-- -- WINDOW FUNCTIONS -- CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE empsalary ( depname varchar, empno bigint, salary int, enroll_date date ); INSERT INTO empsalary VALUES ('develop', 10, 5200, '2007-08-01'), ('sales', 1, 5000, '2006-10-01'), ('personnel', 5, 3500, '2007-12-10'), ('sales', 4, 4800, '2007-08-08'), ('personnel', 2, 3900, '2006-12-23'), ('develop', 7, 4200, '2008-01-01'), ('develop', 9, 4500, '2008-01-01'), ('sales', 3, 4800, '2007-08-01'), ('develop', 8, 6000, '2006-10-01'), ('develop', 11, 5200, '2007-08-15'); SELECT depname, empno, salary, sum(salary) OVER (PARTITION BY depname) FROM empsalary ORDER BY depname, salary; depname | empno | salary | sum -----------+-------+--------+------- develop | 7 | 4200 | 25100 develop | 9 | 4500 | 25100 develop | 11 | 5200 | 25100 develop | 10 | 5200 | 25100 develop | 8 | 6000 | 25100 personnel | 5 | 3500 | 7400 personnel | 2 | 3900 | 7400 sales | 3 | 4800 | 14600 sales | 4 | 4800 | 14600 sales | 1 | 5000 | 14600 (10 rows) SELECT depname, empno, salary, rank() OVER (PARTITION BY depname ORDER BY salary) FROM empsalary; depname | empno | salary | rank -----------+-------+--------+------ develop | 7 | 4200 | 1 develop | 9 | 4500 | 2 develop | 11 | 5200 | 3 develop | 10 | 5200 | 3 develop | 8 | 6000 | 5 personnel | 5 | 3500 | 1 personnel | 2 | 3900 | 2 sales | 3 | 4800 | 1 sales | 4 | 4800 | 1 sales | 1 | 5000 | 3 (10 rows) -- with GROUP BY SELECT four, ten, SUM(SUM(four)) OVER (PARTITION BY four), AVG(ten) FROM tenk1 GROUP BY four, ten ORDER BY four, ten; four | ten | sum | avg ------+-----+------+------------------------ 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00000000000000000000 0 | 2 | 0 | 2.0000000000000000 0 | 4 | 0 | 4.0000000000000000 0 | 6 | 0 | 6.0000000000000000 0 | 8 | 0 | 8.0000000000000000 1 | 1 | 2500 | 1.00000000000000000000 1 | 3 | 2500 | 3.0000000000000000 1 | 5 | 2500 | 5.0000000000000000 1 | 7 | 2500 | 7.0000000000000000 1 | 9 | 2500 | 9.0000000000000000 2 | 0 | 5000 | 0.00000000000000000000 2 | 2 | 5000 | 2.0000000000000000 2 | 4 | 5000 | 4.0000000000000000 2 | 6 | 5000 | 6.0000000000000000 2 | 8 | 5000 | 8.0000000000000000 3 | 1 | 7500 | 1.00000000000000000000 3 | 3 | 7500 | 3.0000000000000000 3 | 5 | 7500 | 5.0000000000000000 3 | 7 | 7500 | 7.0000000000000000 3 | 9 | 7500 | 9.0000000000000000 (20 rows) SELECT depname, empno, salary, sum(salary) OVER w FROM empsalary WINDOW w AS (PARTITION BY depname); depname | empno | salary | sum -----------+-------+--------+------- develop | 11 | 5200 | 25100 develop | 7 | 4200 | 25100 develop | 9 | 4500 | 25100 develop | 8 | 6000 | 25100 develop | 10 | 5200 | 25100 personnel | 5 | 3500 | 7400 personnel | 2 | 3900 | 7400 sales | 3 | 4800 | 14600 sales | 1 | 5000 | 14600 sales | 4 | 4800 | 14600 (10 rows) SELECT depname, empno, salary, rank() OVER w FROM empsalary WINDOW w AS (PARTITION BY depname ORDER BY salary) ORDER BY rank() OVER w; depname | empno | salary | rank -----------+-------+--------+------ develop | 7 | 4200 | 1 personnel | 5 | 3500 | 1 sales | 3 | 4800 | 1 sales | 4 | 4800 | 1 personnel | 2 | 3900 | 2 develop | 9 | 4500 | 2 sales | 1 | 5000 | 3 develop | 11 | 5200 | 3 develop | 10 | 5200 | 3 develop | 8 | 6000 | 5 (10 rows) -- empty window specification SELECT COUNT(*) OVER () FROM tenk1 WHERE unique2 < 10; count ------- 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 (10 rows) SELECT COUNT(*) OVER w FROM tenk1 WHERE unique2 < 10 WINDOW w AS (); count ------- 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 (10 rows) -- no window operation SELECT four FROM tenk1 WHERE FALSE WINDOW w AS (PARTITION BY ten); four ------ (0 rows) -- cumulative aggregate SELECT sum(four) OVER (PARTITION BY ten ORDER BY unique2) AS sum_1, ten, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique2 < 10; sum_1 | ten | four -------+-----+------ 0 | 0 | 0 0 | 0 | 0 2 | 0 | 2 3 | 1 | 3 4 | 1 | 1 5 | 1 | 1 3 | 3 | 3 0 | 4 | 0 1 | 7 | 1 1 | 9 | 1 (10 rows) SELECT row_number() OVER (ORDER BY unique2) FROM tenk1 WHERE unique2 < 10; row_number ------------ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 (10 rows) SELECT rank() OVER (PARTITION BY four ORDER BY ten) AS rank_1, ten, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique2 < 10; rank_1 | ten | four --------+-----+------ 1 | 0 | 0 1 | 0 | 0 3 | 4 | 0 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 3 | 7 | 1 4 | 9 | 1 1 | 0 | 2 1 | 1 | 3 2 | 3 | 3 (10 rows) SELECT dense_rank() OVER (PARTITION BY four ORDER BY ten), ten, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique2 < 10; dense_rank | ten | four ------------+-----+------ 1 | 0 | 0 1 | 0 | 0 2 | 4 | 0 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 2 | 7 | 1 3 | 9 | 1 1 | 0 | 2 1 | 1 | 3 2 | 3 | 3 (10 rows) SELECT percent_rank() OVER (PARTITION BY four ORDER BY ten), ten, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique2 < 10; percent_rank | ten | four --------------------+-----+------ 0 | 0 | 0 0 | 0 | 0 1 | 4 | 0 0 | 1 | 1 0 | 1 | 1 0.6666666666666666 | 7 | 1 1 | 9 | 1 0 | 0 | 2 0 | 1 | 3 1 | 3 | 3 (10 rows) SELECT cume_dist() OVER (PARTITION BY four ORDER BY ten), ten, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique2 < 10; cume_dist | ten | four --------------------+-----+------ 0.6666666666666666 | 0 | 0 0.6666666666666666 | 0 | 0 1 | 4 | 0 0.5 | 1 | 1 0.5 | 1 | 1 0.75 | 7 | 1 1 | 9 | 1 1 | 0 | 2 0.5 | 1 | 3 1 | 3 | 3 (10 rows) SELECT ntile(3) OVER (ORDER BY ten, four), ten, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique2 < 10; ntile | ten | four -------+-----+------ 1 | 0 | 0 1 | 0 | 0 1 | 0 | 2 1 | 1 | 1 2 | 1 | 1 2 | 1 | 3 2 | 3 | 3 3 | 4 | 0 3 | 7 | 1 3 | 9 | 1 (10 rows) SELECT ntile(NULL) OVER (ORDER BY ten, four), ten, four FROM tenk1 LIMIT 2; ntile | ten | four -------+-----+------ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (2 rows) SELECT lag(ten) OVER (PARTITION BY four ORDER BY ten), ten, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique2 < 10; lag | ten | four -----+-----+------ | 0 | 0 0 | 0 | 0 0 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 7 | 1 7 | 9 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 1 | 3 | 3 (10 rows) SELECT lag(ten, four) OVER (PARTITION BY four ORDER BY ten), ten, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique2 < 10; lag | ten | four -----+-----+------ 0 | 0 | 0 0 | 0 | 0 4 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 7 | 1 7 | 9 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 (10 rows) SELECT lag(ten, four, 0) OVER (PARTITION BY four ORDER BY ten), ten, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique2 < 10; lag | ten | four -----+-----+------ 0 | 0 | 0 0 | 0 | 0 4 | 4 | 0 0 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 7 | 1 7 | 9 | 1 0 | 0 | 2 0 | 1 | 3 0 | 3 | 3 (10 rows) SELECT lag(ten, four, 0.7) OVER (PARTITION BY four ORDER BY ten), ten, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique2 < 10 ORDER BY four, ten; lag | ten | four -----+-----+------ 0 | 0 | 0 0 | 0 | 0 4 | 4 | 0 0.7 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 7 | 1 7 | 9 | 1 0.7 | 0 | 2 0.7 | 1 | 3 0.7 | 3 | 3 (10 rows) SELECT lead(ten) OVER (PARTITION BY four ORDER BY ten), ten, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique2 < 10; lead | ten | four ------+-----+------ 0 | 0 | 0 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 1 | 1 | 1 7 | 1 | 1 9 | 7 | 1 | 9 | 1 | 0 | 2 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 (10 rows) SELECT lead(ten * 2, 1) OVER (PARTITION BY four ORDER BY ten), ten, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique2 < 10; lead | ten | four ------+-----+------ 0 | 0 | 0 8 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 2 | 1 | 1 14 | 1 | 1 18 | 7 | 1 | 9 | 1 | 0 | 2 6 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 (10 rows) SELECT lead(ten * 2, 1, -1) OVER (PARTITION BY four ORDER BY ten), ten, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique2 < 10; lead | ten | four ------+-----+------ 0 | 0 | 0 8 | 0 | 0 -1 | 4 | 0 2 | 1 | 1 14 | 1 | 1 18 | 7 | 1 -1 | 9 | 1 -1 | 0 | 2 6 | 1 | 3 -1 | 3 | 3 (10 rows) SELECT lead(ten * 2, 1, -1.4) OVER (PARTITION BY four ORDER BY ten), ten, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique2 < 10 ORDER BY four, ten; lead | ten | four ------+-----+------ 0 | 0 | 0 8 | 0 | 0 -1.4 | 4 | 0 2 | 1 | 1 14 | 1 | 1 18 | 7 | 1 -1.4 | 9 | 1 -1.4 | 0 | 2 6 | 1 | 3 -1.4 | 3 | 3 (10 rows) SELECT first_value(ten) OVER (PARTITION BY four ORDER BY ten), ten, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique2 < 10; first_value | ten | four -------------+-----+------ 0 | 0 | 0 0 | 0 | 0 0 | 4 | 0 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 7 | 1 1 | 9 | 1 0 | 0 | 2 1 | 1 | 3 1 | 3 | 3 (10 rows) -- last_value returns the last row of the frame, which is CURRENT ROW in ORDER BY window. SELECT last_value(four) OVER (ORDER BY ten), ten, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique2 < 10; last_value | ten | four ------------+-----+------ 0 | 0 | 0 0 | 0 | 2 0 | 0 | 0 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 3 1 | 1 | 1 3 | 3 | 3 0 | 4 | 0 1 | 7 | 1 1 | 9 | 1 (10 rows) SELECT last_value(ten) OVER (PARTITION BY four), ten, four FROM (SELECT * FROM tenk1 WHERE unique2 < 10 ORDER BY four, ten)s ORDER BY four, ten; last_value | ten | four ------------+-----+------ 4 | 0 | 0 4 | 0 | 0 4 | 4 | 0 9 | 1 | 1 9 | 1 | 1 9 | 7 | 1 9 | 9 | 1 0 | 0 | 2 3 | 1 | 3 3 | 3 | 3 (10 rows) SELECT nth_value(ten, four + 1) OVER (PARTITION BY four), ten, four FROM (SELECT * FROM tenk1 WHERE unique2 < 10 ORDER BY four, ten)s; nth_value | ten | four -----------+-----+------ 0 | 0 | 0 0 | 0 | 0 0 | 4 | 0 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 7 | 1 1 | 9 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 (10 rows) SELECT ten, two, sum(hundred) AS gsum, sum(sum(hundred)) OVER (PARTITION BY two ORDER BY ten) AS wsum FROM tenk1 GROUP BY ten, two; ten | two | gsum | wsum -----+-----+-------+-------- 0 | 0 | 45000 | 45000 2 | 0 | 47000 | 92000 4 | 0 | 49000 | 141000 6 | 0 | 51000 | 192000 8 | 0 | 53000 | 245000 1 | 1 | 46000 | 46000 3 | 1 | 48000 | 94000 5 | 1 | 50000 | 144000 7 | 1 | 52000 | 196000 9 | 1 | 54000 | 250000 (10 rows) SELECT count(*) OVER (PARTITION BY four), four FROM (SELECT * FROM tenk1 WHERE two = 1)s WHERE unique2 < 10; count | four -------+------ 4 | 1 4 | 1 4 | 1 4 | 1 2 | 3 2 | 3 (6 rows) SELECT (count(*) OVER (PARTITION BY four ORDER BY ten) + sum(hundred) OVER (PARTITION BY four ORDER BY ten))::varchar AS cntsum FROM tenk1 WHERE unique2 < 10; cntsum -------- 22 22 87 24 24 82 92 51 92 136 (10 rows) -- opexpr with different windows evaluation. SELECT * FROM( SELECT count(*) OVER (PARTITION BY four ORDER BY ten) + sum(hundred) OVER (PARTITION BY two ORDER BY ten) AS total, count(*) OVER (PARTITION BY four ORDER BY ten) AS fourcount, sum(hundred) OVER (PARTITION BY two ORDER BY ten) AS twosum FROM tenk1 )sub WHERE total <> fourcount + twosum; total | fourcount | twosum -------+-----------+-------- (0 rows) SELECT avg(four) OVER (PARTITION BY four ORDER BY thousand / 100) FROM tenk1 WHERE unique2 < 10; avg ------------------------ 0.00000000000000000000 0.00000000000000000000 0.00000000000000000000 1.00000000000000000000 1.00000000000000000000 1.00000000000000000000 1.00000000000000000000 2.0000000000000000 3.0000000000000000 3.0000000000000000 (10 rows) SELECT ten, two, sum(hundred) AS gsum, sum(sum(hundred)) OVER win AS wsum FROM tenk1 GROUP BY ten, two WINDOW win AS (PARTITION BY two ORDER BY ten); ten | two | gsum | wsum -----+-----+-------+-------- 0 | 0 | 45000 | 45000 2 | 0 | 47000 | 92000 4 | 0 | 49000 | 141000 6 | 0 | 51000 | 192000 8 | 0 | 53000 | 245000 1 | 1 | 46000 | 46000 3 | 1 | 48000 | 94000 5 | 1 | 50000 | 144000 7 | 1 | 52000 | 196000 9 | 1 | 54000 | 250000 (10 rows) -- more than one window with GROUP BY SELECT sum(salary), row_number() OVER (ORDER BY depname), sum(sum(salary)) OVER (ORDER BY depname DESC) FROM empsalary GROUP BY depname; sum | row_number | sum -------+------------+------- 25100 | 1 | 47100 7400 | 2 | 22000 14600 | 3 | 14600 (3 rows) -- identical windows with different names SELECT sum(salary) OVER w1, count(*) OVER w2 FROM empsalary WINDOW w1 AS (ORDER BY salary), w2 AS (ORDER BY salary); sum | count -------+------- 3500 | 1 7400 | 2 11600 | 3 16100 | 4 25700 | 6 25700 | 6 30700 | 7 41100 | 9 41100 | 9 47100 | 10 (10 rows) -- subplan SELECT lead(ten, (SELECT two FROM tenk1 WHERE s.unique2 = unique2)) OVER (PARTITION BY four ORDER BY ten) FROM tenk1 s WHERE unique2 < 10; lead ------ 0 0 4 1 7 9 0 3 (10 rows) -- empty table SELECT count(*) OVER (PARTITION BY four) FROM (SELECT * FROM tenk1 WHERE FALSE)s; count ------- (0 rows) -- mixture of agg/wfunc in the same window SELECT sum(salary) OVER w, rank() OVER w FROM empsalary WINDOW w AS (PARTITION BY depname ORDER BY salary DESC); sum | rank -------+------ 6000 | 1 16400 | 2 16400 | 2 20900 | 4 25100 | 5 3900 | 1 7400 | 2 5000 | 1 14600 | 2 14600 | 2 (10 rows) -- strict aggs SELECT empno, depname, salary, bonus, depadj, MIN(bonus) OVER (ORDER BY empno), MAX(depadj) OVER () FROM( SELECT *, CASE WHEN enroll_date < '2008-01-01' THEN 2008 - extract(YEAR FROM enroll_date) END * 500 AS bonus, CASE WHEN AVG(salary) OVER (PARTITION BY depname) < salary THEN 200 END AS depadj FROM empsalary )s; empno | depname | salary | bonus | depadj | min | max -------+-----------+--------+-------+--------+------+----- 1 | sales | 5000 | 1000 | 200 | 1000 | 200 2 | personnel | 3900 | 1000 | 200 | 1000 | 200 3 | sales | 4800 | 500 | | 500 | 200 4 | sales | 4800 | 500 | | 500 | 200 5 | personnel | 3500 | 500 | | 500 | 200 7 | develop | 4200 | | | 500 | 200 8 | develop | 6000 | 1000 | 200 | 500 | 200 9 | develop | 4500 | | | 500 | 200 10 | develop | 5200 | 500 | 200 | 500 | 200 11 | develop | 5200 | 500 | 200 | 500 | 200 (10 rows) -- window function over ungrouped agg over empty row set (bug before 9.1) SELECT SUM(COUNT(f1)) OVER () FROM int4_tbl WHERE f1=42; sum ----- 0 (1 row) -- window function with ORDER BY an expression involving aggregates (9.1 bug) select ten, sum(unique1) + sum(unique2) as res, rank() over (order by sum(unique1) + sum(unique2)) as rank from tenk1 group by ten order by ten; ten | res | rank -----+----------+------ 0 | 9976146 | 4 1 | 10114187 | 9 2 | 10059554 | 8 3 | 9878541 | 1 4 | 9881005 | 2 5 | 9981670 | 5 6 | 9947099 | 3 7 | 10120309 | 10 8 | 9991305 | 6 9 | 10040184 | 7 (10 rows) -- window and aggregate with GROUP BY