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Executive Summary</a></div> +<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#defining_new_sql_functions">2. Defining New SQL Functions</a></div> +<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#common_parameters">2.1. Common Parameters</a></div> +<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#multiple_calls_to_sqlite3_create_function_for_the_same_function">2.2. Multiple Calls To sqlite3_create_function() For The Same Function</a></div> +<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#callbacks">2.3. Callbacks</a></div> +<div class="fancy-toc3"><a href="#the_scalar_function_callback">2.3.1. The Scalar Function Callback</a></div> +<div class="fancy-toc3"><a href="#the_aggregate_function_callbacks">2.3.2. The Aggregate Function Callbacks</a></div> +<div class="fancy-toc3"><a href="#the_window_function_callbacks">2.3.3. The Window Function Callbacks</a></div> +<div class="fancy-toc3"><a href="#examples">2.3.4. Examples</a></div> +<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#security_implications">3. Security Implications</a></div> +</div> +</div> +<script> +function toggle_toc(){ +var sub = document.getElementById("toc_sub") +var mk = document.getElementById("toc_mk") +if( sub.style.display!="block" ){ +sub.style.display = "block"; +mk.innerHTML = "▼"; +} else { +sub.style.display = "none"; +mk.innerHTML = "►"; +} +} +</script> +</div> + + + + + +<h1 id="executive_summary"><span>1. </span>Executive Summary</h1> + +<p>Applications that use SQLite can define custom SQL functions that call +back into application code to compute their results. The custom SQL +function implementations can be embedded in the application code itself, +or can be <a href="loadext.html">loadable extensions</a>. + +</p><p>Application-defined or custom SQL functions are created using the +<a href="c3ref/create_function.html">sqlite3_create_function()</a> family of interfaces. +Custom SQL functions can be scalar functions, aggregate functions, +or <a href="windowfunctions.html">window functions</a>. +Custom SQL functions can have any number of arguments from 0 up to +<a href="limits.html#max_function_arg">SQLITE_MAX_FUNCTION_ARG</a>. +The <a href="c3ref/create_function.html">sqlite3_create_function()</a> interface specifies callbacks that are +invoked to carry out the processing for the new SQL function. + +</p><p>SQLite also supports custom <a href="vtab.html#tabfunc2">table-valued functions</a>, but they are +implemented by a different mechanism that is not covered in this document. + +</p><h1 id="defining_new_sql_functions"><span>2. </span>Defining New SQL Functions</h1> + +<p> +The <a href="c3ref/create_function.html">sqlite3_create_function()</a> family of interfaces is used to create +new custom SQL functions. Each member of this family is a wrapper around +a common core. All family members accomplish the same thing; they merely +have different calling signatures. + +</p><ul> +<li><p><b><a href="c3ref/create_function.html">sqlite3_create_function()</a></b> → +The original version of sqlite3_create_function() allows the application +to create a single new SQL function that can be either a scalar or an +aggregate. The name of the function is specified using UTF8. + +</p></li><li><p><b><a href="c3ref/create_function.html">sqlite3_create_function16()</a></b> → +This variant works exactly like the sqlite3_create_function() original +except that the name of the function itself is specified as a UTF16 +string rather than as a UTF8 string. + +</p></li><li><p><b><a href="c3ref/create_function.html">sqlite3_create_function_v2()</a></b> → +This variant works like the original sqlite3_create_function() except +that it includes an additional parameter that is a pointer to a +destructor for the <a href="c3ref/user_data.html">sqlite3_user_data()</a> pointer that is passed in +as the 5th argument to all of the sqlite3_create_function() variants. +That destructor function (if it is non-NULL) is called when the +custom function is deleted - usually when the database connection is +closing. + +</p></li><li><p><b><a href="c3ref/create_function.html">sqlite3_create_window_function()</a></b> → +This variant works like the original sqlite3_create_function() except +that it accepts a different set of callback pointers - the callback +pointers used by <a