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| author | Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org> | 2024-04-27 06:33:50 +0000 |
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| committer | Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org> | 2024-04-27 06:33:50 +0000 |
| commit | fe39ffb8b90ae4e002ed73fe98617cd590abb467 (patch) | |
| tree | b80e5956907d8aeaaffe4e4f0c068c0e6157ce8b /docs/manual/suexec.html.en | |
| parent | Initial commit. (diff) | |
| download | apache2-ddaa55035e5014d23356f71b867a3aed490c4dfc.tar.xz apache2-ddaa55035e5014d23356f71b867a3aed490c4dfc.zip | |
Adding upstream version 2.4.56.upstream/2.4.56
Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>
Diffstat (limited to 'docs/manual/suexec.html.en')
| -rw-r--r-- | docs/manual/suexec.html.en | 641 |
1 files changed, 641 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/docs/manual/suexec.html.en b/docs/manual/suexec.html.en new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c51f6d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/manual/suexec.html.en @@ -0,0 +1,641 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><head> +<meta content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="Content-Type" /> +<!-- + XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX + This file is generated from xml source: DO NOT EDIT + XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX + --> +<title>suEXEC Support - Apache HTTP Server Version 2.4</title> +<link href="./style/css/manual.css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="Main stylesheet" /> +<link href="./style/css/manual-loose-100pc.css" rel="alternate stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="No Sidebar - Default font size" /> +<link href="./style/css/manual-print.css" rel="stylesheet" media="print" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./style/css/prettify.css" /> +<script src="./style/scripts/prettify.min.js" type="text/javascript"> +</script> + +<link href="./images/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" /></head> +<body id="manual-page"><div id="page-header"> +<p class="menu"><a href="./mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="./mod/directives.html">Directives</a> | <a href="http://wiki.apache.org/httpd/FAQ">FAQ</a> | <a href="./glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="./sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p> +<p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.4</p> +<img alt="" src="./images/feather.png" /></div> +<div class="up"><a href="./"><img title="<-" alt="<-" src="./images/left.gif" /></a></div> +<div id="path"> +<a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> > <a href="./">Version 2.4</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>suEXEC Support</h1> +<div class="toplang"> +<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="./en/suexec.html" title="English"> en </a> | +<a href="./fr/suexec.html" hreflang="fr" rel="alternate" title="Français"> fr </a> | +<a href="./ja/suexec.html" hreflang="ja" rel="alternate" title="Japanese"> ja </a> | +<a href="./ko/suexec.html" hreflang="ko" rel="alternate" title="Korean"> ko </a> | +<a href="./tr/suexec.html" hreflang="tr" rel="alternate" title="Türkçe"> tr </a></p> +</div> + + <p>The <strong>suEXEC</strong> feature provides users of the Apache + HTTP Server the ability + to run <strong>CGI</strong> and <strong>SSI</strong> programs + under user IDs different from the user ID of the calling + web server. Normally, when a CGI or SSI program executes, it + runs as the same user who is running the web server.</p> + + <p>Used properly, this feature can reduce + considerably the security risks involved with allowing users to + develop and run private CGI or SSI programs. However, if suEXEC + is improperly configured, it can cause any number of problems + and possibly create new holes in your computer's security. If + you aren't familiar with managing <em>setuid root</em> programs + and the security issues they present, we highly recommend that + you not consider using suEXEC.</p> + </div> +<div id="quickview"><a href="https://www.apache.org/foundation/contributing.html" class="badge"><img src="https://www.apache.org/images/SupportApache-small.png" alt="Support Apache!" /></a><ul id="toc"><li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#before">Before we begin</a></li> +<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#model">suEXEC Security Model</a></li> +<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#install">Configuring & Installing + suEXEC</a></li> +<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#enable">Enabling & Disabling + suEXEC</a></li> +<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#usage">Using suEXEC</a></li> +<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#debug">Debugging suEXEC</a></li> +<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#jabberwock">Beware the Jabberwock: + Warnings & Examples</a></li> +</ul><h3>See also</h3><ul class="seealso"><li><a href="#comments_section">Comments</a></li></ul></div> +<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div> +<div class="section"> +<h2><a name="before" id="before">Before we begin</a></h2> + + <p>Before jumping head-first into this document, + you should be aware that certain assumptions are made about you and + the environment in which you will be using suexec.