expression (9.2 bug) explain (costs off) select first_value(max(x)) over (), y from (select unique1 as x, ten+four as y from tenk1) ss group by y; QUERY PLAN --------------------------------------------- WindowAgg -> HashAggregate Group Key: (tenk1.ten + tenk1.four) -> Seq Scan on tenk1 (4 rows) -- test non-default frame specifications SELECT four, ten, sum(ten) over (partition by four order by ten), last_value(ten) over (partition by four order by ten) FROM (select distinct ten, four from tenk1) ss; four | ten | sum | last_value ------+-----+-----+------------ 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 0 | 4 | 6 | 4 0 | 6 | 12 | 6 0 | 8 | 20 | 8 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 3 | 4 | 3 1 | 5 | 9 | 5 1 | 7 | 16 | 7 1 | 9 | 25 | 9 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 2 | 4 | 6 | 4 2 | 6 | 12 | 6 2 | 8 | 20 | 8 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 3 | 5 | 9 | 5 3 | 7 | 16 | 7 3 | 9 | 25 | 9 (20 rows) SELECT four, ten, sum(ten) over (partition by four order by ten range between unbounded preceding and current row), last_value(ten) over (partition by four order by ten range between unbounded preceding and current row) FROM (select distinct ten, four from tenk1) ss; four | ten | sum | last_value ------+-----+-----+------------ 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 0 | 4 | 6 | 4 0 | 6 | 12 | 6 0 | 8 | 20 | 8 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 3 | 4 | 3 1 | 5 | 9 | 5 1 | 7 | 16 | 7 1 | 9 | 25 | 9 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 2 | 4 | 6 | 4 2 | 6 | 12 | 6 2 | 8 | 20 | 8 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 3 | 5 | 9 | 5 3 | 7 | 16 | 7 3 | 9 | 25 | 9 (20 rows) SELECT four, ten, sum(ten) over (partition by four order by ten range between unbounded preceding and unbounded following), last_value(ten) over (partition by four order by ten range between unbounded preceding and unbounded following) FROM (select distinct ten, four from tenk1) ss; four | ten | sum | last_value ------+-----+-----+------------ 0 | 0 | 20 | 8 0 | 2 | 20 | 8 0 | 4 | 20 | 8 0 | 6 | 20 | 8 0 | 8 | 20 | 8 1 | 1 | 25 | 9 1 | 3 | 25 | 9 1 | 5 | 25 | 9 1 | 7 | 25 | 9 1 | 9 | 25 | 9 2 | 0 | 20 | 8 2 | 2 | 20 | 8 2 | 4 | 20 | 8 2 | 6 | 20 | 8 2 | 8 | 20 | 8 3 | 1 | 25 | 9 3 | 3 | 25 | 9 3 | 5 | 25 | 9 3 | 7 | 25 | 9 3 | 9 | 25 | 9 (20 rows) SELECT four, ten/4 as two, sum(ten/4) over (partition by four order by ten/4 range between unbounded preceding and current row), last_value(ten/4) over (partition by four order by ten/4 range between unbounded preceding and current row) FROM (select distinct ten, four from tenk1) ss; four | two | sum | last_value ------+-----+-----+------------ 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 0 | 2 | 4 | 2 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 4 | 2 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 3 | 2 | 4 | 2 (20 rows) SELECT four, ten/4 as two, sum(ten/4) over (partition by four order by ten/4 rows between unbounded preceding and current row), last_value(ten/4) over (partition by four order by ten/4 rows between unbounded preceding and current row) FROM (select distinct ten, four from tenk1) ss; four | two | sum | last_value ------+-----+-----+------------ 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 0 | 2 | 4 | 2 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 1 | 2 | 4 | 2 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 3 | 2 | 4 | 2 (20 rows) SELECT sum(unique1) over (order by four range between current row and unbounded following), unique1, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10; sum | unique1 | four -----+---------+------ 45 | 0 | 0 45 | 8 | 0 45 | 4 | 0 33 | 5 | 1 33 | 9 | 1 33 | 1 | 1 18 | 6 | 2 18 | 2 | 2 10 | 3 | 3 10 | 7 | 3 (10 rows) SELECT sum(unique1) over (rows between current row and unbounded following), unique1, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10; sum | unique1 | four -----+---------+------ 45 | 4 | 0 41 | 2 | 2 39 | 1 | 1 38 | 6 | 2 32 | 9 | 1 23 | 8 | 0 15 | 5 | 1 10 | 3 | 3 7 | 7 | 3 0 | 0 | 0 (10 rows) SELECT sum(unique1) over (rows between 2 preceding and 2 following), unique1, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10; sum | unique1 | four -----+---------+------ 7 | 4 | 0 13 | 2 | 2 22 | 1 | 1 26 | 6 | 2 29 | 9 | 1 31 | 8 | 0 32 | 5 | 1 23 | 3 | 3 15 | 7 | 3 10 | 0 | 0 (10 rows) SELECT sum(unique1) over (rows between 2 preceding and 2 following exclude no others), unique1, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10; sum | unique1 | four -----+---------+------ 7 | 4 | 0 13 | 2 | 2 22 | 1 | 1 26 | 6 | 2 29 | 9 | 1 31 | 8 | 0 32 | 5 | 1 23 | 3 | 3 15 | 7 | 3 10 | 0 | 0 (10 rows) SELECT sum(unique1) over (rows between 2 preceding and 2 following exclude current row), unique1, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10; sum | unique1 | four -----+---------+------ 3 | 4 | 0 11 | 2 | 2 21 | 1 | 1 20 | 6 | 2 20 | 9 | 1 23 | 8 | 0 27 | 5 | 1 20 | 3 | 3 8 | 7 | 3 10 | 0 | 0 (10 rows) SELECT sum(unique1) over (rows between 2 preceding and 2 following exclude group), unique1, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10; sum | unique1 | four -----+---------+------ | 4 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 2 | 9 | 1 | 8 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 3 | 0 | 0 (10 rows) SELECT sum(unique1) over (rows between 2 preceding and 2 following exclude ties), unique1, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10; sum | unique1 | four -----+---------+------ 4 | 4 | 0 2 | 2 | 2 1 | 1 | 1 6 | 6 | 2 9 | 9 | 1 8 | 8 | 0 5 | 5 | 1 3 | 3 | 3 7 | 7 | 3 0 | 0 | 0 (10 rows) SELECT first_value(unique1) over (ORDER BY four rows between current row and 2 following exclude current row), unique1, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10; first_value | unique1 | four -------------+---------+------ 8 | 0 | 0 4 | 8 | 0 5 | 4 | 0 9 | 5 | 1 1 | 9 | 1 6 | 1 | 1 2 | 6 | 2 3 | 2 | 2 7 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 3 (10 rows) SELECT first_value(unique1) over (ORDER BY four rows between current row and 2 following exclude group), unique1, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10; first_value | unique1 | four -------------+---------+------ | 0 | 0 5 | 8 | 0 5 | 4 | 0 | 5 | 1 6 | 9 | 1 6 | 1 | 1 3 | 6 | 2 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 3 (10 rows) SELECT first_value(unique1) over (ORDER BY four rows between current row and 2 following exclude ties), unique1, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10; first_value | unique1 | four -------------+---------+------ 0 | 0 | 0 8 | 8 | 0 4 | 4 | 0 5 | 5 | 1 9 | 9 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 6 | 6 | 2 2 | 2 | 2 3 | 3 | 3 7 | 7 | 3 (10 rows) SELECT last_value(unique1) over (ORDER BY four rows between current row and 2 following exclude current row), unique1, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10; last_value | unique1 | four ------------+---------+------ 4 | 0 | 0 5 | 8 | 0 9 | 4 | 0 1 | 5 | 1 6 | 9 | 1 2 | 1 | 1 3 | 6 | 2 7 | 2 | 2 7 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 3 (10 rows) SELECT last_value(unique1) over (ORDER BY four rows between current row and 2 following exclude group), unique1, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10; last_value | unique1 | four ------------+---------+------ | 0 | 0 5 | 8 | 0 9 | 4 | 0 | 5 | 1 6 | 9 | 1 2 | 1 | 1 3 | 6 | 2 7 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 3 (10 rows) SELECT last_value(unique1) over (ORDER BY four rows between current row and 2 following exclude ties), unique1, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10; last_value | unique1 | four ------------+---------+------ 0 | 0 | 0 5 | 8 | 0 9 | 4 | 0 5 | 5 | 1 6 | 9 | 1 2 | 1 | 1 3 | 6 | 2 7 | 2 | 2 3 | 3 | 3 7 | 7 | 3 (10 rows) SELECT sum(unique1) over (rows between 2 preceding and 1 preceding), unique1, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10; sum | unique1 | four -----+---------+------ | 4 | 0 4 | 2 | 2 6 | 1 | 1 3 | 6 | 2 7 | 9 | 1 15 | 8 | 0 17 | 5 | 1 13 | 3 | 3 8 | 7 | 3 10 | 0 | 0 (10 rows) SELECT sum(unique1) over (rows between 1 following and 3 following), unique1, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10; sum | unique1 | four -----+---------+------ 9 | 4 | 0 16 | 2 | 2 23 | 1 | 1 22 | 6 | 2 16 | 9 | 1 15 | 8 | 0 10 | 5 | 1 7 | 3 | 3 0 | 7 | 3 | 0 | 0 (10 rows) SELECT sum(unique1) over (rows between unbounded preceding and 1 following), unique1, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10; sum | unique1 | four -----+---------+------ 6 | 4 | 0 7 | 2 | 2 13 | 1 | 1 22 | 6 | 2 30 | 9 | 1 35 | 8 | 0 38 | 5 | 1 45 | 3 | 3 45 | 7 | 3 45 | 0 | 0 (10 rows) SELECT sum(unique1) over (w range between current row and unbounded following), unique1, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10 WINDOW w AS (order by four); sum | unique1 | four -----+---------+------ 45 | 0 | 0 45 | 8 | 0 45 | 4 | 0 33 | 5 | 1 33 | 9 | 1 33 | 1 | 1 18 | 6 | 2 18 | 2 | 2 10 | 3 | 3 10 | 7 | 3 (10 rows) SELECT sum(unique1) over (w range between unbounded preceding and current row exclude current row), unique1, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10 WINDOW w AS (order by four); sum | unique1 | four -----+---------+------ 12 | 0 | 0 4 | 8 | 0 8 | 4 | 0 22 | 5 | 1 18 | 9 | 1 26 | 1 | 1 29 | 6 | 2 33 | 2 | 2 42 | 3 | 3 38 | 7 | 3 (10 rows) SELECT sum(unique1) over (w range between unbounded preceding and current row exclude group), unique1, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10 WINDOW w AS (order by four); sum | unique1 | four -----+---------+------ | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 4 | 0 12 | 5 | 1 12 | 9 | 1 12 | 1 | 1 27 | 6 | 2 27 | 2 | 2 35 | 3 | 3 35 | 7 | 3 (10 rows) SELECT sum(unique1) over (w range between unbounded preceding and current row exclude ties), unique1, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10 WINDOW w AS (order by four); sum | unique1 | four -----+---------+------ 0 | 0 | 0 8 | 8 | 0 4 | 4 | 0 17 | 5 | 1 21 | 9 | 1 13 | 1 | 1 33 | 6 | 2 29 | 2 | 2 38 | 3 | 3 42 | 7 | 3 (10 rows) SELECT first_value(unique1) over w, nth_value(unique1, 2) over w AS nth_2, last_value(unique1) over w, unique1, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10 WINDOW w AS (order by four range between current row and unbounded following); first_value | nth_2 | last_value | unique1 | four -------------+-------+------------+---------+------ 0 | 8 | 7 | 0 | 0 0 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 0 0 | 8 | 7 | 4 | 0 5 | 9 | 7 | 5 | 1 5 | 9 | 7 | 9 | 1 5 | 9 | 7 | 1 | 1 6 | 2 | 7 | 6 | 2 6 | 2 | 7 | 2 | 2 3 | 7 | 7 | 3 | 3 3 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 3 (10 rows) SELECT sum(unique1) over (order by unique1 rows (SELECT unique1 FROM tenk1 ORDER BY unique1 LIMIT 1) + 1 PRECEDING), unique1 FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10; sum | unique1 -----+--------- 0 | 0 1 | 1 3 | 2 5 | 3 7 | 4 9 | 5 11 | 6 13 | 7 15 | 8 17 | 9 (10 rows) CREATE TEMP VIEW v_window AS SELECT i, sum(i) over (order by i rows between 1 preceding and 1 following) as sum_rows FROM generate_series(1, 10) i; SELECT * FROM v_window; i | sum_rows ----+---------- 1 | 3 2 | 6 3 | 9 4 | 12 5 | 15 6 | 18 7 | 21 8 | 24 9 | 27 10 | 19 (10 rows) SELECT pg_get_viewdef('v_window'); pg_get_viewdef --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECT i.i, + sum(i.i) OVER (ORDER BY i.i ROWS BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND 1 FOLLOWING) AS sum_rows+ FROM generate_series(1, 10) i(i); (1 row) CREATE OR REPLACE TEMP VIEW v_window AS SELECT i, sum(i) over (order by i rows between 1 preceding and 1 following exclude current row) as sum_rows FROM generate_series(1, 10) i; SELECT * FROM v_window; i | sum_rows ----+---------- 1 | 2 2 | 4 3 | 6 4 | 8 5 | 10 6 | 12 7 | 14 8 | 16 9 | 18 10 | 9 (10 rows) SELECT pg_get_viewdef('v_window'); pg_get_viewdef ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECT i.i, + sum(i.i) OVER (ORDER BY i.i ROWS BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND 1 FOLLOWING EXCLUDE CURRENT ROW) AS sum_rows+ FROM generate_series(1, 10) i(i); (1 row) CREATE OR REPLACE TEMP VIEW v_window AS SELECT i, sum(i) over (order by i rows between 1 preceding and 1 following exclude group) as sum_rows FROM generate_series(1, 10) i; SELECT * FROM v_window; i | sum_rows ----+---------- 1 | 2 2 | 4 3 | 6 4 | 8 5 | 10 6 | 12 7 | 14 8 | 16 9 | 18 10 | 9 (10 rows) SELECT pg_get_viewdef('v_window'); pg_get_viewdef ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECT i.i, + sum(i.i) OVER (ORDER BY i.i ROWS BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND 1 FOLLOWING EXCLUDE GROUP) AS sum_rows+ FROM generate_series(1, 10) i(i); (1 row) CREATE OR REPLACE TEMP VIEW v_window AS SELECT i, sum(i) over (order by i rows between 1 preceding and 1 following exclude ties) as sum_rows FROM generate_series(1, 10) i; SELECT * FROM v_window; i | sum_rows ----+---------- 1 | 3 2 | 6 3 | 9 4 | 12 5 | 15 6 | 18 7 | 21 8 | 24 9 | 27 10 | 19 (10 rows) SELECT pg_get_viewdef('v_window'); pg_get_viewdef ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECT i.i, + sum(i.i) OVER (ORDER BY i.i ROWS BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND 1 FOLLOWING EXCLUDE TIES) AS sum_rows+ FROM generate_series(1, 10) i(i); (1 row) CREATE OR REPLACE TEMP VIEW v_window AS SELECT i, sum(i) over (order by i rows between 1 preceding and 1 following exclude no others) as sum_rows FROM generate_series(1, 10) i; SELECT * FROM v_window; i | sum_rows ----+---------- 1 | 3 2 | 6 3 | 9 4 | 12 5 | 15 6 | 18 7 | 21 8 | 24 9 | 27 10 | 19 (10 rows) SELECT pg_get_viewdef('v_window'); pg_get_viewdef --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECT i.i, + sum(i.i) OVER (ORDER BY i.i ROWS BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND 1 FOLLOWING) AS sum_rows+ FROM generate_series(1, 10) i(i); (1 row) CREATE OR REPLACE TEMP VIEW v_window AS SELECT i, sum(i) over (order by i groups between 1 preceding and 1 following) as sum_rows FROM generate_series(1, 10) i; SELECT * FROM v_window; i | sum_rows ----+---------- 1 | 3 2 | 6 3 | 9 4 | 12 5 | 15 6 | 18 7 | 21 8 | 24 9 | 27 10 | 19 (10 rows) SELECT pg_get_viewdef('v_window'); pg_get_viewdef ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECT i.i, + sum(i.i) OVER (ORDER BY i.i GROUPS BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND 1 FOLLOWING) AS