href="windowfunctions.html">window function</a> definitions. +</p></li></ul> + +<h2 id="common_parameters"><span>2.1. </span>Common Parameters</h2> + +<p>Many of the parameters passed to the <a href="c3ref/create_function.html">sqlite3_create_function()</a> +family of interfaces are common across the entire family. + +</p><ol> +<li><p><b>db</b> → +The 1st parameter is always a pointer to the <a href="c3ref/sqlite3.html">database connection</a> +on which the custom SQL function will work. Custom SQL functions are +created separately for each database connection. There is no short-hand +mechanism for creating SQL functions that work across all database +connections. + +</p></li><li><p><b>zFunctionName</b> → +The 2nd parameter is the name of the SQL function that is being +created. The name is usually in UTF8, except that the name should +be in UTF16 in the native byte order for <a href="c3ref/create_function.html">sqlite3_create_function16()</a>. +</p><p> +The maximum length of a SQL function name is 255 bytes of UTF8. +Any attempt to create a function with a longer name will result in +an <a href="rescode.html#misuse">SQLITE_MISUSE</a> error. +</p> +The SQL function creation interfaces may be called multiple +times with the same function name. +If two calls have the same function number but a different number of +arguments, for example, then two variants of the SQL function will +be registered, each taking a different number of arguments. + +</li><li><p><b>nArg</b> → +The 3rd parameter is always the number of arguments that the function +accepts. The value must be an integer between -1 and +<a href="limits.html#max_function_arg">SQLITE_MAX_FUNCTION_ARG</a> (default value: 127). A value of -1 means +that the SQL function is a variadic function that can take any number +of arguments between 0 and <a href="limits.html#max_function_arg">SQLITE_MAX_FUNCTION_ARG</a>. + +</p></li><li><p><b>eTextRep</b> → +The 4th parameter is a 32-bit integer flag whose bits convey various +properties about the new function. The original purpose of this +parameter was to specify the preferred text encoding for the function, +using one of the following constants: +</p><ul> +<li> <a href="c3ref/c_any.html">SQLITE_UTF8</a> +</li><li> <a href="c3ref/c_any.html">SQLITE_UTF16BE</a> +</li><li> <a href="c3ref/c_any.html">SQLITE_UTF16LE</a> +</li></ul> +All custom SQL functions will accept text in any encoding. Encoding +conversions will happen automatically. The preferred encoding merely +specifies the encoding for which the function implementation is optimized. +It is possible to specify multiple functions with the same name and the +same number of arguments, but different preferred encodings and different +callbacks used to implement the function, and SQLite will chose the +set of callbacks for which the input encodings most closely match the +preferred encoding. +<p> +The 4th parameter as more recently be extended with additional flag bits +to convey additional information about the function. The additional +bits include: +</p><ul> +<li> <a href="c3ref/c_deterministic.html#sqlitedeterministic">SQLITE_DETERMINISTIC</a> +</li><li> <a href="c3ref/c_deterministic.html#sqlitedirectonly">SQLITE_DIRECTONLY</a> +</li><li> <a href="c3ref/c_deterministic.html#sqliteinnocuous">SQLITE_INNOCUOUS</a> +</li><li> <a href="c3ref/c_deterministic.html#sqlitesubtype">SQLITE_SUBTYPE</a> +</li></ul> +<p> +Additional bits may be added in future versions of SQLite. + +</p></li><li><p><b>pApp</b> → +The 5th parameter is an arbitrary pointer that is passed through +into the callback routines. SQLite itself does nothing with this +pointer, except to make it available to the callbacks, and to pass +it into the destructor when the function is unregistered. +</p></li></ol> + +<h2 id="multiple_calls_to_sqlite3_create_function_for_the_same_function"><span>2.2. </span>Multiple Calls To sqlite3_create_function() For The Same Function</h2> + +<p> +It is common for an application to invoke sqlite3_create_function() multiple +times for the same SQL function. For example, if an SQL function can take +either 2 or 3 arguments, then sqlite3_create_function() would be invoked +once for the 2-argument version and a second time for the 3-argument version. +The underlying implementation (the callbacks) can be different for both +variants. + +</p><p> +An application can also register multiple SQL