</p> + + <p>First, it is assumed that you are using a UNIX + derivative operating system that is capable of + <strong>setuid</strong> and <strong>setgid</strong> operations. + All command examples are given in this regard. Other platforms, + if they are capable of supporting suEXEC, may differ in their + configuration.</p> + + <p>Second, it is assumed you are familiar with + some basic concepts of your computer's security and its + administration. This involves an understanding of + <strong>setuid/setgid</strong> operations and the various + effects they may have on your system and its level of + security.</p> + + <p>Third, it is assumed that you are using an + <strong>unmodified</strong> version of suEXEC code. All code + for suEXEC has been carefully scrutinized and tested by the + developers as well as numerous beta testers. Every precaution + has been taken to ensure a simple yet solidly safe base of + code. Altering this code can cause unexpected problems and new + security risks. It is <strong>highly</strong> recommended you + not alter the suEXEC code unless you are well versed in the + particulars of security programming and are willing to share + your work with the Apache HTTP Server development team for consideration.</p> + + <p>Fourth, and last, it has been the decision of + the Apache HTTP Server development team to <strong>NOT</strong> make suEXEC part of + the default installation of Apache httpd. To this end, suEXEC + configuration requires of the administrator careful attention + to details. After due consideration has been given to the + various settings for suEXEC, the administrator may install + suEXEC through normal installation methods. The values for + these settings need to be carefully determined and specified by + the administrator to properly maintain system security during + the use of suEXEC functionality. It is through this detailed + process that we hope to limit suEXEC + installation only to those who are careful and determined + enough to use it.</p> + + <p>Still with us? Yes? Good. Let's move on!</p> +</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div> +<div class="section"> +<h2><a name="model" id="model">suEXEC Security Model</a></h2> + + <p>Before we begin configuring and installing + suEXEC, we will first discuss the security model you are about + to implement. By doing so, you may better understand what + exactly is going on inside suEXEC and what precautions are + taken to ensure your system's security.</p> + + <p><strong>suEXEC</strong> is based on a setuid + "wrapper" program that is called by the main Apache HTTP Server. + This wrapper is called when an HTTP request is made for a CGI + or SSI program that the administrator has designated to run as + a userid other than that of the main server. When such a + request is made, Apache httpd provides the suEXEC wrapper with the + program's name and the user and group IDs under which the + program is to execute.</p> + + <p>The wrapper then employs the following process + to determine success or failure -- if any one of these + conditions fail, the program logs the failure and exits with an + error, otherwise it will continue:</p> + + <ol> + <li> + <strong>Is the user executing this wrapper a valid user of + this system?</strong> + + <p class="indent"> + This is to ensure that the user executing the wrapper is + truly a user of the system. + </p> + </li> + + <li> + <strong>Was the wrapper called with the proper number of + arguments?</strong> + + <p class="indent"> + The wrapper will only execute if it is given the proper + number of arguments. The proper argument format is known + to the Apache HTTP Server. If the wrapper is not receiving + the proper number of arguments, it is either being + hacked, or there is something wrong with the suEXEC + portion of your Apache httpd binary. + </p> + </li> + + <li> + <strong>Is this valid user allowed to run the + wrapper?</strong> + + <p class="indent"> + Is this user the user allowed to run this wrapper? Only + one user (the Apache user) is allowed to execute this + program. + </p> + </li> + + <li> + <strong>Does the target CGI or SSI program have an unsafe + hierarchical reference?</strong> + + <p class="indent"> + Does the target CGI or SSI program's path contain a leading + '/' or have a '..' backreference? These are not allowed; the + target CGI/SSI program must reside within suEXEC's document + root (see <code>--with-suexec-docroot=<em>DIR</em></code> + below). + </p> + </li> + + <li> + <strong>Is the target user name valid?</strong> + + <p class="indent"> + Does the target user exist? + </p> + </li> + + <li> + <strong>Is the target group name valid?</strong> + + <p class="indent"> + Does the target group exist? + </p> + </li> + + <li> + <strong>Is the target user <em>NOT</em> superuser?</strong> + + + <p class="indent"> + suEXEC does not allow <code><em>root</em></code> + to execute CGI/SSI programs. + </p> + </li> + + <li> + <strong>Is the target userid <em>ABOVE</em> the minimum ID + number?