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diff --git a/australasia b/australasia new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0e9c259 --- /dev/null +++ b/australasia @@ -0,0 +1,2226 @@ +# tzdb data for Australasia and environs, and for much of the Pacific + +# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of +# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson. + +# This file also includes Pacific islands. + +# Notes are at the end of this file + +############################################################################### + +# Australia + +# Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc. + +# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +Rule Aus 1917 only - Jan 1 2:00s 1:00 D +Rule Aus 1917 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S +Rule Aus 1942 only - Jan 1 2:00s 1:00 D +Rule Aus 1942 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S +Rule Aus 1942 only - Sep 27 2:00s 1:00 D +Rule Aus 1943 1944 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S +Rule Aus 1943 only - Oct 3 2:00s 1:00 D + +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +# Northern Territory +Zone Australia/Darwin 8:43:20 - LMT 1895 Feb + 9:00 - ACST 1899 May + 9:30 Aus AC%sT +# Western Australia +# +# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D +Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S +Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D +Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S +Rule AW 1991 only - Nov 17 2:00s 1:00 D +Rule AW 1992 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S +Rule AW 2006 only - Dec 3 2:00s 1:00 D +Rule AW 2007 2009 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S +Rule AW 2007 2008 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D +Zone Australia/Perth 7:43:24 - LMT 1895 Dec + 8:00 Aus AW%sT 1943 Jul + 8:00 AW AW%sT +Zone Australia/Eucla 8:35:28 - LMT 1895 Dec + 8:45 Aus +0845/+0945 1943 Jul + 8:45 AW +0845/+0945 + +# Queensland +# +# From Alex Livingston (1996-11-01): +# I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast +# of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after +# Queensland ceased to. +# +# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22): +# IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman, +# Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped. +# Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria, +# so use Lindeman. +# +# From J William Piggott (2016-02-20): +# There is no location named Holiday Islands in Queensland Australia; holiday +# islands is a colloquial term used globally. Hayman and Lindeman are at the +# north and south extremes of the Whitsunday Islands archipelago, and +# Hamilton is in between; it is reasonable to believe that this time zone +# applies to all of the Whitsundays. +# http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/austn-islands +# +# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D +Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S +Rule AQ 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D +Rule AQ 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S +Rule Holiday 1992 1993 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D +Rule Holiday 1993 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S +Zone Australia/Brisbane 10:12:08 - LMT 1895 + 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971 + 10:00 AQ AE%sT +Zone Australia/Lindeman 9:55:56 - LMT 1895 + 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971 + 10:00 AQ AE%sT 1992 Jul + 10:00 Holiday AE%sT + +# South Australia +# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +Rule AS 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D +Rule AS 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 D +Rule AS 1987 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D +Rule AS 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 S +Rule AS 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S +Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S +Rule AS 1991 only - Mar 3 2:00s 0 S +Rule AS 1992 only - Mar 22 2:00s 0 S +Rule AS 1993 only - Mar 7 2:00s 0 S +Rule AS 1994 only - Mar 20 2:00s 0 S +Rule AS 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S +Rule AS 2006 only - Apr 2 2:00s 0 S +Rule AS 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S +Rule AS 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S +Rule AS 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Australia/Adelaide 9:14:20 - LMT 1895 Feb + 9:00 - ACST 1899 May + 9:30 Aus AC%sT 1971 + 9:30 AS AC%sT + +# Tasmania +# +# From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16): +# http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml +# says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971. +# +# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +Rule AT 1916 only - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D +Rule AT 1917 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S +Rule AT 1917 1918 - Oct Sun>=22 2:00s 1:00 D +Rule AT 1918 1919 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S +Rule AT 1967 only - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D +Rule AT 1968 only - Mar Sun>=29 2:00s 0 S +Rule AT 1968 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D +Rule AT 1969 1971 - Mar Sun>=8 2:00s 0 S +Rule AT 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S +Rule AT 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S +Rule AT 1982 1983 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S +Rule AT 1984 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S +Rule AT 1986 only - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 D +Rule AT 1987 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S +Rule AT 1987 only - Oct Sun>=22 2:00s 1:00 D +Rule AT 1988 1990 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D +Rule AT 1991 1999 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D +Rule AT 1991 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S +Rule AT 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D +Rule AT 2001 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D +Rule AT 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S +Rule AT 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S +Rule AT 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Australia/Hobart 9:49:16 - LMT 1895 Sep + 10:00 AT AE%sT 1919 Oct 24 + 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1967 + 10:00 AT AE%sT + +# Victoria +# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +Rule AV 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D +Rule AV 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S +Rule AV 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S +Rule AV 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S +Rule AV 1986 1987 - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 D +Rule AV 1988 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D +Rule AV 1991 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S +Rule AV 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S +Rule AV 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D +Rule AV 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D +Rule AV 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S +Rule AV 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S +Rule AV 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S +Rule AV 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 - LMT 1895 Feb + 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971 + 10:00 AV AE%sT + +# New South Wales +# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +Rule AN 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D +Rule AN 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 S +Rule AN 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S +Rule AN 1982 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S +Rule AN 1983 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S +Rule AN 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S +Rule AN 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 D +Rule AN 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D +Rule AN 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S +Rule AN 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S +Rule AN 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D +Rule AN 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D +Rule AN 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S +Rule AN 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S +Rule AN 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S +Rule AN 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Australia/Sydney 10:04:52 - LMT 1895 Feb + 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971 + 10:00 AN AE%sT +Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 - LMT 1895 Feb + 10:00 - AEST 1896 Aug 23 + 9:00 - ACST 1899 May + 9:30 Aus AC%sT 1971 + 9:30 AN AC%sT 2000 + 9:30 AS AC%sT + +# Lord Howe Island +# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +Rule LH 1981 1984 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 - +Rule LH 1982 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 - +Rule LH 1985 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 - +Rule LH 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 - +Rule LH 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00 0:30 - +Rule LH 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 - +Rule LH 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 - +Rule LH 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 - +Rule LH 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00 0:30 - +Rule LH 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 - +Rule LH 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 - +Rule LH 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 - +Rule LH 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 - +Rule LH 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 0:30 - +Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 - LMT 1895 Feb + 10:00 - AEST 1981 Mar + 10:30 LH +1030/+1130 1985 Jul + 10:30 LH +1030/+11 + +# Australian miscellany +# +# Ashmore Is, Cartier +# no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers +# no times are set +# +# Coral Sea Is +# no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists +# no times are set +# +# Macquarie +# Permanent occupation (scientific station) 1911-1915 and since 25 March 1948; +# sealing and penguin oil station operated Nov 1899 to Apr 1919. See the +# Tasmania Parks & Wildlife Service history of sealing at Macquarie Island +# http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1828 +# http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1831 +# Guess that it was like Australia/Hobart while inhabited before 2010. +# +# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-10): +# We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division: +# - Macquarie Island will stay on UTC+11 for winter and therefore not +# switch back from daylight savings time when other parts of Australia do +# on 4 April. +# +# From Arthur David Olson (2013-05-23): +# The 1919 transition is overspecified below so pre-2013 zics +# will produce a binary file with an [A]EST-type as the first 32-bit type; +# this is required for correct handling of times before 1916 by +# pre-2013 versions of localtime. +Zone Antarctica/Macquarie 0 - -00 1899 Nov + 10:00 - AEST 1916 Oct 1 2:00 + 10:00 1:00 AEDT 1917 Feb + 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1919 Apr 1 0:00s + 0 - -00 1948 Mar 25 + 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1967 + 10:00 AT AE%sT 2010 + 10:00 1:00 AEDT 2011 + 10:00 AT AE%sT + +# Fiji + +# Milne gives 11:55:44 for Suva. + +# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-11-10): +# According to Fiji Broadcasting Corporation, Fiji plans to re-introduce DST +# from November 29th 2009 to April 25th 2010. +# +# "Daylight savings to commence this month" +# http://www.radiofiji.com.fj/fullstory.php?id=23719 +# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji01.html + +# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-11-10): +# The Fiji Government has posted some more details about the approved +# amendments: +# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/page_16198.shtml + +# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-03): +# The Cabinet in Fiji has decided to end DST about a month early, on +# 2010-03-28 at 03:00. +# The plan is to observe DST again, from 2010-10-24 to sometime in March +# 2011 (last Sunday a good guess?). +# +# Official source: +# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1096:3310-cabinet-approves-change-in-daylight-savings-dates&catid=49:cabinet-releases&Itemid=166 +# +# A bit more background info here: +# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-dst-ends-march-2010.html + +# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-10-24): +# According to Radio Fiji and Fiji Times online, Fiji will end DST 3 +# weeks earlier than expected - on March 6, 2011, not March 27, 2011... +# Here