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diff --git a/src/test/regress/expected/join.out b/src/test/regress/expected/join.out new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0eb6339 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/test/regress/expected/join.out @@ -0,0 +1,6665 @@ +-- +-- JOIN +-- Test JOIN clauses +-- +CREATE TABLE J1_TBL ( + i integer, + j integer, + t text +); +CREATE TABLE J2_TBL ( + i integer, + k integer +); +INSERT INTO J1_TBL VALUES (1, 4, 'one'); +INSERT INTO J1_TBL VALUES (2, 3, 'two'); +INSERT INTO J1_TBL VALUES (3, 2, 'three'); +INSERT INTO J1_TBL VALUES (4, 1, 'four'); +INSERT INTO J1_TBL VALUES (5, 0, 'five'); +INSERT INTO J1_TBL VALUES (6, 6, 'six'); +INSERT INTO J1_TBL VALUES (7, 7, 'seven'); +INSERT INTO J1_TBL VALUES (8, 8, 'eight'); +INSERT INTO J1_TBL VALUES (0, NULL, 'zero'); +INSERT INTO J1_TBL VALUES (NULL, NULL, 'null'); +INSERT INTO J1_TBL VALUES (NULL, 0, 'zero'); +INSERT INTO J2_TBL VALUES (1, -1); +INSERT INTO J2_TBL VALUES (2, 2); +INSERT INTO J2_TBL VALUES (3, -3); +INSERT INTO J2_TBL VALUES (2, 4); +INSERT INTO J2_TBL VALUES (5, -5); +INSERT INTO J2_TBL VALUES (5, -5); +INSERT INTO J2_TBL VALUES (0, NULL); +INSERT INTO J2_TBL VALUES (NULL, NULL); +INSERT INTO J2_TBL VALUES (NULL, 0); +-- useful in some tests below +create temp table onerow(); +insert into onerow default values; +analyze onerow; +-- +-- CORRELATION NAMES +-- Make sure that table/column aliases are supported +-- before diving into more complex join syntax. +-- +SELECT * + FROM J1_TBL AS tx; + i | j | t +---+---+------- + 1 | 4 | one + 2 | 3 | two + 3 | 2 | three + 4 | 1 | four + 5 | 0 | five + 6 | 6 | six + 7 | 7 | seven + 8 | 8 | eight + 0 | | zero + | | null + | 0 | zero +(11 rows) + +SELECT * + FROM J1_TBL tx; + i | j | t +---+---+------- + 1 | 4 | one + 2 | 3 | two + 3 | 2 | three + 4 | 1 | four + 5 | 0 | five + 6 | 6 | six + 7 | 7 | seven + 8 | 8 | eight + 0 | | zero + | | null + | 0 | zero +(11 rows) + +SELECT * + FROM J1_TBL AS t1 (a, b, c); + a | b | c +---+---+------- + 1 | 4 | one + 2 | 3 | two + 3 | 2 | three + 4 | 1 | four + 5 | 0 | five + 6 | 6 | six + 7 | 7 | seven + 8 | 8 | eight + 0 | | zero + | | null + | 0 | zero +(11 rows) + +SELECT * + FROM J1_TBL t1 (a, b, c); + a | b | c +---+---+------- + 1 | 4 | one + 2 | 3 | two + 3 | 2 | three + 4 | 1 | four + 5 | 0 | five + 6 | 6 | six + 7 | 7 | seven + 8 | 8 | eight + 0 | | zero + | | null + | 0 | zero +(11 rows) + +SELECT * + FROM J1_TBL t1 (a, b, c), J2_TBL t2 (d, e); + a | b | c | d | e +---+---+-------+---+---- + 1 | 4 | one | 1 | -1 + 2 | 3 | two | 1 | -1 + 3 | 2 | three | 1 | -1 + 4 | 1 | four | 1 | -1 + 5 | 0 | five | 1 | -1 + 6 | 6 | six | 1 | -1 + 7 | 7 | seven | 1 | -1 + 8 | 8 | eight | 1 | -1 + 0 | | zero | 1 | -1 + | | null | 1 | -1 + | 0 | zero | 1 | -1 + 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 2 + 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 + 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 2 + 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 2 + 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 2 + 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 2 + 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 2 + 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 2 + 0 | | zero | 2 | 2 + | | null | 2 | 2 + | 0 | zero | 2 | 2 + 1 | 4 | one | 3 | -3 + 2 | 3 | two | 3 | -3 + 3 | 2 | three | 3 | -3 + 4 | 1 | four | 3 | -3 + 5 | 0 | five | 3 | -3 + 6 | 6 | six | 3 | -3 + 7 | 7 | seven | 3 | -3 + 8 | 8 | eight | 3 | -3 + 0 | | zero | 3 | -3 + | | null | 3 | -3 + | 0 | zero | 3 | -3 + 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 4 + 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 4 + 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 4 + 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 4 + 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 4 + 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 4 + 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 4 + 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 4 + 0 | | zero | 2 | 4 + | | null | 2 | 4 + | 0 | zero | 2 | 4 + 1 | 4 | one | 5 | -5 + 2 | 3 | two | 5 | -5 + 3 | 2 | three | 5 | -5 + 4 | 1 | four | 5 | -5 + 5 | 0 | five | 5 | -5 + 6 | 6 | six | 5 | -5 + 7 | 7 | seven | 5 | -5 + 8 | 8 | eight | 5 | -5 + 0 | | zero | 5 | -5 + | | null | 5 | -5 + | 0 | zero | 5 | -5 + 1 | 4 | one | 5 | -5 + 2 | 3 | two | 5 | -5 + 3 | 2 | three | 5 | -5 + 4 | 1 | four | 5 | -5 + 5 | 0 | five | 5 | -5 + 6 | 6 | six | 5 | -5 + 7 | 7 | seven | 5 | -5 + 8 | 8 | eight | 5 | -5 + 0 | | zero | 5 | -5 + | | null | 5 | -5 + | 0 | zero | 5 | -5 + 1 | 4 | one | 0 | + 2 | 3 | two | 0 | + 3 | 2 | three | 0 | + 4 | 1 | four | 0 | + 5 | 0 | five | 0 | + 6 | 6 | six | 0 | + 7 | 7 | seven | 0 | + 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | + 0 | | zero | 0 | + | | null | 0 | + | 0 | zero | 0 | + 1 | 4 | one | | + 2 | 3 | two | | + 3 | 2 | three | | + 4 | 1 | four | | + 5 | 0 | five | | + 6 | 6 | six | | + 7 | 7 | seven | | + 8 | 8 | eight | | + 0 | | zero | | + | | null | | + | 0 | zero | | + 1 | 4 | one | | 0 + 2 | 3 | two | | 0 + 3 | 2 | three | | 0 + 4 | 1 | four | | 0 + 5 | 0 | five | | 0 + 6 | 6 | six | | 0 + 7 | 7 | seven | | 0 + 8 | 8 | eight | | 0 + 0 | | zero | | 0 + | | null | | 0 + | 0 | zero | | 0 +(99 rows) + +SELECT t1.a, t2.e + FROM J1_TBL t1 (a, b, c), J2_TBL t2 (d, e) + WHERE t1.a = t2.d; + a | e +---+---- + 0 | + 1 | -1 + 2 | 2 + 2 | 4 + 3 | -3 + 5 | -5 + 5 | -5 +(7 rows) + +-- +-- CROSS JOIN +-- Qualifications are not allowed on cross joins, +-- which degenerate into a standard unqualified inner join. +-- +SELECT * + FROM J1_TBL CROSS JOIN J2_TBL; + i | j | t | i | k +---+---+-------+---+---- + 1 | 4 | one | 1 | -1 + 2 | 3 | two | 1 | -1 + 3 | 2 | three | 1 | -1 + 4 | 1 | four | 1 | -1 + 5 | 0 | five | 1 | -1 + 6 | 6 | six | 1 | -1 + 7 | 7 | seven | 1 | -1 + 8 | 8 | eight | 1 | -1 + 0 | | zero | 1 | -1 + | | null | 1 | -1 + | 0 | zero | 1 | -1 + 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 2 + 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 + 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 2 + 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 2 + 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 2 + 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 2 + 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 2 + 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 2 + 0 | | zero | 2 | 2 + | | null | 2 | 2 + | 0 | zero | 2 | 2 + 1 | 4 | one | 3 | -3 + 2 | 3 | two | 3 | -3 + 3 | 2 | three | 3 | -3 + 4 | 1 | four | 3 | -3 + 5 | 0 | five | 3 | -3 + 6 | 6 | six | 3 | -3 + 7 | 7 | seven | 3 | -3 + 8 | 8 | eight | 3 | -3 + 0 | | zero | 3 | -3 + | | null | 3 | -3 + | 0 | zero | 3 | -3 + 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 4 + 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 4 + 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 4 + 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 4 + 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 4 + 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 4 + 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 4 + 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 4 + 0 | | zero | 2 | 4 + | | null | 2 | 4 + | 0 | zero | 2 | 4 + 1 | 4 | one | 5 | -5 + 2 | 3 | two | 5 | -5 + 3 | 2 | three | 5 | -5 + 4 | 1 | four | 5 | -5 + 5 | 0 | five | 5 | -5 + 6 | 6 | six | 5 | -5 + 7 | 7 | seven | 5 | -5 + 8 | 8 | eight | 5 | -5 + 0 | | zero | 5 | -5 + | | null | 5 | -5 + | 0 | zero | 5 | -5 + 1 | 4 | one | 5 | -5 + 2 | 3 | two | 5 | -5 + 3 | 2 | three | 5 | -5 + 4 | 1 | four | 5 | -5 + 5 | 0 | five | 5 | -5 + 6 | 6 | six | 5 | -5 + 7 | 7 | seven | 5 | -5 + 8 | 8 | eight | 5 | -5 + 0 | | zero | 5 | -5 + | | null | 5 | -5 + | 0 | zero | 5 | -5 + 1 | 4 | one | 0 | + 2 | 3 | two | 0 | + 3 | 2 | three | 0 | + 4 | 1 | four | 0 | + 5 | 0 | five | 0 | + 6 | 6 | six | 0 | + 7 | 7 | seven | 0 | + 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | + 0 | | zero | 0 | + | | null | 0 | + | 0 | zero | 0 | + 1 | 4 | one | | + 2 | 3 | two | | + 3 | 2 | three | | + 4 | 1 | four | | + 5 | 0 | five | | + 6 | 6 | six | | + 7 | 7 | seven | | + 8 | 8 | eight | | + 0 | | zero | | + | | null | | + | 0 | zero | | + 1 | 4 | one | | 0 + 2 | 3 | two | | 0 + 3 | 2 | three | | 0 + 4 | 1 | four | | 0 + 5 | 0 | five | | 0 + 6 | 6 | six | | 0 + 7 | 7 | seven | | 0 + 8 | 8 | eight | | 0 + 0 | | zero | | 0 + | | null | | 0 + | 0 | zero | | 0 +(99 rows) + +-- ambiguous column +SELECT i, k, t + FROM J1_TBL CROSS JOIN J2_TBL; +ERROR: column reference "i" is ambiguous +LINE 1: SELECT i, k, t + ^ +-- resolve previous ambiguity by specifying the table name +SELECT t1.i, k, t + FROM J1_TBL t1 CROSS JOIN J2_TBL t2; + i | k | t +---+----+------- + 1 | -1 | one + 2 | -1 | two + 3 | -1 | three + 4 | -1 | four + 5 | -1 | five + 6 | -1 | six + 7 | -1 | seven + 8 | -1 | eight + 0 | -1 | zero + | -1 | null + | -1 | zero + 1 | 2 | one + 2 | 2 | two + 3 | 2 | three + 4 | 2 | four + 5 | 2 | five + 6 | 2 | six + 7 | 2 | seven + 8 | 2 | eight + 0 | 2 | zero + | 2 | null + | 2 | zero + 1 | -3 | one + 2 | -3 | two + 3 | -3 | three + 4 | -3 | four + 5 | -3 | five + 6 | -3 | six + 7 | -3 | seven + 8 | -3 | eight + 0 | -3 | zero + | -3 | null + | -3 | zero + 1 | 4 | one + 2 | 4 | two + 3 | 4 | three + 4 | 4 | four + 5 | 4 | five + 6 | 4 | six + 7 | 4 | seven + 8 | 4 | eight + 0 | 4 | zero + | 4 | null + | 4 | zero + 1 | -5 | one + 2 | -5 | two + 3 | -5 | three + 4 | -5 | four + 5 | -5 | five + 6 | -5 | six + 7 | -5 | seven + 8 | -5 | eight + 0 | -5 | zero + | -5 | null + | -5 | zero + 1 | -5 | one + 2 | -5 | two + 3 | -5 | three + 4 | -5 | four + 5 | -5 | five + 6 | -5 | six + 7 | -5 | seven + 8 | -5 | eight + 0 | -5 | zero + | -5 | null + | -5 | zero + 1 | | one + 2 | | two + 3 | | three + 4 | | four + 5 | | five + 6 | | six + 7 | | seven + 8 | | eight + 0 | | zero + | | null + | | zero + 1 | | one + 2 | | two + 3 | | three + 4 | | four + 5 | | five + 6 | | six + 7 | | seven + 8 | | eight + 0 | | zero + | | null + | | zero + 1 | 0 | one + 2 | 0 | two + 3 | 0 | three + 4 | 0 | four + 5 | 0 | five + 6 | 0 | six + 7 | 0 | seven + 8 | 0 | eight + 0 | 0 | zero + | 0 | null + | 0 | zero +(99 rows) + +SELECT ii, tt, kk + FROM (J1_TBL CROSS JOIN J2_TBL) + AS tx (ii, jj, tt, ii2, kk); + ii | tt | kk +----+-------+---- + 1 | one | -1 + 2 | two | -1 + 3 | three | -1 + 4 | four | -1 + 5 | five | -1 + 6 | six | -1 + 7 | seven | -1 + 8 | eight | -1 + 0 | zero | -1 + | null | -1 + | zero | -1 + 1 | one | 2 + 2 | two | 2 + 3 | three | 2 + 4 | four | 2 + 5 | five | 2 + 6 | six | 2 + 7 | seven | 2 + 8 | eight | 2 + 0 | zero | 2 + | null | 2 + | zero | 2 + 1 | one | -3 + 2 | two | -3 + 3 | three | -3 + 4 | four | -3 + 5 | five | -3 + 6 | six | -3 + 7 | seven | -3 + 8 | eight | -3 + 0 | zero | -3 + | null | -3 + | zero | -3 + 1 | one | 4 + 2 | two | 4 + 3 | three | 4 + 4 | four | 4 + 5 | five | 4 + 6 | six | 4 + 7 | seven | 4 + 8 | eight | 4 + 0 | zero | 4 + | null | 4 + | zero | 4 + 1 | one | -5 + 2 | two | -5 + 3 | three | -5 + 4 | four | -5 + 5 | five | -5 + 6 | six | -5 + 7 | seven | -5 + 8 | eight | -5 + 0 | zero | -5 + | null | -5 + | zero | -5 + 1 | one | -5 + 2 | two | -5 + 3 | three | -5 + 4 | four | -5 + 5 | five | -5 + 6 | six | -5 + 7 | seven | -5 + 8 | eight | -5 + 0 | zero | -5 + | null | -5 + | zero | -5 + 1 | one | + 2 | two | + 3 | three | + 4 | four | + 5 | five | + 6 | six | + 7 | seven | + 8 | eight | + 0 | zero | + | null | + | zero | + 1 | one | + 2 | two | + 3 | three | + 4 | four | + 5 | five | + 6 | six | + 7 | seven | + 8 | eight | + 0 | zero | + | null | + | zero | + 1 | one | 0 + 2 | two | 0 + 3 | three | 0 + 4 | four | 0 + 5 | five | 0 + 6 | six | 0 + 7 | seven | 0 + 8 | eight | 0 + 0 | zero | 0 + | null | 0 + | zero | 0 +(99 rows) + +SELECT tx.ii, tx.jj, tx.kk + FROM (J1_TBL t1 (a, b, c) CROSS JOIN J2_TBL t2 (d, e)) + AS tx (ii, jj, tt, ii2, kk); + ii | jj | kk +----+----+---- + 1 | 4 | -1 + 2 | 3 | -1 + 3 | 2 | -1 + 4 | 1 | -1 + 5 | 0 | -1 + 6 | 6 | -1 + 7 | 7 | -1 + 8 | 8 | -1 + 0 | | -1 + | | -1 + | 0 | -1 + 1 | 4 | 2 + 2 | 3 | 2 + 3 | 2 | 2 + 4 | 1 | 2 + 5 | 0 | 2 + 6 | 6 | 2 + 7 | 7 | 2 + 8 | 8 | 2 + 0 | | 2 + | | 2 + | 0 | 2 + 1 | 4 | -3 + 2 | 3 | -3 + 3 | 2 | -3 + 4 | 1 | -3 + 5 | 0 | -3 + 6 | 6 | -3 + 7 | 7 | -3 + 8 | 8 | -3 + 0 | | -3 + | | -3 + | 0 | -3 + 1 | 4 | 4 + 2 | 3 | 4 + 3 | 2 | 4 + 4 | 1 | 4 + 5 | 0 | 4 + 6 | 6 | 4 + 7 | 7 | 4 + 8 | 8 | 4 + 0 | | 4 + | | 4 + | 0 | 4 + 1 | 4 | -5 + 2 | 3 | -5 + 3 | 2 | -5 + 4 | 1 | -5 + 5 | 0 | -5 + 6 | 6 | -5 + 7 | 7 | -5 + 8 | 8 | -5 + 0 | | -5 + | | -5 + | 0 | -5 + 1 | 4 | -5 + 2 | 3 | -5 + 3 | 2 | -5 + 4 | 1 | -5 + 5 | 0 | -5 + 6 | 6 | -5 + 7 | 7 | -5 + 8 | 8 | -5 + 0 | | -5 + | | -5 + | 0 | -5 + 1 | 4 | + 2 | 3 | + 3 | 2 | + 4 | 1 | + 5 | 0 | + 6 | 6 | + 7 | 7 | + 8 | 8 | + 0 | | + | | + | 0 | + 1 | 4 | + 2 | 3 | + 3 | 2 | + 4 | 1 | + 5 | 0 | + 6 | 6 | + 7 | 7 | + 8 | 8 | + 0 | | + | | + | 0 | + 1 | 4 | 0 + 2 | 3 | 0 + 3 | 2 | 0 + 4 | 1 | 0 + 5 | 0 | 0 + 6 | 6 | 0 + 7 | 7 | 0 + 8 | 8 | 0 + 0 | | 0 + | | 0 + | 0 | 0 +(99 rows) + +SELECT * + FROM J1_TBL CROSS JOIN J2_TBL a CROSS JOIN J2_TBL b; + i | j | t | i | k | i | k +---+---+-------+---+----+---+---- + 1 | 4 | one | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 + 1 | 4 | one | 1 | -1 | 2 | 2 + 1 | 4 | one | 1 | -1 | 3 | -3 + 1 | 4 | one | 1 | -1 | 2 | 4 + 1 | 4 | one | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 + 1 | 4 | one | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 + 1 | 4 | one | 1 | -1 | 0 | + 1 | 4 | one | 1 | -1 | | + 1 | 4 | one | 1 | -1 | | 0 + 2 | 3 | two | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 + 2 | 3 | two | 1 | -1 | 2 | 2 + 2 | 3 | two | 1 | -1 | 3 | -3 + 2 | 3 | two | 1 | -1 | 2 | 4 + 2 | 3 | two | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 + 2 | 3 | two | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 + 2 | 3 | two | 1 | -1 | 0 | + 2 | 3 | two | 1 | -1 | | + 2 | 3 | two | 1 | -1 | | 0 + 3 | 2 | three | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 + 3 | 2 | three | 1 | -1 | 2 | 2 + 3 | 2 | three | 1 | -1 | 3 | -3 + 3 | 2 | three | 1 | -1 | 2 | 4 + 3 | 2 | three | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 + 3 | 2 | three | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 + 3 | 2 | three | 1 | -1 | 0 | + 3 | 2 | three | 1 | -1 | | + 3 | 2 | three | 1 | -1 | | 0 + 4 | 1 | four | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 + 4 | 1 | four | 1 | -1 | 2 | 2 + 4 | 1 | four | 1 | -1 | 3 | -3 + 4 | 1 | four | 1 | -1 | 2 | 4 + 4 | 1 | four | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 + 4 | 1 | four | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 + 4 | 1 | four | 1 | -1 | 0 | + 4 | 1 | four | 1 | -1 | | + 4 | 1 | four | 1 | -1 | | 0 + 5 | 0 | five | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 + 5 | 0 | five | 1 | -1 | 2 | 2 + 5 | 0 | five | 1 | -1 | 3 | -3 + 5 | 0 | five | 1 | -1 | 2 | 4 + 5 | 0 | five | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 + 5 | 0 | five | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 + 5 | 0 | five | 1 | -1 | 0 | + 5 | 0 | five | 1 | -1 | | + 5 | 0 | five | 1 | -1 | | 0 + 6 | 6 | six | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 + 6 | 6 | six | 1 | -1 | 2 | 2 + 6 | 6 | six | 1 | -1 | 3 | -3 + 6 | 6 | six | 1 | -1 | 2 | 4 + 6 | 6 | six | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 + 6 | 6 | six | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 + 6 | 6 | six | 1 | -1 | 0 | + 6 | 6 | six | 1 | -1 | | + 6 | 6 | six | 1 | -1 | | 0 + 7 | 7 | seven | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 + 7 | 7 | seven | 1 | -1 | 2 | 2 + 7 | 7 | seven | 1 | -1 | 3 | -3 + 7 | 7 | seven | 1 | -1 | 2 | 4 + 7 | 7 | seven | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 + 7 | 7 | seven | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 + 7 | 7 | seven | 1 | -1 | 0 | + 7 | 7 | seven | 1 | -1 | | + 7 | 7 | seven | 1 | -1 | | 0 + 8 | 8 | eight | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 + 8 | 8 | eight | 1 | -1 | 2 | 2 + 8 | 8 | eight | 1 | -1 | 3 | -3 + 8 | 8 | eight | 1 | -1 | 2 | 4 + 8 | 8 | eight | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 + 8 | 8 | eight | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 + 8 | 8 | eight | 1 | -1 | 0 | + 8 | 8 | eight | 1 | -1 | | + 8 | 8 | eight | 1 | -1 | | 0 + 0 | | zero | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 + 0 | | zero | 1 | -1 | 2 | 2 + 0 | | zero | 1 | -1 | 3 | -3 + 0 | | zero | 1 | -1 | 2 | 4 + 0 | | zero | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 + 0 | | zero | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 + 0 | | zero | 1 | -1 | 0 | + 0 | | zero | 1 | -1 | | + 0 | | zero | 1 | -1 | | 0 + | | null | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 + | | null | 1 | -1 | 2 | 2 + | | null | 1 | -1 | 3 | -3 + | | null | 1 | -1 | 2 | 4 + | | null | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 + | | null | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 + | | null | 1 | -1 | 0 | + | | null | 1 | -1 | | + | | null | 1 | -1 | | 0 + | 0 | zero | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 + | 0 | zero | 1 | -1 | 2 | 2 + | 0 | zero | 1 | -1 | 3 | -3 + | 0 | zero | 1 | -1 | 2 | 4 + | 0 | zero | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 + | 0 | zero | 1 | -1 | 5 | -5 + | 0 | zero | 1 | -1 | 0 | + | 0 | zero | 1 | -1 | | + | 0 | zero | 1 | -1 | | 0 + 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 2 | 1 | -1 + 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 + 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 2 | 3 | -3 + 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 + 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 + 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 + 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 2 | 0 | + 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 2 | | + 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 2 | | 0 + 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 1 | -1 + 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 + 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 3 | -3 + 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 + 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 + 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 + 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | 0 | + 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | | + 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 | | 0 + 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 2 | 1 | -1 + 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 + 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 2 | 3 | -3 + 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 + 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 + 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 + 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 2 | 0 | + 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 2 | | + 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 2 | | 0 + 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 2 | 1 | -1 + 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 + 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 2 | 3 | -3 + 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 + 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 + 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 + 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 2 | 0 | + 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 2 | | + 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 2 | | 0 + 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 2 | 1 | -1 + 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 + 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 2 | 3 | -3 + 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 + 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 + 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 + 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 2 | 0 | + 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 2 | | + 5 | 0 | five | 2 | 2 | | 0 + 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 2 | 1 | -1 + 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 + 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 2 | 3 | -3 + 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 + 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 + 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 + 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 2 | 0 | + 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 2 | | + 6 | 6 | six | 2 | 2 | | 0 + 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 2 | 1 | -1 + 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 + 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 2 | 3 | -3 + 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 + 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 + 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 + 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 2 | 0 | + 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 2 | | + 7 | 7 | seven | 2 | 2 | | 0 + 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 2 | 1 | -1 + 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 + 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 2 | 3 | -3 + 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 + 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 + 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 + 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 2 | 0 | + 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 2 | | + 8 | 8 | eight | 2 | 2 | | 0 + 0 | | zero | 2 | 2 | 1 | -1 + 0 | | zero | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 + 0 | | zero | 2 | 2 | 3 | -3 + 0 | | zero | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 + 0 | | zero | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 + 0 | | zero | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 + 0 | | zero | 2 | 2 | 0 | + 0 | | zero | 2 | 2 | | + 0 | | zero | 2 | 2 | | 0 + | | null | 2 | 2 | 1 | -1 + | | null | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 + | | null | 2 | 2 | 3 | -3 + | | null | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 + | | null | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 + | | null | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 + | | null | 2 | 2 | 0 | + | | null | 2 | 2 | | + | | null | 2 | 2 | | 0 + | 0 | zero | 2 | 2 | 1 | -1 + | 0 | zero | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 + | 0 | zero | 2 | 2 | 3 | -3 + | 0 | zero | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 + | 0 | zero | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 + | 0 | zero | 2 | 2 | 5 | -5 + | 0 | zero | 2 | 2 | 0 | + | 0 | zero | 2 | 2 | | + | 0 | zero | 2 | 2 | | 0 + 1 | 4 | one | 3 | -3 | 1 | -1 + 1 | 4 | one | 3 | -3 | 2 | 2 + 1 | 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| | 0 | + 4 | 1 | four | 0 | | | + 4 | 1 | four | 0 | | | 0 + 5 | 0 | five | 0 | | 1 | -1 + 5 | 0 | five | 0 | | 2 | 2 + 5 | 0 | five | 0 | | 3 | -3 + 5 | 0 | five | 0 | | 2 | 4 + 5 | 0 | five | 0 | | 5 | -5 + 5 | 0 | five | 0 | | 5 | -5 + 5 | 0 | five | 0 | | 0 | + 5 | 0 | five | 0 | | | + 5 | 0 | five | 0 | | | 0 + 6 | 6 | six | 0 | | 1 | -1 + 6 | 6 | six | 0 | | 2 | 2 + 6 | 6 | six | 0 | | 3 | -3 + 6 | 6 | six | 0 | | 2 | 4 + 6 | 6 | six | 0 | | 5 | -5 + 6 | 6 | six | 0 | | 5 | -5 + 6 | 6 | six | 0 | | 0 | + 6 | 6 | six | 0 | | | + 6 | 6 | six | 0 | | | 0 + 7 | 7 | seven | 0 | | 1 | -1 + 7 | 7 | seven | 0 | | 2 | 2 + 7 | 7 | seven | 0 | | 3 | -3 + 7 | 7 | seven | 0 | | 2 | 4 + 7 | 7 | seven | 0 | | 5 | -5 + 7 | 7 | seven | 0 | | 5 | -5 + 7 | 7 | seven | 0 | | 0 | + 7 | 7 | seven | 0 | | | + 7 | 7 | seven | 0 | | | 0 + 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | 1 | -1 + 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | 2 | 2 + 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | 3 | -3 + 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | 2 | 4 + 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | 5 | -5 + 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | 5 | -5 + 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | 0 | + 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | | + 8 | 8 | eight | 0 | | | 0 + 0 | | zero | 0 | | 1 | -1 + 0 | | zero | 0 | | 2 | 2 + 0 | | zero | 0 | | 3 | -3 + 0 | | zero | 0 | | 2 | 4 + 0 | | zero | 0 | | 5 | -5 + 0 | | zero | 0 | | 5 | -5 + 0 | | zero | 0 | | 0 | + 0 | | zero | 0 | | | + 0 | | zero | 0 | | | 0 + | | null | 0 | | 1 | -1 + | | null | 0 | | 2 | 2 + | | null | 0 | | 3 | -3 + | | null | 0 | | 2 | 4 + | | null | 0 | | 5 | -5 + | | null | 0 | | 5 | -5 + | | null | 0 | | 0 | + | | null | 0 | | | + | | null | 0 | | | 0 + | 0 | zero | 0 | | 1 | -1 + | 0 | zero | 0 | | 2 | 2 + | 0 | zero | 0 | | 3 | -3 + | 0 | zero | 0 | | 2 | 4 + | 0 | zero | 0 | | 5 | -5 + | 0 | zero | 0 | | 5 | -5 + | 0 | zero | 0 | | 0 | + | 0 | zero | 0 | | | + | 0 | zero | 0 | | | 0 + 1 | 4 | one | | | 1 | -1 + 1 | 4 | one | | | 2 | 2 + 1 | 4 | one | | | 3 | -3 + 1 | 4 | one | | | 2 | 4 + 1 | 4 | one | | | 5 | -5 + 1 | 4 | one | | | 5 | -5 + 1 | 4 | one | | | 0 | + 1 | 4 | one | | | | + 1 | 4 | one | | | | 0 + 2 | 3 | two | | | 1 | -1 + 2 | 3 | two | | | 2 | 2 + 2 | 3 | two | | | 3 | -3 + 2 | 3 | two | | | 2 | 4 + 2 | 3 | two | | | 5 | -5 + 2 | 3 | two | | | 5 | -5 + 2 | 3 | two | | | 0 | + 2 | 3 | two | | | | + 2 | 3 | two | | | | 0 + 3 | 2 | three | | | 1 | -1 + 3 | 2 | three | | | 2 | 2 + 3 | 2 | three | | | 3 | -3 + 3 | 2 | three | | | 2 | 4 + 3 | 2 | three | | | 5 | -5 + 3 | 2 | three | | | 5 | -5 + 3 | 2 | three | | | 0 | + 3 | 2 | three | | | | + 3 | 2 | three | | | | 0 + 4 | 1 | four | | | 1 | -1 + 4 | 1 | four | | | 2 | 2 + 4 | 1 | four | | | 3 | -3 + 4 | 1 | four | | | 2 | 4 + 4 | 1 | four | | | 5 | -5 + 4 | 1 | four | | | 5 | -5 + 4 | 1 | four | | | 0 | + 4 | 1 | four | | | | + 4 | 1 | four | | | | 0 + 5 | 0 | five | | | 1 | -1 + 5 | 0 | five | | | 2 | 2 + 5 | 0 | five | | | 3 | -3 + 5 | 0 | five | | | 2 | 4 + 5 | 0 | five | | | 5 | -5 + 5 | 0 | five | | | 5 | -5 + 5 | 0 | five | | | 0 | + 5 | 0 | five | | | | + 5 | 0 | five | | | | 0 + 6 | 6 | six | | | 1 | -1 + 6 | 6 | six | | | 2 | 2 + 6 | 6 | six | | | 3 | -3 + 6 | 6 | six | | | 2 | 4 + 6 | 6 | six | | | 5 | -5 + 6 | 6 | six | | | 5 | -5 + 6 | 6 | six | | | 0 | + 6 | 6 | six | | | | + 6 | 6 | six | | | | 0 + 7 | 7 | seven | | | 1 | -1 + 7 | 7 | seven | | | 2 | 2 + 7 | 7 | seven | | | 3 | -3 + 7 | 7 | seven | | | 2 | 4 + 7 | 7 | seven | | | 5 | -5 + 7 | 7 | seven | | | 5 | -5 + 7 | 7 | seven | | | 0 | + 7 | 7 | seven | | | | + 7 | 7 | seven | | | | 0 + 8 | 8 | eight | | | 1 | -1 + 8 | 8 | eight | | | 2 | 2 + 8 | 8 | eight | | | 3 | -3 + 8 | 8 | eight | | | 2 | 4 + 8 | 8 | eight | | | 5 | -5 + 8 | 8 | eight | | | 5 | -5 + 8 | 8 | eight | | | 0 | + 8 | 8 | eight | | | | + 8 | 8 | eight | | | | 0 + 0 | | zero | | | 1 | -1 + 0 | | zero | | | 2 | 2 + 0 | | zero | | | 3 | -3 + 0 | | zero | | | 2 | 4 + 0 | | zero | | | 5 | -5 + 0 | | zero | | | 5 | -5 + 0 | | zero | | | 0 | + 0 | | zero | | | | + 0 | | zero | | | | 0 + | | null | | | 1 | -1 + | | null | | | 2 | 2 + | | null | | | 3 | -3 + | | null | | | 2 | 4 + | | null | | | 5 | -5 + | | null | | | 5 | -5 + | | null | | | 0 | + | | null | | | | + | | null | | | | 0 + | 0 | zero | | | 1 | -1 + | 0 | zero | | | 2 | 2 + | 0 | zero | | | 3 | -3 + | 0 | zero | | | 2 | 4 + | 0 | zero | | | 5 | -5 + | 0 | zero | | | 5 | -5 + | 0 | zero | | | 0 | + | 0 | zero | | | | + | 0 | zero | | | | 0 + 1 | 4 | one | | 0 | 1 | -1 + 1 | 4 | one | | 0 | 2 | 2 + 1 | 4 | one | | 0 | 3 | -3 + 1 | 4 | one | | 0 | 2 | 4 + 1 | 4 | one | | 0 | 5 | -5 + 1 | 4 | one | | 0 | 5 | -5 + 1 | 4 | one | | 0 | 0 | + 1 | 4 | one | | 0 | | + 1 | 4 | one | | 0 | | 0 + 2 | 3 | two | | 0 | 1 | -1 + 2 | 3 | two | | 0 | 2 | 2 + 2 | 3 | two | | 0 | 3 | -3 + 2 | 3 | two | | 0 | 2 | 4 + 2 | 3 | two | | 0 | 5 | -5 + 2 | 3 | two | | 0 | 5 | -5 + 2 | 3 | two | | 0 | 0 | + 2 | 3 | two | | 0 | | + 2 | 3 | two | | 0 | | 0 + 3 | 2 | three | | 0 | 1 | -1 + 3 | 2 | three | | 0 | 2 | 2 + 3 | 2 | three | | 0 | 3 | -3 + 3 | 2 | three | | 0 | 2 | 4 + 3 | 2 | three | | 0 | 5 | -5 + 3 | 2 | three | | 0 | 5 | -5 + 3 | 2 | three | | 0 | 0 | + 3 | 2 | three | | 0 | | + 3 | 2 | three | | 0 | | 0 + 4 | 1 | four | | 0 | 1 | -1 + 4 | 1 | four | | 0 | 2 | 2 + 4 | 1 | four | | 0 | 3 | -3 + 4 | 1 | four | | 0 | 2 | 4 + 4 | 1 | four | | 0 | 5 | -5 + 4 | 1 | four | | 0 | 5 | -5 + 4 | 1 | four | | 0 | 0 | + 4 | 1 | four | | 0 | | + 4 | 1 | four | | 0 | | 0 + 5 | 0 | five | | 0 | 1 | -1 + 5 | 0 | five | | 0 | 2 | 2 + 5 | 0 | five | | 0 | 3 | -3 + 5 | 0 | five | | 0 | 2 | 4 + 5 | 0 | five | | 0 | 5 | -5 + 5 | 0 | five | | 0 | 5 | -5 + 5 | 0 | five | | 0 | 0 | + 5 | 0 | five | | 0 | | + 5 | 0 | five | | 0 | | 0 + 6 | 6 | six | | 0 | 1 | -1 + 6 | 6 | six | | 0 | 2 | 2 + 6 | 6 | six | | 0 | 3 | -3 + 6 | 6 | six | | 0 | 2 | 4 + 6 | 6 | six | | 0 | 5 | -5 + 6 | 6 | six | | 0 | 5 | -5 + 6 | 6 | six | | 0 | 0 | + 6 | 6 | six | | 0 | | + 6 | 6 | six | | 0 | | 0 + 7 | 7 | seven | | 0 | 1 | -1 + 7 | 7 | seven | | 0 | 2 | 2 + 7 | 7 | seven | | 0 | 3 | -3 + 7 | 7 | seven | | 0 | 2 | 4 + 7 | 7 | seven | | 0 | 5 | -5 + 7 | 7 | seven | | 0 | 5 | -5 + 7 | 7 | seven | | 0 | 0 | + 7 | 7 | seven | | 0 | | + 7 | 7 | seven | | 0 | | 0 + 8 | 8 | eight | | 0 | 1 | -1 + 8 | 8 | eight | | 0 | 2 | 2 + 8 | 8 | eight | | 0 | 3 | -3 + 8 | 8 | eight | | 0 | 2 | 4 + 8 | 8 | eight | | 0 | 5 | -5 + 8 | 8 | eight | | 0 | 5 | -5 + 8 | 8 | eight | | 0 | 0 | + 8 | 8 | eight | | 0 | | + 8 | 8 | eight | | 0 | | 0 + 0 | | zero | | 0 | 1 | -1 + 0 | | zero | | 0 | 2 | 2 + 0 | | zero | | 0 | 3 | -3 + 0 | | zero | | 0 | 2 | 4 + 0 | | zero | | 0 | 5 | -5 + 0 | | zero | | 0 | 5 | -5 + 0 | | zero | | 0 | 0 | + 0 | | zero | | 0 | | + 0 | | zero | | 0 | | 0 + | | null | | 0 | 1 | -1 + | | null | | 0 | 2 | 2 + | | null | | 0 | 3 | -3 + | | null | | 0 | 2 | 4 + | | null | | 0 | 5 | -5 + | | null | | 0 | 5 | -5 + | | null | | 0 | 0 | + | | null | | 0 | | + | | null | | 0 | | 0 + | 0 | zero | | 0 | 1 | -1 + | 0 | zero | | 0 | 2 | 2 + | 0 | zero | | 0 | 3 | -3 + | 0 | zero | | 0 | 2 | 4 + | 0 | zero | | 0 | 5 | -5 + | 0 | zero | | 0 | 5 | -5 + | 0 | zero | | 0 | 0 | + | 0 | zero | | 0 | | + | 0 | zero | | 0 | | 0 +(891 rows) + +-- +-- +-- Inner joins (equi-joins) +-- +-- +-- +-- Inner joins (equi-joins) with USING clause +-- The USING syntax changes the shape of the resulting table +-- by including a column in the USING clause only once in the result. +-- +-- Inner equi-join on specified column +SELECT * + FROM J1_TBL INNER JOIN J2_TBL USING (i); + i | j | t | k +---+---+-------+---- + 0 | | zero | + 1 | 4 | one | -1 + 2 | 3 | two | 2 + 2 | 3 | two | 4 + 3 | 2 | three | -3 + 5 | 0 | five | -5 + 5 | 0 | five | -5 +(7 rows) + +-- Same as above, slightly different syntax +SELECT * + FROM J1_TBL JOIN J2_TBL USING (i); + i | j | t | k +---+---+-------+---- + 0 | | zero | + 1 | 4 | one | -1 + 2 | 3 | two | 2 + 2 | 3 | two | 4 + 3 | 2 | three | -3 + 5 | 0 | five | -5 + 5 | 0 | five | -5 +(7 rows) + +SELECT * + FROM J1_TBL t1 (a, b, c) JOIN J2_TBL t2 (a, d) USING (a) + ORDER BY a, d; + a | b | c | d +---+---+-------+---- + 0 | | zero | + 1 | 4 | one | -1 + 2 | 3 | two | 2 + 2 | 3 | two | 4 + 3 | 2 | three | -3 + 5 | 0 | five | -5 + 5 | 0 | five | -5 +(7 rows) + +SELECT * + FROM J1_TBL t1 (a, b, c) JOIN J2_TBL t2 (a, b) USING (b) + ORDER BY b, t1.a; + b | a | c | a +---+---+-------+--- + 0 | 5 | five | + 0 | | zero | + 2 | 3 | three | 2 + 4 | 1 | one | 2 +(4 rows) + +-- test join using aliases +SELECT * FROM J1_TBL JOIN J2_TBL USING (i) WHERE J1_TBL.t = 'one'; -- ok + i | j | t | k +---+---+-----+---- + 1 | 4 | one | -1 +(1 row) + +SELECT * FROM J1_TBL JOIN J2_TBL USING (i) AS x WHERE J1_TBL.t = 'one'; -- ok + i | j | t | k +---+---+-----+---- + 1 | 4 | one | -1 +(1 row) + +SELECT * FROM (J1_TBL JOIN J2_TBL USING (i)) AS x WHERE J1_TBL.t = 'one'; -- error +ERROR: invalid reference to FROM-clause entry for table "j1_tbl" +LINE 1: ... * FROM (J1_TBL JOIN J2_TBL USING (i)) AS x WHERE J1_TBL.t =... + ^ +HINT: There is an entry for table "j1_tbl", but it cannot be referenced from this part of the query. +SELECT * FROM J1_TBL JOIN J2_TBL USING (i) AS x WHERE x.i = 1; -- ok + i | j | t | k +---+---+-----+---- + 1 | 4 | one | -1 +(1 row) + +SELECT * FROM J1_TBL JOIN J2_TBL USING (i) AS x WHERE x.t = 'one'; -- error +ERROR: column x.t does not exist +LINE 1: ...CT * FROM J1_TBL JOIN J2_TBL USING (i) AS x WHERE x.t = 'one... + ^ +SELECT * FROM (J1_TBL JOIN J2_TBL USING (i) AS x) AS xx WHERE x.i = 1; -- error (XXX could use better hint) +ERROR: missing FROM-clause entry for table "x" +LINE 1: ...ROM (J1_TBL JOIN J2_TBL USING (i) AS x) AS xx WHERE x.i = 1; + ^ +SELECT * FROM J1_TBL a1 JOIN J2_TBL a2 USING (i) AS a1; -- error +ERROR: table name "a1" specified more than once +SELECT x.* FROM J1_TBL JOIN J2_TBL USING (i) AS x WHERE J1_TBL.t = 'one'; + i +--- + 1 +(1 row) + +SELECT ROW(x.*) FROM J1_TBL JOIN J2_TBL USING (i) AS x WHERE J1_TBL.t = 'one'; + row +----- + (1) +(1 row) + +SELECT row_to_json(x.*) FROM J1_TBL JOIN J2_TBL USING (i) AS x WHERE J1_TBL.t = 'one'; + row_to_json +------------- + {"i":1} +(1 row) + +-- +-- NATURAL JOIN +-- Inner equi-join on all columns with the same name +-- +SELECT * + FROM J1_TBL NATURAL JOIN J2_TBL; + i | j | t | k +---+---+-------+---- + 0 | | zero | + 1 | 4 | one | -1 + 2 | 3 | two | 2 + 2 | 3 | two | 4 + 3 | 2 | three | -3 + 5 | 0 | five | -5 + 5 | 0 | five | -5 +(7 rows) + +SELECT * + FROM J1_TBL t1 (a, b, c) NATURAL JOIN J2_TBL t2 (a, d); + a | b | c | d +---+---+-------+---- + 0 | | zero | + 1 | 4 | one | -1 + 2 | 3 | two | 2 + 2 | 3 | two | 4 + 3 | 2 | three | -3 + 5 | 0 | five | -5 + 5 | 0 | five | -5 +(7 rows) + +SELECT * + FROM J1_TBL t1 (a, b, c) NATURAL JOIN J2_TBL t2 (d, a); + a | b | c | d +---+---+------+--- + 0 | | zero | + 2 | 3 | two | 2 + 4 | 1 | four | 2 +(3 rows) + +-- mismatch number of columns +-- currently, Postgres will fill in with underlying names +SELECT * + FROM J1_TBL t1 (a, b) NATURAL JOIN J2_TBL t2 (a); + a | b | t | k +---+---+-------+---- + 0 | | zero | + 1 | 4 | one | -1 + 2 | 3 | two | 2 + 2 | 3 | two | 4 + 3 | 2 | three | -3 + 5 | 0 | five | -5 + 5 | 0 | five | -5 +(7 rows) + +-- +-- Inner joins (equi-joins) +-- +SELECT * + FROM J1_TBL JOIN J2_TBL ON (J1_TBL.i = J2_TBL.i); + i | j | t | i | k +---+---+-------+---+---- + 0 | | zero | 0 | + 1 | 4 | one | 1 | -1 + 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 + 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 4 + 3 | 2 | three | 3 | -3 + 5 | 0 | five | 5 | -5 + 5 | 0 | five | 5 | -5 +(7 rows) + +SELECT * + FROM J1_TBL JOIN J2_TBL ON (J1_TBL.i = J2_TBL.k); + i | j | t | i | k +---+---+------+---+--- + 0 | | zero | | 0 + 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 + 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 4 +(3 rows) + +-- +-- Non-equi-joins +-- +SELECT * + FROM J1_TBL JOIN J2_TBL ON (J1_TBL.i <= J2_TBL.k); + i | j | t | i | k +---+---+-------+---+--- + 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 2 + 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 + 0 | | zero | 2 | 2 + 1 | 4 | one | 2 | 4 + 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 4 + 3 | 2 | three | 2 | 4 + 4 | 1 | four | 2 | 4 + 0 | | zero | 2 | 4 + 0 | | zero | | 0 +(9 rows) + +-- +-- Outer joins +-- Note that OUTER is a noise word +-- +SELECT * + FROM J1_TBL LEFT OUTER JOIN J2_TBL USING (i) + ORDER BY i, k, t; + i | j | t | k +---+---+-------+---- + 0 | | zero | + 1 | 4 | one | -1 + 2 | 3 | two | 2 + 2 | 3 | two | 4 + 3 | 2 | three | -3 + 4 | 1 | four | + 5 | 0 | five | -5 + 5 | 0 | five | -5 + 6 | 6 | six | + 7 | 7 | seven | + 8 | 8 | eight | + | | null | + | 0 | zero | +(13 rows) + +SELECT * + FROM J1_TBL LEFT JOIN J2_TBL USING (i) + ORDER BY i, k, t; + i | j | t | k +---+---+-------+---- + 0 | | zero | + 1 | 4 | one | -1 + 2 | 3 | two | 2 + 2 | 3 | two | 4 + 3 | 2 | three | -3 + 4 | 1 | four | + 5 | 0 | five | -5 + 5 | 0 | five | -5 + 6 | 6 | six | + 7 | 7 | seven | + 8 | 8 | eight | + | | null | + | 0 | zero | +(13 rows) + +SELECT * + FROM J1_TBL RIGHT OUTER JOIN J2_TBL USING (i); + i | j | t | k +---+---+-------+---- + 0 | | zero | + 1 | 4 | one | -1 + 2 | 3 | two | 2 + 2 | 3 | two | 4 + 3 | 2 | three | -3 + 5 | 0 | five | -5 + 5 | 0 | five | -5 + | | | + | | | 0 +(9 rows) + +SELECT * + FROM J1_TBL RIGHT JOIN J2_TBL USING (i); + i | j | t | k +---+---+-------+---- + 0 | | zero | + 1 | 4 | one | -1 + 2 | 3 | two | 2 + 2 | 3 | two | 4 + 3 | 2 | three | -3 + 5 | 0 | five | -5 + 5 | 0 | five | -5 + | | | + | | | 0 +(9 rows) + +SELECT * + FROM J1_TBL FULL OUTER JOIN J2_TBL USING (i) + ORDER BY i, k, t; + i | j | t | k +---+---+-------+---- + 0 | | zero | + 1 | 4 | one | -1 + 2 | 3 | two | 2 + 2 | 3 | two | 4 + 3 | 2 | three | -3 + 4 | 1 | four | + 5 | 0 | five | -5 + 5 | 0 | five | -5 + 6 | 6 | six | + 7 | 7 | seven | + 8 | 8 | eight | + | | | 0 + | | null | + | 0 | zero | + | | | +(15 rows) + +SELECT * + FROM J1_TBL FULL JOIN J2_TBL USING (i) + ORDER BY i, k, t; + i | j | t | k +---+---+-------+---- + 0 | | zero | + 1 | 4 | one | -1 + 2 | 3 | two | 2 + 2 | 3 | two | 4 + 3 | 2 | three | -3 + 4 | 1 | four | + 5 | 0 | five | -5 + 5 | 0 | five | -5 + 6 | 6 | six | + 7 | 7 | seven | + 8 | 8 | eight | + | | | 0 + | | null | + | 0 | zero | + | | | +(15 rows) + +SELECT * + FROM J1_TBL LEFT JOIN J2_TBL USING (i) WHERE (k = 1); + i | j | t | k +---+---+---+--- +(0 rows) + +SELECT * + FROM J1_TBL LEFT JOIN J2_TBL USING (i) WHERE (i = 1); + i | j | t | k +---+---+-----+---- + 1 | 4 | one | -1 +(1 row) + +-- +-- semijoin selectivity for <> +-- +explain (costs off) +select * from int4_tbl i4, tenk1 a +where exists(select * from tenk1 b + where a.twothousand = b.twothousand and a.fivethous <> b.fivethous) + and i4.f1 = a.tenthous; + QUERY PLAN +---------------------------------------------- + Hash Semi Join + Hash Cond: (a.twothousand = b.twothousand) + Join Filter: (a.fivethous <> b.fivethous) + -> Hash Join + Hash Cond: (a.tenthous = i4.f1) + -> Seq Scan on tenk1 a + -> Hash + -> Seq Scan on int4_tbl i4 + -> Hash + -> Seq Scan on tenk1 b +(10 rows) + +-- +-- More complicated constructs +-- +-- +-- Multiway full join +-- +CREATE TABLE t1 (name TEXT, n INTEGER); +CREATE TABLE t2 (name TEXT, n INTEGER); +CREATE TABLE t3 (name TEXT, n INTEGER); +INSERT INTO t1 VALUES ( 'bb', 11 ); +INSERT INTO t2 VALUES ( 'bb', 12 ); +INSERT INTO t2 VALUES ( 'cc', 22 ); +INSERT INTO t2 VALUES ( 'ee', 42 ); +INSERT INTO t3 VALUES ( 'bb', 13 ); +INSERT INTO t3 VALUES ( 'cc', 23 ); +INSERT INTO t3 VALUES ( 'dd', 33 ); +SELECT * FROM t1 FULL JOIN t2 USING (name) FULL JOIN t3 USING (name); + name | n | n | n +------+----+----+---- + bb | 11 | 12 | 13 + cc | | 22 | 23 + dd | | | 33 + ee | | 42 | +(4 rows) + +-- +-- Test interactions of join syntax and subqueries +-- +-- Basic cases (we expect planner to pull up the subquery here) +SELECT * FROM +(SELECT * FROM t2) as s2 +INNER JOIN +(SELECT * FROM t3) s3 +USING (name); + name | n | n +------+----+---- + bb | 12 | 13 + cc | 22 | 23 +(2 rows) + +SELECT * FROM +(SELECT * FROM t2) as s2 +LEFT JOIN +(SELECT * FROM t3) s3 +USING (name); + name | n | n +------+----+---- + bb | 12 | 13 + cc | 22 | 23 + ee | 42 | +(3 rows) + +SELECT * FROM +(SELECT * FROM t2) as s2 +FULL JOIN +(SELECT * FROM t3) s3 +USING (name); + name | n | n +------+----+---- + bb | 12 | 13 + cc | 22 | 23 + dd | | 33 + ee | 42 | +(4 rows) + +-- Cases with non-nullable expressions in subquery results; +-- make sure these go to null as expected +SELECT * FROM +(SELECT name, n as s2_n, 2 as s2_2 FROM t2) as s2 +NATURAL INNER JOIN +(SELECT name, n as s3_n, 3 as s3_2 FROM t3) s3; + name | s2_n | s2_2 | s3_n | s3_2 +------+------+------+------+------ + bb | 12 | 2 | 13 | 3 + cc | 22 | 2 | 23 | 3 +(2 rows) + +SELECT * FROM +(SELECT name, n as s2_n, 2 as s2_2 FROM t2) as s2 +NATURAL LEFT JOIN +(SELECT name, n as s3_n, 3 as s3_2 FROM t3) s3; + name | s2_n | s2_2 | s3_n | s3_2 +------+------+------+------+------ + bb | 12 | 2 | 13 | 3 + cc | 22 | 2 | 23 | 3 + ee | 42 | 2 | | +(3 rows) + +SELECT * FROM +(SELECT name, n as s2_n, 2 as s2_2 FROM t2) as s2 +NATURAL FULL JOIN +(SELECT name, n as s3_n, 3 as s3_2 FROM t3) s3; + name | s2_n | s2_2 | s3_n | s3_2 +------+------+------+------+------ + bb | 12 | 2 | 13 | 3 + cc | 22 | 2 | 23 | 3 + dd | | | 33 | 3 + ee | 42 | 2 | | +(4 rows) + +SELECT * FROM +(SELECT name, n as s1_n, 1 as s1_1 FROM t1) as s1 +NATURAL INNER JOIN +(SELECT name, n as s2_n, 2 as s2_2 FROM t2) as s2 +NATURAL INNER JOIN +(SELECT name, n as s3_n, 3 as s3_2 FROM t3) s3; + name | s1_n | s1_1 | s2_n | s2_2 | s3_n | s3_2 +------+------+------+------+------+------+------ + bb | 11 | 1 | 12 | 2 | 13 | 3 +(1 row) + +SELECT * FROM +(SELECT name, n as s1_n, 1 as s1_1 FROM t1) as s1 +NATURAL FULL JOIN +(SELECT name, n as s2_n, 2 as s2_2 FROM t2) as s2 +NATURAL FULL JOIN +(SELECT name, n as s3_n, 3 as s3_2 FROM t3) s3; + name | s1_n | s1_1 | s2_n | s2_2 | s3_n | s3_2 +------+------+------+------+------+------+------ + bb | 11 | 1 | 12 | 2 | 13 | 3 + cc | | | 22 | 2 | 23 | 3 + dd | | | | | 33 | 3 + ee | | | 42 | 2 | | +(4 rows) + +SELECT * FROM +(SELECT name, n as s1_n FROM t1) as s1 +NATURAL FULL JOIN + (SELECT * FROM + (SELECT name, n as s2_n FROM t2) as s2 + NATURAL FULL JOIN + (SELECT name, n as s3_n FROM t3) as s3 + ) ss2; + name | s1_n | s2_n | s3_n +------+------+------+------ + bb | 11 | 12 | 13 + cc | | 22 | 23 + dd | | | 33 + ee | | 42 | +(4 rows) + +SELECT * FROM +(SELECT name, n as s1_n FROM t1) as s1 +NATURAL FULL JOIN + (SELECT * FROM + (SELECT name, n as s2_n, 2 as s2_2 FROM t2) as s2 + NATURAL FULL JOIN + (SELECT name, n as s3_n FROM t3) as s3 + ) ss2; + name | s1_n | s2_n | s2_2 | s3_n +------+------+------+------+------ + bb | 11 | 12 | 2 | 13 + cc | | 22 | 2 | 23 + dd | | | | 33 + ee | | 42 | 2 | +(4 rows) + +-- Constants as join keys can also be problematic +SELECT * FROM + (SELECT name, n as s1_n FROM t1) as s1 +FULL JOIN + (SELECT name, 2 as s2_n FROM t2) as s2 +ON (s1_n = s2_n); + name | s1_n | name | s2_n +------+------+------+------ + | | bb | 2 + | | cc | 2 + | | ee | 2 + bb | 11 | | +(4 rows) + +-- Test for propagation of nullability constraints into sub-joins +create temp table x (x1 int, x2 int); +insert into x values (1,11); +insert into x values (2,22); +insert into x values (3,null); +insert into x values (4,44); +insert into x values (5,null); +create temp table y (y1 int, y2 int); +insert into y values (1,111); +insert into y values (2,222); +insert into y values (3,333); +insert into y values (4,null); +select * from x; + x1 | x2 +----+---- + 1 | 11 + 2 | 22 + 3 | + 4 | 44 + 5 | +(5 