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+<title>SELECT</title>
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+<div class=fancy>
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+<div class="fancy_title">
+SELECT
+</div>
+<div class="fancy_toc">
+<a onclick="toggle_toc()">
+<span class="fancy_toc_mark" id="toc_mk">&#x25ba;</span>
+Table Of Contents
+</a>
+<div id="toc_sub"><div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#overview">1. Overview</a></div>
+<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#simple_select_processing">2. Simple Select Processing</a></div>
+<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#determination_of_input_data_from_clause_processing_">2.1. Determination of input data (FROM clause processing)</a></div>
+<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#special_handling_of_cross_join_">2.2. Special handling of CROSS JOIN.</a></div>
+<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#where_clause_filtering_">2.3. WHERE clause filtering.</a></div>
+<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#generation_of_the_set_of_result_rows">2.4. Generation of the set of result rows</a></div>
+<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#bare_columns_in_an_aggregate_query">2.5. Bare columns in an aggregate query</a></div>
+<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#removal_of_duplicate_rows_distinct_processing_">2.6. Removal of duplicate rows (DISTINCT processing)</a></div>
+<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#compound_select_statements">3. Compound Select Statements</a></div>
+<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#the_order_by_clause">4. The ORDER BY clause</a></div>
+<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#the_limit_clause">5. The LIMIT clause</a></div>
+<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#the_values_clause">6. The VALUES clause</a></div>
+<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#the_with_clause">7. The WITH Clause</a></div>
+<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#table_valued_functions_in_the_from_clause">8. Table-valued Functions In The FROM Clause</a></div>
+<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#deviations_from_standard_sql">9. Deviations From Standard SQL</a></div>
+<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#strange_join_names">9.1. Strange JOIN names</a></div>
+<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#precedence_of_comma_joins_and_cross_join">9.2. Precedence of comma-joins and CROSS JOIN</a></div>
+</div>
+</div>
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+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<h1 id="overview"><span>1. </span>Overview</h1>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
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+<path d="M579,32A15 15 0 0 0 594 17A15 15 0 0 0 579 2A15 15 0 0 0 564 17A15 15 0 0 0 579 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M207,32L259,32A15 15 0 0 0 274 17A15 15 0 0 0 259 2L207,2A15 15 0 0 0 192 17A15 15 0 0 0 207 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M456,17L553,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M207,108L249,108A15 15 0 0 0 264 92A15 15 0 0 0 249 77L207,77A15 15 0 0 0 192 92A15 15 0 0 0 207 108Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="228" y="92" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">ABORT</text>
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+<path d="M264,92L294,92" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M300,92 L 307,92 Q 315,92 315,77 L 315,70 Q 315,55 322,55 L 330,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M207,145L229,145A15 15 0 0 0 244 130A15 15 0 0 0 229 115L207,115A15 15 0 0 0 192 130A15 15 0 0 0 207 145Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="218" y="130" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">FAIL</text>
+<polygon points="300,130 288,135 288,126" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M244,130L294,130" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M300,130 L 307,130 Q 315,130 315,115 L 315,92 L 315,77" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<polygon points="192,130 180,135 180,126" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M165,39 L 165,115 Q 165,130 176,130 L 186,130" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M165,77 L 165,85 Q 165,92 176,92 L 186,92" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+</svg>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
+<button id='x1879' onclick='hideorshow("x1879","x1880")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x1880' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:661px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 661.008 110.16">
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+<path d="M9,17L39,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M60,32L87,32A15 15 0 0 0 102 17A15 15 0 0 0 87 2L60,2A15 15 0 0 0 45 17A15 15 0 0 0 60 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="74" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">name</text>
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+<path d="M102,17 L 123,17 Q 138,17 138,32 L 138,77 Q 138,92 149,92 L 159,92" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M180,108A15 15 0 0 0 195 92A15 15 0 0 0 180 77A15 15 0 0 0 165 92A15 15 0 0 0 180 108Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M212,108L350,108L350,77L212,77Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="281" y="92" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">signed-number</text>
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+<path d="M382,108A15 15 0 0 0 398 92A15 15 0 0 0 382 77A15 15 0 0 0 367 92A15 15 0 0 0 382 108Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="382" y="92" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">,</text>
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+<path d="M398,92L409,92" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M415,108L553,108L553,77L415,77Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M585,108A15 15 0 0 0 600 92A15 15 0 0 0 585 77A15 15 0 0 0 570 92A15 15 0 0 0 585 108Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="585" y="92" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">)</text>
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+<path d="M180,70A15 15 0 0 0 195 55L195,55A15 15 0 0 0 180 39A15 15 0 0 0 165 55L165,55A15 15 0 0 0 180 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="180" y="55" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">(</text>
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+<path d="M212,70L350,70L350,39L212,39Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M350,55L362,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M382,70A15 15 0 0 0 398 55L398,55A15 15 0 0 0 382 39A15 15 0 0 0 367 55L367,55A15 15 0 0 0 382 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="382" y="55" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">)</text>
+<polygon points="600,55 589,59 589,50" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M398,55L594,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M600,55 L 608,55 Q 615,55 615,47 L 615,40" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<polygon points="74,47 85,43 85,51" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M102,17 L 110,17 Q 117,17 117,32 L 117,32 Q 117,47 102,47 L 94,47 L 79,47" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M74,47 L 33,47 Q 18,47 18,32 L 18,32 Q 18,17 26,17 L 33,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<polygon points="382,17 371,21 371,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M102,17L377,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M382,17L630,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+</svg>
+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
+<button id='x1881' onclick='hideorshow("x1881","x1882")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x1882' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:292px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 292.013 99.576">
+<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<polygon points="50,44 39,48 39,40" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M9,17 L 16,17 Q 24,17 24,30 Q 24,44 34,44 L 45,44" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M66,59A15 15 0 0 0 81 44L81,44A15 15 0 0 0 66 29A15 15 0 0 0 50 44L50,44A15 15 0 0 0 66 59Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="66" y="44" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">+</text>
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+<path d="M81,44 L 88,44 Q 96,44 96,30 Q 96,17 106,17 L 116,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M137,32L244,32A15 15 0 0 0 259 17A15 15 0 0 0 244 2L137,2A15 15 0 0 0 122 17A15 15 0 0 0 137 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<circle cx="286" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<polygon points="50,82 39,86 39,77" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M9,17 L 16,17 Q 24,17 24,32 L 24,67 Q 24,82 34,82 L 45,82" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M66,97A15 15 0 0 0 81 82L81,82A15 15 0 0 0 66 67A15 15 0 0 0 50 82L50,82A15 15 0 0 0 66 97Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<polygon points="66,17 54,21 54,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M9,17L60,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M66,17L111,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+</svg>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
+<button id='x1883' onclick='hideorshow("x1883","x1884")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x1884' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:793px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 793.282 84.24">
+<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M9,17L26,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M32,32L193,32L193,2L32,2Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M193,17 L 200,17 Q 208,17 208,32 L 208,32 Q 208,47 223,47 L 238,47 L 253,47" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M259,62L380,62L380,32L259,32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M380,47L397,47" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M403,62L564,62L564,32L403,32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M564,47L581,47" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M587,62L721,62L721,32L587,32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M483,17L776,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
+<button id='x1885' onclick='hideorshow("x1885","x1886")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x1886' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:483px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 483.336 126.576">
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+<path d="M158,70A15 15 0 0 0 173 55L173,55A15 15 0 0 0 158 39A15 15 0 0 0 143 55L143,55A15 15 0 0 0 158 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M66,32L74,32A15 15 0 0 0 90 17A15 15 0 0 0 74 2L66,2A15 15 0 0 0 50 17A15 15 0 0 0 66 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M209,120 L 422,120 Q 437,120 437,105 L 437,54 L 437,39" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+</svg>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
+<button id='x1887' onclick='hideorshow("x1887","x1888")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x1888' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:620px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 620.333 255.312">
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+<path d="M9,17 L 16,17 Q 24,17 24,32 L 24,56 Q 24,71 34,71 L 45,71" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M66,86L133,86A15 15 0 0 0 148 71A15 15 0 0 0 133 56L66,56A15 15 0 0 0 50 71A15 15 0 0 0 66 86Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M246,86L273,86A15 15 0 0 0 288 71A15 15 0 0 0 273 56L246,56A15 15 0 0 0 231 71A15 15 0 0 0 246 86Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M532,56L554,56A15 15 0 0 0 569 41A15 15 0 0 0 554 26L532,26A15 15 0 0 0 516 41A15 15 0 0 0 532 56Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M99,41L178,41" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M189,41L505,41" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M246,124L284,124A15 15 0 0 0 299 109A15 15 0 0 0 284 94L246,94A15 15 0 0 0 231 109A15 15 0 0 0 246 124Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M189,41 L 197,41 Q 204,41 204,56 L 204,132 Q 204,147 215,147 L 225,147" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M246,162L274,162A15 15 0 0 0 289 147A15 15 0 0 0 274 132L246,132A15 15 0 0 0 231 147A15 15 0 0 0 246 162Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M246,207L287,207A15 15 0 0 0 302 192A15 15 0 0 0 287 177L246,177A15 15 0 0 0 231 192A15 15 0 0 0 246 207Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M475,192 L 482,192 Q 490,192 490,185 L 490,177" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<polygon points="231,238 219,242 219,233" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M9,17 L 16,17 Q 24,17 24,32 L 24,223 Q 24,238 39,238 L 210,238 L 225,238" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M246,253L287,253A15 15 0 0 0 303 238A15 15 0 0 0 287 222L246,222A15 15 0 0 0 231 238A15 15 0 0 0 246 253Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="267" y="238" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">CROSS</text>
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+<path d="M303,238L469,238" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M475,238 L 482,238 Q 490,238 490,223 L 490,71 L 490,56" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+</svg>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
+<button id='x1889' onclick='hideorshow("x1889","x1890")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x1890' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:798px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 798.451 99.576">
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+<path d="M32,32L81,32L81,2L32,2Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="56" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">expr</text>
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+<path d="M126,59L190,59A15 15 0 0 0 205 44L205,44A15 15 0 0 0 190 29L126,29A15 15 0 0 0 111 44L111,44A15 15 0 0 0 126 59Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M244,59L349,59A15 15 0 0 0 364 44L364,44A15 15 0 0 0 349 29L244,29A15 15 0 0 0 228 44L228,44A15 15 0 0 0 244 59Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="296" y="44" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">collation-name</text>
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+<path d="M462,97L492,97A15 15 0 0 0 508 82A15 15 0 0 0 492 67L462,67A15 15 0 0 0 447 82A15 15 0 0 0 462 97Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M462,59L479,59A15 15 0 0 0 494 44L494,44A15 15 0 0 0 479 29L462,29A15 15 0 0 0 447 44L447,44A15 15 0 0 0 462 59Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M421,29 L 421,36 Q 421,44 431,44 L 441,44" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M494,44 L 508,44 Q 523,44 523,36 L 523,29" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M701,59L735,59A15 15 0 0 0 750 44L750,44A15 15 0 0 0 735 29L701,29A15 15 0 0 0 686 44L686,44A15 15 0 0 0 701 59Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M742,82 L 754,82 Q 765,82 765,67 L 765,44 L 765,29" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M670,17L780,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+</svg>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
+<button id='x1891' onclick='hideorshow("x1891","x1892")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x1892' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:398px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 398.054 163.08">
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+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p>The SELECT statement is used to query the database. The
+result of a SELECT is zero or more rows of data where each row
+has a fixed number of columns. A SELECT statement does not make
+any changes to the database.
