path: root/lib/dns/rbt.c

/*
 * Copyright (C) Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
 *
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
 *
 * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
 * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
 * file, you can obtain one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
 *
 * See the COPYRIGHT file distributed with this work for additional
 * information regarding copyright ownership.
 */

/*! \file */

#include <inttypes.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>

#include <isc/crc64.h>
#include <isc/file.h>
#include <isc/hex.h>
#include <isc/mem.h>
#include <isc/once.h>
#include <isc/platform.h>
#include <isc/print.h>
#include <isc/refcount.h>
#include <isc/socket.h>
#include <isc/stdio.h>
#include <isc/string.h>
#include <isc/util.h>

/*%
 * This define is so dns/name.h (included by dns/fixedname.h) uses more
 * efficient macro calls instead of functions for a few operations.
 */
#define DNS_NAME_USEINLINE 1
#define ALIGNMENT_SIZE	   8U /* see lib/isc/mem.c */

#include <unistd.h>

#include <dns/fixedname.h>
#include <dns/log.h>
#include <dns/rbt.h>
#include <dns/result.h>
#include <dns/version.h>

#define CHECK(x)                             \
	do {                                 \
		result = (x);                \
		if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS) \
			goto cleanup;        \
	} while (0)

#define RBT_MAGIC      ISC_MAGIC('R', 'B', 'T', '+')
#define VALID_RBT(rbt) ISC_MAGIC_VALID(rbt, RBT_MAGIC)

/*
 * XXXDCL Since parent pointers were added in again, I could remove all of the
 * chain junk, and replace with dns_rbt_firstnode, _previousnode, _nextnode,
 * _lastnode.  This would involve pretty major change to the API.
 */
#define CHAIN_MAGIC	   ISC_MAGIC('0', '-', '0', '-')
#define VALID_CHAIN(chain) ISC_MAGIC_VALID(chain, CHAIN_MAGIC)

#define RBT_HASH_MIN_BITS   4
#define RBT_HASH_MAX_BITS   32
#define RBT_HASH_OVERCOMMIT 3
#define RBT_HASH_BUCKETSIZE 4096 /* FIXME: What would be a good value here? */

#ifdef RBT_MEM_TEST
#undef RBT_HASH_SIZE
#define RBT_HASH_SIZE 2 /*%< To give the reallocation code a workout. */
#endif			/* ifdef RBT_MEM_TEST */

#define GOLDEN_RATIO_32 0x61C88647

#define HASHSIZE(bits) (UINT64_C(1) << (bits))

static uint32_t
hash_32(uint32_t val, unsigned int bits) {
	REQUIRE(bits <= RBT_HASH_MAX_BITS);
	/* High bits are more random. */
	return (val * GOLDEN_RATIO_32 >> (32 - bits));
}

struct dns_rbt {
	unsigned int magic;
	isc_mem_t *mctx;
	dns_rbtnode_t *root;
	void (*data_deleter)(void *, void *);
	void *deleter_arg;
	unsigned int nodecount;
	uint16_t hashbits;
	uint16_t maxhashbits;
	dns_rbtnode_t **hashtable;
	void *mmap_location;
};

#define RED   0
#define BLACK 1

/*
 * This is the header for map-format RBT images.  It is populated,
 * and then written, as the LAST thing done to the file before returning.
 * Writing this last (with zeros in the header area initially) will ensure
 * that the header is only valid when the RBT image is also valid.
 */
typedef struct file_header file_header_t;

/* Pad to 32 bytes */
static char FILE_VERSION[32] = "\0";

/* Header length, always the same size regardless of structure size */
#define HEADER_LENGTH 1024

struct file_header {
	char version1[32];
	uint64_t first_node_offset; /* usually 1024 */
	/*
	 * information about the system on which the map file was generated
	 * will be used to tell if we can load the map file or not
	 */
	uint32_t ptrsize;
	unsigned int bigendian	    : 1; /* big or little endian system */
	unsigned int rdataset_fixed : 1; /* compiled with
					  * --enable-rrset-fixed
					  */
	unsigned int nodecount;		 /* shadow from rbt structure */
	uint64_t crc;
	char version2[32]; /* repeated; must match version1 */
};

/*
 * The following declarations are for the serialization of an RBT:
 *
 * step one: write out a zeroed header of 1024 bytes
 * step two: walk the tree in a depth-first, left-right-down order, writing
 * out the nodes, reserving space as we go, correcting addresses to point
 * at the proper offset in the file, and setting a flag for each pointer to
 * indicate that it is a reference to a location in the file, rather than in
 * memory.
 * step three: write out the header, adding the information that will be
 * needed to re-create the tree object itself.
 *
 * The RBTDB object will do this three times, once for each of the three
 * RBT objects it contains.
 *
 * Note: 'file' must point an actual open file that can be mmapped
 * and fseeked, not to a pipe or stream
 */

static isc_result_t
dns_rbt_zero_header(FILE *file);

static isc_result_t
write_header(FILE *file, dns_rbt_t *rbt, uint64_t first_node_offset,
	     uint64_t crc);

static bool
match_header_version(file_header_t *header);

static isc_result_t
serialize_node(FILE *file, dns_rbtnode_t *node, uintptr_t left, uintptr_t right,
	       uintptr_t down, uintptr_t parent, uintptr_t data, uint64_t *crc);

static isc_result_t
serialize_nodes(FILE *file, dns_rbtnode_t *node, uintptr_t parent,
		dns_rbtdatawriter_t datawriter, void *writer_arg,
		uintptr_t *where, uint64_t *crc);

#define ADJUST_ADDRESS(address, relative, header)        \
	if (address != NULL && header != NULL) {         \
		address += relative * (uintptr_t)header; \
	}
/*
 * The following functions allow you to get the actual address of a pointer
 * without having to use an if statement to check to see if that address is
 * relative or not
 */
static dns_rbtnode_t *
getparent(dns_rbtnode_t *node, file_header_t *header) {
	char *adjusted_address = (char *)(node->parent);

	ADJUST_ADDRESS(adjusted_address, node->parent_is_relative, header);

	return ((dns_rbtnode_t *)adjusted_address);
}

static dns_rbtnode_t *
getleft(dns_rbtnode_t *node, file_header_t *header) {
	char *adjusted_address = (char *)(node->left);

	ADJUST_ADDRESS(adjusted_address, node->left_is_relative, header);

	return ((dns_rbtnode_t *)adjusted_address);
}

static dns_rbtnode_t *
getright(dns_rbtnode_t *node, file_header_t *header) {
	char *adjusted_address = (char *)(node->right);

	ADJUST_ADDRESS(adjusted_address, node->right_is_relative, header);

	return ((dns_rbtnode_t *)adjusted_address);
}

static dns_rbtnode_t *
getdown(dns_rbtnode_t *node, file_header_t *header) {
	char *adjusted_address = (char *)(node->down);

	ADJUST_ADDRESS(adjusted_address, node->down_is_relative, header);

	return ((dns_rbtnode_t *)adjusted_address);
}

static dns_rbtnode_t *
getdata(dns_rbtnode_t *node, file_header_t *header) {
	char *adjusted_address = (char *)(node->data);

	ADJUST_ADDRESS(adjusted_address, node->data_is_relative, header);

	return ((dns_rbtnode_t *)adjusted_address);
}

/*%
 * Elements of the rbtnode structure.
 */
#define PARENT(node)	   ((node)->parent)
#define LEFT(node)	   ((node)->left)
#define RIGHT(node)	   ((node)->right)
#define DOWN(node)	   ((node)->down)
#define UPPERNODE(node)	   ((node)->uppernode)
#define DATA(node)	   ((node)->data)
#define IS_EMPTY(node)	   ((node)->data == NULL)
#define HASHNEXT(node)	   ((node)->hashnext)
#define HASHVAL(node)	   ((node)->hashval)
#define COLOR(node)	   ((node)->color)
#define NAMELEN(node)	   ((node)->namelen)
#define OLDNAMELEN(node)   ((node)->oldnamelen)
#define OFFSETLEN(node)	   ((node)->offsetlen)
#define ATTRS(node)	   ((node)->attributes)
#define IS_ROOT(node)	   ((node)->is_root)
#define FINDCALLBACK(node) ((node)->find_callback)

#define WANTEMPTYDATA_OR_DATA(options, node) \
	((options & DNS_RBTFIND_EMPTYDATA) != 0 || DATA(node) != NULL)

/*%
 * Structure elements from the rbtdb.c, not
 * used as part of the rbt.c algorithms.
 */
#define DIRTY(node)   ((node)->dirty)
#define WILD(node)    ((node)->wild)
#define LOCKNUM(node) ((node)->locknum)

/*%
 * The variable length stuff stored after the node has the following
 * structure.
 *
 *	&lt;name_data&gt;{1..255}&lt;oldoffsetlen&gt;{1}&lt;offsets&gt;{1..128}
 *
 * &lt;name_data&gt; contains the name of the node when it was created.
 * &lt;oldoffsetlen&gt; contains the length of &lt;offsets&gt; when the node
 * was created.
 * &lt;offsets&gt; contains the offsets into name for each label when the node
 * was created.
 */

#define NAME(node)	   ((unsigned char *)((node) + 1))
#define OFFSETS(node)	   (NAME(node) + OLDNAMELEN(node) + 1)
#define OLDOFFSETLEN(node) (OFFSETS(node)[-1])

#define NODE_SIZE(node) \
	(sizeof(*node) + OLDNAMELEN(node) + OLDOFFSETLEN(node) + 1)

/*%
 * Color management.
 */
#define IS_RED(node)	 ((node) != NULL && (node)->color == RED)
#define IS_BLACK(node)	 ((node) == NULL || (node)->color == BLACK)
#define MAKE_RED(node)	 ((node)->color = RED)
#define MAKE_BLACK(node) ((node)->color = BLACK)

/*%
 * Chain management.
 *
 * The "ancestors" member of chains were removed, with their job now
 * being wholly handled by parent pointers (which didn't exist, because
 * of memory concerns, when chains were first implemented).
 */
#define ADD_LEVEL(chain, node)                                     \
	do {                                                       \
		INSIST((chain)->level_count < DNS_RBT_LEVELBLOCK); \
		(chain)->levels[(chain)->level_count++] = (node);  \
	} while (0)

/*%
 * The following macros directly access normally private name variables.
 * These macros are used to avoid a lot of function calls in the critical
 * path of the tree traversal code.
 */

static void
NODENAME(dns_rbtnode_t *node, dns_name_t *name) {
	name->length = NAMELEN(node);
	name->labels = OFFSETLEN(node);
	name->ndata = NAME(node);
	name->offsets = OFFSETS(node);
	name->attributes = ATTRS(node);
	name->attributes |= DNS_NAMEATTR_READONLY;
}

#ifdef DEBUG
#define inline
/*
 * A little something to help out in GDB.
 */
dns_name_t
Name(dns_rbtnode_t *node);
dns_name_t
Name(dns_rbtnode_t *node) {
	dns_name_t name;

	dns_name_init(&name, NULL);
	if (node != NULL) {
		NODENAME(node, &name);
	}

	return (name);
}

static void
hexdump(const char *desc, unsigned char *data, size_t size) {
	char hexdump[BUFSIZ * 2 + 1];
	isc_buffer_t b;
	isc_region_t r;
	isc_result_t result;
	size_t bytes;

	fprintf(stderr, "%s: ", desc);
	do {
		isc_buffer_init(&b, hexdump, sizeof(hexdump));
		r.base = data;
		r.length = bytes = (size > BUFSIZ) ? BUFSIZ : size;
		result = isc_hex_totext(&r, 0, "", &b);
		RUNTIME_CHECK(result == ISC_R_SUCCESS);
		isc_buffer_putuint8(&b, 0);
		fprintf(stderr, "%s", hexdump);
		data += bytes;
		size -= bytes;
	} while (size > 0);
	fprintf(stderr, "\n");
}
#endif /* DEBUG */

/*
 * Upper node is the parent of the root of the passed node's
 * subtree. The passed node must not be NULL.
 */
static dns_rbtnode_t *
get_upper_node(dns_rbtnode_t *node) {
	return (UPPERNODE(node));
}

static void
fixup_uppernodes_helper(dns_rbtnode_t *node, dns_rbtnode_t *uppernode) {
	if (node == NULL) {
		return;
	}

	UPPERNODE(node) = uppernode;

	fixup_uppernodes_helper(LEFT(node), uppernode);
	fixup_uppernodes_helper(RIGHT(node), uppernode);
	fixup_uppernodes_helper(DOWN(node), node);
}

/*
 * This function is used to fixup uppernode members of all dns_rbtnodes
 * after deserialization.
 */
static void
fixup_uppernodes(dns_rbt_t *rbt) {
	fixup_uppernodes_helper(rbt->root, NULL);
}

size_t
dns__rbtnode_getdistance(dns_rbtnode_t *node) {
	size_t nodes = 1;

	while (node != NULL) {
		if (IS_ROOT(node)) {
			break;
		}
		nodes++;
		node = PARENT(node);
	}

	return (nodes);
}

/*
 * Forward declarations.
 */
static isc_result_t
create_node(isc_mem_t *mctx, const dns_name_t *name, dns_rbtnode_t **nodep);

static isc_result_t
inithash(dns_rbt_t *rbt);

static void
hash_node(dns_rbt_t *rbt, dns_rbtnode_t *node, const dns_name_t *name);

static void
unhash_node(dns_rbt_t *rbt, dns_rbtnode_t *node);

static uint32_t
rehash_bits(dns_rbt_t *rbt, size_t newcount);
static void
rehash(dns_rbt_t *rbt, uint32_t newbits);
static void
maybe_rehash(dns_rbt_t *rbt, size_t size);

static void
rotate_left(dns_rbtnode_t *node, dns_rbtnode_t **rootp);
static void
rotate_right(dns_rbtnode_t *node, dns_rbtnode_t **rootp);

static void
addonlevel(dns_rbtnode_t *node, dns_rbtnode_t *current, int order,
	   dns_rbtnode_t **rootp);

static void
deletefromlevel(dns_rbtnode_t *item, dns_rbtnode_t **rootp);

static isc_result_t
treefix(dns_rbt_t *rbt, void *base, size_t size, dns_rbtnode_t *n,
	const dns_name_t *name, dns_rbtdatafixer_t datafixer, void *fixer_arg,
	uint64_t *crc);

static void
deletetreeflat(dns_rbt_t *rbt, unsigned int quantum, bool unhash,
	       dns_rbtnode_t **nodep);

static void
printnodename(dns_rbtnode_t *node, bool quoted, FILE *f);

static void
freenode(dns_rbt_t *rbt, dns_rbtnode_t **nodep);

static isc_result_t
dns_rbt_zero_header(FILE *file) {
	/*
	 * Write out a zeroed header as a placeholder.  Doing this ensures
	 * that the file will not read while it is partially written, should
	 * writing fail or be interrupted.
	 */
	char buffer[HEADER_LENGTH];
	isc_result_t result;

	memset(buffer, 0, HEADER_LENGTH);
	result = isc_stdio_write(buffer, 1, HEADER_LENGTH, file, NULL);
	if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS) {
		return (result);
	}

	result = fflush(file);
	if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS) {
		return (result);
	}

	return (ISC_R_SUCCESS);
}

static isc_once_t once = ISC_ONCE_INIT;

static void
init_file_version(void) {
	int n;

	memset(FILE_VERSION, 0, sizeof(FILE_VERSION));
	n = snprintf(FILE_VERSION, sizeof(FILE_VERSION), "RBT Image %s %s",
		     dns_major, dns_mapapi);
	INSIST(n > 0 && (unsigned int)n < sizeof(FILE_VERSION));
}