sum_rows+ FROM generate_series(1, 10) i(i); (1 row) DROP VIEW v_window; CREATE TEMP VIEW v_window AS SELECT i, min(i) over (order by i range between '1 day' preceding and '10 days' following) as min_i FROM generate_series(now(), now()+'100 days'::interval, '1 hour') i; SELECT pg_get_viewdef('v_window'); pg_get_viewdef --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECT i.i, + min(i.i) OVER (ORDER BY i.i RANGE BETWEEN '@ 1 day'::interval PRECEDING AND '@ 10 days'::interval FOLLOWING) AS min_i+ FROM generate_series(now(), (now() + '@ 100 days'::interval), '@ 1 hour'::interval) i(i); (1 row) -- RANGE offset PRECEDING/FOLLOWING tests SELECT sum(unique1) over (order by four range between 2::int8 preceding and 1::int2 preceding), unique1, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10; sum | unique1 | four -----+---------+------ | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 4 | 0 12 | 5 | 1 12 | 9 | 1 12 | 1 | 1 27 | 6 | 2 27 | 2 | 2 23 | 3 | 3 23 | 7 | 3 (10 rows) SELECT sum(unique1) over (order by four desc range between 2::int8 preceding and 1::int2 preceding), unique1, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10; sum | unique1 | four -----+---------+------ | 3 | 3 | 7 | 3 10 | 6 | 2 10 | 2 | 2 18 | 9 | 1 18 | 5 | 1 18 | 1 | 1 23 | 0 | 0 23 | 8 | 0 23 | 4 | 0 (10 rows) SELECT sum(unique1) over (order by four range between 2::int8 preceding and 1::int2 preceding exclude no others), unique1, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10; sum | unique1 | four -----+---------+------ | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 4 | 0 12 | 5 | 1 12 | 9 | 1 12 | 1 | 1 27 | 6 | 2 27 | 2 | 2 23 | 3 | 3 23 | 7 | 3 (10 rows) SELECT sum(unique1) over (order by four range between 2::int8 preceding and 1::int2 preceding exclude current row), unique1, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10; sum | unique1 | four -----+---------+------ | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 4 | 0 12 | 5 | 1 12 | 9 | 1 12 | 1 | 1 27 | 6 | 2 27 | 2 | 2 23 | 3 | 3 23 | 7 | 3 (10 rows) SELECT sum(unique1) over (order by four range between 2::int8 preceding and 1::int2 preceding exclude group), unique1, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10; sum | unique1 | four -----+---------+------ | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 4 | 0 12 | 5 | 1 12 | 9 | 1 12 | 1 | 1 27 | 6 | 2 27 | 2 | 2 23 | 3 | 3 23 | 7 | 3 (10 rows) SELECT sum(unique1) over (order by four range between 2::int8 preceding and 1::int2 preceding exclude ties), unique1, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10; sum | unique1 | four -----+---------+------ | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 4 | 0 12 | 5 | 1 12 | 9 | 1 12 | 1 | 1 27 | 6 | 2 27 | 2 | 2 23 | 3 | 3 23 | 7 | 3 (10 rows) SELECT sum(unique1) over (order by four range between 2::int8 preceding and 6::int2 following exclude ties), unique1, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10; sum | unique1 | four -----+---------+------ 33 | 0 | 0 41 | 8 | 0 37 | 4 | 0 35 | 5 | 1 39 | 9 | 1 31 | 1 | 1 43 | 6 | 2 39 | 2 | 2 26 | 3 | 3 30 | 7 | 3 (10 rows) SELECT sum(unique1) over (order by four range between 2::int8 preceding and 6::int2 following exclude group), unique1, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10; sum | unique1 | four -----+---------+------ 33 | 0 | 0 33 | 8 | 0 33 | 4 | 0 30 | 5 | 1 30 | 9 | 1 30 | 1 | 1 37 | 6 | 2 37 | 2 | 2 23 | 3 | 3 23 | 7 | 3 (10 rows) SELECT sum(unique1) over (partition by four order by unique1 range between 5::int8 preceding and 6::int2 following), unique1, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10; sum | unique1 | four -----+---------+------ 4 | 0 | 0 12 | 4 | 0 12 | 8 | 0 6 | 1 | 1 15 | 5 | 1 14 | 9 | 1 8 | 2 | 2 8 | 6 | 2 10 | 3 | 3 10 | 7 | 3 (10 rows) SELECT sum(unique1) over (partition by four order by unique1 range between 5::int8 preceding and 6::int2 following exclude current row),unique1, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10; sum | unique1 | four -----+---------+------ 4 | 0 | 0 8 | 4 | 0 4 | 8 | 0 5 | 1 | 1 10 | 5 | 1 5 | 9 | 1 6 | 2 | 2 2 | 6 | 2 7 | 3 | 3 3 | 7 | 3 (10 rows) select sum(salary) over (order by enroll_date range between '1 year'::interval preceding and '1 year'::interval following), salary, enroll_date from empsalary; sum | salary | enroll_date -------+--------+------------- 34900 | 5000 | 10-01-2006 34900 | 6000 | 10-01-2006 38400 | 3900 | 12-23-2006 47100 | 4800 | 08-01-2007 47100 | 5200 | 08-01-2007 47100 | 4800 | 08-08-2007 47100 | 5200 | 08-15-2007 36100 | 3500 | 12-10-2007 32200 | 4500 | 01-01-2008 32200 | 4200 | 01-01-2008 (10 rows) select sum(salary) over (order by enroll_date desc range between '1 year'::interval preceding and '1 year'::interval following), salary, enroll_date from empsalary; sum | salary | enroll_date -------+--------+------------- 32200 | 4200 | 01-01-2008 32200 | 4500 | 01-01-2008 36100 | 3500 | 12-10-2007 47100 | 5200 | 08-15-2007 47100 | 4800 | 08-08-2007 47100 | 4800 | 08-01-2007 47100 | 5200 | 08-01-2007 38400 | 3900 | 12-23-2006 34900 | 5000 | 10-01-2006 34900 | 6000 | 10-01-2006 (10 rows) select sum(salary) over (order by enroll_date desc range between '1 year'::interval following and '1 year'::interval following), salary, enroll_date from empsalary; sum | salary | enroll_date -----+--------+------------- | 4200 | 01-01-2008 | 4500 | 01-01-2008 | 3500 | 12-10-2007 | 5200 | 08-15-2007 | 4800 | 08-08-2007 | 4800 | 08-01-2007 | 5200 | 08-01-2007 | 3900 | 12-23-2006 | 5000 | 10-01-2006 | 6000 | 10-01-2006 (10 rows) select sum(salary) over (order by enroll_date range between '1 year'::interval preceding and '1 year'::interval following exclude current row), salary, enroll_date from empsalary; sum | salary | enroll_date -------+--------+------------- 29900 | 5000 | 10-01-2006 28900 | 6000 | 10-01-2006 34500 | 3900 | 12-23-2006 42300 | 4800 | 08-01-2007 41900 | 5200 | 08-01-2007 42300 | 4800 | 08-08-2007 41900 | 5200 | 08-15-2007 32600 | 3500 | 12-10-2007 27700 | 4500 | 01-01-2008 28000 | 4200 | 01-01-2008 (10 rows) select sum(salary) over (order by enroll_date range between '1 year'::interval preceding and '1 year'::interval following exclude group), salary, enroll_date from empsalary; sum | salary | enroll_date -------+--------+------------- 23900 | 5000 | 10-01-2006 23900 | 6000 | 10-01-2006 34500 | 3900 | 12-23-2006 37100 | 4800 | 08-01-2007 37100 | 5200 | 08-01-2007 42300 | 4800 | 08-08-2007 41900 | 5200 | 08-15-2007 32600 | 3500 | 12-10-2007 23500 | 4500 | 01-01-2008 23500 | 4200 | 01-01-2008 (10 rows) select sum(salary) over (order by enroll_date range between '1 year'::interval preceding and '1 year'::interval following exclude ties), salary, enroll_date from empsalary; sum | salary | enroll_date -------+--------+------------- 28900 | 5000 | 10-01-2006 29900 | 6000 | 10-01-2006 38400 | 3900 | 12-23-2006 41900 | 4800 | 08-01-2007 42300 | 5200 | 08-01-2007 47100 | 4800 | 08-08-2007 47100 | 5200 | 08-15-2007 36100 | 3500 | 12-10-2007 28000 | 4500 | 01-01-2008 27700 | 4200 | 01-01-2008 (10 rows) select first_value(salary) over(order by salary range between 1000 preceding and 1000 following), lead(salary) over(order by salary range between 1000 preceding and 1000 following), nth_value(salary, 1) over(order by salary range between 1000 preceding and 1000 following), salary from empsalary; first_value | lead | nth_value | salary -------------+------+-----------+-------- 3500 | 3900 | 3500 | 3500 3500 | 4200 | 3500 | 3900 3500 | 4500 | 3500 | 4200 3500 | 4800 | 3500 | 4500 3900 | 4800 | 3900 | 4800 3900 | 5000 | 3900 | 4800 4200 | 5200 | 4200 | 5000 4200 | 5200 | 4200 | 5200 4200 | 6000 | 4200 | 5200 5000 | | 5000 | 6000 (10 rows) select last_value(salary) over(order by salary range between 1000 preceding and 1000 following), lag(salary) over(order by salary range between 1000 preceding and 1000 following), salary from empsalary; last_value | lag | salary ------------+------+-------- 4500 | | 3500 4800 | 3500 | 3900 5200 | 3900 | 4200 5200 | 4200 | 4500 5200 | 4500 | 4800 5200 | 4800 | 4800 6000 | 4800 | 5000 6000 | 5000 | 5200 6000 | 5200 | 5200 6000 | 5200 | 6000 (10 rows) select first_value(salary) over(order by salary range between 1000 following and 3000 following exclude current row), lead(salary) over(order by salary range between 1000 following and 3000 following exclude ties), nth_value(salary, 1) over(order by salary range between 1000 following and 3000 following exclude ties), salary from empsalary; first_value | lead | nth_value | salary -------------+------+-----------+-------- 4500 | 3900 | 4500 | 3500 5000 | 4200 | 5000 | 3900 5200 | 4500 | 5200 | 4200 6000 | 4800 | 6000 | 4500 6000 | 4800 | 6000 | 4800 6000 | 5000 | 6000 | 4800 6000 | 5200 | 6000 | 5000 | 5200 | | 5200 | 6000 | | 5200 | | | 6000 (10 rows) select last_value(salary) over(order by salary range between 1000 following and 3000 following exclude group), lag(salary) over(order by salary range between 1000 following and 3000 following exclude group), salary from empsalary; last_value | lag | salary ------------+------+-------- 6000 | | 3500 6000 | 3500 | 3900 6000 | 3900 | 4200 6000 | 4200 | 4500 6000 | 4500 | 4800 6000 | 4800 | 4800 6000 | 4800 | 5000 | 5000 | 5200 | 5200 | 5200 | 5200 | 6000 (10 rows) select first_value(salary) over(order by enroll_date range between unbounded preceding and '1 year'::interval following exclude ties), last_value(salary) over(order by enroll_date range between unbounded preceding and '1 year'::interval following), salary, enroll_date from empsalary; first_value | last_value | salary | enroll_date -------------+------------+--------+------------- 5000 | 5200 | 5000 | 10-01-2006 6000 | 5200 | 6000 | 10-01-2006 5000 | 3500 | 3900 | 12-23-2006 5000 | 4200 | 4800 | 08-01-2007 5000 | 4200 | 5200 | 08-01-2007 5000 | 4200 | 4800 | 08-08-2007 5000 | 4200 | 5200 | 08-15-2007 5000 | 4200 | 3500 | 12-10-2007 5000 | 4200 | 4500 | 01-01-2008 5000 | 4200 | 4200 | 01-01-2008 (10 rows) select first_value(salary) over(order by enroll_date range between unbounded preceding and '1 year'::interval following exclude ties), last_value(salary) over(order by enroll_date range between unbounded preceding and '1 year'::interval following exclude ties), salary, enroll_date from empsalary; first_value | last_value | salary | enroll_date -------------+------------+--------+------------- 5000 | 5200 | 5000 | 10-01-2006 6000 | 5200 | 6000 | 10-01-2006 5000 | 3500 | 3900 | 12-23-2006 5000 | 4200 | 4800 | 08-01-2007 5000 | 4200 | 5200 | 08-01-2007 5000 | 4200 | 4800 | 08-08-2007 5000 | 4200 | 5200 | 08-15-2007 5000 | 4200 | 3500 | 12-10-2007 5000 | 4500 | 4500 | 01-01-2008 5000 | 4200 | 4200 | 01-01-2008 (10 rows) select first_value(salary) over(order by enroll_date range between unbounded preceding and '1 year'::interval following exclude group), last_value(salary) over(order by enroll_date range between unbounded preceding and '1 year'::interval following exclude group), salary, enroll_date from empsalary; first_value | last_value | salary | enroll_date -------------+------------+--------+------------- 3900 | 5200 | 5000 | 10-01-2006 3900 | 5200 | 6000 | 10-01-2006 5000 | 3500 | 3900 | 12-23-2006 5000 | 4200 | 4800 | 08-01-2007 5000 | 4200 | 5200 | 08-01-2007 5000 | 4200 | 4800 | 08-08-2007 5000 | 4200 | 5200 | 08-15-2007 5000 | 4200 | 3500 | 12-10-2007 5000 | 3500 | 4500 | 01-01-2008 5000 | 3500 | 4200 | 01-01-2008 (10 rows) select first_value(salary) over(order by enroll_date range between unbounded preceding and '1 year'::interval following exclude current row), last_value(salary) over(order by enroll_date range between unbounded preceding and '1 year'::interval following exclude current row), salary, enroll_date from empsalary; first_value | last_value | salary | enroll_date -------------+------------+--------+------------- 6000 | 5200 | 5000 | 10-01-2006 5000 | 5200 | 6000 | 10-01-2006 5000 | 3500 | 3900 | 12-23-2006 5000 | 4200 | 4800 | 08-01-2007 5000 | 4200 | 5200 | 08-01-2007 5000 | 4200 | 4800 | 08-08-2007 5000 | 4200 | 5200 | 08-15-2007 5000 | 4200 | 3500 | 12-10-2007 5000 | 4200 | 4500 | 01-01-2008 5000 | 4500 | 4200 | 01-01-2008 (10 rows) -- RANGE offset PRECEDING/FOLLOWING with null values select x, y, first_value(y) over w, last_value(y) over w from (select x, x as y from generate_series(1,5) as x union all select null, 42 union all select null, 43) ss window w as (order by x asc nulls first range between 2 preceding and 2 following); x | y | first_value | last_value ---+----+-------------+------------ | 42 | 42 | 43 | 43 | 42 | 43 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 2 | 2 | 1 | 4 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 4 | 4 | 2 | 5 5 | 5 | 3 | 5 (7 rows) select x, y, first_value(y) over w, last_value(y) over w from (select x, x as y from generate_series(1,5) as x union all select null, 42 union all select null, 43) ss window w as (order by x asc nulls last range between 2 preceding and 2 following); x | y | first_value | last_value ---+----+-------------+------------ 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 2 | 2 | 1 | 4 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 4 | 4 | 2 | 5 5 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 42 | 42 | 43 | 43 | 42 | 43 (7 rows) select x, y, first_value(y) over w, last_value(y) over w from (select x, x as y from generate_series(1,5) as x union all select null, 42 union all select null, 43) ss window w as (order by x desc nulls first range between 2 preceding and 2 following); x | y | first_value | last_value ---+----+-------------+------------ | 43 | 43 | 42 | 42 | 43 | 42 5 | 5 | 5 | 3 4 | 4 | 5 | 2 3 | 3 | 5 | 1 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 (7 rows) select x, y, first_value(y) over w, last_value(y) over w from (select x, x as y from generate_series(1,5) as x union all select null, 42 union all select null, 43) ss window w as (order by x desc nulls last range between 2 preceding and 2 following); x | y | first_value | last_value ---+----+-------------+------------ 5 | 5 | 5 | 3 4 | 4 | 5 | 2 3 | 3 | 5 | 1 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 42 | 42 | 43 | 43 | 42 | 43 (7 rows) -- There is a syntactic ambiguity in the SQL standard. Since -- UNBOUNDED is a non-reserved word, it could be the name of a -- function parameter and be used as an expression. There is a -- grammar hack to resolve such cases as the keyword. The following -- tests