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UPSERT
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<h1 id="syntax"><span>1. </span>Syntax</h1>
<p><b><a href="syntax/upsert-clause.html">upsert-clause:</a></b>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/column-name-list.html">column-name-list:</a></b>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
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<path d="M916,1087 L 924,1087 Q 931,1087 931,1072 L 931,32 Q 931,17 939,17 L 946,17"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x2215' onclick='hideorshow("x2215","x2216")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2216' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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<path d="M47,32L93,32A15 15 0 0 0 108 17A15 15 0 0 0 93 2L47,2A15 15 0 0 0 32 17A15 15 0 0 0 47 32Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="70" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">FILTER</text>
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</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
<button id='x2217' onclick='hideorshow("x2217","x2218")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2218' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x2219' onclick='hideorshow("x2219","x2220")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2220' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
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</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x2223' onclick='hideorshow("x2223","x2224")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2224' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x2225' onclick='hideorshow("x2225","x2226")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2226' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <div style="max-width:627px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 627.302 147.96">
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<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
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<path d="M66,150L395,150"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M348,6 L 473,6 Q 488,6 488,17 Q 488,29 495,29 L 503,29"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
</svg>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x2231' onclick='hideorshow("x2231","x2232")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2232' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <div style="max-width:293px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 293.842 147.96">
<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<polygon points="32,17 20,21 20,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M9,17L26,17"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M32,17L62,17"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M83,32L127,32A15 15 0 0 0 142 17A15 15 0 0 0 127 2L83,2A15 15 0 0 0 68 17A15 15 0 0 0 83 32Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="105" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">UNION</text>
<path d="M83,70L127,70A15 15 0 0 0 142 55L142,55A15 15 0 0 0 127 39L83,39A15 15 0 0 0 68 55L68,55A15 15 0 0 0 83 70Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="105" y="55" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">UNION</text>
<path d="M83,108L168,108A15 15 0 0 0 183 92A15 15 0 0 0 168 77L83,77A15 15 0 0 0 68 92A15 15 0 0 0 83 108Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="125" y="92" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">INTERSECT</text>
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<text x="109" y="130" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">EXCEPT</text>
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<path d="M180,70L195,70A15 15 0 0 0 210 55L210,55A15 15 0 0 0 195 39L180,39A15 15 0 0 0 165 55L165,55A15 15 0 0 0 180 70Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="187" y="55" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">ALL</text>
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<polygon points="284,17 272,21 272,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M233,55 L 240,55 Q 248,55 248,40 L 248,32 Q 248,17 263,17 L 263,17 L 278,17"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<circle cx="288" cy="17" r="3.6"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<polygon points="68,55 56,59 56,50" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M32,17 L 39,17 Q 47,17 47,32 L 47,40 Q 47,55 55,55 L 62,55"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M142,17L276,17"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<polygon points="68,92 56,97 56,88" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M183,92L227,92"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M233,92 L 240,92 Q 248,92 248,77 L 248,54 L 248,39"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M233,130 L 240,130 Q 248,130 248,115 L 248,92 L 248,77"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
</svg>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x2233' onclick='hideorshow("x2233","x2234")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2234' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <div style="max-width:793px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 793.282 84.24">
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<path d="M9,17L26,17"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M32,32L193,32L193,2L32,2Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="112" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">table-or-subquery</text>
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<path d="M259,62L380,62L380,32L259,32Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="319" y="47" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">join-operator</text>
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<path d="M403,62L564,62L564,32L403,32Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M587,62L721,62L721,32L587,32Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="654" y="47" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">join-constraint</text>
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<circle cx="787" cy="17" r="3.6"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M193,17L478,17"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M483,17L776,17"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M483,77 L 247,77 Q 232,77 232,62 L 232,62 Q 232,47 246,47 L 259,47"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
</svg>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x2235' onclick='hideorshow("x2235","x2236")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2236' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <div style="max-width:483px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 483.336 126.576">
<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M9,17 L 16,17 Q 24,17 24,32 L 24,40 Q 24,55 34,55 L 45,55"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M66,70L104,70A15 15 0 0 0 120 55L120,55A15 15 0 0 0 104 39L66,39A15 15 0 0 0 50 55L50,55A15 15 0 0 0 66 70Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="85" y="55" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">USING</text>