/*
 * Write out the real header, including NodeDump version information
 * and the offset of the first node.
 *
 * Any information stored in the rbt object itself should be stored
 * here.
 */
static isc_result_t
write_header(FILE *file, dns_rbt_t *rbt, uint64_t first_node_offset,
	     uint64_t crc) {
	file_header_t header;
	isc_result_t result;
	off_t location;

	RUNTIME_CHECK(isc_once_do(&once, init_file_version) == ISC_R_SUCCESS);

	memset(&header, 0, sizeof(file_header_t));
	memmove(header.version1, FILE_VERSION, sizeof(header.version1));
	memmove(header.version2, FILE_VERSION, sizeof(header.version2));
	header.first_node_offset = first_node_offset;
	header.ptrsize = (uint32_t)sizeof(void *);
	header.bigendian = (1 == htonl(1)) ? 1 : 0;

#ifdef DNS_RDATASET_FIXED
	header.rdataset_fixed = 1;
#else  /* ifdef DNS_RDATASET_FIXED */
	header.rdataset_fixed = 0;
#endif /* ifdef DNS_RDATASET_FIXED */

	header.nodecount = rbt->nodecount;

	header.crc = crc;

	CHECK(isc_stdio_tell(file, &location));
	location = dns_rbt_serialize_align(location);
	CHECK(isc_stdio_seek(file, location, SEEK_SET));
	CHECK(isc_stdio_write(&header, 1, sizeof(file_header_t), file, NULL));
	CHECK(fflush(file));

	/* Ensure we are always at the end of the file. */
	CHECK(isc_stdio_seek(file, 0, SEEK_END));

cleanup:
	return (result);
}

static bool
match_header_version(file_header_t *header) {
	RUNTIME_CHECK(isc_once_do(&once, init_file_version) == ISC_R_SUCCESS);

	if (memcmp(header->version1, FILE_VERSION, sizeof(header->version1)) !=
		    0 ||
	    memcmp(header->version2, FILE_VERSION, sizeof(header->version1)) !=
		    0)
	{
		return (false);
	}

	return (true);
}

unsigned int
dns__rbtnode_namelen(dns_rbtnode_t *node) {
	dns_name_t current;
	unsigned int len = 0;

	REQUIRE(DNS_RBTNODE_VALID(node));

	dns_name_init(&current, NULL);

	do {
		if (node != NULL) {
			NODENAME(node, &current);
			len += current.length;
		} else {
			len += 1;
			break;
		}

		node = get_upper_node(node);
	} while (!dns_name_isabsolute(&current));

	return (len);
}

static isc_result_t
serialize_node(FILE *file, dns_rbtnode_t *node, uintptr_t left, uintptr_t right,
	       uintptr_t down, uintptr_t parent, uintptr_t data,
	       uint64_t *crc) {
	isc_result_t result;
	dns_rbtnode_t temp_node;
	off_t file_position;
	unsigned char *node_data = NULL;
	size_t datasize;
#ifdef DEBUG
	dns_name_t nodename;
#endif /* ifdef DEBUG */

	INSIST(node != NULL);

	CHECK(isc_stdio_tell(file, &file_position));
	file_position = dns_rbt_serialize_align(file_position);
	CHECK(isc_stdio_seek(file, file_position, SEEK_SET));

	temp_node = *node;
	temp_node.down_is_relative = 0;
	temp_node.left_is_relative = 0;
	temp_node.right_is_relative = 0;
	temp_node.parent_is_relative = 0;
	temp_node.data_is_relative = 0;
	temp_node.is_mmapped = 1;

	/*
	 * If the next node is not NULL, calculate the next node's location
	 * in the file.  Note that this will have to change when the data
	 * structure changes, and it also assumes that we always write the
	 * nodes out in list order (which we currently do.)
	 */
	if (temp_node.parent != NULL) {
		temp_node.parent = (dns_rbtnode_t *)(parent);
		temp_node.parent_is_relative = 1;
	}
	if (temp_node.left != NULL) {
		temp_node.left = (dns_rbtnode_t *)(left);
		temp_node.left_is_relative = 1;
	}
	if (temp_node.right != NULL) {
		temp_node.right = (dns_rbtnode_t *)(right);
		temp_node.right_is_relative = 1;
	}
	if (temp_node.down != NULL) {
		temp_node.down = (dns_rbtnode_t *)(down);
		temp_node.down_is_relative = 1;
	}
	if (temp_node.data != NULL) {
		temp_node.data = (dns_rbtnode_t *)(data);
		temp_node.data_is_relative = 1;
	}

	temp_node.fullnamelen = dns__rbtnode_namelen(node);

	node_data = (unsigned char *)node + sizeof(dns_rbtnode_t);
	datasize = NODE_SIZE(node) - sizeof(dns_rbtnode_t);

	CHECK(isc_stdio_write(&temp_node, 1, sizeof(dns_rbtnode_t), file,
			      NULL));
	CHECK(isc_stdio_write(node_data, 1, datasize, file, NULL));

#ifdef DEBUG
	dns_name_init(&nodename, NULL);
	NODENAME(node, &nodename);
	fprintf(stderr, "serialize ");
	dns_name_print(&nodename, stderr);
	fprintf(stderr, "\n");
	hexdump("node header", (unsigned char *)&temp_node,
		sizeof(dns_rbtnode_t));
	hexdump("node data", node_data, datasize);
#endif /* ifdef DEBUG */

	isc_crc64_update(crc, (const uint8_t *)&temp_node,
			 sizeof(dns_rbtnode_t));
	isc_crc64_update(crc, (const uint8_t *)node_data, datasize);

cleanup:
	return (result);
}

static isc_result_t
serialize_nodes(FILE *file, dns_rbtnode_t *node, uintptr_t parent,
		dns_rbtdatawriter_t datawriter, void *writer_arg,
		uintptr_t *where, uint64_t *crc) {
	uintptr_t left = 0, right = 0, down = 0, data = 0;
	off_t location = 0, offset_adjust;
	isc_result_t result;

	if (node == NULL) {
		if (where != NULL) {
			*where = 0;
		}
		return (ISC_R_SUCCESS);
	}

	/* Reserve space for current node. */
	CHECK(isc_stdio_tell(file, &location));
	location = dns_rbt_serialize_align(location);
	CHECK(isc_stdio_seek(file, location, SEEK_SET));

	offset_adjust = dns_rbt_serialize_align(location + NODE_SIZE(node));
	CHECK(isc_stdio_seek(file, offset_adjust, SEEK_SET));

	/*
	 * Serialize the rest of the tree.
	 *
	 * WARNING: A change in the order (from left, right, down)
	 * will break the way the crc hash is computed.
	 */
	CHECK(serialize_nodes(file, getleft(node, NULL), location, datawriter,
			      writer_arg, &left, crc));
	CHECK(serialize_nodes(file, getright(node, NULL), location, datawriter,
			      writer_arg, &right, crc));
	CHECK(serialize_nodes(file, getdown(node, NULL), location, datawriter,
			      writer_arg, &down, crc));

	if (node->data != NULL) {
		off_t ret;

		CHECK(isc_stdio_tell(file, &ret));
		ret = dns_rbt_serialize_align(ret);
		CHECK(isc_stdio_seek(file, ret, SEEK_SET));
		data = ret;

		datawriter(file, node->data, writer_arg, crc);
	}

	/* Seek back to reserved space. */
	CHECK(isc_stdio_seek(file, location, SEEK_SET));

	/* Serialize the current node. */
	CHECK(serialize_node(file, node, left, right, down, parent, data, crc));

	/* Ensure we are always at the end of the file. */
	CHECK(isc_stdio_seek(file, 0, SEEK_END));

	if (where != NULL) {
		*where = (uintptr_t)location;
	}

cleanup:
	return (result);
}

off_t
dns_rbt_serialize_align(off_t target) {
	off_t offset = target % 8;

	if (offset == 0) {
		return (target);
	} else {
		return (target + 8 - offset);
	}
}

isc_result_t
dns_rbt_serialize_tree(FILE *file, dns_rbt_t *rbt,
		       dns_rbtdatawriter_t datawriter, void *writer_arg,
		       off_t *offset) {
	isc_result_t result;
	off_t header_position, node_position, end_position;
	uint64_t crc;

	REQUIRE(file != NULL);

	CHECK(isc_file_isplainfilefd(fileno(file)));

	isc_crc64_init(&crc);

	CHECK(isc_stdio_tell(file, &header_position));

	/* Write dummy header */
	CHECK(dns_rbt_zero_header(file));

	/* Serialize nodes */
	CHECK(isc_stdio_tell(file, &node_position));
	CHECK(serialize_nodes(file, rbt->root, 0, datawriter, writer_arg, NULL,
			      &crc));

	CHECK(isc_stdio_tell(file, &end_position));
	if (node_position == end_position) {
		CHECK(isc_stdio_seek(file, header_position, SEEK_SET));
		*offset = 0;
		return (ISC_R_SUCCESS);
	}

	isc_crc64_final(&crc);
#ifdef DEBUG
	hexdump("serializing CRC", (unsigned char *)&crc, sizeof(crc));
#endif /* ifdef DEBUG */

	/* Serialize header */
	CHECK(isc_stdio_seek(file, header_position, SEEK_SET));
	CHECK(write_header(file, rbt, HEADER_LENGTH, crc));

	/* Ensure we are always at the end of the file. */
	CHECK(isc_stdio_seek(file, 0, SEEK_END));
	*offset = dns_rbt_serialize_align(header_position);

cleanup:
	return (result);
}

#define CONFIRM(a)                                  \
	do {                                        \
		if (!(a)) {                         \
			result = ISC_R_INVALIDFILE; \
			goto cleanup;               \
		}                                   \
	} while (0);

static isc_result_t
treefix(dns_rbt_t *rbt, void *base, size_t filesize, dns_rbtnode_t *n,
	const dns_name_t *name, dns_rbtdatafixer_t datafixer, void *fixer_arg,
	uint64_t *crc) {
	isc_result_t result = ISC_R_SUCCESS;
	dns_fixedname_t fixed;
	dns_name_t nodename, *fullname = NULL;
	unsigned char *node_data = NULL;
	dns_rbtnode_t header;
	size_t nodemax = filesize - sizeof(dns_rbtnode_t);
	size_t datasize;

	if (n == NULL) {
		return (ISC_R_SUCCESS);
	}

#define CHECK_ALIGNMENT(n) \
	(((uintptr_t)n & ~((uintptr_t)ALIGNMENT_SIZE - 1)) == (uintptr_t)n)

	CONFIRM((void *)n >= base);
	CONFIRM((size_t)((char *)n - (char *)base) <= nodemax);
	CONFIRM(CHECK_ALIGNMENT(n));
	CONFIRM(DNS_RBTNODE_VALID(n));

	dns_name_init(&nodename, NULL);
	NODENAME(n, &nodename);

	fullname = &nodename;
	CONFIRM(dns_name_isvalid(fullname));

	if (!dns_name_isabsolute(&nodename)) {
		fullname = dns_fixedname_initname(&fixed);
		CHECK(dns_name_concatenate(&nodename, name, fullname, NULL));
	}

	/* memorize header contents prior to fixup */
	memmove(&header, n, sizeof(header));

	if (n->left_is_relative) {
		CONFIRM(n->left <= (dns_rbtnode_t *)nodemax);
		n->left = getleft(n, rbt->mmap_location);
		n->left_is_relative = 0;
		CONFIRM(CHECK_ALIGNMENT(n->left));
		CONFIRM(DNS_RBTNODE_VALID(n->left));
	} else {
		CONFIRM(n->left == NULL);
	}

	if (n->right_is_relative) {
		CONFIRM(n->right <= (dns_rbtnode_t *)nodemax);
		n->right = getright(n, rbt->mmap_location);
		n->right_is_relative = 0;
		CONFIRM(CHECK_ALIGNMENT(n->right));
		CONFIRM(DNS_RBTNODE_VALID(n->right));
	} else {
		CONFIRM(n->right == NULL);
	}

	if (n->down_is_relative) {
		CONFIRM(n->down <= (dns_rbtnode_t *)nodemax);
		n->down = getdown(n, rbt->mmap_location);
		n->down_is_relative = 0;
		CONFIRM(n->down > (dns_rbtnode_t *)n);
		CONFIRM(CHECK_ALIGNMENT(n->down));
		CONFIRM(DNS_RBTNODE_VALID(n->down));
	} else {
		CONFIRM(n->down == NULL);
	}

	if (n->parent_is_relative) {
		CONFIRM(n->parent <= (dns_rbtnode_t *)nodemax);
		n->parent = getparent(n, rbt->mmap_location);
		n->parent_is_relative = 0;
		CONFIRM(n->parent < (dns_rbtnode_t *)n);
		CONFIRM(CHECK_ALIGNMENT(n->parent));
		CONFIRM(DNS_RBTNODE_VALID(n->parent));
	} else {
		CONFIRM(n->parent == NULL);
	}

	if (n->data_is_relative) {
		CONFIRM(n->data <= (void *)filesize);
		n->data = getdata(n, rbt->mmap_location);
		n->data_is_relative = 0;
		CONFIRM(n->data > (void *)n);
		CONFIRM(CHECK_ALIGNMENT(n->data));
	} else {
		CONFIRM(n->data == NULL);
	}

	hash_node(rbt, n, fullname);

