In addition to the system catalogs, PostgreSQL provides a number of built-in views. Some system views provide convenient access to some commonly used queries on the system catalogs. Other views provide access to internal server state. The information schema () provides an alternative set of views which overlap the functionality of the system views. Since the information schema is SQL-standard whereas the views described here are PostgreSQL-specific, it's usually better to use the information schema if it provides all the information you need. lists the system views described here. More detailed documentation of each view follows below. There are some additional views that provide access to accumulated statistics; they are described in . lists the system views. More detailed documentation of each catalog follows below. Except where noted, all the views described here are read-only. View Name Purpose pg_available_extensions available extensions pg_available_extension_versions available versions of extensions pg_backend_memory_contexts backend memory contexts pg_config compile-time configuration parameters pg_cursors open cursors pg_file_settings summary of configuration file contents pg_group groups of database users pg_hba_file_rules summary of client authentication configuration file contents pg_ident_file_mappings summary of client user name mapping configuration file contents pg_indexes indexes pg_locks locks currently held or awaited pg_matviews materialized views pg_policies policies pg_prepared_statements prepared statements pg_prepared_xacts prepared transactions pg_publication_tables publications and information of their associated tables pg_replication_origin_status information about replication origins, including replication progress pg_replication_slots replication slot information pg_roles database roles pg_rules rules pg_seclabels security labels pg_sequences sequences pg_settings parameter settings pg_shadow database users pg_shmem_allocations shared memory allocations pg_stats planner statistics pg_stats_ext extended planner statistics pg_stats_ext_exprs extended planner statistics for expressions pg_tables tables pg_timezone_abbrevs time zone abbreviations pg_timezone_names time zone names pg_user database users pg_user_mappings user mappings pg_views views pg_available_extensions The pg_available_extensions view lists the extensions that are available for installation. See also the pg_extension catalog, which shows the extensions currently installed. Column Type Description name name Extension name default_version text Name of default version, or NULL if none is specified installed_version text Currently installed version of the extension, or NULL if not installed comment text Comment string from the extension's control file The pg_available_extensions view is read-only. pg_available_extension_versions The pg_available_extension_versions view lists the specific extension versions that are available for installation. See also the pg_extension catalog, which shows the extensions currently installed. Column Type Description name name Extension name version text Version name installed bool True if this version of this extension is currently installed superuser bool True if only superusers are allowed to install this extension (but see trusted) trusted bool True if the extension can be installed by non-superusers with appropriate privileges relocatable bool True if extension can be relocated to another schema schema name Name of the schema that the extension must be installed into, or NULL if partially or fully relocatable requires name[] Names of prerequisite extensions, or NULL if none comment text Comment string from the extension's control file The pg_available_extension_versions view is read-only. pg_backend_memory_contexts The view pg_backend_memory_contexts displays all the memory contexts of the server process attached to the current session. pg_backend_memory_contexts contains one row for each memory context. Column Type Description name text Name of the memory context ident text Identification information of the memory context. This field is truncated at 1024 bytes parent text Name of the parent of this memory context level int4 Distance from TopMemoryContext in context tree total_bytes int8 Total bytes allocated for this memory context total_nblocks int8 Total number of blocks allocated for this memory context free_bytes int8 Free space in bytes free_chunks int8 Total number of free chunks used_bytes int8 Used space in bytes By default, the pg_backend_memory_contexts view can be read only by superusers or roles with the privileges of the pg_read_all_stats role. pg_config The view pg_config describes the compile-time configuration parameters of the currently installed version of PostgreSQL. It is intended, for example, to be used by software packages that want to interface to PostgreSQL to facilitate finding the required header files and libraries. It provides the same basic information as the PostgreSQL client application. By default, the pg_config view can be read only by superusers. Column Type Description name text The parameter name setting text The parameter value pg_cursors The pg_cursors view lists the cursors that are currently available. Cursors can be defined in several ways: via the DECLARE statement in SQL via the Bind message in the frontend/backend protocol, as described in via the Server Programming Interface (SPI), as described in The pg_cursors view displays cursors created by any of these means. Cursors only exist for the duration of the transaction that defines them, unless they have been declared WITH HOLD. Therefore non-holdable cursors are only present in the view until the end of their creating transaction. Cursors are used internally to implement some of the components of PostgreSQL, such as procedural languages. Therefore, the pg_cursors view might include cursors that have not been explicitly created by the user. Column Type Description name text The name of the cursor statement text The verbatim query string submitted to declare this cursor is_holdable bool true if the cursor is holdable (that is, it can be accessed after the transaction that declared the cursor has committed); false otherwise is_binary bool true if the cursor was declared BINARY; false otherwise is_scrollable bool true if the cursor is scrollable (that is, it allows rows to be retrieved in a nonsequential manner); false otherwise creation_time timestamptz The time at which the cursor was declared The pg_cursors view is read-only. pg_file_settings The view pg_file_settings provides a summary of the contents of the server's configuration file(s). A row appears in this view for each name = value entry appearing in the files, with annotations indicating whether the value could be applied successfully. Additional row(s) may appear for problems not linked to a name = value entry, such as syntax errors in the files. This view is helpful