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diff --git a/Documentation/kbuild/modules.rst b/Documentation/kbuild/modules.rst new file mode 100644 index 000000000..85ccc8788 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/kbuild/modules.rst @@ -0,0 +1,561 @@ +========================= +Building External Modules +========================= + +This document describes how to build an out-of-tree kernel module. + +.. Table of Contents + + === 1 Introduction + === 2 How to Build External Modules + --- 2.1 Command Syntax + --- 2.2 Options + --- 2.3 Targets + --- 2.4 Building Separate Files + === 3. Creating a Kbuild File for an External Module + --- 3.1 Shared Makefile + --- 3.2 Separate Kbuild file and Makefile + --- 3.3 Binary Blobs + --- 3.4 Building Multiple Modules + === 4. Include Files + --- 4.1 Kernel Includes + --- 4.2 Single Subdirectory + --- 4.3 Several Subdirectories + === 5. Module Installation + --- 5.1 INSTALL_MOD_PATH + --- 5.2 INSTALL_MOD_DIR + === 6. Module Versioning + --- 6.1 Symbols From the Kernel (vmlinux + modules) + --- 6.2 Symbols and External Modules + --- 6.3 Symbols From Another External Module + === 7. Tips & Tricks + --- 7.1 Testing for CONFIG_FOO_BAR + + + +1. Introduction +=============== + +"kbuild" is the build system used by the Linux kernel. Modules must use +kbuild to stay compatible with changes in the build infrastructure and +to pick up the right flags to "gcc." Functionality for building modules +both in-tree and out-of-tree is provided. The method for building +either is similar, and all modules are initially developed and built +out-of-tree. + +Covered in this document is information aimed at developers interested +in building out-of-tree (or "external") modules. The author of an +external module should supply a makefile that hides most of the +complexity, so one only has to type "make" to build the module. This is +easily accomplished, and a complete example will be presented in +section 3. + + +2. How to Build External Modules +================================ + +To build external modules, you must have a prebuilt kernel available +that contains the configuration and header files used in the build. +Also, the kernel must have been built with modules enabled. If you are +using a distribution kernel, there will be a package for the kernel you +are running provided by your distribution. + +An alternative is to use the "make" target "modules_prepare." This will +make sure the kernel contains the information required. The target +exists solely as a simple way to prepare a kernel source tree for +building external modules. + +NOTE: "modules_prepare" will not build Module.symvers even if +CONFIG_MODVERSIONS is set; therefore, a full kernel build needs to be +executed to make module versioning work. + +2.1 Command Syntax +================== + + The command to build an external module is:: + + $ make -C <path_to_kernel_src> M=$PWD + + The kbuild system knows that an external module is being built + due to the "M=<dir>" option given in the command. + + To build against the running kernel use:: + + $ make -C /lib/modules/`uname -r`/build M=$PWD + + Then to install the module(s) just built, add the target + "modules_install" to the command:: + + $ make -C /lib/modules/`uname -r`/build M=$PWD modules_install + +2.2 Options +=========== + + ($KDIR refers to the path of the kernel source directory.) + + make -C $KDIR M=$PWD + + -C $KDIR + The directory where the kernel source is located. + "make" will actually change to the specified directory + when executing and will change back when finished. + + M=$PWD + Informs kbuild that an external module is being built. + The value given to "M" is the absolute path of the + directory where the external module (kbuild file) is + located. + +2.3 Targets +=========== + + When building an external module, only a subset of the "make" + targets are available. + + make -C $KDIR M=$PWD [target] + + The default will build the module(s) located in the current + directory, so a target does not need to be specified. All + output files will also be generated in this directory. No + attempts are made to update the kernel source, and it is a + precondition that a successful "make" has been executed for the + kernel. + + modules + The default target for external modules. It has the + same functionality as if no target was specified. See + description above. + + modules_install + Install the external module(s). The default location is + /lib/modules/<kernel_release>/extra/, but a prefix may + be added with INSTALL_MOD_PATH (discussed in section 5). + + clean + Remove all generated files in the module directory only. + + help + List the available targets for external modules. + +2.4 Building Separate Files +=========================== + + It is possible to build single files that are part of a module. + This works equally well for the kernel, a module, and even for + external modules. + + Example (The module foo.ko, consist of bar.o and baz.o):: + + make -C $KDIR M=$PWD bar.lst + make -C $KDIR M=$PWD baz.o + make -C $KDIR M=$PWD foo.ko + make -C $KDIR M=$PWD ./ + + +3. Creating a Kbuild File for an External Module +================================================ + +In the last section we saw the command to build a module for the +running kernel. The module is not actually built, however, because a +build file is required. Contained in this file will be the name of +the module(s) being built, along with the list of requisite source +files. The file may be as simple as a single line:: + + obj-m := <module_name>.o + +The kbuild system will build <module_name>.o from <module_name>.c, +and, after linking, will result in the kernel module <module_name>.ko. +The above line can be put in either a "Kbuild" file or a "Makefile." +When the module is built from multiple sources, an additional line is +needed listing the files:: + + <module_name>-y := <src1>.o <src2>.o ... + +NOTE: Further documentation describing the syntax used by kbuild is +located in Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.rst. + +The examples below demonstrate how to create a build file for the +module 8123.ko, which is built from the following files:: + + 8123_if.c + 8123_if.h + 8123_pci.c + 8123_bin.o_shipped <= Binary blob + +3.1 Shared Makefile +------------------- + + An external module always includes a wrapper makefile that + supports building the module using "make" with no arguments. + This target is not used by kbuild; it is only for convenience. + Additional functionality, such as test targets, can be included + but should be filtered out from kbuild due to possible name + clashes. + + Example 1:: + + --> filename: Makefile + ifneq ($(KERNELRELEASE),) + # kbuild part of makefile + obj-m := 8123.o + 8123-y := 8123_if.o 8123_pci.o 8123_bin.o + + else + # normal makefile + KDIR ?= /lib/modules/`uname -r`/build + + default: + $(MAKE) -C $(KDIR) M=$$PWD + + # Module specific targets + genbin: + echo "X" > 8123_bin.o_shipped + + endif + + The check for KERNELRELEASE is used to separate the two parts + of the makefile. In the example, kbuild will only see the two + assignments, whereas "make" will see everything except these + two assignments. This is due to two passes made on the file: + the first pass is by the "make" instance run on the command + line; the second pass is by the kbuild system, which is + initiated by the parameterized "make" in the default target. + +3.2 Separate Kbuild File and Makefile +------------------------------------- + + In newer versions of the kernel, kbuild will first look for a + file named "Kbuild," and only if that is not found, will it + then look for a makefile. Utilizing a "Kbuild" file allows us + to split up the makefile from example 1 into two files: + + Example 2:: + + --> filename: Kbuild + obj-m := 8123.o + 8123-y := 8123_if.o 8123_pci.o 8123_bin.o + + --> filename: Makefile + KDIR ?= /lib/modules/`uname -r`/build + + default: + $(MAKE) -C $(KDIR) M=$$PWD + + # Module specific targets + genbin: + echo "X" > 8123_bin.o_shipped + + The split in example 2 is questionable due to the simplicity of + each file; however, some external modules use makefiles + consisting of several hundred lines, and here it really pays + off to separate the kbuild part from the rest. + + The next example shows a backward compatible version. + + Example 3:: + + --> filename: Kbuild + obj-m := 8123.o + 8123-y := 8123_if.o 8123_pci.o 8123_bin.o + + --> filename: Makefile + ifneq ($(KERNELRELEASE),) + # kbuild part of makefile + include Kbuild + + else + # normal makefile + KDIR ?