record this behavior. CREATE FUNCTION unbounded_syntax_test1a(x int) RETURNS TABLE (a int, b int, c int) LANGUAGE SQL BEGIN ATOMIC SELECT sum(unique1) over (rows between x preceding and x following), unique1, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10; END; CREATE FUNCTION unbounded_syntax_test1b(x int) RETURNS TABLE (a int, b int, c int) LANGUAGE SQL AS $$ SELECT sum(unique1) over (rows between x preceding and x following), unique1, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10; $$; -- These will apply the argument to the window specification inside the function. SELECT * FROM unbounded_syntax_test1a(2); a | b | c ----+---+--- 7 | 4 | 0 13 | 2 | 2 22 | 1 | 1 26 | 6 | 2 29 | 9 | 1 31 | 8 | 0 32 | 5 | 1 23 | 3 | 3 15 | 7 | 3 10 | 0 | 0 (10 rows) SELECT * FROM unbounded_syntax_test1b(2); a | b | c ----+---+--- 7 | 4 | 0 13 | 2 | 2 22 | 1 | 1 26 | 6 | 2 29 | 9 | 1 31 | 8 | 0 32 | 5 | 1 23 | 3 | 3 15 | 7 | 3 10 | 0 | 0 (10 rows) CREATE FUNCTION unbounded_syntax_test2a(unbounded int) RETURNS TABLE (a int, b int, c int) LANGUAGE SQL BEGIN ATOMIC SELECT sum(unique1) over (rows between unbounded preceding and unbounded following), unique1, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10; END; CREATE FUNCTION unbounded_syntax_test2b(unbounded int) RETURNS TABLE (a int, b int, c int) LANGUAGE SQL AS $$ SELECT sum(unique1) over (rows between unbounded preceding and unbounded following), unique1, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10; $$; -- These will not apply the argument but instead treat UNBOUNDED as a keyword. SELECT * FROM unbounded_syntax_test2a(2); a | b | c ----+---+--- 45 | 4 | 0 45 | 2 | 2 45 | 1 | 1 45 | 6 | 2 45 | 9 | 1 45 | 8 | 0 45 | 5 | 1 45 | 3 | 3 45 | 7 | 3 45 | 0 | 0 (10 rows) SELECT * FROM unbounded_syntax_test2b(2); a | b | c ----+---+--- 45 | 4 | 0 45 | 2 | 2 45 | 1 | 1 45 | 6 | 2 45 | 9 | 1 45 | 8 | 0 45 | 5 | 1 45 | 3 | 3 45 | 7 | 3 45 | 0 | 0 (10 rows) DROP FUNCTION unbounded_syntax_test1a, unbounded_syntax_test1b, unbounded_syntax_test2a, unbounded_syntax_test2b; -- Other tests with token UNBOUNDED in potentially problematic position CREATE FUNCTION unbounded(x int) RETURNS int LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE RETURN x; SELECT sum(unique1) over (rows between 1 preceding and 1 following), unique1, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10; sum | unique1 | four -----+---------+------ 6 | 4 | 0 7 | 2 | 2 9 | 1 | 1 16 | 6 | 2 23 | 9 | 1 22 | 8 | 0 16 | 5 | 1 15 | 3 | 3 10 | 7 | 3 7 | 0 | 0 (10 rows) SELECT sum(unique1) over (rows between unbounded(1) preceding and unbounded(1) following), unique1, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10; sum | unique1 | four -----+---------+------ 6 | 4 | 0 7 | 2 | 2 9 | 1 | 1 16 | 6 | 2 23 | 9 | 1 22 | 8 | 0 16 | 5 | 1 15 | 3 | 3 10 | 7 | 3 7 | 0 | 0 (10 rows) SELECT sum(unique1) over (rows between unbounded.x preceding and unbounded.x following), unique1, four FROM tenk1, (values (1)) as unbounded(x) WHERE unique1 < 10; ERROR: argument of ROWS must not contain variables LINE 1: SELECT sum(unique1) over (rows between unbounded.x preceding... ^ DROP FUNCTION unbounded; -- Check overflow behavior for various integer sizes select x, last_value(x) over (order by x::smallint range between current row and 2147450884 following) from generate_series(32764, 32766) x; x | last_value -------+------------ 32764 | 32766 32765 | 32766 32766 | 32766 (3 rows) select x, last_value(x) over (order by x::smallint desc range between current row and 2147450885 following) from generate_series(-32766, -32764) x; x | last_value --------+------------ -32764 | -32766 -32765 | -32766 -32766 | -32766 (3 rows) select x, last_value(x) over (order by x range between current row and 4 following) from generate_series(2147483644, 2147483646) x; x | last_value ------------+------------ 2147483644 | 2147483646 2147483645 | 2147483646 2147483646 | 2147483646 (3 rows) select x, last_value(x) over (order by x desc range between current row and 5 following) from generate_series(-2147483646, -2147483644) x; x | last_value -------------+------------- -2147483644 | -2147483646 -2147483645 | -2147483646 -2147483646 | -2147483646 (3 rows) select x, last_value(x) over (order by x range between current row and 4 following) from generate_series(9223372036854775804, 9223372036854775806) x; x | last_value ---------------------+--------------------- 9223372036854775804 | 9223372036854775806 9223372036854775805 | 9223372036854775806 9223372036854775806 | 9223372036854775806 (3 rows) select x, last_value(x) over (order by x desc range between current row and 5 following) from generate_series(-9223372036854775806, -9223372036854775804) x; x | last_value ----------------------+---------------------- -9223372036854775804 | -9223372036854775806 -9223372036854775805 | -9223372036854775806 -9223372036854775806 | -9223372036854775806 (3 rows) -- Test in_range for other numeric datatypes create temp table numerics( id int, f_float4 float4, f_float8 float8, f_numeric numeric ); insert into numerics values (0, '-infinity', '-infinity', '-infinity'), (1, -3, -3, -3), (2, -1, -1, -1), (3, 0, 0, 0), (4, 1.1, 1.1, 1.1), (5, 1.12, 1.12, 1.12), (6, 2, 2, 2), (7, 100, 100, 100), (8, 'infinity', 'infinity', 'infinity'), (9, 'NaN', 'NaN', 'NaN'); select id, f_float4, first_value(id) over w, last_value(id) over w from numerics window w as (order by f_float4 range between 1 preceding and 1 following); id | f_float4 | first_value | last_value ----+-----------+-------------+------------ 0 | -Infinity | 0 | 0 1 | -3 | 1 | 1 2 | -1 | 2 | 3 3 | 0 | 2 | 3 4 | 1.1 | 4 | 6 5 | 1.12 | 4 | 6 6 | 2 | 4 | 6 7 | 100 | 7 | 7 8 | Infinity | 8 | 8 9 | NaN | 9 | 9 (10 rows) select id, f_float4, first_value(id) over w, last_value(id) over w from numerics window w as (order by f_float4 range between 1 preceding and 1.1::float4 following); id | f_float4 | first_value | last_value ----+-----------+-------------+------------ 0 | -Infinity | 0 | 0 1 | -3 | 1 | 1 2 | -1 | 2 | 3 3 | 0 | 2 | 4 4 | 1.1 | 4 | 6 5 | 1.12 | 4 | 6 6 | 2 | 4 | 6 7 | 100 | 7 | 7 8 | Infinity | 8 | 8 9 | NaN | 9 | 9 (10 rows) select id, f_float4, first_value(id) over w, last_value(id) over w from numerics window w as (order by f_float4 range between 'inf' preceding and 'inf' following); id | f_float4 | first_value | last_value ----+-----------+-------------+------------ 0 | -Infinity | 0 | 8 1 | -3 | 0 | 8 2 | -1 | 0 | 8 3 | 0 | 0 | 8 4 | 1.1 | 0 | 8 5 | 1.12 | 0 | 8 6 | 2 | 0 | 8 7 | 100 | 0 | 8 8 | Infinity | 0 | 8 9 | NaN | 9 | 9 (10 rows) select id, f_float4, first_value(id) over w, last_value(id) over w from numerics window w as (order by f_float4 range between 'inf' preceding and 'inf' preceding); id | f_float4 | first_value | last_value ----+-----------+-------------+------------ 0 | -Infinity | 0 | 0 1 | -3 | 0 | 0 2 | -1 | 0 | 0 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 4 | 1.1 | 0 | 0 5 | 1.12 | 0 | 0 6 | 2 | 0 | 0 7 | 100 | 0 | 0 8 | Infinity | 0 | 8 9 | NaN | 9 | 9 (10 rows) select id, f_float4, first_value(id) over w, last_value(id) over w from numerics window w as (order by f_float4 range between 'inf' following and 'inf' following); id | f_float4 | first_value | last_value ----+-----------+-------------+------------ 0 | -Infinity | 0 | 8 1 | -3 | 8 | 8 2 | -1 | 8 | 8 3 | 0 | 8 | 8 4 | 1.1 | 8 | 8 5 | 1.12 | 8 | 8 6 | 2 | 8 | 8 7 | 100 | 8 | 8 8 | Infinity | 8 | 8 9 | NaN | 9 | 9 (10 rows) select id, f_float4, first_value(id) over w, last_value(id) over w from numerics window w as (order by f_float4 range between 1.1 preceding and 'NaN' following); -- error, NaN disallowed ERROR: invalid preceding or following size in window function select id, f_float8, first_value(id) over w, last_value(id) over w from numerics window w as (order by f_float8 range between 1 preceding and 1 following); id | f_float8 | first_value | last_value ----+-----------+-------------+------------ 0 | -Infinity | 0 | 0 1 | -3 | 1 | 1 2 | -1 | 2 | 3 3 | 0 | 2 | 3 4 | 1.1 | 4 | 6 5 | 1.12 | 4 | 6 6 | 2 | 4 | 6 7 | 100 | 7 | 7 8 | Infinity | 8 | 8 9 | NaN | 9 | 9 (10 rows) select id, f_float8, first_value(id) over w, last_value(id) over w from numerics window w as (order by f_float8 range between 1 preceding and 1.1::float8 following); id | f_float8 | first_value | last_value ----+-----------+-------------+------------ 0 | -Infinity | 0 | 0 1 | -3 | 1 | 1 2 | -1 | 2 | 3 3 | 0 | 2 | 4 4 | 1.1 | 4 | 6 5 | 1.12 | 4 | 6 6 | 2 | 4 | 6 7 | 100 | 7 | 7 8 | Infinity | 8 | 8 9 | NaN | 9 | 9 (10 rows) select id, f_float8, first_value(id) over w, last_value(id) over w from numerics window w as (order by f_float8 range between 'inf' preceding and 'inf' following); id | f_float8 | first_value | last_value ----+-----------+-------------+------------ 0 | -Infinity | 0 | 8 1 | -3 | 0 | 8 2 | -1 | 0 | 8 3 | 0 | 0 | 8 4 | 1.1 | 0 | 8 5 | 1.12 | 0 | 8 6 | 2 | 0 | 8 7 | 100 | 0 | 8 8 | Infinity | 0 | 8 9 | NaN | 9 | 9 (10 rows) select id, f_float8, first_value(id) over w, last_value(id) over w from numerics window w as (order by f_float8 range between 'inf' preceding and 'inf' preceding); id | f_float8 | first_value | last_value ----+-----------+-------------+------------ 0 | -Infinity | 0 | 0 1 | -3 | 0 | 0 2 | -1 | 0 | 0 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 4 | 1.1 | 0 | 0 5 | 1.12 | 0 | 0 6 | 2 | 0 | 0 7 | 100 | 0 | 0 8 | Infinity | 0 | 8 9 | NaN | 9 | 9 (10 rows) select id, f_float8, first_value(id) over w, last_value(id) over w from numerics window w as (order by f_float8 range between 'inf' following and 'inf' following); id | f_float8 | first_value | last_value ----+-----------+-------------+------------ 0 | -Infinity | 0 | 8 1 | -3 | 8 | 8 2 | -1 | 8 | 8 3 | 0 | 8 | 8 4 | 1.1 | 8 | 8 5 | 1.12 | 8 | 8 6 | 2 | 8 | 8 7 | 100 | 8 | 8 8 | Infinity | 8 | 8 9 | NaN | 9 | 9 (10 rows) select id, f_float8, first_value(id) over w, last_value(id) over w from numerics window w as (order by f_float8 range between 1.1 preceding and 'NaN' following); -- error, NaN disallowed ERROR: invalid preceding or following size in window function select id, f_numeric, first_value(id) over w, last_value(id) over w from numerics window w as (order by f_numeric range between 1 preceding and 1 following); id | f_numeric | first_value | last_value ----+-----------+-------------+------------ 0 | -Infinity | 0 | 0 1 | -3 | 1 | 1 2 | -1 | 2 | 3 3 | 0 | 2 | 3 4 | 1.1 | 4 | 6 5 | 1.12 | 4 | 6 6 | 2 | 4 | 6 7 | 100 | 7 | 7 8 | Infinity | 8 | 8 9 | NaN | 9 | 9 (10 rows) select id, f_numeric, first_value(id) over w, last_value(id) over w from numerics window w as (order by f_numeric range between 1 preceding and 1.1::numeric following); id | f_numeric | first_value | last_value ----+-----------+-------------+------------ 0 | -Infinity | 0 | 0 1 | -3 | 1 | 1 2 | -1 | 2 | 3 3 | 0 | 2 | 4 4 | 1.1 | 4 | 6 5 | 1.12 | 4 | 6 6 | 2 | 4 | 6 7 | 100 | 7 | 7 8 | Infinity | 8 | 8 9 | NaN | 9 | 9 (10 rows) select id, f_numeric, first_value(id) over w, last_value(id) over w from numerics window w as (order by f_numeric range between 1 preceding and 1.1::float8 following); -- currently unsupported ERROR: RANGE with offset PRECEDING/FOLLOWING is not supported for column type numeric and offset type double precision LINE 4: 1 preceding and 1.1::float8 following); ^ HINT: Cast the offset value to an appropriate type. select id, f_numeric, first_value(id) over w, last_value(id) over w from numerics window w as (order by f_numeric range between 'inf' preceding and 'inf' following); id | f_numeric | first_value | last_value ----+-----------+-------------+------------ 0 | -Infinity | 0 | 8 1 | -3 | 0 | 8 2 | -1 | 0 | 8 3 | 0 | 0 | 8 4 | 1.1 | 0 | 8 5 | 1.12 | 0 | 8 6 | 2 | 0 | 8 7 | 100 | 0 | 8 8 | Infinity | 0 | 8 9 | NaN | 9 | 9 (10 rows) select id, f_numeric, first_value(id) over w, last_value(id) over w from numerics window w as (order by f_numeric range between 'inf' preceding and 'inf' preceding); id | f_numeric | first_value | last_value ----+-----------+-------------+------------ 0 | -Infinity | 0 | 0 1 | -3 | 0 | 0 2 | -1 | 0 | 0 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 4 | 1.1 | 0 | 0 5 | 1.12 | 0 | 0 6 | 2 | 0 | 0 7 | 100 | 0 | 0 8 | Infinity | 0 | 8 9 | NaN | 9 | 9 (10 rows) select id, f_numeric, first_value(id) over w, last_value(id) over w from numerics window w as (order by f_numeric range between 'inf' following and 'inf' following); id | f_numeric | first_value | last_value ----+-----------+-------------+------------ 0 | -Infinity | 0 | 8 1 | -3 | 8 | 8 2 | -1 | 8 | 8 3 | 0 | 8 | 8 4 | 1.1 | 8 | 8 5 | 1.12 | 8 | 8 6 | 2 | 8 | 8 7 | 100 | 8 | 8 8 | Infinity | 8 | 8 9 | NaN | 9 | 9 (10 rows) select id, f_numeric, first_value(id) over w, last_value(id) over w from numerics window w as (order by f_numeric range between 1.1 preceding and 'NaN' following); -- error, NaN disallowed ERROR: invalid preceding or following size in window function -- Test in_range for other datetime datatypes create temp table datetimes( id int, f_time time, f_timetz timetz, f_interval interval, f_timestamptz timestamptz, f_timestamp timestamp ); insert into datetimes values (1, '11:00', '11:00 BST', '1 year', '2000-10-19 10:23:54+01', '2000-10-19 10:23:54'), (2, '12:00', '12:00 BST', '2 years', '2001-10-19 10:23:54+01', '2001-10-19 10:23:54'), (3, '13:00', '13:00 BST', '3 years', '2001-10-19 10:23:54+01', '2001-10-19 10:23:54'), (4, '14:00', '14:00 BST', '4 years', '2002-10-19 10:23:54+01', '2002-10-19 10:23:54'), (5, '15:00', '15:00 BST', '5 years', '2003-10-19 10:23:54+01', '2003-10-19 10:23:54'), (6, '15:00', '15:00 BST', '5 years', '2004-10-19 10:23:54+01', '2004-10-19 10:23:54'), (7, '17:00', '17:00 BST', '7 years', '2005-10-19 10:23:54+01', '2005-10-19 10:23:54'), (8, '18:00', '18:00 BST', '8 years', '2006-10-19 10:23:54+01', '2006-10-19 10:23:54'), (9, '19:00', '19:00 BST', '9 years', '2007-10-19 10:23:54+01', '2007-10-19 10:23:54'), (10, '20:00', '20:00 BST', '10 years', '2008-10-19 10:23:54+01', '2008-10-19 10:23:54'); select id, f_time, first_value(id) over w, last_value(id) over w from datetimes window w as (order by f_time range between '70 min'::interval preceding and '2 hours'::interval following); id | f_time | first_value | last_value ----+----------+-------------+------------ 1 | 11:00:00 | 1 | 3 2 | 12:00:00 | 1 | 4 3 | 13:00:00 | 2 | 6 4 | 14:00:00 | 3 | 6 5 | 15:00:00 | 4 | 7 6 | 15:00:00 | 4 | 7 7 | 17:00:00 | 7 | 9 8 | 18:00:00 | 7 | 10 9 | 19:00:00 | 8 | 10 