for checking whether planned changes in the configuration files will work, or for diagnosing a previous failure. Note that this view reports on the current contents of the files, not on what was last applied by the server. (The pg_settings view is usually sufficient to determine that.) By default, the pg_file_settings view can be read only by superusers. Column Type Description sourcefile text Full path name of the configuration file sourceline int4 Line number within the configuration file where the entry appears seqno int4 Order in which the entries are processed (1..n) name text Configuration parameter name setting text Value to be assigned to the parameter applied bool True if the value can be applied successfully error text If not null, an error message indicating why this entry could not be applied If the configuration file contains syntax errors or invalid parameter names, the server will not attempt to apply any settings from it, and therefore all the applied fields will read as false. In such a case there will be one or more rows with non-null error fields indicating the problem(s). Otherwise, individual settings will be applied if possible. If an individual setting cannot be applied (e.g., invalid value, or the setting cannot be changed after server start) it will have an appropriate message in the error field. Another way that an entry might have applied = false is that it is overridden by a later entry for the same parameter name; this case is not considered an error so nothing appears in the error field. See for more information about the various ways to change run-time parameters. pg_group The view pg_group exists for backwards compatibility: it emulates a catalog that existed in PostgreSQL before version 8.1. It shows the names and members of all roles that are marked as not rolcanlogin, which is an approximation to the set of roles that are being used as groups. Column Type Description groname name (references pg_authid.rolname) Name of the group grosysid oid (references pg_authid.oid) ID of this group grolist oid[] (references pg_authid.oid) An array containing the IDs of the roles in this group pg_hba_file_rules The view pg_hba_file_rules provides a summary of the contents of the client authentication configuration file, pg_hba.conf. A row appears in this view for each non-empty, non-comment line in the file, with annotations indicating whether the rule could be applied successfully. This view can be helpful for checking whether planned changes in the authentication configuration file will work, or for diagnosing a previous failure. Note that this view reports on the current contents of the file, not on what was last loaded by the server. By default, the pg_hba_file_rules view can be read only by superusers. Column Type Description line_number int4 Line number of this rule in pg_hba.conf type text Type of connection database text[] List of database name(s) to which this rule applies user_name text[] List of user and group name(s) to which this rule applies address text Host name or IP address, or one of all, samehost, or samenet, or null for local connections netmask text IP address mask, or null if not applicable auth_method text Authentication method options text[] Options specified for authentication method, if any error text If not null, an error message indicating why this line could not be processed Usually, a row reflecting an incorrect entry will have values for only the line_number and error fields. See for more information about client authentication configuration. pg_ident_file_mappings The view pg_ident_file_mappings provides a summary of the contents of the client user name mapping configuration file, pg_ident.conf. A row appears in this view for each non-empty, non-comment line in the file, with annotations indicating whether the map could be applied successfully. This view can be helpful for checking whether planned changes in the authentication configuration file will work, or for diagnosing a previous failure. Note that this view reports on the current contents of the file, not on what was last loaded by the server. By default, the pg_ident_file_mappings view can be read only by superusers. Column Type Description line_number int4 Line number of this map in pg_ident.conf map_name text Name of the map sys_name text Detected user name of the client pg_username text Requested PostgreSQL user name error text If not NULL, an error message indicating why this line could not be processed Usually, a row reflecting an incorrect entry will have values for only the line_number and error fields. See for more information about client authentication configuration. pg_indexes The view pg_indexes provides access to useful information about each index in the database. Column Type Description schemaname name (references pg_namespace.nspname) Name of schema containing table and index tablename name (references pg_class.relname) Name of table the index is for indexname name (references pg_class.relname) Name of index tablespace name (references pg_tablespace.spcname) Name of tablespace containing index (null if default for database) indexdef text Index definition (a reconstructed command) pg_locks The view pg_locks provides access to information about the locks held by active processes within the database server. See for more discussion of locking. pg_locks contains one row per active lockable object, requested lock mode, and relevant process. Thus, the same lockable object might appear many times, if multiple processes are holding or waiting for locks on it. However, an object that currently has no locks on it will not appear at all. There are several distinct types of lockable objects: whole relations (e.g., tables), individual pages of relations, individual tuples of relations, transaction IDs (both virtual and permanent IDs), and general database objects (identified by class OID and object OID, in the same way as in pg_description or pg_depend). Also, the right to extend a relation is represented as a separate lockable object, as is the right to update pg_database.datfrozenxid. Also, advisory locks can be taken on numbers that have user-defined meanings. Column Type Description locktype text Type of the lockable object: relation, extend, frozenid, page, tuple, transactionid, virtualxid, spectoken, object, userlock, or advisory. (See also .) database oid (references pg_database.oid) OID of the database in which the lock target exists, or zero if the target is a shared object, or null if the target is a transaction ID relation oid (references pg_class.oid) OID of the relation targeted by the lock, or null if the target is not a relation or part of a relation page int4 Page number targeted by the lock within the relation, or null if the target is not a relation page or tuple tuple int2 Tuple number targeted by the lock within the page, or null if the target is not a tuple virtualxid text Virtual ID of the transaction targeted by the