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diff --git a/docs/manual/howto/htaccess.html.en b/docs/manual/howto/htaccess.html.en new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e16fc1f --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/manual/howto/htaccess.html.en @@ -0,0 +1,465 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><head> +<meta content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="Content-Type" /> +<!-- + XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX + This file is generated from xml source: DO NOT EDIT + XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX + --> +<title>Apache HTTP Server Tutorial: .htaccess files - Apache HTTP Server Version 2.4</title> +<link href="../style/css/manual.css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="Main stylesheet" /> +<link href="../style/css/manual-loose-100pc.css" rel="alternate stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="No Sidebar - Default font size" /> +<link href="../style/css/manual-print.css" rel="stylesheet" media="print" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../style/css/prettify.css" /> +<script src="../style/scripts/prettify.min.js" type="text/javascript"> +</script> + +<link href="../images/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" /></head> +<body id="manual-page"><div id="page-header"> +<p class="menu"><a href="../mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="../mod/directives.html">Directives</a> | <a href="http://wiki.apache.org/httpd/FAQ">FAQ</a> | <a href="../glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="../sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p> +<p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.4</p> +<img alt="" src="../images/feather.png" /></div> +<div class="up"><a href="./"><img title="<-" alt="<-" src="../images/left.gif" /></a></div> +<div id="path"> +<a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> > <a href="../">Version 2.4</a> > <a href="./">How-To / Tutorials</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>Apache HTTP Server Tutorial: .htaccess files</h1> +<div class="toplang"> +<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/howto/htaccess.html" title="English"> en </a> | +<a href="../es/howto/htaccess.html" hreflang="es" rel="alternate" title="Español"> es </a> | +<a href="../fr/howto/htaccess.html" hreflang="fr" rel="alternate" title="Français"> fr </a> | +<a href="../ja/howto/htaccess.html" hreflang="ja" rel="alternate" title="Japanese"> ja </a> | +<a href="../ko/howto/htaccess.html" hreflang="ko" rel="alternate" title="Korean"> ko </a> | +<a href="../pt-br/howto/htaccess.html" hreflang="pt-br" rel="alternate" title="Português (Brasil)"> pt-br </a></p> +</div> + +<p><code>.htaccess</code> files provide a way to make configuration +changes on a per-directory basis.</p> +</div> +<div id="quickview"><a href="https://www.apache.org/foundation/contributing.html" class="badge"><img src="https://www.apache.org/images/SupportApache-small.png" alt="Support Apache!" /></a><ul id="toc"><li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#related">.htaccess files</a></li> +<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#what">What they are/How to use them</a></li> +<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#when">When (not) to use .htaccess files</a></li> +<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#how">How directives are applied</a></li> +<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#auth">Authentication example</a></li> +<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#ssi">Server Side Includes example</a></li> +<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#rewrite">Rewrite Rules in .htaccess files</a></li> +<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#cgi">CGI example</a></li> +<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#troubleshoot">Troubleshooting</a></li> +</ul><h3>See also</h3><ul class="seealso"><li><a href="#comments_section">Comments</a></li></ul></div> +<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> +<div class="section"> +<h2><a name="related" id="related">.htaccess files</a></h2> + <table class="related"><tr><th>Related Modules</th><th>Related Directives</th></tr><tr><td><ul><li><code class="module"><a href="../mod/core.html">core</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_authn_file.html">mod_authn_file</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_authz_groupfile.html">mod_authz_groupfile</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_cgi.html">mod_cgi</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_include.html">mod_include</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_mime.html">mod_mime</a></code></li></ul></td><td><ul><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#accessfilename">AccessFileName</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#allowoverride">AllowOverride</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#options">Options</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_mime.html#addhandler">AddHandler</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#sethandler">SetHandler</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_authn_core.html#authtype">AuthType</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_authn_core.html#authname">AuthName</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_authn_file.html#authuserfile">AuthUserFile</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_authz_groupfile.html#authgroupfile">AuthGroupFile</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_authz_core.html#require">Require</a></code></li></ul></td></tr></table> + + <div