rows) + +select * from y; + y1 | y2 +----+----- + 1 | 111 + 2 | 222 + 3 | 333 + 4 | +(4 rows) + +select * from x left join y on (x1 = y1 and x2 is not null); + x1 | x2 | y1 | y2 +----+----+----+----- + 1 | 11 | 1 | 111 + 2 | 22 | 2 | 222 + 3 | | | + 4 | 44 | 4 | + 5 | | | +(5 rows) + +select * from x left join y on (x1 = y1 and y2 is not null); + x1 | x2 | y1 | y2 +----+----+----+----- + 1 | 11 | 1 | 111 + 2 | 22 | 2 | 222 + 3 | | 3 | 333 + 4 | 44 | | + 5 | | | +(5 rows) + +select * from (x left join y on (x1 = y1)) left join x xx(xx1,xx2) +on (x1 = xx1); + x1 | x2 | y1 | y2 | xx1 | xx2 +----+----+----+-----+-----+----- + 1 | 11 | 1 | 111 | 1 | 11 + 2 | 22 | 2 | 222 | 2 | 22 + 3 | | 3 | 333 | 3 | + 4 | 44 | 4 | | 4 | 44 + 5 | | | | 5 | +(5 rows) + +select * from (x left join y on (x1 = y1)) left join x xx(xx1,xx2) +on (x1 = xx1 and x2 is not null); + x1 | x2 | y1 | y2 | xx1 | xx2 +----+----+----+-----+-----+----- + 1 | 11 | 1 | 111 | 1 | 11 + 2 | 22 | 2 | 222 | 2 | 22 + 3 | | 3 | 333 | | + 4 | 44 | 4 | | 4 | 44 + 5 | | | | | +(5 rows) + +select * from (x left join y on (x1 = y1)) left join x xx(xx1,xx2) +on (x1 = xx1 and y2 is not null); + x1 | x2 | y1 | y2 | xx1 | xx2 +----+----+----+-----+-----+----- + 1 | 11 | 1 | 111 | 1 | 11 + 2 | 22 | 2 | 222 | 2 | 22 + 3 | | 3 | 333 | 3 | + 4 | 44 | 4 | | | + 5 | | | | | +(5 rows) + +select * from (x left join y on (x1 = y1)) left join x xx(xx1,xx2) +on (x1 = xx1 and xx2 is not null); + x1 | x2 | y1 | y2 | xx1 | xx2 +----+----+----+-----+-----+----- + 1 | 11 | 1 | 111 | 1 | 11 + 2 | 22 | 2 | 222 | 2 | 22 + 3 | | 3 | 333 | | + 4 | 44 | 4 | | 4 | 44 + 5 | | | | | +(5 rows) + +-- these should NOT give the same answers as above +select * from (x left join y on (x1 = y1)) left join x xx(xx1,xx2) +on (x1 = xx1) where (x2 is not null); + x1 | x2 | y1 | y2 | xx1 | xx2 +----+----+----+-----+-----+----- + 1 | 11 | 1 | 111 | 1 | 11 + 2 | 22 | 2 | 222 | 2 | 22 + 4 | 44 | 4 | | 4 | 44 +(3 rows) + +select * from (x left join y on (x1 = y1)) left join x xx(xx1,xx2) +on (x1 = xx1) where (y2 is not null); + x1 | x2 | y1 | y2 | xx1 | xx2 +----+----+----+-----+-----+----- + 1 | 11 | 1 | 111 | 1 | 11 + 2 | 22 | 2 | 222 | 2 | 22 + 3 | | 3 | 333 | 3 | +(3 rows) + +select * from (x left join y on (x1 = y1)) left join x xx(xx1,xx2) +on (x1 = xx1) where (xx2 is not null); + x1 | x2 | y1 | y2 | xx1 | xx2 +----+----+----+-----+-----+----- + 1 | 11 | 1 | 111 | 1 | 11 + 2 | 22 | 2 | 222 | 2 | 22 + 4 | 44 | 4 | | 4 | 44 +(3 rows) + +-- +-- regression test: check for bug with propagation of implied equality +-- to outside an IN +-- +select count(*) from tenk1 a where unique1 in + (select unique1 from tenk1 b join tenk1 c using (unique1) + where b.unique2 = 42); + count +------- + 1 +(1 row) + +-- +-- regression test: check for failure to generate a plan with multiple +-- degenerate IN clauses +-- +select count(*) from tenk1 x where + x.unique1 in (select a.f1 from int4_tbl a,float8_tbl b where a.f1=b.f1) and + x.unique1 = 0 and + x.unique1 in (select aa.f1 from int4_tbl aa,float8_tbl bb where aa.f1=bb.f1); + count +------- + 1 +(1 row) + +-- try that with GEQO too +begin; +set geqo = on; +set geqo_threshold = 2; +select count(*) from tenk1 x where + x.unique1 in (select a.f1 from int4_tbl a,float8_tbl b where a.f1=b.f1) and + x.unique1 = 0 and + x.unique1 in (select aa.f1 from int4_tbl aa,float8_tbl bb where aa.f1=bb.f1); + count +------- + 1 +(1 row) + +rollback; +-- +-- regression test: be sure we cope with proven-dummy append rels +-- +explain (costs off) +select aa, bb, unique1, unique1 + from tenk1 right join b_star on aa = unique1 + where bb < bb and bb is null; + QUERY PLAN +-------------------------- + Result + One-Time Filter: false +(2 rows) + +select aa, bb, unique1, unique1 + from tenk1 right join b_star on aa = unique1 + where bb < bb and bb is null; + aa | bb | unique1 | unique1 +----+----+---------+--------- +(0 rows) + +-- +-- regression test: check handling of empty-FROM subquery underneath outer join +-- +explain (costs off) +select * from int8_tbl i1 left join (int8_tbl i2 join + (select 123 as x) ss on i2.q1 = x) on i1.q2 = i2.q2 +order by 1, 2; + QUERY PLAN +------------------------------------------- + Sort + Sort Key: i1.q1, i1.q2 + -> Hash Left Join + Hash Cond: (i1.q2 = i2.q2) + -> Seq Scan on int8_tbl i1 + -> Hash + -> Seq Scan on int8_tbl i2 + Filter: (q1 = 123) +(8 rows) + +select * from int8_tbl i1 left join (int8_tbl i2 join + (select 123 as x) ss on i2.q1 = x) on i1.q2 = i2.q2 +order by 1, 2; + q1 | q2 | q1 | q2 | x +------------------+-------------------+-----+------------------+----- + 123 | 456 | 123 | 456 | 123 + 123 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 123 + 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | | | + 4567890123456789 | 123 | | | + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 123 +(5 rows) + +-- +-- regression test: check a case where join_clause_is_movable_into() gives +-- an imprecise result, causing an assertion failure +-- +select count(*) +from + (select t3.tenthous as x1, coalesce(t1.stringu1, t2.stringu1) as x2 + from tenk1 t1 + left join tenk1 t2 on t1.unique1 = t2.unique1 + join tenk1 t3 on t1.unique2 = t3.unique2) ss, + tenk1 t4, + tenk1 t5 +where t4.thousand = t5.unique1 and ss.x1 = t4.tenthous and ss.x2 = t5.stringu1; + count +------- + 1000 +(1 row) + +-- +-- regression test: check a case where we formerly missed including an EC +-- enforcement clause because it was expected to be handled at scan level +-- +explain (costs off) +select a.f1, b.f1, t.thousand, t.tenthous from + tenk1 t, + (select sum(f1)+1 as f1 from int4_tbl i4a) a, + (select sum(f1) as f1 from int4_tbl i4b) b +where b.f1 = t.thousand and a.f1 = b.f1 and (a.f1+b.f1+999) = t.tenthous; + QUERY PLAN +----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + Nested Loop + -> Aggregate + -> Seq Scan on int4_tbl i4b + -> Nested Loop + Join Filter: ((sum(i4b.f1)) = ((sum(i4a.f1) + 1))) + -> Aggregate + -> Seq Scan on int4_tbl i4a + -> Index Only Scan using tenk1_thous_tenthous on tenk1 t + Index Cond: ((thousand = (sum(i4b.f1))) AND (tenthous = ((((sum(i4a.f1) + 1)) + (sum(i4b.f1))) + 999))) +(9 rows) + +select a.f1, b.f1, t.thousand, t.tenthous from + tenk1 t, + (select sum(f1)+1 as f1 from int4_tbl i4a) a, + (select sum(f1) as f1 from int4_tbl i4b) b +where b.f1 = t.thousand and a.f1 = b.f1 and (a.f1+b.f1+999) = t.tenthous; + f1 | f1 | thousand | tenthous +----+----+----------+---------- +(0 rows) + +-- +-- check a case where we formerly got confused by conflicting sort orders +-- in redundant merge join path keys +-- +explain (costs off) +select * from + j1_tbl full join + (select * from j2_tbl order by j2_tbl.i desc, j2_tbl.k asc) j2_tbl + on j1_tbl.i = j2_tbl.i and j1_tbl.i = j2_tbl.k; + QUERY PLAN +----------------------------------------------------------------- + Merge Full Join + Merge Cond: ((j2_tbl.i = j1_tbl.i) AND (j2_tbl.k = j1_tbl.i)) + -> Sort + Sort Key: j2_tbl.i DESC, j2_tbl.k + -> Seq Scan on j2_tbl + -> Sort + Sort Key: j1_tbl.i DESC + -> Seq Scan on j1_tbl +(8 rows) + +select * from + j1_tbl full join + (select * from j2_tbl order by j2_tbl.i desc, j2_tbl.k asc) j2_tbl + on j1_tbl.i = j2_tbl.i and j1_tbl.i = j2_tbl.k; + i | j | t | i | k +---+---+-------+---+---- + | | | | 0 + | | | | + | 0 | zero | | + | | null | | + 8 | 8 | eight | | + 7 | 7 | seven | | + 6 | 6 | six | | + | | | 5 | -5 + | | | 5 | -5 + 5 | 0 | five | | + 4 | 1 | four | | + | | | 3 | -3 + 3 | 2 | three | | + 2 | 3 | two | 2 | 2 + | | | 2 | 4 + | | | 1 | -1 + | | | 0 | + 1 | 4 | one | | + 0 | | zero | | +(19 rows) + +-- +-- a different check for handling of redundant sort keys in merge joins +-- +explain (costs off) +select count(*) from + (select * from tenk1 x order by x.thousand, x.twothousand, x.fivethous) x + left join + (select * from tenk1 y order by y.unique2) y + on x.thousand = y.unique2 and x.twothousand = y.hundred and x.fivethous = y.unique2; + QUERY PLAN +---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + Aggregate + -> Merge Left Join + Merge Cond: (x.thousand = y.unique2) + Join Filter: ((x.twothousand = y.hundred) AND (x.fivethous = y.unique2)) + -> Sort + Sort Key: x.thousand, x.twothousand, x.fivethous + -> Seq Scan on tenk1 x + -> Materialize + -> Index Scan using tenk1_unique2 on tenk1 y +(9 rows) + +select count(*) from + (select * from tenk1 x order by x.thousand, x.twothousand, x.fivethous) x + left join + (select * from tenk1 y order by y.unique2) y + on x.thousand = y.unique2 and x.twothousand = y.hundred and x.fivethous = y.unique2; + count +------- + 10000 +(1 row) + +-- +-- Clean up +-- +DROP TABLE t1; +DROP TABLE t2; +DROP TABLE t3; +DROP TABLE J1_TBL; +DROP TABLE J2_TBL; +-- Both DELETE and UPDATE allow the specification of additional tables +-- to "join" against to determine which rows should be modified. +CREATE TEMP TABLE t1 (a int, b int); +CREATE TEMP TABLE t2 (a int, b int); +CREATE TEMP TABLE t3 (x int, y int); +INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (5, 10); +INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (15, 20); +INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (100, 100); +INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (200, 1000); +INSERT INTO t2 VALUES (200, 2000); +INSERT INTO t3 VALUES (5, 20); +INSERT INTO t3 VALUES (6, 7); +INSERT INTO t3 VALUES (7, 8); +INSERT INTO t3 VALUES (500, 100); +DELETE FROM t3 USING t1 table1 WHERE t3.x = table1.a; +SELECT * FROM t3; + x | y +-----+----- + 6 | 7 + 7 | 8 + 500 | 100 +(3 rows) + +DELETE FROM t3 USING t1 JOIN t2 USING (a) WHERE t3.x > t1.a; +SELECT * FROM t3; + x | y +---+--- + 6 | 7 + 7 | 8 +(2 rows) + +DELETE FROM t3 USING t3 t3_other WHERE t3.x = t3_other.x AND t3.y = t3_other.y; +SELECT * FROM t3; + x | y +---+--- +(0 rows) + +-- Test join against inheritance tree +create temp table t2a () inherits (t2); +insert into t2a values (200, 2001); +select * from t1 left join t2 on (t1.a = t2.a); + a | b | a | b +-----+------+-----+------ + 5 | 10 | | + 15 | 20 | | + 100 | 100 | | + 200 | 1000 | 200 | 2000 + 200 | 1000 | 200 | 2001 +(5 rows) + +-- Test matching of column name with wrong alias +select t1.x from t1 join t3 on (t1.a = t3.x); +ERROR: column t1.x does not exist +LINE 1: select t1.x from t1 join t3 on (t1.a = t3.x); + ^ +HINT: Perhaps you meant to reference the column "t3.x". +-- Test matching of locking clause with wrong alias +select t1.*, t2.*, unnamed_join.* from + t1 join t2 on (t1.a = t2.a), t3 as unnamed_join + for update of unnamed_join; + a | b | a | b | x | y +---+---+---+---+---+--- +(0 rows) + +select foo.*, unnamed_join.* from + t1 join t2 using (a) as foo, t3 as unnamed_join + for update of unnamed_join; + a | x | y +---+---+--- +(0 rows) + +select foo.*, unnamed_join.* from + t1 join t2 using (a) as foo, t3 as unnamed_join + for update of foo; +ERROR: FOR UPDATE cannot be applied to a join +LINE 3: for update of foo; + ^ +select bar.*, unnamed_join.* from + (t1 join t2 using (a) as foo) as bar, t3 as unnamed_join + for update of foo; +ERROR: relation "foo" in FOR UPDATE clause not found in FROM clause +LINE 3: for update of foo; + ^ +select bar.*, unnamed_join.* from + (t1 join t2 using (a) as foo) as bar, t3 as unnamed_join + for update of bar; +ERROR: FOR UPDATE cannot be applied to a join +LINE 3: for update of bar; + ^ +-- +-- regression test for 8.1 merge right join bug +-- +CREATE TEMP TABLE tt1 ( tt1_id int4, joincol int4 ); +INSERT INTO tt1 VALUES (1, 11); +INSERT INTO tt1 VALUES (2, NULL); +CREATE TEMP TABLE tt2 ( tt2_id int4, joincol int4 ); +INSERT INTO tt2 VALUES (21, 11); +INSERT INTO tt2 VALUES (22, 11); +set enable_hashjoin to off; +set enable_nestloop to off; +-- these should give the same results +select tt1.*, tt2.* from tt1 left join tt2 on tt1.joincol = tt2.joincol; + tt1_id | joincol | tt2_id | joincol +--------+---------+--------+--------- + 1 | 11 | 21 | 11 + 1 | 11 | 22 | 11 + 2 | | | +(3 rows) + +select tt1.*, tt2.* from tt2 right join tt1 on tt1.joincol = tt2.joincol; + tt1_id | joincol | tt2_id | joincol +--------+---------+--------+--------- + 1 | 11 | 21 | 11 + 1 | 11 | 22 | 11 + 2 | | | +(3 rows) + +reset enable_hashjoin; +reset enable_nestloop; +-- +-- regression test for bug #13908 (hash join with skew tuples & nbatch increase) +-- +set work_mem to '64kB'; +set enable_mergejoin to off; +set enable_memoize to off; +explain (costs off) +select count(*) from tenk1 a, tenk1 b + where a.hundred = b.thousand and (b.fivethous % 10) < 10; + QUERY PLAN +------------------------------------------------------------ + Aggregate + -> Hash Join + Hash Cond: (a.hundred = b.thousand) + -> Index Only Scan using tenk1_hundred on tenk1 a + -> Hash + -> Seq Scan on tenk1 b + Filter: ((fivethous % 10) < 10) +(7 rows) + +select count(*) from tenk1 a, tenk1 b + where a.hundred = b.thousand and (b.fivethous % 10) < 10; + count +-------- + 100000 +(1 row) + +reset work_mem; +reset enable_mergejoin; +reset enable_memoize; +-- +-- regression test for 8.2 bug with improper re-ordering of left joins +-- +create temp table tt3(f1 int, f2 text); +insert into tt3 select x, repeat('xyzzy', 100) from generate_series(1,10000) x; +create index tt3i on tt3(f1); +analyze tt3; +create temp table tt4(f1 int); +insert into tt4 values (0),(1),(9999); +analyze tt4; +SELECT a.f1 +FROM tt4 a +LEFT JOIN ( + SELECT b.f1 + FROM tt3 b LEFT JOIN tt3 c ON (b.f1 = c.f1) + WHERE c.f1 IS NULL +) AS d ON (a.f1 = d.f1) +WHERE d.f1 IS NULL; + f1 +------ + 0 + 1 + 9999 +(3 rows) + +-- +-- regression test for proper handling of outer joins within antijoins +-- +create temp table tt4x(c1 int, c2 int, c3 int); +explain (costs off) +select * from tt4x t1 +where not exists ( + select 1 from tt4x t2 + left join tt4x t3 on t2.c3 = t3.c1 + left join ( select t5.c1 as c1 + from tt4x t4 left join tt4x t5 on t4.c2 = t5.c1 + ) a1 on t3.c2 = a1.c1 + where t1.c1 = t2.c2 +); + QUERY PLAN +--------------------------------------------------------- + Hash Anti Join + Hash Cond: (t1.c1 = t2.c2) + -> Seq Scan on tt4x t1 + -> Hash + -> Merge Right Join + Merge Cond: (t5.c1 = t3.c2) + -> Merge Join + Merge Cond: (t4.c2 = t5.c1) + -> Sort + Sort Key: t4.c2 + -> Seq Scan on tt4x t4 + -> Sort + Sort Key: t5.c1 + -> Seq Scan on tt4x t5 + -> Sort + Sort Key: t3.c2 + -> Merge Left Join + Merge Cond: (t2.c3 = t3.c1) + -> Sort + Sort Key: t2.c3 + -> Seq Scan on tt4x t2 + -> Sort + Sort Key: t3.c1 + -> Seq Scan on tt4x t3 +(24 rows) + +-- +-- regression test for problems of the sort depicted in bug #3494 +-- +create temp table tt5(f1 int, f2 int); +create temp table tt6(f1 int, f2 int); +insert into tt5 values(1, 10); +insert into tt5 values(1, 11); +insert into tt6 values(1, 9); +insert into tt6 values(1, 2); +insert into tt6 values(2, 9); +select * from tt5,tt6 where tt5.f1 = tt6.f1 and tt5.f1 = tt5.f2 - tt6.f2; + f1 | f2 | f1 | f2 +----+----+----+---- + 1 | 10 | 1 | 9 +(1 row) + +-- +-- regression test for problems of the sort depicted in bug #3588 +-- +create temp table xx (pkxx int); +create temp table yy (pkyy int, pkxx int); +insert into xx values (1); +insert into xx values (2); +insert into xx values (3); +insert into yy values (101, 1); +insert into yy values (201, 2); +insert into yy values (301, NULL); +select yy.pkyy as yy_pkyy, yy.pkxx as yy_pkxx, yya.pkyy as yya_pkyy, + xxa.pkxx as xxa_pkxx, xxb.pkxx as xxb_pkxx +from yy + left join (SELECT * FROM yy where pkyy = 101) as yya ON yy.pkyy = yya.pkyy + left join xx xxa on yya.pkxx = xxa.pkxx + left join xx xxb on coalesce (xxa.pkxx, 1) = xxb.pkxx; + yy_pkyy | yy_pkxx | yya_pkyy | xxa_pkxx | xxb_pkxx +---------+---------+----------+----------+---------- + 101 | 1 | 101 | 1 | 1 + 201 | 2 | | | 1 + 301 | | | | 1 +(3 rows) + +-- +-- regression test for improper pushing of constants across outer-join clauses +-- (as seen in early 8.2.x releases) +-- +create temp table zt1 (f1 int primary key); +create temp table zt2 (f2 int primary key); +create temp table zt3 (f3 int primary key); +insert into zt1 values(53); +insert into zt2 values(53); +select * from + zt2 left join zt3 on (f2 = f3) + left join zt1 on (f3 = f1) +where f2 = 53; + f2 | f3 | f1 +----+----+---- + 53 | | +(1 row) + +create temp view zv1 as select *,'dummy'::text AS junk from zt1; +select * from + zt2 left join zt3 on (f2 = f3) + left join zv1 on (f3 = f1) +where f2 = 53; + f2 | f3 | f1 | junk +----+----+----+------ + 53 | | | +(1 row) + +-- +-- regression test for improper extraction of OR indexqual conditions +-- (as seen in early 8.3.x releases) +-- +select a.unique2, a.ten, b.tenthous, b.unique2, b.hundred +from tenk1 a left join tenk1 b on a.unique2 = b.tenthous +where a.unique1 = 42 and + ((b.unique2 is null and a.ten = 2) or b.hundred = 3); + unique2 | ten | tenthous | unique2 | hundred +---------+-----+----------+---------+--------- +(0 rows) + +-- +-- test proper positioning of one-time quals in EXISTS (8.4devel bug) +-- +prepare foo(bool) as + select count(*) from tenk1 a left join tenk1 b + on (a.unique2 = b.unique1 and exists + (select 1 from tenk1 c where c.thousand = b.unique2 and $1)); +execute foo(true); + count +------- + 10000 +(1 row) + +execute foo(false); + count +------- + 10000 +(1 row) + +-- +-- test for sane behavior with noncanonical merge clauses, per bug #4926 +-- +begin; +set enable_mergejoin = 1; +set enable_hashjoin = 0; +set enable_nestloop = 0; +create temp table a (i integer); +create temp table b (x integer, y integer); +select * from a left join b on i = x and i = y and x = i; + i | x | y +---+---+--- +(0 rows) + +rollback; +-- +-- test handling of merge clauses using record_ops +-- +begin; +create type mycomptype as (id int, v bigint); +create temp table tidv (idv mycomptype); +create index on tidv (idv); +explain (costs off) +select a.idv, b.idv from tidv a, tidv b where a.idv = b.idv; + QUERY PLAN +---------------------------------------------------------- + Merge Join + Merge Cond: (a.idv = b.idv) + -> Index Only Scan using tidv_idv_idx on tidv a + -> Materialize + -> Index Only Scan using tidv_idv_idx on tidv b +(5 rows) + +set enable_mergejoin = 0; +set enable_hashjoin = 0; +explain (costs off) +select a.idv, b.idv from tidv a, tidv b where a.idv = b.idv; + QUERY PLAN +---------------------------------------------------- + Nested Loop + -> Seq Scan on tidv a + -> Index Only Scan using tidv_idv_idx on tidv b + Index Cond: (idv = a.idv) +(4 rows) + +rollback; +-- +-- test NULL behavior of whole-row Vars, per bug #5025 +-- +select t1.q2, count(t2.*) +from int8_tbl t1 left join int8_tbl t2 on (t1.q2 = t2.q1) +group by t1.q2 order by 1; + q2 | count +-------------------+------- + -4567890123456789 | 0 + 123 | 2 + 456 | 0 + 4567890123456789 | 6 +(4 rows) + +select t1.q2, count(t2.*) +from int8_tbl t1 left join (select * from int8_tbl) t2 on (t1.q2 = t2.q1) +group by t1.q2 order by 1; + q2 | count +-------------------+------- + -4567890123456789 | 0 + 123 | 2 + 456 | 0 + 4567890123456789 | 6 +(4 rows) + +select t1.q2, count(t2.*) +from int8_tbl t1 left join (select * from int8_tbl offset 0) t2 on (t1.q2 = t2.q1) +group by t1.q2 order by 1; + q2 | count +-------------------+------- + -4567890123456789 | 0 + 123 | 2 + 456 | 0 + 4567890123456789 | 6 +(4 rows) + +select t1.q2, count(t2.