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diff --git a/man/journalctl.xml b/man/journalctl.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3793441 --- /dev/null +++ b/man/journalctl.xml @@ -0,0 +1,1071 @@ +<?xml version='1.0'?> <!--*-nxml-*--> +<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN" + "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd"> +<!-- SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later --> + + <refentry id="journalctl" + xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"> + + <refentryinfo> + <title>journalctl</title> + <productname>systemd</productname> + </refentryinfo> + + <refmeta> + <refentrytitle>journalctl</refentrytitle> + <manvolnum>1</manvolnum> + </refmeta> + + <refnamediv> + <refname>journalctl</refname> + <refpurpose>Query the systemd journal</refpurpose> + </refnamediv> + + <refsynopsisdiv> + <cmdsynopsis> + <command>journalctl</command> + <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg> + <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">MATCHES</arg> + </cmdsynopsis> + </refsynopsisdiv> + + <refsect1> + <title>Description</title> + + <para><command>journalctl</command> may be used to query the + contents of the + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> + journal as written by + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-journald.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para> + + <para>If called without parameters, it will show the full + contents of the journal, starting with the oldest entry + collected.</para> + + <para>If one or more match arguments are passed, the output is + filtered accordingly. A match is in the format + <literal>FIELD=VALUE</literal>, + e.g. <literal>_SYSTEMD_UNIT=httpd.service</literal>, referring + to the components of a structured journal entry. See + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.journal-fields</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> + for a list of well-known fields. If multiple matches are + specified matching different fields, the log entries are + filtered by both, i.e. the resulting output will show only + entries matching all the specified matches of this kind. If two + matches apply to the same field, then they are automatically + matched as alternatives, i.e. the resulting output will show + entries matching any of the specified matches for the same + field. Finally, the character <literal>+</literal> may appear + as a separate word between other terms on the command line. This + causes all matches before and after to be combined in a + disjunction (i.e. logical OR).</para> + + <para>It is also possible to filter the entries by specifying an + absolute file path as an argument. The file path may be a file or + a symbolic link and the file must exist at the time of the query. If a + file path refers to an executable binary, an <literal>_EXE=</literal> + match for the canonicalized binary path is added to the query. If a + file path refers to an executable script, a <literal>_COMM=</literal> + match for the script name is added to the query. If a file path + refers to a device node, <literal>_KERNEL_DEVICE=</literal> matches for + the kernel name of the device and for each of its ancestor devices is + added to the query. Symbolic links are dereferenced, kernel names are + synthesized, and parent devices are identified from the environment at + the time of the query. In general, a device node is the best proxy for + an actual device, as log entries do not usually contain fields that + identify an actual device. For the resulting log entries to be correct + for the actual device, the relevant parts of the environment at the time + the entry was logged, in particular the actual device corresponding to + the device node, must have been the same as those at the time of the + query. Because device nodes generally change their corresponding devices + across reboots, specifying a device node path causes the resulting + entries to be restricted to those from the current boot.</para> + + <para>Additional constraints may be added using options + <option>--boot</option>, <option>--unit=</option>, etc., to + further limit what entries will be shown (logical AND).</para> + + <para>Output is interleaved from all accessible journal files, + whether they are rotated or currently being written, and + regardless of whether they belong to the system itself or are + accessible user journals.</para> + + <para>The set of journal files which will be used can be + modified using the <option>--user</option>, + <option>--system</option>, <option>--directory</option>, and + <option>--file</option> options, see below.</para> + + <para>All users are granted access to their private per-user + journals. However, by default, only root and users who are + members of a few special groups are granted access to the system + journal and the journals of other users. Members of the groups + <literal>systemd-journal</literal>, <literal>adm</literal>, and + <literal>wheel</literal> can read all journal files. Note + that the two latter groups traditionally have additional + privileges specified by the distribution. Members of the + <literal>wheel</literal> group can often perform administrative + tasks.</para> + + <para>The output is paged through <command>less</command> by + default, and long lines are "truncated" to screen width. The + hidden part can be viewed by using the left-arrow and + right-arrow keys. Paging can be disabled; see the + <option>--no-pager</option> option and the "Environment" section + below.</para> + + <para>When outputting to a tty, lines are colored according to + priority: lines of level ERROR and higher are colored red; lines + of level NOTICE and higher are highlighted; lines of level DEBUG + are colored lighter grey; other lines are displayed normally.</para> + </refsect1> + + <refsect1> + <title>Options</title> + + <para>The following options are understood:</para> + + <variablelist> + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--no-full</option></term> + <term><option>--full</option></term> + <term><option>-l</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Ellipsize fields when they do not fit in + available columns. The default is to show full fields, + allowing them to wrap or be truncated by the pager, if one + is used.