class="note">You should avoid using <code>.htaccess</code> files completely if you have access to + httpd main server config file. Using <code>.htaccess</code> files slows down your Apache http server. + Any directive that you can include in a <code>.htaccess</code> file is better set in a <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#directory">Directory</a></code> block, as it will have the same effect with better performance.</div> +</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> +<div class="section"> +<h2><a name="what" id="what">What they are/How to use them</a></h2> + + + <p><code>.htaccess</code> files (or "distributed configuration files") + provide a way to make configuration changes on a per-directory basis. A + file, containing one or more configuration directives, is placed in a + particular document directory, and the directives apply to that + directory, and all subdirectories thereof.</p> + + <div class="note"><h3>Note:</h3> + <p>If you want to call your <code>.htaccess</code> file something + else, you can change the name of the file using the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#accessfilename">AccessFileName</a></code> directive. For example, + if you would rather call the file <code>.config</code> then you + can put the following in your server configuration file:</p> + + <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">AccessFileName ".config"</pre> + + </div> + + <p>In general, <code>.htaccess</code> files use the same syntax as + the <a href="../configuring.html#syntax">main configuration + files</a>. What you can put in these files is determined by the + <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#allowoverride">AllowOverride</a></code> directive. This + directive specifies, in categories, what directives will be + honored if they are found in a <code>.htaccess</code> file. If a + directive is permitted in a <code>.htaccess</code> file, the + documentation for that directive will contain an Override section, + specifying what value must be in <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#allowoverride">AllowOverride</a></code> in order for that + directive to be permitted.</p> + + <p>For example, if you look at the documentation for the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#adddefaultcharset">AddDefaultCharset</a></code> + directive, you will find that it is permitted in <code>.htaccess</code> + files. (See the Context line in the directive summary.) The <a href="../mod/directive-dict.html#Context">Override</a> line reads + <code>FileInfo</code>. Thus, you must have at least + <code>AllowOverride FileInfo</code> in order for this directive to be + honored in <code>.htaccess</code> files.</p> + + <div class="example"><h3>Example:</h3><table> + <tr> + <td><a href="../mod/directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></td> + <td>server config, virtual host, directory, .htaccess</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td><a href="../mod/directive-dict.html#Override">Override:</a></td> + <td>FileInfo</td> + </tr> + </table></div> + + <p>If you are unsure whether a particular directive is permitted in a + <code>.htaccess</code> file, look at the documentation for that + directive, and check the Context line for ".htaccess".</p> + </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> +<div class="section"> +<h2><a name="when" id="when">When (not) to use .htaccess files</a></h2> + + <p>In general, you should only use <code>.htaccess</code> files when + you don't have access to the main server configuration file. There is, + for example, a common misconception that user authentication should + always be done in <code>.htaccess</code> files, and, in more recent years, + another misconception that <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code> directives + must go in <code>.htaccess</code> files. This is simply not the + case. You can put user authentication configurations in the main server + configuration, and this is, in fact, the preferred way to do + things. Likewise, <code>mod_rewrite</code> directives work better, + in many respects, in the main server configuration.