*) +from int8_tbl t1 left join + (select q1, case when q2=1 then 1 else q2 end as q2 from int8_tbl) t2 + on (t1.q2 = t2.q1) +group by t1.q2 order by 1; + q2 | count +-------------------+------- + -4567890123456789 | 0 + 123 | 2 + 456 | 0 + 4567890123456789 | 6 +(4 rows) + +-- +-- test incorrect failure to NULL pulled-up subexpressions +-- +begin; +create temp table a ( + code char not null, + constraint a_pk primary key (code) +); +create temp table b ( + a char not null, + num integer not null, + constraint b_pk primary key (a, num) +); +create temp table c ( + name char not null, + a char, + constraint c_pk primary key (name) +); +insert into a (code) values ('p'); +insert into a (code) values ('q'); +insert into b (a, num) values ('p', 1); +insert into b (a, num) values ('p', 2); +insert into c (name, a) values ('A', 'p'); +insert into c (name, a) values ('B', 'q'); +insert into c (name, a) values ('C', null); +select c.name, ss.code, ss.b_cnt, ss.const +from c left join + (select a.code, coalesce(b_grp.cnt, 0) as b_cnt, -1 as const + from a left join + (select count(1) as cnt, b.a from b group by b.a) as b_grp + on a.code = b_grp.a + ) as ss + on (c.a = ss.code) +order by c.name; + name | code | b_cnt | const +------+------+-------+------- + A | p | 2 | -1 + B | q | 0 | -1 + C | | | +(3 rows) + +rollback; +-- +-- test incorrect handling of placeholders that only appear in targetlists, +-- per bug #6154 +-- +SELECT * FROM +( SELECT 1 as key1 ) sub1 +LEFT JOIN +( SELECT sub3.key3, sub4.value2, COALESCE(sub4.value2, 66) as value3 FROM + ( SELECT 1 as key3 ) sub3 + LEFT JOIN + ( SELECT sub5.key5, COALESCE(sub6.value1, 1) as value2 FROM + ( SELECT 1 as key5 ) sub5 + LEFT JOIN + ( SELECT 2 as key6, 42 as value1 ) sub6 + ON sub5.key5 = sub6.key6 + ) sub4 + ON sub4.key5 = sub3.key3 +) sub2 +ON sub1.key1 = sub2.key3; + key1 | key3 | value2 | value3 +------+------+--------+-------- + 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 +(1 row) + +-- test the path using join aliases, too +SELECT * FROM +( SELECT 1 as key1 ) sub1 +LEFT JOIN +( SELECT sub3.key3, value2, COALESCE(value2, 66) as value3 FROM + ( SELECT 1 as key3 ) sub3 + LEFT JOIN + ( SELECT sub5.key5, COALESCE(sub6.value1, 1) as value2 FROM + ( SELECT 1 as key5 ) sub5 + LEFT JOIN + ( SELECT 2 as key6, 42 as value1 ) sub6 + ON sub5.key5 = sub6.key6 + ) sub4 + ON sub4.key5 = sub3.key3 +) sub2 +ON sub1.key1 = sub2.key3; + key1 | key3 | value2 | value3 +------+------+--------+-------- + 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 +(1 row) + +-- +-- test case where a PlaceHolderVar is used as a nestloop parameter +-- +EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) +SELECT qq, unique1 + FROM + ( SELECT COALESCE(q1, 0) AS qq FROM int8_tbl a ) AS ss1 + FULL OUTER JOIN + ( SELECT COALESCE(q2, -1) AS qq FROM int8_tbl b ) AS ss2 + USING (qq) + INNER JOIN tenk1 c ON qq = unique2; + QUERY PLAN +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + Nested Loop + -> Hash Full Join + Hash Cond: ((COALESCE(a.q1, '0'::bigint)) = (COALESCE(b.q2, '-1'::bigint))) + -> Seq Scan on int8_tbl a + -> Hash + -> Seq Scan on int8_tbl b + -> Index Scan using tenk1_unique2 on tenk1 c + Index Cond: (unique2 = COALESCE((COALESCE(a.q1, '0'::bigint)), (COALESCE(b.q2, '-1'::bigint)))) +(8 rows) + +SELECT qq, unique1 + FROM + ( SELECT COALESCE(q1, 0) AS qq FROM int8_tbl a ) AS ss1 + FULL OUTER JOIN + ( SELECT COALESCE(q2, -1) AS qq FROM int8_tbl b ) AS ss2 + USING (qq) + INNER JOIN tenk1 c ON qq = unique2; + qq | unique1 +-----+--------- + 123 | 4596 + 123 | 4596 + 456 | 7318 +(3 rows) + +-- +-- nested nestloops can require nested PlaceHolderVars +-- +create temp table nt1 ( + id int primary key, + a1 boolean, + a2 boolean +); +create temp table nt2 ( + id int primary key, + nt1_id int, + b1 boolean, + b2 boolean, + foreign key (nt1_id) references nt1(id) +); +create temp table nt3 ( + id int primary key, + nt2_id int, + c1 boolean, + foreign key (nt2_id) references nt2(id) +); +insert into nt1 values (1,true,true); +insert into nt1 values (2,true,false); +insert into nt1 values (3,false,false); +insert into nt2 values (1,1,true,true); +insert into nt2 values (2,2,true,false); +insert into nt2 values (3,3,false,false); +insert into nt3 values (1,1,true); +insert into nt3 values (2,2,false); +insert into nt3 values (3,3,true); +explain (costs off) +select nt3.id +from nt3 as nt3 + left join + (select nt2.*, (nt2.b1 and ss1.a3) AS b3 + from nt2 as nt2 + left join + (select nt1.*, (nt1.id is not null) as a3 from nt1) as ss1 + on ss1.id = nt2.nt1_id + ) as ss2 + on ss2.id = nt3.nt2_id +where nt3.id = 1 and ss2.b3; + QUERY PLAN +----------------------------------------------- + Nested Loop + -> Nested Loop + -> Index Scan using nt3_pkey on nt3 + Index Cond: (id = 1) + -> Index Scan using nt2_pkey on nt2 + Index Cond: (id = nt3.nt2_id) + -> Index Only Scan using nt1_pkey on nt1 + Index Cond: (id = nt2.nt1_id) + Filter: (nt2.b1 AND (id IS NOT NULL)) +(9 rows) + +select nt3.id +from nt3 as nt3 + left join + (select nt2.*, (nt2.b1 and ss1.a3) AS b3 + from nt2 as nt2 + left join + (select nt1.*, (nt1.id is not null) as a3 from nt1) as ss1 + on ss1.id = nt2.nt1_id + ) as ss2 + on ss2.id = nt3.nt2_id +where nt3.id = 1 and ss2.b3; + id +---- + 1 +(1 row) + +-- +-- test case where a PlaceHolderVar is propagated into a subquery +-- +explain (costs off) +select * from + int8_tbl t1 left join + (select q1 as x, 42 as y from int8_tbl t2) ss + on t1.q2 = ss.x +where + 1 = (select 1 from int8_tbl t3 where ss.y is not null limit 1) +order by 1,2; + QUERY PLAN +----------------------------------------------------------- + Sort + Sort Key: t1.q1, t1.q2 + -> Hash Left Join + Hash Cond: (t1.q2 = t2.q1) + Filter: (1 = (SubPlan 1)) + -> Seq Scan on int8_tbl t1 + -> Hash + -> Seq Scan on int8_tbl t2 + SubPlan 1 + -> Limit + -> Result + One-Time Filter: ((42) IS NOT NULL) + -> Seq Scan on int8_tbl t3 +(13 rows) + +select * from + int8_tbl t1 left join + (select q1 as x, 42 as y from int8_tbl t2) ss + on t1.q2 = ss.x +where + 1 = (select 1 from int8_tbl t3 where ss.y is not null limit 1) +order by 1,2; + q1 | q2 | x | y +------------------+------------------+------------------+---- + 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 42 + 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 42 + 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 42 + 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 | 42 + 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 | 42 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 42 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 42 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 42 +(8 rows) + +-- +-- variant where a PlaceHolderVar is needed at a join, but not above the join +-- +explain (costs off) +select * from + int4_tbl as i41, + lateral + (select 1 as x from + (select i41.f1 as lat, + i42.f1 as loc from + int8_tbl as i81, int4_tbl as i42) as ss1 + right join int4_tbl as i43 on (i43.f1 > 1) + where ss1.loc = ss1.lat) as ss2 +where i41.f1 > 0; + QUERY PLAN +-------------------------------------------------- + Nested Loop + -> Nested Loop + -> Seq Scan on int4_tbl i41 + Filter: (f1 > 0) + -> Nested Loop + Join Filter: (i41.f1 = i42.f1) + -> Seq Scan on int8_tbl i81 + -> Materialize + -> Seq Scan on int4_tbl i42 + -> Materialize + -> Seq Scan on int4_tbl i43 + Filter: (f1 > 1) +(12 rows) + +select * from + int4_tbl as i41, + lateral + (select 1 as x from + (select i41.f1 as lat, + i42.f1 as loc from + int8_tbl as i81, int4_tbl as i42) as ss1 + right join int4_tbl as i43 on (i43.f1 > 1) + where ss1.loc = ss1.lat) as ss2 +where i41.f1 > 0; + f1 | x +------------+--- + 123456 | 1 + 123456 | 1 + 123456 | 1 + 123456 | 1 + 123456 | 1 + 123456 | 1 + 123456 | 1 + 123456 | 1 + 123456 | 1 + 123456 | 1 + 2147483647 | 1 + 2147483647 | 1 + 2147483647 | 1 + 2147483647 | 1 + 2147483647 | 1 + 2147483647 | 1 + 2147483647 | 1 + 2147483647 | 1 + 2147483647 | 1 + 2147483647 | 1 +(20 rows) + +-- +-- test the corner cases FULL JOIN ON TRUE and FULL JOIN ON FALSE +-- +select * from int4_tbl a full join int4_tbl b on true; + f1 | f1 +-------------+------------- + 0 | 0 + 0 | 123456 + 0 | -123456 + 0 | 2147483647 + 0 | -2147483647 + 123456 | 0 + 123456 | 123456 + 123456 | -123456 + 123456 | 2147483647 + 123456 | -2147483647 + -123456 | 0 + -123456 | 123456 + -123456 | -123456 + -123456 | 2147483647 + -123456 | -2147483647 + 2147483647 | 0 + 2147483647 | 123456 + 2147483647 | -123456 + 2147483647 | 2147483647 + 2147483647 | -2147483647 + -2147483647 | 0 + -2147483647 | 123456 + -2147483647 | -123456 + -2147483647 | 2147483647 + -2147483647 | -2147483647 +(25 rows) + +select * from int4_tbl a full join int4_tbl b on false; + f1 | f1 +-------------+------------- + | 0 + | 123456 + | -123456 + | 2147483647 + | -2147483647 + 0 | + 123456 | + -123456 | + 2147483647 | + -2147483647 | +(10 rows) + +-- +-- test for ability to use a cartesian join when necessary +-- +create temp table q1 as select 1 as q1; +create temp table q2 as select 0 as q2; +analyze q1; +analyze q2; +explain (costs off) +select * from + tenk1 join int4_tbl on f1 = twothousand, + q1, q2 +where q1 = thousand or q2 = thousand; + QUERY PLAN +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + Hash Join + Hash Cond: (tenk1.twothousand = int4_tbl.f1) + -> Nested Loop + -> Nested Loop + -> Seq Scan on q1 + -> Seq Scan on q2 + -> Bitmap Heap Scan on tenk1 + Recheck Cond: ((q1.q1 = thousand) OR (q2.q2 = thousand)) + -> BitmapOr + -> Bitmap Index Scan on tenk1_thous_tenthous + Index Cond: (thousand = q1.q1) + -> Bitmap Index Scan on tenk1_thous_tenthous + Index Cond: (thousand = q2.q2) + -> Hash + -> Seq Scan on int4_tbl +(15 rows) + +explain (costs off) +select * from + tenk1 join int4_tbl on f1 = twothousand, + q1, q2 +where thousand = (q1 + q2); + QUERY PLAN +-------------------------------------------------------------- + Hash Join + Hash Cond: (tenk1.twothousand = int4_tbl.f1) + -> Nested Loop + -> Nested Loop + -> Seq Scan on q1 + -> Seq Scan on q2 + -> Bitmap Heap Scan on tenk1 + Recheck Cond: (thousand = (q1.q1 + q2.q2)) + -> Bitmap Index Scan on tenk1_thous_tenthous + Index Cond: (thousand = (q1.q1 + q2.q2)) + -> Hash + -> Seq Scan on int4_tbl +(12 rows) + +-- +-- test ability to generate a suitable plan for a star-schema query +-- +explain (costs off) +select * from + tenk1, int8_tbl a, int8_tbl b +where thousand = a.q1 and tenthous = b.q1 and a.q2 = 1 and b.q2 = 2; + QUERY PLAN +--------------------------------------------------------------------- + Nested Loop + -> Seq Scan on int8_tbl b + Filter: (q2 = 2) + -> Nested Loop + -> Seq Scan on int8_tbl a + Filter: (q2 = 1) + -> Index Scan using tenk1_thous_tenthous on tenk1 + Index Cond: ((thousand = a.q1) AND (tenthous = b.q1)) +(8 rows) + +-- +-- test a corner case in which we shouldn't apply the star-schema optimization +-- +explain (costs off) +select t1.unique2, t1.stringu1, t2.unique1, t2.stringu2 from + tenk1 t1 + inner join int4_tbl i1 + left join (select v1.x2, v2.y1, 11 AS d1 + from (select 1,0 from onerow) v1(x1,x2) + left join (select 3,1 from onerow) v2(y1,y2) + on v1.x1 = v2.y2) subq1 + on (i1.f1 = subq1.x2) + on (t1.unique2 = subq1.d1) + left join tenk1 t2 + on (subq1.y1 = t2.unique1) +where t1.unique2 < 42 and t1.stringu1 > t2.stringu2; + QUERY PLAN +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + Nested Loop + -> Nested Loop + Join Filter: (t1.stringu1 > t2.stringu2) + -> Nested Loop + -> Nested Loop + -> Seq Scan on onerow + -> Seq Scan on onerow onerow_1 + -> Index Scan using tenk1_unique2 on tenk1 t1 + Index Cond: ((unique2 = (11)) AND (unique2 < 42)) + -> Index Scan using tenk1_unique1 on tenk1 t2 + Index Cond: (unique1 = (3)) + -> Seq Scan on int4_tbl i1 + Filter: (f1 = 0) +(13 rows) + +select t1.unique2, t1.stringu1, t2.unique1, t2.stringu2 from + tenk1 t1 + inner join int4_tbl i1 + left join (select v1.x2, v2.y1, 11 AS d1 + from (select 1,0 from onerow) v1(x1,x2) + left join (select 3,1 from onerow) v2(y1,y2) + on v1.x1 = v2.y2) subq1 + on (i1.f1 = subq1.x2) + on (t1.unique2 = subq1.d1) + left join tenk1 t2 + on (subq1.y1 = t2.unique1) +where t1.unique2 < 42 and t1.stringu1 > t2.stringu2; + unique2 | stringu1 | unique1 | stringu2 +---------+----------+---------+---------- + 11 | WFAAAA | 3 | LKIAAA +(1 row) + +-- variant that isn't quite a star-schema case +select ss1.d1 from + tenk1 as t1 + inner join tenk1 as t2 + on t1.tenthous = t2.ten + inner join + int8_tbl as i8 + left join int4_tbl as i4 + inner join (select 64::information_schema.cardinal_number as d1 + from tenk1 t3, + lateral (select abs(t3.unique1) + random()) ss0(x) + where t3.fivethous < 0) as ss1 + on i4.f1 = ss1.d1 + on i8.q1 = i4.f1 + on t1.tenthous = ss1.d1 +where t1.unique1 < i4.f1; + d1 +---- +(0 rows) + +-- this variant is foldable by the remove-useless-RESULT-RTEs code +explain (costs off) +select t1.unique2, t1.stringu1, t2.unique1, t2.stringu2 from + tenk1 t1 + inner join int4_tbl i1 + left join (select v1.x2, v2.y1, 11 AS d1 + from (values(1,0)) v1(x1,x2) + left join (values(3,1)) v2(y1,y2) + on v1.x1 = v2.y2) subq1 + on (i1.f1 = subq1.x2) + on (t1.unique2 = subq1.d1) + left join tenk1 t2 + on (subq1.y1 = t2.unique1) +where t1.unique2 < 42 and t1.stringu1 > t2.stringu2; + QUERY PLAN +----------------------------------------------------------------- + Nested Loop + Join Filter: (t1.stringu1 > t2.stringu2) + -> Nested Loop + -> Seq Scan on int4_tbl i1 + Filter: (f1 = 0) + -> Index Scan using tenk1_unique2 on tenk1 t1 + Index Cond: ((unique2 = (11)) AND (unique2 < 42)) + -> Index Scan using tenk1_unique1 on tenk1 t2 + Index Cond: (unique1 = (3)) +(9 rows) + +select t1.unique2, t1.stringu1, t2.unique1, t2.stringu2 from + tenk1 t1 + inner join int4_tbl i1 + left join (select v1.x2, v2.y1, 11 AS d1 + from (values(1,0)) v1(x1,x2) + left join (values(3,1)) v2(y1,y2) + on v1.x1 = v2.y2) subq1 + on (i1.f1 = subq1.x2) + on (t1.unique2 = subq1.d1) + left join tenk1 t2 + on (subq1.y1 = t2.unique1) +where t1.unique2 < 42 and t1.stringu1 > t2.stringu2; + unique2 | stringu1 | unique1 | stringu2 +---------+----------+---------+---------- + 11 | WFAAAA | 3 | LKIAAA +(1 row) + +-- Here's a variant that we can't fold too aggressively, though, +-- or we end up with noplace to evaluate the lateral PHV +explain (verbose, costs off) +select * from + (select 1 as x) ss1 left join (select 2 as y) ss2 on (true), + lateral (select ss2.y as z limit 1) ss3; + QUERY PLAN +--------------------------- + Nested Loop + Output: 1, (2), ((2)) + -> Result + Output: 2 + -> Limit + Output: ((2)) + -> Result + Output: (2) +(8 rows) + +select * from + (select 1 as x) ss1 left join (select 2 as y) ss2 on (true), + lateral (select ss2.y as z limit 1) ss3; + x | y | z +---+---+--- + 1 | 2 | 2 +(1 row) + +-- Test proper handling of appendrel PHVs during useless-RTE removal +explain (costs off) +select * from + (select 0 as z) as t1 + left join + (select true as a) as t2 + on true, + lateral (select true as b + union all + select a as b) as t3 +where b; + QUERY PLAN +--------------------------------------- + Nested Loop + -> Result + -> Append + -> Result + -> Result + One-Time Filter: (true) +(6 rows) + +select * from + (select 0 as z) as t1 + left join + (select true as a) as t2 + on true, + lateral (select true as b + union all + select a as b) as t3 +where b; + z | a | b +---+---+--- + 0 | t | t + 0 | t | t +(2 rows) + +-- Test PHV in a semijoin qual, which confused useless-RTE removal (bug #17700) +explain (verbose, costs off) +with ctetable as not materialized ( select 1 as f1 ) +select * from ctetable c1 +where f1 in ( select c3.f1 from ctetable c2 full join ctetable c3 on true ); + QUERY PLAN +---------------------------- + Result + Output: 1 + One-Time Filter: (1 = 1) +(3 rows) + +with ctetable as not materialized ( select 1 as f1 ) +select * from ctetable c1 +where f1 in ( select c3.f1 from ctetable c2 full join ctetable c3 on true ); + f1 +---- + 1 +(1 row) + +-- +-- test inlining of immutable functions +-- +create function f_immutable_int4(i integer) returns integer as +$$ begin return i; end; $$ language plpgsql immutable; +-- check optimization of function scan with join +explain (costs off) +select unique1 from tenk1, (select * from f_immutable_int4(1) x) x +where x = unique1; + QUERY PLAN +---------------------------------------------- + Index Only Scan using tenk1_unique1 on tenk1 + Index Cond: (unique1 = 1) +(2 rows) + +explain (verbose, costs off) +select unique1, x.* +from tenk1, (select *, random() from f_immutable_int4(1) x) x +where x = unique1; + QUERY PLAN +----------------------------------------------------------- + Nested Loop + Output: tenk1.unique1, (1), (random()) + -> Result + Output: 1, random() + -> Index Only Scan using tenk1_unique1 on public.tenk1 + Output: tenk1.unique1 + Index Cond: (tenk1.unique1 = (1)) +(7 rows) + +explain (costs off) +select unique1 from tenk1, f_immutable_int4(1) x where x = unique1; + QUERY PLAN +---------------------------------------------- + Index Only Scan using tenk1_unique1 on tenk1 + Index Cond: (unique1 = 1) +(2 rows) + +explain (costs off) +select unique1 from tenk1, lateral f_immutable_int4(1) x where x = unique1; + QUERY PLAN +---------------------------------------------- + Index Only Scan using tenk1_unique1 on tenk1 + Index Cond: (unique1 = 1) +(2 rows) + +explain (costs off) +select unique1 from tenk1, lateral f_immutable_int4(1) x where x in (select 17); + QUERY PLAN +-------------------------- + Result + One-Time Filter: false +(2 rows) + +explain (costs off) +select unique1, x from tenk1 join f_immutable_int4(1) x on unique1 = x; + QUERY PLAN +---------------------------------------------- + Index Only Scan using tenk1_unique1 on tenk1 + Index Cond: (unique1 = 1) +(2 rows) + +explain (costs off) +select unique1, x from tenk1 left join f_immutable_int4(1) x on unique1 = x; + QUERY PLAN +---------------------------------------------------- + Nested Loop Left Join + Join Filter: (tenk1.unique1 = 1) + -> Index Only Scan using tenk1_unique1 on tenk1 + -> Materialize + -> Result +(5 rows) + +explain (costs off) +select unique1, x from tenk1 right join f_immutable_int4(1) x on unique1 = x; + QUERY PLAN +---------------------------------------------------- + Nested Loop Left Join + -> Result + -> Index Only Scan using tenk1_unique1 on tenk1 + Index Cond: (unique1 = 1) +(4 rows) + +explain (costs off) +select unique1, x from tenk1 full join f_immutable_int4(1) x on unique1 = x; + QUERY PLAN +---------------------------------------------------- + Merge Full Join + Merge Cond: (tenk1.unique1 = (1)) + -> Index Only Scan using tenk1_unique1 on tenk1 + -> Sort + Sort Key: (1) + -> Result +(6 rows) + +-- check that pullup of a const function allows further const-folding +explain (costs off) +select unique1 from tenk1, f_immutable_int4(1) x where x = 42; + QUERY PLAN +-------------------------- + Result + One-Time Filter: false +(2 rows) + +-- test inlining of immutable functions with PlaceHolderVars +explain (costs off) +select nt3.id +from nt3 as nt3 + left join + (select nt2.*, (nt2.b1 or i4 = 42) AS b3 + from nt2 as nt2 + left join + f_immutable_int4(0) i4 + on i4 = nt2.nt1_id + ) as ss2 + on ss2.id = nt3.nt2_id +where nt3.id = 1 and ss2.b3; + QUERY PLAN +---------------------------------------------- + Nested Loop Left Join + Filter: ((nt2.b1 OR ((0) = 42))) + -> Index Scan using nt3_pkey on nt3 + Index Cond: (id = 1) + -> Nested Loop Left Join + Join Filter: (0 = nt2.nt1_id) + -> Index Scan using nt2_pkey on nt2 + Index Cond: (id = nt3.nt2_id) + -> Result +(9 rows) + +drop function f_immutable_int4(int); +-- test inlining when function returns composite +create function mki8(bigint, bigint) returns int8_tbl as +$$select row($1,$2)::int8_tbl$$ language sql; +create function mki4(int) returns int4_tbl as +$$select row($1)::int4_tbl$$ language sql; +explain (verbose, costs off) +select * from mki8(1,2); + QUERY PLAN +------------------------------------ + Function Scan on mki8 + Output: q1, q2 + Function Call: '(1,2)'::int8_tbl +(3 rows) + +select * from mki8(1,2); + q1 | q2 +----+---- + 1 | 2 +(1 row) + +explain (verbose, costs off) +select * from mki4(42); + QUERY PLAN +----------------------------------- + Function Scan on mki4 + Output: f1 + Function Call: '(42)'::int4_tbl +(3 rows) + +select * from mki4(42); + f1 +---- + 42 +(1 row) + +drop function mki8(bigint, bigint); +drop function mki4(int); +-- +-- test extraction of restriction OR clauses from join OR clause +-- (we used to only do this for indexable clauses) +-- +explain (costs off) +select * from tenk1 a join tenk1 b on + (a.unique1 = 1 and b.unique1 = 2) or (a.unique2 = 3 and b.hundred = 4); + QUERY PLAN +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + Nested Loop + Join Filter: (((a.unique1 = 1) AND (b.unique1 = 2)) OR ((a.unique2 = 3) AND (b.hundred = 4))) + -> Bitmap Heap Scan on tenk1 b + Recheck Cond: ((unique1 = 2) OR (hundred = 4)) + -> BitmapOr + -> Bitmap Index Scan on tenk1_unique1 + Index Cond: (unique1 = 2) + -> Bitmap Index Scan on tenk1_hundred + Index Cond: (hundred = 4) + -> Materialize + -> Bitmap Heap Scan on tenk1 a + Recheck Cond: ((unique1 = 1) OR (unique2 = 3)) + -> BitmapOr + -> Bitmap Index Scan on tenk1_unique1 + Index Cond: (unique1 = 1) + -> Bitmap Index Scan on tenk1_unique2 + Index Cond: (unique2 = 3) +(17 rows) + +explain (costs off) +select * from tenk1 a join tenk1 b on + (a.unique1 = 1 and b.unique1 = 2) or (a.unique2 = 3 and b.ten = 4); + QUERY PLAN +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + Nested Loop + Join Filter: (((a.unique1 = 1) AND (b.unique1 = 2)) OR ((a.unique2 = 3) AND (b.ten = 4))) + -> Seq Scan on tenk1 b + Filter: ((unique1 = 2) OR (ten = 4)) + -> Materialize + -> Bitmap Heap Scan on tenk1 a + Recheck Cond: ((unique1 = 1) OR (unique2 = 3)) + -> BitmapOr + -> Bitmap Index Scan on tenk1_unique1 + Index Cond: (unique1 = 1) + -> Bitmap Index Scan on tenk1_unique2 + Index Cond: (unique2 = 3) +(12 rows) + +explain (costs off) +select * from tenk1 a join tenk1 b on + (a.unique1 = 1 and b.unique1 = 2) or + ((a.unique2 = 3 or a.unique2 = 7) and b.hundred = 4); + QUERY PLAN +---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + Nested Loop + Join Filter: (((a.unique1 = 1) AND (b.unique1 = 2)) OR (((a.unique2 = 3) OR (a.unique2 = 7)) AND (b.hundred = 4))) + -> Bitmap Heap Scan on tenk1 b + Recheck Cond: ((unique1 = 2) OR (hundred = 4)) + -> BitmapOr + -> Bitmap Index Scan on tenk1_unique1 + Index Cond: (unique1 = 2) + -> Bitmap Index Scan on tenk1_hundred + Index Cond: (hundred = 4) + -> Materialize + -> Bitmap Heap Scan on tenk1 a + Recheck Cond: ((unique1 = 1) OR (unique2 = 3) OR (unique2 = 7)) + -> BitmapOr + -> Bitmap Index Scan on tenk1_unique1 + Index Cond: (unique1 = 1) + -> Bitmap Index Scan on tenk1_unique2 + Index Cond: (unique2 = 3) + -> Bitmap Index Scan on tenk1_unique2 + Index Cond: (unique2 = 7) +(19 rows) + +-- +-- test placement of movable quals in a parameterized join tree +-- +explain (costs off) +select * from tenk1 t1 left join + (tenk1 t2 join tenk1 t3 on t2.thousand = t3.unique2) + on t1.hundred = t2.hundred and t1.ten = t3.ten +where t1.unique1 = 1; + QUERY PLAN +-------------------------------------------------------- + Nested Loop Left Join + -> Index Scan using tenk1_unique1 on tenk1 t1 + Index Cond: (unique1 = 1) + -> Nested Loop + Join Filter: (t1.ten = t3.ten) + -> Bitmap Heap Scan on tenk1 t2 + Recheck Cond: (t1.hundred = hundred) + -> Bitmap