is confirmation from Government of the Republic of the Fiji Islands, +# Ministry of Information (fiji.gov.fj) web site: +# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2608:daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155 +# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji04.html + +# From Steffen Thorsen (2011-10-03): +# Now the dates have been confirmed, and at least our start date +# assumption was correct (end date was one week wrong). +# +# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4966:daylight-saving-starts-in-fiji&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155 +# which says +# Members of the public are reminded to change their time to one hour in +# advance at 2am to 3am on October 23, 2011 and one hour back at 3am to +# 2am on February 26 next year. + +# From Ken Rylander (2011-10-24) +# Another change to the Fiji DST end date. In the TZ database the end date for +# Fiji DST 2012, is currently Feb 26. This has been changed to Jan 22. +# +# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5017:amendments-to-daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155 +# states: +# +# The end of daylight saving scheduled initially for the 26th of February 2012 +# has been brought forward to the 22nd of January 2012. +# The commencement of daylight saving will remain unchanged and start +# on the 23rd of October, 2011. + +# From the Fiji Government Online Portal (2012-08-21) via Steffen Thorsen: +# The Minister for Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment Mr Jone Usamate +# today confirmed that Fiji will start daylight savings at 2 am on Sunday 21st +# October 2012 and end at 3 am on Sunday 20th January 2013. +# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6702&catid=71&Itemid=155 + +# From the Fijian Government Media Center (2013-08-30) via David Wheeler: +# Fiji will start daylight savings on Sunday 27th October, 2013 ... +# move clocks forward by one hour from 2am +# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-27th-OCTOBER-201.aspx + +# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-01-10): +# Fiji will end DST on 2014-01-19 02:00: +# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVINGS-TO-END-THIS-MONTH-(1).aspx + +# From Ken Rylander (2014-10-20): +# DST will start Nov. 2 this year. +# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-NOVEMBER-2ND.aspx + +# From a government order dated 2015-08-26 and published as Legal Notice No. 77 +# in the Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 24 (2015-08-28), +# via Ken Rylander (2015-09-02): +# the daylight saving period is 1 hour in advance of the standard time +# commencing at 2.00 am on Sunday 1st November, 2015 and ending at +# 3.00 am on Sunday 17th January, 2016. + +# From Raymond Kumar (2016-10-04): +# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-6th-NOVEMBER,-2016.aspx +# "Fiji's daylight savings will begin on Sunday, 6 November 2016, when +# clocks go forward an hour at 2am to 3am.... Daylight Saving will +# end at 3.00am on Sunday 15th January 2017." + +# From Paul Eggert (2017-08-21): +# Dominic Fok writes (2017-08-20) that DST ends 2018-01-14, citing +# Extraordinary Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 21 (2017-08-27), +# [Legal Notice No. 41] of an order of the previous day by J Usamate. + +# From Raymond Kumar (2018-07-13): +# http://www.fijitimes.com/government-approves-2018-daylight-saving/ +# ... The daylight saving period will end at 3am on Sunday January 13, 2019. + +# From Paul Eggert (2019-08-06): +# Today Raymond Kumar reported the Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 27 +# (2019-08-02) said that Fiji observes DST "commencing at 2.00 am on +# Sunday, 10 November 2019 and ending at 3.00 am on Sunday, 12 January 2020." +# For now, guess DST from 02:00 the second Sunday in November to 03:00 +# the first Sunday on or after January 12. January transitions reportedly +# depend on when school terms start. Although the guess is ad hoc, it matches +# transitions planned this year and seems more likely to match future practice +# than guessing no DST. +# From Michael Deckers (2019-08-06): +# https://www.laws.gov.fj/LawsAsMade/downloadfile/848 + +# From Raymond Kumar (2020-10-08): +# [DST in Fiji] is from December 20th 2020, till 17th January 2021. +# From Alan Mintz (2020-10-08): +# https://www.laws.gov.fj/LawsAsMade/GetFile/1071 +# From Tim Parenti (2020-10-08): +# https://www.fijivillage.com/news/Daylight-saving-from-Dec-20th-this-year-to-Jan-17th-2021-8rf4x5/ +# "Minister for Employment, Parveen Bala says they had never thought of +# stopping daylight saving. He says it was just to decide on when it should +# start and end. Bala says it is a short period..." +# +# From Tim Parenti (2021-10-11), per Jashneel Kumar (2021-10-11) and P Chan +# (2021-10-12): +# https://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Centre/Speeches/English/PM-BAINIMARAMA-S-COVID-19-ANNOUNCEMENT-10-10-21 +# https://www.fbcnews.com.fj/news/covid-19/curfew-moved-back-to-11pm/ +# In a 2021-10-10 speech concerning updated Covid-19 mitigation measures in +# Fiji, prime minister Josaia Voreqe "Frank" Bainimarama announced the +# suspension of DST for the 2021/2022 season: "Given that we are in the process +# of readjusting in the midst of so many changes, we will also put Daylight +# Savings Time on hold for this year. It will also make the reopening of +# scheduled commercial air service much smoother if we don't have to be +# concerned shifting arrival and departure times, which may look like a simple +# thing but requires some significant logistical adjustments domestically and +# internationally." + +# From Shalvin Narayan (2022-10-27): +# Please note that there will not be any daylight savings time change +# in Fiji for 2022-2023.... +# https://www.facebook.com/FijianGovernment/posts/pfbid0mmWVTYmTibn66ybpFda75pDcf34SSpoSaskJW5gXwaKo5Sgc7273Q4fXWc6kQV6Hl + +# From Almaz Mingaleev (2023-10-06): +# Cabinet approved the suspension of Daylight Saving and appropriate +# legislative changes will be considered including the repeal of the +# Daylight Saving Act 1998 +# https://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Centre/Speeches/English/CABINET-DECISIONS-3-OCTOBER-2023 +# +# From Paul Eggert (2023-10-06): +# For now, assume DST is suspended indefinitely. + +# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +Rule Fiji 1998 1999 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 - +Rule Fiji 1999 2000 - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 - +Rule Fiji 2009 only - Nov 29 2:00 1:00 - +Rule Fiji 2010 only - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 - +Rule Fiji 2010 2013 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00 1:00 - +Rule Fiji 2011 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 - +Rule Fiji 2012 2013 - Jan Sun>=18 3:00 0 - +Rule Fiji 2014 only - Jan Sun>=18 2:00 0 - +Rule Fiji 2014 2018 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 - +Rule Fiji 2015 2021 - Jan Sun>=12 3:00 0 - +Rule Fiji 2019 only - Nov Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 - +Rule Fiji 2020 only - Dec 20 2:00 1:00 - +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Pacific/Fiji 11:55:44 - LMT 1915 Oct 26 # Suva + 12:00 Fiji +12/+13 + +# French Polynesia +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Pacific/Gambier -8:59:48 - LMT 1912 Oct 1 # Rikitea + -9:00 - -09 +Zone Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 - LMT 1912 Oct 1 + -9:30 - -0930 +Zone Pacific/Tahiti -9:58:16 - LMT 1912 Oct 1 # Papeete + -10:00 - -10 +# Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia; +# it is uninhabited. + + +# Guam +# N Mariana Is + +# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +# http://guamlegislature.com/Public_Laws_5th/PL05-025.pdf +# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-59-7-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time-May-6-1959.pdf +Rule Guam 1959 only - Jun 27 2:00 1:00 D +# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-61-5-Revocation-of-Daylight-Saving-Time-and-Restoratio.pdf +Rule Guam 1961 only - Jan 29 2:00 0 S +# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-67-13-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf +Rule Guam 1967 only - Sep 1 2:00 1:00 D +# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-69-2-Repeal-of-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf +Rule Guam 1969 only - Jan 26 0:01 0 S +# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-69-10-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf +Rule Guam 1969 only - Jun 22 2:00 1:00 D +Rule Guam 1969 only - Aug 31 2:00 0 S +# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-70-10-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf +# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-70-30-End-of-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf +# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-71-5-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf +Rule Guam 1970 1971 - Apr lastSun 2:00 1:00 D +Rule Guam 1970 1971 - Sep Sun>=1 2:00 0 S +# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-73-28.-Guam-Day-light-Saving-Time.pdf +Rule Guam 1973 only - Dec 16 2:00 1:00 D +# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-74-7-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time-Rescinded.pdf +Rule Guam 1974 only - Feb 24 2:00 0 S +# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-76-13-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf +Rule Guam 1976 only - May 26 2:00 1:00 D +# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-76-25-Revocation-of-E.O.-76-13.pdf +Rule Guam 1976 only - Aug 22 2:01 0 S +# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-77-4-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf +Rule Guam 1977 only - Apr 24 2:00 1:00 D +# http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-77-18-Guam-Standard-Time.pdf +Rule Guam 1977 only - Aug 28 2:00 0 S + +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Pacific/Guam -14:21:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31 + 9:39:00 - LMT 1901 # Agana + 10:00 - GST 1941 Dec 10 # Guam + 9:00 - +09 1944 Jul 31 + 10:00 Guam G%sT 2000 Dec 23 + 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time + + +# Kiribati (Gilbert Is) +# Marshall Is +# Tuvalu +# Wake +# Wallis & Futuna +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Pacific/Tarawa 11:32:04 - LMT 1901 # Bairiki + 12:00 - +12 + +# Kiribati (except Gilbert Is) +# See Pacific/Tarawa for the Gilbert Is. +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Pacific/Kanton 0 - -00 1937 Aug 31 + -12:00 - -12 1979 Oct + -11:00 - -11 1994 Dec 31 + 13:00 - +13 +Zone Pacific/Kiritimati -10:29:20 - LMT 1901 + -10:40 - -1040 1979 Oct + -10:00 - -10 1994 Dec 31 + 14:00 - +14 + +# Marshall Is +# See Pacific/Tarawa for most locations. +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Pacific/Kwajalein 11:09:20 - LMT 1901 + 11:00 - +11 1937 + 10:00 - +10 1941 Apr 1 + 9:00 - +09 1944 Feb 6 + 11:00 - +11 1969 Oct + -12:00 - -12 1993 Aug 20 24:00 + 12:00 - +12 + +# Micronesia +# For Chuuk and Yap see Pacific/Port_Moresby. +# For Pohnpei see Pacific/Guadalcanal. +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Pacific/Kosrae -13:08:04 - LMT 1844 Dec 31 + 10:51:56 - LMT 1901 + 11:00 - +11 1914 Oct + 9:00 - +09 1919 Feb 1 + 11:00 - +11 1937 + 10:00 - +10 1941 Apr 1 + 9:00 - +09 1945 Aug + 11:00 - +11 1969 Oct + 12:00 - +12 1999 + 11:00 - +11 + +# Nauru +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Pacific/Nauru 11:07:40 - LMT 1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe + 11:30 - +1130 1942 Aug 29 + 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 8 + 11:30 - +1130 1979 Feb 10 2:00 + 12:00 - +12 + +# New Caledonia +# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +Rule NC 1977 1978 - Dec Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 - +Rule NC 1978 1979 - Feb 27 0:00 0 - +Rule NC 1996 only - Dec 1 2:00s 1:00 - +# Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA. +Rule NC 1997 only - Mar 2 2:00s 0 - +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Pacific/Noumea 11:05:48 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Nouméa + 11:00 NC +11/+12 + + +############################################################################### + +# New Zealand +# McMurdo Station and Scott Base in Antarctica use Auckland time. + +# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +Rule NZ 1927 only - Nov 6 2:00 1:00 S +Rule NZ 1928 only - Mar 4 2:00 0 M +Rule NZ 1928 1933 - Oct Sun>=8 2:00 0:30 S +Rule NZ 1929 1933 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 M +Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Apr lastSun 2:00 0 M +Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0:30 S +Rule NZ 1946 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 S +# Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but until 2018a +# there was no documented single notation for the date and time of this +# transition. Duplicate the Rule