</p> + + <p><code>.htaccess</code> files should be used in a case where the + content providers need to make configuration changes to the server on a + per-directory basis, but do not have root access on the server system. + In the event that the server administrator is not willing to make + frequent configuration changes, it might be desirable to permit + individual users to make these changes in <code>.htaccess</code> files + for themselves. This is particularly true, for example, in cases where + ISPs are hosting multiple user sites on a single machine, and want + their users to be able to alter their configuration.</p> + + <p>However, in general, use of <code>.htaccess</code> files should be + avoided when possible. Any configuration that you would consider + putting in a <code>.htaccess</code> file, can just as effectively be + made in a <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#directory"><Directory></a></code> section in your main server + configuration file.</p> + + <p>There are two main reasons to avoid the use of + <code>.htaccess</code> files.</p> + + <p>The first of these is performance. When <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#allowoverride">AllowOverride</a></code> + is set to allow the use of <code>.htaccess</code> files, httpd will + look in every directory for <code>.htaccess</code> files. Thus, + permitting <code>.htaccess</code> files causes a performance hit, + whether or not you actually even use them! Also, the + <code>.htaccess</code> file is loaded every time a document is + requested.</p> + + <p>Further note that httpd must look for <code>.htaccess</code> files + in all higher-level directories, in order to have a full complement of + directives that it must apply. (See section on <a href="#how">how + directives are applied</a>.) Thus, if a file is requested out of a + directory <code>/www/htdocs/example</code>, httpd must look for the + following files:</p> + + <div class="example"><p><code> + /.htaccess<br /> + /www/.htaccess<br /> + /www/htdocs/.htaccess<br /> + /www/htdocs/example/.htaccess + </code></p></div> + + <p>And so, for each file access out of that directory, there are 4 + additional file-system accesses, even if none of those files are + present. (Note that this would only be the case if + <code>.htaccess</code> files were enabled for <code>/</code>, which + is not usually the case.)</p> + + <p>In the case of <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code> directives, in + <code>.htaccess</code> context these regular expressions must be + re-compiled with every request to the directory, whereas in main + server configuration context they are compiled once and cached. + Additionally, the rules themselves are more complicated, as one must + work around the restrictions that come with per-directory context + and <code>mod_rewrite</code>. Consult the <a href="../rewrite/intro.html#htaccess">Rewrite Guide</a> for more + detail on this subject.</p> + + <p>The second consideration is one of security. You are permitting + users to modify server configuration, which may result in changes over + which you have no control. Carefully consider whether you want to give + your users this privilege. Note also that giving users less + privileges than they need will lead to additional technical support + requests. Make sure you clearly tell your users what level of + privileges you have given them. Specifying exactly what you have set + <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#allowoverride">AllowOverride</a></code> to, and pointing them + to the relevant documentation, will save yourself a lot of confusion + later.</p> + + <p>Note that it is completely equivalent to put a <code>.htaccess</code> + file in a directory <code>/www/htdocs/example</code> containing a + directive, and to put that same directive in a Directory section + <code><Directory "/www/htdocs/example"></code> in your main server + configuration:</p> + + <p><code>.htaccess</code> file in <code>/www/htdocs/example</code>:</p> + + <div class="example"><h3>Contents of .htaccess file in + <code>/www/htdocs/example</code></h3><pre class="prettyprint lang-config">AddType text/example ".exm"</pre> +</div> + + <div class="example"><h3>Section from your <code>httpd.conf</code> + file</h3><pre class="prettyprint lang-config"><Directory "/www/htdocs/example"> + AddType text/example ".exm" +</Directory></pre> +</div> + + <p>However, putting this configuration in your server configuration + file will result in less of a performance hit, as the configuration is + loaded once when httpd starts, rather than every time a file is + requested.</p> + + <p>The use of <code>.htaccess</code> files can be disabled completely + by setting the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#allowoverride">AllowOverride</a></code> + directive to <code>none</code>:</p> + + <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">AllowOverride None</pre> + +</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> +<div class="section"> +<h2><a name="how" id="how">How directives are applied</a></h2> + + <p>The configuration directives found in a <code>.htaccess</code> file + are applied to the directory in which the <code>.htaccess</code> file + is found, and to all subdirectories thereof. However, it is important + to also remember that there may have been <code>.htaccess</code> files + in directories higher up. Directives are applied in the order that they + are found. Therefore, a <code>.htaccess</code> file in a particular + directory may override directives found in <code>.htaccess</code> files + found higher up in the directory tree. And those, in turn, may have + overridden directives found yet higher up, or in the main server + configuration file itself.