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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>pg_ctl</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="app-pgcontroldata.html" title="pg_controldata" /><link rel="next" href="app-pgresetwal.html" title="pg_resetwal" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center"><span class="application">pg_ctl</span></th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="app-pgcontroldata.html" title="pg_controldata">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="reference-server.html" title="PostgreSQL Server Applications">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">PostgreSQL Server Applications</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 15.7 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="app-pgresetwal.html" title="pg_resetwal">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="refentry" id="APP-PG-CTL"><div class="titlepage"></div><a id="id-1.9.5.7.1" class="indexterm"></a><div class="refnamediv"><h2><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">pg_ctl</span></span></h2><p>pg_ctl — initialize, start, stop, or control a <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> server</p></div><div class="refsynopsisdiv"><h2>Synopsis</h2><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p id="id-1.9.5.7.4.1"><code class="command">pg_ctl</code> <code class="option">init[db]</code> [<code class="option">-D</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>datadir</code></em>] [<code class="option">-s</code>] [<code class="option">-o</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>initdb-options</code></em>]</p></div><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p id="id-1.9.5.7.4.2"><code class="command">pg_ctl</code> <code class="option">start</code> [<code class="option">-D</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>datadir</code></em>] [<code class="option">-l</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em>] [<code class="option">-W</code>] [<code class="option">-t</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>seconds</code></em>] [<code class="option">-s</code>] [<code class="option">-o</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>options</code></em>] [<code class="option">-p</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em>] [<code class="option">-c</code>]</p></div><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p id="id-1.9.5.7.4.3"><code class="command">pg_ctl</code> <code class="option">stop</code> [<code class="option">-D</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>datadir</code></em>] [<code class="option">-m</code>
<code class="option">s[mart]</code> | <code class="option">f[ast]</code> | <code class="option">i[mmediate]</code>
] [<code class="option">-W</code>] [<code class="option">-t</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>seconds</code></em>] [<code class="option">-s</code>]</p></div><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p id="id-1.9.5.7.4.4"><code class="command">pg_ctl</code> <code class="option">restart</code> [<code class="option">-D</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>datadir</code></em>] [<code class="option">-m</code>
<code class="option">s[mart]</code> | <code class="option">f[ast]</code> | <code class="option">i[mmediate]</code>
] [<code class="option">-W</code>] [<code class="option">-t</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>seconds</code></em>] [<code class="option">-s</code>] [<code class="option">-o</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>options</code></em>] [<code class="option">-c</code>]</p></div><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p id="id-1.9.5.7.4.5"><code class="command">pg_ctl</code> <code class="option">reload</code> [<code class="option">-D</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>datadir</code></em>] [<code class="option">-s</code>]</p></div><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p id="id-1.9.5.7.4.6"><code class="command">pg_ctl</code> <code class="option">status</code> [<code class="option">-D</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>datadir</code></em>]</p></div><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p id="id-1.9.5.7.4.7"><code class="command">pg_ctl</code> <code class="option">promote</code> [<code class="option">-D</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>datadir</code></em>] [<code class="option">-W</code>] [<code class="option">-t</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>seconds</code></em>] [<code class="option">-s</code>]</p></div><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p id="id-1.9.5.7.4.8"><code class="command">pg_ctl</code> <code class="option">logrotate</code> [<code class="option">-D</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>datadir</code></em>] [<code class="option">-s</code>]</p></div><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p id="id-1.9.5.7.4.9"><code class="command">pg_ctl</code> <code class="option">kill</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>signal_name</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>process_id</code></em> </p></div><p>On Microsoft Windows, also:</p><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p id="id-1.9.5.7.4.11"><code class="command">pg_ctl</code> <code class="option">register</code> [<code class="option">-D</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>datadir</code></em>] [<code class="option">-N</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>servicename</code></em>] [<code class="option">-U</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>username</code></em>] [<code class="option">-P</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>password</code></em>] [<code class="option">-S</code>
<code class="option">a[uto]</code> | <code class="option">d[emand]</code>
] [<code class="option">-e</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>source</code></em>] [<code class="option">-W</code>] [<code class="option">-t</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>seconds</code></em>] [<code class="option">-s</code>] [<code class="option">-o</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>options</code></em>]</p></div><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p id="id-1.9.5.7.4.12"><code class="command">pg_ctl</code> <code class="option">unregister</code> [<code class="option">-N</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>servicename</code></em>]</p></div></div><div class="refsect1" id="APP-PG-CTL-DESCRIPTION"><h2>Description</h2><p>
<span class="application">pg_ctl</span> is a utility for initializing a
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> database cluster, starting,
stopping, or restarting the <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>
database server (<a class="xref" href="app-postgres.html" title="postgres"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">postgres</span></span></a>), or displaying the
status of a running server. Although the server can be started
manually, <span class="application">pg_ctl</span> encapsulates tasks such
as redirecting log output and properly detaching from the terminal
and process group. It also provides convenient options for
controlled shutdown.