+
+</p><p>The "<a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt</a>" syntax diagram above attempts to show as much of the
+SELECT statement syntax as possible in a single diagram, because some readers
+find that helpful. The following "<a href="syntax/factored-select-stmt.html">factored-select-stmt</a>" is an alternative
+syntax diagrams that expresses the same syntax but tries to break the syntax
+down into smaller chunks.
+
+<p><b><a href="syntax/factored-select-stmt.html">factored-select-stmt:</a></b>
+<button id='x1899' onclick='hideorshow("x1899","x1900")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x1900' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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+</div>
+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
+<button id='x1915' onclick='hideorshow("x1915","x1916")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x1916' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:479px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 479.765 380.592">
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+<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
+<button id='x1917' onclick='hideorshow("x1917","x1918")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x1918' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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+<path d="M104,1030 L 111,1030 Q 119,1030 119,1043 Q 119,1057 134,1057 L 186,1057 Q 201,1057 201,1043 Q 201,1030 208,1030 L 216,1030" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M578,1030 L 585,1030 Q 593,1030 593,1043 Q 593,1057 608,1057 L 742,1057 Q 757,1057 757,1043 Q 757,1030 765,1030 L 772,1030" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M916,1087 L 924,1087 Q 931,1087 931,1072 L 931,32 Q 931,17 939,17 L 946,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+</svg>
+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b>
+<button id='x1923' onclick='hideorshow("x1923","x1924")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x1924' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:422px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 422.381 34.56">
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+<path d="M47,32L93,32A15 15 0 0 0 108 17A15 15 0 0 0 93 2L47,2A15 15 0 0 0 32 17A15 15 0 0 0 47 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="70" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">FILTER</text>
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+<path d="M199,32L249,32A15 15 0 0 0 264 17A15 15 0 0 0 249 2L199,2A15 15 0 0 0 184 17A15 15 0 0 0 199 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M287,32L336,32L336,2L287,2Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M374,32A15 15 0 0 0 389 17A15 15 0 0 0 374 2A15 15 0 0 0 359 17A15 15 0 0 0 374 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+</div>
+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
+<button id='x1925' onclick='hideorshow("x1925","x1926")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x1926' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:341px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 341.376 336.96">
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+</div>
+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b>
+<button id='x1927' onclick='hideorshow("x1927","x1928")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x1928' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:600px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 600.706 418.392">
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+<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
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+ <div id='x1932' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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+<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
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+<path d="M527,516L797,516" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M419,417 L 419,425 Q 419,433 430,433 L 440,433" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+</svg>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
+<button id='x1949' onclick='hideorshow("x1949","x1950")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x1950' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:661px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 661.008 110.16">
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+<text x="74" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">name</text>
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+<path d="M180,108A15 15 0 0 0 195 92A15 15 0 0 0 180 77A15 15 0 0 0 165 92A15 15 0 0 0 180 108Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<text x="281" y="92" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">signed-number</text>
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+<path d="M585,108A15 15 0 0 0 600 92A15 15 0 0 0 585 77A15 15 0 0 0 570 92A15 15 0 0 0 585 108Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M180,70A15 15 0 0 0 195 55L195,55A15 15 0 0 0 180 39A15 15 0 0 0 165 55L165,55A15 15 0 0 0 180 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M212,70L350,70L350,39L212,39Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M382,70A15 15 0 0 0 398 55L398,55A15 15 0 0 0 382 39A15 15 0 0 0 367 55L367,55A15 15 0 0 0 382 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M600,55 L 608,55 Q 615,55 615,47 L 615,40" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M74,47 L 33,47 Q 18,47 18,32 L 18,32 Q 18,17 26,17 L 33,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M382,17L630,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+</svg>
+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
+<button id='x1951' onclick='hideorshow("x1951","x1952")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x1952' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:292px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 292.013 99.576">
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+<path d="M9,17 L 16,17 Q 24,17 24,30 Q 24,44 34,44 L 45,44" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M66,59A15 15 0 0 0 81 44L81,44A15 15 0 0 0 66 29A15 15 0 0 0 50 44L50,44A15 15 0 0 0 66 59Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M137,32L244,32A15 15 0 0 0 259 17A15 15 0 0 0 244 2L137,2A15 15 0 0 0 122 17A15 15 0 0 0 137 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M9,17 L 16,17 Q 24,17 24,32 L 24,67 Q 24,82 34,82 L 45,82" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M66,97A15 15 0 0 0 81 82L81,82A15 15 0 0 0 66 67A15 15 0 0 0 50 82L50,82A15 15 0 0 0 66 97Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M81,82 L 88,82 Q 96,82 96,67 L 96,44 L 96,29" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<polygon points="66,17 54,21 54,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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+<path d="M66,17L111,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+</svg>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
+<button id='x1953' onclick='hideorshow("x1953","x1954")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x1954' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:798px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 798.451 99.576">
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+<path d="M9,17L26,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M32,32L81,32L81,2L32,2Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M126,59L190,59A15 15 0 0 0 205 44L205,44A15 15 0 0 0 190 29L126,29A15 15 0 0 0 111 44L111,44A15 15 0 0 0 126 59Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M244,59L349,59A15 15 0 0 0 364 44L364,44A15 15 0 0 0 349 29L244,29A15 15 0 0 0 228 44L228,44A15 15 0 0 0 244 59Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M462,59L479,59A15 15 0 0 0 494 44L494,44A15 15 0 0 0 479 29L462,29A15 15 0 0 0 447 44L447,44A15 15 0 0 0 462 59Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M606,59L648,59A15 15 0 0 0 663 44L663,44A15 15 0 0 0 648 29L606,29A15 15 0 0 0 591 44L591,44A15 15 0 0 0 606 59Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M701,59L735,59A15 15 0 0 0 750 44L750,44A15 15 0 0 0 735 29L701,29A15 15 0 0 0 686 44L686,44A15 15 0 0 0 701 59Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M606,97L648,97A15 15 0 0 0 663 82A15 15 0 0 0 648 67L606,67A15 15 0 0 0 591 82A15 15 0 0 0 606 97Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M701,97L727,97A15 15 0 0 0 742 82A15 15 0 0 0 727 67L701,67A15 15 0 0 0 686 82A15 15 0 0 0 701 97Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M742,82 L 754,82 Q 765,82 765,67 L 765,44 L 765,29" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M670,17L780,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+</svg>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/select-core.html">select-core:</a></b>
+<button id='x1955' onclick='hideorshow("x1955","x1956")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x1956' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:655px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 655.157 728.568">
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+<button id='x1959' onclick='hideorshow("x1959","x1960")'>show</button></p>
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+</svg>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+</p><p>Note that there are paths through the syntax diagrams that
+are not allowed in practice. Some examples:
+</p><ul>
+<li>A <a href="lang_select.html#values">VALUES</a> clause can be the first element in a <a href="lang_select.html#compound">compound SELECT</a>
+ that uses a <a href="lang_with.html">WITH</a> clause, but a <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">simple SELECT</a> that consists of
+ just a <a href="lang_select.html#values">VALUES</a> clause cannot be preceded by a <a href="lang_with.html">WITH</a> clause.
