Adding upstream version 5.3.0.upstream/5.3.0upstream

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

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+Developing a "recipe" extension
+===============================
+
+The objective of this tutorial is to illustrate roles, directives and domains.
+Once complete, we will be able to use this extension to describe a recipe and
+reference that recipe from elsewhere in our documentation.
+
+.. note::
+
+   This tutorial is based on a guide first published on `opensource.com`_ and
+   is provided here with the original author's permission.
+
+   .. _opensource.com: https://opensource.com/article/18/11/building-custom-workflows-sphinx
+
+
+Overview
+--------
+
+We want the extension to add the following to Sphinx:
+
+* A ``recipe`` :term:`directive`, containing some content describing the recipe
+  steps, along with a ``:contains:`` option highlighting the main ingredients
+  of the recipe.
+
+* A ``ref`` :term:`role`, which provides a cross-reference to the recipe
+  itself.
+
+* A ``recipe`` :term:`domain`, which allows us to tie together the above role
+  and domain, along with things like indices.
+
+For that, we will need to add the following elements to Sphinx:
+
+* A new directive called ``recipe``
+
+* New indexes to allow us to reference ingredient and recipes
+
+* A new domain called ``recipe``, which will contain the ``recipe`` directive
+  and ``ref`` role
+
+
+Prerequisites
+-------------
+
+We need the same setup as in :doc:`the previous extensions <todo>`. This time,
+we will be putting out extension in a file called :file:`recipe.py`.
+
+Here is an example of the folder structure you might obtain:
+
+.. code-block:: text
+
+      └── source
+          ├── _ext
+          │   └── recipe.py
+          ├── conf.py
+          └── index.rst
+
+
+Writing the extension
+---------------------
+
+Open :file:`recipe.py` and paste the following code in it, all of which we will
+explain in detail shortly:
+
+.. literalinclude:: examples/recipe.py
+   :language: python
+   :linenos:
+
+Let's look at each piece of this extension step-by-step to explain what's going
+on.
+
+.. rubric:: The directive class
+
+The first thing to examine is the ``RecipeDirective`` directive:
+
+.. literalinclude:: examples/recipe.py
+   :language: python
+   :linenos:
+   :pyobject: RecipeDirective
+
+Unlike :doc:`helloworld` and :doc:`todo`, this directive doesn't derive from
+:class:`docutils.parsers.rst.Directive` and doesn't define a ``run`` method.
+Instead, it derives from :class:`sphinx.directives.ObjectDescription` and
+defines  ``handle_signature`` and ``add_target_and_index`` methods. This is
+because ``ObjectDescription`` is a special-purpose directive that's intended
+for describing things like classes, functions, or, in our case, recipes. More
+specifically, ``handle_signature`` implements parsing the signature of the
+directive and passes on the object's name and type to its superclass, while
+``add_taget_and_index`` adds a target (to link to) and an entry to the index
+for this node.
+
+We also see that this directive defines ``has_content``, ``required_arguments``
+and ``option_spec``. Unlike the ``TodoDirective`` directive added in the
+:doc:`previous tutorial <todo>`, this directive takes a single argument, the
+recipe name, and an option, ``contains``, in addition to the nested
+reStructuredText in the body.
+
+.. rubric:: The index classes
+
+.. currentmodule:: sphinx.domains
+
+.. todo:: Add brief overview of indices
+
+.. literalinclude:: examples/recipe.py
+   :language: python
+   :linenos:
+   :pyobject: IngredientIndex
+
+.. literalinclude:: examples/recipe.py
+   :language: python
+   :linenos:
+   :pyobject: RecipeIndex
+
+Both ``IngredientIndex`` and ``RecipeIndex`` are derived from :class:`Index`.
+They implement custom logic to generate a tuple of values that define the
+index. Note that ``RecipeIndex`` is a simple index that has only one entry.
+Extending it to cover more object types is not yet part of the code.