</para> + + <para>The old options + <option>-l</option>/<option>--full</option> are not useful + anymore, except to undo <option>--no-full</option>.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-a</option></term> + <term><option>--all</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Show all fields in full, even if they include unprintable characters or are very long. By + default, fields with unprintable characters are abbreviated as "blob data". (Note that the pager may escape + unprintable characters again.)</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-f</option></term> + <term><option>--follow</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Show only the most recent journal entries, + and continuously print new entries as they are appended to + the journal.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-e</option></term> + <term><option>--pager-end</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Immediately jump to the end of the journal + inside the implied pager tool. This implies + <option>-n1000</option> to guarantee that the pager will not + buffer logs of unbounded size. This may be overridden with + an explicit <option>-n</option> with some other numeric + value, while <option>-nall</option> will disable this cap. + Note that this option is only supported for the + <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>less</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> + pager.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-n</option></term> + <term><option>--lines=</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Show the most recent journal events and + limit the number of events shown. If + <option>--follow</option> is used, this option is + implied. The argument is a positive integer or + <literal>all</literal> to disable line limiting. The default + value is 10 if no argument is given.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--no-tail</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Show all stored output lines, even in follow + mode. Undoes the effect of <option>--lines=</option>. + </para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-r</option></term> + <term><option>--reverse</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Reverse output so that the newest entries + are displayed first.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-o</option></term> + <term><option>--output=</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Controls the formatting of the journal + entries that are shown. Takes one of the following + options:</para> + <variablelist> + <varlistentry> + <term> + <option>short</option> + </term> + <listitem> + <para>is the default and generates an output that is + mostly identical to the formatting of classic syslog + files, showing one line per journal entry.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term> + <option>short-full</option> + </term> + <listitem> + <para>is very similar, but shows timestamps in the format the <option>--since=</option> and + <option>--until=</option> options accept. Unlike the timestamp information shown in + <option>short</option> output mode this mode includes weekday, year and timezone information in the + output, and is locale-independent.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term> + <option>short-iso</option> + </term> + <listitem> + <para>is very similar, but shows ISO 8601 wallclock + timestamps.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term> + <option>short-iso-precise</option> + </term> + <listitem> + <para>as for <option>short-iso</option> but includes full + microsecond precision.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term> + <option>short-precise</option> + </term> + <listitem> + <para>is very similar, but shows classic syslog timestamps + with full microsecond precision.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term> + <option>short-monotonic</option> + </term> + <listitem> + <para>is very similar, but shows monotonic timestamps + instead of wallclock timestamps.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term> + <option>short-unix</option> + </term> + <listitem> + <para>is very similar, but shows seconds passed since January 1st 1970 UTC instead of wallclock + timestamps ("UNIX time"). The time is shown with microsecond accuracy.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term> + <option>verbose</option> + </term> + <listitem> + <para>shows the full-structured entry items with all + fields.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term> + <option>export</option> + </term> + <listitem> + <para>serializes the journal into a binary (but mostly + text-based) stream suitable for backups and network + transfer (see + <ulink url="https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/export">Journal Export Format</ulink> + for more information). To import the binary stream back + into native journald format use + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-journal-remote</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term> + <option>json</option> + </term> + <listitem> + <para>formats entries as JSON objects, separated by newline characters (see <ulink + url="https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/json">Journal JSON Format</ulink> for more + information). Field values are generally encoded as JSON strings, with three exceptions: + <orderedlist> + <listitem><para>Fields larger than 4096 bytes are encoded as <constant>null</constant> values. (This + may be turned off by passing <option>--all</option>, but be aware that this may allocate overly long + JSON objects.) </para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>Journal entries permit non-unique fields within the same log entry. JSON does not allow + non-unique fields within objects. Due to this, if a non-unique field is encountered a JSON array is + used as field value, listing all field values as elements.</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>Fields containing non-printable or non-UTF8 bytes are encoded as arrays containing + the raw bytes individually formatted as unsigned numbers.</para></listitem> + </orderedlist> + + Note that this encoding is reversible (with the exception of the size limit).