	/* a change in the order (from left, right, down) will break hashing*/
	if (n->left != NULL) {
		CHECK(treefix(rbt, base, filesize, n->left, name, datafixer,
			      fixer_arg, crc));
	}
	if (n->right != NULL) {
		CHECK(treefix(rbt, base, filesize, n->right, name, datafixer,
			      fixer_arg, crc));
	}
	if (n->down != NULL) {
		CHECK(treefix(rbt, base, filesize, n->down, fullname, datafixer,
			      fixer_arg, crc));
	}

	if (datafixer != NULL && n->data != NULL) {
		CHECK(datafixer(n, base, filesize, fixer_arg, crc));
	}

	rbt->nodecount++;
	node_data = (unsigned char *)n + sizeof(dns_rbtnode_t);
	datasize = NODE_SIZE(n) - sizeof(dns_rbtnode_t);

#ifdef DEBUG
	fprintf(stderr, "deserialize ");
	dns_name_print(&nodename, stderr);
	fprintf(stderr, "\n");
	hexdump("node header", (unsigned char *)&header, sizeof(dns_rbtnode_t));
	hexdump("node data", node_data, datasize);
#endif /* ifdef DEBUG */
	isc_crc64_update(crc, (const uint8_t *)&header, sizeof(dns_rbtnode_t));
	isc_crc64_update(crc, (const uint8_t *)node_data, datasize);

cleanup:
	return (result);
}

isc_result_t
dns_rbt_deserialize_tree(void *base_address, size_t filesize,
			 off_t header_offset, isc_mem_t *mctx,
			 dns_rbtdeleter_t deleter, void *deleter_arg,
			 dns_rbtdatafixer_t datafixer, void *fixer_arg,
			 dns_rbtnode_t **originp, dns_rbt_t **rbtp) {
	isc_result_t result = ISC_R_SUCCESS;
	file_header_t *header;
	dns_rbt_t *rbt = NULL;
	uint64_t crc;
	unsigned int host_big_endian;

	REQUIRE(originp == NULL || *originp == NULL);
	REQUIRE(rbtp != NULL && *rbtp == NULL);

	isc_crc64_init(&crc);

	CHECK(dns_rbt_create(mctx, deleter, deleter_arg, &rbt));

	rbt->mmap_location = base_address;

	header = (file_header_t *)((char *)base_address + header_offset);
	if (!match_header_version(header)) {
		result = ISC_R_INVALIDFILE;
		goto cleanup;
	}

#ifdef DNS_RDATASET_FIXED
	if (header->rdataset_fixed != 1) {
		result = ISC_R_INVALIDFILE;
		goto cleanup;
	}

#else  /* ifdef DNS_RDATASET_FIXED */
	if (header->rdataset_fixed != 0) {
		result = ISC_R_INVALIDFILE;
		goto cleanup;
	}
#endif /* ifdef DNS_RDATASET_FIXED */

	if (header->ptrsize != (uint32_t)sizeof(void *)) {
		result = ISC_R_INVALIDFILE;
		goto cleanup;
	}

	host_big_endian = (1 == htonl(1));
	if (header->bigendian != host_big_endian) {
		result = ISC_R_INVALIDFILE;
		goto cleanup;
	}

	/* Copy other data items from the header into our rbt. */
	rbt->root = (dns_rbtnode_t *)((char *)base_address + header_offset +
				      header->first_node_offset);

	if ((header->nodecount * sizeof(dns_rbtnode_t)) > filesize) {
		result = ISC_R_INVALIDFILE;
		goto cleanup;
	}
	maybe_rehash(rbt, header->nodecount);

	CHECK(treefix(rbt, base_address, filesize, rbt->root, dns_rootname,
		      datafixer, fixer_arg, &crc));

	isc_crc64_final(&crc);
#ifdef DEBUG
	hexdump("deserializing CRC", (unsigned char *)&crc, sizeof(crc));
#endif /* ifdef DEBUG */

	/* Check file hash */
	if (header->crc != crc) {
		result = ISC_R_INVALIDFILE;
		goto cleanup;
	}

	if (header->nodecount != rbt->nodecount) {
		result = ISC_R_INVALIDFILE;
		goto cleanup;
	}

	fixup_uppernodes(rbt);

	*rbtp = rbt;
	if (originp != NULL) {
		*originp = rbt->root;
	}

cleanup:
	if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS && rbt != NULL) {
		rbt->root = NULL;
		rbt->nodecount = 0;
		dns_rbt_destroy(&rbt);
	}

	return (result);
}

/*
 * Initialize a red/black tree of trees.
 */
isc_result_t
dns_rbt_create(isc_mem_t *mctx, dns_rbtdeleter_t deleter, void *deleter_arg,
	       dns_rbt_t **rbtp) {
	isc_result_t result;
	dns_rbt_t *rbt;

	REQUIRE(mctx != NULL);
	REQUIRE(rbtp != NULL && *rbtp == NULL);
	REQUIRE(deleter == NULL ? deleter_arg == NULL : 1);

	rbt = isc_mem_get(mctx, sizeof(*rbt));

	rbt->mctx = NULL;
	isc_mem_attach(mctx, &rbt->mctx);
	rbt->data_deleter = deleter;
	rbt->deleter_arg = deleter_arg;
	rbt->root = NULL;
	rbt->nodecount = 0;
	rbt->hashtable = NULL;
	rbt->hashbits = 0;
	rbt->maxhashbits = RBT_HASH_MAX_BITS;
	rbt->mmap_location = NULL;

	result = inithash(rbt);
	if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS) {
		isc_mem_putanddetach(&rbt->mctx, rbt, sizeof(*rbt));
		return (result);
	}

	rbt->magic = RBT_MAGIC;

	*rbtp = rbt;

	return (ISC_R_SUCCESS);
}

/*
 * Deallocate a red/black tree of trees.
 */
void
dns_rbt_destroy(dns_rbt_t **rbtp) {
	RUNTIME_CHECK(dns_rbt_destroy2(rbtp, 0) == ISC_R_SUCCESS);
}

isc_result_t
dns_rbt_destroy2(dns_rbt_t **rbtp, unsigned int quantum) {
	dns_rbt_t *rbt;

	REQUIRE(rbtp != NULL && VALID_RBT(*rbtp));

	rbt = *rbtp;

	deletetreeflat(rbt, quantum, false, &rbt->root);
	if (rbt->root != NULL) {
		return (ISC_R_QUOTA);
	}

	*rbtp = NULL;

	INSIST(rbt->nodecount == 0);

	rbt->mmap_location = NULL;

	if (rbt->hashtable != NULL) {
		size_t size = HASHSIZE(rbt->hashbits) * sizeof(dns_rbtnode_t *);
		isc_mem_put(rbt->mctx, rbt->hashtable, size);
	}

	rbt->magic = 0;

	isc_mem_putanddetach(&rbt->mctx, rbt, sizeof(*rbt));
	return (ISC_R_SUCCESS);
}

unsigned int
dns_rbt_nodecount(dns_rbt_t *rbt) {
	REQUIRE(VALID_RBT(rbt));

	return (rbt->nodecount);
}

size_t
dns_rbt_hashsize(dns_rbt_t *rbt) {
	REQUIRE(VALID_RBT(rbt));

	return (1 << rbt->hashbits);
}

isc_result_t
dns_rbt_adjusthashsize(dns_rbt_t *rbt, size_t size) {
	REQUIRE(VALID_RBT(rbt));

	if (size > 0) {
		/*
		 * Setting a new, finite size limit was requested for the RBT.
		 * Estimate how many hash table slots are needed for the
		 * requested size and how many bits would be needed to index
		 * those hash table slots, then rehash the RBT if necessary.
		 * Note that the hash table can only grow, it is not shrunk if
		 * the requested size limit is lower than the current one.
		 */
		size_t newsize = size / RBT_HASH_BUCKETSIZE;
		rbt->maxhashbits = rehash_bits(rbt, newsize);
		maybe_rehash(rbt, newsize);
	} else {
		/*
		 * Setting an infinite size limit was requested for the RBT.
		 * Increase the maximum allowed number of hash table slots to
		 * 2^32, which enables the hash table to grow as nodes are
		 * added to the RBT without immediately preallocating 2^32 hash
		 * table slots.
		 */
		rbt->maxhashbits = RBT_HASH_MAX_BITS;
	}

	return (ISC_R_SUCCESS);
}

static isc_result_t
chain_name(dns_rbtnodechain_t *chain, dns_name_t *name,
	   bool include_chain_end) {
	dns_name_t nodename;
	isc_result_t result = ISC_R_SUCCESS;
	int i;

	dns_name_init(&nodename, NULL);

	if (include_chain_end && chain->end != NULL) {
		NODENAME(chain->end, &nodename);
		dns_name_copynf(&nodename, name);
	} else {
		dns_name_reset(name);
	}

	for (i = (int)chain->level_count - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
		NODENAME(chain->levels[i], &nodename);
		result = dns_name_concatenate(name, &nodename, name, NULL);

		if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS) {
			return (result);
		}
	}
	return (result);
}

static isc_result_t
move_chain_to_last(dns_rbtnodechain_t *chain, dns_rbtnode_t *node) {
	do {
		/*
		 * Go as far right and then down as much as possible,
		 * as long as the rightmost node has a down pointer.
		 */
		while (RIGHT(node) != NULL) {
			node = RIGHT(node);
		}

		if (DOWN(node) == NULL) {
			break;
		}

		ADD_LEVEL(chain, node);
		node = DOWN(node);
	} while (1);

	chain->end = node;

	return (ISC_R_SUCCESS);
}

/*
 * Add 'name' to tree, initializing its data pointer with 'data'.
 */

isc_result_t
dns_rbt_addnode(dns_rbt_t *rbt, const dns_name_t *name, dns_rbtnode_t **nodep) {
	/*
	 * Does this thing have too many variables or what?
	 */
	dns_rbtnode_t **root, *parent, *child, *current, *new_current;
	dns_name_t *add_name, *new_name, current_name, *prefix, *suffix;
	dns_fixedname_t fixedcopy, fixedprefix, fixedsuffix, fnewname;
	dns_offsets_t current_offsets;
	dns_namereln_t compared;
	isc_result_t result = ISC_R_SUCCESS;
	unsigned int level_count;
	unsigned int common_labels;
	unsigned int nlabels, hlabels;
	int order;

	REQUIRE(VALID_RBT(rbt));
	REQUIRE(dns_name_isabsolute(name));
	REQUIRE(nodep != NULL && *nodep == NULL);

	/*
	 * Dear future BIND developer,
	 *
	 * After you have tried attempting to optimize this routine by
	 * using the hashtable and have realized your folly, please
	 * append another cross ("X") below as a warning to the next
	 * future BIND developer:
	 *
	 * Number of victim developers: X
	 *
	 * I wish the past developer had included such a notice.
	 *
	 * Long form: Unlike dns_rbt_findnode(), this function does not
	 * lend itself to be optimized using the hashtable:
	 *
	 * 1. In the subtree where the insertion occurs, this function
	 * needs to have the insertion point and the order where the
	 * lookup terminated (i.e., at the insertion point where left or
	 * right child is NULL). This cannot be determined from the
	 * hashtable, so at least in that subtree, a BST O(log N) lookup
	 * is necessary.
	 *
	 * 2. Our RBT nodes contain not only single labels but label
	 * sequences to optimize space usage. So at every level, we have
	 * to look for a match in the hashtable for all superdomains in
	 * the rest of the name we're searching. This is an O(N)
	 * operation at least, here N being the label size of name, each
	 * of which is a hashtable lookup involving dns_name_equal()
	 * comparisons.
	 */

	/*
	 * Create a copy of the name so the original name structure is
	 * not modified.
	 */
	add_name = dns_fixedname_initname(&fixedcopy);
	INSIST(add_name != NULL);
	dns_name_clone(name, add_name);

	if (ISC_UNLIKELY(rbt->root == NULL)) {
		result = create_node(rbt->mctx, add_name, &new_current);
		if (result == ISC_R_SUCCESS) {
			rbt->nodecount++;
			new_current->is_root = 1;

			UPPERNODE(new_current) = NULL;

			rbt->root = new_current;
			*nodep = new_current;
			hash_node(rbt, new_current, name);
		}
		return (result);
	}

	level_count = 0;

	prefix = dns_fixedname_initname(&fixedprefix);
	suffix = dns_fixedname_initname(&fixedsuffix);

	INSIST(prefix != NULL);
	INSIST(suffix != NULL);

	root = &rbt->root;
	INSIST(IS_ROOT(*root));
	parent = NULL;
	current = NULL;
	child = *root;
	dns_name_init(&current_name, current_offsets);
	new_name = dns_fixedname_initname(&fnewname);
	nlabels = dns_name_countlabels(name);
	hlabels = 0;

	do {
		current = child;