</p> + + <p>Example:</p> + + <p>In the directory <code>/www/htdocs/example1</code> we have a + <code>.htaccess</code> file containing the following:</p> + + <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">Options +ExecCGI</pre> + + + <p>(Note: you must have "<code>AllowOverride Options</code>" in effect + to permit the use of the "<code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#options">Options</a></code>" directive in + <code>.htaccess</code> files.)</p> + + <p>In the directory <code>/www/htdocs/example1/example2</code> we have + a <code>.htaccess</code> file containing:</p> + + <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">Options Includes</pre> + + + <p>Because of this second <code>.htaccess</code> file, in the directory + <code>/www/htdocs/example1/example2</code>, CGI execution is not + permitted, as only <code>Options Includes</code> is in effect, which + completely overrides any earlier setting that may have been in + place.</p> + + <h3><a name="merge" id="merge">Merging of .htaccess with the main + configuration files</a></h3> + + <p>As discussed in the documentation on <a href="../sections.html">Configuration Sections</a>, + <code>.htaccess</code> files can override the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#directory"><Directory></a></code> sections for + the corresponding directory, but will be overridden by other types + of configuration sections from the main configuration files. This + fact can be used to enforce certain configurations, even in the + presence of a liberal <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#allowoverride">AllowOverride</a></code> setting. For example, to + prevent script execution while allowing anything else to be set in + <code>.htaccess</code> you can use:</p> + + <pre class="prettyprint lang-config"><Directory "/www/htdocs"> + AllowOverride All +</Directory> + +<Location "/"> + Options +IncludesNoExec -ExecCGI +</Location></pre> + + + <div class="note">This example assumes that your <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></code> is <code>/www/htdocs</code>.</div> + + +</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> +<div class="section"> +<h2><a name="auth" id="auth">Authentication example</a></h2> + + <p>If you jumped directly to this part of the document to find out how + to do authentication, it is important to note one thing. There is a + common misconception that you are required to use + <code>.htaccess</code> files in order to implement password + authentication. This is not the case. Putting authentication directives + in a <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#directory"><Directory></a></code> + section, in your main server configuration file, is the preferred way + to implement this, and <code>.htaccess</code> files should be used only + if you don't have access to the main server configuration file. See <a href="#when">above</a> for a discussion of when you should and should + not use <code>.htaccess</code> files.</p> + + <p>Having said that, if you still think you need to use a + <code>.htaccess</code> file, you may find that a configuration such as + what follows may work for you.</p> + + <p><code>.htaccess</code> file contents:</p> + + <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">AuthType Basic +AuthName "Password Required" +AuthUserFile "/www/passwords/password.file" +AuthGroupFile "/www/passwords/group.file" +Require group admins</pre> + + + <p>Note that <code>AllowOverride AuthConfig</code> must be in effect + for these directives to have any effect.</p> + + <p>Please see the <a href="auth.html">authentication tutorial</a> for a + more complete discussion of authentication and authorization.</p> +</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> +<div class="section"> +<h2><a name="ssi" id="ssi">Server Side Includes example</a></h2> + + <p>Another common use of <code>.htaccess</code> files is to enable + Server Side Includes for a particular directory. This may be done with + the following configuration directives, placed in a + <code>.htaccess</code> file in the desired directory:</p> + + <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">Options +Includes +AddType text/html shtml +AddHandler server-parsed shtml</pre> + + + <p>Note that <code>AllowOverride Options</code> and <code>AllowOverride + FileInfo</code> must both be in effect for these directives to have any + effect.</p> + + <p>Please see the <a href="ssi.html">SSI tutorial</a> for a more + complete discussion of server-side includes.