Index Scan on tenk1_hundred + Index Cond: (hundred = t1.hundred) + -> Index Scan using tenk1_unique2 on tenk1 t3 + Index Cond: (unique2 = t2.thousand) +(11 rows) + +explain (costs off) +select * from tenk1 t1 left join + (tenk1 t2 join tenk1 t3 on t2.thousand = t3.unique2) + on t1.hundred = t2.hundred and t1.ten + t2.ten = t3.ten +where t1.unique1 = 1; + QUERY PLAN +-------------------------------------------------------- + Nested Loop Left Join + -> Index Scan using tenk1_unique1 on tenk1 t1 + Index Cond: (unique1 = 1) + -> Nested Loop + Join Filter: ((t1.ten + t2.ten) = t3.ten) + -> Bitmap Heap Scan on tenk1 t2 + Recheck Cond: (t1.hundred = hundred) + -> Bitmap Index Scan on tenk1_hundred + Index Cond: (hundred = t1.hundred) + -> Index Scan using tenk1_unique2 on tenk1 t3 + Index Cond: (unique2 = t2.thousand) +(11 rows) + +explain (costs off) +select count(*) from + tenk1 a join tenk1 b on a.unique1 = b.unique2 + left join tenk1 c on a.unique2 = b.unique1 and c.thousand = a.thousand + join int4_tbl on b.thousand = f1; + QUERY PLAN +------------------------------------------------------------------------- + Aggregate + -> Nested Loop Left Join + Join Filter: (a.unique2 = b.unique1) + -> Nested Loop + -> Nested Loop + -> Seq Scan on int4_tbl + -> Bitmap Heap Scan on tenk1 b + Recheck Cond: (thousand = int4_tbl.f1) + -> Bitmap Index Scan on tenk1_thous_tenthous + Index Cond: (thousand = int4_tbl.f1) + -> Index Scan using tenk1_unique1 on tenk1 a + Index Cond: (unique1 = b.unique2) + -> Index Only Scan using tenk1_thous_tenthous on tenk1 c + Index Cond: (thousand = a.thousand) +(14 rows) + +select count(*) from + tenk1 a join tenk1 b on a.unique1 = b.unique2 + left join tenk1 c on a.unique2 = b.unique1 and c.thousand = a.thousand + join int4_tbl on b.thousand = f1; + count +------- + 10 +(1 row) + +explain (costs off) +select b.unique1 from + tenk1 a join tenk1 b on a.unique1 = b.unique2 + left join tenk1 c on b.unique1 = 42 and c.thousand = a.thousand + join int4_tbl i1 on b.thousand = f1 + right join int4_tbl i2 on i2.f1 = b.tenthous + order by 1; + QUERY PLAN +----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + Sort + Sort Key: b.unique1 + -> Nested Loop Left Join + -> Seq Scan on int4_tbl i2 + -> Nested Loop Left Join + Join Filter: (b.unique1 = 42) + -> Nested Loop + -> Nested Loop + -> Seq Scan on int4_tbl i1 + -> Index Scan using tenk1_thous_tenthous on tenk1 b + Index Cond: ((thousand = i1.f1) AND (tenthous = i2.f1)) + -> Index Scan using tenk1_unique1 on tenk1 a + Index Cond: (unique1 = b.unique2) + -> Index Only Scan using tenk1_thous_tenthous on tenk1 c + Index Cond: (thousand = a.thousand) +(15 rows) + +select b.unique1 from + tenk1 a join tenk1 b on a.unique1 = b.unique2 + left join tenk1 c on b.unique1 = 42 and c.thousand = a.thousand + join int4_tbl i1 on b.thousand = f1 + right join int4_tbl i2 on i2.f1 = b.tenthous + order by 1; + unique1 +--------- + 0 + + + + +(5 rows) + +explain (costs off) +select * from +( + select unique1, q1, coalesce(unique1, -1) + q1 as fault + from int8_tbl left join tenk1 on (q2 = unique2) +) ss +where fault = 122 +order by fault; + QUERY PLAN +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- + Nested Loop Left Join + Filter: ((COALESCE(tenk1.unique1, '-1'::integer) + int8_tbl.q1) = 122) + -> Seq Scan on int8_tbl + -> Index Scan using tenk1_unique2 on tenk1 + Index Cond: (unique2 = int8_tbl.q2) +(5 rows) + +select * from +( + select unique1, q1, coalesce(unique1, -1) + q1 as fault + from int8_tbl left join tenk1 on (q2 = unique2) +) ss +where fault = 122 +order by fault; + unique1 | q1 | fault +---------+-----+------- + | 123 | 122 +(1 row) + +explain (costs off) +select * from +(values (1, array[10,20]), (2, array[20,30])) as v1(v1x,v1ys) +left join (values (1, 10), (2, 20)) as v2(v2x,v2y) on v2x = v1x +left join unnest(v1ys) as u1(u1y) on u1y = v2y; + QUERY PLAN +------------------------------------------------------------- + Nested Loop Left Join + -> Values Scan on "*VALUES*" + -> Hash Right Join + Hash Cond: (u1.u1y = "*VALUES*_1".column2) + Filter: ("*VALUES*_1".column1 = "*VALUES*".column1) + -> Function Scan on unnest u1 + -> Hash + -> Values Scan on "*VALUES*_1" +(8 rows) + +select * from +(values (1, array[10,20]), (2, array[20,30])) as v1(v1x,v1ys) +left join (values (1, 10), (2, 20)) as v2(v2x,v2y) on v2x = v1x +left join unnest(v1ys) as u1(u1y) on u1y = v2y; + v1x | v1ys | v2x | v2y | u1y +-----+---------+-----+-----+----- + 1 | {10,20} | 1 | 10 | 10 + 2 | {20,30} | 2 | 20 | 20 +(2 rows) + +-- +-- test handling of potential equivalence clauses above outer joins +-- +explain (costs off) +select q1, unique2, thousand, hundred + from int8_tbl a left join tenk1 b on q1 = unique2 + where coalesce(thousand,123) = q1 and q1 = coalesce(hundred,123); + QUERY PLAN +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + Nested Loop Left Join + Filter: ((COALESCE(b.thousand, 123) = a.q1) AND (a.q1 = COALESCE(b.hundred, 123))) + -> Seq Scan on int8_tbl a + -> Index Scan using tenk1_unique2 on tenk1 b + Index Cond: (unique2 = a.q1) +(5 rows) + +select q1, unique2, thousand, hundred + from int8_tbl a left join tenk1 b on q1 = unique2 + where coalesce(thousand,123) = q1 and q1 = coalesce(hundred,123); + q1 | unique2 | thousand | hundred +----+---------+----------+--------- +(0 rows) + +explain (costs off) +select f1, unique2, case when unique2 is null then f1 else 0 end + from int4_tbl a left join tenk1 b on f1 = unique2 + where (case when unique2 is null then f1 else 0 end) = 0; + QUERY PLAN +-------------------------------------------------------------------- + Nested Loop Left Join + Filter: (CASE WHEN (b.unique2 IS NULL) THEN a.f1 ELSE 0 END = 0) + -> Seq Scan on int4_tbl a + -> Index Only Scan using tenk1_unique2 on tenk1 b + Index Cond: (unique2 = a.f1) +(5 rows) + +select f1, unique2, case when unique2 is null then f1 else 0 end + from int4_tbl a left join tenk1 b on f1 = unique2 + where (case when unique2 is null then f1 else 0 end) = 0; + f1 | unique2 | case +----+---------+------ + 0 | 0 | 0 +(1 row) + +-- +-- another case with equivalence clauses above outer joins (bug #8591) +-- +explain (costs off) +select a.unique1, b.unique1, c.unique1, coalesce(b.twothousand, a.twothousand) + from tenk1 a left join tenk1 b on b.thousand = a.unique1 left join tenk1 c on c.unique2 = coalesce(b.twothousand, a.twothousand) + where a.unique2 < 10 and coalesce(b.twothousand, a.twothousand) = 44; + QUERY PLAN +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + Nested Loop Left Join + -> Nested Loop Left Join + Filter: (COALESCE(b.twothousand, a.twothousand) = 44) + -> Index Scan using tenk1_unique2 on tenk1 a + Index Cond: (unique2 < 10) + -> Bitmap Heap Scan on tenk1 b + Recheck Cond: (thousand = a.unique1) + -> Bitmap Index Scan on tenk1_thous_tenthous + Index Cond: (thousand = a.unique1) + -> Index Scan using tenk1_unique2 on tenk1 c + Index Cond: ((unique2 = COALESCE(b.twothousand, a.twothousand)) AND (unique2 = 44)) +(11 rows) + +select a.unique1, b.unique1, c.unique1, coalesce(b.twothousand, a.twothousand) + from tenk1 a left join tenk1 b on b.thousand = a.unique1 left join tenk1 c on c.unique2 = coalesce(b.twothousand, a.twothousand) + where a.unique2 < 10 and coalesce(b.twothousand, a.twothousand) = 44; + unique1 | unique1 | unique1 | coalesce +---------+---------+---------+---------- +(0 rows) + +-- +-- check handling of join aliases when flattening multiple levels of subquery +-- +explain (verbose, costs off) +select foo1.join_key as foo1_id, foo3.join_key AS foo3_id, bug_field from + (values (0),(1)) foo1(join_key) +left join + (select join_key, bug_field from + (select ss1.join_key, ss1.bug_field from + (select f1 as join_key, 666 as bug_field from int4_tbl i1) ss1 + ) foo2 + left join + (select unique2 as join_key from tenk1 i2) ss2 + using (join_key) + ) foo3 +using (join_key); + QUERY PLAN +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- + Nested Loop Left Join + Output: "*VALUES*".column1, i1.f1, (666) + Join Filter: ("*VALUES*".column1 = i1.f1) + -> Values Scan on "*VALUES*" + Output: "*VALUES*".column1 + -> Materialize + Output: i1.f1, (666) + -> Nested Loop Left Join + Output: i1.f1, 666 + -> Seq Scan on public.int4_tbl i1 + Output: i1.f1 + -> Index Only Scan using tenk1_unique2 on public.tenk1 i2 + Output: i2.unique2 + Index Cond: (i2.unique2 = i1.f1) +(14 rows) + +select foo1.join_key as foo1_id, foo3.join_key AS foo3_id, bug_field from + (values (0),(1)) foo1(join_key) +left join + (select join_key, bug_field from + (select ss1.join_key, ss1.bug_field from + (select f1 as join_key, 666 as bug_field from int4_tbl i1) ss1 + ) foo2 + left join + (select unique2 as join_key from tenk1 i2) ss2 + using (join_key) + ) foo3 +using (join_key); + foo1_id | foo3_id | bug_field +---------+---------+----------- + 0 | 0 | 666 + 1 | | +(2 rows) + +-- +-- test successful handling of nested outer joins with degenerate join quals +-- +explain (verbose, costs off) +select t1.* from + text_tbl t1 + left join (select *, '***'::text as d1 from int8_tbl i8b1) b1 + left join int8_tbl i8 + left join (select *, null::int as d2 from int8_tbl i8b2) b2 + on (i8.q1 = b2.q1) + on (b2.d2 = b1.q2) + on (t1.f1 = b1.d1) + left join int4_tbl i4 + on (i8.q2 = i4.f1); + QUERY PLAN +---------------------------------------------------------------------- + Hash Left Join + Output: t1.f1 + Hash Cond: (i8.q2 = i4.f1) + -> Nested Loop Left Join + Output: t1.f1, i8.q2 + Join Filter: (t1.f1 = '***'::text) + -> Seq Scan on public.text_tbl t1 + Output: t1.f1 + -> Materialize + Output: i8.q2 + -> Hash Right Join + Output: i8.q2 + Hash Cond: ((NULL::integer) = i8b1.q2) + -> Hash Join + Output: i8.q2, (NULL::integer) + Hash Cond: (i8.q1 = i8b2.q1) + -> Seq Scan on public.int8_tbl i8 + Output: i8.q1, i8.q2 + -> Hash + Output: i8b2.q1, (NULL::integer) + -> Seq Scan on public.int8_tbl i8b2 + Output: i8b2.q1, NULL::integer + -> Hash + Output: i8b1.q2 + -> Seq Scan on public.int8_tbl i8b1 + Output: i8b1.q2 + -> Hash + Output: i4.f1 + -> Seq Scan on public.int4_tbl i4 + Output: i4.f1 +(30 rows) + +select t1.* from + text_tbl t1 + left join (select *, '***'::text as d1 from int8_tbl i8b1) b1 + left join int8_tbl i8 + left join (select *, null::int as d2 from int8_tbl i8b2) b2 + on (i8.q1 = b2.q1) + on (b2.d2 = b1.q2) + on (t1.f1 = b1.d1) + left join int4_tbl i4 + on (i8.q2 = i4.f1); + f1 +------------------- + doh! + hi de ho neighbor +(2 rows) + +explain (verbose, costs off) +select t1.* from + text_tbl t1 + left join (select *, '***'::text as d1 from int8_tbl i8b1) b1 + left join int8_tbl i8 + left join (select *, null::int as d2 from int8_tbl i8b2, int4_tbl i4b2) b2 + on (i8.q1 = b2.q1) + on (b2.d2 = b1.q2) + on (t1.f1 = b1.d1) + left join int4_tbl i4 + on (i8.q2 = i4.f1); + QUERY PLAN +---------------------------------------------------------------------------- + Hash Left Join + Output: t1.f1 + Hash Cond: (i8.q2 = i4.f1) + -> Nested Loop Left Join + Output: t1.f1, i8.q2 + Join Filter: (t1.f1 = '***'::text) + -> Seq Scan on public.text_tbl t1 + Output: t1.f1 + -> Materialize + Output: i8.q2 + -> Hash Right Join + Output: i8.q2 + Hash Cond: ((NULL::integer) = i8b1.q2) + -> Hash Right Join + Output: i8.q2, (NULL::integer) + Hash Cond: (i8b2.q1 = i8.q1) + -> Nested Loop + Output: i8b2.q1, NULL::integer + -> Seq Scan on public.int8_tbl i8b2 + Output: i8b2.q1, i8b2.q2 + -> Materialize + -> Seq Scan on public.int4_tbl i4b2 + -> Hash + Output: i8.q1, i8.q2 + -> Seq Scan on public.int8_tbl i8 + Output: i8.q1, i8.q2 + -> Hash + Output: i8b1.q2 + -> Seq Scan on public.int8_tbl i8b1 + Output: i8b1.q2 + -> Hash + Output: i4.f1 + -> Seq Scan on public.int4_tbl i4 + Output: i4.f1 +(34 rows) + +select t1.* from + text_tbl t1 + left join (select *, '***'::text as d1 from int8_tbl i8b1) b1 + left join int8_tbl i8 + left join (select *, null::int as d2 from int8_tbl i8b2, int4_tbl i4b2) b2 + on (i8.q1 = b2.q1) + on (b2.d2 = b1.q2) + on (t1.f1 = b1.d1) + left join int4_tbl i4 + on (i8.q2 = i4.f1); + f1 +------------------- + doh! + hi de ho neighbor +(2 rows) + +explain (verbose, costs off) +select t1.* from + text_tbl t1 + left join (select *, '***'::text as d1 from int8_tbl i8b1) b1 + left join int8_tbl i8 + left join (select *, null::int as d2 from int8_tbl i8b2, int4_tbl i4b2 + where q1 = f1) b2 + on (i8.q1 = b2.q1) + on (b2.d2 = b1.q2) + on (t1.f1 = b1.d1) + left join int4_tbl i4 + on (i8.q2 = i4.f1); + QUERY PLAN +---------------------------------------------------------------------------- + Hash Left Join + Output: t1.f1 + Hash Cond: (i8.q2 = i4.f1) + -> Nested Loop Left Join + Output: t1.f1, i8.q2 + Join Filter: (t1.f1 = '***'::text) + -> Seq Scan on public.text_tbl t1 + Output: t1.f1 + -> Materialize + Output: i8.q2 + -> Hash Right Join + Output: i8.q2 + Hash Cond: ((NULL::integer) = i8b1.q2) + -> Hash Right Join + Output: i8.q2, (NULL::integer) + Hash Cond: (i8b2.q1 = i8.q1) + -> Hash Join + Output: i8b2.q1, NULL::integer + Hash Cond: (i8b2.q1 = i4b2.f1) + -> Seq Scan on public.int8_tbl i8b2 + Output: i8b2.q1, i8b2.q2 + -> Hash + Output: i4b2.f1 + -> Seq Scan on public.int4_tbl i4b2 + Output: i4b2.f1 + -> Hash + Output: i8.q1, i8.q2 + -> Seq Scan on public.int8_tbl i8 + Output: i8.q1, i8.q2 + -> Hash + Output: i8b1.q2 + -> Seq Scan on public.int8_tbl i8b1 + Output: i8b1.q2 + -> Hash + Output: i4.f1 + -> Seq Scan on public.int4_tbl i4 + Output: i4.f1 +(37 rows) + +select t1.* from + text_tbl t1 + left join (select *, '***'::text as d1 from int8_tbl i8b1) b1 + left join int8_tbl i8 + left join (select *, null::int as d2 from int8_tbl i8b2, int4_tbl i4b2 + where q1 = f1) b2 + on (i8.q1 = b2.q1) + on (b2.d2 = b1.q2) + on (t1.f1 = b1.d1) + left join int4_tbl i4 + on (i8.q2 = i4.f1); + f1 +------------------- + doh! + hi de ho neighbor +(2 rows) + +explain (verbose, costs off) +select * from + text_tbl t1 + inner join int8_tbl i8 + on i8.q2 = 456 + right join text_tbl t2 + on t1.f1 = 'doh!' + left join int4_tbl i4 + on i8.q1 = i4.f1; + QUERY PLAN +-------------------------------------------------------- + Nested Loop Left Join + Output: t1.f1, i8.q1, i8.q2, t2.f1, i4.f1 + -> Seq Scan on public.text_tbl t2 + Output: t2.f1 + -> Materialize + Output: i8.q1, i8.q2, i4.f1, t1.f1 + -> Nested Loop + Output: i8.q1, i8.q2, i4.f1, t1.f1 + -> Nested Loop Left Join + Output: i8.q1, i8.q2, i4.f1 + Join Filter: (i8.q1 = i4.f1) + -> Seq Scan on public.int8_tbl i8 + Output: i8.q1, i8.q2 + Filter: (i8.q2 = 456) + -> Seq Scan on public.int4_tbl i4 + Output: i4.f1 + -> Seq Scan on public.text_tbl t1 + Output: t1.f1 + Filter: (t1.f1 = 'doh!'::text) +(19 rows) + +select * from + text_tbl t1 + inner join int8_tbl i8 + on i8.q2 = 456 + right join text_tbl t2 + on t1.f1 = 'doh!' + left join int4_tbl i4 + on i8.q1 = i4.f1; + f1 | q1 | q2 | f1 | f1 +------+-----+-----+-------------------+---- + doh! | 123 | 456 | doh! | + doh! | 123 | 456 | hi de ho neighbor | +(2 rows) + +-- +-- test for appropriate join order in the presence of lateral references +-- +explain (verbose, costs off) +select * from + text_tbl t1 + left join int8_tbl i8 + on i8.q2 = 123, + lateral (select i8.q1, t2.f1 from text_tbl t2 limit 1) as ss +where t1.f1 = ss.f1; + QUERY PLAN +-------------------------------------------------- + Nested Loop + Output: t1.f1, i8.q1, i8.q2, (i8.q1), t2.f1 + Join Filter: (t1.f1 = t2.f1) + -> Nested Loop Left Join + Output: t1.f1, i8.q1, i8.q2 + -> Seq Scan on public.text_tbl t1 + Output: t1.f1 + -> Materialize + Output: i8.q1, i8.q2 + -> Seq Scan on public.int8_tbl i8 + Output: i8.q1, i8.q2 + Filter: (i8.q2 = 123) + -> Memoize + Output: (i8.q1), t2.f1 + Cache Key: i8.q1 + Cache Mode: binary + -> Limit + Output: (i8.q1), t2.f1 + -> Seq Scan on public.text_tbl t2 + Output: i8.q1, t2.f1 +(20 rows) + +select * from + text_tbl t1 + left join int8_tbl i8 + on i8.q2 = 123, + lateral (select i8.q1, t2.f1 from text_tbl t2 limit 1) as ss +where t1.f1 = ss.f1; + f1 | q1 | q2 | q1 | f1 +------+------------------+-----+------------------+------ + doh! | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | doh! +(1 row) + +explain (verbose, costs off) +select * from + text_tbl t1 + left join int8_tbl i8 + on i8.q2 = 123, + lateral (select i8.q1, t2.f1 from text_tbl t2 limit 1) as ss1, + lateral (select ss1.* from text_tbl t3 limit 1) as ss2 +where t1.f1 = ss2.f1; + QUERY PLAN +------------------------------------------------------------------- + Nested Loop + Output: t1.f1, i8.q1, i8.q2, (i8.q1), t2.f1, ((i8.q1)), (t2.f1) + Join Filter: (t1.f1 = (t2.f1)) + -> Nested Loop + Output: t1.f1, i8.q1, i8.q2, (i8.q1), t2.f1 + -> Nested Loop Left Join + Output: t1.f1, i8.q1, i8.q2 + -> Seq Scan on public.text_tbl t1 + Output: t1.f1 + -> Materialize + Output: i8.q1, i8.q2 + -> Seq Scan on public.int8_tbl i8 + Output: i8.q1, i8.q2 + Filter: (i8.q2 = 123) + -> Memoize + Output: (i8.q1), t2.f1 + Cache Key: i8.q1 + Cache Mode: binary + -> Limit + Output: (i8.q1), t2.f1 + -> Seq Scan on public.text_tbl t2 + Output: i8.q1, t2.f1 + -> Memoize + Output: ((i8.q1)), (t2.f1) + Cache Key: (i8.q1), t2.f1 + Cache Mode: binary + -> Limit + Output: ((i8.q1)), (t2.f1) + -> Seq Scan on public.text_tbl t3 + Output: (i8.q1), t2.f1 +(30 rows) + +select * from + text_tbl t1 + left join int8_tbl i8 + on i8.q2 = 123, + lateral (select i8.q1, t2.f1 from text_tbl t2 limit 1) as ss1, + lateral (select ss1.* from text_tbl t3 limit 1) as ss2 +where t1.f1 = ss2.f1; + f1 | q1 | q2 | q1 | f1 | q1 | f1 +------+------------------+-----+------------------+------+------------------+------ + doh! | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | doh! | 4567890123456789 | doh! +(1 row) + +explain (verbose, costs off) +select 1 from + text_tbl as tt1 + inner join text_tbl as tt2 on (tt1.f1 = 'foo') + left join text_tbl as tt3 on (tt3.f1 = 'foo') + left join text_tbl as tt4 on (tt3.f1 = tt4.f1), + lateral (select tt4.f1 as c0 from text_tbl as tt5 limit 1) as ss1 +where tt1.f1 = ss1.c0; + QUERY PLAN +---------------------------------------------------------- + Nested Loop + Output: 1 + -> Nested Loop Left Join + Output: tt1.f1, tt4.f1 + -> Nested Loop + Output: tt1.f1 + -> Seq Scan on public.text_tbl tt1 + Output: tt1.f1 + Filter: (tt1.f1 = 'foo'::text) + -> Seq Scan on public.text_tbl tt2 + Output: tt2.f1 + -> Materialize + Output: tt4.f1 + -> Nested Loop Left Join + Output: tt4.f1 + Join Filter: (tt3.f1 = tt4.f1) + -> Seq Scan on public.text_tbl tt3 + Output: tt3.f1 + Filter: (tt3.f1 = 'foo'::text) + -> Seq Scan on public.text_tbl tt4 + Output: tt4.f1 + Filter: (tt4.f1 = 'foo'::text) + -> Memoize + Output: ss1.c0 + Cache Key: tt4.f1 + Cache Mode: binary + -> Subquery Scan on ss1 + Output: ss1.c0 + Filter: (ss1.c0 = 'foo'::text) + -> Limit + Output: (tt4.f1) + -> Seq Scan on public.text_tbl tt5 + Output: tt4.f1 +(33 rows) + +select 1 from + text_tbl as tt1 + inner join text_tbl as tt2 on (tt1.f1 = 'foo') + left join text_tbl as tt3 on (tt3.f1 = 'foo') + left join text_tbl as tt4 on (tt3.f1 = tt4.f1), + lateral (select tt4.f1 as c0 from text_tbl as tt5 limit 1) as ss1 +where tt1.f1 = ss1.c0; + ?column? +---------- +(0 rows) + +-- +-- check a case in which a PlaceHolderVar forces join order +-- +explain (verbose, costs off) +select ss2.* from + int4_tbl i41 + left join int8_tbl i8 + join (select i42.f1 as c1, i43.f1 as c2, 42 as c3 + from int4_tbl i42, int4_tbl i43) ss1 + on i8.q1 = ss1.c2 + on i41.f1 = ss1.c1, + lateral (select i41.*, i8.*, ss1.* from text_tbl limit 1) ss2 +where ss1.c2 = 0; + QUERY PLAN +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + Nested Loop + Output: (i41.f1), (i8.q1), (i8.q2), (i42.f1), (i43.f1), ((42)) + -> Hash Join + Output: i41.f1, i42.f1, i8.q1, i8.q2, i43.f1, 42 + Hash Cond: (i41.f1 = i42.f1) + -> Nested Loop + Output: i8.q1, i8.q2, i43.f1, i41.f1 + -> Nested Loop + Output: i8.q1, i8.q2, i43.f1 + -> Seq Scan on public.int8_tbl i8 + Output: i8.q1, i8.q2 + Filter: (i8.q1 = 0) + -> Seq Scan on public.int4_tbl i43 + Output: i43.f1 + Filter: (i43.f1 = 0) + -> Seq Scan on public.int4_tbl i41 + Output: i41.f1 + -> Hash + Output: i42.f1 + -> Seq Scan on public.int4_tbl i42 + Output: i42.f1 + -> Limit + Output: (i41.f1), (i8.q1), (i8.q2), (i42.f1), (i43.f1), ((42)) + -> Seq Scan on public.text_tbl + Output: i41.f1, i8.q1, i8.q2, i42.f1, i43.f1, (42) +(25 rows) + +select ss2.* from + int4_tbl i41 + left join int8_tbl i8 + join (select i42.f1 as c1, i43.f1 as c2, 42 as c3 + from int4_tbl i42, int4_tbl i43) ss1 + on i8.q1 = ss1.c2 + on i41.f1 = ss1.c1, + lateral (select i41.*, i8.*, ss1.