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diff --git a/www/windowfunctions.html b/www/windowfunctions.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a6a0826 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/windowfunctions.html @@ -0,0 +1,7628 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html><head> +<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> +<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> +<link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> +<title>Window Functions</title> +<!-- path= --> +</head> +<body> +<div class=nosearch> +<a href="index.html"> +<img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0"> +</a> +<div><!-- IE hack to prevent disappearing logo --></div> +<div class="tagline desktoponly"> +Small. Fast. 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Introduction to Window Functions</a></div> +<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#aggregate_window_functions">2. Aggregate Window Functions</a></div> +<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#the_partition_by_clause">2.1. The PARTITION BY Clause</a></div> +<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#frame_specifications">2.2. Frame Specifications</a></div> +<div class="fancy-toc3"><a href="#frame_type">2.2.1. Frame Type</a></div> +<div class="fancy-toc3"><a href="#frame_boundaries">2.2.2. Frame Boundaries</a></div> +<div class="fancy-toc3"><a href="#the_exclude_clause">2.2.3. The EXCLUDE Clause</a></div> +<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#the_filter_clause">2.3. The FILTER Clause</a></div> +<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#built_in_window_functions">3. Built-in Window Functions</a></div> +<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#window_chaining">4. Window Chaining</a></div> +<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#user_defined_aggregate_window_functions">5. User-Defined Aggregate Window Functions</a></div> +<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#history">6. History</a></div> +</div> +</div> +<script> +function toggle_toc(){ +var sub = document.getElementById("toc_sub") +var mk = document.getElementById("toc_mk") +if( sub.style.display!="block" ){ +sub.style.display = "block"; +mk.innerHTML = "▼"; +} else { +sub.style.display = "none"; +mk.innerHTML = "►"; +} +} +</script> +</div> + + + + + +<h1 id="introduction_to_window_functions"><span>1. </span>Introduction to Window Functions</h1> + +<p>A window function is an SQL function where the input +values are taken from +a "window" of one or more rows in the results set of a SELECT statement. + +</p><p>Window functions are distinguished from other SQL functions by the +presence of an OVER clause. If a function has an OVER clause, +then it is a window function. If it lacks an OVER clause, then it is an +ordinary aggregate or scalar function. Window functions might also +have a FILTER clause in between the function and the OVER clause. + +</p><p>The syntax for a window function is like this: + + +<p><b><a href="syntax/window-function-invocation.html">window-function-invocation:</a></b> +<button id='x2355' onclick='hideorshow("x2355","x2356")'>hide</button></p> + <div id='x2356' class='imgcontainer'> + <div style="max-width:870px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 870.446 132.84"> +<circle cx="5" cy="55" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<polygon points="32,55 20,59 20,50" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M9,55L26,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M47,70L135,70A15 15 0 0 0 150 55A15 15 0 0 0 135 39L47,39A15 15 0 0 0 32 55A15 15 0 0 0 47 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<text x="91" y="55" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">window-func</text> +<polygon 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style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +</svg> +</div> +</div> +<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b> +<button id='x2373' onclick='hideorshow("x2373","x2374")'>show</button></p> + <div id='x2374' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> + <div style="max-width:293px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 293.842 147.96"> +<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<polygon points="32,17 20,21 20,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M9,17L26,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<polygon points="68,17 56,21 56,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M32,17L62,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M83,32L127,32A15 15 0 0 0 142 17A15 15 0 0 0 127 2L83,2A15 15 0 0 0 68 17A15 15 0 0 0 83 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<text x="105" y="17" text-anchor="middle" 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style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M742,82 L 754,82 Q 765,82 765,67 L 765,44 L 765,29" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<polygon points="670,17 659,21 659,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M549,17L665,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M670,17L780,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +</svg> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> + + + +</p><p>Unlike ordinary functions, window functions +cannot use the DISTINCT keyword. +Also, Window functions may only appear in the result set and in the +ORDER BY clause of a SELECT statement. + +</p><p>Window functions come in two varieties: +<a href="windowfunctions.html#aggwinfunc">aggregate window functions</a> and +<a href="windowfunctions.html#builtins">built-in window functions</a>. Every aggregate window function +can also work as a ordinary aggregate function, simply by omitting +the OVER and FILTER clauses. Furthermore, all of the built-in +<a href="lang_aggfunc.html">aggregate functions</a> of SQLite can be used as an +aggregate window function by adding an appropriate OVER clause. +Applications can register new aggregate window functions using +the <a href="c3ref/create_function.html">sqlite3_create_window_function()</a> interface. +The built-in window functions, however, require special-case +handling in the query planner and hence new window functions +that exhibit the exceptional properties found in the built-in +window functions cannot be added by the application. + +</p><p>Here is an example using the built-in row_number() +window function: + +</p><div class="codeblock"><pre>CREATE TABLE t0(x INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, y TEXT); +INSERT INTO t0 VALUES (1, 