</p> +</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> +<div class="section"> +<h2><a name="rewrite" id="rewrite">Rewrite Rules in .htaccess files</a></h2> +<p>When using <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code> in +<code>.htaccess</code> files, be aware that the per-directory context +changes things a bit. In particular, rules are taken to be relative to +the current directory, rather than being the original requested URI. +Consider the following examples:</p> + +<pre class="prettyprint lang-config"># In httpd.conf +RewriteRule "^/images/(.+)\.jpg" "/images/$1.png" + +# In .htaccess in root dir +RewriteRule "^images/(.+)\.jpg" "images/$1.png" + +# In .htaccess in images/ +RewriteRule "^(.+)\.jpg" "$1.png"</pre> + + +<p>In a <code>.htaccess</code> in your document directory, the leading +slash is removed from the value supplied to <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code>, and in the +<code>images</code> subdirectory, <code>/images/</code> is removed from +it. Thus, your regular expression needs to omit that portion as +well.</p> + +<p>Consult the <a href="../rewrite/">mod_rewrite documentation</a> for +further details on using <code>mod_rewrite</code>.</p> + +</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> +<div class="section"> +<h2><a name="cgi" id="cgi">CGI example</a></h2> + + <p>Finally, you may wish to use a <code>.htaccess</code> file to permit + the execution of CGI programs in a particular directory. This may be + implemented with the following configuration:</p> + + <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">Options +ExecCGI +AddHandler cgi-script cgi pl</pre> + + + <p>Alternately, if you wish to have all files in the given directory be + considered to be CGI programs, this may be done with the following + configuration:</p> + + <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">Options +ExecCGI +SetHandler cgi-script</pre> + + + <p>Note that <code>AllowOverride Options</code> and <code>AllowOverride + FileInfo</code> must both be in effect for these directives to have any + effect.</p> + + <p>Please see the <a href="cgi.html">CGI tutorial</a> for a more + complete discussion of CGI programming and configuration.</p> + +</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div> +<div class="section"> +<h2><a name="troubleshoot" id="troubleshoot">Troubleshooting</a></h2> + + <p>When you put configuration directives in a <code>.htaccess</code> + file, and you don't get the desired effect, there are a number of + things that may be going wrong.</p> + + <p>Most commonly, the problem is that <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#allowoverride">AllowOverride</a></code> is not + set such that your configuration directives are being honored. Make + sure that you don't have a <code>AllowOverride None</code> in effect + for the file scope in question. A good test for this is to put garbage + in your <code>.htaccess</code> file and reload the page. If a server error is + not generated, then you almost certainly have <code>AllowOverride + None</code> in effect.</p> + + <p>If, on the other hand, you are getting server errors when trying to + access documents, check your httpd error log. It will likely tell you + that the directive used in your <code>.htaccess</code> file is not + permitted.</p> + + <div class="example"><p><code> + [Fri Sep 17 18:43:16 2010] [alert] [client 192.168.200.51] /var/www/html/.htaccess: DirectoryIndex not allowed here + </code></p></div> + + <p>This will indicate either that you've used a directive that is + never permitted in <code>.htaccess</code> files, or that you simply + don't have <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#allowoverride">AllowOverride</a></code> set to + a level sufficient for the directive you've used. Consult the + documentation for that particular directive to determine which is + the case.</p> + + <p>Alternately, it may tell you that you had a syntax error in your + usage of the directive itself.</p> + + <div class="example"><p><code> + [Sat Aug 09 16:22:34 2008] [alert] [client 192.168.200.51] /var/www/html/.htaccess: RewriteCond: bad flag delimiters + </code></p></div> + + <p>In this case, the error message should be specific to the + particular syntax error that you have committed.</p> + +</div></div> +<div class="bottomlang"> +<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/howto/htaccess.html" title="English"> en </a> | +<a href="../es/howto/htaccess.html" hreflang="es" rel="alternate" title="Español"> es </a> | +<a href="../fr/howto/htaccess.html" hreflang="fr" rel="alternate" title="Français"> fr </a> | +<a href="../ja/howto/htaccess.html" hreflang="ja" rel="alternate" title="Japanese"> ja </a> | +<a href="../ko/howto/htaccess.html" hreflang="ko" rel="alternate" title="Korean"> ko </a> | +<a href="../pt-br/howto/htaccess.html" hreflang="pt-br" rel="alternate" title="Português (Brasil)"> pt-br </a></p> +</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img src="../images/up.gif" alt="top" /></a></div><div class="section"><h2><a id="comments_section" name="comments_section">Comments</a></h2><div class="warning"><strong>Notice:</strong><br />This is not a Q&A section. 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