* from text_tbl limit 1) ss2 +where ss1.c2 = 0; + f1 | q1 | q2 | c1 | c2 | c3 +----+----+----+----+----+---- +(0 rows) + +-- +-- test successful handling of full join underneath left join (bug #14105) +-- +explain (costs off) +select * from + (select 1 as id) as xx + left join + (tenk1 as a1 full join (select 1 as id) as yy on (a1.unique1 = yy.id)) + on (xx.id = coalesce(yy.id)); + QUERY PLAN +--------------------------------------- + Nested Loop Left Join + -> Result + -> Hash Full Join + Hash Cond: (a1.unique1 = (1)) + Filter: (1 = COALESCE((1))) + -> Seq Scan on tenk1 a1 + -> Hash + -> Result +(8 rows) + +select * from + (select 1 as id) as xx + left join + (tenk1 as a1 full join (select 1 as id) as yy on (a1.unique1 = yy.id)) + on (xx.id = coalesce(yy.id)); + id | unique1 | unique2 | two | four | ten | twenty | hundred | thousand | twothousand | fivethous | tenthous | odd | even | stringu1 | stringu2 | string4 | id +----+---------+---------+-----+------+-----+--------+---------+----------+-------------+-----------+----------+-----+------+----------+----------+---------+---- + 1 | 1 | 2838 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | BAAAAA | EFEAAA | OOOOxx | 1 +(1 row) + +-- +-- test ability to push constants through outer join clauses +-- +explain (costs off) + select * from int4_tbl a left join tenk1 b on f1 = unique2 where f1 = 0; + QUERY PLAN +------------------------------------------------- + Nested Loop Left Join + Join Filter: (a.f1 = b.unique2) + -> Seq Scan on int4_tbl a + Filter: (f1 = 0) + -> Index Scan using tenk1_unique2 on tenk1 b + Index Cond: (unique2 = 0) +(6 rows) + +explain (costs off) + select * from tenk1 a full join tenk1 b using(unique2) where unique2 = 42; + QUERY PLAN +------------------------------------------------- + Merge Full Join + Merge Cond: (a.unique2 = b.unique2) + -> Index Scan using tenk1_unique2 on tenk1 a + Index Cond: (unique2 = 42) + -> Index Scan using tenk1_unique2 on tenk1 b + Index Cond: (unique2 = 42) +(6 rows) + +-- +-- test that quals attached to an outer join have correct semantics, +-- specifically that they don't re-use expressions computed below the join; +-- we force a mergejoin so that coalesce(b.q1, 1) appears as a join input +-- +set enable_hashjoin to off; +set enable_nestloop to off; +explain (verbose, costs off) + select a.q2, b.q1 + from int8_tbl a left join int8_tbl b on a.q2 = coalesce(b.q1, 1) + where coalesce(b.q1, 1) > 0; + QUERY PLAN +--------------------------------------------------------- + Merge Left Join + Output: a.q2, b.q1 + Merge Cond: (a.q2 = (COALESCE(b.q1, '1'::bigint))) + Filter: (COALESCE(b.q1, '1'::bigint) > 0) + -> Sort + Output: a.q2 + Sort Key: a.q2 + -> Seq Scan on public.int8_tbl a + Output: a.q2 + -> Sort + Output: b.q1, (COALESCE(b.q1, '1'::bigint)) + Sort Key: (COALESCE(b.q1, '1'::bigint)) + -> Seq Scan on public.int8_tbl b + Output: b.q1, COALESCE(b.q1, '1'::bigint) +(14 rows) + +select a.q2, b.q1 + from int8_tbl a left join int8_tbl b on a.q2 = coalesce(b.q1, 1) + where coalesce(b.q1, 1) > 0; + q2 | q1 +-------------------+------------------ + -4567890123456789 | + 123 | 123 + 123 | 123 + 456 | + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 +(10 rows) + +reset enable_hashjoin; +reset enable_nestloop; +-- +-- test join removal +-- +begin; +CREATE TEMP TABLE a (id int PRIMARY KEY, b_id int); +CREATE TEMP TABLE b (id int PRIMARY KEY, c_id int); +CREATE TEMP TABLE c (id int PRIMARY KEY); +CREATE TEMP TABLE d (a int, b int); +INSERT INTO a VALUES (0, 0), (1, NULL); +INSERT INTO b VALUES (0, 0), (1, NULL); +INSERT INTO c VALUES (0), (1); +INSERT INTO d VALUES (1,3), (2,2), (3,1); +-- all three cases should be optimizable into a simple seqscan +explain (costs off) SELECT a.* FROM a LEFT JOIN b ON a.b_id = b.id; + QUERY PLAN +--------------- + Seq Scan on a +(1 row) + +explain (costs off) SELECT b.* FROM b LEFT JOIN c ON b.c_id = c.id; + QUERY PLAN +--------------- + Seq Scan on b +(1 row) + +explain (costs off) + SELECT a.* FROM a LEFT JOIN (b left join c on b.c_id = c.id) + ON (a.b_id = b.id); + QUERY PLAN +--------------- + Seq Scan on a +(1 row) + +-- check optimization of outer join within another special join +explain (costs off) +select id from a where id in ( + select b.id from b left join c on b.id = c.id +); + QUERY PLAN +---------------------------- + Hash Join + Hash Cond: (a.id = b.id) + -> Seq Scan on a + -> Hash + -> Seq Scan on b +(5 rows) + +-- check that join removal works for a left join when joining a subquery +-- that is guaranteed to be unique by its GROUP BY clause +explain (costs off) +select d.* from d left join (select * from b group by b.id, b.c_id) s + on d.a = s.id and d.b = s.c_id; + QUERY PLAN +--------------- + Seq Scan on d +(1 row) + +-- similarly, but keying off a DISTINCT clause +explain (costs off) +select d.* from d left join (select distinct * from b) s + on d.a = s.id and d.b = s.c_id; + QUERY PLAN +--------------- + Seq Scan on d +(1 row) + +-- join removal is not possible when the GROUP BY contains a column that is +-- not in the join condition. (Note: as of 9.6, we notice that b.id is a +-- primary key and so drop b.c_id from the GROUP BY of the resulting plan; +-- but this happens too late for join removal in the outer plan level.) +explain (costs off) +select d.* from d left join (select * from b group by b.id, b.c_id) s + on d.a = s.id; + QUERY PLAN +------------------------------------------ + Merge Right Join + Merge Cond: (b.id = d.a) + -> Group + Group Key: b.id + -> Index Scan using b_pkey on b + -> Sort + Sort Key: d.a + -> Seq Scan on d +(8 rows) + +-- similarly, but keying off a DISTINCT clause +explain (costs off) +select d.* from d left join (select distinct * from b) s + on d.a = s.id; + QUERY PLAN +-------------------------------------- + Merge Right Join + Merge Cond: (b.id = d.a) + -> Unique + -> Sort + Sort Key: b.id, b.c_id + -> Seq Scan on b + -> Sort + Sort Key: d.a + -> Seq Scan on d +(9 rows) + +-- check join removal works when uniqueness of the join condition is enforced +-- by a UNION +explain (costs off) +select d.* from d left join (select id from a union select id from b) s + on d.a = s.id; + QUERY PLAN +--------------- + Seq Scan on d +(1 row) + +-- check join removal with a cross-type comparison operator +explain (costs off) +select i8.* from int8_tbl i8 left join (select f1 from int4_tbl group by f1) i4 + on i8.q1 = i4.f1; + QUERY PLAN +------------------------- + Seq Scan on int8_tbl i8 +(1 row) + +-- check join removal with lateral references +explain (costs off) +select 1 from (select a.id FROM a left join b on a.b_id = b.id) q, + lateral generate_series(1, q.id) gs(i) where q.id = gs.i; + QUERY PLAN +------------------------------------------- + Nested Loop + -> Seq Scan on a + -> Function Scan on generate_series gs + Filter: (a.id = i) +(4 rows) + +rollback; +create temp table parent (k int primary key, pd int); +create temp table child (k int unique, cd int); +insert into parent values (1, 10), (2, 20), (3, 30); +insert into child values (1, 100), (4, 400); +-- this case is optimizable +select p.* from parent p left join child c on (p.k = c.k); + k | pd +---+---- + 1 | 10 + 2 | 20 + 3 | 30 +(3 rows) + +explain (costs off) + select p.* from parent p left join child c on (p.k = c.k); + QUERY PLAN +---------------------- + Seq Scan on parent p +(1 row) + +-- this case is not +select p.*, linked from parent p + left join (select c.*, true as linked from child c) as ss + on (p.k = ss.k); + k | pd | linked +---+----+-------- + 1 | 10 | t + 2 | 20 | + 3 | 30 | +(3 rows) + +explain (costs off) + select p.*, linked from parent p + left join (select c.*, true as linked from child c) as ss + on (p.k = ss.k); + QUERY PLAN +--------------------------------- + Hash Left Join + Hash Cond: (p.k = c.k) + -> Seq Scan on parent p + -> Hash + -> Seq Scan on child c +(5 rows) + +-- check for a 9.0rc1 bug: join removal breaks pseudoconstant qual handling +select p.* from + parent p left join child c on (p.k = c.k) + where p.k = 1 and p.k = 2; + k | pd +---+---- +(0 rows) + +explain (costs off) +select p.* from + parent p left join child c on (p.k = c.k) + where p.k = 1 and p.k = 2; + QUERY PLAN +------------------------------------------------ + Result + One-Time Filter: false + -> Index Scan using parent_pkey on parent p + Index Cond: (k = 1) +(4 rows) + +select p.* from + (parent p left join child c on (p.k = c.k)) join parent x on p.k = x.k + where p.k = 1 and p.k = 2; + k | pd +---+---- +(0 rows) + +explain (costs off) +select p.* from + (parent p left join child c on (p.k = c.k)) join parent x on p.k = x.k + where p.k = 1 and p.k = 2; + QUERY PLAN +-------------------------- + Result + One-Time Filter: false +(2 rows) + +-- bug 5255: this is not optimizable by join removal +begin; +CREATE TEMP TABLE a (id int PRIMARY KEY); +CREATE TEMP TABLE b (id int PRIMARY KEY, a_id int); +INSERT INTO a VALUES (0), (1); +INSERT INTO b VALUES (0, 0), (1, NULL); +SELECT * FROM b LEFT JOIN a ON (b.a_id = a.id) WHERE (a.id IS NULL OR a.id > 0); + id | a_id | id +----+------+---- + 1 | | +(1 row) + +SELECT b.* FROM b LEFT JOIN a ON (b.a_id = a.id) WHERE (a.id IS NULL OR a.id > 0); + id | a_id +----+------ + 1 | +(1 row) + +rollback; +-- another join removal bug: this is not optimizable, either +begin; +create temp table innertab (id int8 primary key, dat1 int8); +insert into innertab values(123, 42); +SELECT * FROM + (SELECT 1 AS x) ss1 + LEFT JOIN + (SELECT q1, q2, COALESCE(dat1, q1) AS y + FROM int8_tbl LEFT JOIN innertab ON q2 = id) ss2 + ON true; + x | q1 | q2 | y +---+------------------+-------------------+------------------ + 1 | 123 | 456 | 123 + 1 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 123 + 1 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 42 + 1 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 1 | 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 +(5 rows) + +rollback; +-- another join removal bug: we must clean up correctly when removing a PHV +begin; +create temp table uniquetbl (f1 text unique); +explain (costs off) +select t1.* from + uniquetbl as t1 + left join (select *, '***'::text as d1 from uniquetbl) t2 + on t1.f1 = t2.f1 + left join uniquetbl t3 + on t2.d1 = t3.f1; + QUERY PLAN +-------------------------- + Seq Scan on uniquetbl t1 +(1 row) + +explain (costs off) +select t0.* +from + text_tbl t0 + left join + (select case t1.ten when 0 then 'doh!'::text else null::text end as case1, + t1.stringu2 + from tenk1 t1 + join int4_tbl i4 ON i4.f1 = t1.unique2 + left join uniquetbl u1 ON u1.f1 = t1.string4) ss + on t0.f1 = ss.case1 +where ss.stringu2 !~* ss.case1; + QUERY PLAN +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + Nested Loop + Join Filter: (CASE t1.ten WHEN 0 THEN 'doh!'::text ELSE NULL::text END = t0.f1) + -> Nested Loop + -> Seq Scan on int4_tbl i4 + -> Index Scan using tenk1_unique2 on tenk1 t1 + Index Cond: (unique2 = i4.f1) + Filter: (stringu2 !~* CASE ten WHEN 0 THEN 'doh!'::text ELSE NULL::text END) + -> Materialize + -> Seq Scan on text_tbl t0 +(9 rows) + +select t0.* +from + text_tbl t0 + left join + (select case t1.ten when 0 then 'doh!'::text else null::text end as case1, + t1.stringu2 + from tenk1 t1 + join int4_tbl i4 ON i4.f1 = t1.unique2 + left join uniquetbl u1 ON u1.f1 = t1.string4) ss + on t0.f1 = ss.case1 +where ss.stringu2 !~* ss.case1; + f1 +------ + doh! +(1 row) + +rollback; +-- test case to expose miscomputation of required relid set for a PHV +explain (verbose, costs off) +select i8.*, ss.v, t.unique2 + from int8_tbl i8 + left join int4_tbl i4 on i4.f1 = 1 + left join lateral (select i4.f1 + 1 as v) as ss on true + left join tenk1 t on t.unique2 = ss.v +where q2 = 456; + QUERY PLAN +------------------------------------------------------------- + Nested Loop Left Join + Output: i8.q1, i8.q2, ((i4.f1 + 1)), t.unique2 + -> Nested Loop Left Join + Output: i8.q1, i8.q2, (i4.f1 + 1) + -> Seq Scan on public.int8_tbl i8 + Output: i8.q1, i8.q2 + Filter: (i8.q2 = 456) + -> Seq Scan on public.int4_tbl i4 + Output: i4.f1 + Filter: (i4.f1 = 1) + -> Index Only Scan using tenk1_unique2 on public.tenk1 t + Output: t.unique2 + Index Cond: (t.unique2 = ((i4.f1 + 1))) +(13 rows) + +select i8.*, ss.v, t.unique2 + from int8_tbl i8 + left join int4_tbl i4 on i4.f1 = 1 + left join lateral (select i4.f1 + 1 as v) as ss on true + left join tenk1 t on t.unique2 = ss.v +where q2 = 456; + q1 | q2 | v | unique2 +-----+-----+---+--------- + 123 | 456 | | +(1 row) + +-- and check a related issue where we miscompute required relids for +-- a PHV that's been translated to a child rel +create temp table parttbl (a integer primary key) partition by range (a); +create temp table parttbl1 partition of parttbl for values from (1) to (100); +insert into parttbl values (11), (12); +explain (costs off) +select * from + (select *, 12 as phv from parttbl) as ss + right join int4_tbl on true +where ss.a = ss.phv and f1 = 0; + QUERY PLAN +------------------------------------ + Nested Loop + -> Seq Scan on int4_tbl + Filter: (f1 = 0) + -> Seq Scan on parttbl1 parttbl + Filter: (a = 12) +(5 rows) + +select * from + (select *, 12 as phv from parttbl) as ss + right join int4_tbl on true +where ss.a = ss.phv and f1 = 0; + a | phv | f1 +----+-----+---- + 12 | 12 | 0 +(1 row) + +-- bug #8444: we've historically allowed duplicate aliases within aliased JOINs +select * from + int8_tbl x join (int4_tbl x cross join int4_tbl y) j on q1 = f1; -- error +ERROR: column reference "f1" is ambiguous +LINE 2: ..._tbl x join (int4_tbl x cross join int4_tbl y) j on q1 = f1; + ^ +select * from + int8_tbl x join (int4_tbl x cross join int4_tbl y) j on q1 = y.f1; -- error +ERROR: invalid reference to FROM-clause entry for table "y" +LINE 2: ...bl x join (int4_tbl x cross join int4_tbl y) j on q1 = y.f1; + ^ +HINT: There is an entry for table "y", but it cannot be referenced from this part of the query. +select * from + int8_tbl x join (int4_tbl x cross join int4_tbl y(ff)) j on q1 = f1; -- ok + q1 | q2 | f1 | ff +----+----+----+---- +(0 rows) + +-- +-- Test hints given on incorrect column references are useful +-- +select t1.uunique1 from + tenk1 t1 join tenk2 t2 on t1.two = t2.two; -- error, prefer "t1" suggestion +ERROR: column t1.uunique1 does not exist +LINE 1: select t1.uunique1 from + ^ +HINT: Perhaps you meant to reference the column "t1.unique1". +select t2.uunique1 from + tenk1 t1 join tenk2 t2 on t1.two = t2.two; -- error, prefer "t2" suggestion +ERROR: column t2.uunique1 does not exist +LINE 1: select t2.uunique1 from + ^ +HINT: Perhaps you meant to reference the column "t2.unique1". +select uunique1 from + tenk1 t1 join tenk2 t2 on t1.two = t2.two; -- error, suggest both at once +ERROR: column "uunique1" does not exist +LINE 1: select uunique1 from + ^ +HINT: Perhaps you meant to reference the column "t1.unique1" or the column "t2.unique1". +-- +-- Take care to reference the correct RTE +-- +select atts.relid::regclass, s.* from pg_stats s join + pg_attribute a on s.attname = a.attname and s.tablename = + a.attrelid::regclass::text join (select unnest(indkey) attnum, + indexrelid from pg_index i) atts on atts.attnum = a.attnum where + schemaname != 'pg_catalog'; +ERROR: column atts.relid does not exist +LINE 1: select atts.relid::regclass, s.* from pg_stats s join + ^ +-- +-- Test LATERAL +-- +select unique2, x.* +from tenk1 a, lateral (select * from int4_tbl b where f1 = a.unique1) x; + unique2 | f1 +---------+---- + 9998 | 0 +(1 row) + +explain (costs off) + select unique2, x.* + from tenk1 a, lateral (select * from int4_tbl b where f1 = a.unique1) x; + QUERY PLAN +------------------------------------------------- + Nested Loop + -> Seq Scan on int4_tbl b + -> Index Scan using tenk1_unique1 on tenk1 a + Index Cond: (unique1 = b.f1) +(4 rows) + +select unique2, x.* +from int4_tbl x, lateral (select unique2 from tenk1 where f1 = unique1) ss; + unique2 | f1 +---------+---- + 9998 | 0 +(1 row) + +explain (costs off) + select unique2, x.* + from int4_tbl x, lateral (select unique2 from tenk1 where f1 = unique1) ss; + QUERY PLAN +----------------------------------------------- + Nested Loop + -> Seq Scan on int4_tbl x + -> Index Scan using tenk1_unique1 on tenk1 + Index Cond: (unique1 = x.f1) +(4 rows) + +explain (costs off) + select unique2, x.* + from int4_tbl x cross join lateral (select unique2 from tenk1 where f1 = unique1) ss; + QUERY PLAN +----------------------------------------------- + Nested Loop + -> Seq Scan on int4_tbl x + -> Index Scan using tenk1_unique1 on tenk1 + Index Cond: (unique1 = x.f1) +(4 rows) + +select unique2, x.* +from int4_tbl x left join lateral (select unique1, unique2 from tenk1 where f1 = unique1) ss on true; + unique2 | f1 +---------+------------- + 9998 | 0 + | 123456 + | -123456 + | 2147483647 + | -2147483647 +(5 rows) + +explain (costs off) + select unique2, x.* + from int4_tbl x left join lateral (select unique1, unique2 from tenk1 where f1 = unique1) ss on true; + QUERY PLAN +----------------------------------------------- + Nested Loop Left Join + -> Seq Scan on int4_tbl x + -> Index Scan using tenk1_unique1 on tenk1 + Index Cond: (unique1 = x.f1) +(4 rows) + +-- check scoping of lateral versus parent references +-- the first of these should return int8_tbl.q2, the second int8_tbl.q1 +select *, (select r from (select q1 as q2) x, (select q2 as r) y) from int8_tbl; + q1 | q2 | r +------------------+-------------------+------------------- + 123 | 456 | 456 + 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 +(5 rows) + +select *, (select r from (select q1 as q2) x, lateral (select q2 as r) y) from int8_tbl; + q1 | q2 | r +------------------+-------------------+------------------ + 123 | 456 | 123 + 123 | 4567890123456789 | 123 + 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 +(5 rows) + +-- lateral with function in FROM +select count(*) from tenk1 a, lateral generate_series(1,two) g; + count +------- + 5000 +(1 row) + +explain (costs off) + select count(*) from tenk1 a, lateral generate_series(1,two) g; + QUERY PLAN +------------------------------------------------------ + Aggregate + -> Nested Loop + -> Seq Scan on tenk1 a + -> Memoize + Cache Key: a.two + Cache Mode: binary + -> Function Scan on generate_series g +(7 rows) + +explain (costs off) + select count(*) from tenk1 a cross join lateral generate_series(1,two) g; + QUERY PLAN +------------------------------------------------------ + Aggregate + -> Nested Loop + -> Seq Scan on tenk1 a + -> Memoize + Cache Key: a.two + Cache Mode: binary + -> Function Scan on generate_series g +(7 rows) + +-- don't need the explicit LATERAL keyword for functions +explain (costs off) + select count(*) from tenk1 a, generate_series(1,two) g; + QUERY PLAN +------------------------------------------------------ + Aggregate + -> Nested Loop + -> Seq Scan on tenk1 a + -> Memoize + Cache Key: a.two + Cache Mode: binary + -> Function Scan on generate_series g +(7 rows) + +-- lateral with UNION ALL subselect +explain (costs off) + select * from generate_series(100,200) g, + lateral (select * from int8_tbl a where g = q1 union all + select * from int8_tbl b where g = q2) ss; + QUERY PLAN +------------------------------------------ + Nested Loop + -> Function Scan on generate_series g + -> Append + -> Seq Scan on int8_tbl a + Filter: (g.g = q1) + -> Seq Scan on int8_tbl b + Filter: (g.g = q2) +(7 rows) + +select * from generate_series(100,200) g, + lateral (select * from int8_tbl a where g = q1 union all + select * from int8_tbl b where g = q2) ss; + g | q1 | q2 +-----+------------------+------------------ + 123 | 123 | 456 + 123 | 123 | 4567890123456789 + 123 | 4567890123456789 | 123 +(3 rows) + +-- lateral with VALUES +explain (costs off) + select count(*) from tenk1 a, + tenk1 b join lateral (values(a.unique1)) ss(x) on b.unique2 = ss.x; + QUERY PLAN +------------------------------------------------------------ + Aggregate + -> Merge Join + Merge Cond: (a.unique1 = b.unique2) + -> Index Only Scan using tenk1_unique1 on tenk1 a + -> Index Only Scan using tenk1_unique2 on tenk1 b +(5 rows) + +select count(*) from tenk1 a, + tenk1 b join lateral (values(a.unique1)) ss(x) on b.unique2 = ss.x; + count +------- + 10000 +(1 row) + +-- lateral with VALUES, no flattening possible +explain (costs off) + select count(*) from tenk1 a, + tenk1 b join lateral (values(a.unique1),(-1)) ss(x) on b.unique2 = ss.x; + QUERY PLAN +------------------------------------------------------------------ + Aggregate + -> Nested Loop + -> Nested Loop + -> Index Only Scan using tenk1_unique1 on tenk1 a + -> Values Scan on "*VALUES*" + -> Memoize + Cache Key: "*VALUES*".column1 + Cache Mode: logical + -> Index Only Scan using tenk1_unique2 on tenk1 b + Index Cond: (unique2 = "*VALUES*".column1) +(10 rows) + +select count(*) from tenk1 a, + tenk1 b join lateral (values(a.unique1),(-1)) ss(x) on b.unique2 = ss.x; + count +------- + 10000 +(1 row) + +-- lateral injecting a strange outer join condition +explain (costs off) + select * from int8_tbl a, + int8_tbl x left join lateral (select a.q1 from int4_tbl y) ss(z) + on x.q2 = ss.z + order by a.q1, a.q2, x.q1, x.q2, ss.z; + QUERY PLAN +------------------------------------------------ + Sort + Sort Key: a.q1, a.q2, x.q1, x.q2, (a.q1) + -> Nested Loop + -> Seq Scan on int8_tbl a + -> Hash Right Join + Hash Cond: ((a.q1) = x.q2) + -> Seq Scan on int4_tbl y + -> Hash + -> Seq Scan on int8_tbl x +(9 rows) + +select * from int8_tbl a, + int8_tbl x left join lateral (select a.q1 from int4_tbl y) ss(z) + on x.q2 = ss.z + order by a.q1, a.q2, x.q1, x.q2, ss.z; + q1 | q2 | q1 | q2 | z +------------------+-------------------+------------------+-------------------+------------------ + 123 | 456 | 123 | 456 | + 123 | 456 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | + 123 | 456 | 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | + 123 | 456 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 + 123 | 456 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 + 123 | 456 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 + 123 | 456 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 + 123 | 456 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 + 123 | 456 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | + 123 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 456 | + 123 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | + 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | + 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 + 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 + 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 + 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 + 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 + 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | + 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | 123 | 456 | + 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | + 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | + 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 | 456 | + 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | + 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | + 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 456 | + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 +(57 rows) + +-- lateral reference to a join alias variable +select * from (select f1/2 as x from int4_tbl) ss1 join int4_tbl i4 on x = f1, + lateral (select x) ss2(y); + x | f1 | y +---+----+--- + 0 | 0 | 0 +(1 row) + +select * from (select f1 as x from int4_tbl) ss1 join int4_tbl i4 on x = f1, + lateral (values(x)) ss2(y); + x | f1 | y +-------------+-------------+------------- + 0 | 0 | 0 + 123456 | 123456 | 123456 + -123456 | -123456 | -123456 + 2147483647 | 2147483647 | 2147483647 + -2147483647 | -2147483647 | -2147483647 +(5 rows) + +select * from ((select f1/2 as x from int4_tbl) ss1 join int4_tbl i4 on x = f1) j, + lateral (select x) ss2(y); + x | f1 | y +---+----+--- + 0 | 0 | 0 +(1 row) + +-- lateral references requiring pullup +select * from (values(1)) x(lb), + lateral generate_series(lb,4) x4; + lb | x4 +----+---- + 1 | 1 + 1 | 2 + 1 | 3 + 1 | 4 +(4 rows) + +select * from (select f1/1000000000 from int4_tbl) x(lb), + lateral generate_series(lb,4) x4; + lb | x4 +----+---- + 0 | 0 + 0 | 1 + 0 | 2 + 0 | 3 + 0 | 4 + 0 | 0 + 0 | 1 + 0 | 2 + 0 | 3 + 0 | 4 + 0 | 0 + 0 | 1 + 0 | 2 + 0 | 3 + 0 | 4 + 2 | 2 + 2 | 3 + 2 | 4 + -2 | -2 + -2 | -1 + -2 | 0 + -2 | 1 + -2 | 2 + -2 | 3 + -2 | 4 +(25 rows) + +select * from (values(1)) x(lb), + lateral (values(lb)) y(lbcopy); + lb | lbcopy +----+-------- + 1 | 1 +(1 row) + +select * from (values(1)) x(lb), + lateral (select lb from int4_tbl) y(lbcopy); + lb | lbcopy +----+-------- + 1 | 1 + 1 | 1 + 1 | 1 + 1 | 1 + 1 | 1 +(5 rows) + +select * from + int8_tbl x left join (select q1,coalesce(q2,0) q2 from int8_tbl) y on x.q2 = y.q1, + lateral (values(x.q1,y.q1,y.q2)) v(xq1,yq1,yq2); + q1 | q2 | q1 | q2 | xq1 | yq1 | yq2 +------------------+-------------------+------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------- + 123 | 456 | | | 123 | | + 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 + 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 123 + 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 | 456 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 456 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 + 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | | | 4567890123456789 | | +(10 rows) + +select * from + int8_tbl x left join (select q1,coalesce(q2,0) q2 from int8_tbl) y on x.q2 = y.q1, + lateral (select x.q1,y.q1,y.q2) v(xq1,yq1,yq2); + q1 | q2 | q1 | q2 | xq1 | yq1 | yq2 +------------------+-------------------+------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------- + 123 | 456 | | | 123 | | + 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 + 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 123 + 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 | 456 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 456 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 + 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | | | 4567890123456789 | | +(10 rows) + +select x.* from + int8_tbl x left join (select q1,coalesce(q2,0) q2 from int8_tbl) y on x.q2 = y.q1, + lateral (select x.q1,y.q1,y.q2) v(xq1,yq1,yq2); + q1 | q2 +------------------+------------------- + 123 | 456 + 123 | 4567890123456789 + 123 | 4567890123456789 + 123 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 123 + 4567890123456789 | 123 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 +(10 rows) + +select v.* from + (int8_tbl x left join (select q1,coalesce(q2,0) q2 from int8_tbl) y on x.q2 = y.q1) + left join int4_tbl z on z.f1 = x.q2, + lateral (select x.q1,y.q1 union all select x.q2,y.q2) v(vx,vy); + vx | vy +-------------------+------------------- + 123 | + 456 | + 123 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 + 123 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 123 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 123 + 4567890123456789 | 123 + 123 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 123 + 123 | 456 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 123 + 4567890123456789 | + -4567890123456789 | +(20 rows) + +select v.* from + (int8_tbl x left join (select q1,(select coalesce(q2,0)) q2 from int8_tbl) y on x.q2 = y.q1) + left join int4_tbl z on z.f1 = x.q2, + lateral (select x.q1,y.q1 union all select x.q2,y.q2) v(vx,vy); + vx | vy +-------------------+------------------- + 4567890123456789 | 123 + 123 | 456 + 4567890123456789 | 123 + 123 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 123 + 123 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 123 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 123 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 + 123 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 + 123 | + 456 | + 4567890123456789 | + -4567890123456789 | +(20 rows) + +select v.* from + (int8_tbl x left join (select q1,(select coalesce(q2,0)) q2 from int8_tbl) y on x.q2 = y.q1) + left join int4_tbl z on z.f1 = x.q2, + lateral (select x.q1,y.q1 from onerow union all select x.q2,y.q2 from onerow) v(vx,vy); + vx | vy +-------------------+------------------- + 4567890123456789 | 123 + 123 | 456 + 4567890123456789 | 123 + 123 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 123 + 123 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 123 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 123 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 + 123 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 + 123 | + 456 | + 4567890123456789 | + -4567890123456789 | +(20 rows) + +explain (verbose, costs off) +select * from + int8_tbl a left join + lateral (select *, a.q2 as x from int8_tbl b) ss on a.q2 = ss.q1; + QUERY PLAN +------------------------------------------ + Nested Loop Left Join + Output: a.q1, a.q2, b.q1, b.q2, (a.q2) + -> Seq Scan on public.int8_tbl a + Output: a.q1, a.q2 + -> Seq Scan on public.int8_tbl b + Output: b.q1, b.q2, a.q2 + Filter: (a.q2 = b.q1) +(7 rows) + +select * from + int8_tbl a left join + lateral (select *, a.q2 as x from int8_tbl b) ss on a.q2 = ss.q1; + q1 | q2 | q1 | q2 | x +------------------+-------------------+------------------+-------------------+------------------ + 123 | 456 | | | + 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 + 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 | 456 | 123 + 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 123 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | | | +(10 rows) + +explain (verbose, costs off) +select * from + int8_tbl a left join + lateral (select *, coalesce(a.q2, 42) as x from int8_tbl b) ss on a.q2 = ss.q1; + QUERY PLAN +------------------------------------------------------------------ + Nested Loop Left Join + Output: a.q1, a.q2, b.q1, b.q2, (COALESCE(a.q2, '42'::bigint)) + -> Seq Scan on public.int8_tbl a + Output: a.q1, a.q2 + -> Seq Scan on public.int8_tbl b + Output: b.q1, b.q2, COALESCE(a.q2, '42'::bigint) + Filter: (a.q2 = b.q1) +(7 rows) + +select * from + int8_tbl a left join + lateral (select *, coalesce(a.q2, 42) as x from int8_tbl b) ss on a.q2 = ss.q1; + q1 | q2 | q1 | q2 | x +------------------+-------------------+------------------+-------------------+------------------ + 123 | 456 | | | + 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 + 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 | 456 | 123 + 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 123 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | | | +(10 rows) + +-- lateral can result in join conditions appearing below their +-- real semantic level +explain (verbose, costs off) +select * from int4_tbl i left join + lateral (select * from int2_tbl j where i.f1 = j.f1) k on true; + QUERY PLAN +------------------------------------------- + Hash Left Join + Output: i.f1, j.f1 + Hash Cond: (i.f1 = j.f1) + -> Seq Scan on public.int4_tbl i + Output: i.f1 + -> Hash + Output: j.f1 + -> Seq Scan on public.int2_tbl j + Output: j.f1 +(9 rows) + +select * from int4_tbl i left join + lateral (select * from int2_tbl j where i.f1 = j.f1) k on true; + f1 | f1 +-------------+---- + 0 | 0 + 123456 | + -123456 | + 2147483647 | + -2147483647 | +(5 rows) + +explain (verbose, costs off) +select * from int4_tbl i left join + lateral (select coalesce(i) from int2_tbl j where i.f1 = j.f1) k on true; + QUERY PLAN +------------------------------------- + Nested Loop Left Join + Output: i.f1, (COALESCE(i.*)) + -> Seq Scan on public.int4_tbl i + Output: i.f1, i.* + -> Seq Scan on public.int2_tbl j + Output: j.f1, COALESCE(i.*) + Filter: (i.f1 = j.f1) +(7 rows) + +select * from int4_tbl i left join + lateral (select coalesce(i) from int2_tbl j where i.f1 = j.f1) k on true; + f1 | coalesce +-------------+---------- + 0 | (0) + 123456 | + -123456 | + 2147483647 | + -2147483647 | +(5 rows) + +explain (verbose, costs off) +select * from int4_tbl a, + lateral ( + select * from int4_tbl b left join int8_tbl c on (b.f1 = q1 and a.f1 = q2) + ) ss; + QUERY PLAN +------------------------------------------------- + Nested Loop + Output: a.f1, b.f1, c.q1, c.q2 + -> Seq Scan on public.int4_tbl a + Output: a.f1 + -> Hash Left Join + Output: b.f1, c.q1, c.q2 + Hash Cond: (b.f1 = c.q1) + -> Seq Scan on public.int4_tbl b + Output: b.f1 + -> Hash + Output: c.q1, c.q2 + -> Seq Scan on public.int8_tbl c + Output: c.q1, c.q2 + Filter: (a.f1 = c.q2) +(14 rows) + +select * from int4_tbl a, + lateral ( + select * from int4_tbl b left join int8_tbl c on (b.f1 = q1 and a.f1 = q2) + ) ss; + f1 | f1 | q1 | q2 +-------------+-------------+----+---- + 0 | 0 | | + 0 | 123456 | | + 0 | -123456 | | + 0 | 2147483647 | | + 0 | -2147483647 | | + 123456 | 0 | | + 123456 | 123456 | | + 123456 | -123456 | | + 123456 | 2147483647 | | + 123456 | -2147483647 | | + -123456 | 0 | | + -123456 | 123456 | | + -123456 | -123456 | | + -123456 | 2147483647 | | + -123456 | -2147483647 | | + 2147483647 | 0 | | + 2147483647 | 123456 | | + 2147483647 | -123456 | | + 2147483647 | 2147483647 | | + 2147483647 | -2147483647 | | + -2147483647 | 0 | | + -2147483647 | 123456 | | + -2147483647 | -123456 | | + -2147483647 | 2147483647 | | + -2147483647 | -2147483647 | | +(25 rows) + +-- lateral reference in a PlaceHolderVar evaluated at join level +explain (verbose, costs off) +select * from + int8_tbl a left join lateral + (select b.q1 as bq1, c.q1 as cq1, least(a.q1,b.q1,c.q1) from + int8_tbl b cross join int8_tbl c) ss + on a.q2 = ss.bq1; + QUERY PLAN +------------------------------------------------------------- + Nested Loop Left Join + Output: a.q1, a.q2, b.q1, c.q1, (LEAST(a.q1, b.q1, c.q1)) + -> Seq Scan on public.int8_tbl a + Output: a.q1, a.q2 + -> Nested Loop + Output: b.q1, c.q1, LEAST(a.q1, b.q1, c.q1) + -> Seq Scan on public.int8_tbl b + Output: b.q1, b.q2 + Filter: (a.q2 = b.q1) + -> Seq Scan on public.int8_tbl c + Output: c.q1, c.q2 +(11 rows) + +select * from + int8_tbl a left join lateral + (select b.q1 as bq1, c.q1 as cq1, least(a.q1,b.q1,c.q1) from + int8_tbl b cross join int8_tbl c) ss + on a.q2 = ss.bq1; + q1 | q2 | bq1 | cq1 | least +------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ + 123 | 456 | | | + 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 + 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 + 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 + 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 + 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 + 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 + 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 + 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 + 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 + 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 + 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 + 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 + 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 + 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 + 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 + 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 | 123 | 123 + 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 | 123 | 123 + 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 123 + 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 123 + 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 123 + 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 | 123 | 123 + 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 | 123 | 123 + 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 123 + 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 123 + 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 123 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 123 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | | | +(42 rows) + +-- case requiring nested PlaceHolderVars +explain (verbose, costs off) +select * from + int8_tbl c left join ( + int8_tbl a left join (select q1, coalesce(q2,42) as x from int8_tbl b) ss1 + on a.q2 = ss1.q1 + cross join + lateral (select q1, coalesce(ss1.x,q2) as y from int8_tbl d) ss2 + ) on c.q2 = ss2.q1, + lateral (select ss2.y offset 0) ss3; + QUERY PLAN +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + Nested Loop + Output: c.q1, c.q2, a.q1, a.q2, b.q1, (COALESCE(b.q2, '42'::bigint)), d.q1, (COALESCE((COALESCE(b.q2, '42'::bigint)), d.q2)), ((COALESCE((COALESCE(b.q2, '42'::bigint)), d.q2))) + -> Hash Right Join + Output: c.q1, c.q2, a.q1, a.q2, b.q1, d.q1, (COALESCE(b.q2, '42'::bigint)), (COALESCE((COALESCE(b.q2, '42'::bigint)), d.q2)) + Hash Cond: (d.q1 = c.q2) + -> Nested Loop + Output: a.q1, a.q2, b.q1, d.q1, (COALESCE(b.q2, '42'::bigint)), (COALESCE((COALESCE(b.q2, '42'::bigint)), d.q2)) + -> Hash Left Join + Output: a.q1, a.q2, b.q1, (COALESCE(b.q2, '42'::bigint)) + Hash Cond: (a.q2 = b.q1) + -> Seq Scan on public.int8_tbl a + Output: a.q1, a.q2 + -> Hash + Output: b.q1, (COALESCE(b.q2, '42'::bigint)) + -> Seq Scan on public.int8_tbl b + Output: b.q1, COALESCE(b.q2, '42'::bigint) + -> Seq Scan on public.int8_tbl d + Output: d.q1, COALESCE((COALESCE(b.q2, '42'::bigint)), d.q2) + -> Hash + Output: c.q1, c.q2 + -> Seq Scan on public.int8_tbl c + Output: c.q1, c.q2 + -> Result + Output: (COALESCE((COALESCE(b.q2, '42'::bigint)), d.q2)) +(24 rows) + +-- case that breaks the old ph_may_need optimization +explain (verbose, costs off) +select c.*,a.*,ss1.q1,ss2.q1,ss3.* from + int8_tbl c left join ( + int8_tbl a left join + (select q1, coalesce(q2,f1) as x from int8_tbl b, int4_tbl b2 + where q1 < f1) ss1 + on a.q2 = ss1.q1 + cross join + lateral (select q1, coalesce(ss1.x,q2) as y from int8_tbl d) ss2 + ) on c.q2 = ss2.q1, + lateral (select * from int4_tbl i where ss2.y > f1) ss3; + QUERY PLAN +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + Nested Loop + Output: c.q1, c.q2, a.q1, a.q2, b.q1, d.q1, i.f1 + Join Filter: ((COALESCE((COALESCE(b.q2, (b2.f1)::bigint)), d.q2)) > i.f1) + -> Hash Right Join + Output: c.q1, c.q2, a.q1, a.q2, b.q1, d.q1, (COALESCE((COALESCE(b.q2, (b2.f1)::bigint)), d.q2)) + Hash Cond: (d.q1 = c.q2) + -> Nested Loop + Output: a.q1, a.q2, b.q1, d.q1, (COALESCE((COALESCE(b.q2, (b2.f1)::bigint)), d.q2)) + -> Hash Right Join + Output: a.q1, a.q2, b.q1, (COALESCE(b.q2, (b2.f1)::bigint)) + Hash Cond: (b.q1 = a.q2) + -> Nested Loop + Output: b.q1, COALESCE(b.q2, (b2.f1)::bigint) + Join Filter: (b.q1 < b2.f1) + -> Seq Scan on public.int8_tbl b + Output: b.q1, b.q2 + -> Materialize + Output: b2.f1 + -> Seq Scan on public.int4_tbl b2 + Output: b2.f1 + -> Hash + Output: a.q1, a.q2 + -> Seq Scan on public.int8_tbl a + Output: a.q1, a.q2 + -> Seq Scan on public.int8_tbl d + Output: d.q1, COALESCE((COALESCE(b.q2, (b2.f1)::bigint)), d.q2) + -> Hash + Output: c.q1, c.q2 + -> Seq Scan on public.int8_tbl c + Output: c.q1, c.q2 + -> Materialize + Output: i.f1 + -> Seq Scan on public.int4_tbl i + Output: i.f1 +(34 rows) + +-- check processing of postponed quals (bug #9041) +explain (verbose, costs off) +select * from + (select 1 as x offset 0) x cross join (select 2 as y offset 0) y + left join lateral ( + select * from (select 3 as z offset 0) z where z.z = x.x + ) zz on zz.z = y.y; + QUERY PLAN +---------------------------------------------- + Nested Loop Left Join + Output: (1), (2), (3) + Join Filter: (((3) = (1)) AND ((3) = (2))) + -> Nested Loop + Output: (1), (2) + -> Result + Output: 1 + -> Result + Output: 2 + -> Result + Output: 3 +(11 rows) + +-- check dummy rels with lateral references (bug #15694) +explain (verbose, costs off) +select * from int8_tbl i8 left join lateral + (select *, i8.q2 from int4_tbl where false) ss on true; + QUERY PLAN +-------------------------------------- + Nested Loop Left Join + Output: i8.q1, i8.q2, f1, (i8.q2) + -> Seq Scan on public.int8_tbl i8 + Output: i8.q1, i8.q2 + -> Result + Output: f1, i8.q2 + One-Time Filter: false +(7 rows) + +explain (verbose, costs off) +select * from int8_tbl i8 left join lateral + (select *, i8.q2 from int4_tbl i1, int4_tbl i2 where false) ss on true; + QUERY PLAN +----------------------------------------- + Nested Loop Left Join + Output: i8.q1, i8.q2, f1, f1, (i8.q2) + -> Seq Scan on public.int8_tbl i8 + Output: i8.q1, i8.q2 + -> Result + Output: f1, f1, i8.q2 + One-Time Filter: false +(7 rows) + +-- check handling of nested appendrels inside LATERAL +select * from + ((select 2 as v) union all (select 3 as v)) as q1 + cross join lateral + ((select * from + ((select 4 as v) union all (select 5 as v)) as q3) + union all + (select q1.v) + ) as q2; + v | v +---+--- + 2 | 4 + 2 | 5 + 2 | 2 + 3 | 4 + 3 | 5 + 3 | 3 +(6 rows) + +-- check the number of columns specified +SELECT * FROM (int8_tbl i cross join int4_tbl j) ss(a,b,c,d); +ERROR: join expression "ss" has 3 columns available but 4 columns specified +-- check we don't try to do a unique-ified semijoin with LATERAL +explain (verbose, costs off) +select * from + (values (0,9998), (1,1000)) v(id,x), + lateral (select f1 from int4_tbl + where f1 = any (select unique1 from tenk1 + where unique2 = v.x offset 0)) ss; + QUERY PLAN +---------------------------------------------------------------------- + Nested Loop + Output: "*VALUES*".column1, "*VALUES*".column2, int4_tbl.f1 + -> Values Scan on "*VALUES*" + Output: "*VALUES*".column1, "*VALUES*".column2 + -> Nested Loop Semi Join + Output: int4_tbl.f1 + Join Filter: (int4_tbl.f1 = tenk1.unique1) + -> Seq Scan on public.int4_tbl + Output: int4_tbl.f1 + -> Materialize + Output: tenk1.unique1 + -> Index Scan using tenk1_unique2 on public.tenk1 + Output: tenk1.unique1 + Index Cond: (tenk1.unique2 = "*VALUES*".column2) +(14 rows) + +select * from + (values (0,9998), (1,1000)) v(id,x), + lateral (select f1 from int4_tbl + where f1 = any (select unique1 from tenk1 + where unique2 = v.x offset 0)) ss; + id | x | f1 +----+------+---- + 0 | 9998 | 0 +(1 row) + +-- check proper extParam/allParam handling (this isn't exactly a LATERAL issue, +-- but we can make the test case much more compact with LATERAL) +explain (verbose, costs off) +select * from (values (0), (1)) v(id), +lateral (select * from int8_tbl t1, + lateral (select * from + (select * from int8_tbl t2 + where q1 = any (select q2 from int8_tbl t3 + where q2 = (select greatest(t1.q1,t2.q2)) + and (select v.id=0)) offset 0) ss2) ss + where t1.q1 = ss.q2) ss0; + QUERY PLAN +----------------------------------------------------------------- + Nested Loop + Output: "*VALUES*".column1, t1.q1, t1.q2, ss2.q1, ss2.q2 + -> Seq Scan on public.int8_tbl t1 + Output: t1.q1, t1.q2 + -> Nested Loop + Output: "*VALUES*".column1, ss2.q1, ss2.q2 + -> Values Scan on "*VALUES*" + Output: "*VALUES*".column1 + -> Subquery Scan on ss2 + Output: ss2.q1, ss2.q2 + Filter: (t1.q1 = ss2.q2) + -> Seq Scan on public.int8_tbl t2 + Output: t2.q1, t2.q2 + Filter: (SubPlan 3) + SubPlan 3 + -> Result + Output: t3.q2 + One-Time Filter: $4 + InitPlan 1 (returns $2) + -> Result + Output: GREATEST($0, t2.q2) + InitPlan 2 (returns $4) + -> Result + Output: ($3 = 0) + -> Seq Scan on public.int8_tbl t3 + Output: t3.q1, t3.q2 + Filter: (t3.q2 = $2) +(27 rows) + +select * from (values (0), (1)) v(id), +lateral (select * from int8_tbl t1, + lateral (select * from + (select * from int8_tbl t2 + where q1 = any (select q2 from int8_tbl t3 + where q2 = (select greatest(t1.q1,t2.q2)) + and (select v.id=0)) offset 0) ss2) ss + where t1.q1 = ss.q2) ss0; + id | q1 | q2 | q1 | q2 +----+------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------ + 0 | 4567890123456789 | 123 