'aaa'), (2, 'ccc'), (3, 'bbb'); + +<i>-- The following SELECT statement returns:</i> +<i>-- </i> +<i>-- x | y | row_number</i> +----------------------- +<i>-- 1 | aaa | 1 </i> +<i>-- 2 | ccc | 3 </i> +<i>-- 3 | bbb | 2 </i> +<i>-- </i> +SELECT x, y, row_number() OVER (ORDER BY y) AS row_number FROM t0 ORDER BY x; +</pre></div> + +<p> +The row_number() window function +assigns consecutive integers to each +row in order of the "ORDER BY" clause within the +<span class='yynonterm'>window-defn</span> (in this case "ORDER BY y"). Note that +this does not affect the order in which results are returned from +the overall query. The order of the final output is +still governed by the ORDER BY clause attached to the SELECT +statement (in this case "ORDER BY x"). + +</p><p>Named <span class='yynonterm'>window-defn</span> clauses may also be added to a SELECT +statement using a WINDOW clause and then referred to by name within window +function invocations. For example, the following SELECT statement contains +two named <span class='yynonterm'>window-defs</span> clauses, "win1" and "win2": + +</p><div class="codeblock"><pre>SELECT x, y, row_number() OVER <b>win1</b>, rank() OVER <b>win2</b> +FROM t0 +WINDOW <b>win1</b> AS (ORDER BY y RANGE BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW), + <b>win2</b> AS (PARTITION BY y ORDER BY x) +ORDER BY x; +</pre></div> + +<p>The WINDOW clause, when one is present, comes after any HAVING clause and +before any ORDER BY. + +<a name="aggwinfunc"></a> + +</p><h1 id="aggregate_window_functions"><span>2. </span>Aggregate Window Functions</h1> + +<p> The examples in this section all assume that the database is populated as +follows: + +</p><div class="codeblock"><pre>CREATE TABLE t1(a INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, b, c); +INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (1, 'A', 'one' ), + (2, 'B', 'two' ), + (3, 'C', 'three'), + (4, 'D', 'one' ), + (5, 'E', 'two' ), + (6, 'F', 'three'), + (7, 'G', 'one' ); +</pre></div> + +<p> An aggregate window function is similar to an +<a href="lang_aggfunc.html">ordinary aggregate function</a>, except +adding it to a query does not change the number of rows returned. Instead, +for each row the result of the aggregate window function is as if the +corresponding aggregate were run over all rows in the "window frame" +specified by the OVER clause. + + +</p><div class="codeblock"><pre><i>-- The following SELECT statement returns:</i> +<i>-- </i> +<i>-- a | b | group_concat</i> +------------------------- +<i>-- 1 | A | A.B </i> +<i>-- 2 | B | A.B.C </i> +<i>-- 3 | C | B.C.D </i> +<i>-- 4 | D | C.D.E </i> +<i>-- 5 | E | D.E.F </i> +<i>-- 6 | F | E.F.G </i> +<i>-- 7 | G | F.G </i> +<i>-- </i> +SELECT a, b, group_concat(b, '.') OVER ( + ORDER BY a ROWS BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND 1 FOLLOWING +) AS group_concat FROM t1; +</pre></div> + +<p> In the example above, the window frame consists of all rows between the +previous row ("1 PRECEDING") and the following row ("1 FOLLOWING"), inclusive, +where rows are sorted according to the ORDER BY clause in the +<span class='yynonterm'>window-defn</span> (in this case "ORDER BY a"). +For example, the frame for the row with (a=3) consists of rows (2, 'B', 'two'), +(3, 'C', 'three') and (4, 'D', 'one'). The result of group_concat(b, '.') +for that row is therefore 'B.C.D'. + +</p><p> All of SQLite's <a href="lang_aggfunc.html">aggregate functions</a> may +be used as aggregate window functions. It is also possible to +<a href="windowfunctions.html#udfwinfunc">create user-defined aggregate window functions</a>. + + +<a name="ptxn"></a> + +</p><h2 id="the_partition_by_clause"><span>2.1. </span>The PARTITION BY Clause</h2> + +<p> For the purpose of computing window functions, the result set +of a query is divided into one or more "partitions". A partition consists +of all rows that have the same value for all terms of the PARTITION BY clause +in the <span class='yynonterm'>window-defn</span>. If there is no PARTITION BY clause, +then the entire result set of the query is a single partition. +Window-function processing is performed separately for each partition. + +</p><p> For example: + +</p><div class="codeblock"><pre><i>-- The following SELECT statement returns:</i> +<i>-- </i> +<i>-- c | a | b | group_concat</i> +--------------------------------- +<i>-- one | 1 | A | A.D.G </i> +<i>-- one | 4 | D | D.G </i> +<i>-- one | 7 | G | G </i> +<i>-- three | 3 | C | C.F </i> +<i>-- three | 6 | F | F </i> +<i>-- two | 2 | B | B.E </i> +<i>-- two | 5 | E | E </i> +<i>-- </i> +SELECT c, a, b, group_concat(b, '.') OVER ( + PARTITION BY c ORDER BY a RANGE BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING +) AS group_concat +FROM t1 ORDER BY c, a; +</pre></div> + +<p> In the query above, the "PARTITION BY c" clause breaks the +result set up into three partitions. The first partition has +three rows with c=='one'. The second partition has two rows with +c=='three' and the third partition has two rows with c=='two'. + +</p><p> In the example above, all the rows for each partition are +grouped together in the final output. This is because the PARTITION BY +clause is a prefix of the ORDER BY clause on the overall query. +But that does not have +to be the case. A partition can be composed of rows scattered +about haphazardly within the result set. For example: + +</p><div class="codeblock"><pre><i>-- The following SELECT statement returns:</i> +<i>-- </i> +<i>-- c | a | b | group_concat</i> +--------------------------------- +<i>-- one | 1 | A | A.D.G </i> +<i>-- two | 2 | B | B.E </i> +<i>-- three | 3 | C | C.F </i> +<i>-- one | 4 | D | D.G </i> +<i>-- two | 5 | E | E </i> +<i>-- three | 6 | F | F </i> +<i>-- one | 7 | G | G </i> +<i>-- </i> +SELECT c, a, b, group_concat(b, '.') OVER ( + PARTITION BY c ORDER BY a RANGE BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING +) AS group_concat +FROM t1 ORDER BY a; +</pre></div> + + +<a name="framespec"></a> + +<h2 id="frame_specifications"><span>2.2. </span>Frame Specifications</h2> + +<p> The <span class='yynonterm'>frame-spec</span> determines which output rows are +read by an aggregate window function. The +<span class='yynonterm'>frame-spec</span> consists of four parts: + +</p><ul> + <li> A frame type - either ROWS, RANGE or GROUPS, + </li><li> A starting frame boundary, + </li><li> An ending frame boundary, + </li><li> An EXCLUDE clause. +</li></ul> + +<p> Here are the syntax details: + +<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b> +<button id='x2399' onclick='hideorshow("x2399","x2400")'>hide</button></p> + <div