+
+Both indices use the method :meth:`Index.generate` to do their work. This
+method combines the information from our domain, sorts it, and returns it in a
+list structure that will be accepted by Sphinx. This might look complicated but
+all it really is is a list of tuples like ``('tomato', 'TomatoSoup', 'test',
+'rec-TomatoSoup',...)``. Refer to the :doc:`domain API guide
+</extdev/domainapi>` for more information on this API.
+
+These index pages can be referred by combination of domain name and its
+``name`` using :rst:role:`ref` role.  For example, ``RecipeIndex`` can be
+referred by ``:ref:`recipe-recipe```.
+
+.. rubric:: The domain
+
+A Sphinx domain is a specialized container that ties together roles,
+directives, and indices, among other things. Let's look at the domain we're
+creating here.
+
+.. literalinclude:: examples/recipe.py
+   :language: python
+   :linenos:
+   :pyobject: RecipeDomain
+
+There are some interesting things to note about this ``recipe`` domain and domains
+in general. Firstly, we actually register our directives, roles and indices
+here, via the ``directives``, ``roles`` and ``indices`` attributes, rather than
+via calls later on in ``setup``. We can also note that we aren't actually
+defining a custom role and are instead reusing the
+:class:`sphinx.roles.XRefRole` role and defining the
+:class:`sphinx.domains.Domain.resolve_xref` method. This method takes two
+arguments, ``typ`` and ``target``, which refer to the cross-reference type and
+its target name. We'll use ``target`` to resolve our destination from our
+domain's ``recipes`` because we currently have only one type of node.
+
+Moving on, we can see that we've defined ``initial_data``. The values defined in
+``initial_data`` will be copied to ``env.domaindata[domain_name]`` as the
+initial data of the domain, and domain instances can access it via
+``self.data``. We see that we have defined two items in ``initial_data``:
+``recipes`` and ``recipe2ingredient``. These contain a list of all objects
+defined (i.e. all recipes) and a hash that maps a canonical ingredient name to
+the list of objects. The way we name objects is common across our extension and
+is defined in the ``get_full_qualified_name`` method. For each object created,
+the canonical name is ``recipe.<recipename>``, where ``<recipename>`` is the
+name the documentation writer gives the object (a recipe). This enables the
+extension to use different object types that share the same name. Having a
+canonical name and central place for our objects is a huge advantage. Both our
+indices and our cross-referencing code use this feature.
+
+.. rubric:: The ``setup`` function
+
+.. currentmodule:: sphinx.application
+
+:doc:`As always <todo>`, the ``setup`` function is a requirement and is used to
+hook the various parts of our extension into Sphinx. Let's look at the
+``setup`` function for this extension.
+
+.. literalinclude:: examples/recipe.py
+   :language: python
+   :linenos:
+   :pyobject: setup
+
+This looks a little different to what we're used to seeing. There are no calls
+to :meth:`~Sphinx.add_directive` or even :meth:`~Sphinx.add_role`. Instead, we
+have a single call to :meth:`~Sphinx.add_domain` followed by some
+initialization of the :ref:`standard domain <domains-std>`. This is because we
+had already registered our directives, roles and indexes as part of the
+directive itself.
+
+
+Using the extension
+-------------------
+
+You can now use the extension throughout your project. For example:
+
+.. code-block:: rst
+   :caption: index.rst
+
+   Joe's Recipes
+   =============
+
+   Below are a collection of my favourite recipes. I highly recommend the
+   :recipe:ref:`TomatoSoup` recipe in particular!
+
+   .. toctree::
+
+      tomato-soup
+
+.. code-block:: rst
+   :caption: tomato-soup.rst
+
+   The recipe contains `tomato` and `cilantro`.
+
+   .. recipe:recipe:: TomatoSoup
+      :contains: tomato, cilantro, salt, pepper
+
+      This recipe is a tasty tomato soup, combine all ingredients
+      and cook.
+
+The important things to note are the use of the ``:recipe:ref:`` role to
+cross-reference the recipe actually defined elsewhere (using the
+``:recipe:recipe:`` directive.
+
+
+Further reading
+---------------
+
+For more information, refer to the `docutils`_ documentation and
+:doc:`/extdev/index`.
+
+.. _docutils: https://docutils.sourceforge.io/docs/