</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term> + <option>json-pretty</option> + </term> + <listitem> + <para>formats entries as JSON data structures, but + formats them in multiple lines in order to make them + more readable by humans.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term> + <option>json-sse</option> + </term> + <listitem> + <para>formats entries as JSON data structures, but wraps + them in a format suitable for + <ulink url="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Server-sent_events/Using_server-sent_events">Server-Sent Events</ulink>. + </para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term> + <option>json-seq</option> + </term> + <listitem> + <para>formats entries as JSON data structures, but prefixes them with an ASCII Record Separator + character (0x1E) and suffixes them with an ASCII Line Feed character (0x0A), in accordance with <ulink + url="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7464">JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Text Sequences </ulink> + (<literal>application/json-seq</literal>). + </para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term> + <option>cat</option> + </term> + <listitem> + <para>generates a very terse output, only showing the actual message of each journal entry + with no metadata, not even a timestamp. If combined with the + <option>--output-fields=</option> option will output the listed fields for each log record, + instead of the message.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term> + <option>with-unit</option> + </term> + <listitem> + <para>similar to short-full, but prefixes the unit and + user unit names instead of the traditional syslog + identifier. Useful when using templated instances, as it + will include the arguments in the unit names.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + </variablelist> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--output-fields=</option></term> + + <listitem><para>A comma separated list of the fields which should be included in the output. This has + an effect only for the output modes which would normally show all fields (<option>verbose</option>, + <option>export</option>, <option>json</option>, <option>json-pretty</option>, + <option>json-sse</option> and <option>json-seq</option>), as well as on <option>cat</option>. For the + former, the <literal>__CURSOR</literal>, <literal>__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP</literal>, + <literal>__MONOTONIC_TIMESTAMP</literal>, and <literal>_BOOT_ID</literal> fields are always + printed.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--utc</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Express time in Coordinated Universal Time + (UTC).</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--no-hostname</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Don't show the hostname field of log messages originating from the local host. This + switch has an effect only on the <option>short</option> family of output modes (see above). + </para> + + <para>Note: this option does not remove occurrences of the hostname from log entries themselves, so + it does not prevent the hostname from being visible in the logs.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-x</option></term> + <term><option>--catalog</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Augment log lines with explanation texts from + the message catalog. This will add explanatory help texts to + log messages in the output where this is available. These + short help texts will explain the context of an error or log + event, possible solutions, as well as pointers to support + forums, developer documentation, and any other relevant + manuals. Note that help texts are not available for all + messages, but only for selected ones. For more information on + the message catalog, please refer to the + <ulink url="https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/catalog">Message Catalog Developer Documentation</ulink>.</para> + + <para>Note: when attaching <command>journalctl</command> + output to bug reports, please do <emphasis>not</emphasis> use + <option>-x</option>.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-q</option></term> + <term><option>--quiet</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Suppresses all informational messages + (i.e. "-- Journal begins at …", "-- Reboot --"), + any warning messages regarding + inaccessible system journals when run as a normal + user.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-m</option></term> + <term><option>--merge</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Show entries interleaved from all available + journals, including remote ones.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-b <optional><optional><replaceable>ID</replaceable></optional><optional><replaceable>±offset</replaceable></optional>|<constant>all</constant></optional></option></term> + <term><option>--boot<optional>=<optional><replaceable>ID</replaceable></optional><optional><replaceable>±offset</replaceable></optional>|<constant>all</constant></optional></option></term> + + <listitem><para>Show messages from a specific boot. This will + add a match for <literal>_BOOT_ID=</literal>.</para> + + <para>The argument may be empty, in which case logs for the + current boot will be shown.</para> + + <para>If the boot ID is omitted, a positive + <replaceable>offset</replaceable> will look up the boots + starting from the beginning of the journal, and an + equal-or-less-than zero <replaceable>offset</replaceable> will + look up boots starting from the end of the journal. Thus, + <constant>1</constant> means the first boot found in the + journal in chronological order, <constant>2</constant> the + second and so on; while <constant>-0</constant> is the last + boot, <constant>-1</constant> the boot before last, and so + on. An empty <replaceable>offset</replaceable> is equivalent + to specifying <constant>-0</constant>, except when the current + boot is not the last boot (e.g. because + <option>--directory</option> was specified to look at logs + from a different machine).