id='x2400' class='imgcontainer'> + <div style="max-width:1039px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 1039.65 522.72"> +<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<polygon points="50,92 39,97 39,88" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M9,17 L 16,17 Q 24,17 24,32 L 24,77 Q 24,92 34,92 L 45,92" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M66,108L120,108A15 15 0 0 0 135 92A15 15 0 0 0 120 77L66,77A15 15 0 0 0 50 92A15 15 0 0 0 66 108Z" 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<div style="max-width:627px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 627.302 147.96"> +<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<polygon points="32,17 20,21 20,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M9,17L26,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M47,32L82,32A15 15 0 0 0 97 17A15 15 0 0 0 82 2L47,2A15 15 0 0 0 32 17A15 15 0 0 0 47 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<text x="65" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">RAISE</text> +<polygon points="120,17 109,21 109,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M97,17L114,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M135,32L135,32A15 15 0 0 0 150 17A15 15 0 0 0 135 2L135,2A15 15 0 0 0 120 17A15 15 0 0 0 135 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<text x="135" y="17" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" 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240,130 Q 248,130 248,115 L 248,92 L 248,77" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +</svg> +</div> +</div> +<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b> +<button id='x2419' onclick='hideorshow("x2419","x2420")'>show</button></p> + <div id='x2420' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> + <div style="max-width:793px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 793.282 84.24"> +<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<polygon points="32,17 20,21 20,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M9,17L26,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M32,32L193,32L193,2L32,2Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<text x="112" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">table-or-subquery</text> +<polygon points="259,47 247,51 247,43" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M193,17 L 200,17 Q 208,17 208,32 L 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onclick='hideorshow("x2435","x2436")'>show</button></p> + <div id='x2436' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> + <div style="max-width:292px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 292.013 99.576"> +<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<polygon points="50,44 39,48 39,40" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M9,17 L 16,17 Q 24,17 24,30 Q 24,44 34,44 L 45,44" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M66,59A15 15 0 0 0 81 44L81,44A15 15 0 0 0 66 29A15 15 0 0 0 50 44L50,44A15 15 0 0 0 66 59Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<text x="66" y="44" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">+</text> +<polygon points="122,17 111,21 111,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M81,44 L 88,44 Q 96,44 96,30 Q 96,17 106,17 L 116,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M137,32L244,32A15 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96,44 L 96,29" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<polygon points="66,17 54,21 54,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M9,17L60,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M66,17L111,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +</svg> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> + + + +</p><p>The ending frame boundary can be omitted (if the +BETWEEN and AND keywords that surround the starting frame boundary +are also omitted), +in which case the ending frame boundary defaults to CURRENT ROW. + +</p><p> If the frame type is RANGE or GROUPS, then rows with the same values for +all ORDER BY expressions are considered "peers". Or, if there are no ORDER BY +terms, all rows are peers. Peers are always within the same frame. + +</p><p>The default <span class='yynonterm'>frame-spec</span> is: + +</p><div class="codeblock"><pre>RANGE BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW EXCLUDE NO OTHERS +</pre></div> + +<p>The default means that aggregate window functions read all +rows from the beginning of the partition up to and including the +current row and its peers. This implies that rows that have the same values for +all ORDER BY expressions will also have the same value for the result of the +window function (as the window frame is the same). For example: + +</p><div class="codeblock"><pre><i>-- The following SELECT statement returns:</i> +<i>-- </i> +<i>-- a | b | c | group_concat</i> +----------------------------- +<i>-- 1 | A | one | A.D.G </i> +<i>-- 2 | B | two | A.D.G.C.F.B.E</i> +<i>-- 3 | C | three | A.D.G.C.F </i> +<i>-- 4 | D | one | A.D.G </i> +<i>-- 5 | E | two | A.D.G.C.F.B.E</i> +<i>-- 6 | F | three | A.D.G.C.F </i> +<i>-- 7 | G | one | A.D.G </i> +<i>-- </i> +SELECT a, b, c, + group_concat(b, '.') OVER (ORDER BY c) AS group_concat +FROM t1 ORDER BY a; +</pre></div> + +<a name="frametype"></a> + +<h3 id="frame_type"><span>2.2.1. </span>Frame Type</h3> + +<p> +There are three frame types: ROWS, GROUPS, and RANGE. +The frame type determines how the starting and ending boundaries +of the frame are measured. + +</p><ul> +<li><p><b>ROWS</b>: +The ROWS frame type means that the starting and ending boundaries +for the frame are determined by counting individual rows relative +to the current row. + +<a name="grouptype"></a> + +</p></li><li><p><b>GROUPS</b>: +The GROUPS frame type means that the starting and ending boundaries +are determine by counting "groups" relative to the current group. +A "group" is a set of rows that all have equivalent values for all +all terms of the window ORDER BY clause. ("Equivalent" means that +the <a href="lang_expr.html#isisnot">IS operator</a> is true when comparing the two values.) +In other words, a group consists of all peers of a row. + +<a name="rangetype"></a> + +</p></li><li><p><b>RANGE</b>: +The RANGE frame type requires that the ORDER BY clause of the +window have exactly one term. Call that term "X". With the +RANGE frame type, the elements of the frame are determined by +computing the value of expression X for all rows in the partition +and framing those rows for which the value of X is within a certain +range