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diff --git a/www/lang_createtable.html b/www/lang_createtable.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2c7c037 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/lang_createtable.html @@ -0,0 +1,5895 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html><head> +<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> +<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> +<link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> +<title>CREATE TABLE</title> +<!-- path= --> +</head> +<body> +<div class=nosearch> +<a href="index.html"> +<img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0"> +</a> +<div><!-- IE hack to prevent disappearing logo --></div> +<div class="tagline desktoponly"> +Small. Fast. 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Syntax</a></div> +<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#the_create_table_command">2. The CREATE TABLE command</a></div> +<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#create_table_as_select_statements">2.1. CREATE TABLE ... AS SELECT Statements</a></div> +<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#column_definitions">3. Column Definitions</a></div> +<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#column_data_types">3.1. Column Data Types</a></div> +<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#the_default_clause">3.2. The DEFAULT clause</a></div> +<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#the_collate_clause">3.3. The COLLATE clause</a></div> +<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#the_generated_always_as_clause">3.4. The GENERATED ALWAYS AS clause</a></div> +<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#the_primary_key">3.5. The PRIMARY KEY</a></div> +<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#unique_constraints">3.6. UNIQUE constraints</a></div> +<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#check_constraints">3.7. CHECK constraints</a></div> +<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#not_null_constraints">3.8. NOT NULL constraints</a></div> +<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#constraint_enforcement">4. Constraint enforcement</a></div> +<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#response_to_constraint_violations">4.1. Response to constraint violations</a></div> +<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#rowids_and_the_integer_primary_key">5. ROWIDs and the INTEGER PRIMARY KEY</a></div> +</div> +</div> +<script> +function toggle_toc(){ +var sub = document.getElementById("toc_sub") +var mk = document.getElementById("toc_mk") +if( sub.style.display!="block" ){ +sub.style.display = "block"; +mk.innerHTML = "▼"; +} else { +sub.style.display = "none"; +mk.innerHTML = "►"; +} +} +</script> +</div> + + + + +<h1 id="syntax"><span>1. </span>Syntax</h1> + +<p><b><a href="syntax/create-table-stmt.html">create-table-stmt:</a></b> +<button id='x1425' onclick='hideorshow("x1425","x1426")'>hide</button></p> + <div id='x1426' class='imgcontainer'> + <div style="max-width:718px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 718.33 315.792"> +<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<polygon points="32,17 20,21 20,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M9,17L26,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M47,32L100,32A15 15 0 0 0 116 17A15 15 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style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +</svg> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b> +<button id='x1443' onclick='hideorshow("x1443","x1444")'>show</button></p> + <div id='x1444' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> + <div style="max-width:627px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 627.302 147.96"> +<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<polygon points="32,17 20,21 20,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M9,17L26,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M47,32L82,32A15 15 0 0 0 97 17A15 15 0 0 0 82 2L47,2A15 15 0 0 0 32 17A15 15 0 0 0 47 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<text x="65" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">RAISE</text> +<polygon points="120,17 109,21 109,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M97,17L114,17" 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/> +<path d="M32,32L193,32L193,2L32,2Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<text x="112" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">table-or-subquery</text> +<polygon points="259,47 247,51 247,43" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M193,17 L 200,17 Q 208,17 208,32 L 208,32 Q 208,47 223,47 L 238,47 L 253,47" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M259,62L380,62L380,32L259,32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<text