</p><p>
The <code class="option">init</code> or <code class="option">initdb</code> mode creates a new
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> database cluster, that is,
a collection of databases that will be managed by a single
server instance. This mode invokes the <code class="command">initdb</code>
command. See <a class="xref" href="app-initdb.html" title="initdb"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">initdb</span></span></a> for details.
</p><p>
<code class="option">start</code> mode launches a new server. The
server is started in the background, and its standard input is attached
to <code class="filename">/dev/null</code> (or <code class="literal">nul</code> on Windows).
On Unix-like systems, by default, the server's standard output and
standard error are sent to <span class="application">pg_ctl</span>'s
standard output (not standard error). The standard output of
<span class="application">pg_ctl</span> should then be redirected to a
file or piped to another process such as a log rotating program
like <span class="application">rotatelogs</span>; otherwise <code class="command">postgres</code>
will write its output to the controlling terminal (from the
background) and will not leave the shell's process group. On
Windows, by default the server's standard output and standard error
are sent to the terminal. These default behaviors can be changed
by using <code class="option">-l</code> to append the server's output to a log file.
Use of either <code class="option">-l</code> or output redirection is recommended.
</p><p>
<code class="option">stop</code> mode shuts down the server that is running in
the specified data directory. Three different
shutdown methods can be selected with the <code class="option">-m</code>
option. <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">Smart</span>”</span> mode disallows new connections, then waits
for all existing clients to disconnect.
If the server is in hot standby, recovery and streaming replication
will be terminated once all clients have disconnected.
<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">Fast</span>”</span> mode (the default) does not wait for clients to disconnect.
All active transactions are
rolled back and clients are forcibly disconnected, then the
server is shut down. <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">Immediate</span>”</span> mode will abort
all server processes immediately, without a clean shutdown. This choice
will lead to a crash-recovery cycle during the next server start.
</p><p>
<code class="option">restart</code> mode effectively executes a stop followed
by a start. This allows changing the <code class="command">postgres</code>
command-line options, or changing configuration-file options that
cannot be changed without restarting the server.
If relative paths were used on the command line during server
start, <code class="option">restart</code> might fail unless
<span class="application">pg_ctl</span> is executed in the same current
directory as it was during server start.
</p><p>
<code class="option">reload</code> mode simply sends the
<code class="command">postgres</code> server process a <span class="systemitem">SIGHUP</span>
signal, causing it to reread its configuration files
(<code class="filename">postgresql.conf</code>,
<code class="filename">pg_hba.conf</code>, etc.). This allows changing
configuration-file options that do not require a full server restart
to take effect.
</p><p>
<code class="option">status</code> mode checks whether a server is running in
the specified data directory. If it is, the server's <acronym class="acronym">PID</acronym>
and the command line options that were used to invoke it are displayed.
If the server is not running, <span class="application">pg_ctl</span> returns
an exit status of 3. If an accessible data directory is not
specified, <span class="application">pg_ctl</span> returns an exit status of 4.