+</li><li>The <a href="lang_with.html">WITH</a> clause must occur on the first SELECT of a <a href="lang_select.html#compound">compound SELECT</a>.
+ It cannot follow a <a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator</a>.
+</li></ul>
+
+<p>These and other similar syntax restrictions are described in the text.
+
+</p><p>The SELECT statement is the most complicated command in the SQL language.
+To make the description easier to follow, some of the passages below describe
+the way the data returned by a SELECT statement is determined as a series of
+steps. It is important to keep in mind that this is purely illustrative -
+in practice neither SQLite nor any other SQL engine is required to follow
+this or any other specific process.
+
+<a name="simpleselect"></a>
+
+</p><h1 id="simple_select_processing"><span>2. </span>Simple Select Processing</h1>
+
+<p>The core of a SELECT statement is a "simple SELECT" shown by the
+<a href="syntax/select-core.html">select-core</a> and <a href="syntax/simple-select-stmt.html">simple-select-stmt</a> syntax diagrams below.
+In practice, most SELECT statements are simple SELECT statements.
+
+<p><b><a href="syntax/simple-select-stmt.html">simple-select-stmt:</a></b>
+<button id='x1973' onclick='hideorshow("x1973","x1974")'>hide</button></p>
+ <div id='x1974' class='imgcontainer'>
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+<text x="75" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">WITH</text>
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+<text x="209" y="47" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">RECURSIVE</text>
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+<path d="M470,70A15 15 0 0 0 485 55L485,55A15 15 0 0 0 470 39A15 15 0 0 0 455 55L455,55A15 15 0 0 0 470 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M455,55 L 349,55 Q 334,55 334,40 L 334,32 Q 334,17 340,17 L 345,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M45,153L148,153L148,123L45,123Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="97" y="138" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">select-core</text>
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+</svg>
+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
+<button id='x1975' onclick='hideorshow("x1975","x1976")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x1976' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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+ <div id='x1982' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:793px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 793.282 84.24">
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+<path d="M403,62L564,62L564,32L403,32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M721,47 L 728,47 Q 736,47 736,62 L 736,62 Q 736,77 721,77 L 504,77 L 489,77" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
+<button id='x1983' onclick='hideorshow("x1983","x1984")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x1984' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:483px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 483.336 126.576">
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+ <div id='x1986' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:620px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 620.333 255.312">
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+<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
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+</div>
+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
+<button id='x2005' onclick='hideorshow("x2005","x2006")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x2006' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:627px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 627.302 147.96">
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+<path d="M525,1125 L 546,1125 Q 561,1125 561,1133 L 561,1140" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M127,1042 L 127,1140 Q 127,1155 142,1155 L 504,1155 L 519,1155" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M525,1155L597,1155" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+</svg>
+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
+<button id='x2009' onclick='hideorshow("x2009","x2010")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x2010' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:293px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 293.842 147.96">
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+<path d="M83,32L127,32A15 15 0 0 0 142 17A15 15 0 0 0 127 2L83,2A15 15 0 0 0 68 17A15 15 0 0 0 83 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M180,70L195,70A15 15 0 0 0 210 55L210,55A15 15 0 0 0 195 39L180,39A15 15 0 0 0 165 55L165,55A15 15 0 0 0 180 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M233,55 L 240,55 Q 248,55 248,40 L 248,32 Q 248,17 263,17 L 263,17 L 278,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<circle cx="288" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M32,17 L 39,17 Q 47,17 47,32 L 47,40 Q 47,55 55,55 L 62,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M142,17L276,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M47,39 L 47,77 Q 47,92 55,92 L 62,92" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M233,92 L 240,92 Q 248,92 248,77 L 248,54 L 248,39" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<polygon points="233,130 221,135 221,126" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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+<path d="M233,130 L 240,130 Q 248,130 248,115 L 248,92 L 248,77" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+</div>
+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
+<button id='x2011' onclick='hideorshow("x2011","x2012")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x2012' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:793px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 793.282 84.24">
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+<path d="M32,32L193,32L193,2L32,2Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M259,62L380,62L380,32L259,32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M403,62L564,62L564,32L403,32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M587,62L721,62L721,32L587,32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<circle cx="787" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M193,17L478,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M483,17L776,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<polygon points="483,77 495,73 495,82" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M721,47 L 728,47 Q 736,47 736,62 L 736,62 Q 736,77 721,77 L 504,77 L 489,77" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M483,77 L 247,77 Q 232,77 232,62 L 232,62 Q 232,47 246,47 L 259,47" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
+<button id='x2013' onclick='hideorshow("x2013","x2014")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x2014' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:483px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 483.336 126.576">
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+<path d="M120,55L137,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M158,70A15 15 0 0 0 173 55L173,55A15 15 0 0 0 158 39A15 15 0 0 0 143 55L143,55A15 15 0 0 0 158 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M384,70A15 15 0 0 0 399 55L399,55A15 15 0 0 0 384 39A15 15 0 0 0 369 55L369,55A15 15 0 0 0 384 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+</div>
+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
+<button id='x2015' onclick='hideorshow("x2015","x2016")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x2016' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:620px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 620.333 255.312">
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+</div>
+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
+<button id='x2021' onclick='hideorshow("x2021","x2022")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x2022' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:479px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 479.765 380.592">
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+<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
+<button id='x2023' onclick='hideorshow("x2023","x2024")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x2024' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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+<path d="M180,70A15 15 0 0 0 195 55L195,55A15 15 0 0 0 180 39A15 15 0 0 0 165 55L165,55A15 15 0 0 0 180 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M382,70A15 15 0 0 0 398 55L398,55A15 15 0 0 0 382 39A15 15 0 0 0 367 55L367,55A15 15 0 0 0 382 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M74,47 L 33,47 Q 18,47 18,32 L 18,32 Q 18,17 26,17 L 33,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M382,17L630,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+</svg>
+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
+<button id='x2027' onclick='hideorshow("x2027","x2028")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x2028' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:292px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 292.013 99.576">
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+<path d="M66,17L111,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+</svg>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
+<button id='x2029' onclick='hideorshow("x2029","x2030")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x2030' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:798px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 798.451 99.576">
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+</div>
+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/select-core.html">select-core:</a></b>
+<button id='x2031' onclick='hideorshow("x2031","x2032")'>hide</button></p>
+ <div id='x2032' class='imgcontainer'>
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+<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
+<button id='x2037' onclick='hideorshow("x2037","x2038")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x2038' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:620px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 620.333 255.312">
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+<path d="M66,86L133,86A15 15 0 0 0 148 71A15 15 0 0 0 133 56L66,56A15 15 0 0 0 50 71A15 15 0 0 0 66 86Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
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+ <div id='x2040' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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+<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
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+ <div id='x2042' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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+<text x="617" y="395" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">CURRENT</text>
+<polygon points="690,395 678,399 678,390" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M667,395L684,395" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M705,410L729,410A15 15 0 0 0 744 395A15 15 0 0 0 729 380L705,380A15 15 0 0 0 690 395A15 15 0 0 0 705 410Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="717" y="395" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">ROW</text>
+<polygon points="767,395 756,399 756,390" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M744,395L762,395" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M767,395 L 775,395 Q 782,395 782,402 L 782,410" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M461,448L529,448A15 15 0 0 0 544 433A15 15 0 0 0 529 417L461,417A15 15 0 0 0 446 433A15 15 0 0 0 461 448Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="495" y="433" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">EXCLUDE</text>
+<polygon points="567,433 555,437 555,428" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M544,433L561,433" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M582,448L625,448A15 15 0 0 0 640 433A15 15 0 0 0 625 417L582,417A15 15 0 0 0 567 433A15 15 0 0 0 582 448Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="604" y="433" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">GROUP</text>
+<polygon points="767,433 756,437 756,428" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M640,433L762,433" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M767,433 L 775,433 Q 782,433 782,440 L 782,448" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M461,486L529,486A15 15 0 0 0 544 470A15 15 0 0 0 529 455L461,455A15 15 0 0 0 446 470A15 15 0 0 0 461 486Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="495" y="470" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">EXCLUDE</text>
+<polygon points="567,470 555,475 555,466" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M544,470L561,470" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M582,486L604,486A15 15 0 0 0 619 470A15 15 0 0 0 604 455L582,455A15 15 0 0 0 567 470A15 15 0 0 0 582 486Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="593" y="470" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">TIES</text>
+<polygon points="767,470 756,475 756,466" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M619,470L762,470" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M767,470 L 775,470 Q 782,470 782,478 L 782,485" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M461,372L529,372A15 15 0 0 0 544 357A15 15 0 0 0 529 342L461,342A15 15 0 0 0 446 357A15 15 0 0 0 461 372Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="495" y="357" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">EXCLUDE</text>
+<polygon points="567,357 555,361 555,353" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M544,357L561,357" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M582,372L591,372A15 15 0 0 0 606 357A15 15 0 0 0 591 342L582,342A15 15 0 0 0 567 357A15 15 0 0 0 582 372Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="586" y="357" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">NO</text>
+<polygon points="629,357 617,361 617,353" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M606,357L623,357" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M644,372L700,372A15 15 0 0 0 715 357A15 15 0 0 0 700 342L644,342A15 15 0 0 0 629 357A15 15 0 0 0 644 372Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="672" y="357" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">OTHERS</text>
+<polygon points="767,357 756,361 756,353" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M715,357L762,357" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<polygon points="890,516 879,520 879,511" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M767,357 L 775,357 Q 782,357 782,372 L 782,501 Q 782,516 797,516 L 870,516 L 885,516" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<circle cx="894" cy="516" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<polygon points="710,304 722,300 722,308" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M1001,304L716,304" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<polygon points="527,516 516,520 516,511" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M710,304 L 434,304 Q 419,304 419,319 L 419,501 Q 419,516 434,516 L 507,516 L 522,516" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M527,516L797,516" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<polygon points="446,357 434,361 434,353" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M419,342 L 419,349 Q 419,357 430,357 L 440,357" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<polygon points="446,395 434,399 434,390" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M419,380 L 419,387 Q 419,395 430,395 L 440,395" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<polygon points="446,433 434,437 434,428" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M419,417 L 419,425 Q 419,433 430,433 L 440,433" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<polygon points="446,470 434,475 434,466" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M419,455 L 419,463 Q 419,470 430,470 L 440,470" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+</svg>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+</p><p>Generating the results of a simple SELECT
+statement is presented as a four step process in the description below:
+
+</p><ol>
+ <li> <p><a href="lang_select.html#fromclause">FROM clause</a> processing: The input data for the simple SELECT is
+ determined. The input data is either implicitly a single row with 0
+ columns (if there is no FROM clause) or is determined by the FROM
+ clause.