of the value of X for the current row. See the description +in the "<a href="windowfunctions.html#exprrange"><expr> PRECEDING</a>" boundary +specification below for details. +</p></li></ul> + +<p>The ROWS and GROUPS frame types are similar in that they +both determine the extent of a frame by counting relative to +the current row. The difference is that ROWS counts individual +rows and GROUPS counts peer groups. +The RANGE frame type is different. +The RANGE frame type determines the extent of a frame by +looking for expression values that are within some band of +values relative to the current row. + +<a name="frameboundary"></a> + +</p><h3 id="frame_boundaries"><span>2.2.2. </span>Frame Boundaries</h3> + +<p> There are five ways to describe starting and ending frame boundaries: + +</p><ol> +<li><p> <b>UNBOUNDED PRECEDING</b><br> + The frame boundary is the first + row in the <a href="windowfunctions.html#ptxn">partition</a>. + +</p></li><li><p> <b><expr> PRECEDING</b><br> + <expr> must be a non-negative constant numeric expression. + The boundary is a row that is <expr> "units" prior to + the current row. The meaning of "units" here depends on the + frame type: + </p><ul> + <li><p> <b>ROWS →</b> + The frame boundary is the row that is <expr> + rows before the current row, or the first row of the + partition if there are fewer than <expr> rows + before the current row. <expr> must be an integer. + </p></li><li><p> <b>GROUPS →</b> + A "group" is a set of peer rows - rows that all have + the same values for every term in the ORDER BY clause. + The frame boundary is the group that is <expr> + groups before the group containing the current row, or the + first group of the partition if there are fewer + than <expr> groups before the current row. + For the starting boundary of a frame, the first + row of the group is used and for the ending boundary + of a frame, the last row of the group is used. + <expr> must be an integer. + <a name="exprrange"></a> + + </p></li><li><p> <b>RANGE →</b> + For this form, the ORDER BY clause of the + <span class='yynonterm'>window-defn</span> must have a single + term. Call that ORDER BY term "X". Let + X<sub><small>i</small></sub> be the value of the X + expression for the i-th row in the partition and let + X<sub><small>c</small></sub> be the value of X for the + current row. Informally, a RANGE bound is the first row + for which X<sub><small>i</small></sub> is within + the <expr> of X<sub><small>c</small></sub>. + More precisely: + </p><ol type="a"> + <li> If either X<sub><small>i</small></sub> or + X<sub><small>c</small></sub> are non-numeric, then + the boundary is the first row for which the expression + "X<sub><small>i</small></sub> IS X<sub><small>c</small></sub>" + is true. + </li><li> Else if the ORDER BY is ASC then the boundary + is the first row for which + X<sub><small>i</small></sub>>=X<sub><small>c</small></sub>-<expr>. + </li><li> Else if the ORDER BY is DESC then the boundary + is the first row for which + X<sub><small>i</small></sub><=X<sub><small>c</small></sub>+<expr>. + </li></ol> + For this form, the <expr> does not have to be an + integer. It can evaluate to a real number as long as + it is constant and non-negative. + </li></ul> + The boundary description "0 PRECEDING" always means the same + thing as "CURRENT ROW". + +</li><li><p><b>CURRENT ROW</b><br> + The current row. For RANGE and GROUPS frame types, + peers of the current row are also included in the frame, + unless specifically excluded by the EXCLUDE clause. + This is true regardless of whether CURRENT ROW is used + as the starting or ending frame boundary. + +</p></li><li><p><b><expr> FOLLOWING</b><br> + This is the same as "<expr> PRECEDING" except that + the boundary is <expr> units after the current + rather than before the current row. + +</p></li><li><p> <b>UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING</b><br> + The frame boundary is the last + row in the <a href="windowfunctions.html#ptxn">partition</a>. + +</p></li></ol> + +<p> The ending frame boundary may not take a form that appears higher in +the above list than the starting frame boundary. + +</p><p> In the following example, the window frame for each row consists of all +rows from the current row to the end of the set, where rows are sorted +according to "ORDER BY a". + +</p><div class="codeblock"><pre><i>-- The following SELECT statement returns:</i> +<i>-- </i> +<i>-- c | a | b | group_concat</i> +--------------------------------- +<i>-- one | 1 | A | A.D.G.C.F.B.E</i> +<i>-- one | 4 | D | D.G.C.F.B.E </i> +<i>-- one | 7 | G | G.C.F.B.E </i> +<i>-- three | 3 | C | C.F.B.E </i> +<i>-- three | 6 | F | F.B.E </i> +<i>-- two | 2 | B | B.E </i> +<i>-- two | 5 | E | E </i> +<i>-- </i> +SELECT c, a, b, group_concat(b, '.') OVER ( + ORDER BY c, a ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING +) AS group_concat +FROM t1 ORDER BY c, a; +</pre></div> + +<a name="wexcls"></a> + +<h3 id="the_exclude_clause"><span>2.2.3. </span>The EXCLUDE Clause</h3> + +<p> The optional EXCLUDE clause may take any of the following four forms: + +</p><ul> + <li> <p><b> EXCLUDE NO OTHERS</b>: This is the default. In this case no + rows are excluded from the window frame as defined by its starting and ending + frame boundaries. + + </p></li><li> <p><b> EXCLUDE CURRENT ROW</b>: In this case the current row is + excluded from the window frame. Peers of the current row remain in + the frame for the GROUPS and RANGE frame types. + + </p></li><li> <p><b> EXCLUDE GROUP</b>: In this case the current row and all other + rows that are peers of the current row are excluded from the frame. When + processing an EXCLUDE clause, all rows with the same ORDER BY values, or all + rows in the partition if there is no ORDER BY clause, are considered peers, + even if the frame type is ROWS. + + </p></li><li> <p><b> EXCLUDE TIES</b>: In this case the current row is part of the + frame, but peers of the current row are excluded. +</p></li></ul> + +<p> The following example demonstrates the effect of the various +forms of the EXCLUDE clause: + +</p><div class="codeblock"><pre><i>-- The following SELECT statement returns:</i> +<i>-- </i> +<i>-- c | a | b | no_others | current_row | grp | ties</i> +<i>-- one | 1 | A | A.D.G | D.G | | A</i> +<i>-- one | 4 | D | A.D.G | A.G | | D</i> +<i>-- one | 7 | G | A.D.G | A.D | | G</i> +<i>-- three | 3 | C | A.D.G.C.F | A.D.G.F | A.D.G | A.D.G.C</i> +<i>-- three | 6 | F | A.D.G.C.F | A.D.G.C | A.D.G | A.D.G.F</i> +<i>-- two | 2 | B | A.D.G.C.F.B.E | A.D.G.C.F.E | A.D.G.C.F | A.D.G.C.F.B</i> +<i>-- two | 5 | E | A.D.G.C.F.B.E | A.D.G.C.F.B | A.D.G.C.F | A.D.G.C.F.E</i> +<i>-- </i> +SELECT c, a, b, + group_concat(b, '.') OVER ( + ORDER BY c GROUPS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW EXCLUDE NO OTHERS + ) AS no_others, + group_concat(b, '.') OVER ( + ORDER BY c GROUPS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW EXCLUDE CURRENT ROW + ) AS current_row, + group_concat(b, '.') OVER ( + ORDER BY c GROUPS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW EXCLUDE GROUP + ) AS grp, + group_concat(b, '.') OVER ( + ORDER BY c GROUPS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW EXCLUDE TIES + ) AS ties +FROM t1 ORDER BY c, a; +</pre></div> + +<h2 id="the_filter_clause"><span>2.3. </span>The FILTER Clause</h2> + +<p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b> +<button id='x2437' onclick='hideorshow("x2437","x2438")'>hide</button></p> + <div id='x2438' class='imgcontainer'> + <div style="max-width:422px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 422.381 34.56"> +<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<polygon points="32,17 20,21 20,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M9,17L26,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M47,32L93,32A15 15 0 0 0 108 17A15 15 0 0 0 93 2L47,2A15 15 0 0 0 32 17A15 15 0 0 0 47 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<text x="70" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">FILTER</text> 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style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +</svg> +</div> +</div> +<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b> +<button id='x2455' onclick='hideorshow("x2455","x2456")'>show</button></p> + <div id='x2456' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> + <div style="max-width:293px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 293.842 147.96"> +<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<polygon points="32,17 20,21 20,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M9,17L26,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<polygon points="68,17 56,21 56,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M32,17L62,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M83,32L127,32A15 15 0 0 0 142 17A15 15 0 0 0 127 2L83,2A15 15 0 0 0 68 17A15 15 0 0 0 83 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<text x="105" y="17" text-anchor="middle" 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style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M74,47 L 33,47 Q 18,47 18,32 L 18,32 Q 18,17 26,17 L 33,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<polygon points="382,17 371,21 371,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M102,17L377,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M382,17L630,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +</svg> +</div> +<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b> +<button id='x2475' onclick='hideorshow("x2475","x2476")'>show</button></p> + <div id='x2476' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> + <div style="max-width:292px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 292.013 99.576"> +<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<polygon points="50,44 39,48 39,40" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M9,17 L 16,17 Q 24,17 24,30 Q 24,44 34,44 L 45,44" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M66,59A15 15 0 0 0 81 44L81,44A15 15 0 0 0 66 29A15 15 0 0 0 50 44L50,44A15 15 0 0 0 66 59Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<text x="66" y="44" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">+</text> +<polygon points="122,17 111,21 111,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M81,44 L 88,44 Q 96,44 96,30 Q 96,17 106,17 L 116,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M137,32L244,32A15 15 0 0 0 259 17A15 15 0 0 0 244 2L137,2A15 15 0 0 0 122 17A15 15 0 0 0 137 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<text x="191" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">numeric-literal</text> +<polygon points="282,17 271,21 271,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M259,17L276,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<circle cx="286" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<polygon points="50,82 39,86 39,77" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M9,17 L 16,17 Q 24,17 24,32 L 24,67 Q 24,82 34,82 L 45,82" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M66,97A15 15 0 0 0 81 82L81,82A15 15 0 0 0 66 67A15 15 0 0 0 50 82L50,82A15 15 0 0 0 66 97Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<text x="66" y="82" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">-</text> +<path d="M81,82 L 88,82 Q 96,82 96,67 L 96,44 L 96,29" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<polygon points="66,17 54,21 54,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M9,17L60,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M66,17L111,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +</svg> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> + + +<p>If a FILTER clause is provided, then only rows for which the <i>expr</i> is +true are included in the window frame. The aggregate window still returns a +value for every row, but those for which the FILTER expression evaluates to +other than true are not included in the window frame for any row. For example: + +</p><div class="codeblock"><pre><i>-- The following SELECT statement returns:</i> +<i>-- </i> +<i>-- c | a | b | group_concat</i> +--------------------------------- +<i>-- one | 1 | A | A </i> +<i>-- two | 2 | B | A </i> +<i>-- three | 3 | C | A.C </i> +<i>-- one | 4 | D | A.C.D </i> +<i>-- two | 5 | E | A.C.D </i> +<i>-- three | 6 | F | A.C.D.F </i> +<i>-- one | 7 | G | A.C.D.F.G </i> +<i>-- </i> +SELECT c, a, b, group_concat(b, '.') FILTER (WHERE c!