lock, or null if the target is not a virtual transaction ID transactionid xid ID of the transaction targeted by the lock, or null if the target is not a transaction ID classid oid (references pg_class.oid) OID of the system catalog containing the lock target, or null if the target is not a general database object objid oid (references any OID column) OID of the lock target within its system catalog, or null if the target is not a general database object objsubid int2 Column number targeted by the lock (the classid and objid refer to the table itself), or zero if the target is some other general database object, or null if the target is not a general database object virtualtransaction text Virtual ID of the transaction that is holding or awaiting this lock pid int4 Process ID of the server process holding or awaiting this lock, or null if the lock is held by a prepared transaction mode text Name of the lock mode held or desired by this process (see and ) granted bool True if lock is held, false if lock is awaited fastpath bool True if lock was taken via fast path, false if taken via main lock table waitstart timestamptz Time when the server process started waiting for this lock, or null if the lock is held. Note that this can be null for a very short period of time after the wait started even though granted is false. granted is true in a row representing a lock held by the indicated process. False indicates that this process is currently waiting to acquire this lock, which implies that at least one other process is holding or waiting for a conflicting lock mode on the same lockable object. The waiting process will sleep until the other lock is released (or a deadlock situation is detected). A single process can be waiting to acquire at most one lock at a time. Throughout running a transaction, a server process holds an exclusive lock on the transaction's virtual transaction ID. If a permanent ID is assigned to the transaction (which normally happens only if the transaction changes the state of the database), it also holds an exclusive lock on the transaction's permanent transaction ID until it ends. When a process finds it necessary to wait specifically for another transaction to end, it does so by attempting to acquire share lock on the other transaction's ID (either virtual or permanent ID depending on the situation). That will succeed only when the other transaction terminates and releases its locks. Although tuples are a lockable type of object, information about row-level locks is stored on disk, not in memory, and therefore row-level locks normally do not appear in this view. If a process is waiting for a row-level lock, it will usually appear in the view as waiting for the permanent transaction ID of the current holder of that row lock. Advisory locks can be acquired on keys consisting of either a single bigint value or two integer values. A bigint key is displayed with its high-order half in the classid column, its low-order half in the objid column, and objsubid equal to 1. The original bigint value can be reassembled with the expression (classid::bigint << 32) | objid::bigint. Integer keys are displayed with the first key in the classid column, the second key in the objid column, and objsubid equal to 2. The actual meaning of the keys is up to the user. Advisory locks are local to each database, so the database column is meaningful for an advisory lock. pg_locks provides a global view of all locks in the database cluster, not only those relevant to the current database. Although its relation column can be joined against pg_class.oid to identify locked relations, this will only work correctly for relations in the current database (those for which the database column is either the current database's OID or zero). The pid column can be joined to the pid column of the pg_stat_activity view to get more information on the session holding or awaiting each lock, for example SELECT * FROM pg_locks pl LEFT JOIN pg_stat_activity psa ON pl.pid = psa.pid; Also, if you are using prepared transactions, the virtualtransaction column can be joined to the transaction column of the pg_prepared_xacts view to get more information on prepared transactions that hold locks. (A prepared transaction can never be waiting for a lock, but it continues to hold the locks it acquired while running.) For example: SELECT * FROM pg_locks pl LEFT JOIN pg_prepared_xacts ppx ON pl.virtualtransaction = '-1/' || ppx.transaction; While it is possible to obtain information about which processes block which other processes by joining pg_locks against itself, this is very difficult to get right in detail. Such a query would have to encode knowledge about which lock modes conflict with which others. Worse, the pg_locks view does not expose information about which processes are ahead of which others in lock wait queues, nor information about which processes are parallel workers running on behalf of which other client sessions. It is better to use the pg_blocking_pids() function (see ) to identify which process(es) a waiting process is blocked behind. The pg_locks view displays data from both the regular lock manager and the predicate lock manager, which are separate systems; in addition, the regular lock manager subdivides its locks into regular and fast-path locks. This data is not guaranteed to be entirely consistent. When the view is queried, data on fast-path locks (with fastpath = true) is gathered from each backend one at a time, without freezing the state of the entire lock manager, so it is possible for locks to be taken or released while information is gathered. Note, however, that these locks are known not to conflict with any other lock currently in place. After all backends have been queried for fast-path locks, the remainder of the regular lock manager is locked as a unit, and a consistent snapshot of all remaining locks is collected as an atomic action. After unlocking the regular lock manager, the predicate lock manager is similarly locked and all predicate locks are collected as an atomic action. Thus, with the exception of fast-path locks, each lock manager will deliver a consistent set of results, but as we do not lock both lock managers simultaneously, it is possible for locks to be taken or released after we interrogate the regular lock manager and before we interrogate the predicate lock manager. Locking the regular and/or predicate lock manager could have some impact on database performance if this view is very frequently accessed. The locks are held only for the minimum amount of time necessary to obtain data from the lock managers, but this does not completely eliminate the possibility of a performance impact. pg_matviews materialized views The view pg_matviews provides access to useful information about each materialized view in the database. Column Type Description schemaname name (references pg_namespace.nspname) Name of schema containing materialized view