x="319" y="47" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">join-operator</text> +<polygon points="403,47 391,51 391,43" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M380,47L397,47" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M403,62L564,62L564,32L403,32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<text x="483" y="47" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">table-or-subquery</text> 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0 0 256 92A15 15 0 0 0 271 108Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<text x="271" y="92" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">,</text> +<polygon points="286,92 298,88 298,97" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M333,55 L 341,55 Q 348,55 348,70 L 348,77 Q 348,92 333,92 L 307,92 L 292,92" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M256,92 L 197,92 Q 182,92 182,77 L 182,70 Q 182,55 190,55 L 197,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<polygon points="50,17 39,21 39,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M9,17L45,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M66,32L74,32A15 15 0 0 0 90 17A15 15 0 0 0 74 2L66,2A15 15 0 0 0 50 17A15 15 0 0 0 66 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<text x="70" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">ON</text> +<polygon points="113,17 101,21 101,12" 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onclick='hideorshow("x1481","x1482")'>show</button></p> + <div id='x1482' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> + <div style="max-width:620px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 620.333 255.312"> +<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<polygon points="50,71 39,76 39,67" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M9,17 L 16,17 Q 24,17 24,32 L 24,56 Q 24,71 34,71 L 45,71" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M66,86L133,86A15 15 0 0 0 148 71A15 15 0 0 0 133 56L66,56A15 15 0 0 0 50 71A15 15 0 0 0 66 86Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<text x="99" y="71" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">NATURAL</text> +<polygon points="189,41 178,45 178,37" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M148,71 L 155,71 Q 163,71 163,56 L 163,56 Q 163,41 173,41 L 184,41" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<polygon 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style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +</svg> +</div> +</div> +<p><b><a href="syntax/indexed-column.html">indexed-column:</a></b> +<button id='x1517' onclick='hideorshow("x1517","x1518")'>show</button></p> + <div id='x1518' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> + <div style="max-width:696px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 696.36 102.6"> +<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<polygon points="50,17 39,21 39,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M9,17L45,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M66,32L160,32A15 15 0 0 0 175 17A15 15 0 0 0 160 2L66,2A15 15 0 0 0 50 17A15 15 0 0 0 66 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<text x="113" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">column-name</text> +<polygon points="246,47 235,51 235,43" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M175,17 L 205,17 Q 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style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M582,62L599,62A15 15 0 0 0 614 47A15 15 0 0 0 599 32L582,32A15 15 0 0 0 567 47A15 15 0 0 0 582 62Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<text x="591" y="47" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">ASC</text> +<polygon points="645,47 633,51 633,43" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M614,47L639,47" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M645,47 L 652,47 Q 660,47 660,40 L 660,32" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<polygon points="567,47 556,51 556,43" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M541,32 L 541,39 Q 541,47 551,47 L 561,47" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +</svg> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<p><b><a href="syntax/table-options.html">table-options:</a></b> +<button id='x1519' onclick='hideorshow("x1519","x1520")'>show</button></p> + <div id='x1520' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> + <div style="max-width:324px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 324.036 98.31"> +<circle cx="5" cy="36" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<polygon points="77,17 66,21 66,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M9,36 L 40,36 Q 55,36 55,26 Q 55,17 63,17 L 72,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M93,32L161,32A15 15 0 0 0 177 17A15 15 0 0 0 161 