+ </p></li><li> <p><a href="lang_select.html#whereclause">WHERE clause</a> processing: The input data is filtered using the WHERE
+ clause expression.
+ </p></li><li> <p><a href="lang_select.html#resultset">GROUP BY, HAVING and result-column expression</a> processing:
+ The set of result rows is computed by aggregating the data according to
+ any GROUP BY clause and calculating the result-set expressions for the
+ rows of the filtered input dataset.
+ </p></li><li> <p><a href="lang_select.html#distinct">DISTINCT/ALL keyword</a> processing: If the query is a "SELECT
+ DISTINCT" query, duplicate rows are removed from the set of result rows.
+</p></li></ol>
+
+<p>There are two types of simple SELECT statement - aggregate and
+non-aggregate queries. A simple SELECT statement is an aggregate query if
+it contains either a GROUP BY clause or one or more aggregate functions
+in the result-set. Otherwise, if a simple SELECT contains no aggregate
+functions or a GROUP BY clause, it is a non-aggregate query.
+
+<a name="fromclause"></a>
+
+
+</p><h2 id="determination_of_input_data_from_clause_processing_"><span>2.1. </span>Determination of input data (FROM clause processing)</h2>
+
+<p>The input data used by a simple SELECT query is a set of <i>N</i> rows
+each <i>M</i> columns wide.
+
+</p><p>If the FROM clause is omitted from a simple SELECT statement, then the
+input data is implicitly a single row zero columns wide (i.e. <i>N</i>=1 and
+<i>M</i>=0).
+
+</p><p>If a FROM clause is specified, the data on which a simple SELECT query
+operates comes from the one or more tables or subqueries (SELECT statements
+in parentheses) specified following the FROM keyword. A subquery specified
+in the <span class='yyterm'>table-or-subquery</span> following the FROM clause in a
+simple SELECT statement is
+handled as if it was a table containing the data returned by executing the
+subquery statement. Each column of the subquery has the
+<a href="datatype3.html#collation">collation sequence</a> and <a href="datatype3.html#affinity">affinity</a> of the corresponding expression
+in the subquery statement.
+
+</p><p>If there is only a single table or subquery in the FROM
+clause, then the input data used by the SELECT statement is the contents of the
+named table. If there is more than one table or subquery in FROM clause
+then the contents of all tables and/or subqueries
+are joined into a single dataset for the simple SELECT statement to operate on.
+Exactly how the data is combined depends on the specific <a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator</a> and
+<a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint</a> used to connect the tables or subqueries together.
+
+</p><p>All joins in SQLite are based on the cartesian product of the left and
+right-hand datasets. The columns of the cartesian product dataset are, in
+order, all the columns of the left-hand dataset followed by all the columns
+of the right-hand dataset. There is a row in the cartesian product dataset
+formed by combining each unique combination of a row from the left-hand
+and right-hand datasets. In other words, if the left-hand dataset consists of
+<i>N<sub><small>left</small></sub></i> rows of
+<i>M<sub><small>left</small></sub></i> columns, and the right-hand dataset of
+<i>N<sub><small>right</small></sub></i> rows of
+<i>M<sub><small>right</small></sub></i> columns, then the cartesian product is a
+dataset of
+<i>N<sub><small>left</small></sub>&times;N<sub><small>right</small></sub></i>
+rows, each containing
+<i>M<sub><small>left</small></sub>+M<sub><small>right</small></sub></i> columns.
+
+</p><p>If the join-operator is "CROSS JOIN", "INNER JOIN", "JOIN" or a comma
+(",") and there is no ON or USING clause, then the result of the join is
+simply the cartesian product of the left and right-hand datasets.
+If join-operator does have ON or USING clauses, those are handled according to
+the following bullet points:
+
+</p><ul>
+ <li> <p>If there is an ON clause then the ON expression is
+ evaluated for each row of the cartesian product as a
+ <a href="lang_expr.html#booleanexpr">boolean expression</a>. Only rows for which the expression evaluates to
+ true are included from the dataset.
+
+ </p></li><li> <p>If there is a USING clause
+ then each of the column names specified must exist in the datasets to
+ both the left and right of the join-operator. For each pair of named
+ columns, the expression "lhs.X = rhs.X" is evaluated for each row of
+ the cartesian product as a <a href="lang_expr.html#booleanexpr">boolean expression</a>. Only rows for which
+ all such expressions evaluates to true are included from the
+ result set. When comparing values as a result of a USING clause, the
+ normal rules for handling affinities, collation sequences and NULL
+ values in comparisons apply. The column from the dataset on the
+ left-hand side of the join-operator is considered to be on the left-hand
+ side of the comparison operator (=) for the purposes of collation
+ sequence and affinity precedence.
+
+ </p><p>For each pair of columns identified by a USING clause, the column
+ from the right-hand dataset is omitted from the joined dataset. This
+ is the only difference between a USING clause and its equivalent ON
+ constraint.
+
+ </p></li><li> <p>If the NATURAL keyword is in the join-operator then an
+ implicit USING clause is added to the join-constraints. The implicit
+ USING clause contains each of the column names that appear in both
+ the left and right-hand input datasets. If the left and right-hand
+ input datasets feature no common column names, then the NATURAL keyword
+ has no effect on the results of the join. A USING or ON clause may
+ not be added to a join that specifies the NATURAL keyword.
+
+ </p></li><li> <p>If the join-operator is a "LEFT JOIN" or "LEFT OUTER JOIN", then
+ after
+ the ON or USING filtering clauses have been applied, an extra row is
+ added to the output for each row in the original left-hand input
+ dataset that does not match any row in the right-hand dataset.
+ The added rows contain NULL values in the columns
+ that would normally contain values copied from the right-hand input
+ dataset.
+
+ </p></li><li> <p>
+ <a name="rjoin"></a>
+
+ If the join-operator is a "RIGHT JOIN" or "RIGHT OUTER JOIN", then
+ after the ON or USING filtering clauses have been applied, an extra row is
+ added to the output for each row in the original right-hand input
+ dataset that does not match any row in the left-hand dataset.
+ The added rows contain NULL values in the columns
+ that would normally contain values copied from the left-hand input
+ dataset.