lines for now, to give the 2018a change +# time to percolate out. +Rule NZ 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D +Rule Chatham 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 - +Rule NZ 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S +Rule Chatham 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:45s 0 - +Rule NZ 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D +Rule Chatham 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:45s 1:00 - +Rule NZ 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S +Rule Chatham 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:45s 0 - +Rule NZ 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:00s 1:00 D +Rule Chatham 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:45s 1:00 - +Rule NZ 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D +Rule Chatham 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 - +Rule NZ 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S +Rule Chatham 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:45s 0 - +Rule NZ 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D +Rule Chatham 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:45s 1:00 - +Rule NZ 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S +Rule Chatham 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:45s 0 - +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Pacific/Auckland 11:39:04 - LMT 1868 Nov 2 + 11:30 NZ NZ%sT 1946 Jan 1 + 12:00 NZ NZ%sT + +Zone Pacific/Chatham 12:13:48 - LMT 1868 Nov 2 + 12:15 - +1215 1946 Jan 1 + 12:45 Chatham +1245/+1345 + +# Auckland Is +# uninhabited; Māori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers, +# and scientific personnel have wintered + +# Campbell I +# minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914 +# scientific station operated 1941/1995; +# previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered +# was probably like Pacific/Auckland + +# Cook Is +# +# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2021-03-24): +# In 1899 the Cook Islands celebrated Christmas twice to correct the calendar. +# According to the old books, missionaries were unaware of +# the International Date line, when they came from Sydney. +# Thus the Cook Islands were one day ahead.... +# http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-KloDisc-t1-body-d18.html +# ... Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1900 +# https://atojs.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/atojs?a=d&d=AJHR1900-I.2.1.2.3 +# (page 20) +# +# From Michael Deckers (2021-03-24): +# ... in the Cook Island Act of 1915-10-11, online at +# http://www.paclii.org/ck/legis/ck-nz_act/cia1915132/ +# "651. The hour of the day shall in each of the islands included in the +# Cook Islands be determined in accordance with the meridian of that island." +# so that local (mean?) time was still used in Rarotonga (and Niue) in 1915. +# This was changed in the Cook Island Amendment Act of 1952-10-16 ... +# http://www.paclii.org/ck/legis/ck-nz_act/ciaa1952212/ +# "651 (1) The hour of the day in each of the islands included in the Cook +# Islands, other than Niue, shall be determined as if each island were +# situated on the meridian one hundred and fifty-seven degrees thirty minutes +# West of Greenwich. (2) The hour of the day in the Island of Niue shall be +# determined as if that island were situated on the meridian one hundred and +# seventy degrees West of Greenwich." +# This act does not state when it takes effect, so one has to assume it +# applies since 1952-10-16. But there is the possibility that the act just +# legalized prior existing practice, as we had seen with the Guernsey law of +# 1913-06-18 for the switch in 1909-04-19. +# +# From Paul Eggert (2021-03-24): +# Transitions after 1952 are from Shanks & Pottenger. +# +# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +Rule Cook 1978 only - Nov 12 0:00 0:30 - +Rule Cook 1979 1991 - Mar Sun>=1 0:00 0 - +Rule Cook 1979 1990 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0:30 - +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Pacific/Rarotonga 13:20:56 - LMT 1899 Dec 26 # Avarua + -10:39:04 - LMT 1952 Oct 16 + -10:30 - -1030 1978 Nov 12 + -10:00 Cook -10/-0930 + +############################################################################### + + +# Niue +# See Pacific/Rarotonga comments for 1952 transition. +# +# From Tim Parenti (2021-09-13): +# Consecutive contemporaneous editions of The Air Almanac listed -11:20 for +# Niue as of Apr 1964 but -11 as of Aug 1964: +# Apr 1964: https://books.google.com/books?id=_1So677Y5vUC&pg=SL1-PA23 +# Aug 1964: https://books.google.com/books?id=MbJloqd-zyUC&pg=SL1-PA23 +# Without greater specificity, guess 1964-07-01 for this transition. + +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Pacific/Niue -11:19:40 - LMT 1952 Oct 16 # Alofi + -11:20 - -1120 1964 Jul + -11:00 - -11 + +# Norfolk +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Pacific/Norfolk 11:11:52 - LMT 1901 # Kingston + 11:12 - +1112 1951 + 11:30 - +1130 1974 Oct 27 02:00s + 11:30 1:00 +1230 1975 Mar 2 02:00s + 11:30 - +1130 2015 Oct 4 02:00s + 11:00 - +11 2019 Jul + 11:00 AN +11/+12 + +# Palau (Belau) +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Pacific/Palau -15:02:04 - LMT 1844 Dec 31 # Koror + 8:57:56 - LMT 1901 + 9:00 - +09 + +# Papua New Guinea +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 - LMT 1880 + 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time + 10:00 - +10 +# +# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-13): +# Base the Bougainville entry on the Arawa-Kieta region, which appears to have +# the most people even though it was devastated in the Bougainville Civil War. +# +# Although Shanks gives 1942-03-15 / 1943-11-01 for UT +09, these dates +# are apparently rough guesswork from the starts of military campaigns. +# The World War II entries below are instead based on Arawa-Kieta. +# The Japanese occupied Kieta in July 1942, +# according to the Pacific War Online Encyclopedia +# https://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/B/o/Bougainville.htm +# and seem to have controlled it until their 1945-08-21 surrender. +# +# The Autonomous Region of Bougainville switched from UT +10 to +11 +# on 2014-12-28 at 02:00. They call +11 "Bougainville Standard Time". +# See: +# http://www.bougainville24.com/bougainville-issues/bougainville-gets-own-timezone/ +# +Zone Pacific/Bougainville 10:22:16 - LMT 1880 + 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 + 10:00 - +10 1942 Jul + 9:00 - +09 1945 Aug 21 + 10:00 - +10 2014 Dec 28 2:00 + 11:00 - +11 + +# Pitcairn +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Pacific/Pitcairn -8:40:20 - LMT 1901 # Adamstown + -8:30 - -0830 1998 Apr 27 0:00 + -8:00 - -08 + +# American Samoa +# Midway +Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago 12:37:12 - LMT 1892 Jul 5 + -11:22:48 - LMT 1911 + -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa + +# Samoa (formerly and also known as Western Samoa) + +# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-16): +# We have been in contact with the government of Samoa again, and received +# the following info: +# +# "Cabinet has now approved Daylight Saving to be effected next year +# commencing from the last Sunday of September 2010 and conclude first +# Sunday of April 2011." +# +# Background info: +# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html +# +# Samoa's Daylight Saving Time Act 2009 is available here, but does not +# contain any dates: +# http://www.parliament.gov.ws/documents/acts/Daylight%20Saving%20Act%20%202009%20(English)%20-%20Final%207-7-091.pdf + +# From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2010-10-07): +# Please see +# http://www.mcil.gov.ws +# the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Labour (sideframe) "Last Sunday +# September 2010 (26/09/10) - adjust clocks forward from 12:00 midnight +# to 01:00am and First Sunday April 2011 (03/04/11) - adjust clocks +# backwards from 1:00am to 12:00am" + +# From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-03-07): +# [http://www.mcil.gov.ws/ftcd/daylight_saving_2011.pdf] +# +# ... when the standard time strikes the hour of four o'clock (4.00am +# or 0400 Hours) on the 2nd April 2011, then all instruments used to +# measure standard time are to be adjusted/changed to three o'clock +# (3:00am or 0300Hrs). + +# From David Zülke (2011-05-09): +# Subject: Samoa to move timezone from east to west of international date line +# +# http://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/markets/newsfeeditem.aspx?id=138501958347963 + +# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-27): +# The International Date Line Act 2011 +# http://www.parliament.gov.ws/images/ACTS/International_Date_Line_Act__2011_-_Eng.pdf +# changed Samoa from UT -11 to +13, effective "12 o'clock midnight, on +# Thursday 29th December 2011". The International Date Line was adjusted +# accordingly. + +# From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-09-02): +# http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html +# +# here is the official website publication for Samoa DST and dateline change +# +# DST +# Year End Time Start Time +# 2011 - - - - - - 24 September 3:00am to 4:00am +# 2012 01 April 4:00am to 3:00am - - - - - - +# +# Dateline Change skip Friday 30th Dec 2011 +# Thursday 29th December 2011 23:59:59 Hours +# Saturday 31st December 2011 00:00:00 Hours +# +# From Nicholas Pereira (2012-09-10): +# Daylight Saving Time commences on Sunday 30th September 2012 and +# ends on Sunday 7th of April 2013.... +# http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html +# +# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08): +# That web page currently lists transitions for 2012/3 and 2013/4. +# Assume the pattern instituted in 2012 will continue indefinitely. +# +# From Geoffrey D. Bennett (2021-09-20): +# https://www.mcil.gov.ws/storage/2021/09/MCIL-Scan_20210920_120553.pdf +# DST has been cancelled for this year. + +# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +Rule WS 2010 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 1 - +Rule WS 2011 only - Apr Sat>=1 4:00 0 - +Rule WS 2011 only - Sep lastSat 3:00 1 - +Rule WS 2012 2021 - Apr Sun>=1 4:00 0 - +Rule WS 2012 2020 - Sep lastSun 3:00 1 - +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Pacific/Apia 12:33:04 - LMT 1892 Jul 5 + -11:26:56 - LMT 1911 + -11:30 - -1130 1950 + -11:00 WS -11/-10 2011 Dec 29 24:00 + 13:00 WS +13/+14 + +# Solomon Is +# excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 - LMT 1912 Oct 1 # Honiara + 11:00 - +11 + +# Tokelau +# +# From Gwillim Law (2011-12-29) +# A correspondent informed me that Tokelau, like Samoa, will be skipping +# December 31 this year ... +# +# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-07-25) +# ... we double checked by calling hotels and offices based in Tokelau asking +# about the time there, and they all told a time that agrees with UTC+13.... +# Shanks says UT-10 from 1901 [but] ... there is a good chance the change +# actually was to UT-11 back then. +# +# From Paul Eggert (2012-07-25) +# A Google Books snippet of Appendix to the Journals of the House of +# Representatives of New Zealand, Session 1948, +# <https://books.google.com/books?id=ZaVCAQAAIAAJ>, page 65, says Tokelau +# was "11 hours slow on G.M.T." Go with Thorsen and assume Shanks & Pottenger +# are off by an hour starting in 1901. + +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Pacific/Fakaofo -11:24:56 - LMT 1901 + -11:00 - -11 2011 Dec 30 + 13:00 - +13 + +# Tonga +# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +Rule Tonga 1999 only - Oct 7 2:00s 1:00 - +Rule Tonga 2000 only - Mar 19 2:00s 0 - +Rule Tonga 2000 2001 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 - +Rule Tonga 2001 2002 - Jan lastSun 2:00 0 - +Rule Tonga 2016 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 - +Rule Tonga 2017 only - Jan Sun>=15 3:00 0 - +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Pacific/Tongatapu 12:19:12 - LMT 1945 Sep 10 + 12:20 - +1220 1961 + 13:00 - +13 1999 + 13:00 Tonga +13/+14 + + +# US minor outlying islands + +# Howland, Baker +# Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British +# 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known. +# Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944; +# uninhabited thereafter. +# Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UT -10:30) in 1937; +# see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long, +# Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000). +# So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935 +# until they were abandoned after the war. + +# Jarvis +# Mined for guano by American companies 1857-1879 and British 1883?