		NODENAME(current, &current_name);
		compared = dns_name_fullcompare(add_name, &current_name, &order,
						&common_labels);

		if (compared == dns_namereln_equal) {
			*nodep = current;
			result = ISC_R_EXISTS;
			break;
		}

		if (compared == dns_namereln_none) {
			if (order < 0) {
				parent = current;
				child = LEFT(current);
			} else if (order > 0) {
				parent = current;
				child = RIGHT(current);
			}
		} else {
			/*
			 * This name has some suffix in common with the
			 * name at the current node.  If the name at
			 * the current node is shorter, that means the
			 * new name should be in a subtree.  If the
			 * name at the current node is longer, that means
			 * the down pointer to this tree should point
			 * to a new tree that has the common suffix, and
			 * the non-common parts of these two names should
			 * start a new tree.
			 */
			hlabels += common_labels;
			if (compared == dns_namereln_subdomain) {
				/*
				 * All of the existing labels are in common,
				 * so the new name is in a subtree.
				 * Whack off the common labels for the
				 * not-in-common part to be searched for
				 * in the next level.
				 */
				dns_name_split(add_name, common_labels,
					       add_name, NULL);

				/*
				 * Follow the down pointer (possibly NULL).
				 */
				root = &DOWN(current);

				INSIST(*root == NULL ||
				       (IS_ROOT(*root) &&
					PARENT(*root) == current));

				parent = NULL;
				child = DOWN(current);

				INSIST(level_count < DNS_RBT_LEVELBLOCK);
				level_count++;
			} else {
				/*
				 * The number of labels in common is fewer
				 * than the number of labels at the current
				 * node, so the current node must be adjusted
				 * to have just the common suffix, and a down
				 * pointer made to a new tree.
				 */

				INSIST(compared ==
					       dns_namereln_commonancestor ||
				       compared == dns_namereln_contains);

				/*
				 * Ensure the number of levels in the tree
				 * does not exceed the number of logical
				 * levels allowed by DNSSEC.
				 *
				 * XXXDCL need a better error result?
				 */
				if (level_count >= DNS_RBT_LEVELBLOCK) {
					result = ISC_R_NOSPACE;
					break;
				}

				/*
				 * Split the name into two parts, a prefix
				 * which is the not-in-common parts of the
				 * two names and a suffix that is the common
				 * parts of them.
				 */
				dns_name_split(&current_name, common_labels,
					       prefix, suffix);
				result = create_node(rbt->mctx, suffix,
						     &new_current);

				if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS) {
					break;
				}

				/*
				 * Reproduce the tree attributes of the
				 * current node.
				 */
				new_current->is_root = current->is_root;
				if (current->nsec == DNS_RBT_NSEC_HAS_NSEC) {
					new_current->nsec = DNS_RBT_NSEC_NORMAL;
				} else {
					new_current->nsec = current->nsec;
				}
				PARENT(new_current) = PARENT(current);
				LEFT(new_current) = LEFT(current);
				RIGHT(new_current) = RIGHT(current);
				COLOR(new_current) = COLOR(current);

				/*
				 * Fix pointers that were to the current node.
				 */
				if (parent != NULL) {
					if (LEFT(parent) == current) {
						LEFT(parent) = new_current;
					} else {
						RIGHT(parent) = new_current;
					}
				}
				if (LEFT(new_current) != NULL) {
					PARENT(LEFT(new_current)) = new_current;
				}
				if (RIGHT(new_current) != NULL) {
					PARENT(RIGHT(new_current)) =
						new_current;
				}
				if (*root == current) {
					*root = new_current;
				}

				NAMELEN(current) = prefix->length;
				OFFSETLEN(current) = prefix->labels;

				/*
				 * Set up the new root of the next level.
				 * By definition it will not be the top
				 * level tree, so clear DNS_NAMEATTR_ABSOLUTE.
				 */
				current->is_root = 1;
				PARENT(current) = new_current;
				DOWN(new_current) = current;
				root = &DOWN(new_current);

				UPPERNODE(new_current) = UPPERNODE(current);
				UPPERNODE(current) = new_current;

				INSIST(level_count < DNS_RBT_LEVELBLOCK);
				level_count++;

				LEFT(current) = NULL;
				RIGHT(current) = NULL;

				MAKE_BLACK(current);
				ATTRS(current) &= ~DNS_NAMEATTR_ABSOLUTE;

				rbt->nodecount++;
				dns_name_getlabelsequence(name,
							  nlabels - hlabels,
							  hlabels, new_name);
				hash_node(rbt, new_current, new_name);

				if (common_labels ==
				    dns_name_countlabels(add_name))
				{
					/*
					 * The name has been added by pushing
					 * the not-in-common parts down to
					 * a new level.
					 */
					*nodep = new_current;
					return (ISC_R_SUCCESS);
				} else {
					/*
					 * The current node has no data,
					 * because it is just a placeholder.
					 * Its data pointer is already NULL
					 * from create_node()), so there's
					 * nothing more to do to it.
					 */

					/*
					 * The not-in-common parts of the new
					 * name will be inserted into the new
					 * level following this loop (unless
					 * result != ISC_R_SUCCESS, which
					 * is tested after the loop ends).
					 */
					dns_name_split(add_name, common_labels,
						       add_name, NULL);

					break;
				}
			}
		}
	} while (ISC_LIKELY(child != NULL));

	if (ISC_LIKELY(result == ISC_R_SUCCESS)) {
		result = create_node(rbt->mctx, add_name, &new_current);
	}

	if (ISC_LIKELY(result == ISC_R_SUCCESS)) {
		if (*root == NULL) {
			UPPERNODE(new_current) = current;
		} else {
			UPPERNODE(new_current) = PARENT(*root);
		}

		addonlevel(new_current, current, order, root);
		rbt->nodecount++;
		*nodep = new_current;
		hash_node(rbt, new_current, name);
	}

	return (result);
}

/*
 * Add a name to the tree of trees, associating it with some data.
 */
isc_result_t
dns_rbt_addname(dns_rbt_t *rbt, const dns_name_t *name, void *data) {
	isc_result_t result;
	dns_rbtnode_t *node;

	REQUIRE(VALID_RBT(rbt));
	REQUIRE(dns_name_isabsolute(name));

	node = NULL;

	result = dns_rbt_addnode(rbt, name, &node);

	/*
	 * dns_rbt_addnode will report the node exists even when
	 * it does not have data associated with it, but the
	 * dns_rbt_*name functions all behave depending on whether
	 * there is data associated with a node.
	 */
	if (result == ISC_R_SUCCESS ||
	    (result == ISC_R_EXISTS && DATA(node) == NULL))
	{
		DATA(node) = data;
		result = ISC_R_SUCCESS;
	}

	return (result);
}

/*
 * Find the node for "name" in the tree of trees.
 */
isc_result_t
dns_rbt_findnode(dns_rbt_t *rbt, const dns_name_t *name, dns_name_t *foundname,
		 dns_rbtnode_t **node, dns_rbtnodechain_t *chain,
		 unsigned int options, dns_rbtfindcallback_t callback,
		 void *callback_arg) {
	dns_rbtnode_t *current, *last_compared;
	dns_rbtnodechain_t localchain;
	dns_name_t *search_name, current_name, *callback_name;
	dns_fixedname_t fixedcallbackname, fixedsearchname;
	dns_namereln_t compared;
	isc_result_t result, saved_result;
	unsigned int common_labels;
	unsigned int hlabels = 0;
	int order;

	REQUIRE(VALID_RBT(rbt));
	REQUIRE(dns_name_isabsolute(name));
	REQUIRE(node != NULL && *node == NULL);
	REQUIRE((options & (DNS_RBTFIND_NOEXACT | DNS_RBTFIND_NOPREDECESSOR)) !=
		(DNS_RBTFIND_NOEXACT | DNS_RBTFIND_NOPREDECESSOR));

	/*
	 * If there is a chain it needs to appear to be in a sane state,
	 * otherwise a chain is still needed to generate foundname and
	 * callback_name.
	 */
	if (chain == NULL) {
		options |= DNS_RBTFIND_NOPREDECESSOR;
		chain = &localchain;
		dns_rbtnodechain_init(chain);
	} else {
		dns_rbtnodechain_reset(chain);
	}

	if (ISC_UNLIKELY(rbt->root == NULL)) {
		return (ISC_R_NOTFOUND);
	}

	/*
	 * Appease GCC about variables it incorrectly thinks are
	 * possibly used uninitialized.
	 */
	compared = dns_namereln_none;
	last_compared = NULL;
	order = 0;

	callback_name = dns_fixedname_initname(&fixedcallbackname);

	/*
	 * search_name is the name segment being sought in each tree level.
	 * By using a fixedname, the search_name will definitely have offsets
	 * for use by any splitting.
	 * By using dns_name_clone, no name data should be copied thanks to
	 * the lack of bitstring labels.
	 */
	search_name = dns_fixedname_initname(&fixedsearchname);
	INSIST(search_name != NULL);
	dns_name_clone(name, search_name);

	dns_name_init(&current_name, NULL);

	saved_result = ISC_R_SUCCESS;
	current = rbt->root;

	while (ISC_LIKELY(current != NULL)) {
		NODENAME(current, &current_name);
		compared = dns_name_fullcompare(search_name, &current_name,
						&order, &common_labels);
		/*
		 * last_compared is used as a shortcut to start (or
		 * continue rather) finding the stop-node of the search
		 * when hashing was used (see much below in this
		 * function).
		 */
		last_compared = current;

		if (compared == dns_namereln_equal) {
			break;
		}

		if (compared == dns_namereln_none) {
			/*
			 * Here, current is pointing at a subtree root
			 * node. We try to find a matching node using
			 * the hashtable. We can get one of 3 results
			 * here: (a) we locate the matching node, (b) we
			 * find a node to which the current node has a
			 * subdomain relation, (c) we fail to find (a)
			 * or (b).
			 */

			dns_name_t hash_name;
			dns_rbtnode_t *hnode;
			dns_rbtnode_t *up_current;
			unsigned int nlabels;
			unsigned int tlabels = 1;
			uint32_t hash;

			/*
			 * The case of current not being a subtree root,
			 * that means a left or right pointer was
			 * followed, only happens when the algorithm
			 * fell through to the traditional binary search
			 * because of a bitstring label.  Since we
			 * dropped the bitstring support, this should
			 * not happen.
			 */
			INSIST(IS_ROOT(current));

			nlabels = dns_name_countlabels(search_name);

			/*
			 * current is the root of the current level, so
			 * its parent is the same as its "up" pointer.
			 */
			up_current = PARENT(current);
			dns_name_init(&hash_name, NULL);

		hashagain:
			/*
			 * Compute the hash over the full absolute
			 * name. Look for the smallest suffix match at
			 * this tree level (hlevel), and then at every
			 * iteration, look for the next smallest suffix
			 * match (add another subdomain label to the
			 * absolute name being hashed).
			 */
			dns_name_getlabelsequence(name, nlabels - tlabels,
						  hlabels + tlabels,
						  &hash_name);
			hash = dns_name_fullhash(&hash_name, false);
			dns_name_getlabelsequence(search_name,
						  nlabels - tlabels, tlabels,
						  &hash_name);

			/*
			 * Walk all the nodes in the hash bucket pointed
			 * by the computed hash value.
			 */
			for (hnode = rbt->hashtable[hash_32(hash,
							    rbt->hashbits)];
			     hnode != NULL; hnode = hnode->hashnext)
			{
				dns_name_t hnode_name;

				if (ISC_LIKELY(hash != HASHVAL(hnode))) {
					continue;
				}
				/*
				 * This checks that the hashed label
				 * sequence being looked up is at the
				 * same tree level, so that we don't
				 * match a labelsequence from some other
				 * subdomain.
				 */
				if (ISC_LIKELY(get_upper_node(hnode) !=
					       up_current))
				{
					continue;
				}

				dns_name_init(&hnode_name, NULL);
				NODENAME(hnode, &hnode_name);
				if (ISC_LIKELY(dns_name_equal(&hnode_name,
							      &hash_name)))
				{
					break;
				}
			}

			if (hnode != NULL) {
				current = hnode;
				/*
				 * This is an optimization.  If hashing found
				 * the right node, the next call to
				 * dns_name_fullcompare() would obviously
				 * return _equal or _subdomain.  Determine
				 * which of those would be the case by
				 * checking if the full name was hashed.  Then
				 * make it look like dns_name_fullcompare
				 * was called and jump to the right place.
				 */
				if (tlabels == nlabels) {
					compared = dns_namereln_equal;
					break;
				} else {
					common_labels = tlabels;
					compared = dns_namereln_subdomain;
					goto subdomain;
				}
			}

			if (tlabels++ < nlabels) {
				goto hashagain;
			}

			/*
			 * All of the labels have been tried against the hash
			 * table.  Since we dropped the support of bitstring
			 * labels, the name isn't in the table.
			 */
			current = NULL;
			continue;
		} else {
			/*
			 * The names have some common suffix labels.
			 *
			 * If the number in common are equal in length to
			 * the current node's name length, then follow the
			 * down pointer and search in the new tree.
			 */
			if (compared == dns_namereln_subdomain) {
			subdomain:
				/*
				 * Whack off the current node's common parts
				 * for the name to search in the next level.
				 */
				dns_name_split(search_name, common_labels,
					       search_name, NULL);
				hlabels += common_labels;
				/*
				 * This might be the closest enclosing name.
				 */
				if (WANTEMPTYDATA_OR_DATA(options, current)) {
					*node = current;
				}

				/*
				 * Point the chain to the next level.   This
				 * needs to be done before 'current' is pointed
				 * there because the callback in the next
				 * block of code needs the current 'current',
				 * but in the event the callback requests that
				 * the search be stopped then the
				 * DNS_R_PARTIALMATCH code at the end of this
				 * function needs the chain pointed to the
				 * next level.
				 */
				ADD_LEVEL(chain, current);

				/*
				 * The caller may want to interrupt the
				 * downward search when certain special nodes
				 * are traversed.  If this is a special node,
				 * the callback is used to learn what the
				 * caller wants to do.
				 */
				if (callback != NULL && FINDCALLBACK(current)) {
					result = chain_name(
						chain, callback_name, false);
					if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS) {
						dns_rbtnodechain_reset(chain);
						return (result);
					}

					result = (callback)(current,
							    callback_name,
							    callback_arg);
					if (result != DNS_R_CONTINUE) {
						saved_result = result;
						/*
						 * Treat this node as if it
						 * had no down pointer.
						 */
						current = NULL;
						break;
					}
				}