functions with the same name +and same number of arguments, but a different preferred text encoding. +In that case, SQLite will invoke the function using the callbacks for +the version whose preferred text encoding most closely matches the database +text encoding. In this way, multiple implementations of the same function +can be provided that are optimized for UTF8 or UTF16. + +</p><p> +If multiple calls to sqlite3_create_function() specify the same function name, +and the same number of arguments, and the same preferred text encoding, then +the callbacks and other parameters of the second call overwrite the first, +and the destructor callback from the first call (if it exists) is invoked. + + +</p><h2 id="callbacks"><span>2.3. </span>Callbacks</h2> + +<p> +SQLite evaluates an SQL function by invoking callback routines. + +</p><h3 id="the_scalar_function_callback"><span>2.3.1. </span>The Scalar Function Callback</h3> + +<p>Scalar SQL functions are implemented by a single callback in the +<b>xFunc</b> parameter to sqlite3_create_function(). +The following code demonstrations the implementation of a "noop(X)" +scalar SQL function that merely returns its argument: + +</p><div class="codeblock"><pre>static void noopfunc( + sqlite3_context *context, + int argc, + sqlite3_value **argv +){ + assert( argc==1 ); + sqlite3_result_value(context, argv[0]); +} +</pre></div> + +<p> +The 1st parameter, <b>context</b>, is a pointer to an opaque object +that describes the content from which the SQL function was invoked. This +context point becomes the first parameter to many other routines that +the function implement might to invoke, including: + +<div class='columns' style='columns: 15em auto;'> +<ul style='padding-top:0;'> +<li><a href='c3ref/aggregate_context.html'>sqlite3_aggregate_context</a></li> +<li><a href='c3ref/context_db_handle.html'>sqlite3_context_db_handle</a></li> +<li><a href='c3ref/get_auxdata.html'>sqlite3_get_auxdata</a></li> +<li><a href='c3ref/result_blob.html'>sqlite3_result_blob</a></li> +<li><a href='c3ref/result_blob.html'>sqlite3_result_blob64</a></li> +<li><a href='c3ref/result_blob.html'>sqlite3_result_double</a></li> +<li><a href='c3ref/result_blob.html'>sqlite3_result_error</a></li> +<li><a href='c3ref/result_blob.html'>sqlite3_result_error16</a></li> +<li><a href='c3ref/result_blob.html'>sqlite3_result_error_code</a></li> +<li><a href='c3ref/result_blob.html'>sqlite3_result_error_nomem</a></li> +<li><a href='c3ref/result_blob.html'>sqlite3_result_error_toobig</a></li> +<li><a href='c3ref/result_blob.html'>sqlite3_result_int</a></li> +<li><a href='c3ref/result_blob.html'>sqlite3_result_int64</a></li> +<li><a href='c3ref/result_blob.html'>sqlite3_result_null</a></li> +<li><a href='c3ref/result_blob.html'>sqlite3_result_pointer</a></li> +<li><a href='c3ref/result_subtype.html'>sqlite3_result_subtype</a></li> +<li><a href='c3ref/result_blob.html'>sqlite3_result_text</a></li> +<li><a href='c3ref/result_blob.html'>sqlite3_result_text16</a></li> +<li><a href='c3ref/result_blob.html'>sqlite3_result_text16be</a></li> +<li><a href='c3ref/result_blob.html'>sqlite3_result_text16le</a></li> +<li><a href='c3ref/result_blob.html'>sqlite3_result_text64</a></li> +<li><a href='c3ref/result_blob.html'>sqlite3_result_value</a></li> +<li><a href='c3ref/result_blob.html'>sqlite3_result_zeroblob</a></li> +<li><a href='c3ref/result_blob.html'>sqlite3_result_zeroblob64</a></li> +<li><a href='c3ref/get_auxdata.html'>sqlite3_set_auxdata</a></li> +<li><a href='c3ref/user_data.html'>sqlite3_user_data</a></li> +</ul> +</div> + + +</p><p>The <a href="c3ref/result_blob.html">sqlite3_result() family of functions</a> are +used to specify the result of the scalar SQL function. One or more of +these should be invoked by the callback to set the function return value. +If none of these routines are invoked for a specific callback, then the +return value will be NULL. + +</p><p>The <a href="c3ref/user_data.html">sqlite3_user_data()</a> routine returns a copy of the <b>pArg</b> +pointer that was given to <a href="c3ref/create_function.html">sqlite3_create_function()</a> when the SQL +function was created. + +</p><p>The <a href="c3ref/context_db_handle.html">sqlite3_context_db_handle()</a> routine returns a pointer to the +<a href="c3ref/sqlite3.html">database connection</a> object. + +</p><p>The <a href="c3ref/aggregate_context.html">sqlite3_aggregate_context()</a> routine