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| author | Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org> | 2024-04-27 06:33:50 +0000 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org> | 2024-04-27 06:33:50 +0000 |
| commit | fe39ffb8b90ae4e002ed73fe98617cd590abb467 (patch) | |
| tree | b80e5956907d8aeaaffe4e4f0c068c0e6157ce8b /docs/manual/urlmapping.html.en | |
| parent | Initial commit. (diff) | |
| download | apache2-fe39ffb8b90ae4e002ed73fe98617cd590abb467.tar.xz apache2-fe39ffb8b90ae4e002ed73fe98617cd590abb467.zip | |
Adding upstream version 2.4.56.upstream/2.4.56upstream
Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>
Diffstat (limited to 'docs/manual/urlmapping.html.en')
| -rw-r--r-- | docs/manual/urlmapping.html.en | 379 |
1 files changed, 379 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/docs/manual/urlmapping.html.en b/docs/manual/urlmapping.html.en new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5dd32c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/manual/urlmapping.html.en @@ -0,0 +1,379 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><head> +<meta content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="Content-Type" /> +<!-- + XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX + This file is generated from xml source: DO NOT EDIT + XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX + --> +<title>Mapping URLs to Filesystem Locations - Apache HTTP Server Version 2.4</title> +<link href="./style/css/manual.css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="Main stylesheet" /> +<link href="./style/css/manual-loose-100pc.css" rel="alternate stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="No Sidebar - Default font size" /> +<link href="./style/css/manual-print.css" rel="stylesheet" media="print" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./style/css/prettify.css" /> +<script src="./style/scripts/prettify.min.js" type="text/javascript"> +</script> + +<link href="./images/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" /></head> +<body id="manual-page"><div id="page-header"> +<p class="menu"><a href="./mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="./mod/directives.html">Directives</a> | <a href="http://wiki.apache.org/httpd/FAQ">FAQ</a> | <a href="./glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="./sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p> +<p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.4</p> +<img alt="" src="./images/feather.png" /></div> +<div class="up"><a href="./"><img title="<-" alt="<-" src="./images/left.gif" /></a></div> +<div id="path"> +<a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> > <a href="./">Version 2.4</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>Mapping URLs to Filesystem Locations</h1> +<div class="toplang"> +<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="./en/urlmapping.html" title="English"> en </a> | +<a href="./fr/urlmapping.html" hreflang="fr" rel="alternate" title="Français"> fr </a> | +<a href="./ja/urlmapping.html" hreflang="ja" rel="alternate" title="Japanese"> ja </a> | +<a href="./ko/urlmapping.html" hreflang="ko" rel="alternate" title="Korean"> ko </a> | +<a href="./tr/urlmapping.html" hreflang="tr" rel="alternate" title="Türkçe"> tr </a></p> +</div> + + <p>This document explains how the Apache HTTP Server uses the URL of a request + to determine the filesystem location from which to serve a + file.</p> + </div> +<div id="quickview"><a href="https://www.apache.org/foundation/contributing.html" class="badge"><img src="https://www.apache.org/images/SupportApache-small.png" alt="Support Apache!" /></a><ul id="toc"><li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#related">Related Modules and Directives</a></li> +<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></li> +<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#outside">Files Outside the DocumentRoot</a></li> +<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#user">User Directories</a></li> +<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#redirect">URL Redirection</a></li> +<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#proxy">Reverse Proxy</a></li> +<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#rewrite">Rewriting Engine</a></li> +<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#notfound">File Not Found</a></li> +<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#other">Other URL Mapping Modules</a></li> +</ul><h3>See also</h3><ul class="seealso"><li><a href="#comments_section">Comments</a></li></ul></div> +<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div> +<div class="section"> +<h2><a name="related" id="related">Related Modules and Directives</a></h2> + +<table class="related"><tr><th>Related Modules</th><th>Related Directives</th></tr><tr><td><ul><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_actions.html">mod_actions</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_alias.html">mod_alias</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_autoindex.html">mod_autoindex</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_dir.html">mod_dir</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_imagemap.html">mod_imagemap</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_negotiation.html">mod_negotiation</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_proxy.html">mod_proxy</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_speling.html">mod_speling</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_userdir.html">mod_userdir</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_vhost_alias.html">mod_vhost_alias</a></code></li></ul></td><td><ul><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_alias.html#alias">Alias</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_alias.html#aliasmatch">AliasMatch</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_speling.html#checkspelling">CheckSpelling</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_dir.html#directoryindex">DirectoryIndex</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#errordocument">ErrorDocument</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#options">Options</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_proxy.html#proxypass">ProxyPass</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_proxy.html#proxypassreverse">ProxyPassReverse</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_proxy.html#proxypassreversecookiedomain">ProxyPassReverseCookieDomain</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_proxy.html#proxypassreversecookiepath">ProxyPassReverseCookiePath</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_alias.html#redirect">Redirect</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_alias.html#redirectmatch">RedirectMatch</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritecond">RewriteCond</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_alias.html#scriptalias">ScriptAlias</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_alias.html#scriptaliasmatch">ScriptAliasMatch</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_userdir.html#userdir">UserDir</a></code></li></ul></td></tr></table> +</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div> +<div class="section"> +<h2><a name="documentroot" id="documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></h2> + + <p>In deciding what file to serve for a given request, httpd's + default behavior is to take the URL-Path for the request (the part + of the URL following the hostname and port) and add it to the end + of the <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></code> specified + in your configuration files. Therefore, the files and directories + underneath the <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></code> + make up the basic document tree which will be visible from the + web.</p> + + <p>For example, if <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></code> + were set to <code>/var/www/html</code> then a request for + <code>http://www.example.com/fish/guppies.html</code> would result + in the file <code>/var/www/html/fish/guppies.html</code> being + served to the requesting client.</p> + + <p>If a directory is requested (i.e. a path ending with + <code>/</code>), the file served from that directory is defined by + the <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_dir.html#directoryindex">DirectoryIndex</a></code> directive. + For example, if <code>DocumentRoot</code> were set as above, and + you were to set:</p> + + <div class="example"><p><code>DirectoryIndex index.html index.php</code></p></div> + + <p>Then a request for <code>http://www.example.com/fish/</code> will + cause httpd to attempt to serve the file + <code>/var/www/html/fish/index.html</code>. In the event that + that file does not exist, it will next attempt to serve the file + <code>/var/www/html/fish/index.php</code>.</p> + + <p>If neither of these files existed, the next step is to + attempt to provide a directory index, if + <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_autoindex.html">mod_autoindex</a></code> is loaded and configured to permit + that.</p> + + <p>httpd is also capable of <a href="vhosts/">Virtual + Hosting</a>, where the server receives requests for more than one + host. In this case, a different <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></code> can be specified for each + virtual host, or alternatively, the directives provided by the + module <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_vhost_alias.html">mod_vhost_alias</a></code> can + be used to dynamically determine the appropriate place from which + to serve content based on the requested IP address or + hostname.</p> + + <p>The <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></code> directive + is set in your main server configuration file + (<code>httpd.conf</code>) and, possibly, once per additional <a href="vhosts/">Virtual Host</a> you create.</p> +</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div> +<div class="section"> +<h2><a name="outside" id="outside">Files Outside the DocumentRoot</a></h2> + + <p>There are frequently circumstances where it is necessary to + allow web access to parts of the filesystem that are not strictly + underneath the <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></code>. httpd offers several + different ways to accomplish this. On Unix systems, symbolic links + can bring other parts of the filesystem under the <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></code>. For security reasons, + httpd will follow symbolic links only if the <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#options">Options</a></code> setting for the relevant + directory includes <code>FollowSymLinks</code> or + <code>SymLinksIfOwnerMatch</code>.</p> + + <p>Alternatively, the <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_alias.html#alias">Alias</a></code> directive will map any part + of the filesystem into the web space. For example, with</p> + +<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">Alias "/docs" "/var/web"</pre> + + + <p>the URL <code>http://www.example.com/docs/dir/file.html</code> + will be served from <code>/var/web/dir/file.html</code>. The + <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_alias.html#scriptalias">ScriptAlias</a></code> directive + works the same way, with the additional effect that all content + located at the target path is treated as <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#cgi" title="see glossary">CGI</a> scripts.</p> + + <p>For situations where you require additional flexibility, you + can use the <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_alias.html#aliasmatch">AliasMatch</a></code> + and <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_alias.html#scriptaliasmatch">ScriptAliasMatch</a></code> + directives to do powerful <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#regex" title="see glossary">regular + expression</a> based matching and substitution. For + example,</p> + + <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">ScriptAliasMatch "^/~([a-zA-Z0-9]+)/cgi-bin/(.+)" "/home/$1/cgi-bin/$2"</pre> + + + <p>will map a request to + <code>http://example.com/~user/cgi-bin/script.cgi</code> to the + path <code>/home/user/cgi-bin/script.cgi</code> and will treat + the resulting file as a CGI script.