+
+ </p></li><li> <p>
+ <a name="fulljoin"></a>
+
+ A "FULL JOIN" or "FULL OUTER JOIN" is a combination of a
+ "LEFT JOIN" and a "RIGHT JOIN". Extra rows of output are
+ added for each row in left dataset that matches no rows in the right,
+ and for each row in the right dataset that matches no rows in the
+ left. Unmatched columns are filled in with NULL.
+</p></li></ul>
+
+<p>When more than two tables are joined together as part of a FROM clause,
+the join operations are processed in order from left to right. In other
+words, the FROM clause (A join-op-1 B join-op-2 C) is computed as
+((A join-op-1 B) join-op-2 C).
+
+<a name="crossjoin"></a>
+
+</p><h2 id="special_handling_of_cross_join_"><span>2.2. </span>Special handling of CROSS JOIN.</h2>
+
+<p>There is no difference between the "INNER JOIN", "JOIN" and "," join
+operators. They are completely interchangeable in SQLite.
+The "CROSS JOIN" join operator produces the same result as the
+"INNER JOIN", "JOIN" and "," operators, but is
+<a href="optoverview.html#crossjoin">handled differently by the query optimizer</a>
+in that it prevents the query optimizer from reordering
+the tables in the join. An application programmer can use the CROSS JOIN
+operator to directly influence the algorithm that is chosen to implement
+the SELECT statement. Avoid using CROSS JOIN except in specific situations
+where manual control of the query optimizer is desired. Avoid using
+CROSS JOIN early in the development of an application as doing so is
+a <a href="http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?PrematureOptimization">premature
+optimization</a>. The special handling of CROSS JOIN is an SQLite-specific
+feature and is not a part of standard SQL.
+
+<a name="whereclause"></a>
+
+
+</p><h2 id="where_clause_filtering_"><span>2.3. </span>WHERE clause filtering.</h2>
+
+<p>If a WHERE clause is specified, the WHERE expression is evaluated for
+each row in the input data as a <a href="lang_expr.html#booleanexpr">boolean expression</a>. Only rows for which the
+WHERE clause expression evaluates to true are included from the dataset before
+continuing. Rows are excluded from the result if the WHERE clause
+evaluates to either false or NULL.
+
+</p><p>For a JOIN or INNER JOIN or CROSS JOIN, there is no difference between
+a constraint expression in the WHERE clause and one in the ON clause. However,
+for a LEFT JOIN or LEFT OUTER JOIN, the difference is very important.
+In a LEFT JOIN,
+the extra NULL row for the right-hand table is added after ON clause processing
+but before WHERE clause processing. A constraint of the form "left.x=right.y"
+in an ON clause will therefore allow through the added all-NULL rows of the
+right table. But if that same constraint is in the WHERE clause a NULL in
+"right.y" will prevent the expression "left.x=right.y" from being true, and
+thus exclude that row from the output.
+
+<a name="resultset"></a>
+
+
+</p><h2 id="generation_of_the_set_of_result_rows"><span>2.4. </span>Generation of the set of result rows</h2>
+
+<p>Once the input data from the FROM clause has been filtered by the
+WHERE clause expression (if any), the set of result rows for the simple
+SELECT are calculated. Exactly how this is done depends on whether the simple
+SELECT is an aggregate or non-aggregate query, and whether or not a GROUP
+BY clause was specified.
+
+</p><p> The list of expressions between the SELECT and FROM keywords is known as
+the result expression list. If a result expression is the special expression
+"*" then all columns in the input data are substituted for that one expression.
+If the expression is the alias of a table or subquery in the FROM clause
+followed by ".*" then all columns from the named table or subquery are
+substituted for the single expression. It is an error to use a "*" or
+"alias.*" expression in any context other than a result expression list.
+It is also an error to use a "*" or "alias.*" expression in a simple SELECT
+query that does not have a FROM clause.
+
+</p><p> The number of columns in the rows returned by a simple SELECT statement
+is equal to the number of expressions in the result expression list after
+substitution of * and alias.* expressions. Each result row is calculated by
+evaluating the expressions in the result expression list with respect to a
+single row of input data or, for aggregate queries, with respect to a group
+of rows.
+
+</p><ul>
+ <li><p>If the SELECT statement is <b>a non-aggregate query</b>, then
+ each expression in the result expression list is evaluated for each row in
+ the dataset filtered by the WHERE clause.
+
+ </p></li><li><p>If the SELECT statement is <b>an aggregate query without a GROUP
+ BY</b> clause, then each aggregate expression in the result-set is
+ evaluated once across the entire dataset. Each non-aggregate expression
+ in the result-set is evaluated once for an arbitrarily selected row of
+ the dataset. The same arbitrarily selected row is used for each
+ non-aggregate expression. Or, if the dataset contains zero rows, then
+ each non-aggregate expression is evaluated against a row consisting
+ entirely of NULL values.
+
+ </p><p>The single row of result-set data created by evaluating the aggregate
+ and non-aggregate expressions in the result-set forms the result of an
+ aggregate query without a GROUP BY clause. An aggregate query without a
+ GROUP BY clause always returns exactly one row of data, even if there are
+ zero rows of input data.
+
+
+ </p></li><li><p>If the SELECT statement is <b>an aggregate query with a GROUP
+ BY</b> clause, then each of the expressions specified as part of the
+ GROUP BY clause is evaluated for each row of the dataset according to
+ the processing rules stated below for ORDER BY expressions. Each row
+ is then assigned to a "group" based on the results; rows for which
+ the results of evaluating the GROUP BY expressions are the same get
+ assigned to the same group. For the purposes of grouping rows, NULL
+ values are considered equal. The usual rules for <a href="datatype3.html#collation">selecting a
+ collation sequence</a> with which to compare text values apply when evaluating
+ expressions in a GROUP BY clause. The expressions in the GROUP BY clause
+ do <em>not</em> have to be expressions that appear in the result. The
+ expressions in a GROUP BY clause may not be aggregate expressions.
+
+
+ </p><p>If a HAVING clause is specified, it is evaluated once for each group
+ of rows as a <a href="lang_expr.html#booleanexpr">boolean expression</a>. If the result of evaluating the
+ HAVING clause is false, the group is discarded. If the HAVING clause is
+ an aggregate expression, it is evaluated across all rows in the group. If
+ a HAVING clause is a non-aggregate expression, it is evaluated with respect
+ to an arbitrarily selected row from the group. The HAVING expression may
+ refer to values, even aggregate functions, that are not in the result.</p>
+
+ <p>Each expression in the result-set is then evaluated once for each
+ group of rows. If the expression is an aggregate expression, it is
+ evaluated across all rows in the group. Otherwise, it is evaluated against
+ a single arbitrarily chosen row from within the group. If there is more
+ than one non-aggregate expression in the result-set, then all such
+ expressions are evaluated for the same row.
+
+ </p><p>Each group of input dataset rows contributes a single row to the
+ set of result rows. Subject to filtering associated with the DISTINCT
+ keyword, the number of rows returned by an aggregate query with a GROUP
+ BY clause is the same as the number of groups of rows produced by applying
+ the GROUP BY and HAVING clauses to the filtered input dataset.
+</p></li></ul>
+
+<a name="bareagg"></a>
+
+<h2 id="bare_columns_in_an_aggregate_query"><span>2.5. </span>Bare columns in an aggregate query</h2>
+
+<p>The usual case is that all column names in an aggregate query are either
+arguments to <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">aggregate functions</a> or else appear in the GROUP BY clause.
+A result column which contains a column name that is not within an
+aggregate function and that does not appear in the GROUP BY clause (if
+one exists) is called a "bare" column.
+Example:
+</p><blockquote><pre>
+SELECT a, b, sum(c) FROM tab1 GROUP BY a;
+</pre></blockquote>
+<p>In the query above, the "a" column is part of the GROUP BY clause
+and so each row of the output contains one of the distinct values for
+"a". The "c" column is contained within the <a href="lang_aggfunc.html#sumunc">sum()</a> aggregate function
+and so that output column is the sum of all "c" values in rows that
+have the same value for "a". But what is the result of the bare
+column "b"? The answer is that the "b" result will be the
+value for "b" in one of the input rows that form the aggregate.
+The problem is that you usually do not know which input row is used
+to compute "b", and so in many cases the value for "b" is undefined.
+</p>
+<p>
+Special processing occurs when the aggregate function is
+either <a href="lang_aggfunc.html#min_agg">min()</a> or <a href="lang_aggfunc.html#max_agg">max()</a>. Example:
+</p><blockquote><pre>
+SELECT a, b, max(c) FROM tab1 GROUP BY a;
+</pre></blockquote>
+
+<p>If there is exactly one <a href="lang_aggfunc.html#max_agg">min()</a> or <a href="lang_aggfunc.html#min_agg">max()</a> aggregate
+in the query, then all bare columns in the result set take values from an
+input row which also contains the minimum or maximum. So in the query
+above, the value of the "b" column in the output will be the value of
+the "b" column in the input row that has the largest "c" value.