2L93,2A15 15 0 0 0 77 17A15 15 0 0 0 93 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<text x="127" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">WITHOUT</text> +<polygon points="194,17 182,21 182,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M177,17L188,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M209,32L253,32A15 15 0 0 0 268 17A15 15 0 0 0 253 2L209,2A15 15 0 0 0 194 17A15 15 0 0 0 209 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<text x="231" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">ROWID</text> +<path d="M268,17 L 274,17 Q 280,17 280,26 Q 280,36 295,36 L 299,36 L 314,36" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<circle cx="318" cy="36" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<polygon points="77,54 66,59 66,50" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M9,36 L 40,36 Q 55,36 55,45 Q 55,54 63,54 L 72,54" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M93,69L139,69A15 15 0 0 0 154 54A15 15 0 0 0 139 39L93,39A15 15 0 0 0 77 54A15 15 0 0 0 93 69Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<text x="116" y="54" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">STRICT</text> +<polygon points="314,36 303,40 303,31" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M154,54 L 253,54 Q 268,54 274,54 Q 280,54 280,45 Q 280,36 294,36 L 308,36" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<polygon points="194,81 205,76 205,85" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M285,36 L 293,36 Q 300,36 300,51 L 300,66 Q 300,81 285,81 L 215,81 L 200,81" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M179,96A15 15 0 0 0 194 81A15 15 0 0 0 179 65A15 15 0 0 0 164 81A15 15 0 0 0 179 96Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<text x="179" y="81" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">,</text> +<polygon points="77,81 89,76 89,85" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M164,81L83,81" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M77,81 L 31,81 Q 16,81 16,66 L 16,51 Q 16,36 28,36 L 39,36" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +</svg> +</div> +</div> +</div> + + +<h1 id="the_create_table_command"><span>2. </span>The CREATE TABLE command</h1> + +<p>The "CREATE TABLE" command is used to create a new table in an SQLite +database. A CREATE TABLE command specifies the following attributes of the +new table: + +</p><ul> + <li><p>The name of the new table. + + </p></li><li><p> The database in which the new table is created. Tables may be + created in the main database, the temp database, or in any attached + database. + + </p></li><li><p> The name of each column in the table. + + </p></li><li><p> The declared type of each column in the table. + + </p></li><li><p> A default value or expression for each column in the table. + + </p></li><li><p> A default collation sequence to use with each column. + + </p></li><li><p> Optionally, a PRIMARY KEY for the table. Both single column and + composite (multiple column) primary keys are supported. + + </p></li><li><p> A set of SQL constraints for each table. SQLite supports UNIQUE, NOT + NULL, CHECK and FOREIGN KEY constraints. + + </p></li><li><p> Optionally, a <a href="gencol.html">generated column</a> constraint. + + </p></li><li><p> Whether the table is a <a href="withoutrowid.html">WITHOUT ROWID</a> table. + + </p></li><li><p> Whether the table is subject to <a href="stricttables.html">strict type checking</a>. +</p></li></ul> + +<p>Every CREATE TABLE statement must specify a name for the new table. + Table names that begin with "sqlite_" are reserved for internal use. It + is an error to attempt to create a table with a name that starts with + "sqlite_". + +</p><p> If a <span class='yyterm'>schema-name</span> is specified, it must be either "main", + "temp", or the name of an <a href="lang_attach.html">attached database</a>. In this case + the new table is created in the named database. If the "TEMP" or "TEMPORARY" + keyword occurs between the "CREATE" and "TABLE" then the new table is + created in the temp database. It is an error to specify both a + <span class='yyterm'>schema-name</span> and the TEMP or TEMPORARY keyword, unless the + <span class='yyterm'>schema-name</span> is "temp". + If no schema name is specified and the + TEMP keyword is not present then the table is created in the main + database. + +</p><p> + It is usually an error to attempt to create a new table in a database that + already contains a table, index or view of the same name. However, if the + "IF NOT EXISTS" clause is specified as part of the CREATE TABLE statement and + a table or view of the same name already exists, the CREATE TABLE command + simply has no effect (and no error message is returned). An error is still + returned if the table cannot be created because of an existing index, even + if the "IF NOT EXISTS" clause is