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.TH "DNSSEC-SIGNZONE" "8" "@RELEASE_DATE@" "@BIND9_VERSION@" "BIND 9"
.SH NAME
dnssec-signzone \- DNSSEC zone signing tool
.SH SYNOPSIS
.sp
\fBdnssec\-signzone\fP [\fB\-a\fP] [\fB\-c\fP class] [\fB\-d\fP directory] [\fB\-D\fP] [\fB\-E\fP engine] [\fB\-e\fP end\-time] [\fB\-f\fP output\-file] [\fB\-g\fP] [\fB\-h\fP] [\fB\-i\fP interval] [\fB\-I\fP input\-format] [\fB\-j\fP jitter] [\fB\-K\fP directory] [\fB\-k\fP key] [\fB\-L\fP serial] [\fB\-M\fP maxttl] [\fB\-N\fP soa\-serial\-format] [\fB\-o\fP origin] [\fB\-O\fP output\-format] [\fB\-P\fP] [\fB\-Q\fP] [\fB\-q\fP] [\fB\-R\fP] [\fB\-S\fP] [\fB\-s\fP start\-time] [\fB\-T\fP ttl] [\fB\-t\fP] [\fB\-u\fP] [\fB\-v\fP level] [\fB\-V\fP] [\fB\-X\fP extended end\-time] [\fB\-x\fP] [\fB\-z\fP] [\fB\-3\fP salt] [\fB\-H\fP iterations] [\fB\-A\fP] {zonefile} [key...]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.sp
\fBdnssec\-signzone\fP signs a zone; it generates NSEC and RRSIG records
and produces a signed version of the zone. The security status of
delegations from the signed zone (that is, whether the child zones are
secure) is determined by the presence or absence of a \fBkeyset\fP
file for each child zone.
.SH OPTIONS
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \fB\-a\fP
This option verifies all generated signatures.
.TP
.B \fB\-c class\fP
This option specifies the DNS class of the zone.
.TP
.B \fB\-C\fP
This option sets compatibility mode, in which a \fBkeyset\-zonename\fP file is generated in addition
to \fBdsset\-zonename\fP when signing a zone, for use by older versions
of \fBdnssec\-signzone\fP\&.
.TP
.B \fB\-d directory\fP
This option indicates the directory where BIND 9 should look for \fBdsset\-\fP or \fBkeyset\-\fP files.
.TP
.B \fB\-D\fP
This option indicates that only those record types automatically managed by
\fBdnssec\-signzone\fP, i.e., RRSIG, NSEC, NSEC3 and NSEC3PARAM records, should be included in the output.
If smart signing (\fB\-S\fP) is used, DNSKEY records are also included.
The resulting file can be included in the original zone file with
\fB$INCLUDE\fP\&. This option cannot be combined with \fB\-O raw\fP,
\fB\-O map\fP, or serial\-number updating.
.TP
.B \fB\-E engine\fP
This option specifies the hardware to use for cryptographic
operations, such as a secure key store used for signing, when applicable.
.sp
When BIND 9 is built with OpenSSL, this needs to be set to the OpenSSL
engine identifier that drives the cryptographic accelerator or
hardware service module (usually \fBpkcs11\fP). When BIND is
built with native PKCS#11 cryptography (\fB\-\-enable\-native\-pkcs11\fP), it
defaults to the path of the PKCS#11 provider library specified via
\fB\-\-with\-pkcs11\fP\&.
.TP
.B \fB\-g\fP
This option indicates that DS records for child zones should be generated from a \fBdsset\-\fP or \fBkeyset\-\fP
file. Existing DS records are removed.
.TP
.B \fB\-K directory\fP
This option specifies the directory to search for DNSSEC keys. If not
specified, it defaults to the current directory.
.TP
.B \fB\-k key\fP
This option tells BIND 9 to treat the specified key as a key\-signing key, ignoring any key flags. This
option may be specified multiple times.
.TP
.B \fB\-M maxttl\fP
This option sets the maximum TTL for the signed zone. Any TTL higher than \fBmaxttl\fP
in the input zone is reduced to \fBmaxttl\fP in the output. This
provides certainty as to the largest possible TTL in the signed zone,
which is useful to know when rolling keys. The maxttl is the longest
possible time before signatures that have been retrieved by resolvers
expire from resolver caches. Zones that are signed with this
option should be configured to use a matching \fBmax\-zone\-ttl\fP in
\fBnamed.conf\fP\&. (Note: This option is incompatible with \fB\-D\fP,
because it modifies non\-DNSSEC data in the output zone.)