+There are limitations on this special behavior of
+<a href="lang_aggfunc.html#max_agg">min()</a> and <a href="lang_aggfunc.html#min_agg">max()</a>:
+
+</p><ol>
+<li>
+<p>If the same minimum or maximum value occurs on two or more rows,
+then bare values might be selected from any of those rows. The choice
+is arbitrary. There is no way to predict from which row the bare values
+will be choosen. The choice might be different for different bare columns
+within the same query.
+
+</p></li><li>
+<p>If there are two or more <a href="lang_aggfunc.html#min_agg">min()</a> or <a href="lang_aggfunc.html#max_agg">max()</a> aggregates
+in the query, then bare column values will be taken from one of the rows
+on which one of the aggregates has their minimum or maximum value. The choice
+of which <a href="lang_aggfunc.html#min_agg">min()</a> or <a href="lang_aggfunc.html#max_agg">max()</a> aggregate determines the
+selection of bare column values is arbitrary. The choice might be different
+for different bare columns within the same query.
+
+</p></li><li>
+<p>This special processing for <a href="lang_aggfunc.html#min_agg">min()</a> or <a href="lang_aggfunc.html#max_agg">max()</a> aggregates
+only works for the built-in implementation of those aggregates. If an
+application overrides the built-in <a href="lang_aggfunc.html#min_agg">min()</a> or <a href="lang_aggfunc.html#max_agg">max()</a> aggregates
+with application-defined alternatives, then the values selected for bare
+columns will be taken from an arbitrary row.
+</p></li></ol>
+
+<p>Most other SQL database engines disallow bare columns. If you include
+a bare column in a query, other database engines will usually raise an error.
+The ability to include bare columns in a query is an SQLite-specific extension.</p>
+
+<a name="distinct"></a>
+
+
+<h2 id="removal_of_duplicate_rows_distinct_processing_"><span>2.6. </span>Removal of duplicate rows (DISTINCT processing)</h2>
+
+<p>One of the ALL or DISTINCT keywords may follow the SELECT keyword in a
+simple SELECT statement. If the simple SELECT is a SELECT ALL, then the
+entire set of result rows are returned by the SELECT. If neither ALL or
+DISTINCT are present, then the behavior is as if ALL were specified.
+If the simple SELECT is a SELECT DISTINCT, then duplicate rows are removed
+from the set of result rows before it is returned. For the purposes of
+detecting duplicate rows, two NULL values are considered to be equal. The
+<a href="datatype3.html#colrules">usual rules</a> apply for selecting a collation
+sequence to compare text values.
+
+<a name="compound"></a>
+
+</p><h1 id="compound_select_statements"><span>3. </span>Compound Select Statements</h1>
+
+<p>Two or more <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">simple SELECT</a> statements may be connected together to form
+a compound SELECT using the UNION, UNION ALL, INTERSECT or EXCEPT operator,
+as shown by the following diagram:
+
+<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-select-stmt.html">compound-select-stmt:</a></b>
+<button id='x2051' onclick='hideorshow("x2051","x2052")'>hide</button></p>
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+<path d="M142,17L276,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
+<button id='x2059' onclick='hideorshow("x2059","x2060")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x2060' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:793px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 793.282 84.24">
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+<path d="M32,32L193,32L193,2L32,2Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M403,62L564,62L564,32L403,32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<circle cx="787" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M483,17L776,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M721,47 L 728,47 Q 736,47 736,62 L 736,62 Q 736,77 721,77 L 504,77 L 489,77" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
+<button id='x2061' onclick='hideorshow("x2061","x2062")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x2062' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:483px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 483.336 126.576">
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+<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
+<button id='x2063' onclick='hideorshow("x2063","x2064")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x2064' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:620px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 620.333 255.312">
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+<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
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+ <div id='x2066' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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+<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
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+</div>
+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
+<button id='x2083' onclick='hideorshow("x2083","x2084")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x2084' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:627px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 627.302 147.96">
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+<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
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+<path d="M525,1125 L 546,1125 Q 561,1125 561,1133 L 561,1140" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M127,1042 L 127,1140 Q 127,1155 142,1155 L 504,1155 L 519,1155" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M525,1155L597,1155" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+</svg>
+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
+<button id='x2087' onclick='hideorshow("x2087","x2088")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x2088' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:293px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 293.842 147.96">
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+<path d="M142,17L276,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M233,92 L 240,92 Q 248,92 248,77 L 248,54 L 248,39" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M233,130 L 240,130 Q 248,130 248,115 L 248,92 L 248,77" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+</div>
+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
+<button id='x2089' onclick='hideorshow("x2089","x2090")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x2090' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:793px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 793.282 84.24">
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+<path d="M32,32L193,32L193,2L32,2Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M403,62L564,62L564,32L403,32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<polygon points="483,77 495,73 495,82" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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+</svg>
+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
+<button id='x2091' onclick='hideorshow("x2091","x2092")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x2092' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:483px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 483.336 126.576">
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+</div>
+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
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+ <div id='x2094' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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+</div>
+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
+<button id='x2099' onclick='hideorshow("x2099","x2100")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x2100' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:479px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 479.765 380.592">
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+<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
+<button id='x2101' onclick='hideorshow("x2101","x2102")'>show</button></p>
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+<path d="M180,70A15 15 0 0 0 195 55L195,55A15 15 0 0 0 180 39A15 15 0 0 0 165 55L165,55A15 15 0 0 0 180 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M212,70L350,70L350,39L212,39Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M382,70A15 15 0 0 0 398 55L398,55A15 15 0 0 0 382 39A15 15 0 0 0 367 55L367,55A15 15 0 0 0 382 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="382" y="55" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">)</text>
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+<path d="M600,55 L 608,55 Q 615,55 615,47 L 615,40" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M102,17 L 110,17 Q 117,17 117,32 L 117,32 Q 117,47 102,47 L 94,47 L 79,47" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M74,47 L 33,47 Q 18,47 18,32 L 18,32 Q 18,17 26,17 L 33,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M382,17L630,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+</svg>
+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
+<button id='x2105' onclick='hideorshow("x2105","x2106")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x2106' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:292px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 292.013 99.576">
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+<path d="M66,59A15 15 0 0 0 81 44L81,44A15 15 0 0 0 66 29A15 15 0 0 0 50 44L50,44A15 15 0 0 0 66 59Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M66,97A15 15 0 0 0 81 82L81,82A15 15 0 0 0 66 67A15 15 0 0 0 50 82L50,82A15 15 0 0 0 66 97Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M66,17L111,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+</svg>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
+<button id='x2107' onclick='hideorshow("x2107","x2108")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x2108' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:798px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 798.451 99.576">
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+<path d="M670,17L780,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+</div>
+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/select-core.html">select-core:</a></b>
+<button id='x2109' onclick='hideorshow("x2109","x2110")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x2110' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:655px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 655.157 728.568">
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+<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
+<button id='x2115' onclick='hideorshow("x2115","x2116")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x2116' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:620px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 620.333 255.312">
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+<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
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+ <div id='x2118' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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+<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
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+<path d="M619,470L762,470" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M767,470 L 775,470 Q 782,470 782,478 L 782,485" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M461,372L529,372A15 15 0 0 0 544 357A15 15 0 0 0 529 342L461,342A15 15 0 0 0 446 357A15 15 0 0 0 461 372Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M582,372L591,372A15 15 0 0 0 606 357A15 15 0 0 0 591 342L582,342A15 15 0 0 0 567 357A15 15 0 0 0 582 372Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M606,357L623,357" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M644,372L700,372A15 15 0 0 0 715 357A15 15 0 0 0 700 342L644,342A15 15 0 0 0 629 357A15 15 0 0 0 644 372Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="672" y="357" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">OTHERS</text>
+<polygon points="767,357 756,361 756,353" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M715,357L762,357" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<polygon points="890,516 879,520 879,511" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M767,357 L 775,357 Q 782,357 782,372 L 782,501 Q 782,516 797,516 L 870,516 L 885,516" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<circle cx="894" cy="516" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<polygon points="710,304 722,300 722,308" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M1001,304L716,304" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<polygon points="527,516 516,520 516,511" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M710,304 L 434,304 Q 419,304 419,319 L 419,501 Q 419,516 434,516 L 507,516 L 522,516" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M527,516L797,516" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<polygon points="446,357 434,361 434,353" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M419,342 L 419,349 Q 419,357 430,357 L 440,357" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<polygon points="446,395 434,399 434,390" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M419,380 L 419,387 Q 419,395 430,395 L 440,395" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<polygon points="446,433 434,437 434,428" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M419,417 L 419,425 Q 419,433 430,433 L 440,433" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<polygon points="446,470 434,475 434,466" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M419,455 L 419,463 Q 419,470 430,470 L 440,470" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+</svg>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+</p><p>In a compound SELECT, all the constituent SELECTs must return the same
+number of result columns. As the components of a compound SELECT must
+be simple SELECT statements, they may not contain <a href="lang_select.html#orderby">ORDER BY</a> or <a href="lang_select.html#limitoffset">LIMIT</a> clauses.
