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+<!-- keywords: {authorizer callback} sqlite3_set_authorizer -->
+<div class=nosearch>
+<a href="intro.html"><h2>SQLite C Interface</h2></a>
+<h2>Compile-Time Authorization Callbacks</h2>
+</div>
+<blockquote><pre>
+int sqlite3_set_authorizer(
+  sqlite3*,
+  int (*xAuth)(void*,int,const char*,const char*,const char*,const char*),
+  void *pUserData
+);
+</pre></blockquote>
+<p>
+This routine registers an authorizer callback with a particular
+<a href="../c3ref/sqlite3.html">database connection</a>, supplied in the first argument.
+The authorizer callback is invoked as SQL statements are being compiled
+by <a href="../c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare()</a> or its variants <a href="../c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare_v2()</a>,
+<a href="../c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare_v3()</a>, <a href="../c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare16()</a>, <a href="../c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare16_v2()</a>,
+and <a href="../c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare16_v3()</a>.  At various
+points during the compilation process, as logic is being created
+to perform various actions, the authorizer callback is invoked to
+see if those actions are allowed.  The authorizer callback should
+return <a href="../rescode.html#ok">SQLITE_OK</a> to allow the action, <a href="../c3ref/c_deny.html">SQLITE_IGNORE</a> to disallow the
+specific action but allow the SQL statement to continue to be
+compiled, or <a href="../c3ref/c_deny.html">SQLITE_DENY</a> to cause the entire SQL statement to be
+rejected with an error.  If the authorizer callback returns
+any value other than <a href="../c3ref/c_deny.html">SQLITE_IGNORE</a>, <a href="../rescode.html#ok">SQLITE_OK</a>, or <a href="../c3ref/c_deny.html">SQLITE_DENY</a>
+then the <a href="../c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare_v2()</a> or equivalent call that triggered
+the authorizer will fail with an error message.</p>
+
+<p>When the callback returns <a href="../rescode.html#ok">SQLITE_OK</a>, that means the operation
+requested is ok.  When the callback returns <a href="../c3ref/c_deny.html">SQLITE_DENY</a>, the
+<a href="../c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare_v2()</a> or equivalent call that triggered the
+authorizer will fail with an error message explaining that
+access is denied.</p>
+
+<p>The first parameter to the authorizer callback is a copy of the third
+parameter to the sqlite3_set_authorizer() interface. The second parameter
+to the callback is an integer <a href="../c3ref/c_alter_table.html">action code</a> that specifies
+the particular action to be authorized. The third through sixth parameters
+to the callback are either NULL pointers or zero-terminated strings
+that contain additional details about the action to be authorized.
+Applications must always be prepared to encounter a NULL pointer in any
+of the third through the sixth parameters of the authorization callback.</p>
+
+<p>If the action code is <a href="../c3ref/c_alter_table.html">SQLITE_READ</a>
+and the callback returns <a href="../c3ref/c_deny.html">SQLITE_IGNORE</a> then the
+<a href="../c3ref/stmt.html">prepared statement</a> statement is constructed to substitute
+a NULL value in place of the table column that would have
+been read if <a href="../rescode.html#ok">SQLITE_OK</a> had been returned.  The <a href="../c3ref/c_deny.html">SQLITE_IGNORE</a>
+return can be used to deny an untrusted user access to individual
+columns of a table.
+When a table is referenced by a <a href="../lang_select.html">SELECT</a> but no column values are
+extracted from that table (for example in a query like
+"SELECT count(*) FROM tab") then the <a href="../c3ref/c_alter_table.html">SQLITE_READ</a> authorizer callback
+is invoked once for that table with a column name that is an empty string.
+If the action code is <a href="../c3ref/c_alter_table.html">SQLITE_DELETE</a> and the callback returns
+<a href="../c3ref/c_deny.html">SQLITE_IGNORE</a> then the <a href="../lang_delete.html">DELETE</a> operation proceeds but the
+<a href="../lang_delete.html#truncateopt">truncate optimization</a> is disabled and all rows are deleted individually.</p>
+
+<p>An authorizer is used when <a href="../c3ref/prepare.html">preparing</a>
+SQL statements from an untrusted source, to ensure that the SQL statements
+do not try to access data they are not allowed to see, or that they do not
+try to execute malicious statements that damage the database.  For
+example, an application may allow a user to enter arbitrary
+SQL queries for evaluation by a database.  But the application does
+not want the user to be able to make arbitrary changes to the
+database.  An authorizer could then be put in place while the
+user-entered SQL is being <a href="../c3ref/prepare.html">prepared</a> that
+disallows everything except <a href="../lang_select.html">SELECT</a> statements.</p>
+
+<p>Applications that need to process SQL from untrusted sources
+might also consider lowering resource limits using <a href="../c3ref/limit.html">sqlite3_limit()</a>
+and limiting database size using the <a href="../pragma.html#pragma_max_page_count">max_page_count</a> <a href="../pragma.html#syntax">PRAGMA</a>
+in addition to using an authorizer.</p>
+
+<p>Only a single authorizer can be in place on a database connection
+at a time.  Each call to sqlite3_set_authorizer overrides the
+previous call.  Disable the authorizer by installing a NULL callback.
+The authorizer is disabled by default.</p>
+
+<p>The authorizer callback must not do anything that will modify
+the database connection that invoked the authorizer callback.
+Note that <a href="../c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare_v2()</a> and <a href="../c3ref/step.html">sqlite3_step()</a> both modify their
+database connections for the meaning of "modify" in this paragraph.</p>
+
+<p>When <a href="../c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare_v2()</a> is used to prepare a statement, the
+statement might be re-prepared during <a href="../c3ref/step.html">sqlite3_step()</a> due to a
+schema change.  Hence, the application should ensure that the
+correct authorizer callback remains in place during the <a href="../c3ref/step.html">sqlite3_step()</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Note that the authorizer callback is invoked only during
+<a href="../c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare()</a> or its variants.  Authorization is not
+performed during statement evaluation in <a href="../c3ref/step.html">sqlite3_step()</a>, unless
+as stated in the previous paragraph, sqlite3_step() invokes
+sqlite3_prepare_v2() to reprepare a statement after a schema change.
+</p><p>See also lists of
+  <a href="objlist.html">Objects</a>,
+  <a href="constlist.html">Constants</a>, and
+  <a href="funclist.html">Functions</a>.</p>
+