				/*
				 * Finally, head to the next tree level.
				 */
				current = DOWN(current);
			} else {
				/*
				 * Though there are labels in common, the
				 * entire name at this node is not common
				 * with the search name so the search
				 * name does not exist in the tree.
				 */
				INSIST(compared ==
					       dns_namereln_commonancestor ||
				       compared == dns_namereln_contains);

				current = NULL;
			}
		}
	}

	/*
	 * If current is not NULL, NOEXACT is not disallowing exact matches,
	 * and either the node has data or an empty node is ok, return
	 * ISC_R_SUCCESS to indicate an exact match.
	 */
	if (current != NULL && (options & DNS_RBTFIND_NOEXACT) == 0 &&
	    WANTEMPTYDATA_OR_DATA(options, current))
	{
		/*
		 * Found an exact match.
		 */
		chain->end = current;
		chain->level_matches = chain->level_count;

		if (foundname != NULL) {
			result = chain_name(chain, foundname, true);
		} else {
			result = ISC_R_SUCCESS;
		}

		if (result == ISC_R_SUCCESS) {
			*node = current;
			result = saved_result;
		} else {
			*node = NULL;
		}
	} else {
		/*
		 * Did not find an exact match (or did not want one).
		 */
		if (*node != NULL) {
			/*
			 * ... but found a partially matching superdomain.
			 * Unwind the chain to the partial match node
			 * to set level_matches to the level above the node,
			 * and then to derive the name.
			 *
			 * chain->level_count is guaranteed to be at least 1
			 * here because by definition of finding a superdomain,
			 * the chain is pointed to at least the first subtree.
			 */
			chain->level_matches = chain->level_count - 1;

			while (chain->levels[chain->level_matches] != *node) {
				INSIST(chain->level_matches > 0);
				chain->level_matches--;
			}

			if (foundname != NULL) {
				unsigned int saved_count = chain->level_count;

				chain->level_count = chain->level_matches + 1;

				result = chain_name(chain, foundname, false);

				chain->level_count = saved_count;
			} else {
				result = ISC_R_SUCCESS;
			}

			if (result == ISC_R_SUCCESS) {
				result = DNS_R_PARTIALMATCH;
			}
		} else {
			result = ISC_R_NOTFOUND;
		}

		if (current != NULL) {
			/*
			 * There was an exact match but either
			 * DNS_RBTFIND_NOEXACT was set, or
			 * DNS_RBTFIND_EMPTYDATA was set and the node had no
			 * data.  A policy decision was made to set the
			 * chain to the exact match, but this is subject
			 * to change if it becomes apparent that something
			 * else would be more useful.  It is important that
			 * this case is handled here, because the predecessor
			 * setting code below assumes the match was not exact.
			 */
			INSIST(((options & DNS_RBTFIND_NOEXACT) != 0) ||
			       ((options & DNS_RBTFIND_EMPTYDATA) == 0 &&
				DATA(current) == NULL));
			chain->end = current;
		} else if ((options & DNS_RBTFIND_NOPREDECESSOR) != 0) {
			/*
			 * Ensure the chain points nowhere.
			 */
			chain->end = NULL;
		} else {
			/*
			 * Since there was no exact match, the chain argument
			 * needs to be pointed at the DNSSEC predecessor of
			 * the search name.
			 */
			if (compared == dns_namereln_subdomain) {
				/*
				 * Attempted to follow a down pointer that was
				 * NULL, which means the searched for name was
				 * a subdomain of a terminal name in the tree.
				 * Since there are no existing subdomains to
				 * order against, the terminal name is the
				 * predecessor.
				 */
				INSIST(chain->level_count > 0);
				INSIST(chain->level_matches <
				       chain->level_count);
				chain->end =
					chain->levels[--chain->level_count];
			} else {
				isc_result_t result2;

				/*
				 * Point current to the node that stopped
				 * the search.
				 *
				 * With the hashing modification that has been
				 * added to the algorithm, the stop node of a
				 * standard binary search is not known.  So it
				 * has to be found.  There is probably a more
				 * clever way of doing this.
				 *
				 * The assignment of current to NULL when
				 * the relationship is *not* dns_namereln_none,
				 * even though it later gets set to the same
				 * last_compared anyway, is simply to not push
				 * the while loop in one more level of
				 * indentation.
				 */
				if (compared == dns_namereln_none) {
					current = last_compared;
				} else {
					current = NULL;
				}

				while (current != NULL) {
					NODENAME(current, &current_name);
					compared = dns_name_fullcompare(
						search_name, &current_name,
						&order, &common_labels);
					POST(compared);

					last_compared = current;

					/*
					 * Standard binary search movement.
					 */
					if (order < 0) {
						current = LEFT(current);
					} else {
						current = RIGHT(current);
					}
				}

				current = last_compared;

				/*
				 * Reached a point within a level tree that
				 * positively indicates the name is not
				 * present, but the stop node could be either
				 * less than the desired name (order > 0) or
				 * greater than the desired name (order < 0).
				 *
				 * If the stop node is less, it is not
				 * necessarily the predecessor.  If the stop
				 * node has a down pointer, then the real
				 * predecessor is at the end of a level below
				 * (not necessarily the next level).
				 * Move down levels until the rightmost node
				 * does not have a down pointer.
				 *
				 * When the stop node is greater, it is
				 * the successor.  All the logic for finding
				 * the predecessor is handily encapsulated
				 * in dns_rbtnodechain_prev.  In the event
				 * that the search name is less than anything
				 * else in the tree, the chain is reset.
				 * XXX DCL What is the best way for the caller
				 *         to know that the search name has
				 *         no predecessor?
				 */

				if (order > 0) {
					if (DOWN(current) != NULL) {
						ADD_LEVEL(chain, current);

						result2 = move_chain_to_last(
							chain, DOWN(current));

						if (result2 != ISC_R_SUCCESS) {
							result = result2;
						}
					} else {
						/*
						 * Ah, the pure and simple
						 * case.  The stop node is the
						 * predecessor.
						 */
						chain->end = current;
					}
				} else {
					INSIST(order < 0);

					chain->end = current;

					result2 = dns_rbtnodechain_prev(
						chain, NULL, NULL);
					if (result2 == ISC_R_SUCCESS ||
					    result2 == DNS_R_NEWORIGIN)
					{
						/* Nothing. */
					} else if (result2 == ISC_R_NOMORE) {
						/*
						 * There is no predecessor.
						 */
						dns_rbtnodechain_reset(chain);
					} else {
						result = result2;
					}
				}
			}
		}
	}

	ENSURE(*node == NULL || DNS_RBTNODE_VALID(*node));

	return (result);
}

/*
 * Get the data pointer associated with 'name'.
 */
isc_result_t
dns_rbt_findname(dns_rbt_t *rbt, const dns_name_t *name, unsigned int options,
		 dns_name_t *foundname, void **data) {
	dns_rbtnode_t *node = NULL;
	isc_result_t result;

	REQUIRE(data != NULL && *data == NULL);

	result = dns_rbt_findnode(rbt, name, foundname, &node, NULL, options,
				  NULL, NULL);

	if (node != NULL && WANTEMPTYDATA_OR_DATA(options, node)) {
		*data = DATA(node);
	} else {
		result = ISC_R_NOTFOUND;
	}

	return (result);
}

/*
 * Delete a name from the tree of trees.
 */
isc_result_t
dns_rbt_deletename(dns_rbt_t *rbt, const dns_name_t *name, bool recurse) {
	dns_rbtnode_t *node = NULL;
	isc_result_t result;

	REQUIRE(VALID_RBT(rbt));
	REQUIRE(dns_name_isabsolute(name));

	/*
	 * First, find the node.
	 *
	 * When searching, the name might not have an exact match:
	 * consider a.b.a.com, b.b.a.com and c.b.a.com as the only
	 * elements of a tree, which would make layer 1 a single
	 * node tree of "b.a.com" and layer 2 a three node tree of
	 * a, b, and c.  Deleting a.com would find only a partial depth
	 * match in the first layer.  Should it be a requirement that
	 * that the name to be deleted have data?  For now, it is.
	 *
	 * ->dirty, ->locknum and ->references are ignored; they are
	 * solely the province of rbtdb.c.
	 */
	result = dns_rbt_findnode(rbt, name, NULL, &node, NULL,
				  DNS_RBTFIND_NOOPTIONS, NULL, NULL);

	if (result == ISC_R_SUCCESS) {
		if (DATA(node) != NULL) {
			result = dns_rbt_deletenode(rbt, node, recurse);
		} else {
			result = ISC_R_NOTFOUND;
		}
	} else if (result == DNS_R_PARTIALMATCH) {
		result = ISC_R_NOTFOUND;
	}

	return (result);
}

/*
 * Remove a node from the tree of trees.
 *
 * NOTE WELL: deletion is *not* symmetric with addition; that is, reversing
 * a sequence of additions to be deletions will not generally get the
 * tree back to the state it started in.  For example, if the addition
 * of "b.c" caused the node "a.b.c" to be split, pushing "a" to its own level,
 * then the subsequent deletion of "b.c" will not cause "a" to be pulled up,
 * restoring "a.b.c".  The RBT *used* to do this kind of rejoining, but it
 * turned out to be a bad idea because it could corrupt an active nodechain
 * that had "b.c" as one of its levels -- and the RBT has no idea what
 * nodechains are in use by callers, so it can't even *try* to helpfully
 * fix them up (which would probably be doomed to failure anyway).
 *
 * Similarly, it is possible to leave the tree in a state where a supposedly
 * deleted node still exists.  The first case of this is obvious; take
 * the tree which has "b.c" on one level, pointing to "a".  Now deleted "b.c".
 * It was just established in the previous paragraph why we can't pull "a"
 * back up to its parent level.  But what happens when "a" then gets deleted?
 * "b.c" is left hanging around without data or children.  This condition
 * is actually pretty easy to detect, but ... should it really be removed?
 * Is a chain pointing to it?  An iterator?  Who knows!  (Note that the
 * references structure member cannot be looked at because it is private to
 * rbtdb.)  This is ugly and makes me unhappy, but after hours of trying to
 * make it more aesthetically proper and getting nowhere, this is the way it
 * is going to stay until such time as it proves to be a *real* problem.
 *
 * Finally, for reference, note that the original routine that did node
 * joining was called join_nodes().  It has been excised, living now only
 * in the CVS history, but comments have been left behind that point to it just
 * in case someone wants to muck with this some more.
 *
 * The one positive aspect of all of this is that joining used to have a
 * case where it might fail.  Without trying to join, now this function always
 * succeeds. It still returns isc_result_t, though, so the API wouldn't change.
 */
isc_result_t
dns_rbt_deletenode(dns_rbt_t *rbt, dns_rbtnode_t *node, bool recurse) {
	dns_rbtnode_t *parent;

	REQUIRE(VALID_RBT(rbt));
	REQUIRE(DNS_RBTNODE_VALID(node));
	INSIST(rbt->nodecount != 0);

	if (DOWN(node) != NULL) {
		if (recurse) {
			PARENT(DOWN(node)) = NULL;
			deletetreeflat(rbt, 0, true, &DOWN(node));
		} else {
			if (DATA(node) != NULL && rbt->data_deleter != NULL) {
				rbt->data_deleter(DATA(node), rbt->deleter_arg);
			}
			DATA(node) = NULL;

			/*
			 * Since there is at least one node below this one and
			 * no recursion was requested, the deletion is
			 * complete.  The down node from this node might be all
			 * by itself on a single level, so join_nodes() could
			 * be used to collapse the tree (with all the caveats
			 * of the comment at the start of this function).
			 * But join_nodes() function has now been removed.
			 */
			return (ISC_R_SUCCESS);
		}
	}

	/*
	 * Note the node that points to the level of the node
	 * that is being deleted.  If the deleted node is the
	 * top level, parent will be set to NULL.
	 */
	parent = get_upper_node(node);

	/*
	 * This node now has no down pointer, so now it needs
	 * to be removed from this level.
	 */
	deletefromlevel(node, parent == NULL ? &rbt->root : &DOWN(parent));

	if (DATA(node) != NULL && rbt->data_deleter != NULL) {
		rbt->data_deleter(DATA(node), rbt->deleter_arg);
	}

	unhash_node(rbt, node);
#if DNS_RBT_USEMAGIC
	node->magic = 0;
#endif /* if DNS_RBT_USEMAGIC */
	isc_refcount_destroy(&node->references);

	freenode(rbt, &node);

	/*
	 * This function never fails.
	 */
	return (ISC_R_SUCCESS);
}

void
dns_rbt_namefromnode(dns_rbtnode_t *node, dns_name_t *name) {
	REQUIRE(DNS_RBTNODE_VALID(node));
	REQUIRE(name != NULL);
	REQUIRE(name->offsets == NULL);

	NODENAME(node, name);
}

isc_result_t
dns_rbt_fullnamefromnode(dns_rbtnode_t *node, dns_name_t *name) {
	dns_name_t current;
	isc_result_t result;

	REQUIRE(DNS_RBTNODE_VALID(node));
	REQUIRE(name != NULL);
	REQUIRE(name->buffer != NULL);

	dns_name_init(&current, NULL);
	dns_name_reset(name);

	do {
		INSIST(node != NULL);

		NODENAME(node, &current);

		result = dns_name_concatenate(name, &current, name, NULL);
		if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS) {
			break;
		}

		node = get_upper_node(node);
	} while (!dns_name_isabsolute(name));

	return (result);
}

char *
dns_rbt_formatnodename(dns_rbtnode_t *node, char *printname,
		       unsigned int size) {
	dns_fixedname_t fixedname;
	dns_name_t *name;
	isc_result_t result;

	REQUIRE(DNS_RBTNODE_VALID(node));
	REQUIRE(printname != NULL);

	name = dns_fixedname_initname(&fixedname);
	result = dns_rbt_fullnamefromnode(node, name);
	if (result == ISC_R_SUCCESS) {
		dns_name_format(name, printname, size);
	} else {
		snprintf(printname, size, "<error building name: %s>",
			 dns_result_totext(result));
	}

	return (printname);
}

static isc_result_t
create_node(isc_mem_t *mctx, const dns_name_t *name, dns_rbtnode_t **nodep) {
	dns_rbtnode_t *node;
	isc_region_t region;
	unsigned int labels;
	size_t nodelen;