+<a href="lang_select.html#orderby">ORDER BY</a> and <a href="lang_select.html#limitoffset">LIMIT</a> clauses may only occur at the end of the entire compound
+SELECT, and then only if the final element of the compound is not a <a href="lang_select.html#values">VALUES</a> clause.
+
+</p><p>A compound SELECT created using UNION ALL operator returns all the rows
+from the SELECT to the left of the UNION ALL operator, and all the rows
+from the SELECT to the right of it. The UNION operator works the same way as
+UNION ALL, except that duplicate rows are removed from the final result set.
+The INTERSECT operator returns the intersection of the results of the left and
+right SELECTs. The EXCEPT operator returns the subset of rows returned by the
+left SELECT that are not also returned by the right-hand SELECT. Duplicate
+rows are removed from the results of INTERSECT and EXCEPT operators before the
+result set is returned.
+
+</p><p>For the purposes of determining duplicate rows for the results of compound
+SELECT operators, NULL values are considered equal to other NULL values and
+distinct from all non-NULL values. The collation sequence used to compare
+two text values is determined as if the columns of the left and right-hand
+SELECT statements were the left and right-hand operands of the equals (=)
+operator, except that greater precedence is not assigned to a collation
+sequence specified with the postfix COLLATE operator. No affinity
+transformations are applied to any values when comparing rows as part of a
+compound SELECT.
+
+</p><p>When three or more simple SELECTs are connected into a compound SELECT,
+they group from left to right. In other words, if "A", "B" and "C" are all
+simple SELECT statements, (A op B op C) is processed as ((A op B) op C).
+
+</p>
+
+<a name="orderby"></a>
+
+<h1 id="the_order_by_clause"><span>4. </span>The ORDER BY clause</h1>
+
+<p>If a SELECT statement that returns more than one row does not have an
+ORDER BY clause, the order in which the rows are returned is undefined.
+Or, if a SELECT statement does have an ORDER BY clause, then the list of
+expressions attached to the ORDER BY determine the order in which rows
+are returned to the user.
+
+</p><p>
+In a <a href="lang_select.html#compound">compound SELECT</a> statement, only the last or right-most <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">simple SELECT</a>
+may have an ORDER BY clause. That ORDER BY clause will apply across all elements of
+the compound. If the right-most element of a <a href="lang_select.html#compound">compound SELECT</a> is a <a href="lang_select.html#values">VALUES</a> clause,
+then no ORDER BY clause is allowed on that statement.
+
+
+</p><p>Rows are first sorted based on the results of
+evaluating the left-most expression in the ORDER BY list, then ties are broken
+by evaluating the second left-most expression and so on. The order in which
+two rows for which all ORDER BY expressions evaluate to equal values are
+returned is undefined. Each ORDER BY expression may be optionally followed
+by one of the keywords ASC (smaller values are returned first) or DESC (larger
+values are returned first). If neither ASC or DESC are specified, rows
+are sorted in ascending (smaller values first) order by default.
+
+<a name="nullslast"></a>
+
+</p><p>SQLite considers NULL values to be smaller than any other values
+for sorting purposes. Hence, NULLs naturally appear at the beginning
+of an ASC order-by and at the end of a DESC order-by. This can be changed
+using the "ASC NULLS LAST" or "DESC NULLS FIRST" syntax.
+
+</p><p>Each ORDER BY expression is processed as follows:</p>
+
+<ol>
+<li><p>If the ORDER BY expression is a constant integer K then the
+expression is considered an alias for the K-th column of the result set
+(columns are numbered from left to right starting with 1).
+
+</p></li><li><p>If the ORDER BY expression is an identifier that corresponds to
+the alias of one of the output columns, then the expression is considered
+an alias for that column.
+
+</p></li><li><p>Otherwise, if the ORDER BY expression is any other expression, it
+is evaluated and the returned value used to order the output rows. If
+the SELECT statement is a simple SELECT, then an ORDER BY may contain any
+arbitrary expressions. However, if the SELECT is a compound SELECT, then
+ORDER BY expressions that are not aliases to output columns must be exactly
+the same as an expression used as an output column.
+</p></li></ol>
+
+<p>For the purposes of sorting rows, values are compared in the same way
+as for <a href="datatype3.html#comparisons">comparison expressions</a>. The collation sequence used to compare
+two text values is determined as follows:
+
+</p><ol>
+ <li><p>If the ORDER BY expression is assigned a collation sequence using
+ the postfix <a href="lang_expr.html#collateop">COLLATE operator</a>, then the specified collation sequence is
+ used.
+ </p></li><li><p>Otherwise, if the ORDER BY expression is an alias to an expression
+ that has been assigned a collation sequence using the postfix
+ <a href="lang_expr.html#collateop">COLLATE operator</a>, then the collation sequence assigned to the aliased
+ expression is used.
+ </p></li><li><p>Otherwise, if the ORDER BY expression is a column or an alias of
+ an expression that is a column, then the default collation sequence for
+ the column is used.
+ </p></li><li><p>Otherwise, the <a href="datatype3.html#collation">BINARY</a> collation sequence is used.
+</p></li></ol>
+
+<p>In a <a href="lang_select.html#compound">compound SELECT</a> statement, all ORDER BY expressions are handled
+as aliases for one of the result columns of the compound.
+If an ORDER BY expression is not an integer alias, then SQLite searches
+the left-most SELECT in the compound for a result column that matches either
+the second or third rules above. If a match is found, the search stops and
+the expression is handled as an alias for the result column that it has been
+matched against. Otherwise, the next SELECT to the right is tried, and so on.
+If no matching expression can be found in the result columns of any
+constituent SELECT, it is an error. Each term of the ORDER BY clause is
+processed separately and may be matched against result columns from different
+SELECT statements in the compound.</p>
+
+<a name="limitoffset"></a>
+
+<h1 id="the_limit_clause"><span>5. </span>The LIMIT clause</h1>
+
+<p>The LIMIT clause is used to place an upper bound on the number of rows
+returned by the entire SELECT statement.
+
+</p><p>In a <a href="lang_select.html#compound">compound SELECT</a>, only the
+last or right-most <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">simple SELECT</a> may contain a LIMIT clause.
+In a <a href="lang_select.html#compound">compound SELECT</a>,
+the LIMIT clause applies to the entire compound, not just the final SELECT.
+If the right-most <a href="lang_select.html#simpleselect">simple SELECT</a> is a <a href="lang_select.html#values">VALUES clause</a> then no LIMIT clause
+is allowed.
+
+</p><p>Any scalar expression may be used in the
+LIMIT clause, so long as it evaluates to an integer or a value that can be
+losslessly converted to an integer. If the expression evaluates to a NULL
+value or any other value that cannot be losslessly converted to an integer, an
+error is returned. If the LIMIT expression evaluates to a negative value,
+then there is no upper bound on the number of rows returned. Otherwise, the
+SELECT returns the first N rows of its result set only, where N is the value
+that the LIMIT expression evaluates to. Or, if the SELECT statement would
+return less than N rows without a LIMIT clause, then the entire result set is
+returned.
+
+</p><p>The expression attached to the optional OFFSET clause that may follow a
+LIMIT clause must also evaluate to an integer, or a value that can be
+losslessly converted to an integer. If an expression has an OFFSET clause,
+then the first M rows are omitted from the result set returned by the SELECT
+statement and the next N rows are returned, where M and N are the values that
+the OFFSET and LIMIT clauses evaluate to, respectively. Or, if the SELECT
+would return less than M+N rows if it did not have a LIMIT clause, then the
+first M rows are skipped and the remaining rows (if any) are returned. If the
+OFFSET clause evaluates to a negative value, the results are the same as if it
+had evaluated to zero.
+
+</p><p>Instead of a separate OFFSET clause, the LIMIT clause may specify two
+scalar expressions separated by a comma. In this case, the first expression
+is used as the OFFSET expression and the second as the LIMIT expression.
+This is counter-intuitive, as when using the OFFSET clause the second of
+the two expressions is the OFFSET and the first the LIMIT.
+This reversal of the offset and limit is intentional
+- it maximizes compatibility with other SQL database systems.
+However, to avoid confusion, programmers are strongly encouraged to use
+the form of the LIMIT clause that uses the "OFFSET" keyword and avoid
+using a LIMIT clause with a comma-separated offset.
+
+<a name="values"></a>
+
+</p><h1 id="the_values_clause"><span>6. </span>The VALUES clause</h1>
+
+<p>The phrase "VALUES(<i>expr-list</i>)" means the same thing
+as "SELECT <i>expr-list</i>". The phrase
+"VALUES(<i>expr-list-1</i>),...,(<i>expr-list-N</i>)" means the same
+thing as "SELECT <i>expr-list-1</i> UNION ALL ... UNION ALL
+SELECT <i>expr-list-N</i>". Both forms are the same, except that
+the number of SELECT statements in a compound is limited by
+<a href="c3ref/c_limit_attached.html#sqlitelimitcompoundselect">SQLITE_LIMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT</a> whereas the number of rows in a
+VALUES clause has no arbitrary limit.