='two') OVER ( + ORDER BY a +) AS group_concat +FROM t1 ORDER BY a; +</pre></div> + + +<a name="builtins"></a> + +<h1 id="built_in_window_functions"><span>3. </span>Built-in Window Functions</h1> + +<p> As well as aggregate window functions, SQLite features a set of built-in +window functions based on +<a href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/10/static/functions-window.html"> +those supported by PostgreSQL</a>. + +</p><p> Built-in window functions honor any PARTITION BY clause in the same way +as aggregate window functions - each selected row is assigned to a partition +and each partition is processed separately. The ways in which any ORDER BY +clause affects each built-in window function is described below. Some of +the window functions (rank(), dense_rank(), percent_rank() and ntile()) use +the concept of "peer groups" (rows within the same partition that have the +same values for all ORDER BY expressions). In these cases, it does not matter +whether the <span class='yynonterm'>frame-spec</span> specifies ROWS, GROUPS, or RANGE. +For the purposes of built-in window function processing, rows with the same values +for all ORDER BY expressions are considered peers regardless of the frame type. + +</p><p> Most built-in window functions ignore the +<span class='yynonterm'>frame-spec</span>, the exceptions being first_value(), +last_value() and nth_value(). It is a syntax error to specify a FILTER +clause as part of a built-in window function invocation. + +<a name="biwinfunc"></a> + +</p><p> SQLite supports the following 11 built-in window functions: + +</p><dl> + <dt><p><b>row_number()</b> + </p></dt><dd><p> The number of the row within the current partition. Rows are + numbered starting from 1 in the order defined by the ORDER BY clause in + the window definition, or in arbitrary order otherwise. + </p></dd><dt><p><b>rank()</b> + </p></dt><dd><p> The row_number() of the first peer in each group - the rank of the + current row with gaps. If there is no ORDER BY clause, then all rows + are considered peers and this function always returns 1. + </p></dd><dt><p><b>dense_rank()</b> + </p></dt><dd><p> The number of the current row's peer group within its partition - the + rank of the current row without gaps. Rows are numbered starting + from 1 in the order defined by the ORDER BY clause in the window + definition. If there is no ORDER BY clause, then all rows are + considered peers and this function always returns 1. + </p></dd><dt><p><b>percent_rank()</b> + </p></dt><dd><p> Despite the name, this function always returns a value between 0.0 + and 1.0 equal to (<i>rank</i> - 1)/(<i>partition-rows</i> - 1), where + <i>rank</i> is the value returned by built-in window function rank() + and <i>partition-rows</i> is the total number of rows in the + partition. If the partition contains only one row, this function + returns 0.0. + </p></dd><dt><p><b>cume_dist()</b> + </p></dt><dd><p> The cumulative distribution. Calculated as + <i>row-number</i>/<i>partition-rows</i>, where <i>row-number</i> is + the value returned by row_number() for the last peer in the group + and <i>partition-rows</i> the number of rows in the partition. + </p></dd><dt><p><b>ntile(N)</b> + </p></dt><dd><p> Argument <i>N</i> is handled as an integer. This function divides the + partition into N groups as evenly as possible and assigns an integer + between 1 and <i>N</i> to each group, in the order defined by the ORDER + BY clause, or in arbitrary order otherwise. If necessary, larger groups + occur first. This function returns the integer value assigned to the + group that the current row is a part of. + + </p></dd><dt><p><b>lag(expr)<br>lag(expr, offset)<br>lag(expr, offset, default)</b> + </p></dt><dd><p> The first form of the lag() function returns the result of evaluating + expression <i>expr</i> against the previous row in the partition. Or, if + there is no previous row (because the current row is the first), NULL. + + </p><p> If the <i>offset</i> argument is provided, then it must be a + non-negative integer. In this case the value returned is the result + of evaluating <i>expr</i> against the row <i>offset</i> rows before the + current row within the partition. If <i>offset</i> is 0, then + <i>expr</i> is evaluated against the current row. If there is no row + <i>offset</i> rows before the current row, NULL is returned. + + </p><p> If <i>default</i> is also provided, then it is returned instead of + NULL if the row identified by <i>offset</i> does not exist. + + </p></dd><dt><p><b>lead(expr)<br>lead(expr, offset)<br>lead(expr, offset, default)</b> + </p></dt><dd><p> The first form of the lead() function returns the result of evaluating + expression <i>expr</i> against the next row in the partition. Or, if + there is no next row (because the current row is the last), NULL. + + </p><p> If the <i>offset</i> argument is provided, then it must be a + non-negative integer. In this case the value returned is the result + of evaluating <i>expr</i> against the row <i>offset</i> rows after the + current row within the partition. If <i>offset</i> is 0, then + <i>expr</i> is evaluated against the current row. If there is no row + <i>offset</i> rows after the current row, NULL is returned. + + </p><p> If <i>default</i> is also provided, then it is returned instead of + NULL if the row identified by <i>offset</i> does not exist. + </p></dd><dt><p><b>first_value(expr)</b> + </p></dt><dd><p> This built-in window function calculates the window frame for each + row in the same way as an aggregate window function. It returns the + value of <i>expr</i> evaluated against the first row in the window frame + for each row. + </p></dd><dt><p><b>last_value(expr)</b> + </p></dt><dd><p> This built-in window function calculates the window frame for each + row in the same way as an aggregate window function. It returns the + value of <i>expr</i> evaluated against the last row in the window frame + for each row. + </p></dd><dt><p><b>nth_value(expr, N)</b> + </p></dt><dd><p> This built-in window function calculates the window frame for each + row in the same way as an aggregate window function. It returns the + value of <i>expr</i> evaluated against the row <i>N</i> of the window + frame. Rows are numbered within the window frame starting from 1 in + the order defined by the ORDER BY clause if one is present, or in + arbitrary order otherwise. If there is no <i>N</i>th row in the + partition, then NULL is returned. + </p></dd><dd> +</dd></dl> + +<p>The examples in this section use the +<a href="windowfunctions.html#aggwinfunc">previously defined T1 table</a> +as well as the following T2 table: + +</p><div class="codeblock"><pre>CREATE TABLE t2(a, b); +INSERT INTO t2 VALUES('a', 'one'), + ('a', 'two'), + ('a', 'three'), + ('b', 'four'), + ('c', 'five'), + ('c', 'six'); +</pre></div> + +<p>The following example illustrates the behaviour of the five ranking +functions - row_number(), rank(), dense_rank(), percent_rank() and +cume_dist(). + +</p><div class="codeblock"><pre><i>-- The following SELECT statement returns:</i> +<i>-- </i> +<i>-- a | row_number | rank | dense_rank | percent_rank | cume_dist</i> +------------------------------------------------------------------ +<i>-- a | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.0 | 0.5</i> +<i>-- a | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0.0 | 0.5</i> +<i>-- a | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0.0 | 0.5</i> +<i>-- b | 4 | 4 | 2 | 0.6 | 0.66</i> +<i>-- c | 5 | 5 | 3 | 0.8 | 1.0</i> +<i>-- c | 6 | 5 | 3 | 0.8 | 1.0</i> +<i>-- </i> +SELECT a AS a, + row_number() OVER win AS row_number, + rank() OVER win AS rank, + dense_rank() OVER win AS dense_rank, + percent_rank() OVER win AS percent_rank, + cume_dist() OVER win AS cume_dist +FROM t2 +WINDOW win AS (ORDER BY a); +</pre></div> + +<p>The example below uses ntile() to divide the six rows into two groups (the +ntile(2) call) and into four groups (the ntile(4) call). For ntile(2), there +are three rows assigned to each group. For ntile(4), there are two groups of +two and two groups of one. The larger groups of two appear first. + +</p><div class="codeblock"><pre><i>-- The following SELECT statement returns:</i> +<i>-- </i> +<i>-- a | b | ntile_2 | ntile_4</i> +---------------------------------- +<i>-- a | one | 1 | 1</i> +<i>-- a | two | 1 | 1</i> +<i>-- a | three | 1 | 2</i> +<i>-- b | four | 2 | 2</i> +<i>-- c | five | 2 | 3</i> +<i>-- c | six | 2 | 4</i> +<i>-- </i> +SELECT a AS a, + b AS b, + ntile(2) OVER win AS ntile_2, + ntile(4) OVER win AS ntile_4 +FROM t2 +WINDOW win AS (ORDER BY a); +</pre></div> + +<p> The next example demonstrates lag(), lead(), first_value(), last_value() +and nth_value(). The <span class='yynonterm'>frame-spec</span> is ignored by +both lag() and lead(), but respected by first_value(), last_value() +and nth_value(). + +</p><div class="codeblock"><pre><i>-- The following SELECT statement returns:</i> +<i>-- </i> +<i>-- b | lead | lag | first_value | last_value | nth_value_3</i> +------------------------------------------------------------- +<i>-- A | C | NULL | A | A | NULL </i> +<i>-- B | D | A | A | B | NULL </i> +<i>-- C | E | B | A | C | C </i> +<i>-- D | F | C | A | D | C </i> +<i>-- E | G | D | A | E | C </i> +<i>-- F | n/a | E | A | F | C </i> +<i>-- G | n/a | F | A | G | C </i> +<i>-- </i> +SELECT b AS b, + lead(b, 2, 'n/a') OVER win AS lead, + lag(b) OVER win AS lag, + first_value(b) OVER win AS first_value, + last_value(b) OVER win AS last_value, + nth_value(b, 3) OVER win AS nth_value_3 +FROM t1 +WINDOW win AS (ORDER BY b ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) +</pre></div> + + +<a name="wchaining"></a> + +<h1 id="window_chaining"><span>4. </span>Window Chaining</h1> + +<p> +Window chaining is a shorthand that allows one window to be defined in terms +of another. Specifically, the shorthand allows the new window to implicitly +copy the PARTITION BY and optionally ORDER BY clauses of the base window. For +example, in the following: + +</p><div class="codeblock"><pre>SELECT group_concat(b, '.') OVER ( + win ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW +) +FROM t1 +WINDOW win AS (PARTITION BY a ORDER BY c) +</pre></div> + +<p> +the window used by the group_concat() function is equivalent +to "PARTITION BY a ORDER BY c ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING +AND CURRENT ROW". In order to use window +chaining, all of the following must be true: + +</p><ul> + <li><p>The new window definition must not include a PARTITION BY clause. The + PARTITION BY clause, if there is one, must be supplied by the base + window specification. + + </p></li><li><p>If the base window has an ORDER BY clause, it is copied into the new + window. In this case the new window must not specify an ORDER BY clause. + If the base window has no ORDER BY clause, one may be specified as part + of the new window definition. + + </p></li><li><p>The base window may not specify a frame specification. The frame + specification can only be given in the new window specification. +</p></li></ul> + +<p>The two fragments of SQL below are similar, but not entirely equivalent, as +the latter will fail if the definition of window "win" contains a frame +specification. + +</p><div class="codeblock"><pre>SELECT group_concat(b, '.') OVER win ... +SELECT group_concat(b, '.') OVER (win) ... +</pre></div> + +<a name="udfwinfunc"></a> + +<h1 id="user_defined_aggregate_window_functions"><span>5. </span>User-Defined Aggregate Window Functions</h1> + +<p> User-defined aggregate window functions may be created using the +<a href="c3ref/create_function.html">sqlite3_create_window_function</a>() API. Implementing an aggregate window +function is very similar to an ordinary aggregate function. Any user-defined +aggregate window function may also be used as an ordinary aggregate. To +implement a user-defined aggregate window function the application must +supply four callback functions: + +</p><table striped="1" style="margin:1em auto; width:80%; border-spacing:0"> +<tr style="text-align:left"><th>Callback </th><th>Description +</th></tr><tr style="text-align:left;background-color:#DDDDDD"><td>xStep </td><td> + This method is required by both window aggregate and legacy aggregate + function implementations. It is invoked to add a row to the current + window. The function arguments, if any, corresponding to the row being + added are passed to the implementation of xStep. + +</td></tr><tr style="text-align:left"><td>xFinal </td><td> + This method is required by both window aggregate and legacy aggregate + function implementations. It is invoked to return the current value + of the aggregate (determined by the contents of the current window), + and to free any resources allocated by earlier calls to xStep. + +</td></tr><tr style="text-align:left;background-color:#DDDDDD"><td>xValue </td><td> + This method is only required for window aggregate functions. The presence + of this method is what distinguishes a window aggregate function from a + legacy aggregate function. This method is invoked to return the current + value of the aggregate. Unlike xFinal, the implementation should not + delete any context. + +</td></tr><tr style="text-align:left"><td>xInverse </td><td> + This method is only required for window aggregate functions, not legacy + aggregate function implementations. It is invoked to remove the oldest + presently aggregated result of xStep from the current window. + The function arguments, if any, are those + passed to xStep for the row being removed. +</td></tr></table> + +<p> The C code below implements a simple window aggregate function named +sumint(). This works in the same way as the built-in sum() function, except +that it throws an exception if passed an argument that is not an integer +value. + +</p><div class="codeblock"><pre><pre> +<i>/*</i> +<i>** xStep for sumint().</i> +<i>**</i> +<i>** Add the value of the argument to the aggregate context (an integer).