	REQUIRE(name->offsets != NULL);

	dns_name_toregion(name, &region);
	labels = dns_name_countlabels(name);
	ENSURE(labels > 0);

	/*
	 * Allocate space for the node structure, the name, and the offsets.
	 */
	nodelen = sizeof(dns_rbtnode_t) + region.length + labels + 1;
	node = isc_mem_get(mctx, nodelen);
	memset(node, 0, nodelen);

	node->is_root = 0;
	PARENT(node) = NULL;
	RIGHT(node) = NULL;
	LEFT(node) = NULL;
	DOWN(node) = NULL;
	DATA(node) = NULL;
	node->is_mmapped = 0;
	node->down_is_relative = 0;
	node->left_is_relative = 0;
	node->right_is_relative = 0;
	node->parent_is_relative = 0;
	node->data_is_relative = 0;
	node->rpz = 0;

	HASHNEXT(node) = NULL;
	HASHVAL(node) = 0;

	ISC_LINK_INIT(node, deadlink);
	ISC_LINK_INIT(node, prunelink);

	LOCKNUM(node) = 0;
	WILD(node) = 0;
	DIRTY(node) = 0;
	isc_refcount_init(&node->references, 0);
	node->find_callback = 0;
	node->nsec = DNS_RBT_NSEC_NORMAL;

	MAKE_BLACK(node);

	/*
	 * The following is stored to make reconstructing a name from the
	 * stored value in the node easy:  the length of the name, the number
	 * of labels, whether the name is absolute or not, the name itself,
	 * and the name's offsets table.
	 *
	 * XXX RTH
	 *      The offsets table could be made smaller by eliminating the
	 *      first offset, which is always 0.  This requires changes to
	 *      lib/dns/name.c.
	 *
	 * Note: OLDOFFSETLEN *must* be assigned *after* OLDNAMELEN is assigned
	 * 	 as it uses OLDNAMELEN.
	 */
	OLDNAMELEN(node) = NAMELEN(node) = region.length;
	OLDOFFSETLEN(node) = OFFSETLEN(node) = labels;
	ATTRS(node) = name->attributes;

	memmove(NAME(node), region.base, region.length);
	memmove(OFFSETS(node), name->offsets, labels);

#if DNS_RBT_USEMAGIC
	node->magic = DNS_RBTNODE_MAGIC;
#endif /* if DNS_RBT_USEMAGIC */
	*nodep = node;

	return (ISC_R_SUCCESS);
}

/*
 * Add a node to the hash table
 */
static void
hash_add_node(dns_rbt_t *rbt, dns_rbtnode_t *node, const dns_name_t *name) {
	uint32_t hash;

	REQUIRE(name != NULL);

	HASHVAL(node) = dns_name_fullhash(name, false);

	hash = hash_32(HASHVAL(node), rbt->hashbits);
	HASHNEXT(node) = rbt->hashtable[hash];

	rbt->hashtable[hash] = node;
}

/*
 * Initialize hash table
 */
static isc_result_t
inithash(dns_rbt_t *rbt) {
	size_t size;

	rbt->hashbits = RBT_HASH_MIN_BITS;
	size = HASHSIZE(rbt->hashbits) * sizeof(dns_rbtnode_t *);
	rbt->hashtable = isc_mem_get(rbt->mctx, size);
	memset(rbt->hashtable, 0, size);

	return (ISC_R_SUCCESS);
}

static uint32_t
rehash_bits(dns_rbt_t *rbt, size_t newcount) {
	uint32_t newbits = rbt->hashbits;

	while (newcount >= HASHSIZE(newbits) && newbits < RBT_HASH_MAX_BITS) {
		newbits += 1;
	}

	return (newbits);
}

/*
 * Rebuild the hashtable to reduce the load factor
 */
static void
rehash(dns_rbt_t *rbt, uint32_t newbits) {
	uint32_t oldbits;
	size_t oldsize;
	dns_rbtnode_t **oldtable;
	size_t newsize;

	REQUIRE(rbt->hashbits <= rbt->maxhashbits);
	REQUIRE(newbits <= rbt->maxhashbits);

	oldbits = rbt->hashbits;
	oldsize = HASHSIZE(oldbits);
	oldtable = rbt->hashtable;

	rbt->hashbits = newbits;
	newsize = HASHSIZE(rbt->hashbits);
	rbt->hashtable = isc_mem_get(rbt->mctx,
				     newsize * sizeof(dns_rbtnode_t *));
	memset(rbt->hashtable, 0, newsize * sizeof(dns_rbtnode_t *));

	for (size_t i = 0; i < oldsize; i++) {
		dns_rbtnode_t *node;
		dns_rbtnode_t *nextnode;
		for (node = oldtable[i]; node != NULL; node = nextnode) {
			uint32_t hash = hash_32(HASHVAL(node), rbt->hashbits);
			nextnode = HASHNEXT(node);
			HASHNEXT(node) = rbt->hashtable[hash];
			rbt->hashtable[hash] = node;
		}
	}

	isc_mem_put(rbt->mctx, oldtable, oldsize * sizeof(dns_rbtnode_t *));
}

static void
maybe_rehash(dns_rbt_t *rbt, size_t newcount) {
	uint32_t newbits = rehash_bits(rbt, newcount);
	if (rbt->hashbits < newbits && newbits <= rbt->maxhashbits) {
		rehash(rbt, newbits);
	}
}

/*
 * Add a node to the hash table. Rehash the hashtable if the node count
 * rises above a critical level.
 */
static void
hash_node(dns_rbt_t *rbt, dns_rbtnode_t *node, const dns_name_t *name) {
	REQUIRE(DNS_RBTNODE_VALID(node));

	if (rbt->nodecount >= (HASHSIZE(rbt->hashbits) * RBT_HASH_OVERCOMMIT)) {
		maybe_rehash(rbt, rbt->nodecount);
	}

	hash_add_node(rbt, node, name);
}

/*
 * Remove a node from the hash table
 */
static void
unhash_node(dns_rbt_t *rbt, dns_rbtnode_t *node) {
	uint32_t bucket;
	dns_rbtnode_t *bucket_node;

	REQUIRE(DNS_RBTNODE_VALID(node));

	bucket = hash_32(HASHVAL(node), rbt->hashbits);
	bucket_node = rbt->hashtable[bucket];

	if (bucket_node == node) {
		rbt->hashtable[bucket] = HASHNEXT(node);
	} else {
		while (HASHNEXT(bucket_node) != node) {
			INSIST(HASHNEXT(bucket_node) != NULL);
			bucket_node = HASHNEXT(bucket_node);
		}
		HASHNEXT(bucket_node) = HASHNEXT(node);
	}
}

static void
rotate_left(dns_rbtnode_t *node, dns_rbtnode_t **rootp) {
	dns_rbtnode_t *child;

	REQUIRE(DNS_RBTNODE_VALID(node));
	REQUIRE(rootp != NULL);

	child = RIGHT(node);
	INSIST(child != NULL);

	RIGHT(node) = LEFT(child);
	if (LEFT(child) != NULL) {
		PARENT(LEFT(child)) = node;
	}
	LEFT(child) = node;

	PARENT(child) = PARENT(node);

	if (IS_ROOT(node)) {
		*rootp = child;
		child->is_root = 1;
		node->is_root = 0;
	} else {
		if (LEFT(PARENT(node)) == node) {
			LEFT(PARENT(node)) = child;
		} else {
			RIGHT(PARENT(node)) = child;
		}
	}

	PARENT(node) = child;
}

static void
rotate_right(dns_rbtnode_t *node, dns_rbtnode_t **rootp) {
	dns_rbtnode_t *child;

	REQUIRE(DNS_RBTNODE_VALID(node));
	REQUIRE(rootp != NULL);

	child = LEFT(node);
	INSIST(child != NULL);

	LEFT(node) = RIGHT(child);
	if (RIGHT(child) != NULL) {
		PARENT(RIGHT(child)) = node;
	}
	RIGHT(child) = node;

	PARENT(child) = PARENT(node);

	if (IS_ROOT(node)) {
		*rootp = child;
		child->is_root = 1;
		node->is_root = 0;
	} else {
		if (LEFT(PARENT(node)) == node) {
			LEFT(PARENT(node)) = child;
		} else {
			RIGHT(PARENT(node)) = child;
		}
	}

	PARENT(node) = child;
}

/*
 * This is the real workhorse of the insertion code, because it does the
 * true red/black tree on a single level.
 */
static void
addonlevel(dns_rbtnode_t *node, dns_rbtnode_t *current, int order,
	   dns_rbtnode_t **rootp) {
	dns_rbtnode_t *child, *root, *parent, *grandparent;
	dns_name_t add_name, current_name;
	dns_offsets_t add_offsets, current_offsets;

	REQUIRE(rootp != NULL);
	REQUIRE(DNS_RBTNODE_VALID(node) && LEFT(node) == NULL &&
		RIGHT(node) == NULL);
	REQUIRE(current != NULL);

	root = *rootp;
	if (root == NULL) {
		/*
		 * First node of a level.
		 */
		MAKE_BLACK(node);
		node->is_root = 1;
		PARENT(node) = current;
		*rootp = node;
		return;
	}

	child = root;
	POST(child);

	dns_name_init(&add_name, add_offsets);
	NODENAME(node, &add_name);

	dns_name_init(&current_name, current_offsets);
	NODENAME(current, &current_name);

	if (order < 0) {
		INSIST(LEFT(current) == NULL);
		LEFT(current) = node;
	} else {
		INSIST(RIGHT(current) == NULL);
		RIGHT(current) = node;
	}

	INSIST(PARENT(node) == NULL);
	PARENT(node) = current;

	MAKE_RED(node);

	while (node != root && IS_RED(PARENT(node))) {
		/*
		 * XXXDCL could do away with separate parent and grandparent
		 * variables.  They are vestiges of the days before parent
		 * pointers.  However, they make the code a little clearer.
		 */

		parent = PARENT(node);
		grandparent = PARENT(parent);

		if (parent == LEFT(grandparent)) {
			child = RIGHT(grandparent);
			if (child != NULL && IS_RED(child)) {
				MAKE_BLACK(parent);
				MAKE_BLACK(child);
				MAKE_RED(grandparent);
				node = grandparent;
			} else {
				if (node == RIGHT(parent)) {
					rotate_left(parent, &root);
					node = parent;
					parent = PARENT(node);
					grandparent = PARENT(parent);
				}
				MAKE_BLACK(parent);
				MAKE_RED(grandparent);
				rotate_right(grandparent, &root);
			}
		} else {
			child = LEFT(grandparent);
			if (child != NULL && IS_RED(child)) {
				MAKE_BLACK(parent);
				MAKE_BLACK(child);
				MAKE_RED(grandparent);
				node = grandparent;
			} else {
				if (node == LEFT(parent)) {
					rotate_right(parent, &root);
					node = parent;
					parent = PARENT(node);
					grandparent = PARENT(parent);
				}
				MAKE_BLACK(parent);
				MAKE_RED(grandparent);
				rotate_left(grandparent, &root);
			}
		}
	}

	MAKE_BLACK(root);
	ENSURE(IS_ROOT(root));
	*rootp = root;

	return;
}

/*
 * This is the real workhorse of the deletion code, because it does the
 * true red/black tree on a single level.
 */
static void
deletefromlevel(dns_rbtnode_t *item, dns_rbtnode_t **rootp) {
	dns_rbtnode_t *child, *sibling, *parent;
	dns_rbtnode_t *successor;

	REQUIRE(item != NULL);

	/*
	 * Verify that the parent history is (apparently) correct.
	 */
	INSIST((IS_ROOT(item) && *rootp == item) ||
	       (!IS_ROOT(item) &&
		(LEFT(PARENT(item)) == item || RIGHT(PARENT(item)) == item)));

	child = NULL;

	if (LEFT(item) == NULL) {
		if (RIGHT(item) == NULL) {
			if (IS_ROOT(item)) {
				/*
				 * This is the only item in the tree.
				 */
				*rootp = NULL;
				return;
			}
		} else {
			/*
			 * This node has one child, on the right.
			 */
			child = RIGHT(item);
		}
	} else if (RIGHT(item) == NULL) {
		/*
		 * This node has one child, on the left.
		 */
		child = LEFT(item);
	} else {
		dns_rbtnode_t *saved_parent, *saved_right;
		int saved_color;

		/*
		 * This node has two children, so it cannot be directly
		 * deleted.  Find its immediate in-order successor and
		 * move it to this location, then do the deletion at the
		 * old site of the successor.
		 */
		successor = RIGHT(item);
		while (LEFT(successor) != NULL) {
			successor = LEFT(successor);
		}

		/*
		 * The successor cannot possibly have a left child;
		 * if there is any child, it is on the right.
		 */
		if (RIGHT(successor) != NULL) {
			child = RIGHT(successor);
		}

		/*
		 * Swap the two nodes; it would be simpler to just replace
		 * the value being deleted with that of the successor,
		 * but this rigamarole is done so the caller has complete
		 * control over the pointers (and memory allocation) of
		 * all of nodes.  If just the key value were removed from
		 * the tree, the pointer to the node would be unchanged.
		 */

		/*
		 * First, put the successor in the tree location of the
		 * node to be deleted.  Save its existing tree pointer
		 * information, which will be needed when linking up
		 * delete to the successor's old location.
		 */
		saved_parent = PARENT(successor);
		saved_right = RIGHT(successor);
		saved_color = COLOR(successor);

		if (IS_ROOT(item)) {
			*rootp = successor;
			successor->is_root = true;
			item->is_root = false;
		} else if (LEFT(PARENT(item)) == item) {
			LEFT(PARENT(item)) = successor;
		} else {
			RIGHT(PARENT(item)) = successor;
		}

		PARENT(successor) = PARENT(item);
		LEFT(successor) = LEFT(item);
		RIGHT(successor) = RIGHT(item);
		COLOR(successor) = COLOR(item);

		if (LEFT(successor) != NULL) {
			PARENT(LEFT(successor)) = successor;
		}
		if (RIGHT(successor) != successor) {
			PARENT(RIGHT(successor)) = successor;
		}