</p><p>
<code class="option">promote</code> mode commands the standby server that is
running in the specified data directory to end standby mode
and begin read-write operations.
</p><p>
<code class="option">logrotate</code> mode rotates the server log file.
For details on how to use this mode with external log rotation tools, see
<a class="xref" href="logfile-maintenance.html" title="25.3. Log File Maintenance">Section 25.3</a>.
</p><p>
<code class="option">kill</code> mode sends a signal to a specified process.
This is primarily valuable on <span class="productname">Microsoft Windows</span>
which does not have a built-in <span class="application">kill</span> command. Use
<code class="literal">--help</code> to see a list of supported signal names.
</p><p>
<code class="option">register</code> mode registers the <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>
server as a system service on <span class="productname">Microsoft Windows</span>.
The <code class="option">-S</code> option allows selection of service start type,
either <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">auto</span>”</span> (start service automatically on system startup)
or <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">demand</span>”</span> (start service on demand).
</p><p>
<code class="option">unregister</code> mode unregisters a system service
on <span class="productname">Microsoft Windows</span>. This undoes the effects of the
<code class="option">register</code> command.
</p></div><div class="refsect1" id="APP-PG-CTL-OPTIONS"><h2>Options</h2><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-c</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--core-files</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Attempt to allow server crashes to produce core files, on platforms
where this is possible, by lifting any soft resource limit placed on
core files.
This is useful in debugging or diagnosing problems by allowing a
stack trace to be obtained from a failed server process.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-D <em class="replaceable"><code>datadir</code></em></code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--pgdata=<em class="replaceable"><code>datadir</code></em></code></span></dt><dd><p>
Specifies the file system location of the database configuration files. If
this option is omitted, the environment variable
<code class="envar">PGDATA</code> is used.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-l <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em></code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--log=<em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em></code></span></dt><dd><p>
Append the server log output to
<em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em>. If the file does not
exist, it is created. The <span class="systemitem">umask</span> is set to 077,
so access to the log file is disallowed to other users by default.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-m <em class="replaceable"><code>mode</code></em></code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--mode=<em class="replaceable"><code>mode</code></em></code></span></dt><dd><p>
Specifies the shutdown mode. <em class="replaceable"><code>mode</code></em>
can be <code class="literal">smart</code>, <code class="literal">fast</code>, or
<code class="literal">immediate</code>, or the first letter of one of
these three. If this option is omitted, <code class="literal">fast</code> is
the default.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-o <em class="replaceable"><code>options</code></em></code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--options=<em class="replaceable"><code>options</code></em></code></span></dt><dd><p>
Specifies options to be passed directly to the
<code class="command">postgres</code> command.
<code class="option">-o</code> can be specified multiple times, with all the given
options being passed through.
</p><p>
The <em class="replaceable"><code>options</code></em> should usually be surrounded by single or
double quotes to ensure that they are passed through as a group.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-o <em class="replaceable"><code>initdb-options</code></em></code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--options=<em class="replaceable"><code>initdb-options</code></em></code></span></dt><dd><p>
Specifies options to be passed directly to the
<code class="command">initdb</code> command.
<code class="option">-o</code> can be specified multiple times, with all the given
options being passed through.
</p><p>
The <em class="replaceable"><code>initdb-options</code></em> should usually be surrounded by single or
double quotes to ensure that they are passed through as a group.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em></code></span></dt><dd><p>
Specifies the location of the <code class="filename">postgres</code>
executable. By default the <code class="filename">postgres</code> executable is taken from the same
directory as <code class="command">pg_ctl</code>, or failing that, the hard-wired
installation directory. It is not necessary to use this
option unless you are doing something unusual and get errors
that the <code class="filename">postgres</code> executable was not found.
