is important as we
+ * want to maintain the same LOWER_NODE behavior after a pg_upgrade.
+ */
+#ifndef _MSC_VER
+#define LOWER_NODE
+#endif
+
+typedef struct
+{
+	uint16		len;			/* label string length in bytes */
+	char		name[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER];
+} ltree_level;
+
+#define LEVEL_HDRSIZE	(offsetof(ltree_level,name))
+#define LEVEL_NEXT(x)	( (ltree_level*)( ((char*)(x)) + MAXALIGN(((ltree_level*)(x))->len + LEVEL_HDRSIZE) ) )
+
+typedef struct
+{
+	int32		vl_len_;		/* varlena header (do not touch directly!) */
+	uint16		numlevel;		/* number of labels */
+	/* Array of maxalign'd ltree_level structs follows: */
+	char		data[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER];
+} ltree;
+
+#define LTREE_HDRSIZE	MAXALIGN( offsetof(ltree, data) )
+#define LTREE_FIRST(x)	( (ltree_level*)( ((char*)(x))+LTREE_HDRSIZE ) )
+#define LTREE_MAX_LEVELS	PG_UINT16_MAX	/* ltree.numlevel is uint16 */
+
+
+/* lquery */
+
+/* lquery_variant: one branch of some OR'ed alternatives */
+typedef struct
+{
+	int32		val;			/* CRC of label string */
+	uint16		len;			/* label string length in bytes */
+	uint8		flag;			/* see LVAR_xxx flags below */
+	char		name[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER];
+} lquery_variant;
+
+/*
+ * Note: these macros contain too many MAXALIGN calls and so will sometimes
+ * overestimate the space needed for an lquery_variant.  However, we can't
+ * change it without breaking on-disk compatibility for lquery.
+ */
+#define LVAR_HDRSIZE   MAXALIGN(offsetof(lquery_variant, name))
+#define LVAR_NEXT(x)	( (lquery_variant*)( ((char*)(x)) + MAXALIGN(((lquery_variant*)(x))->len) + LVAR_HDRSIZE ) )
+
+#define LVAR_ANYEND 0x01		/* '*' flag: prefix match */
+#define LVAR_INCASE 0x02		/* '@' flag: case-insensitive match */
+#define LVAR_SUBLEXEME	0x04	/* '%' flag: word-wise match */
+
+/*
+ * In an lquery_level, "flag" contains the union of the variants' flags
+ * along with possible LQL_xxx flags; so those bit sets can't overlap.
+ *
+ * "low" and "high" are nominally the minimum and maximum number of matches.
+ * However, for backwards compatibility with pre-v13 on-disk lqueries,
+ * non-'*' levels (those with numvar > 0) only have valid low/high if the
+ * LQL_COUNT flag is set; otherwise those fields are zero, but the behavior
+ * is as if they were both 1.
+ */
+typedef struct
+{
+	uint16		totallen;		/* total length of this level, in bytes */
+	uint16		flag;			/* see LQL_xxx and LVAR_xxx flags */
+	uint16		numvar;			/* number of variants; 0 means '*' */
+	uint16		low;			/* minimum repeat count */
+	uint16		high;			/* maximum repeat count */
+	/* Array of maxalign'd lquery_variant structs follows: */
+	char		variants[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER];
+} lquery_level;
+
+#define LQL_HDRSIZE MAXALIGN( offsetof(lquery_level,variants) )
+#define LQL_NEXT(x) ( (lquery_level*)( ((char*)(x)) + MAXALIGN(((lquery_level*)(x))->totallen) ) )
+#define LQL_FIRST(x)	( (lquery_variant*)( ((char*)(x))+LQL_HDRSIZE ) )
+
+#define LQL_NOT		0x10		/* level has '!' (NOT) prefix */
+#define LQL_COUNT	0x20		/* level is non-'*' and has repeat counts */
+
+#ifdef LOWER_NODE
+#define FLG_CANLOOKSIGN(x) ( ( (x) & ( LQL_NOT | LVAR_ANYEND | LVAR_SUBLEXEME ) ) == 0 )
+#else
+#define FLG_CANLOOKSIGN(x) ( ( (x) & ( LQL_NOT | LVAR_ANYEND | LVAR_SUBLEXEME | LVAR_INCASE ) ) == 0 )
+#endif
+#define LQL_CANLOOKSIGN(x) FLG_CANLOOKSIGN( ((lquery_level*)(x))->flag )
+
+typedef struct
+{
+	int32		vl_len_;		/* varlena header (do not touch directly!) */
+	uint16		numlevel;		/* number of lquery_levels */
+	uint16		firstgood;		/* number of leading simple-match levels */
+	uint16		flag;			/* see LQUERY_xxx flags below */
+	/* Array of maxalign'd lquery_level structs follows: */
+	char		data[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER];
+} lquery;
+
+#define LQUERY_HDRSIZE	 MAXALIGN( offsetof(lquery, data) )
+#define LQUERY_FIRST(x)   ( (lquery_level*)( ((char*)(x))+LQUERY_HDRSIZE ) )
+#define LQUERY_MAX_LEVELS	PG_UINT16_MAX	/* lquery.numlevel is uint16 */
+
+#define LQUERY_HASNOT		0x01
+
+#define ISALNUM(x)	( t_isalpha(x) || t_isdigit(x)	|| ( pg_mblen(x) == 1 && t_iseq((x), '_') ) )
+
+/* full text query */
+
+/*
+ * item in polish notation with back link
+ * to left operand
+ */
+typedef struct ITEM
+{
+	int16		type;
+	int16		left;
+	int32		val;
+	uint8		flag;
+	/* user-friendly value */
+	uint8		length;
+	uint16		distance;
+} ITEM;
+
+/*
+ *Storage:
+ *		(len)(size)(array of ITEM)(array of operand in user-friendly form)
+ */
+typedef struct
+{
+	int32		vl_len_;		/* varlena header (do not touch directly!) */
+	int32		size;
+	char		data[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER];
+} ltxtquery;
+
+#define HDRSIZEQT		MAXALIGN(VARHDRSZ + sizeof(int32))
+#define COMPUTESIZE(size,lenofoperand)	( HDRSIZEQT + (size) * sizeof(ITEM) + (lenofoperand) )
+#define LTXTQUERY_TOO_BIG(size,lenofoperand) \
+	((size) > (MaxAllocSize - HDRSIZEQT - (lenofoperand)) / sizeof(ITEM))
+#define GETQUERY(x)  (ITEM*)( (char*)(x)+HDRSIZEQT )
+#define GETOPERAND(x)	( (char*)GETQUERY(x) + ((ltxtquery*)x)->size * sizeof(ITEM) )
+
+#define ISOPERATOR(x) ( (x)=='!' || (x)=='&' || (x)=='|' || (x)=='(' || (x)==')' )
+
+#define END						0
+#define ERR						1
+#define VAL						2
+#define OPR						3
+#define OPEN					4
+#define CLOSE					5
+#define VALTRUE					6	/* for stop words */
+#define VALFALSE				7
+
+
+/* use in array iterator */
+Datum		ltree_isparent(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+Datum		ltree_risparent(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+Datum		ltq_regex(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+Datum		ltq_rregex(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+Datum		lt_q_regex(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+Datum		lt_q_rregex(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+Datum		ltxtq_exec(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+Datum		ltxtq_rexec(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+Datum		_ltq_regex(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+Datum		_ltq_rregex(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+Datum		_lt_q_regex(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+Datum		_lt_q_rregex(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+Datum		_ltxtq_exec(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+Datum		_ltxtq_rexec(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+Datum		_ltree_isparent(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+Datum		_ltree_risparent(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+
+/* Concatenation functions */
+Datum		ltree_addltree(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+Datum		ltree_addtext(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+Datum		ltree_textadd(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+
+/* Util function */
+Datum		ltree_in(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
+
+bool		ltree_execute(ITEM *curitem, void *checkval,
+						  bool calcnot, bool (*chkcond) (void *checkval, ITEM *val));
+
+int			ltree_compare(const ltree *a, const ltree *b);
+bool		inner_isparent(const ltree *c, const ltree *p);
+bool		compare_subnode(ltree_level *t, char *q, int len,
+							int (*cmpptr) (const char *, const char *, size_t), bool anyend);
+ltree	   *lca_inner(ltree **a, int len);
+int			ltree_strncasecmp(const char *a, const char *b, size_t s);
+
+/* fmgr macros for ltree objects */
+#define DatumGetLtreeP(X)			((ltree *) PG_DETOAST_DATUM(X))
+#define DatumGetLtreePCopy(X)		((ltree *) PG_DETOAST_DATUM_COPY(X))
+#define PG_GETARG_LTREE_P(n)		DatumGetLtreeP(PG_GETARG_DATUM(n))
+#define PG_GETARG_LTREE_P_COPY(n)	DatumGetLtreePCopy(PG_GETARG_DATUM(n))
+
+#define DatumGetLqueryP(X)			((lquery *) PG_DETOAST_DATUM(X))
+#define DatumGetLqueryPCopy(X)		((lquery *) PG_DETOAST_DATUM_COPY(X))
+#define PG_GETARG_LQUERY_P(n)		DatumGetLqueryP(PG_GETARG_DATUM(n))
+#define PG_GETARG_LQUERY_P_COPY(n)	DatumGetLqueryPCopy(PG_GETARG_DATUM(n))
+
+#define DatumGetLtxtqueryP(X)			((ltxtquery *) PG_DETOAST_DATUM(X))
+#define DatumGetLtxtqueryPCopy(X)		((ltxtquery *) PG_DETOAST_DATUM_COPY(X))
+#define PG_GETARG_LTXTQUERY_P(n)		DatumGetLtxtqueryP(PG_GETARG_DATUM(n))
+#define PG_GETARG_LTXTQUERY_P_COPY(n)	DatumGetLtxtqueryPCopy(PG_GETARG_DATUM(n))
+
+/* GiST support for ltree */
+
+#define BITBYTE 8
+#define SIGLENBIT(siglen) ((siglen) * BITBYTE)
+#define LTREE_SIGLEN_DEFAULT	(2 * sizeof(int32))
+#define LTREE_SIGLEN_MAX		GISTMaxIndexKeySize
+#define LTREE_GET_SIGLEN()		(PG_HAS_OPCLASS_OPTIONS() ? \
+								 ((LtreeGistOptions *) PG_GET_OPCLASS_OPTIONS())->siglen : \
+								 LTREE_SIGLEN_DEFAULT)
+
+typedef unsigned char *BITVECP;
+
+#define LOOPBYTE(siglen) \
+			for(i = 0; i < (siglen); i++)
+
+#define GETBYTE(x,i) ( *( (BITVECP)(x) + (int)( (i) / BITBYTE ) ) )
+#define GETBITBYTE(x,i) ( ((unsigned char)(x)) >> i & 0x01 )
+#define CLRBIT(x,i)   GETBYTE(x,i) &= ~( 0x01 << ( (i) % BITBYTE ) )
+#define SETBIT(x,i)   GETBYTE(x,i) |=  ( 0x01 << ( (i) % BITBYTE ) )
+#define GETBIT(x,i) ( (GETBYTE(x,i) >> ( (i) % BITBYTE )) & 0x01 )
+
+#define HASHVAL(val, siglen) (((unsigned int)(val)) % SIGLENBIT(siglen))
+#define HASH(sign, val, siglen) SETBIT((sign), HASHVAL(val, siglen))
+
+/*
+ * type of index key for ltree. Tree are combined B-Tree and R-Tree
+ * Storage:
+ *	Leaf pages
+ *		(len)(flag)(ltree)
+ *	Non-Leaf
+ *				 (len)(flag)(sign)(left_ltree)(right_ltree)
+ *		ALLTRUE: (len)(flag)(left_ltree)(right_ltree)
+ *
+ */
+
+typedef struct
+{
+	int32		vl_len_;		/* varlena header (do not touch directly!) */
+	uint32		flag;
+	char		data[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER];
+} ltree_gist;
+
+#define LTG_ONENODE 0x01
+#define LTG_ALLTRUE 0x02
+#define LTG_NORIGHT 0x04
+
+#define LTG_HDRSIZE MAXALIGN(VARHDRSZ + sizeof(uint32))
+#define LTG_SIGN(x) ( (BITVECP)( ((char*)(x))+LTG_HDRSIZE ) )
+#define LTG_NODE(x) ( (ltree*)( ((char*)(x))+LTG_HDRSIZE ) )
+#define LTG_ISONENODE(x) ( ((ltree_gist*)(x))->flag & LTG_ONENODE )
+#define LTG_ISALLTRUE(x) ( ((ltree_gist*)(x))->flag & LTG_ALLTRUE )
+#define LTG_ISNORIGHT(x) ( ((ltree_gist*)(x))->flag & LTG_NORIGHT )
+#define LTG_LNODE(x, siglen)	( (ltree*)( ( ((char*)(x))+LTG_HDRSIZE ) + ( LTG_ISALLTRUE(x) ? 0 : (siglen) ) ) )
+#define LTG_RENODE(x, siglen)	( (ltree*)( ((char*)LTG_LNODE(x, siglen)) + VARSIZE(LTG_LNODE(x, siglen))) )
+#define LTG_RNODE(x, siglen)	( LTG_ISNORIGHT(x) ? LTG_LNODE(x, siglen) : LTG_RENODE(x, siglen) )
+
+#define LTG_GETLNODE(x, siglen) ( LTG_ISONENODE(x) ? LTG_NODE(x) : LTG_LNODE(x, siglen) )
+#define LTG_GETRNODE(x, siglen) ( LTG_ISONENODE(x) ? LTG_NODE(x) : LTG_RNODE(x, siglen) )
+
+extern ltree_gist *ltree_gist_alloc(bool isalltrue, BITVECP sign, int siglen,
+									ltree *left, ltree *right);
+
+/* GiST support for ltree[] */
+
+#define LTREE_ASIGLEN_DEFAULT	(7 * sizeof(int32))
+#define LTREE_ASIGLEN_MAX		GISTMaxIndexKeySize
+#define LTREE_GET_ASIGLEN()		(PG_HAS_OPCLASS_OPTIONS() ? \
+								 ((LtreeGistOptions *) PG_GET_OPCLASS_OPTIONS())->siglen : \
+								 LTREE_ASIGLEN_DEFAULT)
+#define ASIGLENBIT(siglen)		((siglen) * BITBYTE)
+
+#define ALOOPBYTE(siglen) \
+			for (i = 0; i < (siglen); i++)
+
+#define AHASHVAL(val, siglen) (((unsigned int)(val)) % ASIGLENBIT(siglen))
+#define AHASH(sign, val, siglen) SETBIT((sign), AHASHVAL(val, siglen))
+
+/* gist_ltree_ops and gist__ltree_ops opclass options */
+typedef struct
+{
+	int32		vl_len_;		/* varlena header (do not touch directly!) */
+	int			siglen;			/* signature length in bytes */
+} LtreeGistOptions;
+
+/* type of key is the same to ltree_gist */
+
+#endif
diff --git a/contrib/ltree/ltree_gist.c b/contrib/ltree/ltree_gist.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1b893e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/ltree/ltree_gist.c
@@ -0,0 +1,746 @@
+/*
+ * GiST support for ltree
+ * Teodor Sigaev <teodor@stack.net>
+ * contrib/ltree/ltree_gist.c
+ */
+#include "postgres.h"
+
+#include "access/gist.h"
+#include "access/reloptions.h"
+#include "access/stratnum.h"
+#include "crc32.h"
+#include "ltree.h"
+
+#define NEXTVAL(x) ( (lquery*)( (char*)(x) + INTALIGN( VARSIZE(x) ) ) )
+#define ISEQ(a,b)	( (a)->numlevel == (b)->numlevel && ltree_compare(a,b)==0 )
+
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(ltree_gist_in);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(ltree_gist_out);
+
+Datum
+ltree_gist_in(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ereport(ERROR,
+			(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+			 errmsg("ltree_gist_in() not implemented")));
+	PG_RETURN_DATUM(0);
+}
+
+Datum
+ltree_gist_out(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ereport(ERROR,
+			(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+			 errmsg("ltree_gist_out() not implemented")));
+	PG_RETURN_DATUM(0);
+}
+
+ltree_gist *
+ltree_gist_alloc(bool isalltrue, BITVECP sign, int siglen,
+				 ltree *left, ltree *right)
+{
+	int32		size = LTG_HDRSIZE + (isalltrue ? 0 : siglen) +
+	(left ? VARSIZE(left) + (right ? VARSIZE(right) : 0) : 0);
+	ltree_gist *result = palloc(size);
+
+	SET_VARSIZE(result, size);
+
+	if (siglen)
+	{
+		result->flag = 0;
+
+		if (isalltrue)
+			result->flag |= LTG_ALLTRUE;
+		else if (sign)
+			memcpy(LTG_SIGN(result), sign, siglen);
+		else
+			memset(LTG_SIGN(result), 0, siglen);
+
+		if (left)
+		{
+			memcpy(LTG_LNODE(result, siglen), left, VARSIZE(left));
+
+			if (!right || left == right || ISEQ(left, right))
+				result->flag |= LTG_NORIGHT;
+			else
+				memcpy(LTG_RNODE(result, siglen), right, VARSIZE(right));
+		}
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		Assert(left);
+		result->flag = LTG_ONENODE;
+		memcpy(LTG_NODE(result), left, VARSIZE(left));
+	}