matviewname name (references pg_class.relname) Name of materialized view matviewowner name (references pg_authid.rolname) Name of materialized view's owner tablespace name (references pg_tablespace.spcname) Name of tablespace containing materialized view (null if default for database) hasindexes bool True if materialized view has (or recently had) any indexes ispopulated bool True if materialized view is currently populated definition text Materialized view definition (a reconstructed query) pg_policies The view pg_policies provides access to useful information about each row-level security policy in the database. Column Type Description schemaname name (references pg_namespace.nspname) Name of schema containing table policy is on tablename name (references pg_class.relname) Name of table policy is on policyname name (references pg_policy.polname) Name of policy permissive text Is the policy permissive or restrictive? roles name[] The roles to which this policy applies cmd text The command type to which the policy is applied qual text The expression added to the security barrier qualifications for queries that this policy applies to with_check text The expression added to the WITH CHECK qualifications for queries that attempt to add rows to this table pg_prepared_statements The pg_prepared_statements view displays all the prepared statements that are available in the current session. See for more information about prepared statements. pg_prepared_statements contains one row for each prepared statement. Rows are added to the view when a new prepared statement is created and removed when a prepared statement is released (for example, via the DEALLOCATE command). Column Type Description name text The identifier of the prepared statement statement text The query string submitted by the client to create this prepared statement. For prepared statements created via SQL, this is the PREPARE statement submitted by the client. For prepared statements created via the frontend/backend protocol, this is the text of the prepared statement itself. prepare_time timestamptz The time at which the prepared statement was created parameter_types regtype[] The expected parameter types for the prepared statement in the form of an array of regtype. The OID corresponding to an element of this array can be obtained by casting the regtype value to oid. from_sql bool true if the prepared statement was created via the PREPARE SQL command; false if the statement was prepared via the frontend/backend protocol generic_plans int8 Number of times generic plan was chosen custom_plans int8 Number of times custom plan was chosen The pg_prepared_statements view is read-only. pg_prepared_xacts The view pg_prepared_xacts displays information about transactions that are currently prepared for two-phase commit (see for details). pg_prepared_xacts contains one row per prepared transaction. An entry is removed when the transaction is committed or rolled back. Column Type Description transaction xid Numeric transaction identifier of the prepared transaction gid text Global transaction identifier that was assigned to the transaction prepared timestamptz Time at which the transaction was prepared for commit owner name (references pg_authid.rolname) Name of the user that executed the transaction database name (references pg_database.datname) Name of the database in which the transaction was executed When the pg_prepared_xacts view is accessed, the internal transaction manager data structures are momentarily locked, and a copy is made for the view to display. This ensures that the view produces a consistent set of results, while not blocking normal operations longer than necessary. Nonetheless there could be some impact on database performance if this view is frequently accessed. pg_publication_tables The view pg_publication_tables provides information about the mapping between publications and information of tables they contain. Unlike the underlying catalog pg_publication_rel, this view expands publications defined as FOR ALL TABLES and FOR TABLES IN SCHEMA, so for such publications there will be a row for each eligible table. Column Type Description pubname name (references pg_publication.pubname) Name of publication schemaname name (references pg_namespace.nspname) Name of schema containing table tablename name (references pg_class.relname) Name of table attnames name[] (references pg_attribute.attname) Names of table columns included in the publication. This contains all the columns of the table when the user didn't specify the column list for the table. rowfilter text Expression for the table's publication qualifying condition pg_replication_origin_status The pg_replication_origin_status view contains information about how far replay for a certain origin has progressed. For more on replication origins see . Column Type Description local_id oid (references pg_replication_origin.roident) internal node identifier external_id text (references pg_replication_origin.roname) external node identifier remote_lsn pg_lsn The origin node's LSN up to which data has been replicated. local_lsn pg_lsn This node's LSN at which remote_lsn has been replicated. Used to flush commit records before persisting data to disk when using asynchronous commits. pg_replication_slots The pg_replication_slots view provides a listing of all replication slots that currently exist on the database cluster, along with their current state. For more on replication slots, see and . Column Type Description slot_name name A unique, cluster-wide identifier for the replication slot plugin name The base name of the shared object containing the output plugin this logical slot is using, or null for physical slots. slot_type text The slot type: physical or logical datoid oid (references pg_database.oid) The OID of the database this slot is associated with, or null. Only logical slots have an associated database. database name (references pg_database.datname) The name of the database this slot is associated with, or null. Only logical slots have an associated database. temporary bool True if this is a temporary replication slot. Temporary slots are not saved to disk and are automatically dropped on error or when the session has finished. active bool True if this slot is currently actively being used active_pid int4 The process ID of the session using this slot if the slot is currently actively being used. NULL if inactive. xmin xid The oldest transaction that this slot needs the database to retain. VACUUM cannot remove tuples deleted by any later transaction. catalog_xmin xid The oldest transaction affecting the system catalogs that this slot needs the database to retain. VACUUM cannot remove catalog tuples deleted by any later transaction. restart_lsn pg_lsn The address (LSN) of oldest WAL which still might be required by the consumer of this slot and thus won't be automatically removed during checkpoints unless this LSN gets behind more