</para> + + <para>If the 32-character <replaceable>ID</replaceable> is + specified, it may optionally be followed by + <replaceable>offset</replaceable> which identifies the boot + relative to the one given by boot + <replaceable>ID</replaceable>. Negative values mean earlier + boots and positive values mean later boots. If + <replaceable>offset</replaceable> is not specified, a value of + zero is assumed, and the logs for the boot given by + <replaceable>ID</replaceable> are shown.</para> + + <para>The special argument <constant>all</constant> can be + used to negate the effect of an earlier use of + <option>-b</option>.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--list-boots</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Show a tabular list of boot numbers (relative to + the current boot), their IDs, and the timestamps of the first + and last message pertaining to the boot.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-k</option></term> + <term><option>--dmesg</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Show only kernel messages. This implies + <option>-b</option> and adds the match + <literal>_TRANSPORT=kernel</literal>.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-t</option></term> + <term><option>--identifier=<replaceable>SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER</replaceable></option></term> + + <listitem><para>Show messages for the specified syslog + identifier + <replaceable>SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER</replaceable>.</para> + + <para>This parameter can be specified multiple + times.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-u</option></term> + <term><option>--unit=<replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>|<replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable></option></term> + + <listitem><para>Show messages for the specified systemd unit + <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable> (such as a service unit), or + for any of the units matched by + <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>. If a pattern is + specified, a list of unit names found in the journal is + compared with the specified pattern and all that match are + used. For each unit name, a match is added for messages from + the unit + (<literal>_SYSTEMD_UNIT=<replaceable>UNIT</replaceable></literal>), + along with additional matches for messages from systemd and + messages about coredumps for the specified unit. A match + is also added for <literal>_SYSTEMD_SLICE=<replaceable>UNIT</replaceable></literal>, + such that if the provided <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable> is a + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.slice</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> + unit, all logs of children of the slice will be shown. + </para> + + <para>This parameter can be specified multiple times.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--user-unit=</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Show messages for the specified user session + unit. This will add a match for messages from the unit + (<literal>_SYSTEMD_USER_UNIT=</literal> and + <literal>_UID=</literal>) and additional matches for messages + from session systemd and messages about coredumps for the + specified unit. A match + is also added for <literal>_SYSTEMD_USER_SLICE=<replaceable>UNIT</replaceable></literal>, + such that if the provided <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable> is a + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.slice</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> + unit, all logs of children of the unit will be shown.</para> + + <para>This parameter can be specified multiple times.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-p</option></term> + <term><option>--priority=</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Filter output by message priorities or + priority ranges. Takes either a single numeric or textual log + level (i.e. between 0/<literal>emerg</literal> and + 7/<literal>debug</literal>), or a range of numeric/text log + levels in the form FROM..TO. The log levels are the usual + syslog log levels as documented in + <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>syslog</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, + i.e. <literal>emerg</literal> (0), + <literal>alert</literal> (1), <literal>crit</literal> (2), + <literal>err</literal> (3), <literal>warning</literal> (4), + <literal>notice</literal> (5), <literal>info</literal> (6), + <literal>debug</literal> (7). If a single log level is + specified, all messages with this log level or a lower (hence + more important) log level are shown. If a range is specified, + all messages within the range are shown, including both the + start and the end value of the range. This will add + <literal>PRIORITY=</literal> matches for the specified + priorities.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--facility=</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Filter output by syslog facility. Takes a comma-separated list of numbers or facility + names. The names are the usual syslog facilities as documented in + <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>syslog</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>. + <option>--facility=help</option> may be used to display a list of known facility names and exit. + </para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-g</option></term> + <term><option>--grep=</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Filter output to entries where the <varname>MESSAGE=</varname> + field matches the specified regular expression. PERL-compatible regular expressions + are used, see + <citerefentry project='url'><refentrytitle url='http://pcre.org/current/doc/html/pcre2pattern.html'>pcre2pattern</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> + for a detailed description of the syntax.</para> + + <para>If the pattern is all lowercase, matching is case insensitive. + Otherwise, matching is case sensitive. This can be overridden with the + <option>--case-sensitive</option> option, see below.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--case-sensitive<optional>=BOOLEAN</optional></option></term> + + <listitem><para>Make pattern matching case sensitive or case insensitive.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-c</option></term> + <term><option>--cursor=</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Start showing entries from the location in the + journal specified by the passed cursor.