-1891?. +# Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; IGY scientific base 1957-1958; +# uninhabited thereafter. +# no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati + +# Johnston +# +# From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10): +# Sometimes Johnston kept Hawaii time, and sometimes it was an hour behind. +# Details are uncertain. We have no data for Johnston after 1970, so +# treat it like Hawaii for now. Since Johnston is now uninhabited, +# its link to Pacific/Honolulu is in the 'backward' file. +# +# In his memoirs of June 6th to October 4, 1945 +# <http://www.315bw.org/Herb_Bach.htm> (2005), Herbert C. Bach writes, +# "We started our letdown to Kwajalein Atoll and landed there at 5:00 AM +# Johnston time, 1:30 AM Kwajalein time." This was in June 1945, and +# confirms that Johnston kept the same time as Honolulu in summer 1945. +# +# From Lyle McElhaney (2014-03-11): +# [W]hen JI was being used for that [atomic bomb] testing, the time being used +# was not Hawaiian time but rather the same time being used on the ships, +# which had a GMT offset of -11 hours. This apparently applied to at least the +# time from Operation Newsreel (Hardtack I/Teak shot, 1958-08-01) to the last +# Operation Fishbowl shot (Tightrope, 1962-11-04).... [See] Herman Hoerlin, +# "The United States High-Altitude Test Experience: A Review Emphasizing the +# Impact on the Environment", Los Alamos LA-6405, Oct 1976. +# https://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/docs1/00322994.pdf +# See the table on page 4 where he lists GMT and local times for the tests; a +# footnote for the JI tests reads that local time is "JI time = Hawaii Time +# Minus One Hour". + +# Kingman +# uninhabited + +# Palmyra +# uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati + + +# Vanuatu + +# From P Chan (2020-11-27): +# Joint Daylight Saving Regulation No 59 of 1973 +# New Hebrides Condominium Gazette No 336. December 1973 +# http://www.paclii.org/vu/other/VUNHGovGaz//1973/11.pdf#page=15 +# +# Joint Daylight Saving (Repeal) Regulation No 10 of 1974 +# New Hebrides Condominium Gazette No 336. March 1974 +# http://www.paclii.org/vu/other/VUNHGovGaz//1974/3.pdf#page=11 +# +# Summer Time Act No. 35 of 1982 [commenced 1983-09-01] +# http://www.paclii.org/vu/other/VUGovGaz/1982/32.pdf#page=48 +# +# Summer Time Act (Cap 157) +# Laws of the Republic of Vanuatu Revised Edition 1988 +# http://www.paclii.org/cgi-bin/sinodisp/vu/legis/consol_act1988/sta147/sta147.html +# +# Summer Time (Amendment) Act No. 6 of 1991 [commenced 1991-11-11] +# http://www.paclii.org/vu/legis/num_act/sta1991227/ +# +# Summer Time (Repeal) Act No. 4 of 1993 [commenced 1993-05-03] +# http://www.paclii.org/vu/other/VUGovGaz/1993/15.pdf#page=59 + +# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +Rule Vanuatu 1973 only - Dec 22 12:00u 1:00 - +Rule Vanuatu 1974 only - Mar 30 12:00u 0 - +Rule Vanuatu 1983 1991 - Sep Sat>=22 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Vanuatu 1984 1991 - Mar Sat>=22 24:00 0 - +Rule Vanuatu 1992 1993 - Jan Sat>=22 24:00 0 - +Rule Vanuatu 1992 only - Oct Sat>=22 24:00 1:00 - +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Pacific/Efate 11:13:16 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Vila + 11:00 Vanuatu +11/+12 + +############################################################################### + +# NOTES + +# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better, +# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to +# tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see +# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution. + +# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18): +# +# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is: +# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition), +# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003). +# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources. +# +# Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source +# for time zone data was the International Air Transport +# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM), +# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries +# of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted, +# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990. +# +# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences, +# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which +# I found in the UCLA library. +# +# For data circa 1899, a common source is: +# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94. +# https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359 +# +# For the 1911/1912 establishment of standard time in French possessions, see: +# Société Française de Physique, Recueil de constantes physiques (1913), +# page 752, 18b. +# +# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is +# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997). +# +# I invented the abbreviation marked "*". +# The following abbreviations are from other sources. +# Corrections are welcome! +# std dst +# LMT Local Mean Time +# 8:00 AWST AWDT Western Australia +# 9:30 ACST ACDT Central Australia +# 10:00 AEST AEDT Eastern Australia +# 10:00 GST GDT* Guam through 2000 +# 10:00 ChST Chamorro +# 11:30 NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945 +# 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present +# -11:00 SST Samoa +# -10:00 HST Hawaii +# +# See the 'northamerica' file for Hawaii. +# See the 'southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galápagos Is. + +############################################################################### + +# Australia + +# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30): +# Daylight saving time has long been controversial in Australia, pitting +# region against region, rural against urban, and local against global. +# For example, in her review of Graeme Davison's _The Unforgiving +# Minute: how Australians learned to tell the time_ (1993), Perth native +# Phillipa J Martyr wrote, "The section entitled 'Saving Daylight' was +# very informative, but was (as can, sadly, only be expected from a +# Melbourne-based study) replete with the usual chuckleheaded +# Queenslanders and straw-chewing yokels from the West prattling fables +# about fading curtains and crazed farm animals." +# Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History (1997-03-03) +# http://www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/reviews/davison.htm + +# From P Chan (2020-11-20): +# Daylight Saving Act 1916 (No. 40 of 1916) [1916-12-21, commenced 1917-01-01] +# http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/num_act/dsa1916401916192/ +# +# Daylight Saving Repeal Act 1917 (No. 35 of 1917) [1917-09-25] +# http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/num_act/dsra1917351917243/ +# +# Statutory Rules 1941, No. 323 [1941-12-24] +# https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C1941L00323 +# +# Statutory Rules 1942, No. 392 [1942-09-10] +# https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C1942L00392 +# +# Statutory Rules 1943, No. 241 [1943-09-29] +# https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C1943L00241 +# +# All transition times should be 02:00 standard time. + + +# From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08): +# Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia +# http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml +# summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia. + +# From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12): +# Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales +# http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving +# covers New South Wales in particular. + +# From John Mackin (1991-03-06): +# We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as 'daylight' time. +# It is called 'summer' time. Now by a happy coincidence, 'summer' +# and 'standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the +# abbreviation does _not_ change... +# The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least +# in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the +# initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses +# the phrase 'summer time' and does not use the phrase 'daylight +# time'. +# Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian +# Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases 'Eastern Standard Time' +# or 'Eastern Summer Time'. (Note, though, that as I say in the +# current australasia file, there is really no such thing.) Announcers +# on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases +# prefixed by the word 'Australian' when referring to local times; +# time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC. + +# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30): +# +# Inspired by Mackin's remarks quoted above, earlier versions of this +# file used "EST" for both Eastern Standard Time and Eastern Summer +# Time in Australia, and similarly for "CST", "CWST", and "WST". +# However, these abbreviations were confusing and were not common +# practice among Australians, and there were justifiable complaints +# about them, so I attempted to survey current Australian usage. +# For the tz database, the full English phrase is not that important; +# what matters is the abbreviation. It's difficult to survey the web +# directly for abbreviation usage, as there are so many false hits for +# strings like "EST" and "EDT", so I looked for pages that defined an +# abbreviation for eastern or central DST in Australia, and got the +# following numbers of unique hits for the listed Google queries: +# +# 10 "Eastern Daylight Time AEST" site:au [some are false hits] +# 10 "Eastern Summer Time AEST" site:au +# 10 "Summer Time AEDT" site:au +# 13 "EDST Eastern Daylight Saving Time" site:au +# 18 "Summer Time ESST" site:au +# 28 "Eastern Daylight Saving Time EDST" site:au +# 39 "EDT Eastern Daylight Time" site:au [some are false hits] +# 53 "Eastern Daylight Time EDT" site:au [some are false hits] +# 54 "AEDT Australian Eastern Daylight Time" site:au +# 182 "Eastern Daylight Time AEDT" site:au +# +# 17 "Central Daylight Time CDT" site:au [some are false hits] +# 46 "Central Daylight Time ACDT" site:au +# +# I tried several other variants (e.g., "Eastern Summer Time EST") but +# they all returned fewer than 10 unique hits. I also looked for pages +# mentioning both "western standard time" and an abbreviation, since +# there is no WST in the US to generate false hits, and found: +# +# 156 "western standard time" AWST site:au +# 226 "western standard time" WST site:au +# +# I then surveyed the top ten newspapers in Australia by circulation as +# listed in Wikipedia, using Google queries like "AEDT site:heraldsun.com.au" +# and obtaining estimated counts from the initial page of search results. +# All ten papers greatly preferred "AEDT" to "EDT". The papers +# surveyed were the Herald Sun, The Daily Telegraph, The Courier-Mail, +# The Sydney Morning Herald, The West Australian, The Age, The Advertiser, +# The Australian, The Financial Review, and The Herald (Newcastle). +# +# I also searched for historical usage, to see whether abbreviations +# like "AEDT" are new. A Trove search <http://trove.nla.gov.au/> +# found only one newspaper (The Canberra Times) with a house style +# dating back to the 1970s, I expect because other newspapers weren't +# fully indexed. The Canberra Times strongly preferred abbreviations +# like "AEDT". The first occurrence of "AEDT" was a World Weather +# column (1971-11-17, page 24), and of "ACDT" was a Scoreboard column +# (1993-01-24, p 16). The style was the typical usage but was not +# strictly enforced; for example, "Welcome to the twilight zones ..." +# (1994-10-29, p 1) uses the abbreviations AEST/AEDT, CST/CDT, and +# WST, and goes on to say, "The confusion and frustration some feel +# about the lack of uniformity among Australia's six states and two +# territories has prompted one group to form its very own political +# party -- the Sydney-based Daylight Saving Extension Party." +# +# I also surveyed federal government sources. They did not agree: +# +# The Australian Government (2014-03-26) +# http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country/time +# (This document was produced by the Department of Finance.) +# AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT +# +# Bureau of Meteorology (2012-11-08) +# http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml +# EST CST WST EDT CDT +# +# Civil Aviation Safety Authority (undated) +# http://services.casa.gov.au/outnback/inc/pages/episode3/episode-3_time_zones.shtml +# EST CST WST (no abbreviations given for DST) +# +# Geoscience Australia (2011-11-24) +# http://www.ga.gov.au/geodesy/astro/sunrise.jsp +# AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT +# +# Parliamentary Library (2008-11-10) +# https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/2008-09/09rp14.pdf +# EST CST WST preferred for standard time; AEST AEDT ACST ACDT also used +# +# The Transport Safety Bureau has an extensive series of accident reports, +# and investigators seem to use whatever abbreviation they like. +# Googling site:atsb.gov.au found the following number of unique hits: +# 311 "ESuT", 195 "EDT", 26 "AEDT", 