</strong> + + <p class="indent"> + The minimum user ID number is specified during + configuration. This allows you to set the lowest possible + userid that will be allowed to execute CGI/SSI programs. + This is useful to block out "system" accounts. + </p> + </li> + + <li> + <strong>Is the target group <em>NOT</em> the superuser + group?</strong> + + <p class="indent"> + Presently, suEXEC does not allow the <code><em>root</em></code> + group to execute CGI/SSI programs. + </p> + </li> + + <li> + <strong>Is the target groupid <em>ABOVE</em> the minimum ID + number?</strong> + + <p class="indent"> + The minimum group ID number is specified during + configuration. This allows you to set the lowest possible + groupid that will be allowed to execute CGI/SSI programs. + This is useful to block out "system" groups. + </p> + </li> + + <li> + <strong>Can the wrapper successfully become the target user + and group?</strong> + + <p class="indent"> + Here is where the program becomes the target user and + group via setuid and setgid calls. The group access list + is also initialized with all of the groups of which the + user is a member. + </p> + </li> + + <li> + <strong>Can we change directory to the one in which the target + CGI/SSI program resides?</strong> + + <p class="indent"> + If it doesn't exist, it can't very well contain files. If we + can't change directory to it, it might as well not exist. + </p> + </li> + + <li> + <strong>Is the directory within the httpd webspace?</strong> + + <p class="indent"> + If the request is for a regular portion of the server, is + the requested directory within suEXEC's document root? If + the request is for a <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_userdir.html#userdir">UserDir</a></code>, is the requested directory + within the directory configured as suEXEC's userdir (see + <a href="#install">suEXEC's configuration options</a>)? + </p> + </li> + + <li> + <strong>Is the directory <em>NOT</em> writable by anyone + else?</strong> + + <p class="indent"> + We don't want to open up the directory to others; only + the owner user may be able to alter this directories + contents. + </p> + </li> + + <li> + <strong>Does the target CGI/SSI program exist?</strong> + + <p class="indent"> + If it doesn't exists, it can't very well be executed. + </p> + </li> + + <li> + <strong>Is the target CGI/SSI program <em>NOT</em> writable + by anyone else?</strong> + + <p class="indent"> + We don't want to give anyone other than the owner the + ability to change the CGI/SSI program. + </p> + </li> + + <li> + <strong>Is the target CGI/SSI program <em>NOT</em> setuid or + setgid?</strong> + + <p class="indent"> + We do not want to execute programs that will then change + our UID/GID again. + </p> + </li> + + <li> + <strong>Is the target user/group the same as the program's + user/group?</strong> + + <p class="indent"> + Is the user the owner of the file? + </p> + </li> + + <li> + <strong>Can we successfully clean the process environment + to ensure safe operations?</strong> + + <p class="indent"> + suEXEC cleans the process's environment by establishing a + safe execution PATH (defined during configuration), as + well as only passing through those variables whose names + are listed in the safe environment list (also created + during configuration). + </p> + </li> + + <li> + <strong>Can we successfully become the target CGI/SSI program + and execute?</strong> + + <p class="indent"> + Here is where suEXEC ends and the target CGI/SSI program begins. + </p> + </li> + </ol> + + <p>This is the standard operation of the + suEXEC wrapper's security model. It is somewhat stringent and + can impose new limitations and guidelines for CGI/SSI design, + but it was developed carefully step-by-step with security in + mind.</p> + + <p>For more information as to how this security + model can limit your possibilities in regards to server + configuration, as well as what security risks can be avoided + with a proper suEXEC setup, see the <a href="#jabberwock">"Beware the Jabberwock"</a> section of this + document.</p> +</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div> +<div class="section"> +<h2><a name="install" id="install">Configuring & Installing + suEXEC</a></h2> + + <p>Here's where we begin the fun.</p> + + <p><strong>suEXEC configuration + options</strong><br /> + </p> + + <dl> + <dt><code>--enable-suexec</code></dt> + + <dd>This option enables the suEXEC feature which is never + installed or activated by default. At least one + <code>--with-suexec-xxxxx</code> option has to be provided + together with the <code>--enable-suexec</code> option to let + APACI accept your request for using the suEXEC feature.</dd> + + <dt><code>--with-suexec-bin=<em>PATH</em></code></dt> + + <dd>The path to the <code>suexec</code> binary must be hard-coded + in the server for security reasons. Use this option to override + the default path. <em>e.g.</em> + <code>--with-suexec-bin=/usr/sbin/suexec</code></dd> + + <dt><code>--with-suexec-caller=<em>UID</em></code></dt> + + <dd>The <a href="mod/mpm_common.html#user">username</a> under which + httpd normally runs. This is the only user allowed to + execute the suEXEC wrapper.