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--cursor-file=<replaceable>FILE</replaceable></option></term> + + <listitem><para>If <replaceable>FILE</replaceable> exists and contains a + cursor, start showing entries <emphasis>after</emphasis> this location. + Otherwise the show entries according the other given options. At the end, + write the cursor of the last entry to <replaceable>FILE</replaceable>. Use + this option to continually read the journal by sequentially calling + <command>journalctl</command>.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--after-cursor=</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Start showing entries from the location in the + journal <emphasis>after</emphasis> the location specified by + the passed cursor. The cursor is shown when the + <option>--show-cursor</option> option is used.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--show-cursor</option></term> + + <listitem><para>The cursor is shown after the last entry after + two dashes:</para> + <programlisting>-- cursor: s=0639…</programlisting> + <para>The format of the cursor is private + and subject to change.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-S</option></term> + <term><option>--since=</option></term> + <term><option>-U</option></term> + <term><option>--until=</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Start showing entries on or newer than the specified date, or on or older than the specified + date, respectively. Date specifications should be of the format <literal>2012-10-30 18:17:16</literal>. If the + time part is omitted, <literal>00:00:00</literal> is assumed. If only the seconds component is omitted, + <literal>:00</literal> is assumed. If the date component is omitted, the current day is assumed. Alternatively + the strings <literal>yesterday</literal>, <literal>today</literal>, <literal>tomorrow</literal> are understood, + which refer to 00:00:00 of the day before the current day, the current day, or the day after the current day, + respectively. <literal>now</literal> refers to the current time. Finally, relative times may be specified, + prefixed with <literal>-</literal> or <literal>+</literal>, referring to times before or after the current + time, respectively. For complete time and date specification, see + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.time</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Note that + <option>--output=short-full</option> prints timestamps that follow precisely this format. + </para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-F</option></term> + <term><option>--field=</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Print all possible data values the specified + field can take in all entries of the journal.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-N</option></term> + <term><option>--fields</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Print all field names currently used in all entries of the journal.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--system</option></term> + <term><option>--user</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Show messages from system services and the + kernel (with <option>--system</option>). Show messages from + service of current user (with <option>--user</option>). If + neither is specified, show all messages that the user can see. + </para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-M</option></term> + <term><option>--machine=</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Show messages from a running, local + container. Specify a container name to connect to.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>-D <replaceable>DIR</replaceable></option></term> + <term><option>--directory=<replaceable>DIR</replaceable></option></term> + + <listitem><para>Takes a directory path as argument. If + specified, journalctl will operate on the specified journal + directory <replaceable>DIR</replaceable> instead of the + default runtime and system journal paths.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--file=<replaceable>GLOB</replaceable></option></term> + + <listitem><para>Takes a file glob as an argument. If + specified, journalctl will operate on the specified journal + files matching <replaceable>GLOB</replaceable> instead of the + default runtime and system journal paths. May be specified + multiple times, in which case files will be suitably + interleaved.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--root=<replaceable>ROOT</replaceable></option></term> + + <listitem><para>Takes a directory path as an argument. If specified, <command>journalctl</command> + will operate on journal directories and catalog file hierarchy underneath the specified directory + instead of the root directory (e.g. <option>--update-catalog</option> will create + <filename><replaceable>ROOT</replaceable>/var/lib/systemd/catalog/database</filename>, and journal + files under <filename><replaceable>ROOT</replaceable>/run/journal/</filename> or + <filename><replaceable>ROOT</replaceable>/var/log/journal/</filename> will be displayed). + </para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--image=<replaceable>IMAGE</replaceable></option></term> + + <listitem><para>Takes a path to a disk image file or block device node. If specified, + <command>journalctl</command> will operate on the file system in the indicated disk image. This is + similar to <option>--root=</option> but operates on file systems stored in disk images or block + devices, thus providing an easy way to extract log data from disk images. The disk image should + either contain just a file system or a set of file systems within a GPT partition table, following + the <ulink url="https://systemd.io/DISCOVERABLE_PARTITIONS">Discoverable Partitions + Specification</ulink>. For further information on supported disk images, see + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>'s + switch of the same name.