is used only in the +implementations of aggregate and window functions. Scalar functions +may not use <a href="c3ref/aggregate_context.html">sqlite3_aggregate_context()</a>. The <a href="c3ref/aggregate_context.html">sqlite3_aggregate_context()</a> +function is included in the interface list only for completeness. + +</p><p> +The 2nd and 3rd arguments to the scalar SQL function implemenetation, +<b>argc</b> and <b>argv</b>, are +the number of arguments to the SQL function itself and the values for +each argument of the SQL function. +Argument values can be of any datatype and are thus stored in +instances of the <a href="c3ref/value.html">sqlite3_value</a> object. +Specific C-language values can be extracted from this object using +the <a href="c3ref/value_blob.html">sqlite3_value() family of interfaces</a>. + +</p><h3 id="the_aggregate_function_callbacks"><span>2.3.2. </span>The Aggregate Function Callbacks</h3> + +<p>Aggregate SQL functions are implemented by using two callback +functions, <b>xStep</b> and <b>xFinal</b>. The xStep() function +is called for each row of the aggregate and the xFinal() function +is invoked to compute the final answer at the end. +The following (slightly simplified) version of the built-in +count() function illustrates: + +</p><div class="codeblock"><pre>typedef struct CountCtx CountCtx; +struct CountCtx { + i64 n; +}; +static void countStep(sqlite3_context *context, int argc, sqlite3_value **argv){ + CountCtx *p; + p = sqlite3_aggregate_context(context, sizeof(*p)); + if( (argc==0 || SQLITE_NULL!=sqlite3_value_type(argv[0])) && p ){ + p->n++; + } +} +static void countFinalize(sqlite3_context *context){ + CountCtx *p; + p = sqlite3_aggregate_context(context, 0); + sqlite3_result_int64(context, p ? p->n : 0); +} +</pre></div> + +<p>Recall that there are two versions of the count() aggregate. +With zero arguments, count() returns a count of the number of rows. +With one argument, count() returns the number of times that the +argument was non-NULL. + +</p><p>The countStep() callback is invoked once for each row in the aggregate. +As you can see, the count is incremented if either there are no arguments, +or if the one argument is not NULL. + +</p><p>The step function for an aggregate should always begin with a call +to the <a href="c3ref/aggregate_context.html">sqlite3_aggregate_context()</a> routine to fetch the persistent +state of the aggregate function. On the first invocation of the step() +function, the aggregate context is initialized to a block of memory +that is N bytes in size, where N is the second parameter to +sqlite3_aggregate_context() and that memory is zeroed. On all subsequent +calls to the step() function, the same block of memory is returned. +Except, sqlite3_aggregate_context() might return NULL in the case of +an out-of-memory error, so aggregate functions should be prepared to +deal with that case. + +</p><p>After all rows are processed the countFinalize() routine is called +exactly once. This routine computes the final result and invokes +one of the <a href="c3ref/result_blob.html">sqlite3_result()</a> family of functions +to set the final result. The aggregate context will be freed automatically +by SQLite, though the xFinalize() routine must clean up any substructure +associated with the aggregate context before it returns. If the xStep() +method is called one or more times, then SQLite guarantees thta the +xFinal() method will be called at once, even if the query aborts. + +</p><h3 id="the_window_function_callbacks"><span>2.3.3. </span>The Window Function Callbacks</h3> + +<p><a href="windowfunctions.html">Window functions</a> use the same xStep() and xFinal() callbacks that +aggregate functions use, plus two others: <b>xValue</b> and <b>xInverse</b>. +See the documentation on +<a href="windowfunctions.html#udfwinfunc">application-defined window functions</a> for further details. + +</p><h3 id="examples"><span>2.3.4. </span>Examples</h3> + +<p>There are dozens and dozens of SQL function implementations scattered +throughout the SQLite source code that can be used as example applications. +The built-in SQL functions use the same interface as application-defined +SQL functions, so built-in functions can be used as examples too. +Search for "sqlite3_context" in the SQLite source code to find examples. + +<a name="sec"></a> + +</p><h1 id="security_implications"><span>3. </span>Security Implications</h1> + +<p> +Application-defined SQL functions can become security vulnerabilities if +not carefully managed. Suppose, for example, an application defines +a new "system(X)" SQL function that runs its argument X as a command and +returns the integer result code. Perhaps the implementation is like this: + +</p><div class="codeblock"><pre>static void systemFunc( + sqlite3_context *context, + int argc, + sqlite3_value **argv +){ + const char *zCmd = (const char*)sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]); + if( zCmd!