</p><p>
In <code class="literal">init</code> mode, this option analogously
specifies the location of the <code class="filename">initdb</code>
executable.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-s</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--silent</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Print only errors, no informational messages.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>seconds</code></em></code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--timeout=<em class="replaceable"><code>seconds</code></em></code></span></dt><dd><p>
Specifies the maximum number of seconds to wait when waiting for an
operation to complete (see option <code class="option">-w</code>). Defaults to
the value of the <code class="envar">PGCTLTIMEOUT</code> environment variable or, if
not set, to 60 seconds.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-V</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--version</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Print the <span class="application">pg_ctl</span> version and exit.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-w</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--wait</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Wait for the operation to complete. This is supported for the
modes <code class="literal">start</code>, <code class="literal">stop</code>,
<code class="literal">restart</code>, <code class="literal">promote</code>,
and <code class="literal">register</code>, and is the default for those modes.
</p><p>
When waiting, <code class="command">pg_ctl</code> repeatedly checks the
server's <acronym class="acronym">PID</acronym> file, sleeping for a short amount
of time between checks. Startup is considered complete when
the <acronym class="acronym">PID</acronym> file indicates that the server is ready to
accept connections. Shutdown is considered complete when the server
removes the <acronym class="acronym">PID</acronym> file.
<code class="command">pg_ctl</code> returns an exit code based on the
success of the startup or shutdown.
</p><p>
If the operation does not complete within the timeout (see
option <code class="option">-t</code>), then <code class="command">pg_ctl</code> exits with
a nonzero exit status. But note that the operation might continue in
the background and eventually succeed.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-W</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--no-wait</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Do not wait for the operation to complete. This is the opposite of
the option <code class="option">-w</code>.
</p><p>
If waiting is disabled, the requested action is triggered, but there
is no feedback about its success. In that case, the server log file
or an external monitoring system would have to be used to check the
progress and success of the operation.
</p><p>
In prior releases of PostgreSQL, this was the default except for
the <code class="literal">stop</code> mode.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-?</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--help</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Show help about <span class="application">pg_ctl</span> command line
arguments, and exit.
</p></dd></dl></div><p>
If an option is specified that is valid, but not relevant to the selected
operating mode, <span class="application">pg_ctl</span> ignores it.
</p><div class="refsect2" id="APP-PG-CTL-WINDOWS-OPTIONS"><h3>Options for Windows</h3><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-e <em class="replaceable"><code>source</code></em></code></span></dt><dd><p>
Name of the event source for <span class="application">pg_ctl</span> to use
for logging to the event log when running as a Windows service. The
default is <code class="literal">PostgreSQL</code>. Note that this only controls
messages sent from <span class="application">pg_ctl</span> itself; once
started, the server will use the event source specified
by its <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-logging.html#GUC-EVENT-SOURCE">event_source</a> parameter. Should the server
fail very early in startup, before that parameter has been set,
it might also log using the default event
source name <code class="literal">PostgreSQL</code>.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-N <em class="replaceable"><code>servicename</code></em></code></span></dt><dd><p>
Name of the system service to register. This name will be used
as both the service name and the display name.
The default is <code class="literal">PostgreSQL</code>.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-P <em class="replaceable"><code>password</code></em></code></span></dt><dd><p>
Password for the user to run the service as.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-S <em class="replaceable"><code>start-type</code></em></code></span></dt><dd><p>
Start type of the system service. <em class="replaceable"><code>start-type</code></em> can
be <code class="literal">auto</code>, or <code class="literal">demand</code>, or
the first letter of one of these two. If this option is omitted,
<code class="literal">auto</code> is the default.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-U <em class="replaceable"><code>username</code></em></code></span></dt><dd><p>
User name for the user to run the service as. For domain users, use the
format <code class="literal">DOMAIN\username</code>.
</p></dd></dl></div></div></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.5.7.7"><h2>Environment</h2><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="envar">PGCTLTIMEOUT</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Default limit on the number of seconds to wait when waiting for startup
or shutdown to complete. If not set, the default is 60 seconds.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="envar">PGDATA</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Default data directory location.