</p> +</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div> +<div class="section"> +<h2><a name="user" id="user">User Directories</a></h2> + + <p>Traditionally on Unix systems, the home directory of a + particular <em>user</em> can be referred to as + <code>~user/</code>. The module <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_userdir.html">mod_userdir</a></code> + extends this idea to the web by allowing files under each user's + home directory to be accessed using URLs such as the + following.</p> + +<div class="example"><p><code>http://www.example.com/~user/file.html</code></p></div> + + <p>For security reasons, it is inappropriate to give direct + access to a user's home directory from the web. Therefore, the + <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_userdir.html#userdir">UserDir</a></code> directive + specifies a directory underneath the user's home directory + where web files are located. Using the default setting of + <code>Userdir public_html</code>, the above URL maps to a file + at a directory like + <code>/home/user/public_html/file.html</code> where + <code>/home/user/</code> is the user's home directory as + specified in <code>/etc/passwd</code>.</p> + + <p>There are also several other forms of the + <code>Userdir</code> directive which you can use on systems + where <code>/etc/passwd</code> does not contain the location of + the home directory.</p> + + <p>Some people find the "~" symbol (which is often encoded on the + web as <code>%7e</code>) to be awkward and prefer to use an + alternate string to represent user directories. This functionality + is not supported by mod_userdir. However, if users' home + directories are structured in a regular way, then it is possible + to use the <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_alias.html#aliasmatch">AliasMatch</a></code> + directive to achieve the desired effect. For example, to make + <code>http://www.example.com/upages/user/file.html</code> map to + <code>/home/user/public_html/file.html</code>, use the following + <code>AliasMatch</code> directive:</p> + + <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">AliasMatch "^/upages/([a-zA-Z0-9]+)(/(.*))?$" "/home/$1/public_html/$3"</pre> + +</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div> +<div class="section"> +<h2><a name="redirect" id="redirect">URL Redirection</a></h2> + + <p>The configuration directives discussed in the above sections + tell httpd to get content from a specific place in the filesystem + and return it to the client. Sometimes, it is desirable instead to + inform the client that the requested content is located at a + different URL, and instruct the client to make a new request with + the new URL. This is called <em>redirection</em> and is + implemented by the <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_alias.html#redirect">Redirect</a></code> directive. For example, if + the contents of the directory <code>/foo/</code> under the + <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></code> are moved + to the new directory <code>/bar/</code>, you can instruct clients + to request the content at the new location as follows:</p> + + <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">Redirect permanent "/foo/" "http://www.example.com/bar/"</pre> + + + <p>This will redirect any URL-Path starting in + <code>/foo/</code> to the same URL path on the + <code>www.example.com</code> server with <code>/bar/</code> + substituted for <code>/foo/</code>. You can redirect clients to + any server, not only the origin server.</p> + + <p>httpd also provides a <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_alias.html#redirectmatch">RedirectMatch</a></code> directive for more + complicated rewriting problems. For example, to redirect requests + for the site home page to a different site, but leave all other + requests alone, use the following configuration:</p> + + <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RedirectMatch permanent "^/$" "http://www.example.com/startpage.html"</pre> + + + <p>Alternatively, to temporarily redirect all pages on one site + to a particular page on another site, use the following:</p> + + <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RedirectMatch temp ".*" "http://othersite.example.com/startpage.html"</pre> + +</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div> +<div class="section"> +<h2><a name="proxy" id="proxy">Reverse Proxy</a></h2> + +<p>httpd also allows you to bring remote documents into the URL space +of the local server. This technique is called <em>reverse +proxying</em> because the web server acts like a proxy server by +fetching the documents from a remote server and returning them to the +client. It is different from normal (forward) proxying because, to the client, +it appears the documents originate at the reverse proxy server.</p> + +<p>In the following example, when clients request documents under the +<code>/foo/</code> directory, the server fetches those documents from +the <code>/bar/</code> directory on <code>internal.example.com</code> +and returns them to the client as if they were from the local +server.</p> + +<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">ProxyPass "/foo/" "http://internal.example.com/bar/" +ProxyPassReverse "/foo/" "http://internal.example.com/bar/" +ProxyPassReverseCookieDomain internal.example.com public.example.com +ProxyPassReverseCookiePath "/foo/" "/bar/"</pre> + + +<p>The <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_proxy.html#proxypass">ProxyPass</a></code> configures +the server to fetch the appropriate documents, while the +<code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_proxy.html#proxypassreverse">ProxyPassReverse</a></code> +directive rewrites redirects originating at +<code>internal.example.com</code> so that they target the appropriate +directory on the local server. Similarly, the +<code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_proxy.html#proxypassreversecookiedomain">ProxyPassReverseCookieDomain</a></code> +and <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_proxy.html#proxypassreversecookiepath">ProxyPassReverseCookiePath</a></code> +rewrite cookies set by the backend server.