=0 ){ + int rc = system(zCmd); + sqlite3_result_int(context, rc); + } +} +</pre></div> + +<p> +This is a function with powerful side-effects. Most programmers would +be naturally cautious about using it, but probably would not see the +harm in merely having it available. But there is great risk in merely +defining such a function, even if the application itself never invokes +it! + +</p><p> +Suppose the application normally does a query against table TAB1 +when it starts up. If an attacker can gain access to the database +file and modify the schema like this: + +</p><div class="codeblock"><pre>ALTER TABLE tab1 RENAME TO tab1_real; +CREATE VIEW tab1 AS SELECT * FROM tab1 WHERE system('rm -rf *') IS NOT NULL; +</pre></div> + +<p> +Then, when the application attempts to open the database, register the +system() function, then run an innocent query against the "tab1" table, +it instead deletes all the files in its working directory. Yikes! + +</p><p> +To prevent this kind of mischief, applications that create their own +custom SQL functions should take one or more of the following safety +precautions. The more precautions taken the better: + +</p><ol> +<li><p> +Invoke <a href="c3ref/db_config.html">sqlite3_db_config</a>(db,<a href="c3ref/c_dbconfig_defensive.html#sqlitedbconfigtrustedschema">SQLITE_DBCONFIG_TRUSTED_SCHEMA</a>,0,0) +on each <a href="c3ref/sqlite3.html">database connection</a> as soon as it is opened. +This prevents application-defined functions from being used in places +where an attacker might be able to surreptiously invoke them by modifying +a database schema: +</p><ul> +<li> In in VIEWs. +</li><li> In in TRIGGERSs. +</li><li> In CHECK constraints of a table definition. +</li><li> In DEFAULT constraints of a table definition. +</li><li> In the definitions of generated columns. +</li><li> In the expression part of an index on an expression. +</li><li> In the WHERE clause of a partial index. +</li></ul> +<p> +To put it another way, this setting requires that application-defined +functions only be run directly by top-level SQL invoked from the application +itself, not as a consequence of doing some other innocent-looking query. + +</p></li><li><p> +Use the <a href="pragma.html#pragma_trusted_schema">PRAGMA trusted_schema=OFF</a> SQL statement to disable trusted +schema. This has the same effect as the previous bullet, but does not +require the use of C-code and hence can be performed in programs written +in another programming language and that do not have access SQLite +C-language APIs. + +</p></li><li><p> +Compile SQLite using the <a href="compile.html#trusted_schema">-DSQLITE_TRUSTED_SCHEMA=0</a> compile-time option. +This make SQLite distrust application-defined functions inside of +the schema by default. + +</p></li><li><p> +If any application-defined SQL functions have potentially dangerous +side-effects, or if they could potentially leak sensitive information +to an attacker if misused, then tag those functions using the +<a href="c3ref/c_deterministic.html#sqlitedirectonly">SQLITE_DIRECTONLY</a> option on the "enc" parameter. This means +that the function can never be run from schema-code even if the +trusted-schema option is on. + +</p></li><li><p> +Never tag an application-defined SQL function with <a href="c3ref/c_deterministic.html#sqliteinnocuous">SQLITE_INNOCUOUS</a> +unless you really need to and you have checked the implementation closely +and are certain that it can do no harm even if it falls under the +control of an attacker. +</p></li></ol> +<p align="center"><small><i>This page last modified on <a href="https://sqlite.org/docsrc/honeypot" id="mtimelink" data-href="https://sqlite.org/docsrc/finfo/pages/appfunc.in?m=10c9a7ddcd203576e">2020-09-20 12:35:50</a> UTC </small></i></p> + |