specified. + +</p><p>It is not an error to create a table that has the same name as an + existing <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">trigger</a>. + +</p><p>Tables are removed using the <a href="lang_droptable.html">DROP TABLE</a> statement. </p> + +<a name="createtabas"></a> + +<h2 id="create_table_as_select_statements"><span>2.1. </span>CREATE TABLE ... AS SELECT Statements</h2> + +<p>A "CREATE TABLE ... AS SELECT" statement creates and populates a database +table based on the results of a SELECT statement. The table has the same +number of columns as the rows returned by the SELECT statement. The name of +each column is the same as the name of the corresponding column in the result +set of the SELECT statement. The declared type of each column is determined +by the <a href="datatype3.html#expraff">expression affinity</a> of the corresponding expression in the result set +of the SELECT statement, as follows: +</p> + +<center><table border="1"> + <tr><th>Expression Affinity </th><th>Column Declared Type + </th></tr><tr><td>TEXT </td><td>"TEXT" + </td></tr><tr><td>NUMERIC </td><td>"NUM" + </td></tr><tr><td>INTEGER </td><td>"INT" + </td></tr><tr><td>REAL </td><td>"REAL" + </td></tr><tr><td>BLOB (a.k.a "NONE") </td><td>"" (empty string) +</td></tr></table></center> + +<p>A table created using CREATE TABLE AS has no PRIMARY KEY and no +constraints of any kind. The default value of each column is NULL. The default +collation sequence for each column of the new table is BINARY. + +</p><p>Tables created using CREATE TABLE AS are initially populated with the +rows of data returned by the SELECT statement. Rows are assigned contiguously +ascending <a href="lang_createtable.html#rowid">rowid</a> values, starting with 1, in the <a href="lang_select.html#orderby">order</a> that they +are returned by the SELECT statement. + +<a name="tablecoldef"></a> + +</p><h1 id="column_definitions"><span>3. </span>Column Definitions</h1> + +<p>Unless it is a CREATE TABLE ... AS SELECT statement, a CREATE TABLE includes +one or more <a href="syntax/column-def.html">column definitions</a>, optionally followed by a list of +<a href="syntax/table-constraint.html">table constraints</a>. Each column definition consists of the +name of the column, optionally followed by the declared type of the column, +then one or more optional <a href="syntax/column-constraint.html">column constraints</a>. Included in +the definition of "column constraints" for the purposes of the previous +statement are the COLLATE and DEFAULT clauses, even though these are not really +constraints in the sense that they do not restrict the data that the table may +contain. The other constraints - NOT NULL, CHECK, UNIQUE, PRIMARY KEY and +FOREIGN KEY constraints - impose restrictions on the table data. + +</p><p>The number of columns in a table is limited by the <a href="limits.html#max_column">SQLITE_MAX_COLUMN</a> +compile-time parameter. A single row of a table cannot store more than +<a href="limits.html#max_length">SQLITE_MAX_LENGTH</a> bytes of data. Both of these limits can be lowered at +runtime using the <a href="c3ref/limit.html">sqlite3_limit()</a> C/C++ interface.</p> + +<h2 id="column_data_types"><span>3.1. </span>Column Data Types</h2> + +<p>Unlike most SQL databases, SQLite does not restrict the type of data that +may be inserted into a column based on the columns declared type. Instead, +SQLite uses <a href="datatype3.html">dynamic typing</a>. The declared type of a column is used to +determine the <a href="datatype3.html#affinity">affinity</a> of the column only. + +<a name="dfltval"></a> + +</p><h2 id="the_default_clause"><span>3.2. </span>The DEFAULT clause</h2> +<p>The DEFAULT clause specifies a default value to use for the column if no +value is explicitly provided by the user when doing an <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a>. If there +is no explicit DEFAULT clause attached to a column definition, then the +default value of the column is NULL. An explicit DEFAULT clause may specify +that the default value is NULL, a string constant, a blob constant, a +signed-number, or any constant expression enclosed in parentheses. A +default value may also be one of the special case-independent keywords +CURRENT_TIME, CURRENT_DATE or CURRENT_TIMESTAMP. For the purposes of the +DEFAULT clause, an expression is considered constant if it +contains no sub-queries, column or table references, <a href="lang_expr.html#varparam">bound parameters</a>, +or string literals enclosed in double-quotes instead of single-quotes. + +</p><p>Each time a row is inserted into the table by an INSERT statement that +does not provide explicit values for all table columns the values stored in +the new row are determined by their default values, as follows: + +</p><ul> + <li><p>If the default value of the column is a constant