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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>22.5. Predefined Roles</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="role-removal.html" title="22.4. Dropping Roles" /><link rel="next" href="perm-functions.html" title="22.6. Function Security" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">22.5. Predefined Roles</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="role-removal.html" title="22.4. Dropping Roles">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="user-manag.html" title="Chapter 22. Database Roles">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 22. Database Roles</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 15.5 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="perm-functions.html" title="22.6. Function Security">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" id="PREDEFINED-ROLES"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">22.5. Predefined Roles</h2></div></div></div><a id="id-1.6.9.9.2" class="indexterm"></a><p>
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> provides a set of predefined roles
that provide access to certain, commonly needed, privileged capabilities
and information. Administrators (including roles that have the
<code class="literal">CREATEROLE</code> privilege) can <code class="command">GRANT</code> these
roles to users and/or other roles in their environment, providing those
users with access to the specified capabilities and information.
</p><p>
The predefined roles are described in <a class="xref" href="predefined-roles.html#PREDEFINED-ROLES-TABLE" title="Table 22.1. Predefined Roles">Table 22.1</a>.
Note that the specific permissions for each of the roles may change in
the future as additional capabilities are added. Administrators
should monitor the release notes for changes.
</p><div class="table" id="PREDEFINED-ROLES-TABLE"><p class="title"><strong>Table 22.1. Predefined Roles</strong></p><div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="Predefined Roles" border="1"><colgroup><col class="col1" /><col class="col2" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th>Role</th><th>Allowed Access</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>pg_read_all_data</td><td>Read all data (tables, views, sequences), as if having
<code class="command">SELECT</code> rights on those objects, and USAGE rights on
all schemas, even without having it explicitly. This role does not have
the role attribute <code class="literal">BYPASSRLS</code> set. If RLS is being
used, an administrator may wish to set <code class="literal">BYPASSRLS</code> on
roles which this role is GRANTed to.</td></tr><tr><td>pg_write_all_data</td><td>Write all data (tables, views, sequences), as if having
<code class="command">INSERT</code>, <code class="command">UPDATE</code>, and
<code class="command">DELETE</code> rights on those objects, and USAGE rights on
all schemas, even without having it explicitly. This role does not have
the role attribute <code class="literal">BYPASSRLS</code> set. If RLS is being
used, an administrator may wish to set <code class="literal">BYPASSRLS</code> on
roles which this role is GRANTed to.</td></tr><tr><td>pg_read_all_settings</td><td>Read all configuration variables, even those normally visible only to
superusers.</td></tr><tr><td>pg_read_all_stats</td><td>Read all pg_stat_* views and use various statistics related extensions,
even those normally visible only to superusers.</td></tr><tr><td>pg_stat_scan_tables</td><td>Execute monitoring functions that may take <code class="literal">ACCESS SHARE</code> locks on tables,
potentially for a long time.</td></tr><tr><td>pg_monitor</td><td>Read/execute various monitoring views and functions.
This role is a member of <code class="literal">pg_read_all_settings</code>,
<code class="literal">pg_read_all_stats</code> and
<code class="literal">pg_stat_scan_tables</code>.</td></tr><tr><td>pg_database_owner</td><td>None. Membership consists, implicitly, of the current database owner.</td></tr><tr><td>pg_signal_backend</td><td>Signal another backend to cancel a query or terminate its session.</td></tr><tr><td>pg_read_server_files</td><td>Allow reading files from any location the database can access on the server with COPY and
other file-access functions.</td></tr><tr><td>pg_write_server_files</td><td>Allow writing to files in any location the database can access on the server with COPY and
other file-access functions.</td></tr><tr><td>pg_execute_server_program</td><td>Allow executing programs on the database server as the user the database runs as with
COPY and other functions which allow executing a server-side program.</td></tr><tr><td>pg_checkpoint</td><td>Allow executing
the <a class="link" href="sql-checkpoint.html" title="CHECKPOINT"><code class="command">CHECKPOINT</code></a>
command.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>
The <code class="literal">pg_monitor</code>, <code class="literal">pg_read_all_settings</code>,
<code class="literal">pg_read_all_stats</code> and <code class="literal">pg_stat_scan_tables</code>
roles are intended to allow administrators to easily configure a role for the
purpose of monitoring the database server. They grant a set of common privileges
allowing the role to read various useful configuration settings, statistics and
other system information normally restricted to superusers.
</p><p>
The <code class="literal">pg_database_owner</code> role has one implicit,
situation-dependent member, namely the owner of the current database. Like
any role, it can own objects or receive grants of access privileges.
Consequently, once <code class="literal">pg_database_owner</code> has rights within a
template database, each owner of a database instantiated from that template
will exercise those rights. <code class="literal">pg_database_owner</code> cannot be
a member of any role, and it cannot have non-implicit members. Initially,
this role owns the <code class="literal">public</code> schema, so each database owner
governs local use of the schema.
</p><p>
The <code class="literal">pg_signal_backend</code> role is intended to allow
administrators to enable trusted, but non-superuser, roles to send signals
to other backends. Currently this role enables sending of signals for
canceling a query on another backend or terminating its session. A user
granted this role cannot however send signals to a backend owned by a
superuser. See <a class="xref" href="functions-admin.html#FUNCTIONS-ADMIN-SIGNAL" title="9.27.2. Server Signaling Functions">Section 9.27.2</a>.
</p><p>
The <code class="literal">pg_read_server_files</code>, <code class="literal">pg_write_server_files</code> and
<code class="literal">pg_execute_server_program</code> roles are intended to allow administrators to have
trusted, but non-superuser, roles which are able to access files and run programs on the
database server as the user the database runs as. As these roles are able to access any file on
the server file system, they bypass all database-level permission checks when accessing files
directly and they could be used to gain superuser-level access, therefore
great care should be taken when granting these roles to users.
</p><p>
Care should be taken when granting these roles to ensure they are only used where
needed and with the understanding that these roles grant access to privileged
information.
</p><p>
Administrators can grant access to these roles to users using the
<a class="link" href="sql-grant.html" title="GRANT"><code class="command">GRANT</code></a> command, for example:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
GRANT pg_signal_backend TO admin_user;
</pre><p>
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