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<path d="M158,70A15 15 0 0 0 173 55L173,55A15 15 0 0 0 158 39A15 15 0 0 0 143 55L143,55A15 15 0 0 0 158 70Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="158" y="55" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">(</text>
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<path d="M224,70L318,70A15 15 0 0 0 333 55L333,55A15 15 0 0 0 318 39L224,39A15 15 0 0 0 209 55L209,55A15 15 0 0 0 224 70Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="271" y="55" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">column-name</text>
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<path d="M384,70A15 15 0 0 0 399 55L399,55A15 15 0 0 0 384 39A15 15 0 0 0 369 55L369,55A15 15 0 0 0 384 70Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<circle cx="477" cy="17" r="3.6"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M271,108A15 15 0 0 0 286 92A15 15 0 0 0 271 77A15 15 0 0 0 256 92A15 15 0 0 0 271 108Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="271" y="92" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">,</text>
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<path d="M256,92 L 197,92 Q 182,92 182,77 L 182,70 Q 182,55 190,55 L 197,55"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M9,17L45,17"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M66,32L74,32A15 15 0 0 0 90 17A15 15 0 0 0 74 2L66,2A15 15 0 0 0 50 17A15 15 0 0 0 66 32Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M113,32L162,32L162,2L113,2Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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</svg>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x2237' onclick='hideorshow("x2237","x2238")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2238' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <div style="max-width:620px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 620.333 255.312">
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<path d="M66,86L133,86A15 15 0 0 0 148 71A15 15 0 0 0 133 56L66,56A15 15 0 0 0 50 71A15 15 0 0 0 66 86Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M532,56L554,56A15 15 0 0 0 569 41A15 15 0 0 0 554 26L532,26A15 15 0 0 0 516 41A15 15 0 0 0 532 56Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="310" y="17" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">,</text>
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<path d="M99,41L178,41"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M189,41L505,41"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M246,124L284,124A15 15 0 0 0 299 109A15 15 0 0 0 284 94L246,94A15 15 0 0 0 231 109A15 15 0 0 0 246 124Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x2239' onclick='hideorshow("x2239","x2240")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2240' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <div style="max-width:798px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 798.451 99.576">
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<path d="M9,17L26,17"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M32,32L81,32L81,2L32,2Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="56" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">expr</text>
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<path d="M126,59L190,59A15 15 0 0 0 205 44L205,44A15 15 0 0 0 190 29L126,29A15 15 0 0 0 111 44L111,44A15 15 0 0 0 126 59Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="158" y="44" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">COLLATE</text>
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<path d="M243,17L394,17"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M462,97L492,97A15 15 0 0 0 508 82A15 15 0 0 0 492 67L462,67A15 15 0 0 0 447 82A15 15 0 0 0 462 97Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="471" y="44" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">ASC</text>
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<path d="M701,59L735,59A15 15 0 0 0 750 44L750,44A15 15 0 0 0 735 29L701,29A15 15 0 0 0 686 44L686,44A15 15 0 0 0 701 59Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M606,97L648,97A15 15 0 0 0 663 82A15 15 0 0 0 648 67L606,67A15 15 0 0 0 591 82A15 15 0 0 0 606 97Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M701,97L727,97A15 15 0 0 0 742 82A15 15 0 0 0 727 67L701,67A15 15 0 0 0 686 82A15 15 0 0 0 701 97Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M742,82 L 754,82 Q 765,82 765,67 L 765,44 L 765,29"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M670,17L780,17"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
</svg>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x2241' onclick='hideorshow("x2241","x2242")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2242' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <div style="max-width:398px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 398.054 163.08">
<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<polygon points="45,17 33,21 33,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M9,17L39,17"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M45,32L94,32L94,2L45,2Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="69" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">expr</text>
<polygon points="136,55 124,59 124,50" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M94,17 L 102,17 Q 109,17 109,32 L 109,40 Q 109,55 119,55 L 130,55"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M151,70L155,70A15 15 0 0 0 170 55L170,55A15 15 0 0 0 155 39L151,39A15 15 0 0 0 136 55L136,55A15 15 0 0 0 151 70Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M221,70L309,70A15 15 0 0 0 324 55L324,55A15 15 0 0 0 309 39L221,39A15 15 0 0 0 206 55L206,55A15 15 0 0 0 221 70Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="265" y="55" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">column-alias</text>
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<polygon points="388,17 377,21 377,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M347,55 L 354,55 Q 362,55 362,40 L 362,32 Q 362,17 372,17 L 382,17"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<circle cx="392" cy="17" r="3.6"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<polygon points="153,85 141,89 141,81" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M153,85 L 170,85 Q 185,85 185,70 L 185,70 Q 185,55 192,55 L 200,55"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M241,17L377,17"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M66,123A15 15 0 0 0 81 108A15 15 0 0 0 66 92A15 15 0 0 0 50 108A15 15 0 0 0 66 123Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M81,108L341,108"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M66,160L141,160A15 15 0 0 0 156 145A15 15 0 0 0 141 130L66,130A15 15 0 0 0 50 145A15 15 0 0 0 66 160Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M194,160A15 15 0 0 0 209 145A15 15 0 0 0 194 130A15 15 0 0 0 179 145A15 15 0 0 0 194 160Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="194" y="145" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">.</text>
