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Diffstat (limited to 'Documentation/x86/x86_64/mm.rst')
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diff --git a/Documentation/x86/x86_64/mm.rst b/Documentation/x86/x86_64/mm.rst new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ede187571 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/x86/x86_64/mm.rst @@ -0,0 +1,161 @@ +.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 + +================= +Memory Management +================= + +Complete virtual memory map with 4-level page tables +==================================================== + +.. note:: + + - Negative addresses such as "-23 TB" are absolute addresses in bytes, counted down + from the top of the 64-bit address space. It's easier to understand the layout + when seen both in absolute addresses and in distance-from-top notation. + + For example 0xffffe90000000000 == -23 TB, it's 23 TB lower than the top of the + 64-bit address space (ffffffffffffffff). + + Note that as we get closer to the top of the address space, the notation changes + from TB to GB and then MB/KB. + + - "16M TB" might look weird at first sight, but it's an easier way to visualize size + notation than "16 EB", which few will recognize at first sight as 16 exabytes. + It also shows it nicely how incredibly large 64-bit address space is. + +:: + + ======================================================================================================================== + Start addr | Offset | End addr | Size | VM area description + ======================================================================================================================== + | | | | + 0000000000000000 | 0 | 00007fffffffffff | 128 TB | user-space virtual memory, different per mm + __________________|____________|__________________|_________|___________________________________________________________ + | | | | + 0000800000000000 | +128 TB | ffff7fffffffffff | ~16M TB | ... huge, almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical + | | | | virtual memory addresses up to the -128 TB + | | | | starting offset of kernel mappings. + __________________|____________|__________________|_________|___________________________________________________________ + | + | Kernel-space virtual memory, shared between all processes: + ____________________________________________________________|___________________________________________________________ + | | | | + ffff800000000000 | -128 TB | ffff87ffffffffff | 8 TB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor + ffff880000000000 | -120 TB | ffff887fffffffff | 0.5 TB | LDT remap for PTI + ffff888000000000 | -119.5 TB | ffffc87fffffffff | 64 TB | direct mapping of all physical memory (page_offset_base) + ffffc88000000000 | -55.5 TB | ffffc8ffffffffff | 0.5 TB | ... unused hole + ffffc90000000000 | -55 TB | ffffe8ffffffffff | 32 TB | vmalloc/ioremap space (vmalloc_base) + ffffe90000000000 | -23 TB | ffffe9ffffffffff | 1 TB | ... unused hole + ffffea0000000000 | -22 TB | ffffeaffffffffff | 1 TB | virtual memory map (vmemmap_base) + ffffeb0000000000 | -21 TB | ffffebffffffffff | 1 TB | ... unused hole + ffffec0000000000 | -20 TB | fffffbffffffffff | 16 TB | KASAN shadow memory + __________________|____________|__________________|_________|____________________________________________________________ + | + | Identical layout to the 56-bit one from here on: + ____________________________________________________________|____________________________________________________________ + | | | | + fffffc0000000000 | -4 TB | fffffdffffffffff | 2 TB | ... unused hole + | | | | vaddr_end for KASLR + fffffe0000000000 | -2 TB | fffffe7fffffffff | 0.5 TB | cpu_entry_area mapping + fffffe8000000000 | -1.5 TB | fffffeffffffffff | 0.5 TB | ... unused hole + ffffff0000000000 | -1 TB | ffffff7fffffffff | 0.5 TB | %esp fixup stacks + ffffff8000000000 | -512 GB | ffffffeeffffffff | 444 GB | ... unused hole + ffffffef00000000 | -68 GB | fffffffeffffffff | 64 GB | EFI region mapping space + ffffffff00000000 | -4 GB | ffffffff7fffffff | 2 GB | ... unused hole + ffffffff80000000 | -2 GB | ffffffff9fffffff | 512 MB | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 + ffffffff80000000 |-2048 MB | | | + ffffffffa0000000 |-1536 MB | fffffffffeffffff | 1520 MB | module mapping space + ffffffffff000000 | -16 MB | | | + FIXADDR_START | ~-11 MB | ffffffffff5fffff | ~0.5 MB | kernel-internal fixmap range, variable size and offset + ffffffffff600000 | -10 MB | ffffffffff600fff | 4 kB | legacy vsyscall ABI + ffffffffffe00000 | -2 MB | ffffffffffffffff | 2 MB | ... unused hole + __________________|____________|__________________|_________|___________________________________________________________ + + +Complete virtual memory map with 5-level page tables +==================================================== + +.. note:: + + - With 56-bit addresses, user-space memory gets expanded by a factor of 