than from the current LSN. NULL if the LSN of this slot has never been reserved. confirmed_flush_lsn pg_lsn The address (LSN) up to which the logical slot's consumer has confirmed receiving data. Data older than this is not available anymore. NULL for physical slots. wal_status text Availability of WAL files claimed by this slot. Possible values are: reserved means that the claimed files are within max_wal_size. extended means that max_wal_size is exceeded but the files are still retained, either by the replication slot or by wal_keep_size. unreserved means that the slot no longer retains the required WAL files and some of them are to be removed at the next checkpoint. This state can return to reserved or extended. lost means that some required WAL files have been removed and this slot is no longer usable. The last two states are seen only when is non-negative. If restart_lsn is NULL, this field is null. safe_wal_size int8 The number of bytes that can be written to WAL such that this slot is not in danger of getting in state "lost". It is NULL for lost slots, as well as if max_slot_wal_keep_size is -1. two_phase bool True if the slot is enabled for decoding prepared transactions. Always false for physical slots. pg_roles The view pg_roles provides access to information about database roles. This is simply a publicly readable view of pg_authid that blanks out the password field. Column Type Description rolname name Role name rolsuper bool Role has superuser privileges rolinherit bool Role automatically inherits privileges of roles it is a member of rolcreaterole bool Role can create more roles rolcreatedb bool Role can create databases rolcanlogin bool Role can log in. That is, this role can be given as the initial session authorization identifier rolreplication bool Role is a replication role. A replication role can initiate replication connections and create and drop replication slots. rolconnlimit int4 For roles that can log in, this sets maximum number of concurrent connections this role can make. -1 means no limit. rolpassword text Not the password (always reads as ********) rolvaliduntil timestamptz Password expiry time (only used for password authentication); null if no expiration rolbypassrls bool Role bypasses every row-level security policy, see for more information. rolconfig text[] Role-specific defaults for run-time configuration variables oid oid (references pg_authid.oid) ID of role pg_rules The view pg_rules provides access to useful information about query rewrite rules. Column Type Description schemaname name (references pg_namespace.nspname) Name of schema containing table tablename name (references pg_class.relname) Name of table the rule is for rulename name (references pg_rewrite.rulename) Name of rule definition text Rule definition (a reconstructed creation command) The pg_rules view excludes the ON SELECT rules of views and materialized views; those can be seen in pg_views and pg_matviews. pg_seclabels The view pg_seclabels provides information about security labels. It as an easier-to-query version of the pg_seclabel catalog. Column Type Description objoid oid (references any OID column) The OID of the object this security label pertains to classoid oid (references pg_class.oid) The OID of the system catalog this object appears in objsubid int4 For a security label on a table column, this is the column number (the objoid and classoid refer to the table itself). For all other object types, this column is zero. objtype text The type of object to which this label applies, as text. objnamespace oid (references pg_namespace.oid) The OID of the namespace for this object, if applicable; otherwise NULL. objname text The name of the object to which this label applies, as text. provider text (references pg_seclabel.provider) The label provider associated with this label. label text (references pg_seclabel.label) The security label applied to this object. pg_sequences The view pg_sequences provides access to useful information about each sequence in the database. Column Type Description schemaname name (references pg_namespace.nspname) Name of schema containing sequence sequencename name (references pg_class.relname) Name of sequence sequenceowner name (references pg_authid.rolname) Name of sequence's owner data_type regtype (references pg_type.oid) Data type of the sequence start_value int8 Start value of the sequence min_value int8 Minimum value of the sequence max_value int8 Maximum value of the sequence increment_by int8 Increment value of the sequence cycle bool Whether the sequence cycles cache_size int8 Cache size of the sequence last_value int8 The last sequence value written to disk. If caching is used, this value can be greater than the last value handed out from the sequence. Null if the sequence has not been read from yet. Also, if the current user does not have USAGE or SELECT privilege on the sequence, the value is null. pg_settings The view pg_settings provides access to run-time parameters of the server. It is essentially an alternative interface to the SHOW and SET commands. It also provides access to some facts about each parameter that are not directly available from SHOW, such as minimum and maximum values. Column Type Description name text Run-time configuration parameter name setting text Current value of the parameter unit text Implicit unit of the parameter category text Logical group of the parameter short_desc text A brief description of the parameter extra_desc text Additional, more detailed, description of the parameter context text Context required to set the parameter's value (see below) vartype text Parameter type (bool, enum, integer, real, or string) source text Source of the current parameter value min_val text Minimum allowed value of the parameter (null for non-numeric values) max_val text Maximum allowed value of the parameter (null for non-numeric values) enumvals text[] Allowed values of an enum parameter (null for non-enum values) boot_val text Parameter value assumed at server startup if the parameter is not otherwise set reset_val text Value that RESET would reset the parameter to in the current session sourcefile text Configuration file the current value was set in (null for values set from sources other than configuration files, or when examined by a user who neither is a superuser nor has privileges of pg_read_all_settings); helpful when using include directives in configuration files sourceline int4 Line number within the configuration file the current value was set at (null for values set from sources other than configuration files, or when examined by a user who neither is a superuser nor has privileges of pg_read_all_settings). pending_restart bool true if the value has been changed in the configuration file but needs a restart; or false otherwise. There are several possible values of context. In order of decreasing difficulty of changing the setting, they are: internal These settings