</i> +<i>*/</i> +static void sumintStep( + <a href="c3ref/context.html">sqlite3_context</a> *ctx, + int nArg, + <a href="c3ref/value.html">sqlite3_value</a> *apArg[] +){ + <a href="c3ref/int64.html">sqlite3_int64</a> *pInt; + + assert( nArg==1 ); + if( <a href="c3ref/value_blob.html">sqlite3_value_type</a>(apArg[0])!=SQLITE_INTEGER ){ + <a href="c3ref/result_blob.html">sqlite3_result_error</a>(ctx, "invalid argument", -1); + return; + } + pInt = (sqlite3_int64*)sqlite3_aggregate_context(ctx, sizeof(<a href="c3ref/int64.html">sqlite3_int64</a>)); + if( pInt ){ + *pInt += <a href="c3ref/value_blob.html">sqlite3_value_int64</a>(apArg[0]); + } +} + +<i>/*</i> +<i>** xInverse for sumint().</i> +<i>**</i> +<i>** This does the opposite of xStep() - subtracts the value of the argument</i> +<i>** from the current context value. The error checking can be omitted from</i> +<i>** this function, as it is only ever called after xStep() (so the aggregate</i> +<i>** context has already been allocated) and with a value that has already</i> +<i>** been passed to xStep() without error (so it must be an integer).</i> +<i>*/</i> +static void sumintInverse( + <a href="c3ref/context.html">sqlite3_context</a> *ctx, + int nArg, + <a href="c3ref/value.html">sqlite3_value</a> *apArg[] +){ + <a href="c3ref/int64.html">sqlite3_int64</a> *pInt; + assert( <a href="c3ref/value_blob.html">sqlite3_value_type</a>(apArg[0])==SQLITE_INTEGER ); + pInt = (sqlite3_int64*)sqlite3_aggregate_context(ctx, sizeof(<a href="c3ref/int64.html">sqlite3_int64</a>)); + *pInt -= <a href="c3ref/value_blob.html">sqlite3_value_int64</a>(apArg[0]); +} + +<i>/*</i> +<i>** xFinal for sumint().</i> +<i>**</i> +<i>** Return the current value of the aggregate window function. Because</i> +<i>** this implementation does not allocate any resources beyond the buffer</i> +<i>** returned by <a href="c3ref/aggregate_context.html">sqlite3_aggregate_context</a>, which is automatically freed</i> +<i>** by the system, there are no resources to free. And so this method is</i> +<i>** identical to xValue().</i> +<i>*/</i> +static void sumintFinal(<a href="c3ref/context.html">sqlite3_context</a> *ctx){ + <a href="c3ref/int64.html">sqlite3_int64</a> res = 0; + <a href="c3ref/int64.html">sqlite3_int64</a> *pInt; + pInt = (sqlite3_int64*)<a href="c3ref/aggregate_context.html">sqlite3_aggregate_context</a>(ctx, 0); + if( pInt ) res = *pInt; + <a href="c3ref/result_blob.html">sqlite3_result_int64</a>(ctx, res); +} + +<i>/*</i> +<i>** xValue for sumint().</i> +<i>**</i> +<i>** Return the current value of the aggregate window function.</i> +<i>*/</i> +static void sumintValue(<a href="c3ref/context.html">sqlite3_context</a> *ctx){ + <a href="c3ref/int64.html">sqlite3_int64</a> res = 0; + <a href="c3ref/int64.html">sqlite3_int64</a> *pInt; + pInt = (sqlite3_int64*)<a href="c3ref/aggregate_context.html">sqlite3_aggregate_context</a>(ctx, 0); + if( pInt ) res = *pInt; + <a href="c3ref/result_blob.html">sqlite3_result_int64</a>(ctx, res); +} + +<i>/*</i> +<i>** Register sumint() window aggregate with database handle db. </i> +<i>*/</i> +int register_sumint(<a href="c3ref/sqlite3.html">sqlite3</a> *db){ + return <a href="c3ref/create_function.html">sqlite3_create_window_function</a>(db, "sumint", 1, SQLITE_UTF8, 0, + sumintStep, sumintFinal, sumintValue, sumintInverse, 0 + ); +} +</pre> + +</pre></div> + +<p> The following example uses the sumint() function implemented by the above +C code. For each row, the window consists of the preceding row (if any), the current row and the following row (again, if any): + +</p><div class="codeblock"><pre>CREATE TABLE t3(x, y); +INSERT INTO t3 VALUES('a', 4), + ('b', 5), + ('c', 3), + ('d', 8), + ('e', 1); + +<i>-- Assuming the database is populated using the above script, the </i> +<i>-- following SELECT statement returns:</i> +<i>-- </i> +<i>-- x | sum_y</i> +-------------- +<i>-- a | 9 </i> +<i>-- b | 12 </i> +<i>-- c | 16 </i> +<i>-- d | 12 </i> +<i>-- e | 9 </i> +<i>-- </i> +SELECT x, sumint(y) OVER ( + ORDER BY x ROWS BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND 1 FOLLOWING +) AS sum_y +FROM t3 ORDER BY x; +</pre></div> + +<p>In processing the query above, SQLite invokes the sumint callbacks as +follows: + +</p><p> +</p><ol> + <li> <b>xStep(4)</b> - add "4" to the current window. + </li><li> <b>xStep(5)</b> - add "5" to the current window. + </li><li> <b>xValue()</b> - invoke xValue() to obtain the value of sumint() for + the row with (x='a'). The window currently consists of values 4 and 5, + and so the result is 9. + </li><li> <b>xStep(3)</b> - add "3" to the current window. + </li><li> <b>xValue()</b> - invoke xValue() to obtain the value of sumint() for + the row with (x='b'). The window currently consists of values 4, 5 and + 3, and so the result is 12. + </li><li> <b>xInverse(4)</b> - remove "4" from the window. + </li><li> <b>xStep(8)</b> - add "8" to the current window. The window now consists + of values 5, 3 and 8. + </li><li> <b>xValue()</b> - invoked to obtain the value for the row with (x='c'). + In this case, 16. + </li><li> <b>xInverse(5)</b> - remove value "5" from the window. + </li><li> <b>xStep(1)</b> - add value "1" to the window. + </li><li> <b>xValue()</b> - invoked to obtain the value for row (x='d'). + </li><li> <b>xInverse(3)</b> - remove value "3" from the window. The window now + contains values 8 and 1 only. + </li><li> <b>xValue()</b> - invoked to obtain the value for row (x='e'). 9. + </li><li> <b>xFinal()</b> - invoked to reclaim any allocated resources. +</li></ol> + +<h1 id="history"><span>6. </span>History</h1> + +<p>Window function support was first added to SQLite with release +<a href="releaselog/3_25_0.html">version 3.25.0</a> (2018-09-15). The SQLite developers used +the <a href="http://www.postgresql.org">PostgreSQL</a> window function +documentation as their primary reference for how window functions +ought to behave. Many test cases have been run against PostgreSQL +to ensure that window functions operate the same way in both +SQLite and PostgreSQL. + +</p><p>In SQLite <a href="releaselog/3_28_0.html">version 3.28.0</a> (2019-04-16), +windows function support was extended to include the EXCLUDE clause, +GROUPS frame types, window chaining, and support for +"<expr> PRECEDING" and "<expr> FOLLOWING" boundaries +in RANGE frames. +</p><p align="center"><small><i>This page last modified on <a href="https://sqlite.org/docsrc/honeypot" id="mtimelink" data-href="https://sqlite.org/docsrc/finfo/pages/windowfunctions.in?m=5294c78796f3b49a2">2022-08-09 12:51:29</a> UTC </small></i></p> + |