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<path d="M247,160A15 15 0 0 0 262 145A15 15 0 0 0 247 130A15 15 0 0 0 232 145A15 15 0 0 0 247 160Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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</svg>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x2243' onclick='hideorshow("x2243","x2244")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2244' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <div style="max-width:720px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 720.778 457.704">
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<path d="M9,36 L 16,36 Q 24,36 24,51 L 24,59 Q 24,74 34,74 L 45,74"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M66,89L162,89A15 15 0 0 0 177 74L177,74A15 15 0 0 0 162 59L66,59A15 15 0 0 0 50 74L50,74A15 15 0 0 0 66 89Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="114" y="74" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">schema-name</text>
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<path d="M177,74L189,74"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M209,89A15 15 0 0 0 225 74L225,74A15 15 0 0 0 209 59A15 15 0 0 0 194 74L194,74A15 15 0 0 0 209 89Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M423,51L427,51A15 15 0 0 0 442 36A15 15 0 0 0 427 21L423,21A15 15 0 0 0 407 36A15 15 0 0 0 423 51Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M422,6 L 577,6 Q 592,6 592,21 L 592,21 Q 592,36 599,36 L 607,36"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
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<path d="M461,448L529,448A15 15 0 0 0 544 433A15 15 0 0 0 529 417L461,417A15 15 0 0 0 446 433A15 15 0 0 0 461 448Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="604" y="433" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">GROUP</text>
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<path d="M767,433 L 775,433 Q 782,433 782,440 L 782,448"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M461,486L529,486A15 15 0 0 0 544 470A15 15 0 0 0 529 455L461,455A15 15 0 0 0 446 470A15 15 0 0 0 461 486Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M767,470 L 775,470 Q 782,470 782,478 L 782,485"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M461,372L529,372A15 15 0 0 0 544 357A15 15 0 0 0 529 342L461,342A15 15 0 0 0 446 357A15 15 0 0 0 461 372Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M582,372L591,372A15 15 0 0 0 606 357A15 15 0 0 0 591 342L582,342A15 15 0 0 0 567 357A15 15 0 0 0 582 372Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M644,372L700,372A15 15 0 0 0 715 357A15 15 0 0 0 700 342L644,342A15 15 0 0 0 629 357A15 15 0 0 0 644 372Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<circle cx="894" cy="516" r="3.6"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<polygon points="710,304 722,300 722,308" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M1001,304L716,304"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<polygon points="527,516 516,520 516,511" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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<path d="M527,516L797,516"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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</svg>
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</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x2249' onclick='hideorshow("x2249","x2250")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2250' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <div style="max-width:661px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 661.008 110.16">
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<path d="M102,17 L 123,17 Q 138,17 138,32 L 138,40 Q 138,55 149,55 L 159,55"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M180,70A15 15 0 0 0 195 55L195,55A15 15 0 0 0 180 39A15 15 0 0 0 165 55L165,55A15 15 0 0 0 180 70Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M102,17L377,17"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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</svg>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x2251' onclick='hideorshow("x2251","x2252")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2252' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <div style="max-width:292px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 292.013 99.576">
<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<polygon points="50,44 39,48 39,40" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M9,17 L 16,17 Q 24,17 24,30 Q 24,44 34,44 L 45,44"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M66,59A15 15 0 0 0 81 44L81,44A15 15 0 0 0 66 29A15 15 0 0 0 50 44L50,44A15 15 0 0 0 66 59Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="66" y="44" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">+</text>
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<path d="M81,44 L 88,44 Q 96,44 96,30 Q 96,17 106,17 L 116,17"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M137,32L244,32A15 15 0 0 0 259 17A15 15 0 0 0 244 2L137,2A15 15 0 0 0 122 17A15 15 0 0 0 137 32Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="191" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">numeric-literal</text>
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<circle cx="286" cy="17" r="3.6"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<polygon points="50,82 39,86 39,77" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M9,17 L 16,17 Q 24,17 24,32 L 24,67 Q 24,82 34,82 L 45,82"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M66,97A15 15 0 0 0 81 82L81,82A15 15 0 0 0 66 67A15 15 0 0 0 50 82L50,82A15 15 0 0 0 66 97Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="66" y="82" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">-</text>
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<path d="M66,17L111,17"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/indexed-column.html">indexed-column:</a></b>
<button id='x2253' onclick='hideorshow("x2253","x2254")'>show</button></p>
 <div id='x2254' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
 <div style="max-width:696px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 696.36 102.6">
<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<polygon points="50,17 39,21 39,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M9,17L45,17"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M66,32L160,32A15 15 0 0 0 175 17A15 15 0 0 0 160 2L66,2A15 15 0 0 0 50 17A15 15 0 0 0 66 32Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="113" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">column-name</text>
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<path d="M261,62L325,62A15 15 0 0 0 341 47L341,47A15 15 0 0 0 325 32L261,32A15 15 0 0 0 246 47L246,47A15 15 0 0 0 261 62Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="293" y="47" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">COLLATE</text>
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<path d="M582,100L613,100A15 15 0 0 0 628 85L628,85A15 15 0 0 0 613 70L582,70A15 15 0 0 0 567 85L567,85A15 15 0 0 0 582 100Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>