10 | 20:00:00 | 9 | 10 (10 rows) select id, f_time, first_value(id) over w, last_value(id) over w from datetimes window w as (order by f_time desc range between '70 min' preceding and '2 hours' following); id | f_time | first_value | last_value ----+----------+-------------+------------ 10 | 20:00:00 | 10 | 8 9 | 19:00:00 | 10 | 7 8 | 18:00:00 | 9 | 7 7 | 17:00:00 | 8 | 5 6 | 15:00:00 | 6 | 3 5 | 15:00:00 | 6 | 3 4 | 14:00:00 | 6 | 2 3 | 13:00:00 | 4 | 1 2 | 12:00:00 | 3 | 1 1 | 11:00:00 | 2 | 1 (10 rows) select id, f_timetz, first_value(id) over w, last_value(id) over w from datetimes window w as (order by f_timetz range between '70 min'::interval preceding and '2 hours'::interval following); id | f_timetz | first_value | last_value ----+-------------+-------------+------------ 1 | 11:00:00+01 | 1 | 3 2 | 12:00:00+01 | 1 | 4 3 | 13:00:00+01 | 2 | 6 4 | 14:00:00+01 | 3 | 6 5 | 15:00:00+01 | 4 | 7 6 | 15:00:00+01 | 4 | 7 7 | 17:00:00+01 | 7 | 9 8 | 18:00:00+01 | 7 | 10 9 | 19:00:00+01 | 8 | 10 10 | 20:00:00+01 | 9 | 10 (10 rows) select id, f_timetz, first_value(id) over w, last_value(id) over w from datetimes window w as (order by f_timetz desc range between '70 min' preceding and '2 hours' following); id | f_timetz | first_value | last_value ----+-------------+-------------+------------ 10 | 20:00:00+01 | 10 | 8 9 | 19:00:00+01 | 10 | 7 8 | 18:00:00+01 | 9 | 7 7 | 17:00:00+01 | 8 | 5 6 | 15:00:00+01 | 6 | 3 5 | 15:00:00+01 | 6 | 3 4 | 14:00:00+01 | 6 | 2 3 | 13:00:00+01 | 4 | 1 2 | 12:00:00+01 | 3 | 1 1 | 11:00:00+01 | 2 | 1 (10 rows) select id, f_interval, first_value(id) over w, last_value(id) over w from datetimes window w as (order by f_interval range between '1 year'::interval preceding and '1 year'::interval following); id | f_interval | first_value | last_value ----+------------+-------------+------------ 1 | @ 1 year | 1 | 2 2 | @ 2 years | 1 | 3 3 | @ 3 years | 2 | 4 4 | @ 4 years | 3 | 6 5 | @ 5 years | 4 | 6 6 | @ 5 years | 4 | 6 7 | @ 7 years | 7 | 8 8 | @ 8 years | 7 | 9 9 | @ 9 years | 8 | 10 10 | @ 10 years | 9 | 10 (10 rows) select id, f_interval, first_value(id) over w, last_value(id) over w from datetimes window w as (order by f_interval desc range between '1 year' preceding and '1 year' following); id | f_interval | first_value | last_value ----+------------+-------------+------------ 10 | @ 10 years | 10 | 9 9 | @ 9 years | 10 | 8 8 | @ 8 years | 9 | 7 7 | @ 7 years | 8 | 7 6 | @ 5 years | 6 | 4 5 | @ 5 years | 6 | 4 4 | @ 4 years | 6 | 3 3 | @ 3 years | 4 | 2 2 | @ 2 years | 3 | 1 1 | @ 1 year | 2 | 1 (10 rows) select id, f_timestamptz, first_value(id) over w, last_value(id) over w from datetimes window w as (order by f_timestamptz range between '1 year'::interval preceding and '1 year'::interval following); id | f_timestamptz | first_value | last_value ----+------------------------------+-------------+------------ 1 | Thu Oct 19 02:23:54 2000 PDT | 1 | 3 2 | Fri Oct 19 02:23:54 2001 PDT | 1 | 4 3 | Fri Oct 19 02:23:54 2001 PDT | 1 | 4 4 | Sat Oct 19 02:23:54 2002 PDT | 2 | 5 5 | Sun Oct 19 02:23:54 2003 PDT | 4 | 6 6 | Tue Oct 19 02:23:54 2004 PDT | 5 | 7 7 | Wed Oct 19 02:23:54 2005 PDT | 6 | 8 8 | Thu Oct 19 02:23:54 2006 PDT | 7 | 9 9 | Fri Oct 19 02:23:54 2007 PDT | 8 | 10 10 | Sun Oct 19 02:23:54 2008 PDT | 9 | 10 (10 rows) select id, f_timestamptz, first_value(id) over w, last_value(id) over w from datetimes window w as (order by f_timestamptz desc range between '1 year' preceding and '1 year' following); id | f_timestamptz | first_value | last_value ----+------------------------------+-------------+------------ 10 | Sun Oct 19 02:23:54 2008 PDT | 10 | 9 9 | Fri Oct 19 02:23:54 2007 PDT | 10 | 8 8 | Thu Oct 19 02:23:54 2006 PDT | 9 | 7 7 | Wed Oct 19 02:23:54 2005 PDT | 8 | 6 6 | Tue Oct 19 02:23:54 2004 PDT | 7 | 5 5 | Sun Oct 19 02:23:54 2003 PDT | 6 | 4 4 | Sat Oct 19 02:23:54 2002 PDT | 5 | 2 3 | Fri Oct 19 02:23:54 2001 PDT | 4 | 1 2 | Fri Oct 19 02:23:54 2001 PDT | 4 | 1 1 | Thu Oct 19 02:23:54 2000 PDT | 3 | 1 (10 rows) select id, f_timestamp, first_value(id) over w, last_value(id) over w from datetimes window w as (order by f_timestamp range between '1 year'::interval preceding and '1 year'::interval following); id | f_timestamp | first_value | last_value ----+--------------------------+-------------+------------ 1 | Thu Oct 19 10:23:54 2000 | 1 | 3 2 | Fri Oct 19 10:23:54 2001 | 1 | 4 3 | Fri Oct 19 10:23:54 2001 | 1 | 4 4 | Sat Oct 19 10:23:54 2002 | 2 | 5 5 | Sun Oct 19 10:23:54 2003 | 4 | 6 6 | Tue Oct 19 10:23:54 2004 | 5 | 7 7 | Wed Oct 19 10:23:54 2005 | 6 | 8 8 | Thu Oct 19 10:23:54 2006 | 7 | 9 9 | Fri Oct 19 10:23:54 2007 | 8 | 10 10 | Sun Oct 19 10:23:54 2008 | 9 | 10 (10 rows) select id, f_timestamp, first_value(id) over w, last_value(id) over w from datetimes window w as (order by f_timestamp desc range between '1 year' preceding and '1 year' following); id | f_timestamp | first_value | last_value ----+--------------------------+-------------+------------ 10 | Sun Oct 19 10:23:54 2008 | 10 | 9 9 | Fri Oct 19 10:23:54 2007 | 10 | 8 8 | Thu Oct 19 10:23:54 2006 | 9 | 7 7 | Wed Oct 19 10:23:54 2005 | 8 | 6 6 | Tue Oct 19 10:23:54 2004 | 7 | 5 5 | Sun Oct 19 10:23:54 2003 | 6 | 4 4 | Sat Oct 19 10:23:54 2002 | 5 | 2 3 | Fri Oct 19 10:23:54 2001 | 4 | 1 2 | Fri Oct 19 10:23:54 2001 | 4 | 1 1 | Thu Oct 19 10:23:54 2000 | 3 | 1 (10 rows) -- RANGE offset PRECEDING/FOLLOWING error cases select sum(salary) over (order by enroll_date, salary range between '1 year'::interval preceding and '2 years'::interval following exclude ties), salary, enroll_date from empsalary; ERROR: RANGE with offset PRECEDING/FOLLOWING requires exactly one ORDER BY column LINE 1: select sum(salary) over (order by enroll_date, salary range ... ^ select sum(salary) over (range between '1 year'::interval preceding and '2 years'::interval following exclude ties), salary, enroll_date from empsalary; ERROR: RANGE with offset PRECEDING/FOLLOWING requires exactly one ORDER BY column LINE 1: select sum(salary) over (range between '1 year'::interval pr... ^ select sum(salary) over (order by depname range between '1 year'::interval preceding and '2 years'::interval following exclude ties), salary, enroll_date from empsalary; ERROR: RANGE with offset PRECEDING/FOLLOWING is not supported for column type text LINE 1: ... sum(salary) over (order by depname range between '1 year'::... ^ select max(enroll_date) over (order by enroll_date range between 1 preceding and 2 following exclude ties), salary, enroll_date from empsalary; ERROR: RANGE with offset PRECEDING/FOLLOWING is not supported for column type date and offset type integer LINE 1: ...ll_date) over (order by enroll_date range between 1 precedin... ^ HINT: Cast the offset value to an appropriate type. select max(enroll_date) over (order by salary range between -1 preceding and 2 following exclude ties), salary, enroll_date from empsalary; ERROR: invalid preceding or following size in window function select max(enroll_date) over (order by salary range between 1 preceding and -2 following exclude ties), salary, enroll_date from empsalary; ERROR: invalid preceding or following size in window function select max(enroll_date) over (order by salary range between '1 year'::interval preceding and '2 years'::interval following exclude ties), salary, enroll_date from empsalary; ERROR: RANGE with offset PRECEDING/FOLLOWING is not supported for column type integer and offset type interval LINE 1: ...(enroll_date) over (order by salary range between '1 year'::... ^ HINT: Cast the offset value to an appropriate type. select max(enroll_date) over (order by enroll_date range between '1 year'::interval preceding and '-2 years'::interval following exclude ties), salary, enroll_date from empsalary; ERROR: invalid preceding or following size in window function -- GROUPS tests SELECT sum(unique1) over (order by four groups between unbounded preceding and current row), unique1, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10; sum | unique1 | four -----+---------+------ 12 | 0 | 0 12 | 8 | 0 12 | 4 | 0 27 | 5 | 1 27 | 9 | 1 27 | 1 | 1 35 | 6 | 2 35 | 2 | 2 45 | 3 | 3 45 | 7 | 3 (10 rows) SELECT sum(unique1) over (order by four groups between unbounded preceding and unbounded following), unique1, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10; sum | unique1 | four -----+---------+------ 45 | 0 | 0 45 | 8 | 0 45 | 4 | 0 45 | 5 | 1 45 | 9 | 1 45 | 1 | 1 45 | 6 | 2 45 | 2 | 2 45 | 3 | 3 45 | 7 | 3 (10 rows) SELECT sum(unique1) over (order by four groups between current row and unbounded following), unique1, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10; sum | unique1 | four -----+---------+------ 45 | 0 | 0 45 | 8 | 0 45 | 4 | 0 33 | 5 | 1 33 | 9 | 1 33 | 1 | 1 18 | 6 | 2 18 | 2 | 2 10 | 3 | 3 10 | 7 | 3 (10 rows) SELECT sum(unique1) over (order by four groups between 1 preceding and unbounded following), unique1, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10; sum | unique1 | four -----+---------+------ 45 | 0 | 0 45 | 8 | 0 45 | 4 | 0 45 | 5 | 1 45 | 9 | 1 45 | 1 | 1 33 | 6 | 2 33 | 2 | 2 18 | 3 | 3 18 | 7 | 3 (10 rows) SELECT sum(unique1) over (order by four groups between 1 following and unbounded following), unique1, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10; sum | unique1 | four -----+---------+------ 33 | 0 | 0 33 | 8 | 0 33 | 4 | 0 18 | 5 | 1 18 | 9 | 1 18 | 1 | 1 10 | 6 | 2 10 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 3 (10 rows) SELECT sum(unique1) over (order by four groups between unbounded preceding and 2 following), unique1, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10; sum | unique1 | four -----+---------+------ 35 | 0 | 0 35 | 8 | 0 35 | 4 | 0 45 | 5 | 1 45 | 9 | 1 45 | 1 | 1 45 | 6 | 2 45 | 2 | 2 45 | 3 | 3 45 | 7 | 3 (10 rows) SELECT sum(unique1) over (order by four groups between 2 preceding and 1 preceding), unique1, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10; sum | unique1 | four -----+---------+------ | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 4 | 0 12 | 5 | 1 12 | 9 | 1 12 | 1 | 1 27 | 6 | 2 27 | 2 | 2 23 | 3 | 3 23 | 7 | 3 (10 rows) SELECT sum(unique1) over (order by four groups between 2 preceding and 1 following), unique1, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10; sum | unique1 | four -----+---------+------ 27 | 0 | 0 27 | 8 | 0 27 | 4 | 0 35 | 5 | 1 35 | 9 | 1 35 | 1 | 1 45 | 6 | 2 45 | 2 | 2 33 | 3 | 3 33 | 7 | 3 (10 rows) SELECT sum(unique1) over (order by four groups between 0 preceding and 0 following), unique1, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10; sum | unique1 | four -----+---------+------ 12 | 0 | 0 12 | 8 | 0 12 | 4 | 0 15 | 5 | 1 15 | 9 | 1 15 | 1 | 1 8 | 6 | 2 8 | 2 | 2 10 | 3 | 3 10 | 7 | 3 (10 rows) SELECT sum(unique1) over (order by four groups between 2 preceding and 1 following exclude current row), unique1, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10; sum | unique1 | four -----+---------+------ 27 | 0 | 0 19 | 8 | 0 23 | 4 | 0 30 | 5 | 1 26 | 9 | 1 34 | 1 | 1 39 | 6 | 2 43 | 2 | 2 30 | 3 | 3 26 | 7 | 3 (10 rows) SELECT sum(unique1) over (order by four groups between 2 preceding and 1 following exclude group), unique1, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10; sum | unique1 | four -----+---------+------ 15 | 0 | 0 15 | 8 | 0 15 | 4 | 0 20 | 5 | 1 20 | 9 | 1 20 | 1 | 1 37 | 6 | 2 37 | 2 | 2 23 | 3 | 3 23 | 7 | 3 (10 rows) SELECT sum(unique1) over (order by four groups between 2 preceding and 1 following exclude ties), unique1, four FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10; sum | unique1 | four -----+---------+------ 15 | 0 | 0 23 | 8 | 0 19 | 4 | 0 25 | 5 | 1 29 | 9 | 1 21 | 1 | 1 43 | 6 | 2 39 | 2 | 2 26 | 3 | 3 30 | 7 | 3 (10 rows) SELECT sum(unique1) over (partition by ten order by four groups between 0 preceding and 0 following),unique1, four, ten FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10; sum | unique1 | four | ten -----+---------+------+----- 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 4 | 4 | 0 | 4 5 | 5 | 1 | 5 6 | 6 | 2 | 6 7 | 7 | 3 | 7 8 | 8 | 0 | 8 9 | 9 | 1 | 9 (10 rows) SELECT sum(unique1) over (partition by ten order by four groups between 0 preceding and 0 following exclude current row), unique1, four, ten FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10; sum | unique1 | four | ten -----+---------+------+----- | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 2 | 6 | 7 | 3 | 7 | 8 | 0 | 8 | 9 | 1 | 9 (10 rows) SELECT sum(unique1) over (partition by ten order by four groups between 0 preceding and 0 following exclude group), unique1, four, ten FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10; sum | unique1 | four | ten -----+---------+------+----- | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 2 | 6 | 7 | 3 | 7 | 8 | 0 | 8 | 9 | 1 | 9 (10 rows) SELECT sum(unique1) over (partition by ten order by four groups between 0 preceding and 0 following exclude ties), unique1, four, ten FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 < 10; sum | unique1 | four | ten -----+---------+------+----- 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 4 | 4 | 0 | 4 5 | 5 | 1 | 5 6 | 6 | 2 | 6 7 | 7 | 3 | 7 8 | 8 | 0 | 8 9 | 9 | 1 | 9 (10 rows) select first_value(salary) over(order by enroll_date groups between 1 preceding and 1 following), lead(salary) over(order by enroll_date groups between 1 preceding and 1 following), nth_value(salary, 1) over(order by enroll_date groups between 1 preceding and 1 following), salary, enroll_date from empsalary; first_value | lead | nth_value | salary | enroll_date -------------+------+-----------+--------+------------- 5000 | 6000 | 5000 | 5000 | 10-01-2006 5000 | 3900 | 5000 | 6000 | 10-01-2006 5000 | 4800 | 5000 | 3900 | 12-23-2006 3900 | 5200 | 3900 | 4800 | 08-01-2007 3900 | 4800 | 3900 | 5200 | 08-01-2007 4800 | 5200 | 4800 | 4800 | 08-08-2007 4800 | 3500 | 4800 | 5200 | 08-15-2007 5200 | 4500 | 5200 | 3500 | 12-10-2007 3500 | 4200 | 3500 | 4500 | 01-01-2008 3500 | | 3500 | 4200 | 01-01-2008 (10 rows) select last_value(salary) over(order by enroll_date groups between 1 preceding and 1 following), lag(salary) over(order by enroll_date groups between 1 preceding and 1 following), salary, enroll_date from empsalary; last_value | lag | salary | enroll_date ------------+------+--------+------------- 3900 | | 5000 | 10-01-2006 3900 | 5000 | 6000 | 10-01-2006 5200 | 6000 | 3900 | 12-23-2006 4800 | 3900 | 4800 | 08-01-2007 4800 | 4800 | 5200 | 08-01-2007 5200 | 5200 | 4800 | 08-08-2007 3500 | 4800 | 5200 | 08-15-2007 4200 | 5200 | 3500 | 12-10-2007 4200 | 3500 | 4500 | 01-01-2008 4200 | 4500 | 4200 | 01-01-2008 (10 rows) select first_value(salary) over(order by enroll_date groups between 1 following and 3 following exclude current row), lead(salary) over(order by enroll_date groups between 1 following and 3 following exclude ties), nth_value(salary, 1) over(order by enroll_date groups between 1 following and 3 following exclude ties), salary, enroll_date from empsalary; first_value | lead | nth_value | salary | enroll_date -------------+------+-----------+--------+------------- 3900 | 6000 | 3900 | 5000 | 10-01-2006 3900 | 3900 | 3900 | 6000 | 10-01-2006 4800 | 4800 | 4800 | 3900 | 12-23-2006 4800 | 5200 | 4800 | 4800 | 08-01-2007 4800 | 4800 | 4800 | 5200 | 08-01-2007 5200 | 5200 | 5200 | 4800 | 08-08-2007 3500 | 3500 | 3500 | 5200 | 08-15-2007 4500 | 4500 | 4500 | 3500 | 12-10-2007 | 4200 | | 4500 | 01-01-2008 | | | 4200 | 01-01-2008 (10 rows) select last_value(salary) over(order by enroll_date groups between 1 following and 3 following exclude group), lag(salary) over(order by enroll_date groups between 1 following and 3 following exclude group), salary, enroll_date from empsalary; last_value | lag | salary | enroll_date ------------+------+--------+------------- 4800 | | 5000 | 10-01-2006 4800 | 5000 | 6000 | 10-01-2006 5200 | 6000 | 3900 | 12-23-2006 3500 | 3900 | 4800 | 08-01-2007 3500 | 4800 | 5200 | 08-01-2007 4200 | 5200 | 4800 | 08-08-2007 4200 | 4800 | 5200 | 08-15-2007 4200 | 5200 | 3500 | 12-10-2007 | 3500 | 4500 | 01-01-2008 | 4500 | 4200 | 01-01-2008 (10 rows) -- Show differences in offset interpretation between ROWS, RANGE, and GROUPS WITH cte (x) AS ( SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 35, 2) ) SELECT x, (sum(x) over w) FROM cte WINDOW w AS (ORDER BY x rows between 1 preceding and 1 following); x | sum ----+----- 1 | 4 3 | 9 5 | 15 7 | 21 9 | 27 11 | 33 13 | 39 15 | 45 17 | 51 19 | 57 21 | 63 23 | 69 25 | 75 27 | 81 29 | 87 31 | 93 33 | 99 35 | 68 (18 rows) WITH cte (x) AS ( SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 35, 2) ) SELECT x, (sum(x) over w) FROM cte WINDOW w AS (ORDER BY x range between 1 preceding and 1 following); x | sum ----+----- 1 | 1 3 | 3 5 | 5 7 | 7 9 | 9 11 | 11 13 | 13 15 | 15 17 | 17 19 | 19 21 | 21 23 | 23 25 | 25 27 | 27 29 | 29 31 | 31 33 | 33 35 | 35 (18 rows) WITH cte (x) AS ( SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 35, 2) ) SELECT x, (sum(x) over w) FROM cte WINDOW w AS (ORDER BY x groups between 1 preceding and 1 following); x | sum ----+----- 1 | 4 3 | 9 5 | 15 7 | 21 9 | 27 11 | 33 13 | 39 15 | 45 17 | 51 19 | 57 21 | 63 23 | 69 25 | 75 27 | 81 29 | 87 31 | 93 33 | 99 35 | 68 (18 rows) WITH cte (x) AS ( select 1 union all select 1 union all select 1 union all SELECT * FROM generate_series(5, 49, 2) ) SELECT x, (sum(x) over w) FROM cte WINDOW w AS (ORDER BY x rows between 1 preceding and 1 following); x | sum ----+----- 1 | 2 1 | 3 1 | 7 5 | 13 7 | 21 9 | 27 11 | 33 13 | 39 15 | 45 17 | 51 19 | 57 21 | 63 23 | 69 25 | 75 27 | 81 29 | 87 31 | 93 33 | 99 35 | 105 37 | 111 39 | 117 41 | 123 43 | 129 45 | 135 47 | 141 49 | 96 (26 rows) WITH cte (x) AS ( select 1 union all select 1 union all select 1 union all SELECT * FROM generate_series(5, 49, 2) ) SELECT x, (sum(x) over w) FROM cte WINDOW w AS (ORDER BY x range between 1 preceding and 1 following); x | sum ----+----- 1 | 3 1 | 3 1 | 3 5 | 5 7 | 7 9 | 9 11 | 11 13 | 13 15 | 15 17 | 17 19 | 19 21 | 21 23 | 23 25 | 25 27 | 27 29 | 29 31 | 31 33 | 33 35 | 35 37 | 37 39 | 39 41 | 41 43 | 43 45 | 45 47 | 47 49 | 49 (26 rows) WITH cte (x) AS ( select 1 union all select 1 union all select 1 union all SELECT * FROM generate_series(5, 49, 2) ) SELECT x, (sum(x) over w) FROM cte WINDOW w AS (ORDER BY x groups between 1 preceding and 1 following); x | sum ----+----- 1 | 8 1 | 8 1 | 8 5 | 15 7 | 21 9 | 27 11 | 33 13 | 39 15 | 45 17 | 51 19 | 57 21 | 63 23 | 69 25 | 75 27 | 81 29 | 87 31 | 93 33 | 99 35 | 105 37 | 111 39 | 117 41 | 123 43 | 129 45 | 135 47 | 141 49 | 96 (26 rows) -- with UNION SELECT count(*) OVER (PARTITION BY four) FROM (SELECT * FROM tenk1 UNION ALL SELECT * FROM tenk2)s LIMIT 0; count ------- (0 rows) -- check some degenerate cases create temp table t1 (f1 int, f2 int8); insert into t1 values (1,1),(1,2),(2,2); select f1, sum(f1) over (partition by f1 range between 1 preceding and 1 following) from t1 where f1 = f2; -- error, must have order by ERROR: RANGE with offset PRECEDING/FOLLOWING requires exactly one ORDER BY column LINE 1: select f1, sum(f1) over (partition by f1 ^ explain (costs off) select f1, sum(f1) over (partition by f1 order by f2 range between 1 preceding and 1 following) from t1 where f1 = f2; QUERY PLAN --------------------------------- WindowAgg -> Sort Sort Key: f1 -> Seq Scan on t1 Filter: (f1 = f2) (5 rows) select f1, sum(f1) over (partition by f1 order by f2 range between 1 preceding and 1 following) from t1 where f1 = f2; f1 | sum ----+----- 1 | 1 2 | 2 (2 rows) select f1, sum(f1) over (partition by f1, f1 order by f2 range between 2 preceding and 1 preceding) from t1 where f1 = f2; f1 | sum ----+----- 1 | 2 | (2 rows) select f1, sum(f1) over (partition by f1, f2 order by f2 range between 1 following and 2 following) from t1 where f1 = f2; f1 | sum ----+----- 1 | 2 | (2 rows) select f1, sum(f1) over (partition by f1 groups between 1 preceding and 1 following) from t1 where f1 = f2; -- error, must have order by ERROR: GROUPS mode requires an ORDER BY clause LINE 1: select f1, sum(f1) over (partition by f1 ^ explain (costs off) select f1, sum(f1) over (partition by f1 order by f2 groups between 1 preceding and 1 following) from t1 where f1 = f2; QUERY PLAN --------------------------------- WindowAgg -> Sort Sort Key: f1 -> Seq Scan on t1 Filter: (f1 = f2) (5 rows) select f1, sum(f1) over (partition by f1 order by f2 groups between 1 preceding and 1 following) from t1 where f1 = f2; f1 | sum ----+----- 1 | 1 2 | 2 (2 rows) select f1, sum(f1) over (partition by f1, f1 order by f2 groups between 2 preceding and 1 preceding) from t1 where f1 = f2; f1 | sum ----+----- 1 | 2 | (2 rows) select f1, sum(f1) over (partition by f1, f2 order by f2 groups between 1 following and 2 following) from t1 where f1 = f2; f1 | sum ----+----- 1 | 2 | (2 rows) -- ordering by a non-integer constant is allowed SELECT rank() OVER (ORDER BY length('abc')); rank ------ 1 (1 row) -- can't order by another window function SELECT rank() OVER (ORDER BY rank() OVER (ORDER BY random())); ERROR: window functions are not allowed in window definitions LINE 1: SELECT rank() OVER (ORDER BY rank() OVER (ORDER BY random())... ^ -- some other errors SELECT * FROM empsalary WHERE row_number() OVER (ORDER BY salary) < 10; ERROR: window functions are not allowed in WHERE LINE 1: SELECT * FROM empsalary WHERE row_number() OVER (ORDER BY sa... ^ SELECT * FROM empsalary INNER JOIN tenk1 ON row_number() OVER (ORDER BY salary) < 10; ERROR: window functions are not allowed in JOIN conditions LINE 1: SELECT * FROM empsalary INNER JOIN tenk1 ON row_number() OVE... ^ SELECT rank() OVER (ORDER BY 1), count(*) FROM empsalary GROUP BY 1; ERROR: window functions are not allowed in GROUP BY LINE 1: SELECT rank() OVER (ORDER BY 1), count(*) FROM empsalary GRO... ^ SELECT * FROM rank() OVER (ORDER BY random()); ERROR: syntax error at or near "ORDER" LINE 1: SELECT * FROM rank() OVER (ORDER BY random()); ^ DELETE FROM empsalary WHERE (rank() OVER (ORDER BY random())) > 10; ERROR: window functions are not allowed in WHERE LINE 1: DELETE FROM empsalary WHERE (rank() OVER (ORDER BY random())... ^ DELETE FROM empsalary RETURNING rank() OVER (ORDER BY random()); ERROR: window functions are not allowed in RETURNING LINE 1: DELETE FROM empsalary RETURNING rank() OVER (ORDER BY random... ^ SELECT count(*) OVER w FROM tenk1 WINDOW w AS (ORDER BY unique1), w AS (ORDER BY unique1); ERROR: window "w" is already defined LINE 1: ...w FROM tenk1 WINDOW w AS (ORDER BY unique1), w AS (ORDER BY ... ^ SELECT rank() OVER (PARTITION BY four, ORDER BY ten) FROM tenk1; ERROR: syntax error at or near "ORDER" LINE 1: SELECT rank() OVER (PARTITION BY four, ORDER BY ten) FROM te... ^ SELECT count() OVER () FROM tenk1; ERROR: count(*) must be used to call a parameterless aggregate function LINE 1: SELECT count() OVER () FROM tenk1; ^ SELECT generate_series(1, 100) OVER () FROM empsalary; ERROR: OVER specified, but generate_series is not a window function nor an aggregate function LINE 1: SELECT generate_series(1, 100) OVER () FROM empsalary; ^ SELECT ntile(0) OVER (ORDER BY ten), ten, four FROM tenk1; ERROR: argument of ntile must be greater than zero SELECT nth_value(four, 0) OVER (ORDER BY ten), ten, four FROM tenk1; ERROR: argument of nth_value must be greater than zero -- filter SELECT sum(salary), row_number() OVER (ORDER BY depname), sum( sum(salary) FILTER (WHERE enroll_date > '2007-01-01') ) FILTER (WHERE depname <> 'sales') OVER (ORDER BY depname DESC) AS "filtered_sum", depname FROM empsalary GROUP BY depname; sum | row_number | filtered_sum | depname -------+------------+--------------+----------- 25100 | 1 | 22600 | develop 7400 | 2 | 3500 | personnel 14600 | 3 | | sales (3 rows) -- Test pushdown of quals into a subquery containing window functions -- pushdown is safe because all PARTITION BY clauses include depname: EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM (SELECT depname, sum(salary) OVER (PARTITION BY depname) depsalary, min(salary) OVER (PARTITION BY depname || 'A', depname) depminsalary FROM empsalary) emp WHERE depname = 'sales'; QUERY PLAN -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Subquery Scan on emp -> WindowAgg -> WindowAgg -> Sort Sort Key: (((empsalary.depname)::text || 'A'::text)) -> Seq Scan on empsalary Filter: ((depname)::text = 'sales'::text) (7 rows) -- pushdown is unsafe because there's a PARTITION BY clause without depname: EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM (SELECT depname, sum(salary) OVER (PARTITION BY enroll_date) enroll_salary, min(salary) OVER (PARTITION BY depname) depminsalary FROM empsalary) emp WHERE depname = 'sales'; QUERY PLAN ------------------------------------------------------- Subquery Scan on emp Filter: ((emp.depname)::text = 'sales'::text) -> WindowAgg -> Sort Sort Key: empsalary.enroll_date -> WindowAgg -> Sort Sort Key: empsalary.depname -> Seq Scan on empsalary (9 rows) -- Test window function run conditions are properly pushed down into the -- WindowAgg EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM (SELECT empno, row_number() OVER (ORDER BY empno) rn FROM empsalary) emp WHERE rn < 3; QUERY PLAN ---------------------------------------------- WindowAgg Run Condition: (row_number() OVER (?) < 3) -> Sort Sort Key: empsalary.empno -> Seq Scan on empsalary (5 rows) -- The following 3 statements should result the same result. SELECT * FROM (SELECT empno, row_number() OVER (ORDER BY empno) rn FROM empsalary) emp WHERE rn < 3; empno | rn -------+---- 1 | 1 2 | 2 (2 rows) SELECT * FROM (SELECT empno, row_number() OVER (ORDER BY empno) rn FROM empsalary) emp WHERE 3 > rn; empno | rn -------+---- 1 | 1 2 | 2 (2 rows) SELECT * FROM (SELECT empno, row_number() OVER (ORDER BY empno) rn FROM empsalary) emp WHERE 2 >= rn; empno | rn -------+---- 1 | 1 2 | 2 (2 rows) -- Ensure r <= 3 is pushed down into the run condition of the window agg EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM (SELECT empno, salary, rank() OVER (ORDER BY salary DESC) r FROM empsalary) emp WHERE r <= 3; QUERY PLAN ----------------------------------------- WindowAgg Run Condition: (rank() OVER (?) <= 3) -> Sort Sort Key: empsalary.salary DESC -> Seq Scan on empsalary (5 rows) SELECT * FROM (SELECT empno, salary, rank() OVER (ORDER BY salary DESC) r FROM empsalary) emp WHERE r <= 3; empno | salary | r -------+--------+--- 8 | 6000 | 1 10 | 5200 | 2 11 | 5200 | 2 (3 rows) -- Ensure dr = 1 is converted to dr <= 1 to get all rows leading up to dr = 1 EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM (SELECT empno, salary, dense_rank() OVER (ORDER BY salary DESC) dr FROM empsalary) emp WHERE dr = 1; QUERY PLAN ----------------------------------------------------- Subquery Scan on emp Filter: (emp.dr = 1) -> WindowAgg Run Condition: (dense_rank() OVER (?) <= 1) -> Sort Sort Key: empsalary.salary DESC -> Seq Scan on empsalary (7 rows) SELECT * FROM (SELECT empno, salary, dense_rank() OVER (ORDER BY salary DESC) dr FROM empsalary) emp WHERE dr = 1; empno | salary | dr -------+--------+---- 8 | 6000 | 1 (1 row) -- Check COUNT() and COUNT(*) EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM (SELECT empno, salary, count(*) OVER (ORDER BY salary DESC) c FROM empsalary) emp WHERE c <= 3; QUERY PLAN ------------------------------------------- WindowAgg Run Condition: (count(*) OVER (?) <= 3) -> Sort Sort Key: empsalary.salary DESC -> Seq Scan on empsalary (5 rows) SELECT * FROM (SELECT empno, salary, count(*) OVER (ORDER BY salary DESC) c FROM empsalary) emp WHERE c <= 3; empno | salary | c -------+--------+--- 8 | 6000 | 1 10 | 5200 | 3 11 | 5200 | 3 (3 rows) EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM (SELECT empno, salary, count(empno) OVER (ORDER BY salary DESC) c FROM empsalary) emp WHERE c <= 3; QUERY PLAN --------------------------------------------------------- WindowAgg Run Condition: (count(empsalary.empno) OVER (?) <= 3) -> Sort Sort Key: empsalary.salary DESC -> Seq Scan on empsalary (5 rows) SELECT * FROM (SELECT empno, salary, count(empno) OVER (ORDER BY salary DESC) c FROM empsalary) emp WHERE c <= 3; empno | salary | c -------+--------+--- 8 | 6000 | 1 10 | 5200 | 3 11 | 5200 | 3 (3 rows) EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM (SELECT empno, salary, count(*) OVER (ORDER BY salary DESC ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) c FROM empsalary) emp WHERE c >= 3; QUERY PLAN ------------------------------------------- WindowAgg Run Condition: (count(*) OVER (?) >= 3) -> Sort Sort Key: empsalary.salary DESC -> Seq Scan on empsalary (5 rows) EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM (SELECT empno, salary, count(*) OVER () c FROM empsalary) emp WHERE 11 <= c; QUERY PLAN -------------------------------------------- WindowAgg Run Condition: (11 <= count(*) OVER (?)) -> Seq Scan on empsalary (3 