cannot be changed directly; they reflect internally determined values. Some of them may be adjustable by rebuilding the server with different configuration options, or by changing options supplied to initdb. postmaster These settings can only be applied when the server starts, so any change requires restarting the server. Values for these settings are typically stored in the postgresql.conf file, or passed on the command line when starting the server. Of course, settings with any of the lower context types can also be set at server start time. sighup Changes to these settings can be made in postgresql.conf without restarting the server. Send a SIGHUP signal to the postmaster to cause it to re-read postgresql.conf and apply the changes. The postmaster will also forward the SIGHUP signal to its child processes so that they all pick up the new value. superuser-backend Changes to these settings can be made in postgresql.conf without restarting the server. They can also be set for a particular session in the connection request packet (for example, via libpq's PGOPTIONS environment variable), but only if the connecting user is a superuser or has been granted the appropriate SET privilege. However, these settings never change in a session after it is started. If you change them in postgresql.conf, send a SIGHUP signal to the postmaster to cause it to re-read postgresql.conf. The new values will only affect subsequently-launched sessions. backend Changes to these settings can be made in postgresql.conf without restarting the server. They can also be set for a particular session in the connection request packet (for example, via libpq's PGOPTIONS environment variable); any user can make such a change for their session. However, these settings never change in a session after it is started. If you change them in postgresql.conf, send a SIGHUP signal to the postmaster to cause it to re-read postgresql.conf. The new values will only affect subsequently-launched sessions. superuser These settings can be set from postgresql.conf, or within a session via the SET command; but only superusers and users with the appropriate SET privilege can change them via SET. Changes in postgresql.conf will affect existing sessions only if no session-local value has been established with SET. user These settings can be set from postgresql.conf, or within a session via the SET command. Any user is allowed to change their session-local value. Changes in postgresql.conf will affect existing sessions only if no session-local value has been established with SET. See for more information about the various ways to change these parameters. This view cannot be inserted into or deleted from, but it can be updated. An UPDATE applied to a row of pg_settings is equivalent to executing the SET command on that named parameter. The change only affects the value used by the current session. If an UPDATE is issued within a transaction that is later aborted, the effects of the UPDATE command disappear when the transaction is rolled back. Once the surrounding transaction is committed, the effects will persist until the end of the session, unless overridden by another UPDATE or SET. This view does not display customized options unless the extension module that defines them has been loaded by the backend process executing the query (e.g., via a mention in , a call to a C function in the extension, or the LOAD command). For example, since archive modules are normally loaded only by the archiver process not regular sessions, this view will not display any customized options defined by such modules unless special action is taken to load them into the backend process executing the query. pg_shadow The view pg_shadow exists for backwards compatibility: it emulates a catalog that existed in PostgreSQL before version 8.1. It shows properties of all roles that are marked as rolcanlogin in pg_authid. The name stems from the fact that this table should not be readable by the public since it contains passwords. pg_user is a publicly readable view on pg_shadow that blanks out the password field. Column Type Description usename name (references pg_authid.rolname) User name usesysid oid (references pg_authid.oid) ID of this user usecreatedb bool User can create databases usesuper bool User is a superuser userepl bool User can initiate streaming replication and put the system in and out of backup mode. usebypassrls bool User bypasses every row-level security policy, see for more information. passwd text Password (possibly encrypted); null if none. See pg_authid for details of how encrypted passwords are stored. valuntil timestamptz Password expiry time (only used for password authentication) useconfig text[] Session defaults for run-time configuration variables pg_shmem_allocations The pg_shmem_allocations view shows allocations made from the server's main shared memory segment. This includes both memory allocated by PostgreSQL itself and memory allocated by extensions using the mechanisms detailed in . Note that this view does not include memory allocated using the dynamic shared memory infrastructure. Column Type Description name text The name of the shared memory allocation. NULL for unused memory and <anonymous> for anonymous allocations. off int8 The offset at which the allocation starts. NULL for anonymous allocations, since details related to them are not known. size int8 Size of the allocation allocated_size int8 Size of the allocation including padding. For anonymous allocations, no information about padding is available, so the size and allocated_size columns will always be equal. Padding is not meaningful for free memory, so the columns will be equal in that case also. Anonymous allocations are allocations that have been made with ShmemAlloc() directly, rather than via ShmemInitStruct() or ShmemInitHash(). By default, the pg_shmem_allocations view can be read only by superusers or roles with privileges of the pg_read_all_stats role. pg_stats The view pg_stats provides access to the information stored in the pg_statistic catalog. This view allows access only to rows of pg_statistic that correspond to tables the user has permission to read, and therefore it is safe to allow public read access to this view. pg_stats is also designed to present the information in a more readable format than the underlying catalog — at the cost that its schema must be extended whenever new slot types are defined for pg_statistic. Column Type Description schemaname name (references pg_namespace.nspname) Name of schema containing table tablename name (references pg_class.relname) Name of table attname name (references pg_attribute.attname) Name of column described by this row inherited bool If true, this row includes values from child tables, not just the values in the specified table null_frac float4 Fraction of column entries that are null avg_width int4 Average width in bytes of column's entries n_distinct float4 If greater