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(ltree_compress);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(ltree_decompress);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(ltree_same);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(ltree_union);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(ltree_penalty);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(ltree_picksplit);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(ltree_consistent);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(ltree_gist_options);
+
+#define GETENTRY(vec,pos) ((ltree_gist *) DatumGetPointer((vec)->vector[(pos)].key))
+
+Datum
+ltree_compress(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	GISTENTRY  *entry = (GISTENTRY *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
+	GISTENTRY  *retval = entry;
+
+	if (entry->leafkey)
+	{							/* ltree */
+		ltree	   *val = DatumGetLtreeP(entry->key);
+		ltree_gist *key = ltree_gist_alloc(false, NULL, 0, val, 0);
+
+		retval = (GISTENTRY *) palloc(sizeof(GISTENTRY));
+		gistentryinit(*retval, PointerGetDatum(key),
+					  entry->rel, entry->page,
+					  entry->offset, false);
+	}
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(retval);
+}
+
+Datum
+ltree_decompress(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	GISTENTRY  *entry = (GISTENTRY *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
+	ltree_gist *key = (ltree_gist *) PG_DETOAST_DATUM(entry->key);
+
+	if (PointerGetDatum(key) != entry->key)
+	{
+		GISTENTRY  *retval = (GISTENTRY *) palloc(sizeof(GISTENTRY));
+
+		gistentryinit(*retval, PointerGetDatum(key),
+					  entry->rel, entry->page,
+					  entry->offset, false);
+		PG_RETURN_POINTER(retval);
+	}
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(entry);
+}
+
+Datum
+ltree_same(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ltree_gist *a = (ltree_gist *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
+	ltree_gist *b = (ltree_gist *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(1);
+	bool	   *result = (bool *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(2);
+	int			siglen = LTREE_GET_SIGLEN();
+
+	*result = false;
+	if (LTG_ISONENODE(a) != LTG_ISONENODE(b))
+		PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
+
+	if (LTG_ISONENODE(a))
+		*result = ISEQ(LTG_NODE(a), LTG_NODE(b));
+	else
+	{
+		int32		i;
+		BITVECP		sa = LTG_SIGN(a),
+					sb = LTG_SIGN(b);
+
+		if (LTG_ISALLTRUE(a) != LTG_ISALLTRUE(b))
+			PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
+
+		if (!ISEQ(LTG_LNODE(a, siglen), LTG_LNODE(b, siglen)))
+			PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
+		if (!ISEQ(LTG_RNODE(a, siglen), LTG_RNODE(b, siglen)))
+			PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
+
+		*result = true;
+		if (!LTG_ISALLTRUE(a))
+		{
+			LOOPBYTE(siglen)
+			{
+				if (sa[i] != sb[i])
+				{
+					*result = false;
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
+}
+
+static void
+hashing(BITVECP sign, ltree *t, int siglen)
+{
+	int			tlen = t->numlevel;
+	ltree_level *cur = LTREE_FIRST(t);
+	int			hash;
+
+	while (tlen > 0)
+	{
+		hash = ltree_crc32_sz(cur->name, cur->len);
+		HASH(sign, hash, siglen);
+		cur = LEVEL_NEXT(cur);
+		tlen--;
+	}
+}
+
+Datum
+ltree_union(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	GistEntryVector *entryvec = (GistEntryVector *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
+	int		   *size = (int *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(1);
+	int			siglen = LTREE_GET_SIGLEN();
+	BITVECP		base = palloc0(siglen);
+	int32		i,
+				j;
+	ltree_gist *result,
+			   *cur;
+	ltree	   *left = NULL,
+			   *right = NULL,
+			   *curtree;
+	bool		isalltrue = false;
+
+	for (j = 0; j < entryvec->n; j++)
+	{
+		cur = GETENTRY(entryvec, j);
+		if (LTG_ISONENODE(cur))
+		{
+			curtree = LTG_NODE(cur);
+			hashing(base, curtree, siglen);
+			if (!left || ltree_compare(left, curtree) > 0)
+				left = curtree;
+			if (!right || ltree_compare(right, curtree) < 0)
+				right = curtree;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			if (isalltrue || LTG_ISALLTRUE(cur))
+				isalltrue = true;
+			else
+			{
+				BITVECP		sc = LTG_SIGN(cur);
+
+				LOOPBYTE(siglen)
+					((unsigned char *) base)[i] |= sc[i];
+			}
+
+			curtree = LTG_LNODE(cur, siglen);
+			if (!left || ltree_compare(left, curtree) > 0)
+				left = curtree;
+			curtree = LTG_RNODE(cur, siglen);
+			if (!right || ltree_compare(right, curtree) < 0)
+				right = curtree;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (isalltrue == false)
+	{
+		isalltrue = true;
+		LOOPBYTE(siglen)
+		{
+			if (((unsigned char *) base)[i] != 0xff)
+			{
+				isalltrue = false;
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	result = ltree_gist_alloc(isalltrue, base, siglen, left, right);
+
+	*size = VARSIZE(result);
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
+}
+
+Datum
+ltree_penalty(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ltree_gist *origval = (ltree_gist *) DatumGetPointer(((GISTENTRY *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0))->key);
+	ltree_gist *newval = (ltree_gist *) DatumGetPointer(((GISTENTRY *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(1))->key);
+	float	   *penalty = (float *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(2);
+	int			siglen = LTREE_GET_SIGLEN();
+	int32		cmpr,
+				cmpl;
+
+	cmpl = ltree_compare(LTG_GETLNODE(origval, siglen), LTG_GETLNODE(newval, siglen));
+	cmpr = ltree_compare(LTG_GETRNODE(newval, siglen), LTG_GETRNODE(origval, siglen));
+
+	*penalty = Max(cmpl, 0) + Max(cmpr, 0);
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(penalty);
+}
+
+/* used for sorting */
+typedef struct rix
+{
+	int			index;
+	ltree	   *r;
+} RIX;
+
+static int
+treekey_cmp(const void *a, const void *b)
+{
+	return ltree_compare(((const RIX *) a)->r,
+						 ((const RIX *) b)->r);
+}
+
+
+Datum
+ltree_picksplit(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	GistEntryVector *entryvec = (GistEntryVector *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
+	GIST_SPLITVEC *v = (GIST_SPLITVEC *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(1);
+	int			siglen = LTREE_GET_SIGLEN();
+	OffsetNumber j;
+	int32		i;
+	RIX		   *array;
+	OffsetNumber maxoff;
+	int			nbytes;
+	ltree	   *lu_l,
+			   *lu_r,
+			   *ru_l,
+			   *ru_r;
+	ltree_gist *lu,
+			   *ru;
+	BITVECP		ls = palloc0(siglen),
+				rs = palloc0(siglen);
+	bool		lisat = false,
+				risat = false;
+
+	maxoff = entryvec->n - 1;
+	nbytes = (maxoff + 2) * sizeof(OffsetNumber);
+	v->spl_left = (OffsetNumber *) palloc(nbytes);
+	v->spl_right = (OffsetNumber *) palloc(nbytes);
+	v->spl_nleft = 0;
+	v->spl_nright = 0;
+	array = (RIX *) palloc(sizeof(RIX) * (maxoff + 1));
+
+	/* copy the data into RIXes, and sort the RIXes */
+	for (j = FirstOffsetNumber; j <= maxoff; j = OffsetNumberNext(j))
+	{
+		array[j].index = j;
+		lu = GETENTRY(entryvec, j); /* use as tmp val */
+		array[j].r = LTG_GETLNODE(lu, siglen);
+	}
+
+	qsort((void *) &array[FirstOffsetNumber], maxoff - FirstOffsetNumber + 1,
+		  sizeof(RIX), treekey_cmp);
+
+	lu_l = lu_r = ru_l = ru_r = NULL;
+	for (j = FirstOffsetNumber; j <= maxoff; j = OffsetNumberNext(j))
+	{
+		lu = GETENTRY(entryvec, array[j].index);	/* use as tmp val */
+		if (j <= (maxoff - FirstOffsetNumber + 1) / 2)
+		{
+			v->spl_left[v->spl_nleft] = array[j].index;
+			v->spl_nleft++;
+			if (lu_r == NULL || ltree_compare(LTG_GETRNODE(lu, siglen), lu_r) > 0)
+				lu_r = LTG_GETRNODE(lu, siglen);
+			if (LTG_ISONENODE(lu))
+				hashing(ls, LTG_NODE(lu), siglen);
+			else
+			{
+				if (lisat || LTG_ISALLTRUE(lu))
+					lisat = true;
+				else
+				{
+					BITVECP		sc = LTG_SIGN(lu);
+
+					LOOPBYTE(siglen)
+						((unsigned char *) ls)[i] |= sc[i];
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			v->spl_right[v->spl_nright] = array[j].index;
+			v->spl_nright++;
+			if (ru_r == NULL || ltree_compare(LTG_GETRNODE(lu, siglen), ru_r) > 0)
+				ru_r = LTG_GETRNODE(lu, siglen);
+			if (LTG_ISONENODE(lu))
+				hashing(rs, LTG_NODE(lu), siglen);
+			else
+			{
+				if (risat || LTG_ISALLTRUE(lu))
+					risat = true;
+				else
+				{
+					BITVECP		sc = LTG_SIGN(lu);
+
+					LOOPBYTE(siglen)
+						((unsigned char *) rs)[i] |= sc[i];
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (lisat == false)
+	{
+		lisat = true;
+		LOOPBYTE(siglen)
+		{
+			if (((unsigned char *) ls)[i] != 0xff)
+			{
+				lisat = false;
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (risat == false)
+	{
+		risat = true;
+		LOOPBYTE(siglen)
+		{
+			if (((unsigned char *) rs)[i] != 0xff)
+			{
+				risat = false;
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	lu_l = LTG_GETLNODE(GETENTRY(entryvec, array[FirstOffsetNumber].index), siglen);
+	lu = ltree_gist_alloc(lisat, ls, siglen, lu_l, lu_r);
+
+	ru_l = LTG_GETLNODE(GETENTRY(entryvec, array[1 + ((maxoff - FirstOffsetNumber + 1) / 2)].index), siglen);
+	ru = ltree_gist_alloc(risat, rs, siglen, ru_l, ru_r);
+
+	pfree(ls);
+	pfree(rs);
+
+	v->spl_ldatum = PointerGetDatum(lu);
+	v->spl_rdatum = PointerGetDatum(ru);
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(v);
+}
+
+static bool
+gist_isparent(ltree_gist *key, ltree *query, int siglen)
+{
+	int32		numlevel = query->numlevel;
+	int			i;
+
+	for (i = query->numlevel; i >= 0; i--)
+	{
+		query->numlevel = i;
+		if (ltree_compare(query, LTG_GETLNODE(key, siglen)) >= 0 &&
+			ltree_compare(query, LTG_GETRNODE(key, siglen)) <= 0)
+		{
+			query->numlevel = numlevel;
+			return true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	query->numlevel = numlevel;
+	return false;
+}
+
+static ltree *
+copy_ltree(ltree *src)
+{
+	ltree	   *dst = (ltree *) palloc0(VARSIZE(src));
+
+	memcpy(dst, src, VARSIZE(src));
+	return dst;
+}
+
+static bool
+gist_ischild(ltree_gist *key, ltree *query, int siglen)
+{
+	ltree	   *left = copy_ltree(LTG_GETLNODE(key, siglen));
+	ltree	   *right = copy_ltree(LTG_GETRNODE(key, siglen));
+	bool		res = true;
+
+	if (left->numlevel > query->numlevel)
+		left->numlevel = query->numlevel;
+
+	if (ltree_compare(query, left) < 0)
+		res = false;
+
+	if (right->numlevel > query->numlevel)
+		right->numlevel = query->numlevel;
+
+	if (res && ltree_compare(query, right) > 0)
+		res = false;
+
+	pfree(left);
+	pfree(right);
+
+	return res;
+}
+
+static bool
+gist_qe(ltree_gist *key, lquery *query, int siglen)
+{
+	lquery_level *curq = LQUERY_FIRST(query);
+	BITVECP		sign = LTG_SIGN(key);
+	int			qlen = query->numlevel;
+
+	if (LTG_ISALLTRUE(key))
+		return true;
+
+	while (qlen > 0)
+	{
+		if (curq->numvar && LQL_CANLOOKSIGN(curq))
+		{
+			bool		isexist = false;
+			int			vlen = curq->numvar;
+			lquery_variant *curv = LQL_FIRST(curq);
+
+			while (vlen > 0)
+			{
+				if (GETBIT(sign, HASHVAL(curv->val, siglen)))
+				{
+					isexist = true;
+					break;
+				}
+				curv = LVAR_NEXT(curv);
+				vlen--;
+			}
+			if (!isexist)
+				return false;
+		}
+
+		curq = LQL_NEXT(curq);
+		qlen--;
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static int
+gist_tqcmp(ltree *t, lquery *q)
+{
+	ltree_level *al = LTREE_FIRST(t);
+	lquery_level *ql = LQUERY_FIRST(q);
+	lquery_variant *bl;
+	int			an = t->numlevel;
+	int			bn = q->firstgood;
+	int			res = 0;
+
+	while (an > 0 && bn > 0)
+	{
+		bl = LQL_FIRST(ql);
+		if ((res = memcmp(al->name, bl->name, Min(al->len, bl->len))) == 0)
+		{
+			if (al->len != bl->len)
+				return al->len - bl->len;
+		}
+		else
+			return res;
+		an--;
+		bn--;
+		al = LEVEL_NEXT(al);
+		ql = LQL_NEXT(ql);
+	}
+
+	return Min(t->numlevel, q->firstgood) - q->firstgood;
+}
+
+static bool
+gist_between(ltree_gist *key, lquery *query, int siglen)
+{
+	if (query->firstgood == 0)
+		return true;
+
+	if (gist_tqcmp(LTG_GETLNODE(key, siglen), query) > 0)
+		return false;
+
+	if (gist_tqcmp(LTG_GETRNODE(key, siglen), query) < 0)
+		return false;
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+typedef struct LtreeSignature
+{
+	BITVECP		sign;
+	int			siglen;
+} LtreeSignature;
+
+static bool
+checkcondition_bit(void *cxt, ITEM *val)
+{
+	LtreeSignature *sig = cxt;
+
+	return (FLG_CANLOOKSIGN(val->flag)) ? GETBIT(sig->sign, HASHVAL(val->val, sig->siglen)) : true;
+}
+
+static bool
+gist_qtxt(ltree_gist *key, ltxtquery *query, int siglen)
+{
+	LtreeSignature sig;
+
+	if (LTG_ISALLTRUE(key))
+		return true;
+
+	sig.sign = LTG_SIGN(key);
+	sig.siglen = siglen;
+
+	return ltree_execute(GETQUERY(query),
+						 &sig, false,
+						 checkcondition_bit);
+}
+
+static bool
+arrq_cons(ltree_gist *key, ArrayType *_query, int siglen)
+{
+	lquery	   *query = (lquery *) ARR_DATA_PTR(_query);
+	int			num = ArrayGetNItems(ARR_NDIM(_query), ARR_DIMS(_query));
+
+	if (ARR_NDIM(_query) > 1)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_ARRAY_SUBSCRIPT_ERROR),
+				 errmsg("array must be one-dimensional")));
+	if (array_contains_nulls(_query))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_NULL_VALUE_NOT_ALLOWED),
+				 errmsg("array must not contain nulls")));
+
+	while (num > 0)
+	{
+		if (gist_qe(key, query, siglen) && gist_between(key, query, siglen))
+			return true;
+		num--;
+		query = NEXTVAL(query);
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+Datum
+ltree_consistent(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	GISTENTRY  *entry = (GISTENTRY *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
+	StrategyNumber strategy = (StrategyNumber) PG_GETARG_UINT16(2);
+
+	/* Oid		subtype = PG_GETARG_OID(3); */
+	bool	   *recheck = (bool *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(4);
+	int			siglen = LTREE_GET_SIGLEN();
+	ltree_gist *key = (ltree_gist *) DatumGetPointer(entry->key);
+	void	   *query = NULL;
+	bool		res = false;
+
+	/* All cases served by this function are exact */
+	*recheck = false;
+
+	switch (strategy)
+	{
+		case BTLessStrategyNumber:
+			query = PG_GETARG_LTREE_P(1);
+			res = (GIST_LEAF(entry)) ?