512x, + from 0.125 PB to 64 PB. All kernel mappings shift down to the -64 PB starting + offset and many of the regions expand to support the much larger physical + memory supported. + +:: + + ======================================================================================================================== + Start addr | Offset | End addr | Size | VM area description + ======================================================================================================================== + | | | | + 0000000000000000 | 0 | 00ffffffffffffff | 64 PB | user-space virtual memory, different per mm + __________________|____________|__________________|_________|___________________________________________________________ + | | | | + 0100000000000000 | +64 PB | feffffffffffffff | ~16K PB | ... huge, still almost 64 bits wide hole of non-canonical + | | | | virtual memory addresses up to the -64 PB + | | | | starting offset of kernel mappings. + __________________|____________|__________________|_________|___________________________________________________________ + | + | Kernel-space virtual memory, shared between all processes: + ____________________________________________________________|___________________________________________________________ + | | | | + ff00000000000000 | -64 PB | ff0fffffffffffff | 4 PB | ... guard hole, also reserved for hypervisor + ff10000000000000 | -60 PB | ff10ffffffffffff | 0.25 PB | LDT remap for PTI + ff11000000000000 | -59.75 PB | ff90ffffffffffff | 32 PB | direct mapping of all physical memory (page_offset_base) + ff91000000000000 | -27.75 PB | ff9fffffffffffff | 3.75 PB | ... unused hole + ffa0000000000000 | -24 PB | ffd1ffffffffffff | 12.5 PB | vmalloc/ioremap space (vmalloc_base) + ffd2000000000000 | -11.5 PB | ffd3ffffffffffff | 0.5 PB | ... unused hole + ffd4000000000000 | -11 PB | ffd5ffffffffffff | 0.5 PB | virtual memory map (vmemmap_base) + ffd6000000000000 | -10.5 PB | ffdeffffffffffff | 2.25 PB | ... unused hole + ffdf000000000000 | -8.25 PB | fffffbffffffffff | ~8 PB | KASAN shadow memory + __________________|____________|__________________|_________|____________________________________________________________ + | + | Identical layout to the 47-bit one from here on: + ____________________________________________________________|____________________________________________________________ + | | | | + fffffc0000000000 | -4 TB | fffffdffffffffff | 2 TB | ... unused hole + | | | | vaddr_end for KASLR + fffffe0000000000 | -2 TB | fffffe7fffffffff | 0.5 TB | cpu_entry_area mapping + fffffe8000000000 | -1.5 TB | fffffeffffffffff | 0.5 TB | ... unused hole + ffffff0000000000 | -1 TB | ffffff7fffffffff | 0.5 TB | %esp fixup stacks + ffffff8000000000 | -512 GB | ffffffeeffffffff | 444 GB | ... unused hole + ffffffef00000000 | -68 GB | fffffffeffffffff | 64 GB | EFI region mapping space + ffffffff00000000 | -4 GB | ffffffff7fffffff | 2 GB | ... unused hole + ffffffff80000000 | -2 GB | ffffffff9fffffff | 512 MB | kernel text mapping, mapped to physical address 0 + ffffffff80000000 |-2048 MB | | | + ffffffffa0000000 |-1536 MB | fffffffffeffffff | 1520 MB | module mapping space + ffffffffff000000 | -16 MB | | | + FIXADDR_START | ~-11 MB | ffffffffff5fffff | ~0.5 MB | kernel-internal fixmap range, variable size and offset + ffffffffff600000 | -10 MB | ffffffffff600fff | 4 kB | legacy vsyscall ABI + ffffffffffe00000 | -2 MB | ffffffffffffffff | 2 MB | ... unused hole + __________________|____________|__________________|_________|___________________________________________________________ + +Architecture defines a 64-bit virtual address. Implementations can support +less. Currently supported are 48- and 57-bit virtual addresses. Bits 63 +through to the most-significant implemented bit are sign extended. +This causes hole between user space and kernel addresses if you interpret them +as unsigned. + +The direct mapping covers all memory in the system up to the highest +memory address (this means in some cases it can also include PCI memory +holes). + +vmalloc space is lazily synchronized into the different PML4/PML5 pages of +the processes using the page fault handler, with init_top_pgt as +reference. + +We map EFI runtime services in the 'efi_pgd' PGD in a 64Gb large virtual +memory window (this size is arbitrary, it can be raised later if needed). +The mappings are not part of any other kernel PGD and are only available +during EFI runtime calls. + +Note that if CONFIG_RANDOMIZE_MEMORY is enabled, the direct mapping of all +physical memory, vmalloc/ioremap space and virtual memory map are randomized. +Their order is preserved but their base will be offset early at boot time. + +Be very careful vs. KASLR when changing anything here. The KASLR address +range must not overlap with anything except the KASAN shadow area, which is +correct as KASAN disables KASLR. + +For both 4- and 5-level layouts, the STACKLEAK_POISON value in the last 2MB +hole: ffffffffffff4111 |