</dd> + + <dt><code>--with-suexec-userdir=<em>DIR</em></code></dt> + + <dd>Define to be the subdirectory under users' home + directories where suEXEC access should be allowed. All + executables under this directory will be executable by suEXEC + as the user so they should be "safe" programs. If you are + using a "simple" <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_userdir.html#userdir">UserDir</a></code> + directive (ie. one without a "*" in it) this should be set to the same + value. suEXEC will not work properly in cases where the <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_userdir.html#userdir">UserDir</a></code> directive points to + a location that is not the same as the user's home directory + as referenced in the <code>passwd</code> file. Default value is + "<code>public_html</code>".<br /> + If you have virtual hosts with a different <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_userdir.html#userdir">UserDir</a></code> for each, + you will need to define them to all reside in one parent + directory; then name that parent directory here. <strong>If + this is not defined properly, "~userdir" cgi requests will + not work!</strong></dd> + + <dt><code>--with-suexec-docroot=<em>DIR</em></code></dt> + + <dd>Define as the DocumentRoot set for httpd. This will be + the only hierarchy (aside from <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_userdir.html#userdir">UserDir</a></code>s) that can be used for suEXEC behavior. The + default directory is the <code>--datadir</code> value with the suffix + "<code>/htdocs</code>", <em>e.g.</em> if you configure with + "<code>--datadir=/home/apache</code>" the directory + "<code>/home/apache/htdocs</code>" is used as document root for the + suEXEC wrapper.</dd> + + <dt><code>--with-suexec-uidmin=<em>UID</em></code></dt> + + <dd>Define this as the lowest UID allowed to be a target user + for suEXEC. For most systems, 500 or 100 is common. Default + value is 100.</dd> + + <dt><code>--with-suexec-gidmin=<em>GID</em></code></dt> + + <dd>Define this as the lowest GID allowed to be a target + group for suEXEC. For most systems, 100 is common and + therefore used as default value.</dd> + + <dt><code>--with-suexec-logfile=<em>FILE</em></code></dt> + + <dd>This defines the filename to which all suEXEC + transactions and errors are logged (useful for auditing and + debugging purposes). By default the logfile is named + "<code>suexec_log</code>" and located in your standard logfile + directory (<code>--logfiledir</code>).</dd> + + <dt><code>--with-suexec-safepath=<em>PATH</em></code></dt> + + <dd>Define a safe PATH environment to pass to CGI + executables. Default value is + "<code>/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin</code>".</dd> + </dl> + + <h3>Compiling and installing the suEXEC wrapper</h3> + + + <p>If you have enabled the suEXEC feature with the + <code>--enable-suexec</code> option the <code>suexec</code> binary + (together with httpd itself) is automatically built if you execute + the <code>make</code> command.</p> + + <p>After all components have been built you can execute the + command <code>make install</code> to install them. The binary image + <code>suexec</code> is installed in the directory defined by the + <code>--sbindir</code> option. The default location is + "/usr/local/apache2/bin/suexec".</p> + + <p>Please note that you need <strong><em>root + privileges</em></strong> for the installation step. In order + for the wrapper to set the user ID, it must be installed as + owner <code><em>root</em></code> and must have the setuserid + execution bit set for file modes.</p> + + + <h3>Setting paranoid permissions</h3> + + + <p>Although the suEXEC wrapper will check to ensure that its + caller is the correct user as specified with the + <code>--with-suexec-caller</code> <code class="program"><a href="./programs/configure.html">configure</a></code> + option, there is + always the possibility that a system or library call suEXEC uses + before this check may be exploitable on your system. To counter + this, and because it is best-practise in general, you should use + filesystem permissions to ensure that only the group httpd + runs as may execute suEXEC.</p> + + <p>If for example, your web server is configured to run as:</p> + + <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">User www +Group webgroup</pre> + + + <p>and <code class="program"><a href="./programs/suexec.html">suexec</a></code> is installed at + "/usr/local/apache2/bin/suexec", you should run:</p> + + <div class="example"><p><code> + chgrp webgroup /usr/local/apache2/bin/suexec<br /> + chmod 4750 /usr/local/apache2/bin/suexec<br /> + </code></p></div> + + <p>This will ensure that only the group httpd runs as can even + execute the suEXEC wrapper.</p> + +</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div> +<div class="section"> +<h2><a name="enable" id="enable">Enabling & Disabling + suEXEC</a></h2> + + <p>Upon startup of httpd, it looks for the file + <code class="program"><a href="./programs/suexec.html">suexec</a></code> in the directory defined by the + <code>--sbindir</code> option (default is + "/usr/local/apache/sbin/suexec"). If httpd finds a properly + configured suEXEC wrapper, it will print the following message + to the error log:</p> + +<div class="example"><p><code> + [notice] suEXEC mechanism enabled (wrapper: <var>/path/to/suexec</var>) +</code></p></div> + + <p>If you don't see this message at server startup, the server is + most likely not finding the wrapper program where it expects + it, or the executable is not installed <em>setuid root</em>.