+				(ltree_compare((ltree *) query, LTG_NODE(key)) > 0)
+				:
+				(ltree_compare((ltree *) query, LTG_GETLNODE(key, siglen)) >= 0);
+			break;
+		case BTLessEqualStrategyNumber:
+			query = PG_GETARG_LTREE_P(1);
+			res = (ltree_compare((ltree *) query, LTG_GETLNODE(key, siglen)) >= 0);
+			break;
+		case BTEqualStrategyNumber:
+			query = PG_GETARG_LTREE_P(1);
+			if (GIST_LEAF(entry))
+				res = (ltree_compare((ltree *) query, LTG_NODE(key)) == 0);
+			else
+				res = (ltree_compare((ltree *) query, LTG_GETLNODE(key, siglen)) >= 0
+					   &&
+					   ltree_compare((ltree *) query, LTG_GETRNODE(key, siglen)) <= 0);
+			break;
+		case BTGreaterEqualStrategyNumber:
+			query = PG_GETARG_LTREE_P(1);
+			res = (ltree_compare((ltree *) query, LTG_GETRNODE(key, siglen)) <= 0);
+			break;
+		case BTGreaterStrategyNumber:
+			query = PG_GETARG_LTREE_P(1);
+			res = (GIST_LEAF(entry)) ?
+				(ltree_compare((ltree *) query, LTG_GETRNODE(key, siglen)) < 0)
+				:
+				(ltree_compare((ltree *) query, LTG_GETRNODE(key, siglen)) <= 0);
+			break;
+		case 10:
+			query = PG_GETARG_LTREE_P_COPY(1);
+			res = (GIST_LEAF(entry)) ?
+				inner_isparent((ltree *) query, LTG_NODE(key))
+				:
+				gist_isparent(key, (ltree *) query, siglen);
+			break;
+		case 11:
+			query = PG_GETARG_LTREE_P(1);
+			res = (GIST_LEAF(entry)) ?
+				inner_isparent(LTG_NODE(key), (ltree *) query)
+				:
+				gist_ischild(key, (ltree *) query, siglen);
+			break;
+		case 12:
+		case 13:
+			query = PG_GETARG_LQUERY_P(1);
+			if (GIST_LEAF(entry))
+				res = DatumGetBool(DirectFunctionCall2(ltq_regex,
+													   PointerGetDatum(LTG_NODE(key)),
+													   PointerGetDatum((lquery *) query)
+													   ));
+			else
+				res = (gist_qe(key, (lquery *) query, siglen) &&
+					   gist_between(key, (lquery *) query, siglen));
+			break;
+		case 14:
+		case 15:
+			query = PG_GETARG_LTXTQUERY_P(1);
+			if (GIST_LEAF(entry))
+				res = DatumGetBool(DirectFunctionCall2(ltxtq_exec,
+													   PointerGetDatum(LTG_NODE(key)),
+													   PointerGetDatum((ltxtquery *) query)
+													   ));
+			else
+				res = gist_qtxt(key, (ltxtquery *) query, siglen);
+			break;
+		case 16:
+		case 17:
+			query = PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P(1);
+			if (GIST_LEAF(entry))
+				res = DatumGetBool(DirectFunctionCall2(lt_q_regex,
+													   PointerGetDatum(LTG_NODE(key)),
+													   PointerGetDatum((ArrayType *) query)
+													   ));
+			else
+				res = arrq_cons(key, (ArrayType *) query, siglen);
+			break;
+		default:
+			/* internal error */
+			elog(ERROR, "unrecognized StrategyNumber: %d", strategy);
+	}
+
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(query, 1);
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(res);
+}
+
+static void
+ltree_gist_relopts_validator(void *parsed_options, relopt_value *vals,
+							 int nvals)
+{
+	LtreeGistOptions *options = (LtreeGistOptions *) parsed_options;
+
+	if (options->siglen != INTALIGN(options->siglen))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
+				 errmsg("siglen value must be a multiple of %d", ALIGNOF_INT)));
+}
+
+Datum
+ltree_gist_options(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	local_relopts *relopts = (local_relopts *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
+
+	init_local_reloptions(relopts, sizeof(LtreeGistOptions));
+	add_local_int_reloption(relopts, "siglen",
+							"signature length in bytes",
+							LTREE_SIGLEN_DEFAULT,
+							INTALIGN(1),
+							LTREE_SIGLEN_MAX,
+							offsetof(LtreeGistOptions, siglen));
+	register_reloptions_validator(relopts, ltree_gist_relopts_validator);
+
+	PG_RETURN_VOID();
+}
diff --git a/contrib/ltree/ltree_io.c b/contrib/ltree/ltree_io.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..15115cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/ltree/ltree_io.c
@@ -0,0 +1,797 @@
+/*
+ * in/out function for ltree and lquery
+ * Teodor Sigaev <teodor@stack.net>
+ * contrib/ltree/ltree_io.c
+ */
+#include "postgres.h"
+
+#include <ctype.h>
+
+#include "crc32.h"
+#include "libpq/pqformat.h"
+#include "ltree.h"
+#include "utils/memutils.h"
+
+
+typedef struct
+{
+	const char *start;
+	int			len;			/* length in bytes */
+	int			flag;
+	int			wlen;			/* length in characters */
+} nodeitem;
+
+#define LTPRS_WAITNAME	0
+#define LTPRS_WAITDELIM 1
+
+static void finish_nodeitem(nodeitem *lptr, const char *ptr,
+							bool is_lquery, int pos);
+
+
+/*
+ * expects a null terminated string
+ * returns an ltree
+ */
+static ltree *
+parse_ltree(const char *buf)
+{
+	const char *ptr;
+	nodeitem   *list,
+			   *lptr;
+	int			num = 0,
+				totallen = 0;
+	int			state = LTPRS_WAITNAME;
+	ltree	   *result;
+	ltree_level *curlevel;
+	int			charlen;
+	int			pos = 1;		/* character position for error messages */
+
+#define UNCHAR ereport(ERROR, \
+					   errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR), \
+					   errmsg("ltree syntax error at character %d", \
+							  pos))
+
+	ptr = buf;
+	while (*ptr)
+	{
+		charlen = pg_mblen(ptr);
+		if (t_iseq(ptr, '.'))
+			num++;
+		ptr += charlen;
+	}
+
+	if (num + 1 > LTREE_MAX_LEVELS)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
+				 errmsg("number of ltree labels (%d) exceeds the maximum allowed (%d)",
+						num + 1, LTREE_MAX_LEVELS)));
+	list = lptr = (nodeitem *) palloc(sizeof(nodeitem) * (num + 1));
+	ptr = buf;
+	while (*ptr)
+	{
+		charlen = pg_mblen(ptr);
+
+		switch (state)
+		{
+			case LTPRS_WAITNAME:
+				if (ISALNUM(ptr))
+				{
+					lptr->start = ptr;
+					lptr->wlen = 0;
+					state = LTPRS_WAITDELIM;
+				}
+				else
+					UNCHAR;
+				break;
+			case LTPRS_WAITDELIM:
+				if (t_iseq(ptr, '.'))
+				{
+					finish_nodeitem(lptr, ptr, false, pos);
+					totallen += MAXALIGN(lptr->len + LEVEL_HDRSIZE);
+					lptr++;
+					state = LTPRS_WAITNAME;
+				}
+				else if (!ISALNUM(ptr))
+					UNCHAR;
+				break;
+			default:
+				elog(ERROR, "internal error in ltree parser");
+		}
+
+		ptr += charlen;
+		lptr->wlen++;
+		pos++;
+	}
+
+	if (state == LTPRS_WAITDELIM)
+	{
+		finish_nodeitem(lptr, ptr, false, pos);
+		totallen += MAXALIGN(lptr->len + LEVEL_HDRSIZE);
+		lptr++;
+	}
+	else if (!(state == LTPRS_WAITNAME && lptr == list))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
+				 errmsg("ltree syntax error"),
+				 errdetail("Unexpected end of input.")));
+
+	result = (ltree *) palloc0(LTREE_HDRSIZE + totallen);
+	SET_VARSIZE(result, LTREE_HDRSIZE + totallen);
+	result->numlevel = lptr - list;
+	curlevel = LTREE_FIRST(result);
+	lptr = list;
+	while (lptr - list < result->numlevel)
+	{
+		curlevel->len = (uint16) lptr->len;
+		memcpy(curlevel->name, lptr->start, lptr->len);
+		curlevel = LEVEL_NEXT(curlevel);
+		lptr++;
+	}
+
+	pfree(list);
+	return result;
+
+#undef UNCHAR
+}
+
+/*
+ * expects an ltree
+ * returns a null terminated string
+ */
+static char *
+deparse_ltree(const ltree *in)
+{
+	char	   *buf,
+			   *ptr;
+	int			i;
+	ltree_level *curlevel;
+
+	ptr = buf = (char *) palloc(VARSIZE(in));
+	curlevel = LTREE_FIRST(in);
+	for (i = 0; i < in->numlevel; i++)
+	{
+		if (i != 0)
+		{
+			*ptr = '.';
+			ptr++;
+		}
+		memcpy(ptr, curlevel->name, curlevel->len);
+		ptr += curlevel->len;
+		curlevel = LEVEL_NEXT(curlevel);
+	}
+
+	*ptr = '\0';
+	return buf;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Basic ltree I/O functions
+ */
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(ltree_in);
+Datum
+ltree_in(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	char	   *buf = (char *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(parse_ltree(buf));
+}
+
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(ltree_out);
+Datum
+ltree_out(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ltree	   *in = PG_GETARG_LTREE_P(0);
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(deparse_ltree(in));
+}
+
+/*
+ * ltree type send function
+ *
+ * The type is sent as text in binary mode, so this is almost the same
+ * as the output function, but it's prefixed with a version number so we
+ * can change the binary format sent in future if necessary. For now,
+ * only version 1 is supported.
+ */
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(ltree_send);
+Datum
+ltree_send(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ltree	   *in = PG_GETARG_LTREE_P(0);
+	StringInfoData buf;
+	int			version = 1;
+	char	   *res = deparse_ltree(in);
+
+	pq_begintypsend(&buf);
+	pq_sendint8(&buf, version);
+	pq_sendtext(&buf, res, strlen(res));
+	pfree(res);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(pq_endtypsend(&buf));
+}
+
+/*
+ * ltree type recv function
+ *
+ * The type is sent as text in binary mode, so this is almost the same
+ * as the input function, but it's prefixed with a version number so we
+ * can change the binary format sent in future if necessary. For now,
+ * only version 1 is supported.