.TP
.B \fB\-s start\-time\fP
This option specifies the date and time when the generated RRSIG records become
valid. This can be either an absolute or relative time. An absolute
start time is indicated by a number in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation;
20000530144500 denotes 14:45:00 UTC on May 30th, 2000. A relative
start time is indicated by \fB+N\fP, which is N seconds from the current
time. If no \fBstart\-time\fP is specified, the current time minus 1
hour (to allow for clock skew) is used.
.TP
.B \fB\-e end\-time\fP
This option specifies the date and time when the generated RRSIG records expire. As
with \fBstart\-time\fP, an absolute time is indicated in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS
notation. A time relative to the start time is indicated with \fB+N\fP,
which is N seconds from the start time. A time relative to the
current time is indicated with \fBnow+N\fP\&. If no \fBend\-time\fP is
specified, 30 days from the start time is the default.
\fBend\-time\fP must be later than \fBstart\-time\fP\&.
.TP
.B \fB\-X extended end\-time\fP
This option specifies the date and time when the generated RRSIG records for the
DNSKEY RRset expire. This is to be used in cases when the DNSKEY
signatures need to persist longer than signatures on other records;
e.g., when the private component of the KSK is kept offline and the
KSK signature is to be refreshed manually.
.sp
As with \fBend\-time\fP, an absolute time is indicated in
YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation. A time relative to the start time is
indicated with \fB+N\fP, which is N seconds from the start time. A time
relative to the current time is indicated with \fBnow+N\fP\&. If no
\fBextended end\-time\fP is specified, the value of \fBend\-time\fP is used
as the default. (\fBend\-time\fP, in turn, defaults to 30 days from the
start time.) \fBextended end\-time\fP must be later than \fBstart\-time\fP\&.
.TP
.B \fB\-f output\-file\fP
This option indicates the name of the output file containing the signed zone. The default
is to append \fB\&.signed\fP to the input filename. If \fBoutput\-file\fP is
set to \fB\-\fP, then the signed zone is written to the standard
output, with a default output format of \fBfull\fP\&.
.TP
.B \fB\-h\fP
This option prints a short summary of the options and arguments to
\fBdnssec\-signzone\fP\&.
.TP
.B \fB\-V\fP
This option prints version information.
.TP
.B \fB\-i interval\fP
This option indicates that, when a previously signed zone is passed as input, records may be
re\-signed. The \fBinterval\fP option specifies the cycle interval as an
offset from the current time, in seconds. If a RRSIG record expires
after the cycle interval, it is retained; otherwise, it is considered
to be expiring soon and it is replaced.
.sp
The default cycle interval is one quarter of the difference between
the signature end and start times. So if neither \fBend\-time\fP nor
\fBstart\-time\fP is specified, \fBdnssec\-signzone\fP generates
signatures that are valid for 30 days, with a cycle interval of 7.5
days. Therefore, if any existing RRSIG records are due to expire in
less than 7.5 days, they are replaced.
.TP
.B \fB\-I input\-format\fP
This option sets the format of the input zone file. Possible formats are \fBtext\fP
(the default), \fBraw\fP, and \fBmap\fP\&. This option is primarily
intended to be used for dynamic signed zones, so that the dumped zone
file in a non\-text format containing updates can be signed directly.
This option is not useful for non\-dynamic zones.
.TP
.B \fB\-j jitter\fP
When signing a zone with a fixed signature lifetime, all RRSIG
records issued at the time of signing expire simultaneously. If the
zone is incrementally signed, i.e., a previously signed zone is passed
as input to the signer, all expired signatures must be regenerated
at approximately the same time. The \fBjitter\fP option specifies a jitter
window that is used to randomize the signature expire time, thus
spreading incremental signature regeneration over time.
.sp
Signature lifetime jitter also, to some extent, benefits validators and
servers by spreading out cache expiration, i.e., if large numbers of
RRSIGs do not expire at the same time from all caches, there is
less congestion than if all validators need to refetch at around the
same time.
.TP
.B \fB\-L serial\fP
When writing a signed zone to \(dqraw\(dq or \(dqmap\(dq format, this option sets the \(dqsource
serial\(dq value in the header to the specified \fBserial\fP number. (This is
expected to be used primarily for testing purposes.)
.TP
.B \fB\-n ncpus\fP
This option specifies the number of threads to use. By default, one thread is
started for each detected CPU.
.TP
.B \fB\-N soa\-serial\-format\fP
This option sets the SOA serial number format of the signed zone. Possible formats are
\fBkeep\fP (the default), \fBincrement\fP, \fBunixtime\fP, and
\fBdate\fP\&.