</p> +<p>It is important to note, however, that +links inside the documents will not be rewritten. So any absolute +links on <code>internal.example.com</code> will result in the client +breaking out of the proxy server and requesting directly from +<code>internal.example.com</code>. You can modify these links (and other +content) in a page as it is being served to the client using +<code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_substitute.html">mod_substitute</a></code>.</p> + +<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">Substitute "s/internal\.example\.com/www.example.com/i"</pre> + + +<p>For more sophisticated rewriting of links in HTML and XHTML, the +<code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_proxy_html.html">mod_proxy_html</a></code> module is also available. It allows you +to create maps of URLs that need to be rewritten, so that complex +proxying scenarios can be handled.</p> +</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div> +<div class="section"> +<h2><a name="rewrite" id="rewrite">Rewriting Engine</a></h2> + + <p>When even more powerful substitution is required, the rewriting + engine provided by <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code> + can be useful. The directives provided by this module can use + characteristics of the request such as browser type or source IP + address in deciding from where to serve content. In addition, + mod_rewrite can use external database files or programs to + determine how to handle a request. The rewriting engine is capable + of performing all three types of mappings discussed above: + internal redirects (aliases), external redirects, and proxying. + Many practical examples employing mod_rewrite are discussed in the + <a href="rewrite/">detailed mod_rewrite documentation</a>.</p> +</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div> +<div class="section"> +<h2><a name="notfound" id="notfound">File Not Found</a></h2> + + <p>Inevitably, URLs will be requested for which no matching + file can be found in the filesystem. This can happen for + several reasons. In some cases, it can be a result of moving + documents from one location to another. In this case, it is + best to use <a href="#redirect">URL redirection</a> to inform + clients of the new location of the resource. In this way, you + can assure that old bookmarks and links will continue to work, + even though the resource is at a new location.</p> + + <p>Another common cause of "File Not Found" errors is + accidental mistyping of URLs, either directly in the browser, + or in HTML links. httpd provides the module + <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_speling.html">mod_speling</a></code> (sic) to help with + this problem. When this module is activated, it will intercept + "File Not Found" errors and look for a resource with a similar + filename. If one such file is found, mod_speling will send an + HTTP redirect to the client informing it of the correct + location. If several "close" files are found, a list of + available alternatives will be presented to the client.</p> + + <p>An especially useful feature of mod_speling, is that it will + compare filenames without respect to case. This can help + systems where users are unaware of the case-sensitive nature of + URLs and the unix filesystem. But using mod_speling for + anything more than the occasional URL correction can place + additional load on the server, since each "incorrect" request + is followed by a URL redirection and a new request from the + client.</p> + + <p><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_dir.html">mod_dir</a></code> provides <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_dir.html#fallbackresource">FallbackResource</a></code>, which can be used to map virtual + URIs to a real resource, which then serves them. This is a very + useful replacement for <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code> when implementing + a 'front controller'</p> + + <p>If all attempts to locate the content fail, httpd returns + an error page with HTTP status code 404 (file not found). The + appearance of this page is controlled with the + <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#errordocument">ErrorDocument</a></code> directive + and can be customized in a flexible manner as discussed in the + <a href="custom-error.html">Custom error responses</a> + document.</p> +</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div> +<div class="section"> +<h2><a name="other" id="other">Other URL Mapping Modules</a></h2> + + + + <p>Other modules available for URL mapping include:</p> + + <ul> + <li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_actions.html">mod_actions</a></code> - Maps a request to a CGI script + based on the request method, or resource MIME type.</li> + <li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_dir.html">mod_dir</a></code> - Provides basic mapping of a trailing + slash into an index file such as <code>index.html</code>.</li> + <li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_imagemap.html">mod_imagemap</a></code> - Maps a request to a URL based + on where a user clicks on an image embedded in a HTML document.</li> + <li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_negotiation.html">mod_negotiation</a></code> - Selects an appropriate + document based on client preferences such as language or content + compression.</li> + </ul> + +</div></div> +<div class="bottomlang"> +<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="./en/urlmapping.html" title="English"> en </a> | +<a href="./fr/urlmapping.html" hreflang="fr" rel="alternate" title="Français"> fr </a> | +<a href="./ja/urlmapping.html" hreflang="ja" rel="alternate" title="Japanese"> ja </a> | +<a href="./ko/urlmapping.html" hreflang="ko" rel="alternate" title="Korean"> ko </a> | +<a href="./tr/urlmapping.html" hreflang="tr" rel="alternate" title="Türkçe"> tr </a></p> +</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img src="./images/up.gif" alt="top" /></a></div><div class="section"><h2><a id="comments_section" name="comments_section">Comments</a></h2><div class="warning"><strong>Notice:</strong><br />This is not a Q&A section. Comments placed here should be pointed towards suggestions on improving the documentation or server, and may be removed by our moderators if they are either implemented or considered invalid/off-topic. 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