+ */
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(ltree_recv);
+Datum
+ltree_recv(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	StringInfo	buf = (StringInfo) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
+	int			version = pq_getmsgint(buf, 1);
+	char	   *str;
+	int			nbytes;
+	ltree	   *res;
+
+	if (version != 1)
+		elog(ERROR, "unsupported ltree version number %d", version);
+
+	str = pq_getmsgtext(buf, buf->len - buf->cursor, &nbytes);
+	res = parse_ltree(str);
+	pfree(str);
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(res);
+}
+
+
+#define LQPRS_WAITLEVEL 0
+#define LQPRS_WAITDELIM 1
+#define LQPRS_WAITOPEN	2
+#define LQPRS_WAITFNUM	3
+#define LQPRS_WAITSNUM	4
+#define LQPRS_WAITND	5
+#define LQPRS_WAITCLOSE 6
+#define LQPRS_WAITEND	7
+#define LQPRS_WAITVAR	8
+
+
+#define GETVAR(x) ( *((nodeitem**)LQL_FIRST(x)) )
+#define ITEMSIZE	MAXALIGN(LQL_HDRSIZE+sizeof(nodeitem*))
+#define NEXTLEV(x) ( (lquery_level*)( ((char*)(x)) + ITEMSIZE) )
+
+/*
+ * expects a null terminated string
+ * returns an lquery
+ */
+static lquery *
+parse_lquery(const char *buf)
+{
+	const char *ptr;
+	int			num = 0,
+				totallen = 0,
+				numOR = 0;
+	int			state = LQPRS_WAITLEVEL;
+	lquery	   *result;
+	nodeitem   *lptr = NULL;
+	lquery_level *cur,
+			   *curqlevel,
+			   *tmpql;
+	lquery_variant *lrptr = NULL;
+	bool		hasnot = false;
+	bool		wasbad = false;
+	int			charlen;
+	int			pos = 1;		/* character position for error messages */
+
+#define UNCHAR ereport(ERROR, \
+					   errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR), \
+					   errmsg("lquery syntax error at character %d", \
+							  pos))
+
+	ptr = buf;
+	while (*ptr)
+	{
+		charlen = pg_mblen(ptr);
+
+		if (t_iseq(ptr, '.'))
+			num++;
+		else if (t_iseq(ptr, '|'))
+			numOR++;
+
+		ptr += charlen;
+	}
+
+	num++;
+	if (num > LQUERY_MAX_LEVELS)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
+				 errmsg("number of lquery items (%d) exceeds the maximum allowed (%d)",
+						num, LQUERY_MAX_LEVELS)));
+	curqlevel = tmpql = (lquery_level *) palloc0(ITEMSIZE * num);
+	ptr = buf;
+	while (*ptr)
+	{
+		charlen = pg_mblen(ptr);
+
+		switch (state)
+		{
+			case LQPRS_WAITLEVEL:
+				if (ISALNUM(ptr))
+				{
+					GETVAR(curqlevel) = lptr = (nodeitem *) palloc0(sizeof(nodeitem) * (numOR + 1));
+					lptr->start = ptr;
+					state = LQPRS_WAITDELIM;
+					curqlevel->numvar = 1;
+				}
+				else if (t_iseq(ptr, '!'))
+				{
+					GETVAR(curqlevel) = lptr = (nodeitem *) palloc0(sizeof(nodeitem) * (numOR + 1));
+					lptr->start = ptr + 1;
+					lptr->wlen = -1;	/* compensate for counting ! below */
+					state = LQPRS_WAITDELIM;
+					curqlevel->numvar = 1;
+					curqlevel->flag |= LQL_NOT;
+					hasnot = true;
+				}
+				else if (t_iseq(ptr, '*'))
+					state = LQPRS_WAITOPEN;
+				else
+					UNCHAR;
+				break;
+			case LQPRS_WAITVAR:
+				if (ISALNUM(ptr))
+				{
+					lptr++;
+					lptr->start = ptr;
+					state = LQPRS_WAITDELIM;
+					curqlevel->numvar++;
+				}
+				else
+					UNCHAR;
+				break;
+			case LQPRS_WAITDELIM:
+				if (t_iseq(ptr, '@'))
+				{
+					lptr->flag |= LVAR_INCASE;
+					curqlevel->flag |= LVAR_INCASE;
+				}
+				else if (t_iseq(ptr, '*'))
+				{
+					lptr->flag |= LVAR_ANYEND;
+					curqlevel->flag |= LVAR_ANYEND;
+				}
+				else if (t_iseq(ptr, '%'))
+				{
+					lptr->flag |= LVAR_SUBLEXEME;
+					curqlevel->flag |= LVAR_SUBLEXEME;
+				}
+				else if (t_iseq(ptr, '|'))
+				{
+					finish_nodeitem(lptr, ptr, true, pos);
+					state = LQPRS_WAITVAR;
+				}
+				else if (t_iseq(ptr, '{'))
+				{
+					finish_nodeitem(lptr, ptr, true, pos);
+					curqlevel->flag |= LQL_COUNT;
+					state = LQPRS_WAITFNUM;
+				}
+				else if (t_iseq(ptr, '.'))
+				{
+					finish_nodeitem(lptr, ptr, true, pos);
+					state = LQPRS_WAITLEVEL;
+					curqlevel = NEXTLEV(curqlevel);
+				}
+				else if (ISALNUM(ptr))
+				{
+					/* disallow more chars after a flag */
+					if (lptr->flag)
+						UNCHAR;
+				}
+				else
+					UNCHAR;
+				break;
+			case LQPRS_WAITOPEN:
+				if (t_iseq(ptr, '{'))
+					state = LQPRS_WAITFNUM;
+				else if (t_iseq(ptr, '.'))
+				{
+					/* We only get here for '*', so these are correct defaults */
+					curqlevel->low = 0;
+					curqlevel->high = LTREE_MAX_LEVELS;
+					curqlevel = NEXTLEV(curqlevel);
+					state = LQPRS_WAITLEVEL;
+				}
+				else
+					UNCHAR;
+				break;
+			case LQPRS_WAITFNUM:
+				if (t_iseq(ptr, ','))
+					state = LQPRS_WAITSNUM;
+				else if (t_isdigit(ptr))
+				{
+					int			low = atoi(ptr);
+
+					if (low < 0 || low > LTREE_MAX_LEVELS)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
+								 errmsg("lquery syntax error"),
+								 errdetail("Low limit (%d) exceeds the maximum allowed (%d), at character %d.",
+										   low, LTREE_MAX_LEVELS, pos)));
+
+					curqlevel->low = (uint16) low;
+					state = LQPRS_WAITND;
+				}
+				else
+					UNCHAR;
+				break;
+			case LQPRS_WAITSNUM:
+				if (t_isdigit(ptr))
+				{
+					int			high = atoi(ptr);
+
+					if (high < 0 || high > LTREE_MAX_LEVELS)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
+								 errmsg("lquery syntax error"),
+								 errdetail("High limit (%d) exceeds the maximum allowed (%d), at character %d.",
+										   high, LTREE_MAX_LEVELS, pos)));
+					else if (curqlevel->low > high)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
+								 errmsg("lquery syntax error"),
+								 errdetail("Low limit (%d) is greater than high limit (%d), at character %d.",
+										   curqlevel->low, high, pos)));
+
+					curqlevel->high = (uint16) high;
+					state = LQPRS_WAITCLOSE;
+				}
+				else if (t_iseq(ptr, '}'))
+				{
+					curqlevel->high = LTREE_MAX_LEVELS;
+					state = LQPRS_WAITEND;
+				}
+				else
+					UNCHAR;
+				break;
+			case LQPRS_WAITCLOSE:
+				if (t_iseq(ptr, '}'))
+					state = LQPRS_WAITEND;
+				else if (!t_isdigit(ptr))
+					UNCHAR;
+				break;
+			case LQPRS_WAITND:
+				if (t_iseq(ptr, '}'))
+				{
+					curqlevel->high = curqlevel->low;
+					state = LQPRS_WAITEND;
+				}
+				else if (t_iseq(ptr, ','))
+					state = LQPRS_WAITSNUM;
+				else if (!t_isdigit(ptr))
+					UNCHAR;
+				break;
+			case LQPRS_WAITEND:
+				if (t_iseq(ptr, '.'))
+				{
+					state = LQPRS_WAITLEVEL;
+					curqlevel = NEXTLEV(curqlevel);
+				}
+				else
+					UNCHAR;
+				break;
+			default:
+				elog(ERROR, "internal error in lquery parser");
+		}
+
+		ptr += charlen;
+		if (state == LQPRS_WAITDELIM)
+			lptr->wlen++;
+		pos++;
+	}
+
+	if (state == LQPRS_WAITDELIM)
+		finish_nodeitem(lptr, ptr, true, pos);
+	else if (state == LQPRS_WAITOPEN)
+		curqlevel->high = LTREE_MAX_LEVELS;
+	else if (state != LQPRS_WAITEND)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
+				 errmsg("lquery syntax error"),
+				 errdetail("Unexpected end of input.")));
+
+	curqlevel = tmpql;
+	totallen = LQUERY_HDRSIZE;
+	while ((char *) curqlevel - (char *) tmpql < num * ITEMSIZE)
+	{
+		totallen += LQL_HDRSIZE;
+		if (curqlevel->numvar)
+		{
+			lptr = GETVAR(curqlevel);
+			while (lptr - GETVAR(curqlevel) < curqlevel->numvar)
+			{
+				totallen += MAXALIGN(LVAR_HDRSIZE + lptr->len);
+				lptr++;
+			}
+		}
+		curqlevel = NEXTLEV(curqlevel);
+	}
+
+	result = (lquery *) palloc0(totallen);
+	SET_VARSIZE(result, totallen);
+	result->numlevel = num;
+	result->firstgood = 0;
+	result->flag = 0;
+	if (hasnot)
+		result->flag |= LQUERY_HASNOT;
+	cur = LQUERY_FIRST(result);
+	curqlevel = tmpql;
+	while ((char *) curqlevel - (char *) tmpql < num * ITEMSIZE)
+	{
+		memcpy(cur, curqlevel, LQL_HDRSIZE);
+		cur->totallen = LQL_HDRSIZE;
+		if (curqlevel->numvar)
+		{
+			lrptr = LQL_FIRST(cur);
+			lptr = GETVAR(curqlevel);
+			while (lptr - GETVAR(curqlevel) < curqlevel->numvar)
+			{
+				cur->totallen += MAXALIGN(LVAR_HDRSIZE + lptr->len);
+				lrptr->len = lptr->len;
+				lrptr->flag = lptr->flag;
+				lrptr->val = ltree_crc32_sz(lptr->start, lptr->len);
+				memcpy(lrptr->name, lptr->start, lptr->len);
+				lptr++;
+				lrptr = LVAR_NEXT(lrptr);
+			}
+			pfree(GETVAR(curqlevel));
+			if (cur->numvar > 1 || cur->flag != 0)
+			{
+				/* Not a simple match */
+				wasbad = true;
+			}
+			else if (wasbad == false)
+			{
+				/* count leading simple matches */
+				(result->firstgood)++;
+			}
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			/* '*', so this isn't a simple match */
+			wasbad = true;
+		}
+		curqlevel = NEXTLEV(curqlevel);
+		cur = LQL_NEXT(cur);
+	}
+
+	pfree(tmpql);
+	return result;
+
+#undef UNCHAR
+}
+
+/*
+ * Close out parsing an ltree or lquery nodeitem:
+ * compute the correct length, and complain if it's not OK
+ */
+static void
+finish_nodeitem(nodeitem *lptr, const char *ptr, bool is_lquery, int pos)
+{
+	if (is_lquery)
+	{
+		/*
+		 * Back up over any flag characters, and discount them from length and
+		 * position.
+		 */
+		while (ptr > lptr->start && strchr("@*%", ptr[-1]) != NULL)
+		{
+			ptr--;
+			lptr->wlen--;
+			pos--;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Now compute the byte length, which we weren't tracking before. */
+	lptr->len = ptr - lptr->start;
+
+	/* Complain if it's empty or too long */
+	if (lptr->len == 0)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
+				 is_lquery ?
+				 errmsg("lquery syntax error at character %d", pos) :
+				 errmsg("ltree syntax error at character %d", pos),
+				 errdetail("Empty labels are not allowed.")));
+	if (lptr->wlen > LTREE_LABEL_MAX_CHARS)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_NAME_TOO_LONG),
+				 errmsg("label string is too long"),
+				 errdetail("Label length is %d, must be at most %d, at character %d.",
+						   lptr->wlen, LTREE_LABEL_MAX_CHARS, pos)));
+}
+
+/*
+ * expects an lquery
+ * returns a null terminated string
+ */
+static char *
+deparse_lquery(const lquery *in)
+{
+	char	   *buf,
+			   *ptr;
+	int			i,
+				j,
+				totallen = 1;
+	lquery_level *curqlevel;
+	lquery_variant *curtlevel;
+
+	curqlevel = LQUERY_FIRST(in);
+	for (i = 0; i < in->numlevel; i++)
+	{
+		totallen++;
+		if (curqlevel->numvar)
+		{
+			totallen += 1 + (curqlevel->numvar * 4) + curqlevel->totallen;
+			if (curqlevel->flag & LQL_COUNT)
+				totallen += 2 * 11 + 3;
+		}
+		else
+			totallen += 2 * 11 + 4;
+		curqlevel = LQL_NEXT(curqlevel);
+	}
+
+	ptr = buf = (char *) palloc(totallen);
+	curqlevel = LQUERY_FIRST(in);
+	for (i = 0; i < in->numlevel; i++)
+	{
+		if (i != 0)
+		{
+			*ptr = '.';
+			ptr++;
+		}
+		if (curqlevel->numvar)
+		{
+			if (curqlevel->flag & LQL_NOT)
+			{
+				*ptr = '!';
+				ptr++;
+			}
+			curtlevel = LQL_FIRST(curqlevel);
+			for (j = 0; j < curqlevel->numvar; j++)
+			{
+				if (j != 0)
+				{
+					*ptr = '|';
+					ptr++;
+				}
+				memcpy(ptr, curtlevel->name, curtlevel->len);
+				ptr += curtlevel->len;
+				if ((curtlevel->flag & LVAR_SUBLEXEME))
+				{
+					*ptr = '%';
+					ptr++;
+				}
+				if ((curtlevel->flag & LVAR_INCASE))
+				{
+					*ptr = '@';
+					ptr++;
+				}
+				if ((curtlevel->flag & LVAR_ANYEND))
+				{
+					*ptr = '*';
+					ptr++;
+				}
+				curtlevel = LVAR_NEXT(curtlevel);
+			}
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			*ptr = '*';
+			ptr++;
+		}
+
+		if ((curqlevel->flag & LQL_COUNT) || curqlevel->numvar == 0)
+		{
+			if (curqlevel->low == curqlevel->high)
+			{
+				sprintf(ptr, "{%d}", curqlevel->low);
+			}
+			else if (curqlevel->low == 0)
+			{
+				if (curqlevel->high == LTREE_MAX_LEVELS)
+				{
+					if (curqlevel->numvar == 0)
+					{
+						/* This is default for '*', so print nothing */
+						*ptr = '\0';
+					}
+					else
+						sprintf(ptr, "{,}");
+				}
+				else
+					sprintf(ptr, "{,%d}", curqlevel->high);
+			}
+			else if (curqlevel->high == LTREE_MAX_LEVELS)
+			{
+				sprintf(ptr, "{%d,}", curqlevel->low);
+			}
+			else
+				sprintf(ptr, "{%d,%d}", curqlevel->low, curqlevel->high);
+			ptr = strchr(ptr, '\0');
+		}
+
+		curqlevel = LQL_NEXT(curqlevel);
+	}
+
+	*ptr = '\0';
+	return buf;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Basic lquery I/O functions
+ */
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(lquery_in);
+Datum
+lquery_in(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	char	   *buf = (char *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(parse_lquery(buf));
+}
+
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(lquery_out);
+Datum
+lquery_out(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	lquery	   *in = PG_GETARG_LQUERY_P(0);
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(deparse_lquery(in));
+}
+
+/*
+ * lquery type send function
+ *
+ * The type is sent as text in binary mode, so this is almost the same
+ * as the output function, but it's prefixed with a version number so we
+ * can change the binary format sent in future if necessary. For now,
+ * only version 1 is supported.