</p></dd></dl></div><p>
Most <code class="command">pg_ctl</code> modes require knowing the data directory
location; therefore, the <code class="option">-D</code> option is required
unless <code class="envar">PGDATA</code> is set.
</p><p>
<code class="command">pg_ctl</code>, like most other <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>
utilities,
also uses the environment variables supported by <span class="application">libpq</span>
(see <a class="xref" href="libpq-envars.html" title="34.15. Environment Variables">Section 34.15</a>).
</p><p>
For additional variables that affect the server,
see <a class="xref" href="app-postgres.html" title="postgres"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">postgres</span></span></a>.
</p></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.5.7.8"><h2>Files</h2><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">postmaster.pid</code></span></dt><dd><p>
<span class="application">pg_ctl</span> examines this file in the data
directory to determine whether the server is currently running.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">postmaster.opts</code></span></dt><dd><p>If this file exists in the data directory,
<span class="application">pg_ctl</span> (in <code class="option">restart</code> mode)
will pass the contents of the file as options to
<span class="application">postgres</span>, unless overridden
by the <code class="option">-o</code> option. The contents of this file
are also displayed in <code class="option">status</code> mode.
</p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="refsect1" id="R1-APP-PGCTL-2"><h2>Examples</h2><div class="refsect2" id="R2-APP-PGCTL-3"><h3>Starting the Server</h3><p>
To start the server, waiting until the server is
accepting connections:
</p><pre class="screen">
<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>pg_ctl start</code></strong>
</pre><p>
</p><p>
To start the server using port 5433, and
running without <code class="function">fsync</code>, use:
</p><pre class="screen">
<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>pg_ctl -o "-F -p 5433" start</code></strong>
</pre></div><div class="refsect2" id="R2-APP-PGCTL-4"><h3>Stopping the Server</h3><p>
To stop the server, use:
</p><pre class="screen">
<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>pg_ctl stop</code></strong>
</pre><p>
The <code class="option">-m</code> option allows control over
<span class="emphasis"><em>how</em></span> the server shuts down:
</p><pre class="screen">
<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>pg_ctl stop -m smart</code></strong>
</pre></div><div class="refsect2" id="R2-APP-PGCTL-5"><h3>Restarting the Server</h3><p>
Restarting the server is almost equivalent to stopping the
server and starting it again, except that by default,
<code class="command">pg_ctl</code> saves and reuses the command line options that
were passed to the previously-running instance. To restart
the server using the same options as before, use:
</p><pre class="screen">
<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>pg_ctl restart</code></strong>
</pre><p>
</p><p>
But if <code class="option">-o</code> is specified, that replaces any previous options.
To restart using port 5433, disabling <code class="function">fsync</code> upon restart:
</p><pre class="screen">
<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>pg_ctl -o "-F -p 5433" restart</code></strong>
</pre></div><div class="refsect2" id="R2-APP-PGCTL-6"><h3>Showing the Server Status</h3><p>
Here is sample status output from
<span class="application">pg_ctl</span>:
</p><pre class="screen">
<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>pg_ctl status</code></strong>
<code class="computeroutput">
pg_ctl: server is running (PID: 13718)
/usr/local/pgsql/bin/postgres "-D" "/usr/local/pgsql/data" "-p" "5433" "-B" "128"
</code></pre><p>
The second line is the command that would be invoked in restart mode.
</p></div></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.5.7.10"><h2>See Also</h2><span class="simplelist"><a class="xref" href="app-initdb.html" title="initdb"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">initdb</span></span></a>, <a class="xref" href="app-postgres.html" title="postgres"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">postgres</span></span></a></span></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="app-pgcontroldata.html" title="pg_controldata">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="reference-server.html" title="PostgreSQL Server Applications">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="app-pgresetwal.html" title="pg_resetwal">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top"><span class="application">pg_controldata</span> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 15.7 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> <span class="application">pg_resetwal</span></td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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