83 "CSuT", 46 "CDT". +# "_SuT" tended to appear in older reports, and "A_DT" tended to +# appear in reports of events with international implications. +# +# From the above it appears that there is a working consensus in +# Australia to use trailing "DT" for daylight saving time; although +# some sources use trailing "SST" or "ST" or "SuT" they are by far in +# the minority. The case for leading "A" is weaker, but since it +# seems to be preferred in the overall web and is preferred in all +# the leading newspaper websites and in many government departments, +# it has a stronger case than omitting the leading "A". The current +# version of the database therefore uses abbreviations like "AEST" and +# "AEDT" for Australian time zones. + +# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19): +# Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ. +# Mark Prior writes that his newspaper +# reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00, +# but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970 +# and perhaps the newspaper's '2:00' is referring to standard time. +# For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960. + +# From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05): +# +# Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable, +# and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more +# relevant entries in this database. +# +# NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill): +# Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04) +# https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html +# ACT +# Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972 +# https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html +# SA +# Standard Time Act, 1898 +# https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html + +# From David Grosz (2005-06-13): +# It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by +# one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games. +# Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday +# in April instead of the last Sunday in March. +# +# From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14): +# I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan +# to extend DST together in 2006. +# ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt +# New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html +# South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html +# Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772 +# Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles +# allude to it. +# But not Queensland +# http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html + +# Northern Territory + +# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): +# # The NORTHERN TERRITORY.. [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ] +# # [ Nov 1990 ] +# # N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location. +# ... +# Zone Australia/North 9:30 - CST + +# From Bradley White (1991-03-04): +# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper... +# the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving. + +# Western Australia + +# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): +# # The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA.. [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ] +# # [ Nov 1990 ] +# # W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to +# # DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but +# # usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus +# # before reaching parliament. +# ... +# Zone Australia/West 8:00 AW %sST +# ... +# Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D +# Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W +# Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D +# Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W + +# From Bradley White (1991-03-04): +# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper... +# Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving. + +# From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02): +# Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney +# rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at +# work at 9.00am.) +# W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse +# everybody again. + +# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08): +# The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess; +# it matches what was used in the past. + +# The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ +# http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm +# (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses +# South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia. + +# From Paul Eggert (2018-04-01): +# The Guardian Express of Perth, Australia reported today that the +# government decided to advance the clocks permanently on January 1, +# 2019, from UT +08 to UT +09. The article noted that an exemption +# would be made for people aged 61 and over, who "can apply in writing +# to have the extra hour of sunshine removed from their area." See: +# Daylight saving coming to WA in 2019. Guardian Express. 2018-04-01. +# https://www.communitynews.com.au/guardian-express/news/exclusive-daylight-savings-coming-wa-summer-2018/ +# [The article ends with "Today's date is April 1."] + +# Queensland + +# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-26): +# I lack access to the following source for Queensland DST: +# Pearce C. History of daylight saving time in Queensland. +# Queensland Hist J. 2017 Aug;23(6):389-403 +# https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=994682348436426;res=IELHSS + +# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): +# # The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ] +# # [ Dec 1990 ] +# ... +# Zone Australia/Queensland 10:00 AQ %sST +# ... +# Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D +# Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 E +# Rule AQ 1989 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D +# Rule AQ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 E + +# From Bradley White (1989-12-24): +# "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from +# October 1989). + +# From Bradley White (1991-03-04): +# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper... +# ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving +# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)... + +# From John Mackin (1991-03-06): +# I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact +# end on Sunday, 3 March. I don't know at what hour, though. (It surprised +# me.) + +# From Bradley White (1992-03-08): +# ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted +# in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ... +# ... +# Rule QLD 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D +# Rule QLD 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S +# ... + +# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08): +# The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes. + +# From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning +# from Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-11-01): +# WA are trialing DST for three years. +# http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf + +# From Rives McDow (2002-04-09): +# The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the +# southern coast.... South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western +# Australia does not. The two states are one and a half hours apart. The +# residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so +# much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the +# international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South +# Australia and Western Australia.... +# +# From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09): +# This is confirmed by the section entitled +# "What's the deal with time zones???" in +# http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html +# +# From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07): +# ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway, +# which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern +# coast of the continent. +# +# I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no +# dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border +# village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west +# as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is +# the largest population centre in this zone.... +# +# Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the +# question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I +# just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have, +# meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45. +# +# (2006-12-09): +# I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving +# in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis +# of this time zone. My hunch is that it's been around since well +# before 1975. I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago. +# +# From Gilmore Davidson (2019-04-08): +# https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-04-08/this-remote-stretch-of-desert-has-its-own-custom-time-zone/10981000 +# ... include[s] a rough description of the geographical boundaries... +# "The time zone exists for about 340 kilometres and takes in the tiny +# roadhouse communities of Cocklebiddy, Madura, Eucla and Border Village." +# ... and an indication that the zone has definitely been in existence +# since before the 1970 cut-off of the database ... +# From Paul Eggert (2019-05-17): +# That ABC Esperance story by Christien de Garis also says: +# Although the Central Western Time Zone is not officially recognised (your +# phones won't automatically change), there is a sign instructing you which +# way to wind your clocks 45 minutes and scrawled underneath one of them in +# Texta is the word: 'Why'? +# "Good question," Mr Pike said. +# "I don't even know that, and it's been going for over 50 years." + +# From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15): +# For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the +# introduction of standard time in 1895. + + +# southeast Australia +# +# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): +# Starting autumn 2008 Victoria, NSW, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT +# end DST the first Sunday in April and start DST the first Sunday in October. +# http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/daylight-savings-to-span-six-months/2007/06/27/1182623966703.html + + +# South Australia + +# From Bradley White (1991-03-04): +# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper... +# ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving +# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)... + +# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): +# # The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ] +# # [ Nov 1990 ] +# ... +# Zone Australia/South 9:30 AS %sST +# ... +# Rule AS 1971 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D +# Rule AS 1972 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C +# Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 3:00 0 C +# Rule AS 1991 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C + +# From Bradley White (1992-03-11): +# Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide +# contained the following exchange: "Due to the Adelaide Festival, +# South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks." + +# From Robert Elz (1992-03-13): +# I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that) +# South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even +# numbered year (from 1990). That's when the Adelaide Festival +# is on... + +# From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000): +# DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday).... +# But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever... +# (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...). + +# From Bradley White (1994-04-11): +# If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March, +# 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can +# only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated.... + +# From John Warburton (1994-10-07): +# The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ... +# was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994.... +# start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March. + +# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): +# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. + +# Tasmania + +# From P Chan (2020-11-20): +# Tasmania observed DST in 1916-1919. +# +# Daylight Saving Act, 1916 (7 Geo V, No 2) [1916-09-22] +# http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/num_act/tdsa19167gvn2267/ +# +# Daylight Saving Amendment Act, 1917 (8 Geo V, No 5) [1917-10-01] +# http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/num_act/tdsaa19178gvn5347/ +# +# Daylight Saving Act Repeal Act, 1919 (10 Geo V, No 9) [1919-10-24] +# http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/num_act/tdsara191910gvn9339/ +# +# King Island is mentioned in the 1967 Act but not the 1968 Act. +# Therefore it possibly observed DST from 1968/69. +# +# Daylight Saving Act 1967 (No. 33 of 1967) [1967-09-22] +# http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/num_act/dsa196733o1967211/ +# +# Daylight Saving Act 1968 (No. 42 of 1968) [1968-10-15] +# http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/num_act/dsa196842o1968211/ + +# The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd +# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): +# # The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ] +# # [ Nov 1990 ] + +# From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10): +# Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have +# 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia +# (but nothing new about that). + +# From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04): +# I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the +# (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard, +# has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria +# (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000 +# instead of the first Sunday in October. + +# Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules: +# http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300 + +# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): +# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. + +# Victoria + +# The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd +# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): +# # The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ] +# # [ Nov 1990 ] + +# From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29): +# On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an +# interesting story about daylight savings time. Dr. John Heilbron was +# discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar +# Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located +# in Melbourne, Australia. +# +# Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which +# illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day +# of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's +# fallen WWI soldiers. And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time, +# you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the +# expected time. +# +# However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had +# to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of +# the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?). Perhaps +# someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more. +# +# [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html +# [2] http://www.shrine.org.au + +# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): +# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. + +# New South Wales + +# From Arthur David Olson: +# New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time. +# Based on law library research by John Mackin, +# who notes: +# In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the +# individual states. Thus, while such terms as "Eastern Standard Time" +# [I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common +# use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the +# legislation. This is very important to understand. +# I have researched New South Wales time only... + +# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26): +# DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual +# October in 2000. See: Matthew Moore, +# Two months more daylight saving, Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26). +# http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html + +# From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27): +# See the following official NSW source: +# Daylight Saving in New South Wales. +# http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ +# +# Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of +# daylight saving next year. See: +# Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving +# http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm +# (1999-07-22). For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens. +# +# Victoria will follow NSW. See: +# Vic to extend daylight saving (1999-07-28) +# http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm +# +# However, South Australia rejected the DST request. See: +# South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request (1999-07-19) +# http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm +# +# Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics. See: +# Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics +# http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm +# (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying +# "Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time +# I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very +# well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of +# bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night. +# I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules." +# +# Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See: +# Broken Hill to be behind the times (1999-07-21) +# http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm + +# IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian +# Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken +# Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics. + +# From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29: +# The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW +# towns to use Queensland time. + +# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): +# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. + +# Yancowinna + +# From John Mackin (1989-01-04): +# 'Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna. + +# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): +# # YANCOWINNA.. [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ] +# # [ Dec 1990 ] +# ... +# # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the +# # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings +# # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government +# # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have +# # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not +# # presently available. +# Zone Australia/Yancowinna 9:30 AY %sST +# ... +# Rule AY 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D +# Rule AY 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 C +# [followed by other Rules] + +# Lord Howe Island + +# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): +# LHI... [ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ] +# [ Dec 1990 ] +# Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an +# hour ahead of NSW time. + +# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27): +# Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same +# date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27). For your information the +# Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is +# seeking the community's views on various options for summer time +# arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour +# instead of only 30 minutes. [Dependent] on the wishes of residents +# the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing +# arrangements. The starting date for summer time on the Island will +# however always coincide with the rest of NSW. + +# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25): +# Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards +# clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently +# introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as +# shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start +# of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW. + +# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): +# For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and +# Lonergan thereafter. For times we use Lonergan. + +# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23): +# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later. + +# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-28): +# According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight +# saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009 +# summer (southern hemisphere). +# +# From +# http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf +# The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling +# for over the last year is now set to be ongoing. +# Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each +# year and finish on the first Sunday in April the following year. +# Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia +# with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and +# the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year... +# +# We have a wrap-up here: +# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html +############################################################################### + +# New Zealand + +# From Mark Davies (1990-10-03): +# the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period. +# This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for +# subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start). +# source - phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office. + +# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06): +# # The Country of New Zealand (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that! +# # or is Australia the west island of N.Z. +# # [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ] +# # [ Nov 1990 ] +# ... +# Rule NZ 1974 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D +# Rule NZ 1989 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D +# Rule NZ 1975 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S +# Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 S +# ... +# Zone NZ 12:00 NZ NZ%sT # New Zealand +# Zone NZ-CHAT 12:45 - NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island + +# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08): +# The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989 +# rather than the October 1 value. + +# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19); +# Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ. +# Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight +# Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard +# time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March. +# As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00. +# +# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): +# The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history, +# as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.html for the full references. +# Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger. +# +# For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with +# transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham +# is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland. + +# From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30): +# DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the +# first Sunday in April. The changes take effect this year, meaning +# that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06. +# http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended + +# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-14): +# Chatham Island time was formally standardized on 1957-01-01 by +# New Zealand's Standard Time Amendment Act 1956 (1956-10-26). +# https://www.austlii.edu.au/nz/legis/hist_act/staa19561956n100244.pdf +# According to Google Books snippet view, a speaker in the New Zealand +# parliamentary debates in 1956 said "Clause 78 makes provision for standard +# time in the Chatham Islands. The time there is 45 minutes in advance of New +# Zealand time. I understand that is the time they keep locally, anyhow." +# For now, assume this practice goes back to the introduction of standard time +# in New Zealand, as this would make Chatham Islands time almost exactly match +# LMT back when New Zealand was at UT +11:30; also, assume Chatham Islands did +# not observe New Zealand's prewar DST. + +############################################################################### + + +# Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands and Marcus Island (Minami-Tori-shima) + +# From Wakaba (2019-01-28) via Phake Nick: +# National Diet Library of Japan has several reports by Japanese Government +# officers that describe the time used in islands when they visited there. +# According to them (and other sources such as newspapers), standard time UTC +# + 10 (JST + 1) and DST UTC + 11 (JST + 2) was used until its return to Japan +# at 1968-06-26 00:00 JST. The exact periods of DST are still unknown. +# I guessed Guam, Mariana, and Bonin and Marcus districts might have +# synchronized their DST periods, but reports imply they had their own +# decisions, i.e. there were three or more different time zones.... +# +# https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/小笠原諸島の標準時 + +# From Phake Nick (2019-02-12): +# Because their last time change to return to Japanese time when they returned +# to Japanese rule was right before 1970, ... per the current tz database +# rule, the information doesn't warrant creation of a new timezone for Bonin +# Islands itself and is thus as an anecdotal note for interest purpose only. +# ... [The abovementioned link] described some special timekeeping phenomenon +# regarding Marcus island, another remote island currently owned by Japanese +# in the same administrative unit as Bonin Islands. Many reports claim that +# the American coastal guard on the American quarter of the island use its own +# coastal guard time, and most sources describe the time as UTC+11, being two +# hours faster than JST used by some Japanese personnel on the island. Some +# sites describe it as same as Wake Island/Guam time although it would be +# incorrect to be same as Guam. And then in a few Japanese governmental +# report from 1980s (from National Institute of Information and Communications +# Technology) regarding the construction of VLBI facility on the Marcus +# Island, it claimed that there are three time standards being used on the +# island at the time which include not just JST (UTC+9) or [US]CG time +# (UTC+11) but also a JMSDF time (UTC+10) (Japan Maritime Self-Defense +# Force). Unfortunately there are no other sources that mentioned such time +# and there are also no information on things like how the time was used. + + +# Fiji + +# Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji +# enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time +# instead of the American system (which was one day behind). + +# From Rives McDow (1998-10-08): +# Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01 +# until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will +# be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February. + +# From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08): +# IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time. Go with McDow. + +# From the BBC World Service in +# http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/205226.stm (1998-10-31 16:03 UTC): +# The Fijian government says the main reasons for the time change is to +# improve productivity and reduce road accidents.... [T]he move is also +# intended to boost Fiji's ability to attract tourists to witness the dawning +# of the new millennium. + +# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13) +# reports that Fiji has discontinued DST. + + +# Kiribati + +# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22): +# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati +# "declared it the same day [throughout] the country as of Jan. 1, 1995" +# as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century. + +# From Kerry Shetline (2018-02-03): +# December 31 was the day that was skipped, so that the transition +# would be from Friday December 30, 1994 to Sunday January 1, 1995. +# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-04): +# One source for this is page 202 of: Bartky IR. One Time Fits All: +# The Campaigns for Global Uniformity (2007). + +# Kanton + +# From Paul Eggert (2021-05-27): +# Kiribati's +13 timezone is represented by Kanton, its only populated +# island. (It was formerly spelled "Canton", but Gilbertese lacks "C".) +# Kanton was settled on 1937-08-31 by two British radio operators +# <https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1937v02/d94>; +# Americans came the next year and built an airfield, partly to +# establish airline service and perhaps partly anticipating the +# next war. Aside from the war, the airfield was used by commercial +# airlines until long-range jets became standard; although currently +# for emergency use only, China says it is considering rebuilding the +# airfield for high-end niche tourism. Kanton has about two dozen +# people, caretakers who rotate in from the rest of Kiribati in 2-5 +# year shifts, and who use some of the leftover structures +# <http://pipa.neaq.org/2012/06/images-of-kanton-island.html>. + +# Kwajalein + +# From an AP article (1993-08-22): +# "The nearly 3,000 Americans living on this remote Pacific atoll have a good +# excuse for not remembering Saturday night: there wasn't one. Residents were +# going to bed Friday night and waking up Sunday morning because at midnight +# -- 8 A.M. Eastern daylight time on Saturday -- Kwajalein was jumping from +# one side of the international date line to the other." +# "In Marshall Islands, Friday is followed by Sunday", NY Times. 1993-08-22. +# https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/22/world/in-marshall-islands-friday-is-followed-by-sunday.html + +# From Paul Eggert (2022-03-31): +# Phake Nick (2018-10-27) noted <https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/南洋群島の標準時>'s +# citation of a 1993 AP article published in the New York Times saying +# Kwajalein synchronized its day with the US mainland about 40 years earlier. +# However the AP article is vague and possibly wrong about this. The article +# says the earlier switch was "about 40 years ago when the United States +# Army established a missile test range here". However, the Kwajalein Test +# Center was established on 1960-10-01 and was run by the US Navy. It was +# transferred to the US Army on 1964-07-01. See "Seize the High Ground" +# <https://history.army.mil/html/books/070/70-88-1/cmhPub_70-88-1.pdf>. +# Given that Shanks was right on the money about the 1993 change, I'm inclined +# to take Shanks's word for the 1969 change unless we find better evidence. + + +# N Mariana Is, Guam + +# From Phake Nick (2018-10-27): +# Guam Island was briefly annexed by Japan during ... year 1941-1944 ... +# however there are no detailed information about what time it use during that +# period. It would probably be reasonable to assume Guam use GMT+9 during +# that period of time like the surrounding area. + +# From Paul Eggert (2023-01-23): +# Howse writes (p 153) "The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the +# Philippines and the Ladrones from America," and implies that the Ladrones +# (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time. +# For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines; +# see Asia/Manila. +# +# Use 1941-12-10 and 1944-07-31 for Guam WWII transitions, as the rough start +# and end of Japanese control of Agana. We don't know whether the Northern +# Marianas followed Guam's DST rules from 1959 through 1977; for now, assume +# they did as that avoids the need for a separate zone due to our 1970 cutoff. +# +# US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UT +10 the official standard time, +# under the name "Chamorro standard time". There is no official abbreviation, +# but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law, +# wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST". + +# See also the commentary for Micronesia. + + +# Marshall Is +# See the commentary for Micronesia. + + +# Micronesia (and nearby) + +# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18): +# Like the Ladrones (see Guam commentary), assume the Spanish East Indies +# kept American time until the Philippines switched at the end of 1844. + +# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29): +# The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in +# The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information (1999-01-26) +# http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html +# that Truk and Yap are UT +10, and Ponape and Kosrae are +11. +# We don't know when Kosrae switched from +12; assume January 1 for now. + +# From Phake Nick (2018-10-27): +# +# From a Japanese wiki site https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/南洋群島の標準時 +# ... +# For "Southern Islands" (modern region of Mariana + Palau + Federation of +# Micronesia + Marshall Islands): +# +# A 1906 Japanese magazine shown the Caroline Islands and Mariana Islands +# who was occupied by Germany at the time as GMT+10, together with the like +# of German New Guinea. However there is a marking saying it have not been +# implemented (yet). No further information after that were found. +# +# Japan invaded those islands in 1914, and records shows that they were +# instructed to use JST at the time. +# +# 1915 January telecommunication record on the Jaluit Atoll shows they use +# the meridian of 170E as standard time (GMT+11:20), which is similar to the +# longitude of the atoll. +# 1915 February record say the 170E standard time is to be used until +# February 9 noon, and after February 9 noon they are to use JST. +# However these are time used within the Japanese Military at the time and +# probably does not reflect the time used by local resident at the time (that +# is if they keep their own time back then) +# +# In January 1919 the occupying force issued a command that split the area +# into three different timezone with meridian of 135E, 150E, 165E (JST+0, +1, +# +2), and the command was to become effective from February 1 of the same +# year. Despite the target of the command is still only for the occupying +# force itself, further publication have described the time as the standard +# time for the occupied area and thus it can probably be seen as such. +# * Area that use meridian of 135E: Palau and Yap civil administration area +# (Southern Islands Western Standard Time) +# * Area that use meridian of 150E: Truk (Chuuk) and Saipan civil +# administration area (Southern Islands Central Standard Time) +# * Area that use meridian of 165E: Ponape (Pohnpei) and Jaluit civil +# administration area (Southern Islands Eastern Standard Time). +# * In the next few years Japanese occupation of those islands have been +# formalized via League of Nation Mandate (South Pacific Mandate) and formal +# governance structure have been established, these district [become +# subprefectures] and timezone classification have been inherited as standard +# time of the area. +# * Saipan subprefecture include Mariana islands (exclude Guam which was +# occupied by America at the time), Palau and Yap subprefecture rule the +# Western Caroline Islands with 137E longitude as border, Truk and Ponape +# subprefecture rule the Eastern Caroline Islands with 154E as border, Ponape +# subprefecture also rule part of Marshall Islands to the west of 164E +# starting from (1918?) and Jaluit subprefecture rule the rest of the +# Marshall Islands. +# +# And then in year 1937, an announcement was made to change the time in the +# area into 2 timezones: +# * Area that use meridian of 135E: area administered by Palau, Yap and +# Saipan subprefecture (Southern Islands Western Standard Time) +# * Area that use meridian of 150E: area administered by Truk (Chuuk), +# Ponape (Pohnpei) and Jaluit subprefecture (Southern Islands Eastern +# Standard Time) +# +# Another announcement issued in 1941 say that on April 1 that year, +# standard time of the Southern Islands would be changed to use the meridian +# of 135E (GMT+9), and thus abolishing timezone different within the area. +# +# Then Pacific theater of WWII started and Japan slowly lose control on the +# island. The webpage I linked above contain no information during this +# period of time.... +# +# After the end of WWII, in 1946 February, a document written by the +# (former?) Japanese military personnel describe there are 3 hours time +# different between Caroline islands time/Wake island time and the Chungking +# time, which would mean the time being used there at the time was GMT+10. +# +# After that, the area become Trust Territories of the Pacific Islands +# under American administration from year 1947. The site listed some +# American/International books/maps/publications about time used in those +# area during this period of time but they doesn't seems to be reliable +# information so it would be the best if someone know where can more reliable +# information can be found. +# +# +# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18): +# +# For the above, use vague dates like "1914" and "1945" for transitions that +# plausibly exist but for which the details are not known. The information +# for Wake is too sketchy to act on. +# +# The 1906 GMT+10 info about German-controlled islands might not have been +# done, so omit it from the data for now. +# +# The Jaluit info governs Kwajalein. + + +# Midway + +# From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956), +# quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection +# <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31): +# For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight +# Saving Time. This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning, +# your time down there in New Zealand. Starting September 2, 1956 +# we'll again go back to Standard Time. This'll mean that we'll go to +# air at 6am your