+
+</p><p>There are some restrictions on the use of a VALUES clause that are
+not shown on the syntax diagrams:
+
+</p><ul>
+<li><p>
+A VALUES clause cannot be followed by <a href="lang_select.html#orderby">ORDER BY</a>.
+
+</p></li><li><p>
+A VALUES clause cannot be followed by <a href="lang_select.html#limitoffset">LIMIT</a>.
+</p></li></ul>
+
+
+<h1 id="the_with_clause"><span>7. </span>The WITH Clause</h1>
+
+<p>SELECT statements may be optionally preceded by a single
+<a href="lang_with.html">WITH clause</a> that defines one or more <a href="lang_with.html">common table expressions</a>
+for use within the SELECT statement.
+
+<a name="tabfunc1"></a>
+
+</p><h1 id="table_valued_functions_in_the_from_clause"><span>8. </span>Table-valued Functions In The FROM Clause</h1>
+
+<p>A <a href="vtab.html">virtual table</a> that contains <a href="vtab.html#hiddencol">hidden columns</a> can be used like
+a <a href="vtab.html#tabfunc2">table-valued function</a> in the FROM clause. The arguments to the
+table-valued function become constraints on the HIDDEN columns of
+the virtual table. Additional information can be found in the
+<a href="vtab.html#tabfunc2">virtual table documentation</a>.
+
+<a name="nonstd"></a>
+
+
+</p><h1 id="deviations_from_standard_sql"><span>9. </span>Deviations From Standard SQL</h1>
+
+<p>The SELECT syntax of SQLite differs slightly from standard SQL.
+These differences are due to several reasons:
+
+</p><ul>
+<li><p> In the mid-2000s, there was a lot of emphasis on keeping the library
+ footprint as small as possible, so as not to use too much space
+ on memory-limited flip-phones and similar.
+
+</p></li><li><p> During the early years of SQLite, the lead developer sought to follow
+ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robustness_principle">Postel's Law</a> and to
+ be forgiving and flexible in what input was accepted.
+
+</p></li><li><p> There were bugs in early SQLite parsers that accepts some strange inputs.
+
+</p></li><li><p> The lead developer's knowledge of SQL was imperfect.
+</p></li></ul>
+
+<p>Whatever the origin of the input quirks, we generally avoid trying to "fix" them,
+as any new restrictions on the input syntax would likely cause at least some of
+the millions of applications that use SQLite to break. We do not want that.
+The goal of the SQLite development team is to preserve backwards compability to
+the fullest extent possible. Hence, if a syntax quirk is harmless,
+we leave it alone and document it here, rather than try to fix it.
+
+</p><h2 id="strange_join_names"><span>9.1. </span>Strange JOIN names</h2>
+
+<p>SQLite accepts all of the usual syntax for JOIN operators:
+
+<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
+<button id='x2129' onclick='hideorshow("x2129","x2130")'>hide</button></p>
+ <div id='x2130' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:620px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 620.333 255.312">
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+<polygon points="475,71 463,76 463,67" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M452,71L469,71" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M569,41 L 576,41 Q 584,41 584,29 Q 584,17 594,17 L 605,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<polygon points="99,41 88,45 88,37" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M9,17 L 16,17 Q 24,17 24,29 Q 24,41 39,41 L 78,41 L 93,41" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M99,41L178,41" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M189,41L505,41" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<polygon points="378,41 366,45 366,37" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M336,71 L 344,71 Q 351,71 351,56 L 351,56 Q 351,41 362,41 L 372,41" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<polygon points="231,109 219,113 219,105" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M189,41 L 197,41 Q 204,41 204,56 L 204,94 Q 204,109 215,109 L 225,109" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M246,124L284,124A15 15 0 0 0 299 109A15 15 0 0 0 284 94L246,94A15 15 0 0 0 231 109A15 15 0 0 0 246 124Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="265" y="109" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">RIGHT</text>
+<polygon points="341,71 329,76 329,67" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M299,109 L 307,109 Q 314,109 314,94 L 314,86 Q 314,71 324,71 L 335,71" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<polygon points="231,147 219,151 219,142" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M189,41 L 197,41 Q 204,41 204,56 L 204,132 Q 204,147 215,147 L 225,147" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M246,162L274,162A15 15 0 0 0 289 147A15 15 0 0 0 274 132L246,132A15 15 0 0 0 231 147A15 15 0 0 0 246 162Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="260" y="147" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">FULL</text>
+<path d="M289,147 L 302,147 Q 314,147 314,132 L 314,109 L 314,94" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<polygon points="231,192 219,196 219,188" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M189,41 L 197,41 Q 204,41 204,56 L 204,177 Q 204,192 215,192 L 225,192" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M246,207L287,207A15 15 0 0 0 302 192A15 15 0 0 0 287 177L246,177A15 15 0 0 0 231 192A15 15 0 0 0 246 207Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="267" y="192" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">INNER</text>
+<polygon points="475,192 463,196 463,188" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M302,192L469,192" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M475,192 L 482,192 Q 490,192 490,185 L 490,177" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<polygon points="231,238 219,242 219,233" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M9,17 L 16,17 Q 24,17 24,32 L 24,223 Q 24,238 39,238 L 210,238 L 225,238" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M246,253L287,253A15 15 0 0 0 303 238A15 15 0 0 0 287 222L246,222A15 15 0 0 0 231 238A15 15 0 0 0 246 253Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="267" y="238" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">CROSS</text>
+<polygon points="475,238 463,242 463,233" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M303,238L469,238" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M475,238 L 482,238 Q 490,238 490,223 L 490,71 L 490,56" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+</svg>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+</p><p>But it does not stop there. SQLite is actually very flexible in how you
+specify a join operator. The general syntax is:
+
+</p><blockquote>
+<i>blah blah blah</i> <b>JOIN</b>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>Where there are between 1 and 3 instances of "<i>blah</i>", each of which can be
+any of "CROSS", "FULL", "INNER", "LEFT", "NATURAL", "OUTER", or "RIGHT". The SQLite
+parser treats each of these keywords as an attribute of the join, which can be combined
+in any order. This creates the possibility of many new and creative join types beyond
+what is specified by the syntax diagram. Some of these non-standard join types are
+specifically disallowed. For example, you cannot say "INNER OUTER JOIN", because
+that would be contradictory. But you can say things like "OUTER LEFT NATURAL JOIN"
+which means the same as "NATURAL LEFT OUTER JOIN". Or you can say "LEFT RIGHT JOIN"
+which is the same as "FULL JOIN".
+
+</p><p>Remember: you <i>can</i> use these non-standard join types but you <i>ought not</i>.
+Stick to using standard JOIN syntax for portability with other SQL database engines.
+
+</p><h2 id="precedence_of_comma_joins_and_cross_join"><span>9.2. </span>Precedence of comma-joins and CROSS JOIN</h2>
+
+<p>In standard SQL, joins that use the JOIN keyword take higher precedence
+than comma-joins. That is to say, JOIN operators happen before comma operators.
+This is not the case in SQLite, where all joins have the same precedence.
+
+</p><p>Consider this example:
+
+</p><blockquote><pre>
+... FROM t1, t2 NATURAL FULL JOIN t3 ...
+</pre></blockquote>
+
+<p>In standard SQL, the FULL JOIN between t2 and t3 would occur first, and
+then the result of the left join would be cross-joined against t1. But SQLite
+always handles all joins from left to right. Thus, SQLite will do a cross
+join on t1 and t2 first, then the result of that cross join will feed into the FULL JOIN
+with t3. Inner joins are inherently associative, so the difference is only
+evident if your FROM clause contains one or more outer joins.
+
+</p><p>You can work around this, and make your SQL statements portable across all
+systems, by observing the following stylistic rules:
+
+</p><ul>
+<li><p> Do not mix comma-joins with the JOIN keyword. It is fine to use comma-joins,
+but if you do, the you should use only comma-joins for the entire FROM clause.
+
+</p></li><li><p> Prefer LEFT JOIN over other outer join operators.
+
+</p></li><li><p> When in doubt, use parentheses to specify the exact join order that you intend.
+</p></li></ul>
+
+<p>Any one of these suggestions is sufficient to avoid problems, and most
+programmers instinctively follow all of these suggestions without having to
+be told, and so the lack of precedence difference between comma-joins and
+the JOIN keyword in SQLite rarely comes up in practice. But you should be aware
+of the problem, in case it ever does appear.
+</p><p align="center"><small><i>This page last modified on <a href="https://sqlite.org/docsrc/honeypot" id="mtimelink" data-href="https://sqlite.org/docsrc/finfo/pages/lang_select.in?m=b6b0b5302da4177eb">2022-10-26 20:02:18</a> UTC </small></i></p>
+