+ */
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(lquery_send);
+Datum
+lquery_send(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	lquery	   *in = PG_GETARG_LQUERY_P(0);
+	StringInfoData buf;
+	int			version = 1;
+	char	   *res = deparse_lquery(in);
+
+	pq_begintypsend(&buf);
+	pq_sendint8(&buf, version);
+	pq_sendtext(&buf, res, strlen(res));
+	pfree(res);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(pq_endtypsend(&buf));
+}
+
+/*
+ * lquery type recv function
+ *
+ * The type is sent as text in binary mode, so this is almost the same
+ * as the input function, but it's prefixed with a version number so we
+ * can change the binary format sent in future if necessary. For now,
+ * only version 1 is supported.
+ */
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(lquery_recv);
+Datum
+lquery_recv(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	StringInfo	buf = (StringInfo) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
+	int			version = pq_getmsgint(buf, 1);
+	char	   *str;
+	int			nbytes;
+	lquery	   *res;
+
+	if (version != 1)
+		elog(ERROR, "unsupported lquery version number %d", version);
+
+	str = pq_getmsgtext(buf, buf->len - buf->cursor, &nbytes);
+	res = parse_lquery(str);
+	pfree(str);
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(res);
+}
diff --git a/contrib/ltree/ltree_op.c b/contrib/ltree/ltree_op.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..da1db5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/ltree/ltree_op.c
@@ -0,0 +1,590 @@
+/*
+ * op function for ltree
+ * Teodor Sigaev <teodor@stack.net>
+ * contrib/ltree/ltree_op.c
+ */
+#include "postgres.h"
+
+#include <ctype.h>
+
+#include "access/htup_details.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_statistic.h"
+#include "ltree.h"
+#include "utils/builtins.h"
+#include "utils/lsyscache.h"
+#include "utils/selfuncs.h"
+
+PG_MODULE_MAGIC;
+
+/* compare functions */
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(ltree_cmp);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(ltree_lt);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(ltree_le);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(ltree_eq);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(ltree_ne);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(ltree_ge);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(ltree_gt);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(nlevel);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(ltree_isparent);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(ltree_risparent);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(subltree);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(subpath);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(ltree_index);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(ltree_addltree);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(ltree_addtext);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(ltree_textadd);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(lca);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(ltree2text);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(text2ltree);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(ltreeparentsel);
+
+int
+ltree_compare(const ltree *a, const ltree *b)
+{
+	ltree_level *al = LTREE_FIRST(a);
+	ltree_level *bl = LTREE_FIRST(b);
+	int			an = a->numlevel;
+	int			bn = b->numlevel;
+
+	while (an > 0 && bn > 0)
+	{
+		int			res;
+
+		if ((res = memcmp(al->name, bl->name, Min(al->len, bl->len))) == 0)
+		{
+			if (al->len != bl->len)
+				return (al->len - bl->len) * 10 * (an + 1);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			if (res < 0)
+				res = -1;
+			else
+				res = 1;
+			return res * 10 * (an + 1);
+		}
+
+		an--;
+		bn--;
+		al = LEVEL_NEXT(al);
+		bl = LEVEL_NEXT(bl);
+	}
+
+	return (a->numlevel - b->numlevel) * 10 * (an + 1);
+}
+
+#define RUNCMP						\
+ltree *a = PG_GETARG_LTREE_P(0);	\
+ltree *b = PG_GETARG_LTREE_P(1);	\
+int res = ltree_compare(a,b);		\
+PG_FREE_IF_COPY(a,0);				\
+PG_FREE_IF_COPY(b,1)
+
+Datum
+ltree_cmp(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	RUNCMP;
+	PG_RETURN_INT32(res);
+}
+
+Datum
+ltree_lt(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	RUNCMP;
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(res < 0);
+}
+
+Datum
+ltree_le(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	RUNCMP;
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(res <= 0);
+}
+
+Datum
+ltree_eq(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	RUNCMP;
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(res == 0);
+}
+
+Datum
+ltree_ge(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	RUNCMP;
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(res >= 0);
+}
+
+Datum
+ltree_gt(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	RUNCMP;
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(res > 0);
+}
+
+Datum
+ltree_ne(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	RUNCMP;
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(res != 0);
+}
+
+Datum
+nlevel(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ltree	   *a = PG_GETARG_LTREE_P(0);
+	int			res = a->numlevel;
+
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(a, 0);
+	PG_RETURN_INT32(res);
+}
+
+bool
+inner_isparent(const ltree *c, const ltree *p)
+{
+	ltree_level *cl = LTREE_FIRST(c);
+	ltree_level *pl = LTREE_FIRST(p);
+	int			pn = p->numlevel;
+
+	if (pn > c->numlevel)
+		return false;
+
+	while (pn > 0)
+	{
+		if (cl->len != pl->len)
+			return false;
+		if (memcmp(cl->name, pl->name, cl->len) != 0)
+			return false;
+
+		pn--;
+		cl = LEVEL_NEXT(cl);
+		pl = LEVEL_NEXT(pl);
+	}
+	return true;
+}
+
+Datum
+ltree_isparent(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ltree	   *c = PG_GETARG_LTREE_P(1);
+	ltree	   *p = PG_GETARG_LTREE_P(0);
+	bool		res = inner_isparent(c, p);
+
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(c, 1);
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(p, 0);
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(res);
+}
+
+Datum
+ltree_risparent(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ltree	   *c = PG_GETARG_LTREE_P(0);
+	ltree	   *p = PG_GETARG_LTREE_P(1);
+	bool		res = inner_isparent(c, p);
+
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(c, 0);
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(p, 1);
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(res);
+}
+
+
+static ltree *
+inner_subltree(ltree *t, int32 startpos, int32 endpos)
+{
+	char	   *start = NULL,
+			   *end = NULL;
+	ltree_level *ptr = LTREE_FIRST(t);
+	ltree	   *res;
+	int			i;
+
+	if (startpos < 0 || endpos < 0 || startpos >= t->numlevel || startpos > endpos)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
+				 errmsg("invalid positions")));
+
+	if (endpos > t->numlevel)
+		endpos = t->numlevel;
+
+	start = end = (char *) ptr;
+	for (i = 0; i < endpos; i++)
+	{
+		if (i == startpos)
+			start = (char *) ptr;
+		if (i == endpos - 1)
+		{
+			end = (char *) LEVEL_NEXT(ptr);
+			break;
+		}
+		ptr = LEVEL_NEXT(ptr);
+	}
+
+	res = (ltree *) palloc0(LTREE_HDRSIZE + (end - start));
+	SET_VARSIZE(res, LTREE_HDRSIZE + (end - start));
+	res->numlevel = endpos - startpos;
+
+	memcpy(LTREE_FIRST(res), start, end - start);
+
+	return res;
+}
+
+Datum
+subltree(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ltree	   *t = PG_GETARG_LTREE_P(0);
+	ltree	   *res = inner_subltree(t, PG_GETARG_INT32(1), PG_GETARG_INT32(2));
+
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(t, 0);
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(res);
+}
+
+Datum
+subpath(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ltree	   *t = PG_GETARG_LTREE_P(0);
+	int32		start = PG_GETARG_INT32(1);
+	int32		len = (fcinfo->nargs == 3) ? PG_GETARG_INT32(2) : 0;
+	int32		end;
+	ltree	   *res;
+
+	end = start + len;
+
+	if (start < 0)
+	{
+		start = t->numlevel + start;
+		end = start + len;
+	}
+	if (start < 0)
+	{							/* start > t->numlevel */
+		start = t->numlevel + start;
+		end = start + len;
+	}
+
+	if (len < 0)
+		end = t->numlevel + len;
+	else if (len == 0)
+		end = (fcinfo->nargs == 3) ? start : 0xffff;
+
+	res = inner_subltree(t, start, end);
+
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(t, 0);
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(res);
+}
+
+static ltree *
+ltree_concat(ltree *a, ltree *b)
+{
+	ltree	   *r;
+	int			numlevel = (int) a->numlevel + b->numlevel;
+
+	if (numlevel > LTREE_MAX_LEVELS)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
+				 errmsg("number of ltree levels (%d) exceeds the maximum allowed (%d)",
+						numlevel, LTREE_MAX_LEVELS)));
+
+	r = (ltree *) palloc0(VARSIZE(a) + VARSIZE(b) - LTREE_HDRSIZE);
+	SET_VARSIZE(r, VARSIZE(a) + VARSIZE(b) - LTREE_HDRSIZE);
+	r->numlevel = (uint16) numlevel;
+
+	memcpy(LTREE_FIRST(r), LTREE_FIRST(a), VARSIZE(a) - LTREE_HDRSIZE);
+	memcpy(((char *) LTREE_FIRST(r)) + VARSIZE(a) - LTREE_HDRSIZE,
+		   LTREE_FIRST(b),
+		   VARSIZE(b) - LTREE_HDRSIZE);
+	return r;
+}
+
+Datum
+ltree_addltree(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ltree	   *a = PG_GETARG_LTREE_P(0);
+	ltree	   *b = PG_GETARG_LTREE_P(1);
+	ltree	   *r;
+
+	r = ltree_concat(a, b);
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(a, 0);
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(b, 1);
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(r);
+}
+
+Datum
+ltree_addtext(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ltree	   *a = PG_GETARG_LTREE_P(0);
+	text	   *b = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(1);
+	char	   *s;
+	ltree	   *r,
+			   *tmp;
+
+	s = text_to_cstring(b);
+
+	tmp = (ltree *) DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(ltree_in,
+														PointerGetDatum(s)));
+
+	pfree(s);
+
+	r = ltree_concat(a, tmp);
+
+	pfree(tmp);
+
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(a, 0);
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(b, 1);
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(r);
+}
+
+Datum
+ltree_index(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ltree	   *a = PG_GETARG_LTREE_P(0);
+	ltree	   *b = PG_GETARG_LTREE_P(1);
+	int			start = (fcinfo->nargs == 3) ? PG_GETARG_INT32(2) : 0;
+	int			i,
+				j;
+	ltree_level *startptr,
+			   *aptr,
+			   *bptr;
+	bool		found = false;
+
+	if (start < 0)
+	{
+		if (-start >= a->numlevel)
+			start = 0;
+		else
+			start = (int) (a->numlevel) + start;
+	}
+
+	if (a->numlevel - start < b->numlevel || a->numlevel == 0 || b->numlevel == 0)
+	{
+		PG_FREE_IF_COPY(a, 0);
+		PG_FREE_IF_COPY(b, 1);
+		PG_RETURN_INT32(-1);
+	}
+
+	startptr = LTREE_FIRST(a);
+	for (i = 0; i <= a->numlevel - b->numlevel; i++)
+	{
+		if (i >= start)
+		{
+			aptr = startptr;
+			bptr = LTREE_FIRST(b);
+			for (j = 0; j < b->numlevel; j++)
+			{
+				if (!(aptr->len == bptr->len && memcmp(aptr->name, bptr->name, aptr->len) == 0))
+					break;
+				aptr = LEVEL_NEXT(aptr);
+				bptr = LEVEL_NEXT(bptr);
+			}
+
+			if (j == b->numlevel)
+			{
+				found = true;
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+		startptr = LEVEL_NEXT(startptr);
+	}
+
+	if (!found)
+		i = -1;
+
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(a, 0);
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(b, 1);
+	PG_RETURN_INT32(i);
+}
+
+Datum
+ltree_textadd(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ltree	   *a = PG_GETARG_LTREE_P(1);
+	text	   *b = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
+	char	   *s;
+	ltree	   *r,
+			   *tmp;
+
+	s = text_to_cstring(b);
+
+	tmp = (ltree *) DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(ltree_in,
+														PointerGetDatum(s)));
+
+	pfree(s);
+
+	r = ltree_concat(tmp, a);
+
+	pfree(tmp);
+
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(a, 1);
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(b, 0);
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(r);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Common code for variants of lca(), find longest common ancestor of inputs
+ *
+ * Returns NULL if there is no common ancestor, ie, the longest common
+ * prefix is empty.