NULL, text, blob or + signed-number value, then that value is used directly in the new row. + + </p></li><li><p>If the default value of a column is an expression in parentheses, then + the expression is evaluated once for each row inserted and the results + used in the new row. + + </p></li><li><p>If the default value of a column is CURRENT_TIME, CURRENT_DATE or + CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, then the value used in the new row is a text + representation of the current UTC date and/or time. For CURRENT_TIME, the + format of the value is "HH:MM:SS". For CURRENT_DATE, "YYYY-MM-DD". The + format for CURRENT_TIMESTAMP is "YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS". +</p></li></ul> + +<a name="collateclause"></a> + +<h2 id="the_collate_clause"><span>3.3. </span>The COLLATE clause</h2> +<p>The COLLATE clause specifies the name of a <a href="datatype3.html#collation">collating sequence</a> to use as +the default collation sequence for the column. If no COLLATE clause is +specified, the default collation sequence is <a href="datatype3.html#collation">BINARY</a>. + +</p><h2 id="the_generated_always_as_clause"><span>3.4. </span>The GENERATED ALWAYS AS clause</h2> +<p>A column that includes a GENERATED ALWAY AS clause is a <a href="gencol.html">generated column</a>. +Generated columns are supported beginning with SQLite version 3.31.0 (2020-01-22). +See the <a href="gencol.html">separate documentation</a> for details on the capabilities and +limitations of generated columns. + +<a name="primkeyconst"></a> + +</p><h2 id="the_primary_key"><span>3.5. </span>The PRIMARY KEY</h2> +<p>Each table in SQLite may have at most one PRIMARY KEY. If the + keywords PRIMARY KEY are added to a column definition, then the primary key + for the table consists of that single column. Or, if a PRIMARY KEY clause + is specified as a <a href="syntax/table-constraint.html">table-constraint</a>, then the primary key of the table + consists of the list of columns specified as part of the PRIMARY KEY clause. + The PRIMARY KEY clause must contain only column names — the use of + expressions in an <a href="syntax/indexed-column.html">indexed-column</a> of a PRIMARY KEY is not supported. + An error is raised if more than one PRIMARY KEY clause appears in a + CREATE TABLE statement. The PRIMARY KEY is optional for ordinary tables + but is required for <a href="withoutrowid.html">WITHOUT ROWID</a> tables. + +</p><p>If a table has a single column primary key and the declared type of that + column is "INTEGER" and the table is not a <a href="withoutrowid.html">WITHOUT ROWID</a> table, + then the column is known as an <a href="lang_createtable.html#rowid">INTEGER PRIMARY KEY</a>. + See <a href="lang_createtable.html#rowid">below</a> for a description of the special properties and behaviors + associated with an <a href="lang_createtable.html#rowid">INTEGER PRIMARY KEY</a>. + +</p><p>Each row in a table with a primary key must have a unique combination + of values in its primary key columns. For the purposes of determining + the uniqueness of primary key values, NULL values are considered distinct from + all other values, including other NULLs. If an <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a> or <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a> + statement attempts to modify the table content so that two or more rows + have identical primary key values, that is a constraint violation. + +</p><p> According to the SQL standard, PRIMARY KEY should always imply NOT NULL. + Unfortunately, due to a bug in some early versions, this is not the + case in SQLite. Unless the column is an <a href="lang_createtable.html#rowid">INTEGER PRIMARY KEY</a> or + the table is a <a href="withoutrowid.html">WITHOUT ROWID</a> table or a <a href="stricttables.html">STRICT</a> table + or the column is declared NOT NULL, + SQLite allows NULL values in a PRIMARY KEY column. SQLite could be fixed to + conform to the standard, but doing so might break legacy applications. + Hence, it has been decided to merely document the fact that SQLite + allows NULLs in most PRIMARY KEY columns. + +<a name="uniqueconst"></a> + +</p><h2 id="unique_constraints"><span>3.6. </span>UNIQUE constraints</h2> +<p>A UNIQUE constraint is similar to a PRIMARY KEY constraint, except + that a single table may have any number of UNIQUE constraints. For each + UNIQUE constraint on the table, each row must contain a unique combination + of values in the columns identified by the UNIQUE constraint. + For the purposes of UNIQUE constraints, NULL values + are considered distinct from all other values, including other NULLs. + As with PRIMARY KEYs, a UNIQUE <a href="syntax/table-constraint.html">table-constraint</a> clause must contain + only column names — the use of + expressions in an <a href="syntax/indexed-column.html">indexed-column</a> of