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+<!-- keywords: SQLITE_DETERMINISTIC SQLITE_DIRECTONLY SQLITE_INNOCUOUS SQLITE_SUBTYPE -->
+<div class=nosearch>
+<a href="intro.html"><h2>SQLite C Interface</h2></a>
+<h2>Function Flags</h2>
+</div>
+<blockquote><pre>
+#define SQLITE_DETERMINISTIC 0x000000800
+#define SQLITE_DIRECTONLY 0x000080000
+#define SQLITE_SUBTYPE 0x000100000
+#define SQLITE_INNOCUOUS 0x000200000
+</pre></blockquote>
+<p>
+These constants may be ORed together with the
+<a href="../c3ref/c_any.html">preferred text encoding</a> as the fourth argument
+to <a href="../c3ref/create_function.html">sqlite3_create_function()</a>, <a href="../c3ref/create_function.html">sqlite3_create_function16()</a>, or
+<a href="../c3ref/create_function.html">sqlite3_create_function_v2()</a>.</p>
+
+<p><dl>
+<a name="sqlitedeterministic"></a>
+ <dt>SQLITE_DETERMINISTIC</dt><dd>
+The SQLITE_DETERMINISTIC flag means that the new function always gives
+the same output when the input parameters are the same.
+The <a href="../lang_corefunc.html#abs">abs() function</a> is deterministic, for example, but
+<a href="../lang_corefunc.html#randomblob">randomblob()</a> is not. Functions must
+be deterministic in order to be used in certain contexts such as
+with the WHERE clause of <a href="../partialindex.html">partial indexes</a> or in <a href="../gencol.html">generated columns</a>.
+SQLite might also optimize deterministic functions by factoring them
+out of inner loops.
+</dd></p>
+
+<p><a name="sqlitedirectonly"></a>
+ <dt>SQLITE_DIRECTONLY</dt><dd>
+The SQLITE_DIRECTONLY flag means that the function may only be invoked
+from top-level SQL, and cannot be used in VIEWs or TRIGGERs nor in
+schema structures such as <a href="../lang_createtable.html#ckconst">CHECK constraints</a>, <a href="../lang_createtable.html#dfltval">DEFAULT clauses</a>,
+<a href="../expridx.html">expression indexes</a>, <a href="../partialindex.html">partial indexes</a>, or <a href="../gencol.html">generated columns</a>.
+The SQLITE_DIRECTONLY flags is a security feature which is recommended
+for all <a href="../appfunc.html">application-defined SQL functions</a>, and especially for functions
+that have side-effects or that could potentially leak sensitive
+information.
+</dd></p>
+
+<p><a name="sqliteinnocuous"></a>
+ <dt>SQLITE_INNOCUOUS</dt><dd>
+The SQLITE_INNOCUOUS flag means that the function is unlikely
+to cause problems even if misused. An innocuous function should have
+no side effects and should not depend on any values other than its
+input parameters. The <a href="../lang_corefunc.html#abs">abs() function</a> is an example of an
+innocuous function.
+The <a href="../lang_corefunc.html#load_extension">load_extension() SQL function</a> is not innocuous because of its
+side effects.
+<p> SQLITE_INNOCUOUS is similar to SQLITE_DETERMINISTIC, but is not
+exactly the same. The <a href="../lang_corefunc.html#random">random() function</a> is an example of a
+function that is innocuous but not deterministic.
+<p>Some heightened security settings
+(<a href="../c3ref/c_dbconfig_defensive.html#sqlitedbconfigtrustedschema">SQLITE_DBCONFIG_TRUSTED_SCHEMA</a> and <a href="../pragma.html#pragma_trusted_schema">PRAGMA trusted_schema=OFF</a>)
+disable the use of SQL functions inside views and triggers and in
+schema structures such as <a href="../lang_createtable.html#ckconst">CHECK constraints</a>, <a href="../lang_createtable.html#dfltval">DEFAULT clauses</a>,
+<a href="../expridx.html">expression indexes</a>, <a href="../partialindex.html">partial indexes</a>, and <a href="../gencol.html">generated columns</a> unless
+the function is tagged with SQLITE_INNOCUOUS. Most built-in functions
+are innocuous. Developers are advised to avoid using the
+SQLITE_INNOCUOUS flag for application-defined functions unless the
+function has been carefully audited and found to be free of potentially
+security-adverse side-effects and information-leaks.
+</dd></p>
+
+<p><a name="sqlitesubtype"></a>
+ <dt>SQLITE_SUBTYPE</dt><dd>
+The SQLITE_SUBTYPE flag indicates to SQLite that a function may call
+<a href="../c3ref/value_subtype.html">sqlite3_value_subtype()</a> to inspect the sub-types of its arguments.
+Specifying this flag makes no difference for scalar or aggregate user
+functions. However, if it is not specified for a user-defined window
+function, then any sub-types belonging to arguments passed to the window
+function may be discarded before the window function is called (i.e.
+sqlite3_value_subtype() will always return 0).
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</p><p>See also lists of
+ <a href="objlist.html">Objects</a>,
+ <a href="constlist.html">Constants</a>, and
+ <a href="funclist.html">Functions</a>.</p>
+