+ */
+ltree *
+lca_inner(ltree **a, int len)
+{
+	int			tmp,
+				num,
+				i,
+				reslen;
+	ltree	  **ptr;
+	ltree_level *l1,
+			   *l2;
+	ltree	   *res;
+
+	if (len <= 0)
+		return NULL;			/* no inputs? */
+	if ((*a)->numlevel == 0)
+		return NULL;			/* any empty input means NULL result */
+
+	/* num is the length of the longest common ancestor so far */
+	num = (*a)->numlevel - 1;
+
+	/* Compare each additional input to *a */
+	ptr = a + 1;
+	while (ptr - a < len)
+	{
+		if ((*ptr)->numlevel == 0)
+			return NULL;
+		else if ((*ptr)->numlevel == 1)
+			num = 0;
+		else
+		{
+			l1 = LTREE_FIRST(*a);
+			l2 = LTREE_FIRST(*ptr);
+			tmp = Min(num, (*ptr)->numlevel - 1);
+			num = 0;
+			for (i = 0; i < tmp; i++)
+			{
+				if (l1->len == l2->len &&
+					memcmp(l1->name, l2->name, l1->len) == 0)
+					num = i + 1;
+				else
+					break;
+				l1 = LEVEL_NEXT(l1);
+				l2 = LEVEL_NEXT(l2);
+			}
+		}
+		ptr++;
+	}
+
+	/* Now compute size of result ... */
+	reslen = LTREE_HDRSIZE;
+	l1 = LTREE_FIRST(*a);
+	for (i = 0; i < num; i++)
+	{
+		reslen += MAXALIGN(l1->len + LEVEL_HDRSIZE);
+		l1 = LEVEL_NEXT(l1);
+	}
+
+	/* ... and construct it by copying from *a */
+	res = (ltree *) palloc0(reslen);
+	SET_VARSIZE(res, reslen);
+	res->numlevel = num;
+
+	l1 = LTREE_FIRST(*a);
+	l2 = LTREE_FIRST(res);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < num; i++)
+	{
+		memcpy(l2, l1, MAXALIGN(l1->len + LEVEL_HDRSIZE));
+		l1 = LEVEL_NEXT(l1);
+		l2 = LEVEL_NEXT(l2);
+	}
+
+	return res;
+}
+
+Datum
+lca(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	int			i;
+	ltree	  **a,
+			   *res;
+
+	a = (ltree **) palloc(sizeof(ltree *) * fcinfo->nargs);
+	for (i = 0; i < fcinfo->nargs; i++)
+		a[i] = PG_GETARG_LTREE_P(i);
+	res = lca_inner(a, (int) fcinfo->nargs);
+	for (i = 0; i < fcinfo->nargs; i++)
+		PG_FREE_IF_COPY(a[i], i);
+	pfree(a);
+
+	if (res)
+		PG_RETURN_POINTER(res);
+	else
+		PG_RETURN_NULL();
+}
+
+Datum
+text2ltree(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	text	   *in = PG_GETARG_TEXT_PP(0);
+	char	   *s;
+	ltree	   *out;
+
+	s = text_to_cstring(in);
+
+	out = (ltree *) DatumGetPointer(DirectFunctionCall1(ltree_in,
+														PointerGetDatum(s)));
+	pfree(s);
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(in, 0);
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(out);
+}
+
+
+Datum
+ltree2text(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ltree	   *in = PG_GETARG_LTREE_P(0);
+	char	   *ptr;
+	int			i;
+	ltree_level *curlevel;
+	text	   *out;
+
+	out = (text *) palloc(VARSIZE(in) + VARHDRSZ);
+	ptr = VARDATA(out);
+	curlevel = LTREE_FIRST(in);
+	for (i = 0; i < in->numlevel; i++)
+	{
+		if (i != 0)
+		{
+			*ptr = '.';
+			ptr++;
+		}
+		memcpy(ptr, curlevel->name, curlevel->len);
+		ptr += curlevel->len;
+		curlevel = LEVEL_NEXT(curlevel);
+	}
+
+	SET_VARSIZE(out, ptr - ((char *) out));
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(in, 0);
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(out);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ *	ltreeparentsel - Selectivity of parent relationship for ltree data types.
+ *
+ * This function is not used anymore, if the ltree extension has been
+ * updated to 1.2 or later.
+ */
+Datum
+ltreeparentsel(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	PlannerInfo *root = (PlannerInfo *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
+	Oid			operator = PG_GETARG_OID(1);
+	List	   *args = (List *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(2);
+	int			varRelid = PG_GETARG_INT32(3);
+	double		selec;
+
+	/* Use generic restriction selectivity logic, with default 0.001. */
+	selec = generic_restriction_selectivity(root, operator, InvalidOid,
+											args, varRelid,
+											0.001);
+
+	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8((float8) selec);
+}
diff --git a/contrib/ltree/ltreetest.sql b/contrib/ltree/ltreetest.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d6996ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/ltree/ltreetest.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+/* contrib/ltree/ltreetest.sql */
+
+-- Adjust this setting to control where the objects get created.
+SET search_path = public;
+
+CREATE TABLE test ( path ltree);
+INSERT INTO test VALUES ('Top');
+INSERT INTO test VALUES ('Top.Science');
+INSERT INTO test VALUES ('Top.Science.Astronomy');
+INSERT INTO test VALUES ('Top.Science.Astronomy.Astrophysics');
+INSERT INTO test VALUES ('Top.Science.Astronomy.Cosmology');
+INSERT INTO test VALUES ('Top.Hobbies');
+INSERT INTO test VALUES ('Top.Hobbies.Amateurs_Astronomy');
+INSERT INTO test VALUES ('Top.Collections');
+INSERT INTO test VALUES ('Top.Collections.Pictures');
+INSERT INTO test VALUES ('Top.Collections.Pictures.Astronomy');
+INSERT INTO test VALUES ('Top.Collections.Pictures.Astronomy.Stars');
+INSERT INTO test VALUES ('Top.Collections.Pictures.Astronomy.Galaxies');
+INSERT INTO test VALUES ('Top.Collections.Pictures.Astronomy.Astronauts');
+CREATE INDEX path_gist_idx ON test USING gist(path);
+CREATE INDEX path_idx ON test USING btree(path);
diff --git a/contrib/ltree/ltxtquery_io.c b/contrib/ltree/ltxtquery_io.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3eca5cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/ltree/ltxtquery_io.c
@@ -0,0 +1,599 @@
+/*
+ * txtquery io
+ * Teodor Sigaev <teodor@stack.net>
+ * contrib/ltree/ltxtquery_io.c
+ */
+#include "postgres.h"
+
+#include <ctype.h>
+
+#include "crc32.h"
+#include "libpq/pqformat.h"
+#include "ltree.h"
+#include "miscadmin.h"
+
+
+/* parser's states */
+#define WAITOPERAND 1
+#define INOPERAND 2
+#define WAITOPERATOR	3
+
+/*
+ * node of query tree, also used
+ * for storing polish notation in parser
+ */
+typedef struct NODE
+{
+	int32		type;
+	int32		val;
+	int16		distance;
+	int16		length;
+	uint16		flag;
+	struct NODE *next;
+} NODE;
+
+typedef struct
+{
+	char	   *buf;
+	int32		state;
+	int32		count;
+	/* reverse polish notation in list (for temporary usage) */
+	NODE	   *str;
+	/* number in str */
+	int32		num;
+
+	/* user-friendly operand */
+	int32		lenop;
+	int32		sumlen;
+	char	   *op;
+	char	   *curop;
+} QPRS_STATE;
+
+/*
+ * get token from query string
+ */
+static int32
+gettoken_query(QPRS_STATE *state, int32 *val, int32 *lenval, char **strval, uint16 *flag)
+{
+	int			charlen;
+
+	for (;;)
+	{
+		charlen = pg_mblen(state->buf);
+
+		switch (state->state)
+		{
+			case WAITOPERAND:
+				if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(state->buf, '!'))
+				{
+					(state->buf)++;
+					*val = (int32) '!';
+					return OPR;
+				}
+				else if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(state->buf, '('))
+				{
+					state->count++;
+					(state->buf)++;
+					return OPEN;
+				}
+				else if (ISALNUM(state->buf))
+				{
+					state->state = INOPERAND;
+					*strval = state->buf;
+					*lenval = charlen;
+					*flag = 0;
+				}
+				else if (!t_isspace(state->buf))
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
+							 errmsg("operand syntax error")));
+				break;
+			case INOPERAND:
+				if (ISALNUM(state->buf))
+				{
+					if (*flag)
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
+								 errmsg("modifiers syntax error")));
+					*lenval += charlen;
+				}
+				else if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(state->buf, '%'))
+					*flag |= LVAR_SUBLEXEME;
+				else if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(state->buf, '@'))
+					*flag |= LVAR_INCASE;
+				else if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(state->buf, '*'))
+					*flag |= LVAR_ANYEND;
+				else
+				{
+					state->state = WAITOPERATOR;
+					return VAL;
+				}
+				break;
+			case WAITOPERATOR:
+				if (charlen == 1 && (t_iseq(state->buf, '&') || t_iseq(state->buf, '|')))
+				{
+					state->state = WAITOPERAND;
+					*val = (int32) *(state->buf);
+					(state->buf)++;
+					return OPR;
+				}
+				else if (charlen == 1 && t_iseq(state->buf, ')'))
+				{
+					(state->buf)++;
+					state->count--;
+					return (state->count < 0) ? ERR : CLOSE;
+				}
+				else if (*(state->buf) == '\0')
+					return (state->count) ? ERR : END;
+				else if (charlen == 1 && !t_iseq(state->buf, ' '))
+					return ERR;
+				break;
+			default:
+				return ERR;
+				break;
+		}
+
+		state->buf += charlen;
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * push new one in polish notation reverse view
+ */
+static void
+pushquery(QPRS_STATE *state, int32 type, int32 val, int32 distance, int32 lenval, uint16 flag)
+{
+	NODE	   *tmp = (NODE *) palloc(sizeof(NODE));
+
+	tmp->type = type;
+	tmp->val = val;
+	tmp->flag = flag;
+	if (distance > 0xffff)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
+				 errmsg("value is too big")));
+	if (lenval > 0xff)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
+				 errmsg("operand is too long")));
+	tmp->distance = distance;
+	tmp->length = lenval;
+	tmp->next = state->str;
+	state->str = tmp;
+	state->num++;
+}
+
+/*
+ * This function is used for query text parsing
+ */
+static void
+pushval_asis(QPRS_STATE *state, int type, char *strval, int lenval, uint16 flag)
+{
+	if (lenval > 0xffff)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
+				 errmsg("word is too long")));
+
+	pushquery(state, type, ltree_crc32_sz(strval, lenval),
+			  state->curop - state->op, lenval, flag);
+
+	while (state->curop - state->op + lenval + 1 >= state->lenop)
+	{
+		int32		tmp = state->curop - state->op;
+
+		state->lenop *= 2;
+		state->op = (char *) repalloc((void *) state->op, state->lenop);
+		state->curop = state->op + tmp;
+	}
+	memcpy((void *) state->curop, (void *) strval, lenval);
+	state->curop += lenval;
+	*(state->curop) = '\0';
+	state->curop++;
+	state->sumlen += lenval + 1;
+}
+
+#define STACKDEPTH		32
+/*
+ * make polish notation of query
+ */
+static int32
+makepol(QPRS_STATE *state)
+{
+	int32		val = 0,
+				type;
+	int32		lenval = 0;
+	char	   *strval = NULL;
+	int32		stack[STACKDEPTH];
+	int32		lenstack = 0;
+	uint16		flag = 0;
+
+	/* since this function recurses, it could be driven to stack overflow */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	while ((type = gettoken_query(state, &val, &lenval, &strval, &flag)) != END)
+	{
+		switch (type)
+		{
+			case VAL:
+				pushval_asis(state, VAL, strval, lenval, flag);
+				while (lenstack && (stack[lenstack - 1] == (int32) '&' ||
+									stack[lenstack - 1] == (int32) '!'))
+				{
+					lenstack--;
+					pushquery(state, OPR, stack[lenstack], 0, 0, 0);
+				}
+				break;
+			case OPR:
+				if (lenstack && val == (int32) '|')
+					pushquery(state, OPR, val, 0, 0, 0);
+				else
+				{
+					if (lenstack == STACKDEPTH)
+						/* internal error */
+						elog(ERROR, "stack too short");
+					stack[lenstack] = val;
+					lenstack++;
+				}
+				break;
+			case OPEN:
+				if (makepol(state) == ERR)
+					return ERR;
+				while (lenstack && (stack[lenstack - 1] == (int32) '&' ||
+									stack[lenstack - 1] == (int32) '!'))
+				{
+					lenstack--;
+					pushquery(state, OPR, stack[lenstack], 0, 0, 0);
+				}
+				break;
+			case CLOSE:
+				while (lenstack)
+				{
+					lenstack--;
+					pushquery(state, OPR, stack[lenstack], 0, 0, 0);
+				};
+				return END;
+				break;
+			case ERR:
+			default:
+				ereport(ERROR,
+						(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
+						 errmsg("syntax error")));
+
+				return ERR;
+		}
+	}
+	while (lenstack)
+	{
+		lenstack--;
+		pushquery(state, OPR, stack[lenstack], 0, 0, 0);
+	};
+	return END;
+}
+
+static void
+findoprnd(ITEM *ptr, int32 *pos)
+{
+	/* since this function recurses, it could be driven to stack overflow. */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	if (ptr[*pos].type == VAL || ptr[*pos].type == VALTRUE)
+	{
+		ptr[*pos].left = 0;
+		(*pos)++;
+	}
+	else if (ptr[*pos].val == (int32) '!')
+	{
+		ptr[*pos].left = 1;
+		(*pos)++;
+		findoprnd(ptr, pos);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		ITEM	   *curitem = &ptr[*pos];
+		int32		tmp = *pos;
+
+		(*pos)++;
+		findoprnd(ptr, pos);
+		curitem->left = *pos - tmp;
+		findoprnd(ptr, pos);
+	}
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * input
+ */
+static ltxtquery *
+queryin(char *buf)
+{
+	QPRS_STATE	state;
+	int32		i;
+	ltxtquery  *query;
+	int32		commonlen;
+	ITEM	   *ptr;
+	NODE	   *tmp;
+	int32		pos = 0;
+
+#ifdef BS_DEBUG
+	char		pbuf[16384],
+			   *cur;
+#endif
+
+	/* init state */
+	state.buf = buf;
+	state.state = WAITOPERAND;
+	state.count = 0;
+	state.num = 0;
+	state.str = NULL;
+
+	/* init list of operand */
+	state.sumlen = 0;
+	state.lenop = 64;
+	state.curop = state.op = (char *) palloc(state.lenop);
+	*(state.curop) = '\0';
+
+	/* parse query & make polish notation (postfix, but in reverse order) */
+	makepol(&state);
+	if (!state.num)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
+				 errmsg("syntax error"),
+				 errdetail("Empty query.")));
+
+	if (LTXTQUERY_TOO_BIG(state.num, state.sumlen))
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
+				 errmsg("ltxtquery is too large")));
+	commonlen = COMPUTESIZE(state.num, state.sumlen);
+
+	query = (ltxtquery *) palloc0(commonlen);
+	SET_VARSIZE(query, commonlen);
+	query->size = state.num;
+	ptr = GETQUERY(query);
+
+	/* set item in polish notation */
+	for (i = 0; i < state.num; i++)
+	{
+		ptr[i].type = state.str->type;
+		ptr[i].val = state.str->val;
+		ptr[i].distance = state.str->distance;
+		ptr[i].length = state.str->length;
+		ptr[i].flag = state.str->flag;
+		tmp = state.str->next;
+		pfree(state.str);
+		state.str = tmp;
+	}
+
+	/* set user-friendly operand view */
+	memcpy((void *) GETOPERAND(query), (void *) state.op, state.sumlen);
+	pfree(state.op);
+
+	/* set left operand's position for every operator */
+	pos = 0;
+	findoprnd(ptr, &pos);
+
+	return query;
+}
+
+/*
+ * in without morphology
+ */
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(ltxtq_in);
+Datum
+ltxtq_in(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(queryin((char *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0)));
+}
+
+/*
+ * ltxtquery type recv function
+ *
+ * The type is sent as text in binary mode, so this is almost the same
+ * as the input function, but it's prefixed with a version number so we
+ * can change the binary format sent in future if necessary. For now,
+ * only version 1 is supported.