a UNIQUE <a href="syntax/table-constraint.html">table-constraint</a> + is not supported. + + +</p><p>In most cases, UNIQUE and PRIMARY KEY + constraints are implemented by creating a unique index in the database. + (The exceptions are <a href="lang_createtable.html#rowid">INTEGER PRIMARY KEY</a> and PRIMARY KEYs on + <a href="withoutrowid.html">WITHOUT ROWID</a> tables.) + Hence, the following schemas are logically equivalent: + + </p><ol> + <li><p>CREATE TABLE t1(a, b UNIQUE); + </p></li><li><p>CREATE TABLE t1(a, b PRIMARY KEY); + </p></li><li><p>CREATE TABLE t1(a, b);<br> + CREATE UNIQUE INDEX t1b ON t1(b); + </p></li></ol> + +<a name="ckconst"></a> + +<h2 id="check_constraints"><span>3.7. </span>CHECK constraints</h2> +<p>A CHECK constraint may be attached to a column definition or + specified as a table constraint. In practice it makes no difference. Each + time a new row is inserted into the table or an existing row is updated, + the expression associated with each CHECK constraint is evaluated and + cast to a NUMERIC value in the same way as a <a href="lang_expr.html#castexpr">CAST expression</a>. If the + result is zero (integer value 0 or real value 0.0), then a constraint + violation has occurred. If the CHECK expression evaluates to NULL, or + any other non-zero value, it is not a constraint violation. + The expression of a CHECK constraint may not contain a subquery. + +</p><p>CHECK constraints are only verified when the table is written, not when + it is read. Furthermore, verification of CHECK constraints can be + temporarily disabled using the "<a href="pragma.html#pragma_ignore_check_constraints">PRAGMA ignore_check_constraints=ON;</a>" + statement. Hence, it is possible that a query might produce results that + violate the CHECK constraints. + +<a name="notnullconst"></a> + +</p><h2 id="not_null_constraints"><span>3.8. </span>NOT NULL constraints</h2> +<p>A NOT NULL constraint may only be attached to a column definition, + not specified as a table constraint. Not surprisingly, a NOT NULL + constraint dictates that the associated column may not contain a NULL value. + Attempting to set the column value to NULL when inserting a new row or + updating an existing one causes a constraint violation. NOT NULL + constraints are not verified during queries, so a query of a column might + produce a NULL value even though the column is marked as NOT NULL, if the + database file is corrupt. + + +</p><h1 id="constraint_enforcement"><span>4. </span>Constraint enforcement</h1> + +<p>Constraints are checked during <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a> and <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a> and by +<a href="pragma.html#pragma_integrity_check">PRAGMA integrity_check</a> and <a href="pragma.html#pragma_quick_check">PRAGMA quick_check</a> and sometimes +by <a href="lang_altertable.html">ALTER TABLE</a>. Queries and <a href="lang_delete.html">DELETE</a> +statements do not normally verify constraints. +Hence, if a database file has been corrupted (perhaps by an external +program making direct changes to the database file without going through +the SQLite library) a query might return data that violates a constraint. +For example: + +</p><div class="codeblock"><pre>CREATE TABLE t1(x INT CHECK( x>3 )); +/* Insert a row with X less than 3 by directly writing into the +** database file using an external program */ +PRAGMA integrity_check; -- Reports row with x less than 3 as corrupt +INSERT INTO t1(x) VALUES(2); -- Fails with SQLITE_CORRUPT +SELECT x FROM t1; -- Returns an integer less than 3 in spite of the CHECK constraint +</pre></div> + +<p>Enforcement of CHECK constraints can be temporarily disabled using +the <a href="pragma.html#pragma_ignore_check_constraints">PRAGMA ignore_check_constraints=ON;</a> statement. + +</p><h2 id="response_to_constraint_violations"><span>4.1. </span>Response to constraint violations</h2> + +<p>The response to a constraint violation is determined by the + <a href="lang_conflict.html">constraint conflict resolution algorithm</a>. Each + PRIMARY KEY, UNIQUE, NOT NULL and CHECK constraint has a default conflict + resolution algorithm. PRIMARY KEY, UNIQUE and NOT NULL constraints may be + explicitly assigned a default conflict resolution algorithm by including + a <a href="syntax/conflict-clause.html">conflict-clause</a> in their definitions. Or, if a constraint definition + does not include a <a href="syntax/conflict-clause.html">conflict-clause</a> or it is a CHECK constraint, the default + conflict resolution algorithm is ABORT. Different constraints within the + same table may have different default conflict resolution algorithms. See + the section titled <a href="lang_conflict.html">ON CONFLICT</a> for additional information. + +<a name="rowid"></a> + +</p><h1 id="rowids_and_the_integer_primary_key"><span>5. </span>ROWIDs and