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--namespace=<replaceable>NAMESPACE</replaceable></option></term> + + <listitem><para>Takes a journal namespace identifier string as argument. If not specified the data + collected by the default namespace is shown. If specified shows the log data of the specified + namespace instead. If the namespace is specified as <literal>*</literal> data from all namespaces is + shown, interleaved. If the namespace identifier is prefixed with <literal>+</literal> data from the + specified namespace and the default namespace is shown, interleaved, but no other. For details about + journal namespaces see + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-journald.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--header</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Instead of showing journal contents, show + internal header information of the journal fields + accessed.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--disk-usage</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Shows the current disk usage of all journal + files. This shows the sum of the disk usage of all archived + and active journal files.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--vacuum-size=</option></term> + <term><option>--vacuum-time=</option></term> + <term><option>--vacuum-files=</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Removes the oldest archived journal files until the disk space they use falls below the + specified size (specified with the usual <literal>K</literal>, <literal>M</literal>, <literal>G</literal> and + <literal>T</literal> suffixes), or all archived journal files contain no data older than the specified timespan + (specified with the usual <literal>s</literal>, <literal>m</literal>, <literal>h</literal>, + <literal>days</literal>, <literal>months</literal>, <literal>weeks</literal> and <literal>years</literal> + suffixes), or no more than the specified number of separate journal files remain. Note that running + <option>--vacuum-size=</option> has only an indirect effect on the output shown by + <option>--disk-usage</option>, as the latter includes active journal files, while the vacuuming operation only + operates on archived journal files. Similarly, <option>--vacuum-files=</option> might not actually reduce the + number of journal files to below the specified number, as it will not remove active journal + files.</para> + + <para><option>--vacuum-size=</option>, <option>--vacuum-time=</option> and <option>--vacuum-files=</option> + may be combined in a single invocation to enforce any combination of a size, a time and a number of files limit + on the archived journal files. Specifying any of these three parameters as zero is equivalent to not enforcing + the specific limit, and is thus redundant.</para> + + <para>These three switches may also be combined with <option>--rotate</option> into one command. If so, all + active files are rotated first, and the requested vacuuming operation is executed right after. The rotation has + the effect that all currently active files are archived (and potentially new, empty journal files opened as + replacement), and hence the vacuuming operation has the greatest effect as it can take all log data written so + far into account.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--list-catalog + <optional><replaceable>128-bit-ID…</replaceable></optional> + </option></term> + + <listitem><para>List the contents of the message catalog as a + table of message IDs, plus their short description strings. + </para> + + <para>If any <replaceable>128-bit-ID</replaceable>s are + specified, only those entries are shown.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--dump-catalog + <optional><replaceable>128-bit-ID…</replaceable></optional> + </option></term> + + <listitem><para>Show the contents of the message catalog, with + entries separated by a line consisting of two dashes and the + ID (the format is the same as <filename>.catalog</filename> + files).</para> + + <para>If any <replaceable>128-bit-ID</replaceable>s are + specified, only those entries are shown.</para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--update-catalog</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Update the message catalog index. This command + needs to be executed each time new catalog files are + installed, removed, or updated to rebuild the binary catalog + index.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--setup-keys</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Instead of showing journal contents, generate + a new key pair for Forward Secure Sealing (FSS). This will + generate a sealing key and a verification key. The sealing key + is stored in the journal data directory and shall remain on + the host. The verification key should be stored + externally. Refer to the <option>Seal=</option> option in + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>journald.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> + for information on Forward Secure Sealing and for a link to a + refereed scholarly paper detailing the cryptographic theory it + is based on.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--force</option></term> + + <listitem><para>When <option>--setup-keys</option> is passed + and Forward Secure Sealing (FSS) has already been configured, + recreate FSS keys.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--interval=</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Specifies the change interval for the sealing + key when generating an FSS key pair with + <option>--setup-keys</option>. Shorter intervals increase CPU + consumption but shorten the time range of undetectable journal + alterations. Defaults to 15min.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--verify</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Check the journal file for internal + consistency. If the file has been generated with FSS enabled and + the FSS verification key has been specified with + <option>--verify-key=</option>, authenticity of the journal file + is verified.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--verify-key=</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Specifies the FSS verification key to use for + the <option>--verify</option> operation.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--sync</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Asks the journal daemon to write all yet + unwritten journal data to the backing file system and + synchronize all journals. This call does not return until the + synchronization operation is complete. This command guarantees + that any log messages written before its invocation are safely + stored on disk at the time it returns.