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 0 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 + 0 | 4567890123456789 | -4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 | 4567890123456789 +(3 rows) + +-- test some error cases where LATERAL should have been used but wasn't +select f1,g from int4_tbl a, (select f1 as g) ss; +ERROR: column "f1" does not exist +LINE 1: select f1,g from int4_tbl a, (select f1 as g) ss; + ^ +HINT: There is a column named "f1" in table "a", but it cannot be referenced from this part of the query. +select f1,g from int4_tbl a, (select a.f1 as g) ss; +ERROR: invalid reference to FROM-clause entry for table "a" +LINE 1: select f1,g from int4_tbl a, (select a.f1 as g) ss; + ^ +HINT: There is an entry for table "a", but it cannot be referenced from this part of the query. +select f1,g from int4_tbl a cross join (select f1 as g) ss; +ERROR: column "f1" does not exist +LINE 1: select f1,g from int4_tbl a cross join (select f1 as g) ss; + ^ +HINT: There is a column named "f1" in table "a", but it cannot be referenced from this part of the query. +select f1,g from int4_tbl a cross join (select a.f1 as g) ss; +ERROR: invalid reference to FROM-clause entry for table "a" +LINE 1: select f1,g from int4_tbl a cross join (select a.f1 as g) ss... + ^ +HINT: There is an entry for table "a", but it cannot be referenced from this part of the query. +-- SQL:2008 says the left table is in scope but illegal to access here +select f1,g from int4_tbl a right join lateral generate_series(0, a.f1) g on true; +ERROR: invalid reference to FROM-clause entry for table "a" +LINE 1: ... int4_tbl a right join lateral generate_series(0, a.f1) g on... + ^ +DETAIL: The combining JOIN type must be INNER or LEFT for a LATERAL reference. +select f1,g from int4_tbl a full join lateral generate_series(0, a.f1) g on true; +ERROR: invalid reference to FROM-clause entry for table "a" +LINE 1: ...m int4_tbl a full join lateral generate_series(0, a.f1) g on... + ^ +DETAIL: The combining JOIN type must be INNER or LEFT for a LATERAL reference. +-- check we complain about ambiguous table references +select * from + int8_tbl x cross join (int4_tbl x cross join lateral (select x.f1) ss); +ERROR: table reference "x" is ambiguous +LINE 2: ...cross join (int4_tbl x cross join lateral (select x.f1) ss); + ^ +-- LATERAL can be used to put an aggregate into the FROM clause of its query +select 1 from tenk1 a, lateral (select max(a.unique1) from int4_tbl b) ss; +ERROR: aggregate functions are not allowed in FROM clause of their own query level +LINE 1: select 1 from tenk1 a, lateral (select max(a.unique1) from i... + ^ +-- check behavior of LATERAL in UPDATE/DELETE +create temp table xx1 as select f1 as x1, -f1 as x2 from int4_tbl; +-- error, can't do this: +update xx1 set x2 = f1 from (select * from int4_tbl where f1 = x1) ss; +ERROR: column "x1" does not exist +LINE 1: ... set x2 = f1 from (select * from int4_tbl where f1 = x1) ss; + ^ +HINT: There is a column named "x1" in table "xx1", but it cannot be referenced from this part of the query. +update xx1 set x2 = f1 from (select * from int4_tbl where f1 = xx1.x1) ss; +ERROR: invalid reference to FROM-clause entry for table "xx1" +LINE 1: ...t x2 = f1 from (select * from int4_tbl where f1 = xx1.x1) ss... + ^ +HINT: There is an entry for table "xx1", but it cannot be referenced from this part of the query. +-- can't do it even with LATERAL: +update xx1 set x2 = f1 from lateral (select * from int4_tbl where f1 = x1) ss; +ERROR: invalid reference to FROM-clause entry for table "xx1" +LINE 1: ...= f1 from lateral (select * from int4_tbl where f1 = x1) ss; + ^ +HINT: There is an entry for table "xx1", but it cannot be referenced from this part of the query. +-- we might in future allow something like this, but for now it's an error: +update xx1 set x2 = f1 from xx1, lateral (select * from int4_tbl where f1 = x1) ss; +ERROR: table name "xx1" specified more than once +-- also errors: +delete from xx1 using (select * from int4_tbl where f1 = x1) ss; +ERROR: column "x1" does not exist +LINE 1: ...te from xx1 using (select * from int4_tbl where f1 = x1) ss; + ^ +HINT: There is a column named "x1" in table "xx1", but it cannot be referenced from this part of the query. +delete from xx1 using (select * from int4_tbl where f1 = xx1.x1) ss; +ERROR: invalid reference to FROM-clause entry for table "xx1" +LINE 1: ...from xx1 using (select * from int4_tbl where f1 = xx1.x1) ss... + ^ +HINT: There is an entry for table "xx1", but it cannot be referenced from this part of the query. +delete from xx1 using lateral (select * from int4_tbl where f1 = x1) ss; +ERROR: invalid reference to FROM-clause entry for table "xx1" +LINE 1: ...xx1 using lateral (select * from int4_tbl where f1 = x1) ss; + ^ +HINT: There is an entry for table "xx1", but it cannot be referenced from this part of the query. +-- +-- test LATERAL reference propagation down a multi-level inheritance hierarchy +-- produced for a multi-level partitioned table hierarchy. +-- +create table join_pt1 (a int, b int, c varchar) partition by range(a); +create table join_pt1p1 partition of join_pt1 for values from (0) to (100) partition by range(b); +create table join_pt1p2 partition of join_pt1 for values from (100) to (200); +create table join_pt1p1p1 partition of join_pt1p1 for values from (0) to (100); +insert into join_pt1 values (1, 1, 'x'), (101, 101, 'y'); +create table join_ut1 (a int, b int, c varchar); +insert into join_ut1 values (101, 101, 'y'), (2, 2, 'z'); +explain (verbose, costs off) +select t1.b, ss.phv from join_ut1 t1 left join lateral + (select t2.a as t2a, t3.a t3a, least(t1.a, t2.a, t3.a) phv + from join_pt1 t2 join join_ut1 t3 on t2.a = t3.b) ss + on t1.a = ss.t2a order by t1.a; + QUERY PLAN +-------------------------------------------------------------------- + Sort + Output: t1.b, (LEAST(t1.a, t2.a, t3.a)), t1.a + Sort Key: t1.a + -> Nested Loop Left Join + Output: t1.b, (LEAST(t1.a, t2.a, t3.a)), t1.a + -> Seq Scan on public.join_ut1 t1 + Output: t1.a, t1.b, t1.c + -> Hash Join + Output: t2.a, LEAST(t1.a, t2.a, t3.a) + Hash Cond: (t3.b = t2.a) + -> Seq Scan on public.join_ut1 t3 + Output: t3.a, t3.b, t3.c + -> Hash + Output: t2.a + -> Append + -> Seq Scan on public.join_pt1p1p1 t2_1 + Output: t2_1.a + Filter: (t1.a = t2_1.a) + -> Seq Scan on public.join_pt1p2 t2_2 + Output: t2_2.a + Filter: (t1.a = t2_2.a) +(21 rows) + +select t1.b, ss.phv from join_ut1 t1 left join lateral + (select t2.a as t2a, t3.a t3a, least(t1.a, t2.a, t3.a) phv + from join_pt1 t2 join join_ut1 t3 on t2.a = t3.b) ss + on t1.a = ss.t2a order by t1.a; + b | phv +-----+----- + 2 | + 101 | 101 +(2 rows) + +drop table join_pt1; +drop table join_ut1; +-- +-- test estimation behavior with multi-column foreign key and constant qual +-- +begin; +create table fkest (x integer, x10 integer, x10b integer, x100 integer); +insert into fkest select x, x/10, x/10, x/100 from generate_series(1,1000) x; +create unique index on fkest(x, x10, x100); +analyze fkest; +explain (costs off) +select * from fkest f1 + join fkest f2 on (f1.x = f2.x and f1.x10 = f2.x10b and f1.x100 = f2.x100) + join fkest f3 on f1.x = f3.x + where f1.x100 = 2; + QUERY PLAN +----------------------------------------------------------- + Nested Loop + -> Hash Join + Hash Cond: ((f2.x = f1.x) AND (f2.x10b = f1.x10)) + -> Seq Scan on fkest f2 + Filter: (x100 = 2) + -> Hash + -> Seq Scan on fkest f1 + Filter: (x100 = 2) + -> Index Scan using fkest_x_x10_x100_idx on fkest f3 + Index Cond: (x = f1.x) +(10 rows) + +alter table fkest add constraint fk + foreign key (x, x10b, x100) references fkest (x, x10, x100); +explain (costs off) +select * from fkest f1 + join fkest f2 on (f1.x = f2.x and f1.x10 = f2.x10b and f1.x100 = f2.x100) + join fkest f3 on f1.x = f3.x + where f1.x100 = 2; + QUERY PLAN +----------------------------------------------------- + Hash Join + Hash Cond: ((f2.x = f1.x) AND (f2.x10b = f1.x10)) + -> Hash Join + Hash Cond: (f3.x = f2.x) + -> Seq Scan on fkest f3 + -> Hash + -> Seq Scan on fkest f2 + Filter: (x100 = 2) + -> Hash + -> Seq Scan on fkest f1 + Filter: (x100 = 2) +(11 rows) + +rollback; +-- +-- test that foreign key join estimation performs sanely for outer joins +-- +begin; +create table fkest (a int, b int, c int unique, primary key(a,b)); +create table fkest1 (a int, b int, primary key(a,b)); +insert into fkest select x/10, x%10, x from generate_series(1,1000) x; +insert into fkest1 select x/10, x%10 from generate_series(1,1000) x; +alter table fkest1 + add constraint fkest1_a_b_fkey foreign key (a,b) references fkest; +analyze fkest; +analyze fkest1; +explain (costs off) +select * +from fkest f + left join fkest1 f1 on f.a = f1.a and f.b = f1.b + left join fkest1 f2 on f.a = f2.a and f.b = f2.b + left join fkest1 f3 on f.a = f3.a and f.b = f3.b +where f.c = 1; + QUERY PLAN +------------------------------------------------------------------ + Nested Loop Left Join + -> Nested Loop Left Join + -> Nested Loop Left Join + -> Index Scan using fkest_c_key on fkest f + Index Cond: (c = 1) + -> Index Only Scan using fkest1_pkey on fkest1 f1 + Index Cond: ((a = f.a) AND (b = f.b)) + -> Index Only Scan using fkest1_pkey on fkest1 f2 + Index Cond: ((a = f.a) AND (b = f.b)) + -> Index Only Scan using fkest1_pkey on fkest1 f3 + Index Cond: ((a = f.a) AND (b = f.b)) +(11 rows) + +rollback; +-- +-- test planner's ability to mark joins as unique +-- +create table j1 (id int primary key); +create table j2 (id int primary key); +create table j3 (id int); +insert into j1 values(1),(2),(3); +insert into j2 values(1),(2),(3); +insert into j3 values(1),(1); +analyze j1; +analyze j2; +analyze j3; +-- ensure join is properly marked as unique +explain (verbose, costs off) +select * from j1 inner join j2 on j1.id = j2.id; + QUERY PLAN +----------------------------------- + Hash Join + Output: j1.id, j2.id + Inner Unique: true + Hash Cond: (j1.id = j2.id) + -> Seq Scan on public.j1 + Output: j1.id + -> Hash + Output: j2.id + -> Seq Scan on public.j2 + Output: j2.id +(10 rows) + +-- ensure join is not unique when not an equi-join +explain (verbose, costs off) +select * from j1 inner join j2 on j1.id > j2.id; + QUERY PLAN +----------------------------------- + Nested Loop + Output: j1.id, j2.id + Join Filter: (j1.id > j2.id) + -> Seq Scan on public.j1 + Output: j1.id + -> Materialize + Output: j2.id + -> Seq Scan on public.j2 + Output: j2.id +(9 rows) + +-- ensure non-unique rel is not chosen as inner +explain (verbose, costs off) +select * from j1 inner join j3 on j1.id = j3.id; + QUERY PLAN +----------------------------------- + Hash Join + Output: j1.id, j3.id + Inner Unique: true + Hash Cond: (j3.id = j1.id) + -> Seq Scan on public.j3 + Output: j3.id + -> Hash + Output: j1.id + -> Seq Scan on public.j1 + Output: j1.id +(10 rows) + +-- ensure left join is marked as unique +explain (verbose, costs off) +select * from j1 left join j2 on j1.id = j2.id; + QUERY PLAN +----------------------------------- + Hash Left Join + Output: j1.id, j2.id + Inner Unique: true + Hash Cond: (j1.id = j2.id) + -> Seq Scan on public.j1 + Output: j1.id + -> Hash + Output: j2.id + -> Seq Scan on public.j2 + Output: j2.id +(10 rows) + +-- ensure right join is marked as unique +explain (verbose, costs off) +select * from j1 right join j2 on j1.id = j2.id; + QUERY PLAN +----------------------------------- + Hash Left Join + Output: j1.id, j2.id + Inner Unique: true + Hash Cond: (j2.id = j1.id) + -> Seq Scan on public.j2 + Output: j2.id + -> Hash + Output: j1.id + -> Seq Scan on public.j1 + Output: j1.id +(10 rows) + +-- ensure full join is marked as unique +explain (verbose, costs off) +select * from j1 full join j2 on j1.id = j2.id; + QUERY PLAN +----------------------------------- + Hash Full Join + Output: j1.id, j2.id + Inner Unique: true + Hash Cond: (j1.id = j2.id) + -> Seq Scan on public.j1 + Output: j1.id + -> Hash + Output: j2.id + -> Seq Scan on public.j2 + Output: j2.id +(10 rows) + +-- a clauseless (cross) join can't be unique +explain (verbose, costs off) +select * from j1 cross join j2; + QUERY PLAN +----------------------------------- + Nested Loop + Output: j1.id, j2.id + -> Seq Scan on public.j1 + Output: j1.id + -> Materialize + Output: j2.id + -> Seq Scan on public.j2 + Output: j2.id +(8 rows) + +-- ensure a natural join is marked as unique +explain (verbose, costs off) +select * from j1 natural join j2; + QUERY PLAN +----------------------------------- + Hash Join + Output: j1.id + Inner Unique: true + Hash Cond: (j1.id = j2.id) + -> Seq Scan on public.j1 + Output: j1.id + -> Hash + Output: j2.id + -> Seq Scan on public.j2 + Output: j2.id +(10 rows) + +-- ensure a distinct clause allows the inner to become unique +explain (verbose, costs off) +select * from j1 +inner join (select distinct id from j3) j3 on j1.id = j3.id; + QUERY PLAN +----------------------------------------- + Nested Loop + Output: j1.id, j3.id + Inner Unique: true + Join Filter: (j1.id = j3.id) + -> Unique + Output: j3.id + -> Sort + Output: j3.id + Sort Key: j3.id + -> Seq Scan on public.j3 + Output: j3.id + -> Seq Scan on public.j1 + Output: j1.id +(13 rows) + +-- ensure group by clause allows the inner to become unique +explain (verbose, costs off) +select * from j1 +inner join (select id from j3 group by id) j3 on j1.id = j3.id; + QUERY PLAN +----------------------------------------- + Nested Loop + Output: j1.id, j3.id + Inner Unique: true + Join Filter: (j1.id = j3.id) + -> Group + Output: j3.id + Group Key: j3.id + -> Sort + Output: j3.id + Sort Key: j3.id + -> Seq Scan on public.j3 + Output: j3.id + -> Seq Scan on public.j1 + Output: j1.id +(14 rows) + +drop table j1; +drop table j2; +drop table j3; +-- test more complex permutations of unique joins +create table j1 (id1 int, id2 int, primary key(id1,id2)); +create table j2 (id1 int, id2 int, primary key(id1,id2)); +create table j3 (id1 int, id2 int, primary key(id1,id2)); +insert into j1 values(1,1),(1,2); +insert into j2 values(1,1); +insert into j3 values(1,1); +analyze j1; +analyze j2; +analyze j3; +-- ensure there's no unique join when not all columns which are part of the +-- unique index are seen in the join clause +explain (verbose, costs off) +select * from j1 +inner join j2 on j1.id1 = j2.id1; + QUERY PLAN +------------------------------------------ + Nested Loop + Output: j1.id1, j1.id2, j2.id1, j2.id2 + Join Filter: (j1.id1 = j2.id1) + -> Seq Scan on public.j2 + Output: j2.id1, j2.id2 + -> Seq Scan on public.j1 + Output: j1.id1, j1.id2 +(7 rows) + +-- ensure proper unique detection with multiple join quals +explain (verbose, costs off) +select * from j1 +inner join j2 on j1.id1 = j2.id1 and j1.id2 = j2.id2; + QUERY PLAN +---------------------------------------------------------- + Nested Loop + Output: j1.id1, j1.id2, j2.id1, j2.id2 + Inner Unique: true + Join Filter: ((j1.id1 = j2.id1) AND (j1.id2 = j2.id2)) + -> Seq Scan on public.j2 + Output: j2.id1, j2.id2 + -> Seq Scan on public.j1 + Output: j1.id1, j1.id2 +(8 rows) + +-- ensure we don't detect the join to be unique when quals are not part of the +-- join condition +explain (verbose, costs off) +select * from j1 +inner join j2 on j1.id1 = j2.id1 where j1.id2 = 1; + QUERY PLAN +------------------------------------------ + Nested Loop + Output: j1.id1, j1.id2, j2.id1, j2.id2 + Join Filter: (j1.id1 = j2.id1) + -> Seq Scan on public.j1 + Output: j1.id1, j1.id2 + Filter: (j1.id2 = 1) + -> Seq Scan on public.j2 + Output: j2.id1, j2.id2 +(8 rows) + +-- as above, but for left joins. +explain (verbose, costs off) +select * from j1 +left join j2 on j1.id1 = j2.id1 where j1.id2 = 1; + QUERY PLAN +------------------------------------------ + Nested Loop Left Join + Output: j1.id1, j1.id2, j2.id1, j2.id2 + Join Filter: (j1.id1 = j2.id1) + -> Seq Scan on public.j1 + Output: j1.id1, j1.id2 + Filter: (j1.id2 = 1) + -> Seq Scan on public.j2 + Output: j2.id1, j2.id2 +(8 rows) + +create unique index j1_id2_idx on j1(id2) where id2 is not null; +-- ensure we don't use a partial unique index as unique proofs +explain (verbose, costs off) +select * from j1 +inner join j2 on j1.id2 = j2.id2; + QUERY PLAN +------------------------------------------ + Nested Loop + Output: j1.id1, j1.id2, j2.id1, j2.id2 + Join Filter: (j1.id2 = j2.id2) + -> Seq Scan on public.j2 + Output: j2.id1, j2.id2 + -> Seq Scan on public.j1 + Output: j1.id1, j1.id2 +(7 rows) + +drop index j1_id2_idx; +-- validate logic in merge joins which skips mark and restore. +-- it should only do this if all quals which were used to detect the unique +-- are present as join quals, and not plain quals. +set enable_nestloop to 0; +set enable_hashjoin to 0; +set enable_sort to 0; +-- create indexes that will be preferred over the PKs to perform the join +create index j1_id1_idx on j1 (id1) where id1 % 1000 = 1; +create index j2_id1_idx on j2 (id1) where id1 % 1000 = 1; +-- need an additional row in j2, if we want j2_id1_idx to be preferred +insert into j2 values(1,2); +analyze j2; +explain (costs off) select * from j1 +inner join j2 on j1.id1 = j2.id1 and j1.id2 = j2.id2 +where j1.id1 % 1000 = 1 and j2.id1 % 1000 = 1; + QUERY PLAN +----------------------------------------- + Merge Join + Merge Cond: (j1.id1 = j2.id1) + Join Filter: (j1.id2 = j2.id2) + -> Index Scan using j1_id1_idx on j1 + -> Index Scan using j2_id1_idx on j2 +(5 rows) + +select * from j1 +inner join j2 on j1.id1 = j2.id1 and j1.id2 = j2.id2 +where j1.id1 % 1000 = 1 and j2.id1 % 1000 = 1; + id1 | id2 | id1 | id2 +-----+-----+-----+----- + 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 + 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 +(2 rows) + +-- Exercise array keys mark/restore B-Tree code +explain (costs off) select * from j1 +inner join j2 on j1.id1 = j2.id1 and j1.id2 = j2.id2 +where j1.id1 % 1000 = 1 and j2.id1 % 1000 = 1 and j2.id1 = any (array[1]); + QUERY PLAN +---------------------------------------------------- + Merge Join + Merge Cond: (j1.id1 = j2.id1) + Join Filter: (j1.id2 = j2.id2) + -> Index Scan using j1_id1_idx on j1 + -> Index Scan using j2_id1_idx on j2 + Index Cond: (id1 = ANY ('{1}'::integer[])) +(6 rows) + +select * from j1 +inner join j2 on j1.id1 = j2.id1 and j1.id2 = j2.id2 +where j1.id1 % 1000 = 1 and j2.id1 % 1000 = 1 and j2.id1 = any (array[1]); + id1 | id2 | id1 | id2 +-----+-----+-----+----- + 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 + 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 +(2 rows) + +-- Exercise array keys "find extreme element" B-Tree code +explain (costs off) select * from j1 +inner join j2 on j1.id1 = j2.id1 and j1.id2 = j2.id2 +where j1.id1 % 1000 = 1 and j2.id1 % 1000 = 1 and j2.id1 >= any (array[1,5]); + QUERY PLAN +------------------------------------------------------- + Merge Join + Merge Cond: (j1.id1 = j2.id1) + Join Filter: (j1.id2 = j2.id2) + -> Index Scan using j1_id1_idx on j1 + -> Index Only Scan using j2_pkey on j2 + Index Cond: (id1 >= ANY ('{1,5}'::integer[])) + Filter: ((id1 % 1000) = 1) +(7 rows) + +select * from j1 +inner join j2 on j1.id1 = j2.id1 and j1.id2 = j2.id2 +where j1.id1 % 1000 = 1 and j2.id1 % 1000 = 1 and j2.id1 >= any (array[1,5]); + id1 | id2 | id1 | id2 +-----+-----+-----+----- + 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 + 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 +(2 rows) + +reset enable_nestloop; +reset enable_hashjoin; +reset enable_sort; +drop table j1; +drop table j2; +drop table j3; +-- check that semijoin inner is not seen as unique for a portion of the outerrel +explain (verbose, costs off) +select t1.unique1, t2.hundred +from onek t1, tenk1 t2 +where exists (select 1 from tenk1 t3 + where t3.thousand = t1.unique1 and t3.tenthous = t2.hundred) + and t1.unique1 < 1; + QUERY PLAN +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + Nested Loop + Output: t1.unique1, t2.hundred + -> Hash Join + Output: t1.unique1, t3.tenthous + Hash Cond: (t3.thousand = t1.unique1) + -> HashAggregate + Output: t3.thousand, t3.tenthous + Group Key: t3.thousand, t3.tenthous + -> Index Only Scan using tenk1_thous_tenthous on public.tenk1 t3 + Output: t3.thousand, t3.tenthous + -> Hash + Output: t1.unique1 + -> Index Only Scan using onek_unique1 on public.onek t1 + Output: t1.unique1 + Index Cond: (t1.unique1 < 1) + -> Index Only Scan using tenk1_hundred on public.tenk1 t2 + Output: t2.hundred + Index Cond: (t2.hundred = t3.tenthous) +(18 rows) + +-- ... unless it actually is unique +create table j3 as select unique1, tenthous from onek; +vacuum analyze j3; +create unique index on j3(unique1, tenthous); +explain (verbose, costs off) +select t1.unique1, t2.hundred +from onek t1, tenk1 t2 +where exists (select 1 from j3 + where j3.unique1 = t1.unique1 and j3.tenthous = t2.hundred) + and t1.unique1 < 1; + QUERY PLAN +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + Nested Loop + Output: t1.unique1, t2.hundred + -> Nested Loop + Output: t1.unique1, j3.tenthous + -> Index Only Scan using onek_unique1 on public.onek t1 + Output: t1.unique1 + Index Cond: (t1.unique1 < 1) + -> Index Only Scan using j3_unique1_tenthous_idx on public.j3 + Output: j3.unique1, j3.tenthous + Index Cond: (j3.unique1 = t1.unique1) + -> Index Only Scan using tenk1_hundred on public.tenk1 t2 + Output: t2.hundred + Index Cond: (t2.hundred = j3.tenthous) +(13 rows) + +drop table j3; |