rows) EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM (SELECT empno, salary, count(*) OVER (ORDER BY salary DESC) c, dense_rank() OVER (ORDER BY salary DESC) dr FROM empsalary) emp WHERE dr = 1; QUERY PLAN ----------------------------------------------------- Subquery Scan on emp Filter: (emp.dr = 1) -> WindowAgg Run Condition: (dense_rank() OVER (?) <= 1) -> Sort Sort Key: empsalary.salary DESC -> Seq Scan on empsalary (7 rows) -- Ensure we get a run condition when there's a PARTITION BY clause EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM (SELECT empno, depname, row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY depname ORDER BY empno) rn FROM empsalary) emp WHERE rn < 3; QUERY PLAN ------------------------------------------------------ WindowAgg Run Condition: (row_number() OVER (?) < 3) -> Sort Sort Key: empsalary.depname, empsalary.empno -> Seq Scan on empsalary (5 rows) -- and ensure we get the correct results from the above plan SELECT * FROM (SELECT empno, depname, row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY depname ORDER BY empno) rn FROM empsalary) emp WHERE rn < 3; empno | depname | rn -------+-----------+---- 7 | develop | 1 8 | develop | 2 2 | personnel | 1 5 | personnel | 2 1 | sales | 1 3 | sales | 2 (6 rows) -- ensure that "unused" subquery columns are not removed when the column only -- exists in the run condition EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT empno, depname FROM (SELECT empno, depname, row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY depname ORDER BY empno) rn FROM empsalary) emp WHERE rn < 3; QUERY PLAN ------------------------------------------------------------ Subquery Scan on emp -> WindowAgg Run Condition: (row_number() OVER (?) < 3) -> Sort Sort Key: empsalary.depname, empsalary.empno -> Seq Scan on empsalary (6 rows) -- likewise with count(empno) instead of row_number() EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM (SELECT empno, depname, salary, count(empno) OVER (PARTITION BY depname ORDER BY salary DESC) c FROM empsalary) emp WHERE c <= 3; QUERY PLAN ------------------------------------------------------------ WindowAgg Run Condition: (count(empsalary.empno) OVER (?) <= 3) -> Sort Sort Key: empsalary.depname, empsalary.salary DESC -> Seq Scan on empsalary (5 rows) -- and again, check the results are what we expect. SELECT * FROM (SELECT empno, depname, salary, count(empno) OVER (PARTITION BY depname ORDER BY salary DESC) c FROM empsalary) emp WHERE c <= 3; empno | depname | salary | c -------+-----------+--------+--- 8 | develop | 6000 | 1 10 | develop | 5200 | 3 11 | develop | 5200 | 3 2 | personnel | 3900 | 1 5 | personnel | 3500 | 2 1 | sales | 5000 | 1 4 | sales | 4800 | 3 3 | sales | 4800 | 3 (8 rows) -- Ensure we get the correct run condition when the window function is both -- monotonically increasing and decreasing. EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM (SELECT empno, depname, salary, count(empno) OVER () c FROM empsalary) emp WHERE c = 1; QUERY PLAN -------------------------------------------------------- WindowAgg Run Condition: (count(empsalary.empno) OVER (?) = 1) -> Seq Scan on empsalary (3 rows) -- Some more complex cases with multiple window clauses EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM (SELECT *, count(salary) OVER (PARTITION BY depname || '') c1, -- w1 row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY depname) rn, -- w2 count(*) OVER (PARTITION BY depname) c2, -- w2 count(*) OVER (PARTITION BY '' || depname) c3 -- w3 FROM empsalary ) e WHERE rn <= 1 AND c1 <= 3; QUERY PLAN ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Subquery Scan on e -> WindowAgg Filter: ((row_number() OVER (?)) <= 1) Run Condition: (count(empsalary.salary) OVER (?) <= 3) -> Sort Sort Key: (((empsalary.depname)::text || ''::text)) -> WindowAgg Run Condition: (row_number() OVER (?) <= 1) -> Sort Sort Key: empsalary.depname -> WindowAgg -> Sort Sort Key: ((''::text || (empsalary.depname)::text)) -> Seq Scan on empsalary (14 rows) -- Ensure we correctly filter out all of the run conditions from each window SELECT * FROM (SELECT *, count(salary) OVER (PARTITION BY depname || '') c1, -- w1 row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY depname) rn, -- w2 count(*) OVER (PARTITION BY depname) c2, -- w2 count(*) OVER (PARTITION BY '' || depname) c3 -- w3 FROM empsalary ) e WHERE rn <= 1 AND c1 <= 3; depname | empno | salary | enroll_date | c1 | rn | c2 | c3 -----------+-------+--------+-------------+----+----+----+---- personnel | 5 | 3500 | 12-10-2007 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 sales | 3 | 4800 | 08-01-2007 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 (2 rows) -- Tests to ensure we don't push down the run condition when it's not valid to -- do so. -- Ensure we don't push down when the frame options show that the window -- function is not monotonically increasing EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM (SELECT empno, salary, count(*) OVER (ORDER BY salary DESC ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) c FROM empsalary) emp WHERE c <= 3; QUERY PLAN ----------------------------------------------- Subquery Scan on emp Filter: (emp.c <= 3) -> WindowAgg -> Sort Sort Key: empsalary.salary DESC -> Seq Scan on empsalary (6 rows) -- Ensure we don't push down when the window function's monotonic properties -- don't match that of the clauses. EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM (SELECT empno, salary, count(*) OVER (ORDER BY salary) c FROM empsalary) emp WHERE 3 <= c; QUERY PLAN ------------------------------------------ Subquery Scan on emp Filter: (3 <= emp.c) -> WindowAgg -> Sort Sort Key: empsalary.salary -> Seq Scan on empsalary (6 rows) -- Ensure we don't use a run condition when there's a volatile function in the -- WindowFunc EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM (SELECT empno, salary, count(random()) OVER (ORDER BY empno DESC) c FROM empsalary) emp WHERE c = 1; QUERY PLAN ---------------------------------------------- Subquery Scan on emp Filter: (emp.c = 1) -> WindowAgg -> Sort Sort Key: empsalary.empno DESC -> Seq Scan on empsalary (6 rows) -- Ensure we don't use a run condition when the WindowFunc contains subplans EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM (SELECT empno, salary, count((SELECT 1)) OVER (ORDER BY empno DESC) c FROM empsalary) emp WHERE c = 1; QUERY PLAN ---------------------------------------------- Subquery Scan on emp Filter: (emp.c = 1) -> WindowAgg InitPlan 1 (returns $0) -> Result -> Sort Sort Key: empsalary.empno DESC -> Seq Scan on empsalary (8 rows) -- Test Sort node collapsing EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM (SELECT depname, sum(salary) OVER (PARTITION BY depname order by empno) depsalary, min(salary) OVER (PARTITION BY depname, empno order by enroll_date) depminsalary FROM empsalary) emp WHERE depname = 'sales'; QUERY PLAN ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Subquery Scan on emp -> WindowAgg -> WindowAgg -> Sort Sort Key: empsalary.empno, empsalary.enroll_date -> Seq Scan on empsalary Filter: ((depname)::text = 'sales'::text) (7 rows) -- Test Sort node reordering EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT lead(1) OVER (PARTITION BY depname ORDER BY salary, enroll_date), lag(1) OVER (PARTITION BY depname ORDER BY salary,enroll_date,empno) FROM empsalary; QUERY PLAN ------------------------------------------------------------- WindowAgg -> WindowAgg -> Sort Sort Key: depname, salary, enroll_date, empno -> Seq Scan on empsalary (5 rows) -- Test incremental sorting EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM (SELECT depname, empno, salary, enroll_date, row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY depname ORDER BY enroll_date) AS first_emp, row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY depname ORDER BY enroll_date DESC) AS last_emp FROM empsalary) emp WHERE first_emp = 1 OR last_emp = 1; QUERY PLAN ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Subquery Scan on emp Filter: ((emp.first_emp = 1) OR (emp.last_emp = 1)) -> WindowAgg -> Incremental Sort Sort Key: empsalary.depname, empsalary.enroll_date Presorted Key: empsalary.depname -> WindowAgg -> Sort Sort Key: empsalary.depname, empsalary.enroll_date DESC -> Seq Scan on empsalary (10 rows) SELECT * FROM (SELECT depname, empno, salary, enroll_date, row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY depname ORDER BY enroll_date) AS first_emp, row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY depname ORDER BY enroll_date DESC) AS last_emp FROM empsalary) emp WHERE first_emp = 1 OR last_emp = 1; depname | empno | salary | enroll_date | first_emp | last_emp -----------+-------+--------+-------------+-----------+---------- develop | 8 | 6000 | 10-01-2006 | 1 | 5 develop | 7 | 4200 | 01-01-2008 | 5 | 1 personnel | 2 | 3900 | 12-23-2006 | 1 | 2 personnel | 5 | 3500 | 12-10-2007 | 2 | 1 sales | 1 | 5000 | 10-01-2006 | 1 | 3 sales | 4 | 4800 | 08-08-2007 | 3 | 1 (6 rows) -- cleanup DROP TABLE empsalary; -- test user-defined window function with named args and default args CREATE FUNCTION nth_value_def(val anyelement, n integer = 1) RETURNS anyelement LANGUAGE internal WINDOW IMMUTABLE STRICT AS 'window_nth_value'; SELECT nth_value_def(n := 2, val := ten) OVER (PARTITION BY four), ten, four FROM (SELECT * FROM tenk1 WHERE unique2 < 10 ORDER BY four, ten) s; nth_value_def | ten | four ---------------+-----+------ 0 | 0 | 0 0 | 0 | 0 0 | 4 | 0 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 7 | 1 1 | 9 | 1 | 0 | 2 3 | 1 | 3 3 | 3 | 3 (10 rows) SELECT nth_value_def(ten) OVER (PARTITION BY four), ten, four FROM (SELECT * FROM tenk1 WHERE unique2 < 10 ORDER BY four, ten) s; nth_value_def | ten | four ---------------+-----+------ 0 | 0 | 0 0 | 0 | 0 0 | 4 | 0 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 7 | 1 1 | 9 | 1 0 | 0 | 2 1 | 1 | 3 1 | 3 | 3 (10 rows) -- -- Test the basic moving-aggregate machinery -- -- create aggregates that record the series of transform calls (these are -- intentionally not true inverses) CREATE FUNCTION logging_sfunc_nonstrict(text, anyelement) RETURNS text AS $$ SELECT COALESCE($1, '') || '*' || quote_nullable($2) $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE; CREATE FUNCTION logging_msfunc_nonstrict(text, anyelement) RETURNS text AS $$ SELECT COALESCE($1, '') || '+' || quote_nullable($2) $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE; CREATE FUNCTION logging_minvfunc_nonstrict(text, anyelement) RETURNS text AS $$ SELECT $1 || '-' || quote_nullable($2) $$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE; CREATE AGGREGATE logging_agg_nonstrict (anyelement) ( stype = text, sfunc = logging_sfunc_nonstrict, mstype = text, msfunc = logging_msfunc_nonstrict, minvfunc = logging_minvfunc_nonstrict ); CREATE AGGREGATE logging_agg_nonstrict_initcond (anyelement) ( stype = text, sfunc = logging_sfunc_nonstrict, mstype = text, msfunc = logging_msfunc_nonstrict, minvfunc = logging_minvfunc_nonstrict, initcond = 'I', minitcond = 'MI' ); CREATE FUNCTION logging_sfunc_strict(text, anyelement) RETURNS text AS $$ SELECT $1 || '*' || quote_nullable($2) $$ LANGUAGE SQL STRICT IMMUTABLE; CREATE FUNCTION logging_msfunc_strict(text, anyelement) RETURNS text AS $$ SELECT $1 || '+' || quote_nullable($2) $$ LANGUAGE SQL STRICT IMMUTABLE; CREATE FUNCTION logging_minvfunc_strict(text, anyelement) RETURNS text AS $$ SELECT $1 || '-' || quote_nullable($2) $$ LANGUAGE SQL STRICT IMMUTABLE; CREATE AGGREGATE logging_agg_strict (text) ( stype = text, sfunc = logging_sfunc_strict, mstype = text, msfunc = logging_msfunc_strict, minvfunc = logging_minvfunc_strict ); CREATE AGGREGATE logging_agg_strict_initcond (anyelement) ( stype = text, sfunc = logging_sfunc_strict, mstype = text, msfunc = logging_msfunc_strict, minvfunc = logging_minvfunc_strict, initcond = 'I', minitcond = 'MI' ); -- test strict and non-strict cases SELECT p::text || ',' || i::text || ':' || COALESCE(v::text, 'NULL') AS row, logging_agg_nonstrict(v) over wnd as nstrict, logging_agg_nonstrict_initcond(v) over wnd as nstrict_init, logging_agg_strict(v::text) over wnd as strict, logging_agg_strict_initcond(v) over wnd as strict_init FROM (VALUES (1, 1, NULL), (1, 2, 'a'), (1, 3, 'b'), (1, 4, NULL), (1, 5, NULL), (1, 6, 'c'), (2, 1, NULL), (2, 2, 'x'), (3, 1, 'z') ) AS t(p, i, v) WINDOW wnd AS (PARTITION BY P ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) ORDER BY p, i; row | nstrict | nstrict_init | strict | strict_init ----------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+-----------+---------------- 1,1:NULL | +NULL | MI+NULL | | MI 1,2:a | +NULL+'a' | MI+NULL+'a' | a | MI+'a' 1,3:b | +NULL+'a'-NULL+'b' | MI+NULL+'a'-NULL+'b' | a+'b' | MI+'a'+'b' 1,4:NULL | +NULL+'a'-NULL+'b'-'a'+NULL | MI+NULL+'a'-NULL+'b'-'a'+NULL | a+'b'-'a' | MI+'a'+'b'-'a' 1,5:NULL | +NULL+'a'-NULL+'b'-'a'+NULL-'b'+NULL | MI+NULL+'a'-NULL+'b'-'a'+NULL-'b'+NULL | | MI 1,6:c | +NULL+'a'-NULL+'b'-'a'+NULL-'b'+NULL-NULL+'c' | MI+NULL+'a'-NULL+'b'-'a'+NULL-'b'+NULL-NULL+'c' | c | MI+'c' 2,1:NULL | +NULL | MI+NULL | | MI 2,2:x | +NULL+'x' | MI+NULL+'x' | x | MI+'x' 3,1:z | +'z' | MI+'z' | z | MI+'z' (9 rows) -- and again, but with filter SELECT p::text || ',' || i::text || ':' || CASE WHEN f THEN COALESCE(v::text, 'NULL') ELSE '-' END as row, logging_agg_nonstrict(v) filter(where f) over wnd as nstrict_filt, logging_agg_nonstrict_initcond(v) filter(where f) over wnd as nstrict_init_filt, logging_agg_strict(v::text) filter(where f) over wnd as strict_filt, logging_agg_strict_initcond(v) filter(where f) over wnd as strict_init_filt FROM (VALUES (1, 1, true, NULL), (1, 2, false, 'a'), (1, 3, true, 'b'), (1, 4, false, NULL), (1, 5, false, NULL), (1, 6, false, 'c'), (2, 1, false, NULL), (2, 2, true, 'x'), (3, 1, true, 'z') ) AS t(p, i, f, v) WINDOW wnd AS (PARTITION BY p ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) ORDER BY p, i; row | nstrict_filt | nstrict_init_filt | strict_filt | strict_init_filt ----------+--------------+-------------------+-------------+------------------ 1,1:NULL | +NULL | MI+NULL | | MI 1,2:- | +NULL | MI+NULL | | MI 1,3:b | +'b' | MI+'b' | b | MI+'b' 1,4:- | +'b' | MI+'b' | b | MI+'b' 1,5:- | | MI | | MI 1,6:- | | MI | | MI 2,1:- | | MI | | MI 2,2:x | +'x' | MI+'x' | x | MI+'x' 3,1:z | +'z' | MI+'z' | z | MI+'z' (9 rows) -- test that volatile arguments disable moving-aggregate mode SELECT i::text || ':' || COALESCE(v::text, 