+ */
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(ltxtq_recv);
+Datum
+ltxtq_recv(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	StringInfo	buf = (StringInfo) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
+	int			version = pq_getmsgint(buf, 1);
+	char	   *str;
+	int			nbytes;
+	ltxtquery  *res;
+
+	if (version != 1)
+		elog(ERROR, "unsupported ltxtquery version number %d", version);
+
+	str = pq_getmsgtext(buf, buf->len - buf->cursor, &nbytes);
+	res = queryin(str);
+	pfree(str);
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(res);
+}
+
+/*
+ * out function
+ */
+typedef struct
+{
+	ITEM	   *curpol;
+	char	   *buf;
+	char	   *cur;
+	char	   *op;
+	int32		buflen;
+} INFIX;
+
+#define RESIZEBUF(inf,addsize) \
+while( ( (inf)->cur - (inf)->buf ) + (addsize) + 1 >= (inf)->buflen ) \
+{ \
+	int32 len = (inf)->cur - (inf)->buf; \
+	(inf)->buflen *= 2; \
+	(inf)->buf = (char*) repalloc( (void*)(inf)->buf, (inf)->buflen ); \
+	(inf)->cur = (inf)->buf + len; \
+}
+
+/*
+ * recursive walk on tree and print it in
+ * infix (human-readable) view
+ */
+static void
+infix(INFIX *in, bool first)
+{
+	/* since this function recurses, it could be driven to stack overflow. */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	if (in->curpol->type == VAL)
+	{
+		char	   *op = in->op + in->curpol->distance;
+
+		RESIZEBUF(in, in->curpol->length * 2 + 5);
+		while (*op)
+		{
+			*(in->cur) = *op;
+			op++;
+			in->cur++;
+		}
+		if (in->curpol->flag & LVAR_SUBLEXEME)
+		{
+			*(in->cur) = '%';
+			in->cur++;
+		}
+		if (in->curpol->flag & LVAR_INCASE)
+		{
+			*(in->cur) = '@';
+			in->cur++;
+		}
+		if (in->curpol->flag & LVAR_ANYEND)
+		{
+			*(in->cur) = '*';
+			in->cur++;
+		}
+		*(in->cur) = '\0';
+		in->curpol++;
+	}
+	else if (in->curpol->val == (int32) '!')
+	{
+		bool		isopr = false;
+
+		RESIZEBUF(in, 1);
+		*(in->cur) = '!';
+		in->cur++;
+		*(in->cur) = '\0';
+		in->curpol++;
+		if (in->curpol->type == OPR)
+		{
+			isopr = true;
+			RESIZEBUF(in, 2);
+			sprintf(in->cur, "( ");
+			in->cur = strchr(in->cur, '\0');
+		}
+		infix(in, isopr);
+		if (isopr)
+		{
+			RESIZEBUF(in, 2);
+			sprintf(in->cur, " )");
+			in->cur = strchr(in->cur, '\0');
+		}
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		int32		op = in->curpol->val;
+		INFIX		nrm;
+
+		in->curpol++;
+		if (op == (int32) '|' && !first)
+		{
+			RESIZEBUF(in, 2);
+			sprintf(in->cur, "( ");
+			in->cur = strchr(in->cur, '\0');
+		}
+
+		nrm.curpol = in->curpol;
+		nrm.op = in->op;
+		nrm.buflen = 16;
+		nrm.cur = nrm.buf = (char *) palloc(sizeof(char) * nrm.buflen);
+
+		/* get right operand */
+		infix(&nrm, false);
+
+		/* get & print left operand */
+		in->curpol = nrm.curpol;
+		infix(in, false);
+
+		/* print operator & right operand */
+		RESIZEBUF(in, 3 + (nrm.cur - nrm.buf));
+		sprintf(in->cur, " %c %s", op, nrm.buf);
+		in->cur = strchr(in->cur, '\0');
+		pfree(nrm.buf);
+
+		if (op == (int32) '|' && !first)
+		{
+			RESIZEBUF(in, 2);
+			sprintf(in->cur, " )");
+			in->cur = strchr(in->cur, '\0');
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(ltxtq_out);
+Datum
+ltxtq_out(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ltxtquery  *query = PG_GETARG_LTXTQUERY_P(0);
+	INFIX		nrm;
+
+	if (query->size == 0)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
+				 errmsg("syntax error"),
+				 errdetail("Empty query.")));
+
+	nrm.curpol = GETQUERY(query);
+	nrm.buflen = 32;
+	nrm.cur = nrm.buf = (char *) palloc(sizeof(char) * nrm.buflen);
+	*(nrm.cur) = '\0';
+	nrm.op = GETOPERAND(query);
+	infix(&nrm, true);
+
+	PG_RETURN_POINTER(nrm.buf);
+}
+
+/*
+ * ltxtquery type send function
+ *
+ * The type is sent as text in binary mode, so this is almost the same
+ * as the output function, but it's prefixed with a version number so we
+ * can change the binary format sent in future if necessary. For now,
+ * only version 1 is supported.
+ */
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(ltxtq_send);
+Datum
+ltxtq_send(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ltxtquery  *query = PG_GETARG_LTXTQUERY_P(0);
+	StringInfoData buf;
+	int			version = 1;
+	INFIX		nrm;
+
+	if (query->size == 0)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
+				 errmsg("syntax error"),
+				 errdetail("Empty query.")));
+
+	nrm.curpol = GETQUERY(query);
+	nrm.buflen = 32;
+	nrm.cur = nrm.buf = (char *) palloc(sizeof(char) * nrm.buflen);
+	*(nrm.cur) = '\0';
+	nrm.op = GETOPERAND(query);
+	infix(&nrm, true);
+
+	pq_begintypsend(&buf);
+	pq_sendint8(&buf, version);
+	pq_sendtext(&buf, nrm.buf, strlen(nrm.buf));
+	pfree(nrm.buf);
+
+	PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(pq_endtypsend(&buf));
+}
diff --git a/contrib/ltree/ltxtquery_op.c b/contrib/ltree/ltxtquery_op.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..002102c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/ltree/ltxtquery_op.c
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+/*
+ * txtquery operations with ltree
+ * Teodor Sigaev <teodor@stack.net>
+ * contrib/ltree/ltxtquery_op.c
+ */
+#include "postgres.h"
+
+#include <ctype.h>
+
+#include "ltree.h"
+#include "miscadmin.h"
+
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(ltxtq_exec);
+PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(ltxtq_rexec);
+
+/*
+ * check for boolean condition
+ */
+bool
+ltree_execute(ITEM *curitem, void *checkval, bool calcnot, bool (*chkcond) (void *checkval, ITEM *val))
+{
+	/* since this function recurses, it could be driven to stack overflow */
+	check_stack_depth();
+
+	if (curitem->type == VAL)
+		return (*chkcond) (checkval, curitem);
+	else if (curitem->val == (int32) '!')
+	{
+		return calcnot ?
+			((ltree_execute(curitem + 1, checkval, calcnot, chkcond)) ? false : true)
+			: true;
+	}
+	else if (curitem->val == (int32) '&')
+	{
+		if (ltree_execute(curitem + curitem->left, checkval, calcnot, chkcond))
+			return ltree_execute(curitem + 1, checkval, calcnot, chkcond);
+		else
+			return false;
+	}
+	else
+	{							/* |-operator */
+		if (ltree_execute(curitem + curitem->left, checkval, calcnot, chkcond))
+			return true;
+		else
+			return ltree_execute(curitem + 1, checkval, calcnot, chkcond);
+	}
+}
+
+typedef struct
+{
+	ltree	   *node;
+	char	   *operand;
+} CHKVAL;
+
+static bool
+checkcondition_str(void *checkval, ITEM *val)
+{
+	ltree_level *level = LTREE_FIRST(((CHKVAL *) checkval)->node);
+	int			tlen = ((CHKVAL *) checkval)->node->numlevel;
+	char	   *op = ((CHKVAL *) checkval)->operand + val->distance;
+	int			(*cmpptr) (const char *, const char *, size_t);
+
+	cmpptr = (val->flag & LVAR_INCASE) ? ltree_strncasecmp : strncmp;
+	while (tlen > 0)
+	{
+		if (val->flag & LVAR_SUBLEXEME)
+		{
+			if (compare_subnode(level, op, val->length, cmpptr, (val->flag & LVAR_ANYEND)))
+				return true;
+		}
+		else if ((val->length == level->len ||
+				  (level->len > val->length && (val->flag & LVAR_ANYEND))) &&
+				 (*cmpptr) (op, level->name, val->length) == 0)
+			return true;
+
+		tlen--;
+		level = LEVEL_NEXT(level);
+	}
+
+	return false;
+}
+
+Datum
+ltxtq_exec(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	ltree	   *val = PG_GETARG_LTREE_P(0);
+	ltxtquery  *query = PG_GETARG_LTXTQUERY_P(1);
+	CHKVAL		chkval;
+	bool		result;
+
+	chkval.node = val;
+	chkval.operand = GETOPERAND(query);
+
+	result = ltree_execute(GETQUERY(query),
+						   &chkval,
+						   true,
+						   checkcondition_str);
+
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(val, 0);
+	PG_FREE_IF_COPY(query, 1);
+	PG_RETURN_BOOL(result);
+}
+
+Datum
+ltxtq_rexec(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+	PG_RETURN_DATUM(DirectFunctionCall2(ltxtq_exec,
+										PG_GETARG_DATUM(1),
+										PG_GETARG_DATUM(0)
+										));
+}
diff --git a/contrib/ltree/sql/ltree.sql b/contrib/ltree/sql/ltree.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2a612e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/ltree/sql/ltree.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,386 @@
+CREATE EXTENSION ltree;
+
+-- Check whether any of our opclasses fail amvalidate
+SELECT amname, opcname
+FROM pg_opclass opc LEFT JOIN pg_am am ON am.oid = opcmethod
+WHERE opc.oid >= 16384 AND NOT amvalidate(opc.oid);
+
+SELECT ''::ltree;
+SELECT '1'::ltree;
+SELECT '1.2'::ltree;
+SELECT '1.2._3'::ltree;
+
+-- empty labels not allowed
+SELECT '.2.3'::ltree;
+SELECT '1..3'::ltree;
+SELECT '1.2.'::ltree;
+
+SELECT repeat('x', 255)::ltree;
+SELECT repeat('x', 256)::ltree;
+
+SELECT ltree2text('1.2.3.34.sdf');
+SELECT text2ltree('1.2.3.34.sdf');
+
+SELECT subltree('Top.Child1.Child2',1,2);
+SELECT subpath('Top.Child1.Child2',1,2);
+SELECT subpath('Top.Child1.Child2',-1,1);
+SELECT subpath('Top.Child1.Child2',0,-2);
+SELECT subpath('Top.Child1.Child2',0,-1);
+SELECT subpath('Top.Child1.Child2',0,0);
+SELECT subpath('Top.Child1.Child2',1,0);
+SELECT subpath('Top.Child1.Child2',0);
+SELECT subpath('Top.Child1.Child2',1);
+
+
+SELECT index('1.2.3.4.5.6','1.2');
+SELECT index('a.1.2.3.4.5.6','1.2');
+SELECT index('a.1.2.3.4.5.6','1.2.3');
+SELECT index('a.1.2.3.4.5.6','1.2.3.j');
+SELECT index('a.1.2.3.4.5.6','1.2.3.j.4.5.5.5.5.5.5');
+SELECT index('a.1.2.3.4.5.6','1.2.3');
+SELECT index('a.1.2.3.4.5.6','6');
+SELECT index('a.1.2.3.4.5.6','6.1');
+SELECT index('a.1.2.3.4.5.6','5.6');
+SELECT index('0.1.2.3.5.4.5.6','5.6');
+SELECT index('0.1.2.3.5.4.5.6.8.5.6.8','5.6',3);
+SELECT index('0.1.2.3.5.4.5.6.8.5.6.8','5.6',6);
+SELECT index('0.1.2.3.5.4.5.6.8.5.6.8','5.6',7);
+SELECT index('0.1.2.3.5.4.5.6.8.5.6.8','5.6',-7);
+SELECT index('0.1.2.3.5.4.5.6.8.5.6.8','5.6',-4);
+SELECT index('0.1.2.3.5.4.5.6.8.5.6.8','5.6',-3);
+SELECT index('0.1.2.3.5.4.5.6.8.5.6.8','5.6',-2);
+SELECT index('0.1.2.3.5.4.5.6.8.5.6.8','5.6',-20000);
+
+
+SELECT 'Top.Child1.Child2'::ltree || 'Child3'::text;
+SELECT 'Top.Child1.Child2'::ltree || 'Child3'::ltree;
+SELECT 'Top_0'::ltree || 'Top.Child1.Child2'::ltree;
+SELECT 'Top.Child1.Child2'::ltree || ''::ltree;
+SELECT ''::ltree || 'Top.Child1.Child2'::ltree;
+
+SELECT lca('{la.2.3,1.2.3.4.5.6,""}') IS NULL;
+SELECT lca('{la.2.3,1.2.3.4.5.6}') IS NULL;
+SELECT lca('{1.la.2.3,1.2.3.4.5.6}');
+SELECT lca('{1.2.3,1.2.3.4.5.6}');
+SELECT lca('{1.2.3}');
+SELECT lca('{1}'), lca('{1}') IS NULL;
+SELECT lca('{}') IS NULL;
+SELECT lca('1.la.2.3','1.2.3.4.5.6');
+SELECT lca('1.2.3','1.2.3.4.5.6');
+SELECT lca('1.2.2.3','1.2.3.4.5.6');
+SELECT lca('1.2.2.3','1.2.3.4.5.6','');
+SELECT lca('1.2.2.3','1.2.3.4.5.6','2');
+SELECT lca('1.2.2.3','1.2.3.4.5.6','1');
+
+
+SELECT '1'::lquery;
+SELECT '4|3|2'::lquery;
+SELECT '1.2'::lquery;
+SELECT '1.4|3|2'::lquery;
+SELECT '1.0'::lquery;
+SELECT '4|3|2.0'::lquery;
+SELECT '1.2.0'::lquery;
+SELECT '1.4|3|2.0'::lquery;
+SELECT '1.*'::lquery;
+SELECT '4|3|2.*'::lquery;
+SELECT '1.2.*'::lquery;
+SELECT '1.4|3|2.*'::lquery;
+SELECT '*.1.*'::lquery;
+SELECT '*.4|3|2.*'::lquery;
+SELECT '*.1.2.*'::lquery;
+SELECT '*.1.4|3|2.*'::lquery;
+SELECT '1.*.4|3|2'::lquery;
+SELECT '1.*.4|3|2.0'::lquery;
+SELECT '1.*.4|3|2.*{1,4}'::lquery;
+SELECT '1.*.4|3|2.*{,4}'::lquery;
+SELECT '1.*.4|3|2.*{1,}'::lquery;
+SELECT '1.*.4|3|2.*{1}'::lquery;
+SELECT 'foo.bar{,}.!a*|b{1,}.c{,44}.d{3,4}'::lquery;
+SELECT 'foo*@@*'::lquery;
+SELECT 'qwerty%@*.tu'::lquery;
+
+-- empty labels not allowed
+SELECT '.2.3'::lquery;
+SELECT '1..3'::lquery;
+SELECT '1.2.'::lquery;
+SELECT '@.2.3'::lquery;
+SELECT '1.@.3'::lquery;
+SELECT '1.2.@'::lquery;
+SELECT '!.2.3'::lquery;
+SELECT '1.!.3'::lquery;
+SELECT '1.2.!'::lquery;
+SELECT '1.2.3|@.4'::lquery;
+
+SELECT (repeat('x', 255) || '*@@*')::lquery;
+SELECT (repeat('x', 256) || '*@@*')::lquery;
+SELECT ('!' || repeat('x', 255))::lquery;
+SELECT ('!' || repeat('x', 256))::lquery;
+
+SELECT nlevel('1.2.3.4');
+SELECT nlevel(('1' || repeat('.1', 65534))::ltree);
+SELECT nlevel(('1' || repeat('.1', 65535))::ltree);
+SELECT nlevel(('1' || repeat('.1', 65534))::ltree || '1');
+SELECT ('1' || repeat('.1', 65534))::lquery IS NULL;
+SELECT ('1' || repeat('.1', 65535))::lquery IS NULL;
+SELECT '*{65535}'::lquery;
+SELECT '*{65536}'::lquery;
+SELECT '*{,65534}'::lquery;
+SELECT '*{,65535}'::lquery;
+SELECT '*{,65536}'::lquery;
+SELECT '*{4,3}'::lquery;
+
+SELECT '1.2'::ltree  < '2.2'::ltree;
+SELECT '1.2'::ltree  <= '2.2'::ltree;
+SELECT '2.2'::ltree  = '2.2'::ltree;
+SELECT '3.2'::ltree  >= '2.2'::ltree;
+SELECT '3.2'::ltree  > '2.2'::ltree;
+
+SELECT '1.2.3'::ltree @> '1.2.3.4'::ltree;
+SELECT '1.2.3.4'::ltree @> '1.2.3.4'::ltree;
+SELECT '1.2.3.4.5'::ltree @> '1.2.3.4'::ltree;
+SELECT '1.3.3'::ltree @> '1.2.3.4'::ltree;
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a.b.c.d.e';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'A.b.c.d.e';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'A@.b.c.d.e';
+SELECT 'aa.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'A@.b.c.d.e';
+SELECT 'aa.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'A*.b.c.d.e';
+SELECT 'aa.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'A*@.b.c.d.e';
+SELECT 'aa.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'A*@|g.b.c.d.e';