than zero, the estimated number of distinct values in the column. If less than zero, the negative of the number of distinct values divided by the number of rows. (The negated form is used when ANALYZE believes that the number of distinct values is likely to increase as the table grows; the positive form is used when the column seems to have a fixed number of possible values.) For example, -1 indicates a unique column in which the number of distinct values is the same as the number of rows. most_common_vals anyarray A list of the most common values in the column. (Null if no values seem to be more common than any others.) most_common_freqs float4[] A list of the frequencies of the most common values, i.e., number of occurrences of each divided by total number of rows. (Null when most_common_vals is.) histogram_bounds anyarray A list of values that divide the column's values into groups of approximately equal population. The values in most_common_vals, if present, are omitted from this histogram calculation. (This column is null if the column data type does not have a < operator or if the most_common_vals list accounts for the entire population.) correlation float4 Statistical correlation between physical row ordering and logical ordering of the column values. This ranges from -1 to +1. When the value is near -1 or +1, an index scan on the column will be estimated to be cheaper than when it is near zero, due to reduction of random access to the disk. (This column is null if the column data type does not have a < operator.) most_common_elems anyarray A list of non-null element values most often appearing within values of the column. (Null for scalar types.) most_common_elem_freqs float4[] A list of the frequencies of the most common element values, i.e., the fraction of rows containing at least one instance of the given value. Two or three additional values follow the per-element frequencies; these are the minimum and maximum of the preceding per-element frequencies, and optionally the frequency of null elements. (Null when most_common_elems is.) elem_count_histogram float4[] A histogram of the counts of distinct non-null element values within the values of the column, followed by the average number of distinct non-null elements. (Null for scalar types.) The maximum number of entries in the array fields can be controlled on a column-by-column basis using the ALTER TABLE SET STATISTICS command, or globally by setting the run-time parameter. pg_stats_ext The view pg_stats_ext provides access to information about each extended statistics object in the database, combining information stored in the pg_statistic_ext and pg_statistic_ext_data catalogs. This view allows access only to rows of pg_statistic_ext and pg_statistic_ext_data that correspond to tables the user owns, and therefore it is safe to allow public read access to this view. pg_stats_ext is also designed to present the information in a more readable format than the underlying catalogs — at the cost that its schema must be extended whenever new types of extended statistics are added to pg_statistic_ext. Column Type Description schemaname name (references pg_namespace.nspname) Name of schema containing table tablename name (references pg_class.relname) Name of table statistics_schemaname name (references pg_namespace.nspname) Name of schema containing extended statistics object statistics_name name (references pg_statistic_ext.stxname) Name of extended statistics object statistics_owner name (references pg_authid.rolname) Owner of the extended statistics object attnames name[] (references pg_attribute.attname) Names of the columns included in the extended statistics object exprs text[] Expressions included in the extended statistics object kinds char[] Types of extended statistics object enabled for this record inherited bool (references pg_statistic_ext_data.stxdinherit) If true, the stats include values from child tables, not just the values in the specified relation n_distinct pg_ndistinct N-distinct counts for combinations of column values. If greater than zero, the estimated number of distinct values in the combination. If less than zero, the negative of the number of distinct values divided by the number of rows. (The negated form is used when ANALYZE believes that the number of distinct values is likely to increase as the table grows; the positive form is used when the column seems to have a fixed number of possible values.) For example, -1 indicates a unique combination of columns in which the number of distinct combinations is the same as the number of rows. dependencies pg_dependencies Functional dependency statistics most_common_vals text[] A list of the most common combinations of values in the columns. (Null if no combinations seem to be more common than any others.) most_common_val_nulls bool[] A list of NULL flags for the most common combinations of values. (Null when most_common_vals is.) most_common_freqs float8[] A list of the frequencies of the most common combinations, i.e., number of occurrences of each divided by total number of rows. (Null when most_common_vals is.) most_common_base_freqs float8[] A list of the base frequencies of the most common combinations, i.e., product of per-value frequencies. (Null when most_common_vals is.) The maximum number of entries in the array fields can be controlled on a column-by-column basis using the ALTER TABLE SET STATISTICS command, or globally by setting the run-time parameter. pg_stats_ext_exprs The view pg_stats_ext_exprs provides access to information about all expressions included in extended statistics objects, combining information stored in the pg_statistic_ext and pg_statistic_ext_data catalogs. This view allows access only to rows of pg_statistic_ext and pg_statistic_ext_data that correspond to tables the user owns, and therefore it is safe to allow public read access to this view. pg_stats_ext_exprs is also designed to present the information in a more readable format than the underlying catalogs — at the cost that its schema must be extended whenever the structure of statistics in pg_statistic_ext changes. Column Type Description schemaname name (references pg_namespace.nspname) Name of schema containing table tablename name (references pg_class.relname) Name of table the statistics object is defined on statistics_schemaname name (references pg_namespace.nspname) Name of schema containing extended statistics object statistics_name name (references pg_statistic_ext.stxname) Name of extended statistics object statistics_owner name (references pg_authid.rolname) Owner of the extended statistics object expr text Expression included in the extended statistics object inherited bool (references pg_statistic_ext_data.stxdinherit) If true, the stats include values from child tables, not just the values in the specified relation null_frac float4 Fraction of expression entries that are null avg_width int4 Average width in bytes of