= /lib/modules/`uname -r`/build + + default: + $(MAKE) -C $(KDIR) M=$$PWD + + # Module specific targets + genbin: + echo "X" > 8123_bin.o_shipped + + endif + + Here the "Kbuild" file is included from the makefile. This + allows an older version of kbuild, which only knows of + makefiles, to be used when the "make" and kbuild parts are + split into separate files. + +3.3 Binary Blobs +---------------- + + Some external modules need to include an object file as a blob. + kbuild has support for this, but requires the blob file to be + named <filename>_shipped. When the kbuild rules kick in, a copy + of <filename>_shipped is created with _shipped stripped off, + giving us <filename>. This shortened filename can be used in + the assignment to the module. + + Throughout this section, 8123_bin.o_shipped has been used to + build the kernel module 8123.ko; it has been included as + 8123_bin.o:: + + 8123-y := 8123_if.o 8123_pci.o 8123_bin.o + + Although there is no distinction between the ordinary source + files and the binary file, kbuild will pick up different rules + when creating the object file for the module. + +3.4 Building Multiple Modules +============================= + + kbuild supports building multiple modules with a single build + file. For example, if you wanted to build two modules, foo.ko + and bar.ko, the kbuild lines would be:: + + obj-m := foo.o bar.o + foo-y := <foo_srcs> + bar-y := <bar_srcs> + + It is that simple! + + +4. Include Files +================ + +Within the kernel, header files are kept in standard locations +according to the following rule: + + * If the header file only describes the internal interface of a + module, then the file is placed in the same directory as the + source files. + * If the header file describes an interface used by other parts + of the kernel that are located in different directories, then + the file is placed in include/linux/. + + NOTE: + There are two notable exceptions to this rule: larger + subsystems have their own directory under include/, such as + include/scsi; and architecture specific headers are located + under arch/$(ARCH)/include/. + +4.1 Kernel Includes +------------------- + + To include a header file located under include/linux/, simply + use:: + + #include <linux/module.h> + + kbuild will add options to "gcc" so the relevant directories + are searched. + +4.2 Single Subdirectory +----------------------- + + External modules tend to place header files in a separate + include/ directory where their source is located, although this + is not the usual kernel style. To inform kbuild of the + directory, use either ccflags-y or CFLAGS_<filename>.o. + + Using the example from section 3, if we moved 8123_if.h to a + subdirectory named include, the resulting kbuild file would + look like:: + + --> filename: Kbuild + obj-m := 8123.o + + ccflags-y := -Iinclude + 8123-y := 8123_if.o 8123_pci.o 8123_bin.o + + Note that in the assignment there is no space between -I and + the path. This is a limitation of kbuild: there must be no + space present. + +4.3 Several Subdirectories +-------------------------- + + kbuild can handle files that are spread over several directories. + Consider the following example:: + + . + |__ src + | |__ complex_main.c + | |__ hal + | |__ hardwareif.c + | |__ include + | |__ hardwareif.h + |__ include + |__ complex.h + + To build the module complex.ko, we then need the following + kbuild file:: + + --> filename: Kbuild + obj-m := complex.o + complex-y := src/complex_main.o + complex-y += src/hal/hardwareif.o + + ccflags-y := -I$(src)/include + ccflags-y += -I$(src)/src/hal/include + + As you can see, kbuild knows how to handle object files located + in other directories. The trick is to specify the directory + relative to the kbuild file's location. That being said, this + is NOT recommended practice. + + For the header files, kbuild must be explicitly told where to + look. When kbuild executes, the current directory is always the + root of the kernel tree (the argument to "-C") and therefore an + absolute path is needed. $(src) provides the absolute path by + pointing to the directory where the currently executing kbuild + file is located. + + +5. Module Installation +====================== + +Modules which are included in the kernel are installed in the +directory: + + /lib/modules/$(KERNELRELEASE)/kernel/ + +And external modules are installed in: + + /lib/modules/$(KERNELRELEASE)/extra/ + +5.1 INSTALL_MOD_PATH +-------------------- + + Above are the default directories but as always some level of + customization is possible. A prefix can be added to the + installation path using the variable INSTALL_MOD_PATH:: + + $ make INSTALL_MOD_PATH=/frodo modules_install + => Install dir: /frodo/lib/modules/$(KERNELRELEASE)/kernel/ + + INSTALL_MOD_PATH may be set as an ordinary shell variable or, + as shown above, can be specified on the command