<h1 id="description"><span>2. </span>Description</h1>

<p>UPSERT is a clause added to <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a> that causes the
INSERT to behave as an <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a> or a no-op if the INSERT would violate
a uniqueness constraint.
UPSERT is not standard SQL.  UPSERT in SQLite follows the
syntax established by PostgreSQL, with generalizations.

</p><p>An UPSERT is an ordinary <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a> statement that is followed by
one or more ON CONFLICT clauses, as shown in the syntax diagram above.

</p><p>The syntax in between the "ON CONFLICT" and "DO" keywords
is called the "conflict target".  The conflict target specifies a
uniqueness constraint that will trigger the upsert.  The conflict target
may be omitted on the last ON CONFLICT clause in the INSERT statement, but
is required for all other ON CONFLICT clauses.

</p><p>If the insert operation would cause the conflict target uniqueness
constraint to fail, then the insert is omitted and
the corresponding DO NOTHING or DO UPDATE operation is performed instead.
The ON CONFLICT clauses are checked in the order specified.  If the last
ON CONFLICT clause omits the conflict target, then it will fire if any
uniqueness constraint fails which is not captured by prior ON CONFLICT clauses.

</p><p>Only a single ON CONFLICT clause, specifically the first ON CONFLICT
clause with a matching conflict target, may run for each row of the INSERT.
When an ON CONFLICT clause fires, all subsequent ON CONFLICT clauses are
bypassed for that one row.

</p><p>
In the case of a multi-row insert, the upsert decision is made separately
for each row of the insert.

</p><p>The UPSERT processing happens only for uniqueness constraints.
A "uniqueness constraint"
is an explicit UNIQUE or PRIMARY KEY constraint within
the CREATE TABLE statement, or a <a href="lang_createindex.html#uniqueidx">unique index</a>.
UPSERT does not intervene for failed NOT NULL, CHECK,
or foreign key constraints
or for constraints that are implemented using triggers.

</p><p>Column names in the expressions of a DO UPDATE refer to the original
unchanged value of the column, before the attempted INSERT.  To use the
value that would have been inserted had the constraint not failed,
add the special "excluded." table qualifier to the column name.

</p><h2 id="examples"><span>2.1. </span>Examples</h2>

<p>Some examples will help illustrate how UPSERT works:

</p><blockquote><pre>
CREATE TABLE vocabulary(word TEXT PRIMARY KEY, count INT DEFAULT 1);
INSERT INTO vocabulary(word) VALUES('jovial')
  ON CONFLICT(word) DO UPDATE SET count=count+1;
</pre></blockquote>

<p>The upsert above inserts the new vocabulary word "jovial" if that
word is not already in the dictionary, or if it is already in the
dictionary, it increments the counter.  The "count+1" expression
could also be written as "vocabulary.count".  PostgreSQL requires the
second form, but SQLite accepts either.