expression's entries n_distinct float4 If greater than zero, the estimated number of distinct values in the expression. If less than zero, the negative of the number of distinct values divided by the number of rows. (The negated form is used when ANALYZE believes that the number of distinct values is likely to increase as the table grows; the positive form is used when the expression seems to have a fixed number of possible values.) For example, -1 indicates a unique expression in which the number of distinct values is the same as the number of rows. most_common_vals anyarray A list of the most common values in the expression. (Null if no values seem to be more common than any others.) most_common_freqs float4[] A list of the frequencies of the most common values, i.e., number of occurrences of each divided by total number of rows. (Null when most_common_vals is.) histogram_bounds anyarray A list of values that divide the expression's values into groups of approximately equal population. The values in most_common_vals, if present, are omitted from this histogram calculation. (This expression is null if the expression data type does not have a < operator or if the most_common_vals list accounts for the entire population.) correlation float4 Statistical correlation between physical row ordering and logical ordering of the expression values. This ranges from -1 to +1. When the value is near -1 or +1, an index scan on the expression will be estimated to be cheaper than when it is near zero, due to reduction of random access to the disk. (This expression is null if the expression's data type does not have a < operator.) most_common_elems anyarray A list of non-null element values most often appearing within values of the expression. (Null for scalar types.) most_common_elem_freqs float4[] A list of the frequencies of the most common element values, i.e., the fraction of rows containing at least one instance of the given value. Two or three additional values follow the per-element frequencies; these are the minimum and maximum of the preceding per-element frequencies, and optionally the frequency of null elements. (Null when most_common_elems is.) elem_count_histogram float4[] A histogram of the counts of distinct non-null element values within the values of the expression, followed by the average number of distinct non-null elements. (Null for scalar types.) The maximum number of entries in the array fields can be controlled on a column-by-column basis using the ALTER TABLE SET STATISTICS command, or globally by setting the run-time parameter. pg_tables The view pg_tables provides access to useful information about each table in the database. Column Type Description schemaname name (references pg_namespace.nspname) Name of schema containing table tablename name (references pg_class.relname) Name of table tableowner name (references pg_authid.rolname) Name of table's owner tablespace name (references pg_tablespace.spcname) Name of tablespace containing table (null if default for database) hasindexes bool (references pg_class.relhasindex) True if table has (or recently had) any indexes hasrules bool (references pg_class.relhasrules) True if table has (or once had) rules hastriggers bool (references pg_class.relhastriggers) True if table has (or once had) triggers rowsecurity bool (references pg_class.relrowsecurity) True if row security is enabled on the table pg_timezone_abbrevs The view pg_timezone_abbrevs provides a list of time zone abbreviations that are currently recognized by the datetime input routines. The contents of this view change when the run-time parameter is modified. Column Type Description abbrev text Time zone abbreviation utc_offset interval Offset from UTC (positive means east of Greenwich) is_dst bool True if this is a daylight-savings abbreviation While most timezone abbreviations represent fixed offsets from UTC, there are some that have historically varied in value (see for more information). In such cases this view presents their current meaning. pg_timezone_names The view pg_timezone_names provides a list of time zone names that are recognized by SET TIMEZONE, along with their associated abbreviations, UTC offsets, and daylight-savings status. (Technically, PostgreSQL does not use UTC because leap seconds are not handled.) Unlike the abbreviations shown in pg_timezone_abbrevs, many of these names imply a set of daylight-savings transition date rules. Therefore, the associated information changes across local DST boundaries. The displayed information is computed based on the current value of CURRENT_TIMESTAMP. Column Type Description name text Time zone name abbrev text Time zone abbreviation utc_offset interval Offset from UTC (positive means east of Greenwich) is_dst bool True if currently observing daylight savings pg_user The view pg_user provides access to information about database users. This is simply a publicly readable view of pg_shadow that blanks out the password field. Column Type Description usename name User name usesysid oid ID of this user usecreatedb bool User can create databases usesuper bool User is a superuser userepl bool User can initiate streaming replication and put the system in and out of backup mode. usebypassrls bool User bypasses every row-level security policy, see for more information. passwd text Not the password (always reads as ********) valuntil timestamptz Password expiry time (only used for password authentication) useconfig text[] Session defaults for run-time configuration variables pg_user_mappings The view pg_user_mappings provides access to information about user mappings. This is essentially a publicly readable view of pg_user_mapping that leaves out the options field if the user has no rights to use it. Column Type Description umid oid (references pg_user_mapping.oid) OID of the user mapping srvid oid (references pg_foreign_server.oid) The OID of the foreign server that contains this mapping srvname name (references pg_foreign_server.srvname) Name of the foreign server umuser oid (references pg_authid.oid) OID of the local role being mapped, or zero if the user mapping is public usename name Name of the local user to be mapped umoptions text[] User mapping specific options, as keyword=value strings To protect password information stored as a user mapping option, the umoptions column will read as null unless one of the following applies: current user is the user being mapped, and owns the server or holds USAGE privilege on it current user is the server owner and mapping is for PUBLIC current user is a superuser pg_views The view pg_views provides access to useful information about each view in the database. Column Type Description schemaname name (references pg_namespace.nspname) Name of schema containing view viewname name (references pg_class.relname) Name of view viewowner name (references pg_authid.rolname) Name of view's owner definition text View definition (a reconstructed query)