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
\fBkeep\fP
This format indicates that the SOA serial number should not be modified.
.TP
\fBincrement\fP
This format increments the SOA serial number using \fI\%RFC 1982\fP arithmetic.
.TP
\fBunixtime\fP
This format sets the SOA serial number to the number of seconds
since the beginning of the Unix epoch, unless the serial
number is already greater than or equal to that value, in
which case it is simply incremented by one.
.TP
\fBdate\fP
This format sets the SOA serial number to today\(aqs date, in
YYYYMMDDNN format, unless the serial number is already greater
than or equal to that value, in which case it is simply
incremented by one.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fB\-o origin\fP
This option sets the zone origin. If not specified, the name of the zone file is
assumed to be the origin.
.TP
.B \fB\-O output\-format\fP
This option sets the format of the output file containing the signed zone. Possible
formats are \fBtext\fP (the default), which is the standard textual
representation of the zone; \fBfull\fP, which is text output in a
format suitable for processing by external scripts; and \fBmap\fP,
\fBraw\fP, and \fBraw=N\fP, which store the zone in binary formats
for rapid loading by \fBnamed\fP\&. \fBraw=N\fP specifies the format
version of the raw zone file: if N is 0, the raw file can be read by
any version of \fBnamed\fP; if N is 1, the file can be read by release
9.9.0 or higher. The default is 1.
.TP
.B \fB\-P\fP
This option disables post\-sign verification tests.
.sp
The post\-sign verification tests ensure that for each algorithm in
use there is at least one non\-revoked self\-signed KSK key, that all
revoked KSK keys are self\-signed, and that all records in the zone
are signed by the algorithm. This option skips these tests.
.TP
.B \fB\-Q\fP
This option removes signatures from keys that are no longer active.
.sp
Normally, when a previously signed zone is passed as input to the
signer, and a DNSKEY record has been removed and replaced with a new
one, signatures from the old key that are still within their validity
period are retained. This allows the zone to continue to validate
with cached copies of the old DNSKEY RRset. The \fB\-Q\fP option forces
\fBdnssec\-signzone\fP to remove signatures from keys that are no longer
active. This enables ZSK rollover using the procedure described in
\fI\%RFC 4641#4.2.1.1\fP (\(dqPre\-Publish Key Rollover\(dq).
.TP
.B \fB\-q\fP
This option enables quiet mode, which suppresses unnecessary output. Without this option, when
\fBdnssec\-signzone\fP is run it prints three pieces of information to standard output: the number of
keys in use; the algorithms used to verify the zone was signed correctly and
other status information; and the filename containing the signed
zone. With the option that output is suppressed, leaving only the filename.
.TP
.B \fB\-R\fP
This option removes signatures from keys that are no longer published.
.sp
This option is similar to \fB\-Q\fP, except it forces
\fBdnssec\-signzone\fP to remove signatures from keys that are no longer
published. This enables ZSK rollover using the procedure described in
\fI\%RFC 4641#4.2.1.2\fP (\(dqDouble Signature Zone Signing Key
Rollover\(dq).
.TP
.B \fB\-S\fP
This option enables smart signing, which instructs \fBdnssec\-signzone\fP to search the key
repository for keys that match the zone being signed, and to include
them in the zone if appropriate.
.sp
When a key is found, its timing metadata is examined to determine how
it should be used, according to the following rules. Each successive
rule takes priority over the prior ones:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
If no timing metadata has been set for the key, the key is
published in the zone and used to sign the zone.
.sp
If the key\(aqs publication date is set and is in the past, the key
is published in the zone.
.sp
If the key\(aqs activation date is set and is in the past, the key is
published (regardless of publication date) and used to sign the
zone.
.sp
If the key\(aqs revocation date is set and is in the past, and the key
is published, then the key is revoked, and the revoked key is used
to sign the zone.
.sp
If either the key\(aqs unpublication or deletion date is set and
in the past, the key is NOT published or used to sign the zone,
regardless of any other metadata.
.sp
If the key\(aqs sync publication date is set and is in the past,
synchronization records (type CDS and/or CDNSKEY) are created.
.sp
If the key\(aqs sync deletion date is set and is in the past,
synchronization records (type CDS and/or CDNSKEY) are removed.