</p><blockquote><pre>
CREATE TABLE phonebook(name TEXT PRIMARY KEY, phonenumber TEXT);
INSERT INTO phonebook(name,phonenumber) VALUES('Alice','704-555-1212')
  ON CONFLICT(name) DO UPDATE SET phonenumber=excluded.phonenumber;
</pre></blockquote>

<p>In the second example, the expression in the DO UPDATE clause is
of the form "excluded.phonenumber".  The "excluded." prefix causes the
"phonenumber" to refer to the value for phonenumber that would have been
inserted had there been no conflict.  Hence, the effect of the upsert
is to insert a phonenumber of Alice if none exists, or to overwrite
any prior phonenumber for Alice with the new one.

</p><p>Note that the DO UPDATE clause acts only on the single row
that experienced the constraint error during INSERT.  It is not
necessary to include a WHERE clause that restricts the action
to that one row.  The only use for the WHERE clause at
the end of the DO UPDATE is to optionally change the DO UPDATE
into a no-op depending on the original and/or new values.
For example:

</p><blockquote><pre>
CREATE TABLE phonebook2(
  name TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
  phonenumber TEXT,
  validDate DATE
);
INSERT INTO phonebook2(name,phonenumber,validDate)
  VALUES('Alice','704-555-1212','2018-05-08')
  ON CONFLICT(name) DO UPDATE SET
    phonenumber=excluded.phonenumber,
    validDate=excluded.validDate
  WHERE excluded.validDate>phonebook2.validDate;
</pre></blockquote>

<p>In this last example, the phonebook2 entry is only
updated if the validDate for the newly inserted value is
newer than the entry already in the table.  If the table already
contains an entry with the same name and a current validDate,
then the WHERE clause causes the DO UPDATE to become a no-op.

<a name="parseambig"></a>


</p><h2 id="parsing_ambiguity"><span>2.2. </span>Parsing Ambiguity</h2>

<p>When the <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a> statement to which the UPSERT is attached
takes its values from a <a href="lang_select.html">SELECT</a> statement, there is a potential
parsing ambiguity.  The parser might not be able to tell if the
"ON" keyword is introducing the UPSERT or if it is the ON clause
of a join.  To work around this, the SELECT statement should always
include a WHERE clause, even if that WHERE clause is just
"WHERE true".

</p><p>Ambiguous use of ON:

</p><blockquote><pre>
INSERT INTO t1 SELECT * FROM t2
ON CONFLICT(x) DO UPDATE SET y=excluded.y;
</pre></blockquote>

<p>Ambiguity resolved using a WHERE clause:

</p><blockquote><pre>
INSERT INTO t1 SELECT * FROM t2 <font color="blue">WHERE true</font>
ON CONFLICT(x) DO UPDATE SET y=excluded.y;
</pre></blockquote>

<h1 id="limitations"><span>3. </span>Limitations</h1>

<p>UPSERT does not currently work for <a href="vtab.html">virtual tables</a>.

</p><p>The <a href="lang_conflict.html">conflict resolution algorithm</a> for the update operation
of the DO UPDATE clause is always ABORT.  In other words, the behavior
is as if the DO UPDATE clause were actually written as
"DO UPDATE OR ABORT".  If the DO UPDATE clause encounters any
constraint violation, the entire INSERT statement rolls back and
halts.  This is true even if the DO UPDATE clause is
contained within an INSERT statement or a trigger that specifies some
other conflict resolution algorithm.

</p><h1 id="history"><span>4. </span>History</h1>

<p>UPSERT syntax was added to SQLite with version 3.24.0 (2018-06-04).
The original implementation closely followed the PostgreSQL syntax in that
it only permitted a single ON CONFLICT clause and it required a
conflict target for on DO UPDATE.
The syntax was generalized to permit multiple ON CONFLICT clauses and
to allow DO UPDATE resolution without a conflict target in
SQLite version 3.35.0 (2021-03-12).
</p><p align="center"><small><i>This page last modified on  <a href="https://sqlite.org/docsrc/honeypot" id="mtimelink"  data-href="https://sqlite.org/docsrc/finfo/pages/lang_upsert.in?m=e0df5cdd6501250fa">2021-02-21 12:53:49</a> UTC </small></i></p>
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