+SELECT 'g.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'A*@|g.b.c.d.e';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a.b.c.d.e';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a.*.e';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a.*{3}.e';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a.*{2}.e';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a.*{4}.e';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a.*{,4}.e';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a.*{2,}.e';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a.*{2,4}.e';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a.*{2,3}.e';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a.*{2,3}';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a.*{2,4}';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a.*{2,5}';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*{2,3}.e';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*{2,4}.e';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*{2,5}.e';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*.e';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*.e.*';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*.d.*';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*.a.*.d.*';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*.!d.*';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*.!d';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '!d.*';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '!a.*';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*.!e';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*.!e.*';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a.*.!e';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a.*.!d';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a.*.!d.*';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a.*.!f.*';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*.a.*.!f.*';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*.a.*.!d.*';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*.a.!d.*';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*.a.!d';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a.!d.*';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*.a.*.!d.*';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*.!b.*';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*.!b.c.*';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*.!b.*.c.*';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '!b.*.c.*';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '!b.b.*';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '!b.*.e';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '!b.!c.*.e';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '!b.*.!c.*.e';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*{2}.!b.*.!c.*.e';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*{1}.!b.*.!c.*.e';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*{1}.!b.*{1}.!c.*.e';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a.!b.*{1}.!c.*.e';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '!b.*{1}.!c.*.e';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*.!b.*{1}.!c.*.e';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*.!b.*.!c.*.e';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '!b.!c.*';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '!b.*.!c.*';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*{2}.!b.*.!c.*';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*{1}.!b.*.!c.*';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*{1}.!b.*{1}.!c.*';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a.!b.*{1}.!c.*';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '!b.*{1}.!c.*';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*.!b.*{1}.!c.*';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '*.!b.*.!c.*';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a.*{2}.*{2}';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a.*{1}.*{2}.e';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a.*{1}.*{4}';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a.*{5}.*';
+SELECT '5.0.1.0'::ltree ~ '5.!0.!0.0';
+SELECT 'a.b'::ltree ~ '!a.!a';
+
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a{,}';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a{1,}.*';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a{,}.!a{,}';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.a'::ltree ~ 'a{,}.!a{,}';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.a'::ltree ~ 'a{,2}.!a{1,}';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ 'a{,2}.!a{1,}';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '!x{,}';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '!c{,}';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '!c{0,3}.!a{2,}';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ~ '!c{0,3}.!d{2,}.*';
+
+SELECT 'QWER_TY'::ltree ~ 'q%@*';
+SELECT 'QWER_TY'::ltree ~ 'q%@*%@*';
+SELECT 'QWER_TY'::ltree ~ 'Q_t%@*';
+SELECT 'QWER_GY'::ltree ~ 'q_t%@*';
+
+--ltxtquery
+SELECT '!tree & aWdf@*'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT 'tree & aw_qw%*'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT 'ltree.awdfg'::ltree @ '!tree & aWdf@*'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT 'tree.awdfg'::ltree @ '!tree & aWdf@*'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT 'tree.awdfg'::ltree @ '!tree | aWdf@*'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT 'tree.awdfg'::ltree @ 'tree | aWdf@*'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT 'tree.awdfg'::ltree @ 'tree & aWdf@*'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT 'tree.awdfg'::ltree @ 'tree & aWdf@'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT 'tree.awdfg'::ltree @ 'tree & aWdf*'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT 'tree.awdfg'::ltree @ 'tree & aWdf'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT 'tree.awdfg'::ltree @ 'tree & awdf*'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT 'tree.awdfg'::ltree @ 'tree & aWdfg@'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT 'tree.awdfg_qwerty'::ltree @ 'tree & aw_qw%*'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT 'tree.awdfg_qwerty'::ltree @ 'tree & aw_rw%*'::ltxtquery;
+
+--arrays
+
+SELECT '{1.2.3}'::ltree[] @> '1.2.3.4';
+SELECT '{1.2.3.4}'::ltree[] @> '1.2.3.4';
+SELECT '{1.2.3.4.5}'::ltree[] @> '1.2.3.4';
+SELECT '{1.3.3}'::ltree[] @> '1.2.3.4';
+SELECT '{5.67.8, 1.2.3}'::ltree[] @> '1.2.3.4';
+SELECT '{5.67.8, 1.2.3.4}'::ltree[] @> '1.2.3.4';
+SELECT '{5.67.8, 1.2.3.4.5}'::ltree[] @> '1.2.3.4';
+SELECT '{5.67.8, 1.3.3}'::ltree[] @> '1.2.3.4';
+SELECT '{1.2.3, 7.12.asd}'::ltree[] @> '1.2.3.4';
+SELECT '{1.2.3.4, 7.12.asd}'::ltree[] @> '1.2.3.4';
+SELECT '{1.2.3.4.5, 7.12.asd}'::ltree[] @> '1.2.3.4';
+SELECT '{1.3.3, 7.12.asd}'::ltree[] @> '1.2.3.4';
+SELECT '{ltree.asd, tree.awdfg}'::ltree[] @ 'tree & aWdfg@'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT '{j.k.l.m, g.b.c.d.e}'::ltree[] ~ 'A*@|g.b.c.d.e';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ? '{A.b.c.d.e}';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ? '{a.b.c.d.e}';
+SELECT 'a.b.c.d.e'::ltree ? '{A.b.c.d.e, a.*}';
+SELECT '{a.b.c.d.e,B.df}'::ltree[] ? '{A.b.c.d.e}';
+SELECT '{a.b.c.d.e,B.df}'::ltree[] ? '{A.b.c.d.e,*.df}';
+
+--extractors
+SELECT ('{3456,1.2.3.34}'::ltree[] ?@> '1.2.3.4') is null;
+SELECT '{3456,1.2.3}'::ltree[] ?@> '1.2.3.4';
+SELECT '{3456,1.2.3.4}'::ltree[] ?<@ '1.2.3';
+SELECT ('{3456,1.2.3.4}'::ltree[] ?<@ '1.2.5') is null;
+SELECT '{ltree.asd, tree.awdfg}'::ltree[] ?@ 'tree & aWdfg@'::ltxtquery;
+SELECT '{j.k.l.m, g.b.c.d.e}'::ltree[] ?~ 'A*@|g.b.c.d.e';
+
+CREATE TABLE ltreetest (t ltree);
+\copy ltreetest FROM 'data/ltree.data'
+
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t <  '12.3' order by t asc;
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t <= '12.3' order by t asc;
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t =  '12.3' order by t asc;
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t >= '12.3' order by t asc;
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t >  '12.3' order by t asc;
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t @> '1.1.1' order by t asc;
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t <@ '1.1.1' order by t asc;
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t @ '23 & 1' order by t asc;
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t ~ '1.1.1.*' order by t asc;
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t ~ '*.1' order by t asc;
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t ~ '23.*{1}.1' order by t asc;
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t ~ '23.*.1' order by t asc;
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t ~ '23.*.2' order by t asc;
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t ? '{23.*.1,23.*.2}' order by t asc;
+
+create unique index tstidx on ltreetest (t);
+set enable_seqscan=off;
+
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t <  '12.3' order by t asc;
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t <= '12.3' order by t asc;
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t =  '12.3' order by t asc;
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t >= '12.3' order by t asc;
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t >  '12.3' order by t asc;
+
+drop index tstidx;
+create index tstidx on ltreetest using gist (t);
+set enable_seqscan=off;
+
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t <  '12.3' order by t asc;
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t <= '12.3' order by t asc;
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t =  '12.3' order by t asc;
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t >= '12.3' order by t asc;
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t >  '12.3' order by t asc;
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t @> '1.1.1' order by t asc;
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t <@ '1.1.1' order by t asc;
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t @ '23 & 1' order by t asc;
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t ~ '1.1.1.*' order by t asc;
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t ~ '*.1' order by t asc;
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t ~ '23.*{1}.1' order by t asc;
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t ~ '23.*.1' order by t asc;
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t ~ '23.*.2' order by t asc;
+SELECT * FROM ltreetest WHERE t ? '{23.*.1,23.*.2}' order by t asc;
+
+drop index tstidx;
+create index tstidx on ltreetest using gist (t gist_ltree_ops(siglen=0));
+create index tstidx on ltreetest using gist (t gist_ltree_ops(siglen=2025));
+create index tstidx on ltreetest using gist (t gist_ltree_ops(siglen=2028));
+create index tstidx on ltreetest using gist (t gist_ltree_ops(siglen=2019));
+create index tstidx on ltreetest using gist (t gist_ltree_ops(siglen=2024));
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM ltreetest WHERE t <  '12.3';
+SELECT count(*) FROM ltreetest WHERE t <= '12.3';
+SELECT count(*) FROM ltreetest WHERE t =  '12.3';
+SELECT count(*) FROM ltreetest WHERE t >= '12.3';
+SELECT count(*) FROM ltreetest WHERE t >  '12.3';
+SELECT count(*) FROM ltreetest WHERE t @> '1.1.1';
+SELECT count(*) FROM ltreetest WHERE t <@ '1.1.1';
+SELECT count(*) FROM ltreetest WHERE t @ '23 & 1';
+SELECT count(*) FROM ltreetest WHERE t ~ '1.1.1.*';
+SELECT count(*) FROM ltreetest WHERE t ~ '*.1';
+SELECT count(*) FROM ltreetest WHERE t ~ '23.*{1}.1';
+SELECT count(*) FROM ltreetest WHERE t ~ '23.*.1';
+SELECT count(*) FROM ltreetest WHERE t ~ '23.*.2';
+SELECT count(*) FROM ltreetest WHERE t ? '{23.*.1,23.*.2}';
+
+create table _ltreetest (t ltree[]);
+\copy _ltreetest FROM 'data/_ltree.data'
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t @> '1.1.1' ;
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t <@ '1.1.1' ;
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t @ '23 & 1' ;
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t ~ '1.1.1.*' ;
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t ~ '*.1' ;
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t ~ '23.*{1}.1' ;
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t ~ '23.*.1' ;
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t ~ '23.*.2' ;
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t ? '{23.*.1,23.*.2}' ;
+
+create index _tstidx on _ltreetest using gist (t);
+set enable_seqscan=off;
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t @> '1.1.1' ;
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t <@ '1.1.1' ;
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t @ '23 & 1' ;
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t ~ '1.1.1.*' ;
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t ~ '*.1' ;
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t ~ '23.*{1}.1' ;
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t ~ '23.*.1' ;
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t ~ '23.*.2' ;
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t ? '{23.*.1,23.*.2}' ;
+
+drop index _tstidx;
+create index _tstidx on _ltreetest using gist (t gist__ltree_ops(siglen=0));
+create index _tstidx on _ltreetest using gist (t gist__ltree_ops(siglen=2025));
+create index _tstidx on _ltreetest using gist (t gist__ltree_ops(siglen=2024));
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t @> '1.1.1' ;
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t <@ '1.1.1' ;
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t @ '23 & 1' ;
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t ~ '1.1.1.*' ;
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t ~ '*.1' ;
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t ~ '23.*{1}.1' ;
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t ~ '23.*.1' ;
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t ~ '23.*.2' ;
+SELECT count(*) FROM _ltreetest WHERE t ? '{23.*.1,23.*.2}' ;