'NULL') as row, logging_agg_strict(v::text) over wnd as inverse, logging_agg_strict(v::text || CASE WHEN random() < 0 then '?' ELSE '' END) over wnd as noinverse FROM (VALUES (1, 'a'), (2, 'b'), (3, 'c') ) AS t(i, v) WINDOW wnd AS (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) ORDER BY i; row | inverse | noinverse -----+---------------+----------- 1:a | a | a 2:b | a+'b' | a*'b' 3:c | a+'b'-'a'+'c' | b*'c' (3 rows) SELECT i::text || ':' || COALESCE(v::text, 'NULL') as row, logging_agg_strict(v::text) filter(where true) over wnd as inverse, logging_agg_strict(v::text) filter(where random() >= 0) over wnd as noinverse FROM (VALUES (1, 'a'), (2, 'b'), (3, 'c') ) AS t(i, v) WINDOW wnd AS (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) ORDER BY i; row | inverse | noinverse -----+---------------+----------- 1:a | a | a 2:b | a+'b' | a*'b' 3:c | a+'b'-'a'+'c' | b*'c' (3 rows) -- test that non-overlapping windows don't use inverse transitions SELECT logging_agg_strict(v::text) OVER wnd FROM (VALUES (1, 'a'), (2, 'b'), (3, 'c') ) AS t(i, v) WINDOW wnd AS (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND CURRENT ROW) ORDER BY i; logging_agg_strict -------------------- a b c (3 rows) -- test that returning NULL from the inverse transition functions -- restarts the aggregation from scratch. The second aggregate is supposed -- to test cases where only some aggregates restart, the third one checks -- that one aggregate restarting doesn't cause others to restart. CREATE FUNCTION sum_int_randrestart_minvfunc(int4, int4) RETURNS int4 AS $$ SELECT CASE WHEN random() < 0.2 THEN NULL ELSE $1 - $2 END $$ LANGUAGE SQL STRICT; CREATE AGGREGATE sum_int_randomrestart (int4) ( stype = int4, sfunc = int4pl, mstype = int4, msfunc = int4pl, minvfunc = sum_int_randrestart_minvfunc ); WITH vs AS ( SELECT i, (random() * 100)::int4 AS v FROM generate_series(1, 100) AS i ), sum_following AS ( SELECT i, SUM(v) OVER (ORDER BY i DESC ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) AS s FROM vs ) SELECT DISTINCT sum_following.s = sum_int_randomrestart(v) OVER fwd AS eq1, -sum_following.s = sum_int_randomrestart(-v) OVER fwd AS eq2, 100*3+(vs.i-1)*3 = length(logging_agg_nonstrict(''::text) OVER fwd) AS eq3 FROM vs JOIN sum_following ON sum_following.i = vs.i WINDOW fwd AS ( ORDER BY vs.i ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING ); eq1 | eq2 | eq3 -----+-----+----- t | t | t (1 row) -- -- Test various built-in aggregates that have moving-aggregate support -- -- test inverse transition functions handle NULLs properly SELECT i,AVG(v::bigint) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM (VALUES(1,1),(2,2),(3,NULL),(4,NULL)) t(i,v); i | avg ---+-------------------- 1 | 1.5000000000000000 2 | 2.0000000000000000 3 | 4 | (4 rows) SELECT i,AVG(v::int) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM (VALUES(1,1),(2,2),(3,NULL),(4,NULL)) t(i,v); i | avg ---+-------------------- 1 | 1.5000000000000000 2 | 2.0000000000000000 3 | 4 | (4 rows) SELECT i,AVG(v::smallint) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM (VALUES(1,1),(2,2),(3,NULL),(4,NULL)) t(i,v); i | avg ---+-------------------- 1 | 1.5000000000000000 2 | 2.0000000000000000 3 | 4 | (4 rows) SELECT i,AVG(v::numeric) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM (VALUES(1,1.5),(2,2.5),(3,NULL),(4,NULL)) t(i,v); i | avg ---+-------------------- 1 | 2.0000000000000000 2 | 2.5000000000000000 3 | 4 | (4 rows) SELECT i,AVG(v::interval) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM (VALUES(1,'1 sec'),(2,'2 sec'),(3,NULL),(4,NULL)) t(i,v); i | avg ---+------------ 1 | @ 1.5 secs 2 | @ 2 secs 3 | 4 | (4 rows) SELECT i,SUM(v::smallint) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM (VALUES(1,1),(2,2),(3,NULL),(4,NULL)) t(i,v); i | sum ---+----- 1 | 3 2 | 2 3 | 4 | (4 rows) SELECT i,SUM(v::int) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM (VALUES(1,1),(2,2),(3,NULL),(4,NULL)) t(i,v); i | sum ---+----- 1 | 3 2 | 2 3 | 4 | (4 rows) SELECT i,SUM(v::bigint) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM (VALUES(1,1),(2,2),(3,NULL),(4,NULL)) t(i,v); i | sum ---+----- 1 | 3 2 | 2 3 | 4 | (4 rows) SELECT i,SUM(v::money) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM (VALUES(1,'1.10'),(2,'2.20'),(3,NULL),(4,NULL)) t(i,v); i | sum ---+------- 1 | $3.30 2 | $2.20 3 | 4 | (4 rows) SELECT i,SUM(v::interval) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM (VALUES(1,'1 sec'),(2,'2 sec'),(3,NULL),(4,NULL)) t(i,v); i | sum ---+---------- 1 | @ 3 secs 2 | @ 2 secs 3 | 4 | (4 rows) SELECT i,SUM(v::numeric) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM (VALUES(1,1.1),(2,2.2),(3,NULL),(4,NULL)) t(i,v); i | sum ---+----- 1 | 3.3 2 | 2.2 3 | 4 | (4 rows) SELECT SUM(n::numeric) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM (VALUES(1,1.01),(2,2),(3,3)) v(i,n); sum ------ 6.01 5 3 (3 rows) SELECT i,COUNT(v) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM (VALUES(1,1),(2,2),(3,NULL),(4,NULL)) t(i,v); i | count ---+------- 1 | 2 2 | 1 3 | 0 4 | 0 (4 rows) SELECT i,COUNT(*) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM (VALUES(1,1),(2,2),(3,NULL),(4,NULL)) t(i,v); i | count ---+------- 1 | 4 2 | 3 3 | 2 4 | 1 (4 rows) SELECT VAR_POP(n::bigint) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM (VALUES(1,600),(2,470),(3,170),(4,430),(5,300)) r(i,n); var_pop ----------------------- 21704.000000000000 13868.750000000000 11266.666666666667 4225.0000000000000000 0 (5 rows) SELECT VAR_POP(n::int) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM (VALUES(1,600),(2,470),(3,170),(4,430),(5,300)) r(i,n); var_pop ----------------------- 21704.000000000000 13868.750000000000 11266.666666666667 4225.0000000000000000 0 (5 rows) SELECT VAR_POP(n::smallint) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM (VALUES(1,600),(2,470),(3,170),(4,430),(5,300)) r(i,n); var_pop ----------------------- 21704.000000000000 13868.750000000000 11266.666666666667 4225.0000000000000000 0 (5 rows) SELECT VAR_POP(n::numeric) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM (VALUES(1,600),(2,470),(3,170),(4,430),(5,300)) r(i,n); var_pop ----------------------- 21704.000000000000 13868.750000000000 11266.666666666667 4225.0000000000000000 0 (5 rows) SELECT VAR_SAMP(n::bigint) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM (VALUES(1,600),(2,470),(3,170),(4,430),(5,300)) r(i,n); var_samp ----------------------- 27130.000000000000 18491.666666666667 16900.000000000000 8450.0000000000000000 (5 rows) SELECT VAR_SAMP(n::int) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM (VALUES(1,600),(2,470),(3,170),(4,430),(5,300)) r(i,n); var_samp ----------------------- 27130.000000000000 18491.666666666667 16900.000000000000 8450.0000000000000000 (5 rows) SELECT VAR_SAMP(n::smallint) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM (VALUES(1,600),(2,470),(3,170),(4,430),(5,300)) r(i,n); var_samp ----------------------- 27130.000000000000 18491.666666666667 16900.000000000000 8450.0000000000000000 (5 rows) SELECT VAR_SAMP(n::numeric) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM (VALUES(1,600),(2,470),(3,170),(4,430),(5,300)) r(i,n); var_samp ----------------------- 27130.000000000000 18491.666666666667 16900.000000000000 8450.0000000000000000 (5 rows) SELECT VARIANCE(n::bigint) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM (VALUES(1,600),(2,470),(3,170),(4,430),(5,300)) r(i,n); variance ----------------------- 27130.000000000000 18491.666666666667 16900.000000000000 8450.0000000000000000 (5 rows) SELECT VARIANCE(n::int) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM (VALUES(1,600),(2,470),(3,170),(4,430),(5,300)) r(i,n); variance ----------------------- 27130.000000000000 18491.666666666667 16900.000000000000 8450.0000000000000000 (5 rows) SELECT VARIANCE(n::smallint) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM (VALUES(1,600),(2,470),(3,170),(4,430),(5,300)) r(i,n); variance ----------------------- 27130.000000000000 18491.666666666667 16900.000000000000 8450.0000000000000000 (5 rows) SELECT VARIANCE(n::numeric) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM (VALUES(1,600),(2,470),(3,170),(4,430),(5,300)) r(i,n); variance ----------------------- 27130.000000000000 18491.666666666667 16900.000000000000 8450.0000000000000000 (5 rows) SELECT STDDEV_POP(n::bigint) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM (VALUES(1,NULL),(2,600),(3,470),(4,170),(5,430),(6,300)) r(i,n); stddev_pop --------------------- 147.322774885623 147.322774885623 117.765657133139 106.144555520604 65.0000000000000000 0 (6 rows) SELECT STDDEV_POP(n::int) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM (VALUES(1,NULL),(2,600),(3,470),(4,170),(5,430),(6,300)) r(i,n); stddev_pop --------------------- 147.322774885623 147.322774885623 117.765657133139 106.144555520604 65.0000000000000000 0 (6 rows) SELECT STDDEV_POP(n::smallint) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM (VALUES(1,NULL),(2,600),(3,470),(4,170),(5,430),(6,300)) r(i,n); stddev_pop --------------------- 147.322774885623 147.322774885623 117.765657133139 106.144555520604 65.0000000000000000 0 (6 rows) SELECT STDDEV_POP(n::numeric) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM (VALUES(1,NULL),(2,600),(3,470),(4,170),(5,430),(6,300)) r(i,n); stddev_pop --------------------- 147.322774885623 147.322774885623 117.765657133139 106.144555520604 65.0000000000000000 0 (6 rows) SELECT STDDEV_SAMP(n::bigint) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM (VALUES(1,NULL),(2,600),(3,470),(4,170),(5,430),(6,300)) r(i,n); stddev_samp --------------------- 164.711869639076 164.711869639076 135.984067694222 130.000000000000 91.9238815542511782 (6 rows) SELECT STDDEV_SAMP(n::int) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM (VALUES(1,NULL),(2,600),(3,470),(4,170),(5,430),(6,300)) r(i,n); stddev_samp --------------------- 164.711869639076 164.711869639076 135.984067694222 130.000000000000 91.9238815542511782 (6 rows) SELECT STDDEV_SAMP(n::smallint) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM (VALUES(1,NULL),(2,600),(3,470),(4,170),(5,430),(6,300)) r(i,n); stddev_samp --------------------- 164.711869639076 164.711869639076 135.984067694222 130.000000000000 91.9238815542511782 (6 rows) SELECT STDDEV_SAMP(n::numeric) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM (VALUES(1,NULL),(2,600),(3,470),(4,170),(5,430),(6,300)) r(i,n); stddev_samp --------------------- 164.711869639076 164.711869639076 135.984067694222 130.000000000000 91.9238815542511782 (6 rows) SELECT STDDEV(n::bigint) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM (VALUES(0,NULL),(1,600),(2,470),(3,170),(4,430),(5,300)) r(i,n); stddev --------------------- 164.711869639076 164.711869639076 135.984067694222 130.000000000000 91.9238815542511782 (6 rows) SELECT STDDEV(n::int) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM (VALUES(0,NULL),(1,600),(2,470),(3,170),(4,430),(5,300)) r(i,n); stddev --------------------- 164.711869639076 164.711869639076 135.984067694222 130.000000000000 91.9238815542511782 (6 rows) SELECT STDDEV(n::smallint) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM (VALUES(0,NULL),(1,600),(2,470),(3,170),(4,430),(5,300)) r(i,n); stddev --------------------- 164.711869639076 164.711869639076 135.984067694222 130.000000000000 91.9238815542511782 (6 rows) SELECT STDDEV(n::numeric) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) FROM (VALUES(0,NULL),(1,600),(2,470),(3,170),(4,430),(5,300)) r(i,n); stddev --------------------- 164.711869639076 164.711869639076 135.984067694222 130.000000000000 91.9238815542511782 (6 rows) -- test that inverse transition functions work with various frame options SELECT i,SUM(v::int) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND CURRENT ROW) FROM (VALUES(1,1),(2,2),(3,NULL),(4,NULL)) t(i,v); i | sum ---+----- 1 | 1 2 | 2 3 | 4 | (4 rows) SELECT i,SUM(v::int) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND 1 FOLLOWING) FROM (VALUES(1,1),(2,2),(3,NULL),(4,NULL)) t(i,v); i | sum ---+----- 1 | 3 2 | 2 3 | 4 | (4 rows) SELECT i,SUM(v::int) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND 1 FOLLOWING) FROM (VALUES(1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(4,4)) t(i,v); i | sum ---+----- 1 | 3 2 | 6 3 | 9 4 | 7 (4 rows) -- ensure aggregate over numeric properly recovers from NaN values SELECT a, b, SUM(b) OVER(ORDER BY A ROWS BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) FROM (VALUES(1,1::numeric),(2,2),(3,'NaN'),(4,3),(5,4)) t(a,b); a | b | sum ---+-----+----- 1 | 1 | 1 2 | 2 | 3 3 | NaN | NaN 4 | 3 | NaN 5 | 4 | 7 (5 rows) -- It might be tempting for someone to add an inverse trans function for -- float and double precision. This should not be done as it can give incorrect -- results. This test should fail if anyone ever does this without thinking too -- hard about it. SELECT to_char(SUM(n::float8) OVER (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND 1 FOLLOWING),'999999999999999999999D9') FROM (VALUES(1,1e20),(2,1)) n(i,n); to_char -------------------------- 100000000000000000000 1.0 (2 rows) SELECT i, b, bool_and(b) OVER w, bool_or(b) OVER w FROM (VALUES (1,true), (2,true), (3,false), (4,false), (5,true)) v(i,b) WINDOW w AS (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND 1 FOLLOWING); i | b | bool_and | bool_or ---+---+----------+--------- 1 | t | t | t 2 | t | f | t 3 | f | f | f 4 | f | f | t 5 | t | t | t (5 rows) -- Tests for problems with failure to walk or mutate expressions -- within window frame clauses. -- test walker (fails with collation error if expressions are not walked) SELECT array_agg(i) OVER w FROM generate_series(1,5) i WINDOW w AS (ORDER BY i ROWS BETWEEN (('foo' < 'foobar')::integer) PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW); array_agg ----------- {1} {1,2} {2,3} {3,4} {4,5} (5 rows) -- test mutator (fails when inlined if expressions are not mutated) CREATE FUNCTION pg_temp.f(group_size BIGINT) RETURNS SETOF integer[] AS $$ SELECT array_agg(s) OVER w FROM generate_series(1,5) s WINDOW w AS (ORDER BY s ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND GROUP_SIZE FOLLOWING) $$ LANGUAGE SQL STABLE; EXPLAIN (costs off) SELECT * FROM pg_temp.f(2); QUERY PLAN ------------------------------------------------------ Subquery Scan on f -> WindowAgg -> Sort Sort Key: s.s -> Function Scan on generate_series s (5 rows) SELECT * FROM pg_temp.f(2); f --------- {1,2,3} {2,3,4} {3,4,5} {4,5} {5} (5 rows)