</p> + + <p>If you want to enable the suEXEC mechanism for the first time + and an Apache HTTP Server is already running you must kill and + restart httpd. Restarting it with a simple HUP or USR1 signal + will not be enough. </p> + <p>If you want to disable suEXEC you should kill and restart + httpd after you have removed the <code class="program"><a href="./programs/suexec.html">suexec</a></code> file.</p> +</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div> +<div class="section"> +<h2><a name="usage" id="usage">Using suEXEC</a></h2> + + <p>Requests for CGI programs will call the suEXEC wrapper only if + they are for a virtual host containing a <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_suexec.html#suexecusergroup">SuexecUserGroup</a></code> directive or if + they are processed by <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_userdir.html">mod_userdir</a></code>.</p> + + <p><strong>Virtual Hosts:</strong><br /> One way to use the suEXEC + wrapper is through the <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_suexec.html#suexecusergroup">SuexecUserGroup</a></code> directive in + <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#virtualhost">VirtualHost</a></code> definitions. By + setting this directive to values different from the main server + user ID, all requests for CGI resources will be executed as the + <em>User</em> and <em>Group</em> defined for that <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#virtualhost"><VirtualHost></a></code>. If this + directive is not specified for a <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#virtualhost"><VirtualHost></a></code> then the main server userid + is assumed.</p> + + <p><strong>User directories:</strong><br /> Requests that are + processed by <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_userdir.html">mod_userdir</a></code> will call the suEXEC + wrapper to execute CGI programs under the userid of the requested + user directory. The only requirement needed for this feature to + work is for CGI execution to be enabled for the user and that the + script must meet the scrutiny of the <a href="#model">security + checks</a> above. See also the + <code>--with-suexec-userdir</code> <a href="#install">compile + time option</a>.</p> </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div> +<div class="section"> +<h2><a name="debug" id="debug">Debugging suEXEC</a></h2> + + <p>The suEXEC wrapper will write log information + to the file defined with the <code>--with-suexec-logfile</code> + option as indicated above. If you feel you have configured and + installed the wrapper properly, have a look at this log and the + error_log for the server to see where you may have gone astray.</p> + +</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div> +<div class="section"> +<h2><a name="jabberwock" id="jabberwock">Beware the Jabberwock: + Warnings & Examples</a></h2> + + <p><strong>NOTE!</strong> This section may not be + complete.</p> + + <p>There are a few points of interest regarding + the wrapper that can cause limitations on server setup. Please + review these before submitting any "bugs" regarding suEXEC.</p> + + <p><strong>suEXEC Points Of Interest</strong></p> + <ul> + + <li> + Hierarchy limitations + + <p class="indent"> + For security and efficiency reasons, all suEXEC requests + must remain within either a top-level document root for + virtual host requests, or one top-level personal document + root for userdir requests. For example, if you have four + VirtualHosts configured, you would need to structure all + of your VHosts' document roots off of one main httpd + document hierarchy to take advantage of suEXEC for + VirtualHosts. (Example forthcoming.) + </p> + </li> + + <li> + suEXEC's PATH environment variable + + <p class="indent"> + This can be a dangerous thing to change. Make certain + every path you include in this define is a + <strong>trusted</strong> directory. You don't want to + open people up to having someone from across the world + running a trojan horse on them. + </p> + </li> + + <li> + Altering the suEXEC code + + <p class="indent"> + Again, this can cause <strong>Big Trouble</strong> if you + try this without knowing what you are doing. Stay away + from it if at all possible. + </p> + </li> + </ul> + +</div></div> +<div class="bottomlang"> +<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="./en/suexec.html" title="English"> en </a> | +<a href="./fr/suexec.html" hreflang="fr" rel="alternate" title="Français"> fr </a> | +<a href="./ja/suexec.html" hreflang="ja" rel="alternate" title="Japanese"> ja </a> | +<a href="./ko/suexec.html" hreflang="ko" rel="alternate" title="Korean"> ko </a> | +<a href="./tr/suexec.html" hreflang="tr" rel="alternate" title="Türkçe"> tr </a></p> +</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img src="./images/up.gif" alt="top" /></a></div><div class="section"><h2><a id="comments_section" name="comments_section">Comments</a></h2><div class="warning"><strong>Notice:</strong><br />This is not a Q&A section. 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