the INTEGER PRIMARY KEY</h1> + +<p>Except for <a href="withoutrowid.html">WITHOUT ROWID</a> tables, all rows within SQLite tables +have a 64-bit signed integer key that uniquely identifies the row within its table. +This integer is usually +called the "rowid". The rowid value can be accessed using one of the special +case-independent names "rowid", "oid", or "_rowid_" in place of a column name. +If a table contains a user defined column named "rowid", "oid" or "_rowid_", +then that name always refers the explicitly declared column and cannot be used +to retrieve the integer rowid value. + +</p><p>The rowid (and "oid" and "_rowid_") is omitted in <a href="withoutrowid.html">WITHOUT ROWID</a> tables. +WITHOUT ROWID tables are only available in SQLite <a href="releaselog/3_8_2.html">version 3.8.2</a> +(2013-12-06) and later. +A table that lacks the WITHOUT ROWID clause is called a "rowid table". + +</p><p>The data for rowid tables is stored as a B-Tree structure containing +one entry for each table row, using the rowid value as the key. This means that +retrieving or sorting records by rowid is fast. Searching for a record with a +specific rowid, or for all records with rowids within a specified range is +around twice as fast as a similar search made by specifying any other PRIMARY +KEY or indexed value. + +</p><p> With one exception noted below, if a rowid table has a primary key that consists +of a single column and the declared type of that column is "INTEGER" in any mixture of +upper and lower case, then the column becomes an alias for the rowid. Such a +column is usually referred to as an "integer primary key". A PRIMARY KEY column +only becomes an integer primary key if the declared type name is exactly +"INTEGER". Other integer type names like "INT" or "BIGINT" or "SHORT INTEGER" +or "UNSIGNED INTEGER" causes the primary key column to behave as an ordinary +table column with integer <a href="datatype3.html#affinity">affinity</a> and a unique index, not as an alias for +the rowid. + +</p><p> The exception mentioned above is that if the declaration of a column with +declared type "INTEGER" includes an "PRIMARY KEY DESC" clause, it does not +become an alias for the rowid and is not classified as an integer primary key. +This quirk is not by design. It is due to a bug in early versions of SQLite. +But fixing the bug could result in backwards incompatibilities. +Hence, the original behavior has been retained (and documented) because odd +behavior in a corner case is far better than a compatibility break. This means +that the following three table declarations all cause the column "x" to be an +alias for the rowid (an integer primary key): + +</p><ul> +<li><tt>CREATE TABLE t(x INTEGER PRIMARY KEY ASC, y, z);</tt> +</li><li><tt>CREATE TABLE t(x INTEGER, y, z, PRIMARY KEY(x ASC));</tt> +</li><li><tt>CREATE TABLE t(x INTEGER, y, z, PRIMARY KEY(x DESC));</tt> +</li></ul> + +<p>But the following declaration does not result in "x" being an alias for +the rowid: +</p><ul> +<li><tt>CREATE TABLE t(x INTEGER PRIMARY KEY DESC, y, z);</tt> +</li></ul> + +<p>Rowid values may be modified using an UPDATE statement in the same +way as any other column value can, either using one of the built-in aliases +("rowid", "oid" or "_rowid_") or by using an alias created by an integer +primary key. Similarly, an INSERT statement may provide a value to use as the +rowid for each row inserted. Unlike normal SQLite columns, an integer primary +key or rowid column must contain integer values. Integer primary key or rowid +columns are not able to hold floating point values, strings, BLOBs, or NULLs. + +</p><p>If an UPDATE statement attempts to set an integer primary key or rowid column +to a NULL or blob value, or to a string or real value that cannot be losslessly +converted to an integer, a "datatype mismatch" error occurs and the statement +is aborted. If an INSERT statement attempts to insert a blob value, or a string +or real value that cannot be losslessly converted to an integer into an +integer primary key or rowid column, a "datatype mismatch" error occurs and the +statement is aborted. + +</p><p>If an INSERT statement attempts to insert a NULL value into a rowid or +integer primary key column, the system chooses an integer value to use as the +rowid automatically. A detailed description of how this is done is provided +<a href="autoinc.html">separately</a>.</p> + +<p>The <a href="foreignkeys.html#parentchild">parent key</a> of a <a href="foreignkeys.html">foreign key constraint</a> is not allowed to +use the rowid. The parent key must used named columns only.</p> +<p align="center"><small><i>This page last modified on <a href="https://sqlite.org/docsrc/honeypot" id="mtimelink" data-href="https://sqlite.org/docsrc/finfo/pages/lang_createtable.in?m=6b48097a40243196e">2022-12-14 11:53:20</a> UTC </small></i></p> + |