line when + calling "make." This has effect when installing both in-tree + and out-of-tree modules. + +5.2 INSTALL_MOD_DIR +------------------- + + External modules are by default installed to a directory under + /lib/modules/$(KERNELRELEASE)/extra/, but you may wish to + locate modules for a specific functionality in a separate + directory. For this purpose, use INSTALL_MOD_DIR to specify an + alternative name to "extra.":: + + $ make INSTALL_MOD_DIR=gandalf -C $KDIR \ + M=$PWD modules_install + => Install dir: /lib/modules/$(KERNELRELEASE)/gandalf/ + + +6. Module Versioning +==================== + +Module versioning is enabled by the CONFIG_MODVERSIONS tag, and is used +as a simple ABI consistency check. A CRC value of the full prototype +for an exported symbol is created. When a module is loaded/used, the +CRC values contained in the kernel are compared with similar values in +the module; if they are not equal, the kernel refuses to load the +module. + +Module.symvers contains a list of all exported symbols from a kernel +build. + +6.1 Symbols From the Kernel (vmlinux + modules) +----------------------------------------------- + + During a kernel build, a file named Module.symvers will be + generated. Module.symvers contains all exported symbols from + the kernel and compiled modules. For each symbol, the + corresponding CRC value is also stored. + + The syntax of the Module.symvers file is:: + + <CRC> <Symbol> <Module> <Export Type> <Namespace> + + 0xe1cc2a05 usb_stor_suspend drivers/usb/storage/usb-storage EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL USB_STORAGE + + The fields are separated by tabs and values may be empty (e.g. + if no namespace is defined for an exported symbol). + + For a kernel build without CONFIG_MODVERSIONS enabled, the CRC + would read 0x00000000. + + Module.symvers serves two purposes: + + 1) It lists all exported symbols from vmlinux and all modules. + 2) It lists the CRC if CONFIG_MODVERSIONS is enabled. + +6.2 Symbols and External Modules +-------------------------------- + + When building an external module, the build system needs access + to the symbols from the kernel to check if all external symbols + are defined. This is done in the MODPOST step. modpost obtains + the symbols by reading Module.symvers from the kernel source + tree. During the MODPOST step, a new Module.symvers file will be + written containing all exported symbols from that external module. + +6.3 Symbols From Another External Module +---------------------------------------- + + Sometimes, an external module uses exported symbols from + another external module. Kbuild needs to have full knowledge of + all symbols to avoid spitting out warnings about undefined + symbols. Two solutions exist for this situation. + + NOTE: The method with a top-level kbuild file is recommended + but may be impractical in certain situations. + + Use a top-level kbuild file + If you have two modules, foo.ko and bar.ko, where + foo.ko needs symbols from bar.ko, you can use a + common top-level kbuild file so both modules are + compiled in the same build. Consider the following + directory layout:: + + ./foo/ <= contains foo.ko + ./bar/ <= contains bar.ko + + The top-level kbuild file would then look like:: + + #./Kbuild (or ./Makefile): + obj-m := foo/ bar/ + + And executing:: + + $ make -C $KDIR M=$PWD + + will then do the expected and compile both modules with + full knowledge of symbols from either module. + + Use "make" variable KBUILD_EXTRA_SYMBOLS + If it is impractical to add a top-level kbuild file, + you can assign a space separated list + of files to KBUILD_EXTRA_SYMBOLS in your build file. + These files will be loaded by modpost during the + initialization of its symbol tables. + + +7. Tips & Tricks +================ + +7.1 Testing for CONFIG_FOO_BAR +------------------------------ + + Modules often need to check for certain `CONFIG_` options to + decide if a specific feature is included in the module. In + kbuild this is done by referencing the `CONFIG_` variable + directly:: + + #fs/ext2/Makefile + obj-$(CONFIG_EXT2_FS) += ext2.o + + ext2-y := balloc.o bitmap.o dir.o + ext2-$(CONFIG_EXT2_FS_XATTR) += xattr.o + + External modules have traditionally used "grep" to check for + specific `CONFIG_` settings directly in .config. This usage is + broken. As introduced before, external modules should use + kbuild for building and can therefore use the same methods as + in-tree modules when testing for `CONFIG_` definitions. |