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--flush</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Asks the journal daemon to flush any log data stored in + <filename>/run/log/journal/</filename> into <filename>/var/log/journal/</filename>, if persistent + storage is enabled. This call does not return until the operation is complete. Note that this call is + idempotent: the data is only flushed from <filename>/run/log/journal/</filename> into + <filename>/var/log/journal/</filename> once during system runtime (but see + <option>--relinquish-var</option> below), and this command exits cleanly without executing any + operation if this has already happened. This command effectively guarantees that all data is flushed + to <filename>/var/log/journal/</filename> at the time it returns.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--relinquish-var</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Asks the journal daemon for the reverse operation to <option>--flush</option>: if + requested the daemon will write further log data to <filename>/run/log/journal/</filename> and stops + writing to <filename>/var/log/journal/</filename>. A subsequent call to <option>--flush</option> + causes the log output to switch back to <filename>/var/log/journal/</filename>, see + above.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--smart-relinquish-var</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Similar to <option>--relinquish-var</option> but executes no operation if the root file + system and <filename>/var/lib/journal/</filename> reside on the same mount point. This operation is + used during system shutdown in order to make the journal daemon stop writing data to + <filename>/var/log/journal/</filename> in case that directory is located on a mount point that needs + to be unmounted.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <varlistentry> + <term><option>--rotate</option></term> + + <listitem><para>Asks the journal daemon to rotate journal files. This call does not return until the rotation + operation is complete. Journal file rotation has the effect that all currently active journal files are marked + as archived and renamed, so that they are never written to in future. New (empty) journal files are then + created in their place. This operation may be combined with <option>--vacuum-size=</option>, + <option>--vacuum-time=</option> and <option>--vacuum-file=</option> into a single command, see + above.</para></listitem> + </varlistentry> + + <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="help" /> + <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="version" /> + <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="no-pager" /> + </variablelist> + </refsect1> + + <refsect1> + <title>Exit status</title> + + <para>On success, 0 is returned; otherwise, a non-zero failure + code is returned.</para> + </refsect1> + + <xi:include href="less-variables.xml" /> + + <refsect1> + <title>Examples</title> + + <para>Without arguments, all collected logs are shown + unfiltered:</para> + + <programlisting>journalctl</programlisting> + + <para>With one match specified, all entries with a field matching + the expression are shown:</para> + + <programlisting>journalctl _SYSTEMD_UNIT=avahi-daemon.service +journalctl _SYSTEMD_CGROUP=/user.slice/user-42.slice/session-c1.scope</programlisting> + + <para>If two different fields are matched, only entries matching + both expressions at the same time are shown:</para> + + <programlisting>journalctl _SYSTEMD_UNIT=avahi-daemon.service _PID=28097</programlisting> + + <para>If two matches refer to the same field, all entries matching + either expression are shown:</para> + + <programlisting>journalctl _SYSTEMD_UNIT=avahi-daemon.service _SYSTEMD_UNIT=dbus.service</programlisting> + + <para>If the separator <literal>+</literal> is used, two + expressions may be combined in a logical OR. The following will + show all messages from the Avahi service process with the PID + 28097 plus all messages from the D-Bus service (from any of its + processes):</para> + + <programlisting>journalctl _SYSTEMD_UNIT=avahi-daemon.service _PID=28097 + _SYSTEMD_UNIT=dbus.service</programlisting> + + <para>To show all fields emitted <emphasis>by</emphasis> a unit and <emphasis>about</emphasis> + the unit, option <option>-u</option>/<option>--unit=</option> should be used. + <command>journalctl -u <replaceable>name</replaceable></command> + expands to a complex filter similar to + <programlisting>_SYSTEMD_UNIT=<replaceable>name</replaceable>.service + + UNIT=<replaceable>name</replaceable>.service _PID=1 + + OBJECT_SYSTEMD_UNIT=<replaceable>name</replaceable>.service _UID=0 + + COREDUMP_UNIT=<replaceable>name</replaceable>.service _UID=0 MESSAGE_ID=fc2e22bc6ee647b6b90729ab34a250b1 + </programlisting> + (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.journal-fields</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> + for an explanation of those patterns). + </para> + + <para>Show all logs generated by the D-Bus executable:</para> + + <programlisting>journalctl /usr/bin/dbus-daemon</programlisting> + + <para>Show all kernel logs from previous boot:</para> + + <programlisting>journalctl -k -b -1</programlisting> + + <para>Show a live log display from a system service + <filename>apache.service</filename>:</para> + + <programlisting>journalctl -f -u apache</programlisting> + + </refsect1> + + <refsect1> + <title>See Also</title> + <para> + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-journald.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>coredumpctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.journal-fields</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>, + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>journald.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.time</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>, + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-journal-remote.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, + <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-journal-upload.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> + </para> + </refsect1> +</refentry> |