time. +# +# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23): +# We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they +# started DST on June 3. Possibly DST was observed other years +# in Midway, but we have no record of it. + +# Nauru + +# From Phake Nick (2018-10-31): +# Currently, the tz database say Nauru use LMT until 1921, and then +# switched to GMT+11:30 for the next two decades. +# However, a number of timezone map published in America/Japan back then +# showed its timezone as GMT+11 per https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/ナウルの標準時 +# And it would also be nice if the 1921 transition date could be sourced. +# ... +# The "Nauru Standard Time Act 1978 Time Change" +# http://ronlaw.gov.nr/nauru_lpms/files/gazettes/4b23a17d2030150404db7a5fa5872f52.pdf#page=3 +# based on "Nauru Standard Time Act 1978 Time Change" +# http://www.paclii.org/nr/legis/num_act/nsta1978207/ defined that "Nauru +# Alternative Time" (GMT+12) should be in effect from 1979 Feb. +# +# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-19): +# The 1921-01-15 introduction of standard time is in Shanks; it is also in +# "Standard Time Throughout the World", US National Bureau of Standards (1935), +# page 3, which does not give the UT offset. In response to a comment by +# Phake Nick I set the Nauru time of occupation by Japan to +# 1942-08-29/1945-09-08 by using dates from: +# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Nauru + +# Norfolk + +# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2015-09-23): +# Norfolk Island will change ... from +1130 to +1100: +# https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L01483/Explanatory%20Statement/Text +# ... at 12.30 am (by legal time in New South Wales) on 4 October 2015. +# http://www.norfolkisland.gov.nf/nia/MediaRelease/Media%20Release%20Norfolk%20Island%20Standard%20Time%20Change.pdf + +# From Paul Eggert (2019-08-28): +# Transitions before 2015 are from timeanddate.com, which consulted +# the Norfolk Island Museum and the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's +# Norfolk Island station, and found no record of Norfolk observing DST +# other than in 1974/5. See: +# https://www.timeanddate.com/time/australia/norfolk-island.html +# However, disagree with timeanddate about the 1975-03-02 transition; +# timeanddate has 02:00 but 02:00s corresponds to what the NSW law said +# (thanks to Michael Deckers). + +# Norfolk started observing Australian DST in spring 2019. +# From Kyle Czech (2019-08-13): +# https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2018L01702 +# From Michael Deckers (2019-08-14): +# https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2019C00010 + +# Palau +# See commentary for Micronesia. + +# Pitcairn + +# From Rives McDow (1999-11-08): +# A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998 +# with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows. +# +# The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be +# Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known +# as Pitcairn Standard Time. +# +# ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several +# references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation +# somehow in light of this proclamation. + +# From Rives McDow (1999-11-09): +# The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998 +# ... at midnight. + +# From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave: +# Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as +# Pacific Standard Time. They used to be ½ hour different from us here in +# Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago. + + +# (Western) Samoa and American Samoa + +# Howse writes (p 153) that after the 1879 standardization on Antipodean +# time by the British governor of Fiji, the King of Samoa decided to change +# "the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system, +# ordaining - by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery - that +# the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year." +# This happened in 1892, according to the Evening News (Sydney) of 1892-07-20. +# https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl_alaska_samoa.htm + +# Although Shanks & Pottenger says they both switched to UT -11:30 +# in 1911, and to -11 in 1950. many earlier sources give -11 +# for American Samoa, e.g., the US National Bureau of Standards +# circular "Standard Time Throughout the World", 1932. +# Assume American Samoa switched to -11 in 1911, not 1950, +# and that after 1950 they agreed until (western) Samoa skipped a +# day in 2011. Assume also that the Samoas follow the US and New +# Zealand's "ST"/"DT" style of daylight-saving abbreviations. + + +# Tonga + +# From Paul Eggert (2021-03-04): +# In 1943 "The standard time kept is 12 hrs. 19 min. 12 sec. fast +# on Greenwich mean time." according to the Admiralty's Hydrographic +# Dept., Pacific Islands Pilot, Vol. II, 7th ed., 1943, p 360. + +# From Michael Deckers (2021-03-03): +# [Ian R Bartky: "One Time Fits All: The Campaigns for Global Uniformity". +# Stanford University Press. 2007. p. 255]: +# On 10 September 1945 Tonga adopted a standard time 12 hours, +# 20 minutes in advance of Greenwich. + +# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22): +# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that "Tonga has been plotting +# to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time." +# Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do. + +# Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle +# How Tonga became 'The Land where Time Begins': +# http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm +# +# Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST +# 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its +# standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its +# local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of +# advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13° +# (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time). +# +# Because His Majesty King Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince +# Tungī, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time +# begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change. +# +# But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer +# islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40 +# minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40 +# minutes we have lost?" +# +# The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that +# on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth +# to say your prayers in the morning." +# +# From Tim Parenti (2021-09-13), per Paul Eggert (2006-03-22) and Michael +# Deckers (2021-03-03): +# Mundell places the transition from +12:20 to +13 in 1941, while Shanks & +# Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01. +# +# The Air Almanac published contemporaneous tables of standard times, +# which listed +12:20 as of Nov 1960 and +13 as of Mar 1961: +# Nov 1960: https://books.google.com/books?id=bVgtWM6kPZUC&pg=SL1-PA19 +# Mar 1961: https://books.google.com/books?id=W2nItAul4g0C&pg=SL1-PA19 +# (Thanks to P Chan for pointing us toward these sources.) +# This agrees with Bartky, who writes that "since 1961 [Tonga's] official time +# has been thirteen hours in advance of Greenwich time" (p. 202) and further +# writes in an endnote that this was because "the legislation was amended" on +# 1960-10-19. (p. 255) +# +# Without greater specificity, presume that Bartky and the Air Almanac point to +# a 1961-01-01 transition, as Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV was still Crown Prince in +# 1961 and this still jives with the gist of Mundell's telling, and go with +# this over Shanks & Pottenger. + +# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03): +# Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millennium +# Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front. +# He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from +# October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan +# Government. + +# From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09): +# * Tonga will introduce DST in November +# +# I was given this link by John Letts: +# http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm +# +# I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November +# yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead +# of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead +# (12 + 1 hour DST). + +# From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20): +# According to <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html>: +# "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000 +# and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the +# third Saturday of April. Under the system approved by Privy Council on +# Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and +# set back an hour on the closing date." +# Alas, no indication of the time of day. + +# From Rives McDow (1999-10-06): +# Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am. +# Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning. + +# From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31): +# Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com +# that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19 +# instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article +# is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the +# text, and I have forgotten to report it here. +# (Original URL was <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm>) + +# From Rives McDow (2000-12-01): +# Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27. + +# From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow: +# At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom +# shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am. At 2:00am on the last Sunday +# of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one +# hour to 1:00am. + +# From Pulu ʻAnau (2002-11-05): +# The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed. It wasn't. + +# From Pulu ʻAnau (2016-10-27): +# http://mic.gov.to/news-today/press-releases/6375-daylight-saving-set-to-run-from-6-november-2016-to-15-january-2017 +# Cannot find anyone who knows the rules, has seen the duration or has seen +# the cabinet decision, but it appears we are following Fiji's rule set. +# +# From Tim Parenti (2016-10-26): +# Assume Tonga will observe DST from the first Sunday in November at 02:00 +# through the third Sunday in January at 03:00, like Fiji, for now. + +# From David Wade (2017-10-18): +# In August government was dissolved by the King. The current prime minister +# continued in office in care taker mode. It is easy to see that few +# decisions will be made until elections 16th November. +# +# From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18): +# For now, guess that DST is discontinued. That's what the IATA is guessing. + + +############################################################################### + +# The International Date Line + +# From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03): +# +# The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard, +# convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please. +# Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on +# the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there. +# +# When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and +# Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL +# to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most +# mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line +# has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific +# island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international +# convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is +# governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some +# places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not +# an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the +# correct date is ambiguous. + +# From Wikipedia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_time> (2023-01-23): +# The nautical time zone system is analogous to the terrestrial time zone +# system for use on high seas. Under the system time changes are required for +# changes of longitude in one-hour steps. The one-hour step corresponds to a +# time zone width of 15° longitude. The 15° gore that is offset from GMT or +# UT1 (not UTC) by twelve hours is bisected by the nautical date line into two +# 7°30' gores that differ from GMT by ±12 hours. A nautical date line is +# implied but not explicitly drawn on time zone maps. It follows the 180th +# meridian except where it is interrupted by territorial waters adjacent to +# land, forming gaps: it is a pole-to-pole dashed line. + +# From Paul Eggert (2023-01-23): +# The American Practical Navigator <https://msi.nga.mil/Publications/APN>, +# 2019 edition, merely says that the International Date Line +# "coincides with the 180th meridian over most of its length." |