		/*
		 * Now relink the node to be deleted into the
		 * successor's previous tree location.
		 */
		INSIST(!IS_ROOT(item));

		if (saved_parent == item) {
			/*
			 * Node being deleted was successor's parent.
			 */
			RIGHT(successor) = item;
			PARENT(item) = successor;
		} else {
			LEFT(saved_parent) = item;
			PARENT(item) = saved_parent;
		}

		/*
		 * Original location of successor node has no left.
		 */
		LEFT(item) = NULL;
		RIGHT(item) = saved_right;
		COLOR(item) = saved_color;
	}

	/*
	 * Remove the node by removing the links from its parent.
	 */
	if (!IS_ROOT(item)) {
		if (LEFT(PARENT(item)) == item) {
			LEFT(PARENT(item)) = child;
		} else {
			RIGHT(PARENT(item)) = child;
		}

		if (child != NULL) {
			PARENT(child) = PARENT(item);
		}
	} else {
		/*
		 * This is the root being deleted, and at this point
		 * it is known to have just one child.
		 */
		*rootp = child;
		child->is_root = 1;
		PARENT(child) = PARENT(item);
	}

	/*
	 * Fix color violations.
	 */
	if (IS_BLACK(item)) {
		/* cppcheck-suppress nullPointerRedundantCheck symbolName=item
		 */
		parent = PARENT(item);

		while (child != *rootp && IS_BLACK(child)) {
			INSIST(child == NULL || !IS_ROOT(child));

			if (LEFT(parent) == child) {
				sibling = RIGHT(parent);

				if (IS_RED(sibling)) {
					MAKE_BLACK(sibling);
					MAKE_RED(parent);
					rotate_left(parent, rootp);
					sibling = RIGHT(parent);
				}

				INSIST(sibling != NULL);

				/* cppcheck-suppress nullPointerRedundantCheck
				 * symbolName=sibling */
				if (IS_BLACK(LEFT(sibling)) &&
				    IS_BLACK(RIGHT(sibling)))
				{
					MAKE_RED(sibling);
					child = parent;
				} else {
					if (IS_BLACK(RIGHT(sibling))) {
						MAKE_BLACK(LEFT(sibling));
						MAKE_RED(sibling);
						rotate_right(sibling, rootp);
						sibling = RIGHT(parent);
					}

					COLOR(sibling) = COLOR(parent);
					MAKE_BLACK(parent);
					INSIST(RIGHT(sibling) != NULL);
					MAKE_BLACK(RIGHT(sibling));
					rotate_left(parent, rootp);
					child = *rootp;
				}
			} else {
				/*
				 * Child is parent's right child.
				 * Everything is done the same as above,
				 * except mirrored.
				 */
				sibling = LEFT(parent);

				if (IS_RED(sibling)) {
					MAKE_BLACK(sibling);
					MAKE_RED(parent);
					rotate_right(parent, rootp);
					sibling = LEFT(parent);
				}

				INSIST(sibling != NULL);

				/* cppcheck-suppress nullPointerRedundantCheck
				 * symbolName=sibling */
				if (IS_BLACK(LEFT(sibling)) &&
				    IS_BLACK(RIGHT(sibling)))
				{
					MAKE_RED(sibling);
					child = parent;
				} else {
					if (IS_BLACK(LEFT(sibling))) {
						MAKE_BLACK(RIGHT(sibling));
						MAKE_RED(sibling);
						rotate_left(sibling, rootp);
						sibling = LEFT(parent);
					}

					COLOR(sibling) = COLOR(parent);
					MAKE_BLACK(parent);
					INSIST(LEFT(sibling) != NULL);
					MAKE_BLACK(LEFT(sibling));
					rotate_right(parent, rootp);
					child = *rootp;
				}
			}

			parent = PARENT(child);
		}

		if (IS_RED(child)) {
			MAKE_BLACK(child);
		}
	}
}

static void
freenode(dns_rbt_t *rbt, dns_rbtnode_t **nodep) {
	dns_rbtnode_t *node = *nodep;
	*nodep = NULL;

	if (node->is_mmapped == 0) {
		isc_mem_put(rbt->mctx, node, NODE_SIZE(node));
	}

	rbt->nodecount--;
}

static void
deletetreeflat(dns_rbt_t *rbt, unsigned int quantum, bool unhash,
	       dns_rbtnode_t **nodep) {
	dns_rbtnode_t *root = *nodep;

	while (root != NULL) {
		/*
		 * If there is a left, right or down node, walk into it
		 * and iterate.
		 */
		if (LEFT(root) != NULL) {
			dns_rbtnode_t *node = root;
			root = LEFT(root);
			LEFT(node) = NULL;
		} else if (RIGHT(root) != NULL) {
			dns_rbtnode_t *node = root;
			root = RIGHT(root);
			RIGHT(node) = NULL;
		} else if (DOWN(root) != NULL) {
			dns_rbtnode_t *node = root;
			root = DOWN(root);
			DOWN(node) = NULL;
		} else {
			/*
			 * There are no left, right or down nodes, so we
			 * can free this one and go back to its parent.
			 */
			dns_rbtnode_t *node = root;
			root = PARENT(root);

			if (rbt->data_deleter != NULL && DATA(node) != NULL) {
				rbt->data_deleter(DATA(node), rbt->deleter_arg);
			}
			if (unhash) {
				unhash_node(rbt, node);
			}
			/*
			 * Note: we don't call unhash_node() here as we
			 * are destroying the complete RBT tree.
			 */
#if DNS_RBT_USEMAGIC
			node->magic = 0;
#endif /* if DNS_RBT_USEMAGIC */
			freenode(rbt, &node);
			if (quantum != 0 && --quantum == 0) {
				break;
			}
		}
	}

	*nodep = root;
}

static size_t
getheight_helper(dns_rbtnode_t *node) {
	size_t dl, dr;
	size_t this_height, down_height;

	if (node == NULL) {
		return (0);
	}

	dl = getheight_helper(LEFT(node));
	dr = getheight_helper(RIGHT(node));

	this_height = ISC_MAX(dl + 1, dr + 1);
	down_height = getheight_helper(DOWN(node));

	return (ISC_MAX(this_height, down_height));
}

size_t
dns__rbt_getheight(dns_rbt_t *rbt) {
	return (getheight_helper(rbt->root));
}

static bool
check_properties_helper(dns_rbtnode_t *node) {
	if (node == NULL) {
		return (true);
	}

	if (IS_RED(node)) {
		/* Root nodes must be BLACK. */
		if (IS_ROOT(node)) {
			return (false);
		}

		/* Both children of RED nodes must be BLACK. */
		if (IS_RED(LEFT(node)) || IS_RED(RIGHT(node))) {
			return (false);
		}
	}

	/* cppcheck-suppress nullPointerRedundantCheck symbolName=node */
	if ((DOWN(node) != NULL) && (!IS_ROOT(DOWN(node)))) {
		return (false);
	}

	if (IS_ROOT(node)) {
		if ((PARENT(node) != NULL) && (DOWN(PARENT(node)) != node)) {
			return (false);
		}

		if (get_upper_node(node) != PARENT(node)) {
			return (false);
		}
	}

	/* If node is assigned to the down_ pointer of its parent, it is
	 * a subtree root and must have the flag set.
	 */
	if (((!PARENT(node)) || (DOWN(PARENT(node)) == node)) &&
	    (!IS_ROOT(node)))
	{
		return (false);
	}

	/* Repeat tests with this node's children. */
	return (check_properties_helper(LEFT(node)) &&
		check_properties_helper(RIGHT(node)) &&
		check_properties_helper(DOWN(node)));
}

static bool
check_black_distance_helper(dns_rbtnode_t *node, size_t *distance) {
	size_t dl, dr, dd;

	if (node == NULL) {
		*distance = 1;
		return (true);
	}

	/* cppcheck-suppress nullPointerRedundantCheck symbolName=node */
	if (!check_black_distance_helper(LEFT(node), &dl)) {
		return (false);
	}

	/* cppcheck-suppress nullPointerRedundantCheck symbolName=node */
	if (!check_black_distance_helper(RIGHT(node), &dr)) {
		return (false);
	}

	/* cppcheck-suppress nullPointerRedundantCheck symbolName=node */
	if (!check_black_distance_helper(DOWN(node), &dd)) {
		return (false);
	}

	/* Left and right side black node counts must match. */
	if (dl != dr) {
		return (false);
	}

	if (IS_BLACK(node)) {
		dl++;
	}

	*distance = dl;

	return (true);
}

bool
dns__rbt_checkproperties(dns_rbt_t *rbt) {
	size_t dd;

	if (!check_properties_helper(rbt->root)) {
		return (false);
	}

	/* Path from a given node to all its leaves must contain the
	 * same number of BLACK child nodes. This is done separately
	 * here instead of inside check_properties_helper() as
	 * it would take (n log n) complexity otherwise.
	 */
	return (check_black_distance_helper(rbt->root, &dd));
}

static void
dns_rbt_indent(FILE *f, int depth) {
	int i;

	fprintf(f, "%4d ", depth);

	for (i = 0; i < depth; i++) {
		fprintf(f, "- ");
	}
}

void
dns_rbt_printnodeinfo(dns_rbtnode_t *n, FILE *f) {
	if (n == NULL) {
		fprintf(f, "Null node\n");
		return;
	}

	fprintf(f, "Node info for nodename: ");
	printnodename(n, true, f);
	fprintf(f, "\n");

	fprintf(f, "n = %p\n", n);

	fprintf(f, "Relative pointers: %s%s%s%s%s\n",
		(n->parent_is_relative == 1 ? " P" : ""),
		(n->right_is_relative == 1 ? " R" : ""),
		(n->left_is_relative == 1 ? " L" : ""),
		(n->down_is_relative == 1 ? " D" : ""),
		(n->data_is_relative == 1 ? " T" : ""));

	fprintf(f, "node lock address = %u\n", n->locknum);

	fprintf(f, "Parent: %p\n", n->parent);
	fprintf(f, "Right: %p\n", n->right);
	fprintf(f, "Left: %p\n", n->left);
	fprintf(f, "Down: %p\n", n->down);
	fprintf(f, "Data: %p\n", n->data);
}

static void
printnodename(dns_rbtnode_t *node, bool quoted, FILE *f) {
	isc_region_t r;
	dns_name_t name;
	char buffer[DNS_NAME_FORMATSIZE];
	dns_offsets_t offsets;

	r.length = NAMELEN(node);
	r.base = NAME(node);

	dns_name_init(&name, offsets);
	dns_name_fromregion(&name, &r);

	dns_name_format(&name, buffer, sizeof(buffer));

	if (quoted) {
		fprintf(f, "\"%s\"", buffer);
	} else {
		fprintf(f, "%s", buffer);
	}
}

static void
print_text_helper(dns_rbtnode_t *root, dns_rbtnode_t *parent, int depth,
		  const char *direction, void (*data_printer)(FILE *, void *),
		  FILE *f) {
	dns_rbt_indent(f, depth);

	if (root != NULL) {
		printnodename(root, true, f);
		/*
		 * Don't use IS_RED(root) as it tests for 'root != NULL'
		 * and cppcheck produces false positives.
		 */
		fprintf(f, " (%s, %s", direction,
			COLOR(root) == RED ? "RED" : "BLACK");

		if ((!IS_ROOT(root) && PARENT(root) != parent) ||
		    (IS_ROOT(root) && depth > 0 && DOWN(PARENT(root)) != root))
		{
			fprintf(f, " (BAD parent pointer! -> ");
			if (PARENT(root) != NULL) {
				printnodename(PARENT(root), true, f);
			} else {
				fprintf(f, "NULL");
			}
			fprintf(f, ")");
		}

		fprintf(f, ")");

		if (root->data != NULL && data_printer != NULL) {
			fprintf(f, " data@%p: ", root->data);
			data_printer(f, root->data);
		}
		fprintf(f, "\n");

		depth++;

		/*
		 * Don't use IS_RED(root) as it tests for 'root != NULL'
		 * and cppcheck produces false positives.
		 */
		if (COLOR(root) == RED && IS_RED(LEFT(root))) {
			fprintf(f, "** Red/Red color violation on left\n");
		}
		print_text_helper(LEFT(root), root, depth, "left", data_printer,
				  f);

		/*
		 * Don't use IS_RED(root) as cppcheck produces false positives.
		 */
		if (COLOR(root) == RED && IS_RED(RIGHT(root))) {
			fprintf(f, "** Red/Red color violation on right\n");
		}
		print_text_helper(RIGHT(root), root, depth, "right",
				  data_printer, f);

		print_text_helper(DOWN(root), NULL, depth, "down", data_printer,
				  f);
	} else {
		fprintf(f, "NULL (%s)\n", direction);
	}
}

void
dns_rbt_printtext(dns_rbt_t *rbt, void (*data_printer)(FILE *, void *),
		  FILE *f) {
	REQUIRE(VALID_RBT(rbt));

	print_text_helper(rbt->root, NULL, 0, "root", data_printer, f);
}

static int
print_dot_helper(dns_rbtnode_t *node, unsigned int *nodecount,
		 bool show_pointers, FILE *f) {
	unsigned int l, r, d;

	if (node == NULL) {
		return (0);
	}

	l = print_dot_helper(LEFT(node), nodecount, show_pointers, f);
	r = print_dot_helper(RIGHT(node), nodecount, show_pointers, f);
	d = print_dot_helper(DOWN(node), nodecount, show_pointers, f);

	*nodecount += 1;

	fprintf(f, "node%u[label = \"<f0> |<f1> ", *nodecount);
	printnodename(node, false, f);
	fprintf(f, "|<f2>");

	if (show_pointers) {
		fprintf(f, "|<f3> n=%p|<f4> p=%p", node, PARENT(node));
	}

	fprintf(f, "\"] [");

	if (IS_RED(node)) {
		fprintf(f, "color=red");
	} else {
		fprintf(f, "color=black");
	}