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fB\-T ttl\fP
This option specifies a TTL to be used for new DNSKEY records imported into the
zone from the key repository. If not specified, the default is the
TTL value from the zone\(aqs SOA record. This option is ignored when
signing without \fB\-S\fP, since DNSKEY records are not imported from
the key repository in that case. It is also ignored if there are any
pre\-existing DNSKEY records at the zone apex, in which case new
records\(aq TTL values are set to match them, or if any of the
imported DNSKEY records had a default TTL value. In the event of a
conflict between TTL values in imported keys, the shortest one is
used.
.TP
.B \fB\-t\fP
This option prints statistics at completion.
.TP
.B \fB\-u\fP
This option updates the NSEC/NSEC3 chain when re\-signing a previously signed zone.
With this option, a zone signed with NSEC can be switched to NSEC3,
or a zone signed with NSEC3 can be switched to NSEC or to NSEC3 with
different parameters. Without this option, \fBdnssec\-signzone\fP
retains the existing chain when re\-signing.
.TP
.B \fB\-v level\fP
This option sets the debugging level.
.TP
.B \fB\-x\fP
This option indicates that BIND 9 should only sign the DNSKEY, CDNSKEY, and CDS RRsets with key\-signing keys,
and should omit signatures from zone\-signing keys. (This is similar to the
\fBdnssec\-dnskey\-kskonly yes;\fP zone option in \fBnamed\fP\&.)
.TP
.B \fB\-z\fP
This option indicates that BIND 9 should ignore the KSK flag on keys when determining what to sign. This causes
KSK\-flagged keys to sign all records, not just the DNSKEY RRset.
(This is similar to the \fBupdate\-check\-ksk no;\fP zone option in
\fBnamed\fP\&.)
.TP
.B \fB\-3 salt\fP
This option generates an NSEC3 chain with the given hex\-encoded salt. A dash
(\-) can be used to indicate that no salt is to be used when
generating the NSEC3 chain.
.sp
\fBNOTE:\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
\fB\-3 \-\fP is the recommended configuration. Adding salt provides no practical benefits.
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fB\-H iterations\fP
This option indicates that, when generating an NSEC3 chain, BIND 9 should use this many iterations. The default
is 10.
.sp
\fBWARNING:\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
Values greater than 0 cause interoperability issues and also increase the risk of CPU\-exhausting DoS attacks. The default value has not been changed because the best practices has changed only after BIND 9.16 reached Extended Support Version status.
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fB\-A\fP
This option indicates that, when generating an NSEC3 chain, BIND 9 should set the OPTOUT flag on all NSEC3
records and should not generate NSEC3 records for insecure delegations.
.sp
\fBWARNING:\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
Do not use this option unless all its implications are fully understood. This option is intended only for extremely large zones (comparable to \fBcom.\fP) with sparse secure delegations.
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
Using this option twice (i.e., \fB\-AA\fP) turns the OPTOUT flag off for
all records. This is useful when using the \fB\-u\fP option to modify an
NSEC3 chain which previously had OPTOUT set.
.TP
.B \fBzonefile\fP
This option sets the file containing the zone to be signed.
.TP
.B \fBkey\fP
This option specifies which keys should be used to sign the zone. If no keys are
specified, the zone is examined for DNSKEY records at the
zone apex. If these records are found and there are matching private keys in
the current directory, they are used for signing.
.UNINDENT
.SH EXAMPLE
.sp
The following command signs the \fBexample.com\fP zone with the
ECDSAP256SHA256 key generated by \fBdnssec\-keygen\fP
(Kexample.com.+013+17247). Because the \fB\-S\fP option is not being used,
the zone\(aqs keys must be in the master file (\fBdb.example.com\fP). This
invocation looks for \fBdsset\fP files in the current directory, so that
DS records can be imported from them (\fB\-g\fP).
.INDENT 0.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
% dnssec\-signzone \-g \-o example.com db.example.com \e
Kexample.com.+013+17247
db.example.com.signed
%
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
In the above example, \fBdnssec\-signzone\fP creates the file
\fBdb.example.com.signed\fP\&. This file should be referenced in a zone
statement in the \fBnamed.conf\fP file.
.sp
This example re\-signs a previously signed zone with default parameters.
The private keys are assumed to be in the current directory.
.INDENT 0.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
% cp db.example.com.signed db.example.com
% dnssec\-signzone \-o example.com db.example.com
db.example.com.signed
%
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.SH SEE ALSO
.sp
\fBdnssec\-keygen(8)\fP, BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual, \fI\%RFC 4033\fP,
\fI\%RFC 4641\fP\&.
.SH AUTHOR
Internet Systems Consortium
.SH COPYRIGHT
2024, Internet Systems Consortium
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