	/* XXXMUKS: verify that IS_ROOT() indicates subtree root and not
	 * forest root.
	 */
	if (IS_ROOT(node)) {
		fprintf(f, ",penwidth=3");
	}

	if (IS_EMPTY(node)) {
		fprintf(f, ",style=filled,fillcolor=lightgrey");
	}

	fprintf(f, "];\n");

	if (LEFT(node) != NULL) {
		fprintf(f, "\"node%u\":f0 -> \"node%u\":f1;\n", *nodecount, l);
	}

	if (DOWN(node) != NULL) {
		fprintf(f, "\"node%u\":f1 -> \"node%u\":f1 [penwidth=5];\n",
			*nodecount, d);
	}

	if (RIGHT(node) != NULL) {
		fprintf(f, "\"node%u\":f2 -> \"node%u\":f1;\n", *nodecount, r);
	}

	return (*nodecount);
}

void
dns_rbt_printdot(dns_rbt_t *rbt, bool show_pointers, FILE *f) {
	unsigned int nodecount = 0;

	REQUIRE(VALID_RBT(rbt));

	fprintf(f, "digraph g {\n");
	fprintf(f, "node [shape = record,height=.1];\n");
	print_dot_helper(rbt->root, &nodecount, show_pointers, f);
	fprintf(f, "}\n");
}

/*
 * Chain Functions
 */

void
dns_rbtnodechain_init(dns_rbtnodechain_t *chain) {
	REQUIRE(chain != NULL);

	/*
	 * Initialize 'chain'.
	 */
	chain->end = NULL;
	chain->level_count = 0;
	chain->level_matches = 0;
	memset(chain->levels, 0, sizeof(chain->levels));

	chain->magic = CHAIN_MAGIC;
}

isc_result_t
dns_rbtnodechain_current(dns_rbtnodechain_t *chain, dns_name_t *name,
			 dns_name_t *origin, dns_rbtnode_t **node) {
	isc_result_t result = ISC_R_SUCCESS;

	REQUIRE(VALID_CHAIN(chain));

	if (node != NULL) {
		*node = chain->end;
	}

	if (chain->end == NULL) {
		return (ISC_R_NOTFOUND);
	}

	if (name != NULL) {
		NODENAME(chain->end, name);

		if (chain->level_count == 0) {
			/*
			 * Names in the top level tree are all absolute.
			 * Always make 'name' relative.
			 */
			INSIST(dns_name_isabsolute(name));

			/*
			 * This is cheaper than dns_name_getlabelsequence().
			 */
			name->labels--;
			name->length--;
			name->attributes &= ~DNS_NAMEATTR_ABSOLUTE;
		}
	}

	if (origin != NULL) {
		if (chain->level_count > 0) {
			result = chain_name(chain, origin, false);
		} else {
			dns_name_copynf(dns_rootname, origin);
		}
	}

	return (result);
}

isc_result_t
dns_rbtnodechain_prev(dns_rbtnodechain_t *chain, dns_name_t *name,
		      dns_name_t *origin) {
	dns_rbtnode_t *current, *previous, *predecessor;
	isc_result_t result = ISC_R_SUCCESS;
	bool new_origin = false;

	REQUIRE(VALID_CHAIN(chain) && chain->end != NULL);

	predecessor = NULL;

	current = chain->end;

	if (LEFT(current) != NULL) {
		/*
		 * Moving left one then right as far as possible is the
		 * previous node, at least for this level.
		 */
		current = LEFT(current);

		while (RIGHT(current) != NULL) {
			current = RIGHT(current);
		}

		predecessor = current;
	} else {
		/*
		 * No left links, so move toward the root.  If at any point on
		 * the way there the link from parent to child is a right
		 * link, then the parent is the previous node, at least
		 * for this level.
		 */
		while (!IS_ROOT(current)) {
			previous = current;
			current = PARENT(current);

			if (RIGHT(current) == previous) {
				predecessor = current;
				break;
			}
		}
	}

	if (predecessor != NULL) {
		/*
		 * Found a predecessor node in this level.  It might not
		 * really be the predecessor, however.
		 */
		if (DOWN(predecessor) != NULL) {
			/*
			 * The predecessor is really down at least one level.
			 * Go down and as far right as possible, and repeat
			 * as long as the rightmost node has a down pointer.
			 */
			do {
				/*
				 * XXX DCL Need to do something about origins
				 * here. See whether to go down, and if so
				 * whether it is truly what Bob calls a
				 * new origin.
				 */
				ADD_LEVEL(chain, predecessor);
				predecessor = DOWN(predecessor);

				/* XXX DCL duplicated from above; clever
				 * way to unduplicate? */

				while (RIGHT(predecessor) != NULL) {
					predecessor = RIGHT(predecessor);
				}
			} while (DOWN(predecessor) != NULL);

			/* XXX DCL probably needs work on the concept */
			if (origin != NULL) {
				new_origin = true;
			}
		}
	} else if (chain->level_count > 0) {
		/*
		 * Dang, didn't find a predecessor in this level.
		 * Got to the root of this level without having traversed
		 * any right links.  Ascend the tree one level; the
		 * node that points to this tree is the predecessor.
		 */
		INSIST(chain->level_count > 0 && IS_ROOT(current));
		predecessor = chain->levels[--chain->level_count];

		/* XXX DCL probably needs work on the concept */
		/*
		 * Don't declare an origin change when the new origin is "."
		 * at the top level tree, because "." is declared as the origin
		 * for the second level tree.
		 */
		if (origin != NULL &&
		    (chain->level_count > 0 || OFFSETLEN(predecessor) > 1))
		{
			new_origin = true;
		}
	}

	if (predecessor != NULL) {
		chain->end = predecessor;

		if (new_origin) {
			result = dns_rbtnodechain_current(chain, name, origin,
							  NULL);
			if (result == ISC_R_SUCCESS) {
				result = DNS_R_NEWORIGIN;
			}
		} else {
			result = dns_rbtnodechain_current(chain, name, NULL,
							  NULL);
		}
	} else {
		result = ISC_R_NOMORE;
	}

	return (result);
}

isc_result_t
dns_rbtnodechain_down(dns_rbtnodechain_t *chain, dns_name_t *name,
		      dns_name_t *origin) {
	dns_rbtnode_t *current, *successor;
	isc_result_t result = ISC_R_SUCCESS;
	bool new_origin = false;

	REQUIRE(VALID_CHAIN(chain) && chain->end != NULL);

	successor = NULL;

	current = chain->end;

	if (DOWN(current) != NULL) {
		/*
		 * Don't declare an origin change when the new origin is "."
		 * at the second level tree, because "." is already declared
		 * as the origin for the top level tree.
		 */
		if (chain->level_count > 0 || OFFSETLEN(current) > 1) {
			new_origin = true;
		}

		ADD_LEVEL(chain, current);
		current = DOWN(current);

		while (LEFT(current) != NULL) {
			current = LEFT(current);
		}

		successor = current;
	}

	if (successor != NULL) {
		chain->end = successor;

		/*
		 * It is not necessary to use dns_rbtnodechain_current like
		 * the other functions because this function will never
		 * find a node in the topmost level.  This is because the
		 * root level will never be more than one name, and everything
		 * in the megatree is a successor to that node, down at
		 * the second level or below.
		 */

		if (name != NULL) {
			NODENAME(chain->end, name);
		}

		if (new_origin) {
			if (origin != NULL) {
				result = chain_name(chain, origin, false);
			}

			if (result == ISC_R_SUCCESS) {
				result = DNS_R_NEWORIGIN;
			}
		} else {
			result = ISC_R_SUCCESS;
		}
	} else {
		result = ISC_R_NOMORE;
	}

	return (result);
}

isc_result_t
dns_rbtnodechain_nextflat(dns_rbtnodechain_t *chain, dns_name_t *name) {
	dns_rbtnode_t *current, *previous, *successor;
	isc_result_t result = ISC_R_SUCCESS;

	REQUIRE(VALID_CHAIN(chain) && chain->end != NULL);

	successor = NULL;

	current = chain->end;

	if (RIGHT(current) == NULL) {
		while (!IS_ROOT(current)) {
			previous = current;
			current = PARENT(current);

			if (LEFT(current) == previous) {
				successor = current;
				break;
			}
		}
	} else {
		current = RIGHT(current);

		while (LEFT(current) != NULL) {
			current = LEFT(current);
		}

		successor = current;
	}

	if (successor != NULL) {
		chain->end = successor;

		if (name != NULL) {
			NODENAME(chain->end, name);
		}

		result = ISC_R_SUCCESS;
	} else {
		result = ISC_R_NOMORE;
	}

	return (result);
}

isc_result_t
dns_rbtnodechain_next(dns_rbtnodechain_t *chain, dns_name_t *name,
		      dns_name_t *origin) {
	dns_rbtnode_t *current, *previous, *successor;
	isc_result_t result = ISC_R_SUCCESS;
	bool new_origin = false;

	REQUIRE(VALID_CHAIN(chain) && chain->end != NULL);

	successor = NULL;

	current = chain->end;

	/*
	 * If there is a level below this node, the next node is the leftmost
	 * node of the next level.
	 */
	if (DOWN(current) != NULL) {
		/*
		 * Don't declare an origin change when the new origin is "."
		 * at the second level tree, because "." is already declared
		 * as the origin for the top level tree.
		 */
		if (chain->level_count > 0 || OFFSETLEN(current) > 1) {
			new_origin = true;
		}

		ADD_LEVEL(chain, current);
		current = DOWN(current);

		while (LEFT(current) != NULL) {
			current = LEFT(current);
		}

		successor = current;
	} else if (RIGHT(current) == NULL) {
		/*
		 * The successor is up, either in this level or a previous one.
		 * Head back toward the root of the tree, looking for any path
		 * that was via a left link; the successor is the node that has
		 * that left link.  In the event the root of the level is
		 * reached without having traversed any left links, ascend one
		 * level and look for either a right link off the point of
		 * ascent, or search for a left link upward again, repeating
		 * ascends until either case is true.
		 */
		do {
			while (!IS_ROOT(current)) {
				previous = current;
				current = PARENT(current);

				if (LEFT(current) == previous) {
					successor = current;
					break;
				}
			}

			if (successor == NULL) {
				/*
				 * Reached the root without having traversed
				 * any left pointers, so this level is done.
				 */
				if (chain->level_count == 0) {
					/*
					 * If the tree we are iterating over
					 * was modified since this chain was
					 * initialized in a way that caused
					 * node splits to occur, "current" may
					 * now be pointing to a root node which
					 * appears to be at level 0, but still
					 * has a parent.  If that happens,
					 * abort.  Otherwise, we are done
					 * looking for a successor as we really
					 * reached the root node on level 0.
					 */
					INSIST(PARENT(current) == NULL);
					break;
				}

				current = chain->levels[--chain->level_count];
				new_origin = true;

				if (RIGHT(current) != NULL) {
					break;
				}
			}
		} while (successor == NULL);
	}

	if (successor == NULL && RIGHT(current) != NULL) {
		current = RIGHT(current);

		while (LEFT(current) != NULL) {
			current = LEFT(current);
		}

		successor = current;
	}

	if (successor != NULL) {
		/*
		 * If we determine that the current node is the successor to
		 * itself, we will run into an infinite loop, so abort instead.
		 */
		INSIST(chain->end != successor);

		chain->end = successor;

		/*
		 * It is not necessary to use dns_rbtnodechain_current like
		 * the other functions because this function will never
		 * find a node in the topmost level.  This is because the
		 * root level will never be more than one name, and everything
		 * in the megatree is a successor to that node, down at
		 * the second level or below.
		 */

		if (name != NULL) {
			NODENAME(chain->end, name);
		}

		if (new_origin) {
			if (origin != NULL) {
				result = chain_name(chain, origin, false);
			}

			if (result == ISC_R_SUCCESS) {
				result = DNS_R_NEWORIGIN;
			}
		} else {
			result = ISC_R_SUCCESS;
		}
	} else {
		result = ISC_R_NOMORE;
	}

	return (result);
}

isc_result_t
dns_rbtnodechain_first(dns_rbtnodechain_t *chain, dns_rbt_t *rbt,
		       dns_name_t *name, dns_name_t *origin)

{
	isc_result_t result;

	REQUIRE(VALID_RBT(rbt));
	REQUIRE(VALID_CHAIN(chain));

	dns_rbtnodechain_reset(chain);

	chain->end = rbt->root;

	result = dns_rbtnodechain_current(chain, name, origin, NULL);

	if (result == ISC_R_SUCCESS) {
		result = DNS_R_NEWORIGIN;
	}

	return (result);
}

isc_result_t
dns_rbtnodechain_last(dns_rbtnodechain_t *chain, dns_rbt_t *rbt,
		      dns_name_t *name, dns_name_t *origin)

{
	isc_result_t result;

	REQUIRE(VALID_RBT(rbt));
	REQUIRE(VALID_CHAIN(chain));

	dns_rbtnodechain_reset(chain);

	result = move_chain_to_last(chain, rbt->root);
	if (result != ISC_R_SUCCESS) {
		return (result);
	}

	result = dns_rbtnodechain_current(chain, name, origin, NULL);

	if (result == ISC_R_SUCCESS) {
		result = DNS_R_NEWORIGIN;
	}

	return (result);
}

void
dns_rbtnodechain_reset(dns_rbtnodechain_t *chain) {
	REQUIRE(VALID_CHAIN(chain));

	/*
	 * Free any dynamic storage associated with 'chain', and then
	 * reinitialize 'chain'.
	 */
	chain->end = NULL;
	chain->level_count = 0;
	chain->level_matches = 0;
}

void
dns_rbtnodechain_invalidate(dns_rbtnodechain_t *chain) {
	/*
	 * Free any dynamic storage associated with 'chain', and then
	 * invalidate 'chain'.
	 */

	dns_rbtnodechain_reset(chain);

	chain->magic = 0;
}

/* XXXMUKS:
 *
 * - worth removing inline as static functions are inlined automatically
 *   where suitable by modern compilers.
 * - bump the size of dns_rbt.nodecount to size_t.
 * - the dumpfile header also contains a nodecount that is unsigned
 *   int. If large files (> 2^32 nodes) are to be supported, the
 *   allocation for this field should be increased.
 */